BNP Pci 201004

Mason Colors high performance pigment technology for coatings provides the ultimate in heat resistance, UV
durability, and chemical resistance. Our mixed metal oxide pigments meet the most exacting color and durability
requirements of the defense, architectural, stove and heating products, and roofing industries. These pigments add
vibrant color to building facades, stove equipment, exhaust parts and outdoor furnishings and equipment. These
advanced technology pigments can be incorporated into any coating platform including powder coatings, electrocoat,
high solids and waterborne paints.
Mason Color Works, Inc. A History of Pigment Technology Excellence
Mason Color Works has been manufacturing high temperature, inorganic pigments since 1842.
For more than 40 years Mason Color has been a global supplier of high performance pigments to all sectors
of the ceramic industry including pottery, artware, bricks, sanitaryware and roofing materials.
In the last 45 years, Mason Color has expanded into the high technology Investment Casting Industry. Our
ISO Compliant Cobalt Aluminate products are integral in the manufacturing jet turbine blades and medical
devices.
In the 1990s heralded the emergence of the fireplace gas log industry and Mason Color's participation as a
supplier of high quality, high temperature pigments for this use.
Soon thereafter, the Swimming Pool and Spa colorant industry
embraced Mason's pigment technology. Our high quality pigment
exceed the demands for resistance to punishing UV energy and the
aggressive chemicals used in swimming pools.
Our fully outfitted Powder Coating Laboratory and skilled
technicians will help you choose the perfect color for your most
demanding requirements.
See you at the American Coatings Show,
April 2010 in Charlotte, NC.
www.pcimag.com
April 2010
VOLUME 26, NUMBER 4
Paint Coatings Industry
Globally Serving Liquid and Powder Manufacturers and Formulators
Paint Coatings Industry
Globally Serving Liquid and Powder Manufacturers and Formulators
NEW TECHNOLOGY
For more information,
please contact your local
Evonik Degussa Account Manager.
Evonik Degussa Corporation
Interpace Parkway
P. O. Box
Parsippany, NJ -
+1 973 541-8923
www.evonik.com/chroma-chem
Based on the unmatched quality and consistency of the CHROMA-CHEM
brand of industrial colorants, Portfolio of Color is the only all-inclusive
reference guide for the colors and formulas most important to growing your
industrial coatings business. Portfolio of Color was specifically developed
to give you the freedom to customize a unique guide to meet your individual
business requirements.
CHROMA-CHEM Color Identifier is a hand-held device which speeds
the process of color selection in the field. It reads the target or substrate
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of Color book. Speeding the process increases efficiency, growth and
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Portfolio of Color and the CHROMA-CHEM Color Identifier
Absolutely, positively the fastest way to deliver color!
Masterpieces
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Showcasing our Portfolio of Color
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isit us at
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Mason Colors high performance pigment technology for coatings provides the ultimate in heat resistance, UV
durability, and chemical resistance. Our mixed metal oxide pigments meet the most exacting color and durability
requirements of the defense, architectural, stove and heating products, and roofing industries. These pigments add
vibrant color to building facades, stove equipment, exhaust parts and outdoor furnishings and equipment. These
advanced technology pigments can be incorporated into any coating platform including powder coatings, electrocoat,
high solids and waterborne paints.
Mason Color Works, Inc. A History of Pigment Technology Excellence
Mason Color Works has been manufacturing high temperature, inorganic pigments since 1842.
For more than 40 years Mason Color has been a global supplier of high performance pigments to all sectors
of the ceramic industry including pottery, artware, bricks, sanitaryware and roofing materials.
In the last 45 years, Mason Color has expanded into the high technology Investment Casting Industry. Our
ISO Compliant Cobalt Aluminate products are integral in the manufacturing jet turbine blades and medical
devices.
In the 1990s heralded the emergence of the fireplace gas log industry and Mason Color's participation as a
supplier of high quality, high temperature pigments for this use.
Soon thereafter, the Swimming Pool and Spa colorant industry
embraced Mason's pigment technology. Our high quality pigment
exceed the demands for resistance to punishing UV energy and the
aggressive chemicals used in swimming pools.
Our fully outfitted Powder Coating Laboratory and skilled
technicians will help you choose the perfect color for your most
demanding requirements.
See you at the American Coatings Show,
April 2010 in Charlotte, NC.
6 Viewpoint
8 Industry News
16 Calendar of Events
18 Company News
24 Names in the News
100 Products
105 Classifieds
106 Advertiser Index
DEPARTMENTS
PCI - PAINT & COATINGS INDUSTRY (ISSN 0884-3848) is published 12 times annually, monthly, by BNP Media, 2401 W. Big Beaver Rd., Suite
700, Troy, MI 48084-3333. Telephone: (248) 362-3700, Fax: (248) 362-0317. No charge for subscriptions to qualified individuals. Annual rate
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$137.00 USD (includes GST & postage); all other countries: $154.00 (intl mail) payable in U.S. funds. Printed in the U.S.A. Copyright 2010, by
BNP Media. All rights reserved. The contents of this publication may not be reproduced in whole or in part without the consent of the pub-
lisher. The publisher is not responsible for product claims and representations. Periodicals Postage Paid at Troy, MI and at additional mailing
offices. POSTMASTER: Send address changes to: PCI - PAINT & COATINGS INDUSTRY, P.O. Box 2145, Skokie, IL 60076. Canada Post: Publications
Mail Agreement #40612608. GST account: 131263923. Send returns (Canada) to Bleuchip International, P.O. Box 25542, London, ON, N6C 6B2.
Change of address: Send old address label along with new address to PCI - PAINT & COATINGS INDUSTRY, P.O. Box 2145, Skokie, IL 60076. For
single copies or back issues: contact Ann Kalb at (248) 244-6499 or KalbA@bnpmedia.com.
Audited by
BPA Worldwide Associate Member Printed in the U.S.A.
Apri l 2010
VOLUME 2 6 , NUMBE R 4
C O N T E N T S
ON T HE COVE R : Cover design by Clare Johnson.
FEATURES
32 Nanocomposite Coatings for High-Performance Fabrics,
NEI Corp.
38 The World Marketplace for Protective Coatings,
Bayer MaterialScience LLC
48 The Use of Mixed Metal Oxide Pigments in Industrial
Coatings, Mason Color Pigments
52 Novel, Environmentally Friendly Corrosion Inhibitor for
Self-Etching Wash Primers, Nubiola Inorganic Pigments
60 Paint Formulations and the Need for Zeta Potential,
Malvern Instruments Inc.
66 Alkyd Latexes: Opening the Door for a Greener Tomorrow,
Reichhold Inc.
72 Achieving Ideal Dispersions in Coatings, NETZSCH Fine
Particle Technology
80 Environmentally Compliant, Deflocculating Wetting and
Dispersing Agent for Aqueous Dispersions, BASF Corp.
86 Chain Extender Evaluation for Polyurethanes Derived
from Hydroxyl-Terminated Polybutadiene Resins,
Cray Valley USA LLC
96 Chemical Legislation: Panic or Practicality?
General Plastics Corp.
ONLINE FEATURES
w w w. p c i ma g . c o m
RadTech Schedule of Events and List of Exhibitors
Jet Coatings for Supersonic Car, AkzoNobel
Dent-Resistant Coating Technology, Ames Corp.
New Topcoat Formulated with Polyaspartic Binders
Sets New Standards in Corrosion Protection,
Bayer MaterialScience
Products Provide NASA with the Durability Needed to
Launch Rocket, National Coatings Corp.
Survey of the Polyurethanes Industry in the United States,
Canada and Mexico, The American Chemistry Council
BUSINESS TOOLS
26 American Coatings Show Exhibitor Showcase
99 Supplier Showcase
PCI is the winner of a 2005, 2006, 2007 and 2008
APEX award of excellance for graphic design.
38
APRIL 2010
|
W W W . P C I M A G . C O M 6

V I E W P O I N T
Judging by events held in February for the
coatings community and what is scheduled
for March and April, I think things are look-
ing up. The World of Concrete event held
in February drew over 55,000 registered
professionals and over 1,300 exhibiting com-
panies. PACE 2010 was held in about the
same time frame and also seemed to have
good attendance this year. NACE is sched-
uled for mid-March and already is showing
over 5,000 registered and 350 exhibiting
companies. All in all I think that is a good start to the
2010 year for the industry.
Another event held pretty much at the same time was
the annual Waterborne Symposium, which is traditionally
in New Orleans the week prior to Mardi Gras. The 2010
symposium theme was Advances in Sustainable Coatings
Technology a theme of great importance in todays envi-
ronment. Despite the travel impact of severe
snowstorms that hindered attendees from
the northeast, Waterborne still had nearly
200 attendees, 25 presentations and 28 post-
ers. The technology showcase featured 15
exhibitors. For the first time, the symposium
also featured a Composites Matrix Workshop,
which attracted 60 people.
The Shelby F. Thames Best Paper Award
was presented to Edwin P. Chan, Kurt A.
Page and Christopher M. Stafford from the
Polymers Division, National Institute of Standards and
Technology for their paper entitled Harnessing Surface
Wrinkling to Measure the Viscoelastic Properties of Poly-
mer Films and Coatings.
The PCI Outstanding Paper Award was presented
to Jung Kwon Oh, Bedri Erdem, Jeff Anderson, Kumar
Nanjundiah and Jeff Sweeney, Dow Coatings Materials,
Dow Chemical Company for their paper entitled High
Throughput Methods for Developing Low-VOC Water-
borne Coatings Derived from Polyurethane Dispersions
Based on Natural-Oil Polyols.
In addition, Eastman Chemical Company sponsored the
USM Best Graduate and Undergraduate Student Poster
Awards. It is gratifying to see support for coatings stu-
dents. We need to encourage young people to pursue a
career in the industry. Likewise I think it wonderful to see
this publication continue to support an award at Water-
borne. Mark your calendar for next years Waterborne
Symposium which will be held March 2-4, 2011.
And of course the big event is coming up on us quickly
this issue of PCI is the Show issue for the American
Coatings Show and Conference, both of which will
undoubtedly exceed expectations. Nearly 100 high-
level papers have been selected from the several hun-
dred submitted for the conference program. Sixteen
focused sessions will be held during three days, includ-
ing a new session Science Today Coatings Tomor-
row. The response from the exhibitor community has
been strong, and pre-registrations are high. This event
will definitely surpass the 2008 inaugural ACS. So if
you havent already done so make you plans and be
sure to attend. You cannot afford to miss this!!
By Darlene Brezinski, Ph.D. / Editor
Coatings Attendance is Encouraging!!
For a free brochure call 610-929-9451 or
contact us at info@reitechcorporation.com
www.reitechcorporation.com
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Brenntag understands
change is normal for the
Coatings Industry.
As the Coatings Industry
has evolved through the
years, Brenntags Paint and
Coatings Team continues to
provide our customers with
the products and services
to stay competitive in the
marketplace.
Whether you face different
markets, technologies, or
substrate applications,
Brenntags Paint and
Coatings Team can help you
to adapt and make change
work to your advantage.
Brenntag offers a complete
specialty and industrial product
portfolio, technical assistance
with product development,
formulations and applications
know-how, superior logistics
with versatile blending and
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last, but not least, commitment
to quality and safety.
Change demands innovation
and creativity.
Brenntag Understands.
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APRIL 2010 | W W W . P C I M A G . C O M 8

I N D U S T R Y N E W S
SAN JOSE, CA According to a new report
by Global Industry Analysts Inc. (GIA),
the world market for paint additives is pro-
jected to exceed $6.0 billion by the year
2015. The trend towards low- or zero-VOC
products and the increasing shift towards
water-based paint systems are fueling
demand for paint additives, providing tre-
mendous growth potential for suppliers of
paint and coating additives.
The paint and coatings industry has
been put under significant pressure by
stringent environmental regulations in
recent years. In a bid to minimize the
impact of their products on the environ-
ment, several manufacturers of coatings
began reformulating their products. As
a result, demand for novel additives that
ensure aid in addressing environmental
concerns has increased in recent years.
The United States dominates the world
paint additives market as the single-larg-
est market. The global economic crisis
decelerated growth in value demand
of paint additives in the United States.
Demand for paint additives is expected
to revive in the coming years, owing to
increasing demand for these products
from formulators in an effort to adhere
to changing legislation.
Growth in the global market for paint
additives is primarily originating from
emerging markets such as Asia Pacific.
The rapid economic growth in most of the
emerging countries in recent years result-
ed in rampant architectural construction
and industrial activity, which created sig-
nificant demand for paint that, in turn,
increased demand for paint additives.
Owing to continued growth in architec-
tural construction activity in countries
such as India and China, Asia Pacific is
expected to emerge as the fastest-growing
regional market for paint additives world-
wide in the coming years.
The report, Paint Additives: A Global
Strategic Business Report, provides a
comprehensive review of market trends,
competitive scenarios, product introduc-
tions and recent industry activity.
Global Paint Additives Market to Exceed $6 Billion
EPA Increases Transparency Rules on Chemical Risk
WASHINGTON, DC The U.S. Environmental Protection Agency
(EPA) has announced a new policy to increase the publics access
to information on chemicals. EPA has announced its intention
to reject a certain type of confidentiality claim, known as Confi-
dential Business Information (CBI), on the identity of chemicals.
The chemicals that will be affected by this action are those that
are submitted to EPA with studies that show a substantial risk to
peoples health and the environment and have been previously
disclosed on the Toxic Substances Control Act (TSCA) Chemical
Inventory. This action represents another step to use the agencys
authority under the existing TSCA to the fullest extent possible.
Under the TSCA, companies may claim a range of sensitive,
proprietary information as CBI. Under Section 8(e) of the TSCA,
companies that manufacture, process or distribute chemicals
are required to immediately provide notice to EPA if they learn
that a chemical presents a substantial risk of injury to health or
the environment. The Section 8(e) reports are made available
on EPAs website. Until now, companies would routinely claim
confidentiality for the actual identity of the chemical covered by
the Section 8(e) submission, so the public posting of the informa-
tion would not include the name of the chemical. The new policy
ends this practice for chemicals on the public portion of the TSCA
Inventory. For additional information on the new policy, visit
www.epa.gov/oppt/tsca8e/.
MPI Approval System to be Adopted in Korea
BURNABY, Canada MPI, the institute that establishes archi-
tectural paint standards and quality assurance programs in
North America, will partner with the Korea Institute of Con-
struction Materials (KICM) to test paint and coatings to MPI
standards. Carboline Korea and KCC already have products
approved by MPI, and more Korean paint suppliers are expect-
ed to follow. This will enable facility owners and specifiers with
assets in Korea and throughout Asia to access locally sourced
paint and coatings approved via a well-proven mechanism for
verifying their performance.
MPI already has a similar testing agreement with the Paint
Research Association in the UK for European paint suppliers.
With this new agreement, MPI will have global coverage.
Seoul-based KICM is the designated agency for testing, inspec-
tion and standards for 41 Korean and international organizations.
The agency performs construction-materials testing and research
to assure the safety of architectural structures.
U.S. Minerals Sector Declined in 2009
RESTON, VA According to the U.S. Geological Surveys recently
released report, Mineral Commodity Summaries 2010, the value
of U.S. mineral production significantly declined in 2009.
The value of raw, nonfuel minerals mined in the United States
was $57.1 billion in 2009, a decline of 20 percent over the past
year. The value of materials domestically processed and refined
from these raw minerals was $454 billion in 2009, a 25 percent
decline from 2008.
Also over the past year, U.S. dependence on foreign sources for
minerals has increased, continuing a trend that has been evident
for more than 30 years. The United States relied on foreign sources
to supply more than 50 percent of domestic consumption of 38
mineral commodities in 2009 and was 100 percent reliant on
imports for 19 of those mineral commodities.

A decline in the U.S. housing market
during 2009 caused reductions in the
production and consumption of construc-
tion materials. Declines in automobile and
durable-goods manufacturing resulted in
reduced production and consumption of
metals including copper, iron, steel, lead
and platinum-group metals.
The USGS report addresses events,
trends and issues in the domestic and
international mineral industries and
includes statistics on about 90 mineral
commodities. It is available at http://min-
erals.usgs.gov/minerals/pubs/mcs/.
SSPC Recognizes PPG With George
Campbell Award
PITTSBURGH PPG Industries Protec-
tive and Marine Coatings (PMC) business
has been selected as a recipient of The
Society for Protective Coatings (SSPC)
George Campbell Award for 2009-2010.
PPG PMC earned the recognition for the
performance of its Amerlock 2/400 coat-
ing at the Deer Island Water Treatment
Facility in Boston Harbor. The product,
a fast-setting, high-solids epoxy coating,
was applied to a gravity thickener at the
plant, which is the second-largest water-
treatment facility in the United States.
The George Campbell Award is given for
outstanding achievement in the comple-
tion of a difficult or complex industrial
commercial coatings project. The Mas-
sachusetts Water Resources Authority,
owners of the Deer Island plant, and coat-
ings contractor SOEP Painting Corp. of
Malden, MA, will receive the award in
conjunction with PPG.
PCI Launches Site Dedicated to
American Coatings Show
TROY, MI PCI Magazine has introduced
a new microsite dedicated to the Ameri-
can Coatings Show. The site, www.pci-
mag.com/ac_show, includes a schedule
of the show, a dining guide for Charlotte,
and a blog discussing the latest informa-
tion about the show. Attendees can get a
preview of new products available at the
show by visiting the microsites Online
Exhibits. Also available on the microsite is
an Exhibitor Info section that gives a list of
exhibitors and their booth numbers.
Private U.S. Companies
Optimistic About Future
SOUTHFIELD, MI The majority of pri-
vate U.S. companies are optimistic about
the U.S. economy in 2010, according to
a global survey of 7,400 private firms in
36 countries. The survey was conducted
in November 2009 by Grant Thornton
International Ltd. In the United States,
private businesses account for an esti-
mated 100 million jobs, more than 70
percent of U.S. employment.
In the United States, 51 percent of
respondents said that they were optimistic
about the U.S. economy in 2010, while 31
percent said they were pessimistic. Global-
ly, 51 percent were optimistic about their
respective countrys economy, and 27
percent were pessimistic. The three most
optimistic countries were Chile, India and
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Australia; and the three most pessimistic
countries were Japan, Spain and Ireland.
By a two-to-one margin, U.S. private
businesses plan to increase their work
force rather than decrease it (29 percent
verses 14 percent), while 56 percent will
keep it the same. Globally, 34 percent plan
to increase their work force, 14 percent
plan to decrease, and 50 percent plan
no change. Countries with the greatest
planned increases were Vietnam (64 per-
cent), Brazil (63 percent) and India (56
percent); the lowest employment increases
were planned in Italy (14 percent), Ireland
(15 percent), Germany (15 percent) and
France (16 percent).
In the United States, 51 percent believe
that their companys revenues will rise in
the coming year.
ECOAT 2010 Conference Set for May
LOUISVILLE, KY ECOAT 2010 is sched-
uled to take place May 4-6, 2010, at the
Louisville Downtown Marriott, Louisville,
KY. The event is an educational confer-
ence for people involved in the electrocoat
business and for those interested in learn-
ing about electrocoating.
Three keynote addresses will be offered
at the conference. Jeff Oravitz, MetoKote
Corp., will kick off the conference with
the topic Manufacturing After the Cri-
sis. Matt Kirchner, American Finishing
Resources LLC, will start day two of the
conference by exploring several trends
in the U.S. energy sector. For the final
keynote of the conference, Steve Schulte,
Hixon Inc., will discuss environmental
impacts to industrial/electrocoat facilities
and practical steps for compliance. Visit
www.electrocoat.org/conference for addi-
tional information.
Brookfield Offers Training to
Maximize Efficiency
MIDDLEBORO, MA Brookfield is offer-
ing two courses for users of Brookfield
instrumentation. These day-long training
sessions give attendees the know-how to
verify and improve upon the data required
for meaningful research and development
and successful quality-control testing.
The Practical Course on Viscosity Mea-
surements gives attendees the tools and
concepts they need to make the most pre-
cise viscosity measurements possible. The
course is designed for operators at all
levels of experience.
The Applied Course on Viscosity Test
Methods is designed for the intermediate-
to-advanced Brookfield instrumentation
user in research and development, analyt-
ical, and process engineering functions.
Focusing on test methods and techniques,
it will review and discuss how Brook-
field rotational viscometers and rheom-
eters can be used to provide meaning-
ful product analysis. The course takes
participants beyond pass/fail criteria, to
an understanding of how to apply vis-
cometric data as a problem solving and
product performance and processing tool.
Visit www.brookfieldengineering.com for
course information.
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* Most efficient and aggressive blending/dispersing blade
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* Provides proper combination of pumping action and shear/
dispersion essential for fast consistent results.
* Built in pumping action cuts processing time.
* Longer life due to heavier gauge construction.
* Less heat due to shorter required running time.
* Excellent for high or low speed and high or low viscosity.
* Supplied with hubs or mounting holes required to retrofit
and upgrade present equipment.
* Pumping blades without teeth are available and are excellent
for gentle blending and agitation.
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The Innovation Principle.
Innovation is the most important formula for success. At BYK we know that innovation
demands forward thinking about new products and processes, effective services and strong
partnerships. It takes imaginative applications of state-of-the-art technologies. Ultimately,
innovation requires knowledge, experience and the drive to discover new solutions. Thats
BYKs Innovation Principle
L
. Put it to work for you. Together, we can help you achieve a

decisive competitive advantage.
Visit us at the American Coatings Show 2010, April, 13 15, Charlotte, NC, USA,
Charlotte Convention Center, Booth # 2608.
www.byk.com/innovation

Brookfield has also introduced a new
series of online training videos detailing
how to verify calibration of viscometers
and rheometers. Visit www.brookfield-
engineering.com/support/videos.asp to
view the videos.
Nano-Engineering Conference
Issues Call for Papers
ANCHORAGE, AK ICCE-18, the 18
th

International Conference on Composites
or Nano Engineering, will take place July
4-10, 2010, in Anchorage, AK. The confer-
ence is accepting new paper titles for pre-
sentation. Interested authors should sub-
mit detailed two-page short papers to David
Hui at dhui@uno.edu. The conference is
looking for new topics in pure and applied
science and engineering. All short papers
will be reviewed and published as short
papers in World Journal of Engineering.
Particles on Surfaces
Symposium Solicits Papers
HOPEWELL JUNCTION, NY A call for
papers has been issued for the 12
th
Interna-
tional Symposium on Particles on Surfaces:
Detection, Adhesion and Removal. The con-
ference will be held in conjunction with the
Process Cleaning Expo in Louisville, KY, on
May 4-6, 2010. For more information about
submitting a paper for the symposium, con-
tact Robert H. Lacombe, Symposium Chair-
man, at rhl@mstconf.com.
Deacom Announces
ERP Training Schedule
WAYNE, PA The 2010 course schedule
for DEACOM
University is now available

at www.deacom.net. The schedule will
include new course additions, including
DEACOM Contact Management. DEACOM
University is an accredited ERP train-
ing program dedicated to educating users
in all areas of the DEACOM Integrated
Accounting and Enterprise Resource
Planning (ERP) Software System.
Cal Poly Offers Polymers and
Coatings Short Course
SAN LUIS OBISPO, CA The Polymers and
Coatings program at California Polytechnic
State University, San Luis Obispo, CA, will
offer a Polymers and Coatings Introductory
Short Course during the week of July 19-23,
2010. The one-week course will cover many
aspects of coating technology, including
resin chemistry, pigments and fillers, addi-
tives, VOC testing, application aspects, and
rheology. For additional information, visit
ww.polymerscoatings.calpoly.edu.
ASTM Offers Online Training
WASHINGTON, DC ASTM International
is offering a series of free, one-hour online
training workshops that are designed to
assist ASTM members. Sessions include
Balloting and Handling Negative Votes,
Developing and Revising a Standard,
Work Item Collaboration Area Training,
ASTM Online Training and New Member
Orientation. For information, visit www.
astm.org/MEMBER_TRAINING/.
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Visit BASF at the American Coatings Show,
April 13-15, Charlotte, NC.
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APRIL 2010
|

C A L E N D A R
APRIL 6
Ci4000/Ci5000 Weather-Ometer
Workshop
www.atlas-mts.com
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Fundamentals of Weathering
Level I
www.atlas-mts.com
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Fundamentals of Weathering
Level II
www.atlas-mts.com
8-10
CISILE 2010
www.cisile.com.cn/en
12-15
American Coatings Show &
Conference
www.american-coatings-show.com
13-16
PaintExpo
www.paintexpo.de
18-20
ASC Spring Convention
www.ascouncil.org
20-22
Emulsion Polymerization and
Waterborne Coatings
www.emich.edu/cri
20-22
Logichem 2010
www.logichemeurope.com
30
Understanding Coating Raw
Materials
www.emich.edu/cri
MAY 4
PSCT May Technical Symposium
www.psct.org
4-5
Coatings, Inks and Solvents
Technical Advisory Panel
Meeting
mmoore@omnitechintl.com
4-6
ELECTROCOAT 2010
www.electrocoat.org
4-6
Particles on Surfaces: Detection,
Adhesion and Removal
www.mstconf.com
5-6
Basics of Polyurethane Coatings
www.emich.edu/cri
12-14
NW Coatings Fest 2010
www.pnwsct.whomedia.com/
symposium-ncf
17-21
Introduction to Paint Formulation
http://coatings.mst.edu/index.html
18-19
Sink or Swim 2010
www.clevelandcoatingssociety.org
18-20
Appalachian Underground
Corrosion Short Course
www.aucsc.com
18-20
Advanced Topics in Polymers and
Coatings
www.emich.edu/cri
19-21
Spray Finishing Technology
Workshop
www.owens.edu/workforce_cs/
spray2010.pdf
23-26
RadTech UV& EB Technology Expo
& Conference 2010
www.radtech2010.com
JUNE 2-4
Principles and Practices of Coating
Formulations
www.emich.edu/cri
8-10
Improving Durability and
Performance of Coatings
www.emich.edu/cri
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Elementis Specialties
Fawcett Company
Frank B. Ross
Fuji Silysia
Hexion Specialty
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Imerys
Instrumental Polymers
Technology
Kronos
LCP Technology
Nuroz, LLC
Perstorp
Reichhold Chemicals
Rockwood Pigments
Specialty Polymers
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Toyo Ink America
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APRIL 2010
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C O M P A N Y N E W S
AkzoNobel Invests in UK Research Hub
AMSTERDAM, The Netherlands AkzoNobel is investing almost
10 million to enhance its Felling, UK, site. A fire-protection test-
ing laboratory and a polymer lab for powder coatings are being
added to the existing R&D infrastructure at the site.
Due to be completed early next year, the testing lab will be used
by the companys Marine & Protective Coatings (M&PC) business
to develop fire-protection coatings.
The new polymer lab will allow researchers at AkzoNobel
Powder Coatings to handle and develop new materials; it will also
include scale-up capability and an application line.
Huntsman Amines Bridge Gap in Chinese Rail Project
EVERBERG, Belgium A series of concrete bridges that support a
new high-speed rail line connecting Beijing and Shanghai is set to
benefit from the protective properties of specialty polyetheramines
from the Performance Products division of Huntsman Corp.
The Chinese Ministry of Railways is building an 800-mile
dedicated passenger rail link to ease pressure on one of Chinas
busiest transport routes. The route crosses the Yellow River and
the Yangtze delta. Because of the soft terrain in this area and the
need to minimize land usage, almost 80 percent of the line is being
built on metal and concrete bridges that are compatible with the
transportation system already in place. It is on these structures
that Huntsmans polyetheramines will be used.
JEFFAMINE
D-2000, JEFFAMINE T-5000 and JEFFAMINE

D-400 polyetheramines have been used to create a polyurea-
based coating that is being sprayed onto the bridges concrete
slabs, which act as a hardwearing base for the ballast-less tracks.
Forming a waterproof protective layer, the coating will guard the
concrete against weather, abrasion, and general wear and tear.
Columbian Chemicals Expands
TCR Industries Territory
LA PALMA, CA Columbian Chemicals, Marietta, GA, has
expanded TCR Industries territory to represent Columbians
Raven
industrial carbon blacks. The expanded territory cov-

ers 11 western states through seven warehouses. The territory
includes California, Oregon, Washington, Idaho, Montana,
Wyoming, Utah, Nevada, Colorado, New Mexico and Arizona.
TCR Industries is authorized to promote Columbian carbon
black products in the paint and coatings, inks, plastic, and
construction markets.
Daimler Chooses GREENKOTE Coating Process
CLEVELAND GREENKOTE
Plc, a global coating technology

company headquartered in Cleveland, will provide corrosion pro-
tection for selected Daimler automotive parts beginning in the
first half of 2010. Initial orders include components for passenger-
safety-related applications. Additionally, Daimler is finalizing
technical approval of GREENKOTE as one of its suppliers of zinc
diffusion coatings, using the companys patented thermo-diffu-
sion coating process.
GREENKOTE is a thermal-diffusion coatings process that modi-
fies and improves the basic surface characteristics of metals and is
applicable to metal finished parts in many industries.
SAN CARLOS, CA Kelly-Moore Paint
Co. Inc., San Carlos, CA, has received the
Green Large Business of the Year award.
The company outperformed 100,000
California companies to win the award.
Kelly-Moore was selected for its series
of recycling programs that diverted 60
percent of its waste and for its abil-
ity to motivate employees to commit to
recycling efforts. Kelly-Moore was also
recognized for its carbon offset
program, which resulted in its
San Carlos plant being carbon
neutral.
In 1995, the company devel-
oped a safer, more environmen-
tally responsible technique to
dispose of leftover paint and
became the first paint company
in the industry to collect and
remanufacture a recycled paint,
eCoat. Previously, when half-
used paint cans were returned, the paint
and cans were considered unrecyclable
waste. Now, Kelly-Moore uses a system
that removes the labels and residue from
the cans, making them recyclable. The
returned paint is sorted by color and
type and remanufactured into eCoat.
In April 2009, Kelly-Moore started
a program to recycle Super Sack stor-
age bags, cut-up plastic totes and other
previously unrecyclable containers. The
program resulted in a 10-15 percent
reduction in landfill waste. Addition-
ally, Kelly-Moores factory management
developed a collection system for rain-
water to offset water usage and built a
berm around the manufacturing plant
to prevent any possible paint spillage
from getting into the local creek.
Kelly-Moore has continued to green
its manufacturing facility. It has
replaced old HVAC units with
energy-efficient ones, installed a
new dust collector that reduced
plant noise levels and energy
consumption by approximately
50 percent, enrolled in a pro-
gram to buy carbon offsets, and
captured waste heat generated
from the plants large compres-
sor and now uses it to heat an
adjacent building.
Kelly-Moore Receives Green Business Award
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APRIL 2010
|

AkzoNobel Powder Coatings
to Supply Ingersoll Rand
AMSTERDAM, the Netherlands AkzoNo-
bel Powder Coatings has entered into a
three-year agreement with Ingersoll Rand
that makes it the preferred global supplier
for powder coatings. AkzoNobel will supply
powder coatings to Ingersoll Rand through
its brand, Interpon Every Color Is Green.
Cognis Recognizes
Innovative Employees
MONHEIM, Germany Cognis has
announced recipients of its internal Inno-
vation Award. The award recognizes
teams responsible for innovative and suc-
cessful projects.
The Gold Award went to a team from
the Functional Products strategic busi-
ness unit (SBU) for Emgard FE, a fuel-effi-
cient axle lubricant for heavy-duty trucks.
The Silver and Bronze Awards went to
two teams from the Care Chemicals SBU.
Silver was given to the employees behind
Plantapon LGC Sorb, a new environmen-
tally sound anionic surfactant based on
alkyl polyglycosides technology. Bronze
went to the developers of a customized
Euperlan pearlizer concentrate. Finally,
the Special Category Award, which was
presented for the first time this year, was
won by a team that implemented a pack-
age of measures to improve the ether
sulfate production process.
Malvern Instruments Opens
Center of Excellence in India
MALVERN, UK Malvern Instruments
has opened a third center of excellence in
India, established through its joint-ven-
ture company Malvern Aimil Instruments
Pty. Located in Delhi and designed to serve
customers in the north and northeast of
India, the new center of excellence hous-
es laboratories that are equipped with a
range of Malvern systems and staffed by a
full-time applications team. The team will
provide demonstrations and deliver train-
ing, applications and technical support, as
well as sample analysis.
Hockmeyer Equipment
Granted Fifth Patent
HARRISON, NJ Hockmeyer Equipments
fifth patent covering immersion mill
enhancement has been granted by the
U.S. government. The patent covers the
deterrence of wear at a bearing construct
in a basket media mill.
The device involves the introduction
of slots in the rotating peg hub within
the basket. As the hub rotates, centrifu-
gal force pulls the media and feedstock
away from the polymer-bearing con-
struct within the peg hub. This creates
two favorable conditions. One result is
extended bearing life regardless of the
media type or size; the other is the elimi-
nation of micro media escaping through
the clearance between the rotating drive
shaft and the bearing construct. Bearing
life, typically six months to one and a half
years, has more than doubled.
BASF Expands Superior Materials
Distribution Agreement
GARDEN CITY, NY BASF Corp. has
announced an expansion of Superior Mate-
rials Inc.s distribution responsibilities.
For customers in the plastics indus-
try, Superior Materials Inc. will now be
responsible for sales of BASFs pigments,
colorants, dyes and additives portfolio in
New York, New Jersey and Connecticut.
For customers in the coatings, seal-
ants, adhesives, elastomers and ink
industries, Superior Materials Inc. will
be responsible for sales of pigments, col-
orants, dyes, dispersions and Uvinyls

in New York, New Jersey, Connecticut,
Maryland, Delaware, Washington D.C.
and Pennsylvania east of Harrisburg.
Superior Materials Inc. will also be
responsible for sales of Attapulgite addi-
tives in New York, New Jersey, Connecti-
cut, Pennsylvania, Virginia, West Virginia,
Maryland, Delaware and Washington D.C.
Nevada DOT Approves
Seicoat Corp. Coatings
LOS ANGELES A line of anti-graffiti
coatings from Seicoat Corp. has recently
been approved and added to the Quali-
fied Products List by the Nevada Depart-
ment of Transportation. The products
are GPA-200 Graffiti Proofer
Anti-Stick
and GPA-300 Graffiti Proofer Non-Stick
anti-graffiti coatings.
The GPA-200 coating is extremely
durable and causes most paints to simply
run off the film. The GPA-300 product

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Siltech Acquires Rhodia
Manufacturing Facility
TORONTO Siltech Corp. has acquired
Rhodias manufacturing facility in
Mississauga, Ontario, Canada. The
113,000-square-foot plant is equipped
with highly specialized chemical reactors,
bulk storage and railroad facilities. Siltech
will retain Rhodias employees and will
continue to manufacture Rhodias prod-
ucts under a long-term contract. Siltechs
present manufacturing and research facil-
ity in Toronto, Canada, will continue to
operate as the companys headquarters.
Hexion Specialty Chemicals
Plans Monomer Plant in Korea
COLUMBUS, OH Hexion Specialty Chem-
icals Inc. has approved construction of a
manufacturing plant in Onsan, Korea, to
produce Cardura
monomer, a glycidyl
ester derivative of Versatic Acid 10. The
plant will be constructed within an exist-
ing Hexion manufacturing complex in
Onsan. Construction of the new facility
will begin in the first quarter, and comple-
tion is slated before the end of this year.
Hexion to Sell Solventborne
Coating Resins Business
COLUMBUS, OH Hexion Specialty Chem-
icals Inc. has signed a definitive agree-
ment to sell its Italian solventborne alkyd
and polyester coating resins business to an
affiliate of Tenax Group, an Italian-based
company that produces similar products.
The sale will include all aspects of the
business, including a production facility in
Cola di Lazise, Italy.
The sale represents Hexions exit from the
European solventborne coatings market.
Hexion continues to fully participate in the
waterborne, powder coatings and coating
resins markets, both in Europe and globally.
Eastman Acquires Specialty
Polymers Facility in China
KINGSPORT, TN Eastman Chemical Co.
has completed the acquisition of Tongxi-
ang Xinglong Fine Chemical Co. Ltd., a
cellulose-based specialty polymers man-
ufacturing facility located near Shang-
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APRIL 2010
|

hai, China. The acquisition will support
Eastmans Coatings, Adhesives, Specialty
Polymers and Inks segment, specifically
its Ensure
product line, by providing

additional capacity to meet the growing
demand in China.
Arkema Integrates Acrylics
Assets From Dow
CARY, NC Arkema has formally completed
its acquisition of Dows Acrylic Monomers
and Acrylic Latex Polymers (UCAR Emul-
sion Systems) business in North America.
The acrylic monomers production site
in Clear Lake, TX, is being integrated
into Arkemas existing Acrylics business
unit, within the Industrial Chemicals
business segment.
The acrylic latex polymers activity
forms a new business unit, Arkema Emul-
sion Systems, which is dedicated to the
paint, coatings, adhesives and construc-
tion-product markets. This new business
unit will be part of the Industrial Chemi-
cals business segment. Richard Jenkins
has been appointed President of this newly
created business unit. Jenkins was pre-
viously the General Manager of Dows
UCAR Emulsions Systems and Monomers
business. Arkema Emulsion Systems is
headquartered in Cary, NC, and operates
three latex production facilities in Cali-
fornia, Illinois and Louisiana. Research
and development, marketing, sales and
administration functions are located at
the North Carolina headquarters.
The Polyphobe
rheology modifiers
formerly in the UCAR Emulsion Systems
product line are being integrated into
Arkemas Coatex subsidiary. The inte-
gration will extend Coatexs portfolio
for the paint and coatings industry to
the United States, Canada, Mexico and
Puerto Rico markets.
BASF Venture Capital Invests in
Quantiam Technologies
LUDWIGSHAFEN, Germany BASF
Venture Capital GmbH, Ludwigshafen,
Germany, is investing in Quantiam
Technologies Inc., Edmonton, Canada.
Quantiam Technologies develops and
markets functional coatings for extreme
operating environments such as petro-
chemicals industry applications. Quan-
tiam will use the additional capital to
fund further growth. A major focus of
the investment will be catalytic surface
coatings known as catalyzed-assisted
manufacture of olefins or CAMOL.
Flint Group to Acquire Torda
LUXEMBOURG The Flint Group has
signed an agreement to acquire Torda,
a manufacturer of printing inks for the
packaging markets in northern Europe,
the Balkans and the Middle East, with a
substantial presence in Eastern Europe.
This acquisition is the third step Flint
Group has taken within the last 12
months to foster its expansion in Eastern
European markets.
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APRIL 2010
|

N AME S I N T HE NE WS
Patrice Barthelmes has been appointed CEO
of Eliokem, a worldwide specialty chemical
company. Barthelmes served as Vice President
and Director for the Packaging & Building Mate-
rials division of Rohm & Haas, a position he held
from 1999 until 2009, when Dow purchased
Rohm & Haas. In 2009, he was appointed Vice
President and Group Director for Dows Adhe-
sives & Functional Polymers division.
Kristopher Felice has joined CAS-MI as a Chemist/Coatings
Technologist. In his new role, Felice uses a wide range of ana-
lytical techniques, such as SEM/EDXA, FTIR, ATR, Microscopic
FTIR and MDSC. He also has expertise in paint and coatings
physical testing, as well as failure analysis.
Scott Harris has been promoted to the position of Operations
Manager at Thermcraft Inc. Harris has over 25 years of manu-
facturing experience.
Jeff Hartel has joined NSL Analytical Services Inc. as
Account Manager for metallurgical and mechanical testing.
Hartel will assist with business development activities. He will
also introduce NSLs elemental chemical analysis capabilities to
metallurgical and mechanical testing customers.
NanoHorizons Inc. has appointed Chris Haupt to the newly
created position of Vice President, Industrial Business Unit. Haupts
professional focus and expertise are in polymer chemistry and busi-
ness development for the C.A.S.E and flexible-foam markets.
Timothy M. Knavish has been appointed Vice President, Automo-
tive Coatings, Americas, for PPG Industries. He will report directly
to Cynthia A. Niekamp, Vice President, Automotive Coatings.
Malvern Instruments has appointed
Terry Liu to the role of Process Specialist.
Liu is part of the Malvern China team and
works from the companys Shanghai office.
He will support customers across a range of
industries in their implementation of Insitec
in-, on- and at-line solutions for particle-size
measurement and process optimization.
Joan A. Schuller has been named General Manager for the North
American region of Dow Coating Materials. In her role, Schuller is
responsible for setting the business strategy and leading the North
American Leadership Team.
H. Morgan Smith has been named the Chairman of the Board of
Van Horn, Metz & Co. Inc. Barrett C. Fisher III has assumed the
role of President, and Brian Boorman has been named the Execu-
tive Vice President.
Superior Materials Inc. has hired Peter Zillitto as Regional
Sales Manager, Mid-Atlantic. Zillitto will be responsible for the
sale of BASF pigments, colorants, additives and Attagel
prod-
ucts in eastern Pennsylvania, Maryland and Delaware, along
with Attagel in all of Pennsylvania, Virginia and West Virginia.
He will also sell Imerys, Evonik, Akzo Nobel, Kronos, DayGlo
and Schlenk products.
Liu
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APRIL 2010
|

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Eversorb Product Types
Benzophenone Benzotriazole HALS Performance Products
Eversorb Applications
Automotive Coatings Refnish Coatings Wood Coatings
Coil Coatings Powder Coatings New Unique Water Based UV for Coatings
EVERLIGHT USA, INC.
10507 Southern Loop Boulevard, Pineville, NC 28134
(704) 588-1004 (800) 252-3247 Fax: (704) 588-0051
E-mail: everlight@everlightusa.com http://www.ecic.com
AC Show Booth #1113
STAY TUNED for the latest update on low to zero VOC
and APEO free high performance additives from ETHOX.
Ethox Chemicals LLC
www.ethox.com
Contact: Ed Godwin,
egodwin@ethox.com
or (864) 299-2116
AC Show Booth #1013
E-Sperse
Pigment
dispersants for
excellent tint
strength and
low viscosity
dispersions
E-Sperse 700 Series products
for improved latex synthesis
and polymer properties
E-Sperse RX Reactive
emulsifiers for sub-micron
emulsions and enhanced
film properties
Ethox surfactants for
low foam wetting
and dispersions
Customized surfactants
for customer-specific
needs
Antifoam technology
www.perstorp.com
We have a
winning formula
waiting for you
Visit us at ACS, booth #2733
Solutions for Non VOC Coatings
Zephrym polymeric
dispersants offer non VOC
solutions to satisfy the need
for stable high solids pigment
dispersions. They offer:
Improved color development
Improved dispersion and
emulsion stability
Higher pigment or filler
loadings
Control of emulsion rheology

More information at www.
crodapolymersandcoatings.com
Micro Powders, Inc.
Specialty Micronized Wax Additives
Micro Powders offers over 150 products
for applications in the paint, coatings and
ink industries. These technically advanced
micronized waxes, wax dispersions and emulsions include
synthetic, polyethylene, PTFE, polypropylene and unique wax
combinations that are suited for
special applications. Call for their
expanded updated brochure, which
details a variety of end uses at
914-793-4058 or visit them at
www.micropowders.com.
AC Show Booth #2049
www.imerys-perfmins.com | www.worldminerals.com
ADDI NG VALUE
THROUGH MINLkALS
IMLkYS erformance Minera|s and
wor|d Minera|s products are used
extensively in the aint and Coatings
industry throughout the world. Our exten-
sive range of products include: a|umino
si|icate, ca|cium carbonates, do|omite,
diatomite, kao|ins, ca|cined kao|ins,
per|ite and mica.
AC Show
8ooth 41431
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Eco-Friendly Solutions from Rhodia
Rhodias eco-friendly portfolio of coatings additives
helps customers make the switch to APE-free and
low-VOC formulations. Rhodia offers Wetting Agents,
Defoamers, Dispersants, Coalescents and Freeze-
Thaw Stabilizers that are APE-free and enhance the
performance of low-VOC formulations.
Contact Rhodia Novecare North America
1 (888) 776-7337
WWW.RHODIA.COM
AC Show Booth #1943
TIANSORB

UV Absorbers and Light Stabilizers
Shanghai Tiansheng Chemical Co., Ltd. is the professional manu-
facturer of UV Absorbers and Light Stabilizers in China.Through
continuous efforts in R&D, we offer a range of high-quality
TIANSORBs to improve the weather resistance of coatings.
Quality First - we use medicine standard to produce our coat-
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Good Service - we are committed to provide excellent service
for the customers with our application knowledge.
www.tianshengchem.com.cn
AC Show Booth #2909
TIANSSORB BUV Ab b d Li ht St bili
Shanghai Tiansheng Chemical Co., Ltd.
We offer additives
for the worlds coatings
APEO alternative surfactants
Wide range of alumina products
Specialty additives
Solvents based on both paraffins and isoparaffins
Unique ether based waxes
Branched and linear alcohols
Visit us at www.sasoltechdata.com and at ACS booth #1019
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AC Show Booth #1732
E-coat
Finish First
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Test Panel Technologies
Bare Metal
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Test Panels for Every Need...
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888.772.9000 www.InnovationCAS-MI.com
visit us at
ACS
Booth #1640
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The Kish Company is a leading supplier of industrial minerals,
extenders, additives and lightweight spheres to the plastics,
paint, rubber, ink, adhesive and sealant industries.
The Kish Company is able to offer extensive technical experience
to successfully integrate our products into your systems.
With our international network of resources, we offer the highest
quality minerals in the world and our 14 distribution points
throughout the world will meet your same day inventory needs.
Family Of Companies
Repco, Inc Tokyo Japan
Sphere One, Inc Chattanooga Tennessee, www. sphereone.net
AC Show Booth #841
Contact us at (800) 886-5238
or info@kishcompany.com
www.kishcompany.com
Custom Milling & Consulting continues to be the one
stop shop for all of your dispersion needs. In addition
to our full line of Mixers and Media Mills, our Process
Development Service, and our extensive Toll Milling
capability; we now offer a full line of Double Planetary
Mixers and Ram Discharge packages. Stop by Booth
#1849 at ACS and see what we can do for you.
www.cmcmilling.com (610) 926-0984
We just keep growing.
Improve the quality
of your coatings
with Russell
filters & sieves
Russell Finex Inc
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Visit www.russellfinex.com
or call 704 588 9808 for more information
Setting worldwide standards for quality,
performance and reliability for over 75 years.
"Green" Dispersion Blades
Quickblades Incs dispersion blades are Green. Coatings
manufacturers have reported a decrease of up to 50% in batch
times, along with better shear characteristics using Quickblades, as
compared to using OEM manufactured blades. Our standard Saw
Tooth Blade, Turbo Blade, or revolutionary Turbo/Pump Blade will
make short work of your dispersion needs.
Its time to change your blade!
See us at booth 1932 at the
American Coatings Show.
Quickblades, Inc.
www.quickblades.net
sales@quickblades.net
877-618-8304
AC Show Booth #1932
High Performance Disperser
MODEL 850
Myers Model 850 shows improvements in
product quality and mixing time. The dual
shaft, four-blade unit outperforms standard
dispersers in many instances: Faster pigment
loading, less heat buildup, better dispersion,
improved particle size and less air entrapment.
Myers Engineering, Inc.
A Leader in Mixing & Dispersing for over 60 Years.
323.560.4723 www.myersmixer.com
Hockmeyer Immersion Mill
Now available in 3 Series:
HM/HCP: Designed for viscosities of 200-50,000
cps for shear-sensitive & hard-to-grind products.
HCPS: Designed for high viscosity
(over 1,000,000 cps) and thixotropic products.
HCPN (Nano Mill): Designed for Nano
dispersions for particles below 100nm.

Nothing else compares
Hockmeyer Equipment Corp.
(252)338-4705
www.hockmeyer.com
AC Show Booth #1644
Premier's SuperFLX Horizontal Media Mill offers the features and
flexibility that a demanding sub-micron and nano milling process
requires. This single machine with patented technology can be
transformed to process single & multi-pass, high flow recirculation,
low to high viscosity materials,
fine to large particles and
agglomerates with a few simple
changes in a compact design.
Ideal for dispersions and color
concentrations for Paint, Ink,
Industrial and Plastics.

www.premiermill.com
AC Show Booth #1734
Premier Mill, An SPX Brand
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Oberwarmensteinacher Str. 38
D - 95485 Warmensteinach
www.sili.eu / Booth No. 1636
Type ZY Premium
than just
grinding media
SiLibeads
strong, powerfull
King of all Beads
Straighter body prole: increased label area

Compound curl: 50% better cover crimp
Improved weld seam
Two additional layers of steel form triple seam
330-405-3000
www.cscpails.com
AC Show Booth #1848
designed to provide a safer, better and
stronger pail
Compound Curl Weld Seam Triple-Bottom Seam
Cleveland Steel Container Introduces
Triplex
TM
Technology,
ea
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GO GREENWITH
KW CONTAINER AND SAVE
KWs all-plastic container provides superior protection
for advanced paint and coatings formulation and
its a green product made from 100% recycled
materials. In addition, KWContainer is
providing assistance to its customers in
developing recycling programs for used
containers and a closed-loop container
program tailored to their specific needs.
For more information call: 800/633-8744
KW Container
www.kwplastics.com
AC Show
Booth #1649
Your Global Partner in Coatings
770.277.8819
www.nubiolausa.com
AC Show
Booth #1025
Turn over a new leaf.
Choose PAN Technology
for your dispersions.
Go green with PanTINT Zero VOC
waterborne colorants and 100% solids
chip dispersions for coatings, inks & adhe-
sives.
Simplify your waterborne pigment
dispersion applications with our new
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Pan Dispersionsmanufactured excellence.
For more information:
800.722.3507
www.pantechnology.com
AC Show Booth #2021
Smart solutions boost efciency
in the labeling process.
The LANGGUTH engineering team
delivers custom solutions for labeling
applications worldwide. Get to know
LANGGUTH at: www.langguth.com
and www.langguth-america.com
AC Show Booth #1834
Innovative Effect Pigments
Designed for Coatings
As the North American affiliate of Merck KGaA, EMD Chemicals shares in
more than 340 years of experience and excellence in the development
and manufacture of specialty chemicals.
Our brands: Iriodin, Colorstream, Biflair,
Minatec, Miraval, Pyrisma, Xirallic
EMD Chemicals, Inc.
For more information call: 800.222.0342
effects@emdpigments.com
www.emdpigments.com
AC Show Booth# 2426
|ead|ng manu|ac|urer o|.
|norgan|c P|gmen|
Organ|c P|gmen|
P|gmen| Prepara||on
An||corro|ve P|gmen|
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Heucotech Ltd.
Phone +1800|EUBAC|
|ax +121S7362249
a|eheubachco|or.com
www.heubachco|or.com
AC Show Booth #2601
31
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AC Show Booth #2418
MACE Polymers & Additives, Inc.
The Polyurethane Specialists
New Ownership / A World of Possibilities
Green PUDs Zero nMP & Zero VOC
Nano-Engineered PUDs - for Improved Performance
Anti-Graffiti Coatings Zero nMP
Fire Retardant PU Dispersions Halogen Free
Functional PU Films for Thermoforming Applications
Contact Ernie Gulla at 1-888-205-8126
or via email at: egulla@maceco.com
Dudley, MA Phone: 508-943-9052 www.maceco.com
AC Show Booth #823
PU Pioneers Since 1955
Morchem manufactures NMP-free and VOC-
free PU dispersions that can be used for
water-based coatings and adhesives. The
main benefits are their easy film forming,
great transparency, excellent adhesion on
versatile substrates and wide range of hard-
ness to meet customer needs.

Morchem also produces tin-free TPUs for
printing inks in compliance with FDA regulations.

Web: www.morchem.com Mail: morchem@morchem.com
AC Show Booth #2148
Sycoat Polymers
Saiden Technologies introduces Sycoat polymers for
elastomeric roof coating applications. The Sycoat
product line addresses
the needs of customer
formulators for primer and
finished white roof coating
polymers. Independent
testing demonstrates the
contribution of Saidens
superior polymer science to
green energy performance.
www.saiden.com
AC Show Booth #833
Alkyd resins WorleKyd
Acrylic resins WorleCryl
Polyester resins WorlePol
www.worlee.com
AC Show Booth #1420
AAlk lkyd yd rres esin inss Wo Worl rle eKy Kyd d
Resins for environmentally friendly
Paints & Lacquers:
More than 250 polymers
for the paint and coatings industry
A 40-year track record
of product innovation
We have the right polymer for your needs!
www.specpoly.com ACS Booth #1513
INNOVATIVE RESPONSIVE FLEXIBLE
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AC Show Booth #2841
APRI L 2010
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I
nflatable fabrics are used in a number of differ-
ent applications, such as automotive airbags,
parachutes, rafts, hot air balloons and inflatable
structures for space exploration. An inflatable
fabric consists of a base fabric that provides
strength and a multifunctional coating layer. Besides
blocking pores in the fabric and providing impermeabil-
ity, the coating imparts flexibility, toughness and tear
strength to the fabric. In addition, the coating protects
the fabric from the heat generated during inflation and
provides smooth deployment. A desirable coating material
should have low permeability, good adhesion to the fabric
and good mechanical strength.
The first generation of inflatable fabrics was based on
nylon 6,6 fabric with a neoprene coating. However, neo-
prene had several shortcomings, including necessarily
thick coatings, a tendency to stick when deployed, limited
environmental stability and marginal thermal resistance.
As improvements in nylon 6,6 and alternative fab-
rics continue, silicone coatings are being used more
often than neoprene coatings to: (a) protect the fabric
from heat-scorching; (b) allow thinner and more fold-
able coated fabrics; (c) improve long-term environmental
stability; and (d) provide better compatibility with nylon.
Silicone coatings are increasingly used on inflatable fab-
rics in several consumer, military and space applications.
An excellent example is the successful deployment of the
airbag system for the Mars Pathfinder. Silicone coatings
exhibit one to two orders of magnitude less atomic oxygen
erosion compared to their organic counterparts in low
earth orbit.
1
Notwithstanding their excellent long-term thermal
stability, weatherability and flexibility, silicone coatings
are relatively weak compared to other elastomers. Fillers,
such as amorphous silica, are often added to the matrix
to reinforce the network. Another drawback of silicone
material is its poor adhesion to the substrates because of
its low surface energy. These problems can be addressed
by nanotechnology, and indeed various attempts have
been made using nanoscale additives to strengthen the
silicone and reduce gas permeability. This article intro-
duces a commercially viable nanoscale additive developed
by NEI Corporation that improves fabric tear strength,
tensile strength and hardness at low additive loadings. At
the same time, the NEI product greatly improves adhesion
between the silicone and the fabric. The NEI product is a
nanoscale additive package that is easily added to com-
mercial silicone coating formulations to impart excellent
coating properties.
The first part of this article discusses how nanoscale
additives can be used to improve the properties of the sili-
cone base polymer. The second part presents data on NEIs
nanoscale additive-reinforced silicone-coated fabric.
Forming Silicone Nanocomposites
In recent years, polymer nanocomposites have received
significant attention since nanoscale particles provide
an opportunity for enhancing the mechanical and func-
tional properties of the polymer at relatively low-volume
fractions, thereby preserving the desirable properties of
the polymer, such as flexibility and ductility. The reasons
for using nanoscale particles in a polymer matrix are out-
lined in the following points.
1. Incorporating nanoscale particles, particularly those
with a high aspect ratio (e.g., platelet-shaped clay nano-
particles) in a polymer matrix leads to several beneficial
features, including low percolation threshold (< 2 vol%),
high interfacial area and a size scale that is comparable to
that of polymeric molecules.
2. The interface between surface-modified nanopar-
ticles and the polymer matrix will be smooth, resulting in
effective load transfer to the matrix and a smooth surface
finish to the final nanocomposite. Conversely, coarse par-
ticles, because of their large size and particularly when
added in large volume fractions, do not bond well with the
polymer matrix. Consequently, coarse particles degrade
the mechanical properties of the base polymer.
3. Incorporating solid particles (or nanoparticles) in a
polymer matrix or in a polymer-based coating formula-
tion can give rise to processing issues such as a significant
change in viscosity, inhomogeneous mixing and reduc-
tion of shelf life. All these problems can degrade the final
properties of the nanocomposite. Nanoparticles present
less of a problem than micon-sized particles because
nanoparticles can be added in much smaller quantities
to achieve a similar reinforcing effect. Additionally, when
nanoparticles are modified with a suitable organic mol-
ecule/oligomer, they become compatible with the matrix
and ameliorate processing problems.
Silicones, also referred to as polysiloxanes or PDMS,
have the repeating unit [Si(R)
2
-O]- and are prepared from
chlorosilanes. Depending upon the number of repeating
units in a polymer chain and the degree of crosslinking,
several different types of commercial silicone products can
be produced: fluids, emulsions, compounds, lubricants,
resins and elastomers or rubbers. The silicone material
discussed in this article is a silicone elastomer, suitable for
use as an inflatable fabric coating.
Nanoscale additives in silicone coatings offer the oppor-
tunity to improve physical gas barrier properties, in
addition to enhancing mechanical properties. Some data
indicates that oxygen transmission rates for nanocompos-
By Kenneth Eberts, Runquing Ou and Kunal Shah | NEI Corporation, Somerset, NJ
Nanocomposite
for High-Performance Fabrics
33
ites of silicone are usually less than
half that of the unmodified poly-
mers. The aspect ratio of the addi-
tive nanoparticles has been shown
to have a major effect on enhancing
gaseous barrier properties, particu-
larly with higher aspect ratios.
2
Researchers at Argonne National
Laboratory demonstrated that the
oxygen barrier properties of nano-
composite films were 200,000
times better than oriented propyl-
ene and over 2,000 times better
than Nylon-6.
3
Researchers at NASA showed that by add-
ing about 2 vol% additives in a thermoplastic matrix, the
hydrogen permeability can be reduced by 10 to 20%.
4
Experimental Procedures
An example of the wide variety of airbag applications is
the Mars Pathfinder airbag system. With funding pro-
vided by NASA, we chose to work with materials similar
to those used for this Mars mission. Dow Corning Liquid
Silicone Rubber (LSR 3730) was used as the base silicone
material. It is a two-component, fumed silica-filled, high
solids (>98%) vinyl-addition (platinum catalyzed), high-
temperature-curing (150-200 C) silicone with high vis-
cosity (165,000 cSt). This is a commercial coating formu-
lation optimized for adhesion to fabrics and is chemically
similar to the silicone rubber used to coat the Mars Path-
finder airbags (i.e., Silastic LT-50, a Dow Corning product
designed for enhanced low temperature performance).
The fabric used was Vectran, a commercial woven fabric
obtained from Fabric Development, Inc.
NEI nanoscale additives, hereafter called Nanomyte
PC-30, were prepared by modifying the surface of inor-
ganic nanoparticles with organic functional groups that
can react with the silicone matrix, thereby facilitating dis-
persion and allowing chemical bonding of the nanopar-
ticles with the matrix. The functional groups also improve
the adhesion of the silicone coating with the fabric.
Nanomyte PC-30 was mixed thoroughly with part
B of LSR 3730 before mixing with part A and catalyst.
The mixed, uncured silicone resin was then applied to
Vectran fabric and cured at 190 C, followed by aging
at 120 C. This coating and curing process was then
repeated to apply a second coat.
Coated Vectran sheets were cut to the standard geom-
etry as specified in MIL-C-21189(Aer) TM 10.2.4 for cut-
slit tear testing. Samples were tested on a CRE-type tensile
machine using hydraulic/pneumatic grips.
Peel testing was conducted according to ASTM D 1876-
01, Standard Test Method for Peel Resistance of Adhesives
(T-Peel Test) using an MTS QTest/25 Elite Controller frame
fitted with a 5kN load cell and rub-
ber-faced, manual grips. To pre-
pare T-Peel test samples, uncured
coating material was applied to the
coated faces of two cured, coated
Vectran sheets using a drawdown
process. The sheets were then laid
face-to-face to make sandwiched
sheets, which were compressed
together and cured.
Spherical test articles, 18 in
diameter, were fabricated at ILC
Dover (a leading manufacturer of
high-performance softgoods, and a collaborator on this
project) for leakage testing (Figure 1). The test articles
were inflated to 1, 2 and 3 psi, and the leak rate was
measured. This was followed by holding the inflation
pressure at 5 psi, then reducing the pressure and repeat-
ing the leakage tests at 3, 2, and 1 psi.
Coatings
FIGURE 1 | Pressurization testing of 18 test spheres at ILC Dover.
Nanoscale additives in silicone
coatings offer the opportunity
to improve physical gas barrier
properties, in addition to
enhancing mechanical properties.
Nanocomposite Coatings for High-Performance Fabrics
APRI L 2010
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Results and Discussion
Figure 2 shows the results from cut-slit tear testing. The
coated fabric containing Nanomyte PC-30 exhibits signifi-
cantly improved tear strength. Examination of the tested
samples revealed that different degrees of delamination of
the silicone coating material from the fabric had occurred
as a result of the tearing action (Figure 3). In general,
there appeared to be substantial delamination of coating
material from the Vectran for control samples, especially
at the grip points and along tears. This delamination is
an adhesive failure. The samples containing Nanomyte
PC-30 exhibited minimal or no delamination. Further, in
some cases, residual coating material remained connected
to exposed yarns within the tear zone giving a toothed
appearance, offering evidence of a cohesive failure; this
was not observed to such a degree for control samples,
where yarns were typically stripped bare.
The above tests demonstrate the importance of adhe-
sion between the fabric and coating, which is promoted by
Nanomyte PC-30. Further evidence of stronger adhesion is
shown by the T-Peel test. Figure 4 shows a strong correlation
between Nanomyte PC-30 loading and adhesive strength.
In addition to enhancing coating-fabric adhesion and
mechanical strength, Nanomyte PC-30 greatly sup-
presses leakage in fully sealed test articles. Figure 5
shows a strong trend towards reduced test article leak-
age for spheres manufactured with the nanocomposite
material versus control.
400
450
500
550
600
650
700
Control Nanomyte PC-30
A
v
e
r
a
g
e

T
e
a
r
i
n
g

S
t
r
e
n
g
t
h

(
l
b
s
)
FIGURE 2 | Averaged tearing strength of coated fabric with and
without 1.5 wt% Nanomyte PC-30.
Delamination
Coated
Yarns
Coated
Yarns
Control Nanomyte
PC-30
Bare
Yarns
Bare
Yarns
FIGURE 3 | Macro photograph of cut-slit tear samples along the tear.
0
5
10
15
20
25
30
35
40
45
0 3 6
P
e
e
l

R
e
s
i
s
t
a
n
c
e

(
N
)
Nanomyte PC-30 (wt%)
FIGURE 4 | Averaged peel resistance data for self-adhesion of
coating formulations.
0
50
100
150
200
250
300
350
400
1 2 3 3 2 1
Nanomyte PC-30
(1.5wt%)
Control
L
e
a
k
a
g
e

R
a
t
e

(
s
c
c
m
)
Pressure (psi)
FIGURE 5 | Graph of leak rate during pressure testing of optimally
sealed test articles.
If there was ever a time to add a little extra brainpower to your team, that would be now.
Fortunately, all you have to do is ask. Univars paint and coatings specialists can share ways
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Univar Copyright 2009
Nanocomposite Coatings for High-Performance Fabrics
APRI L 2010
|

Conclusions
We have shown that the mechanical strength and coat-
ing-fabric adhesion can be significantly enhanced by
adding relatively low levels of nanoparticles. Certain
fabric coatings that are used for space applications are
formulated with fillers, including metal oxide particles,
in order to increase strength. However, these additives
typically require high additive loading in order to attain
the desired properties, which can adversely impact the
weight of the part and potentially result in degradation of
mechanical properties. Our approach permits the use of
far lower levels of additive loading, which better preserves
the materials desirable characteristics. Further, NEIs
nanoscale additives significantly suppress air leakage in
the test articles fabricated. Most importantly, NEIs tech-
nology has a minimal impact on the coating application
process. That is, NEIs patent-pending technology can be
readily incorporated into commercially available coating
formulations and requires no special processing or equip-
ment when applied to the fabric. In addition, using the NEI
nanoparticle additive approach, other desirable function-
alities can be engineered into the coating formulation.
Acknowledgments
NEI Corporation is grateful to the NASA SBIR program for funding this Phase
II effort, which was carried out under contract NNL07AA11C. The authors
wish to thank Ms. Robin C. Hardy of NASA Langley Research Center, Vir-
ginia, for her constant encouragement and suggestions during the Phase II
program. The authors also wish to thank Ms. Jody Ware of ILC Dover for her
support of this development work, particularly with respect to prototype
airbag fabrication and testing.
References
1
Dworak, P; Soucek, M. D. Progress in Organic Coatings 2003,
47, 448.
2
Takeuchi, H.; Cohen, C. Macromolecules 1999, 32, 6792.
3
http: //www.anl.gov/techt ransfer/pdf /Nanocompos-
ite4-7-03.pdf.
4
www.grc.nasa.gov/www/RT2001/5000/5150campbell.html.
For more information see www.neicorporation.com or email
keberts@neicorporation.com.
the mechanical strength and
coating-fabric adhesion can be
significantly enhanced by adding
relatively low levels of nanoparticles.
APRI L 2010
|
APRI L 2010
| W W W . P C I M A G . C O M 38 3

T
he past 35 years have brought massive
changes to the protective coatings indus-
try. Increasing levels of regulatory over-
sight and the reduction in VOC emissions
are among the more obvious impacts.
The industry also faced a shift in markets, as China, Dubai
and other world areas made significant investments in
infrastructure to support economic development.
However, change is also a reaction to the global trends
occurring throughout the world: population growth,
globalization/urbanization, climate change/global warm-
ing, the healthcare revolution and accelerated technology
changes. All of these trends have and will continue to
create new opportunities. How can our business model
recognize and take advantage of these trends that create
coatings opportunities?
Sowing the Seeds of Change: 1970s 1990s
Evolving Regulations
In the 1970s, heightened environmental awareness gal-
vanized organizations and
individuals into action, cul-
minating in unprecedented
changes for the protective
coatings industry. The first
truly game-changing seeds
of change were sown with
the Consumer Product
Safety Commissions 1978
ban of lead-based paint
in the United States. This
caused a ripple effect that
increased the scrutiny of
the use of lead-based paint
in other countries. To fully
appreciate the impact, its
important to remember that
lead-based paint (oil alkyds)
had been used as a univer-
sal coating for a thousand
years, and was a dominant
coating for bridges, ships, infrastructure and other indus-
trial not to mention consumer applications in industri-
alized nations.
Soon thereafter, the industry faced another major chal-
lenge: sweeping regulations focused on lowering vola-
tile organic compounds (VOCs). Space does not permit a
detailed discussion into the regulatory environment taking
place during this time. However, it is possible to briefly
summarize some of the key milestones. In the 1980s, some
countries in Europe had adopted VOC rules that limited
the VOC content of certain paint products.
1
By 1990 a
number of air quality districts, such as SCAQMD (South
Coast Air Quality Management District), were regulating
Architectural and Industrial Maintenance (AIM) coatings.
Additionally, under the 1990 Clean Air Act Amendments
(CAAA), the EPA established the Ozone Transport Com-
mission (OTC) to tackle the issue of ozone drifting from
one states airspace into anothers. And, in 1998, the EPA
issued a national rule for VOCs, National Volatile Organic
Compound Emission Standards for Consumer and Com-
mercial Products, restricting VOC content in most indus-
trial maintenance and marine antifouling coatings to 450
g/L (a limit that is actually above restrictions in some states
and districts).
2
Lowering VOCs effectively eliminated the
use of chlorinated rubbers and vinyls both of which were
extensively used in infrastructure applications.
These changing regulations resulted in a technology
shift from low-performance systems to high-performance
systems, to waterborne systems. Looking back, it is not an
exaggeration to say that these technology changes repre-
sented a turning point for the industry.
Global Shift
Around the same time the protective coatings industry
was facing shifting regulations, another shift was occur-
ring that would also have a significant and lasting impact
on the industry: the acceleration of infrastructure/eco-
nomic development beyond the Western world.
One such growing market at the time was China, where
the economic reform that began in 1978 brought great
changes in many areas of Chinese economy, including
By Dr. Karsten Danielmeier, Vice President of Business Development, Coatings, Adhesives & Specialties | Bayer MaterialScience LLC,
Pittsburgh, PA
The World Marketplace
for Protective Coatings
The World Marketplace for Protective Coatings Opportunities and Trends
APRI L 2010
|

infrastructure development.
3
Another growth area was
Dubai in the United Arab Emirates, which saw economic
growth in the 1970s due to revenues from oil and trade.
This growth was further strengthened by the establish-
ment of Jebel Ali port in 1979, followed by JAFZA (Jebel
Ali Free Zone), which was built around the port in 1985,
enabling customers to take full advantage of the ports
ISO-certified container and general cargo operations.
4
Another event that forever changed the global eco-
nomic landscape was the fall of the Berlin
Wall in 1989. This event, which to many
symbolizes the end of the Cold War, was not
only a social revolution, but an economic
revolution as well, essentially creating new
markets with which the Western world
could do business.
The significance of this global shift is
twofold. First, it created a global market for
high-performance coatings products and
technologies needed as these geographic
areas built out their infrastructure to help
support economic development. Second, it
also continued the march toward a truly
global economy. This impacted coatings
manufacturers who needed to ensure their
products were in compliance with varying
regulations in the different markets. At
the same time, it created the opportunity for manufac-
turers to establish facilities in what had until this time
been largely untapped markets, translating into improved
economies of scale, as well as greater manufacturing and
distribution efficiencies.
Today and Tomorrow:
Seeds of Change Grow, Blossom
It is with this backdrop of the last 35 years or so in mind
that we turn our attention to the protective coatings
industry today and look toward tomorrow. Productiv-
ity, sustainability and quality are the key drivers in the
coatings industry today. As such, they are both central
and essential to how the industry operates and seizes
new opportunities, particularly within the context of five
global megatrends: population growth, globalization/
urbanization, climate change/global warming, health-
care revolution and accelerated technology changes.
Population Growth
As of November 6, 2009, the U.S. Census Bureau esti-
mated the worlds population to be 6.795 billion.
5
While
the overall rate of growth is slowing (Figure 1), the
population gains continue to severely tax
natural resources, making food and water
increasingly scarce. One viable option for
conserving drinking water is pipeline mod-
ernization, which minimizes the loss of
water caused by leakage. This presents
a tremendous opportunity as well as
a challenge to the protective coatings
industry. Additional areas where protec-
tive coatings can be utilized to support the
population boom include housing, as well
as the construction and repair of the trans-
portation infrastructure, among others.
Globalization/Urbanization
Globalization increases wealth and the
demand for mobility and communications,
particularly in emerging areas, such as
APAC (Asia and Pacific) and BRICM (Brazil, Russia, India,
China and Mexico). In fact, much has been written about
how the five BRICM economies will surpass the current
major economic powers in the decades to come. This is
a prospect that must be considered for protective coat-
ings manufacturers and their suppliers, who may seize
the opportunities these areas offer, and therefore shift
the geographic location of their current manufacturing
operations to be better able to serve these burgeoning
economies going forward.
In terms of urbanization, significant investments in
mass transportation, as well as infrastructure construc-
tion and maintenance, present opportunities for protec-
tive coatings products and technologies, as well. The
numbers are, in fact, staggering. A recent report by CIBC
World Markets in Toronto predicts that global spending
on infrastructure could reach $25 -$30 trillion over the
next two decades. Of this, the United States will account
for roughly $150 billion a year in new infrastructure
investment; Europe will require roughly $300 billion a
year; China, at least $400 billion a year. The report also
states that approximately 40 percent of this money will go
to transport and nearly one-third to power facilities.
6
Certain countries within such geographic areas
as Africa are looking to build new infrastructure to
improve not only their economy, but also the health
and well being of its people. In an address given Feb. 2,
2009, UN Secretary-General Ban Ki-moon stated:
infrastructural development is key to economic growth
and social progress. Africa needs good roads, schools
and hospitals; as well as reliable and efficient water
services, electricity grids and telecom networks; while
information and communication technologies must
also be a bigger part of Africas future. These remain the
Year
P
o
p
u
l
a
t
i
o
n

(
b
i
l
l
i
o
n
s
)
10
9
8
7
6
5
4
3
2
1
0
1
9
5
0
1
9
6
0
1
9
7
0
1
9
8
0
1
9
9
0
2
0
0
0
2
0
1
0
2
0
2
0
2
0
3
0
2
0
4
0
2
0
5
0
3 Billion
4 Billion
5 Billion
6 Billion
7 Billion
8 Billion
9 Billion
Source: U.S. Census Bureau, International Data Base, June 2009 Update.
FIGURE 1 | World population: 1950-2050.
To many, the Burj Al Arab luxury
hotel symbolizes Dubais urban
transformation.
The Joy of Painting...,
Pete D. is Happy!
Worle-Chemie GmbH Soellerstrasse 14-16 21481 Lauenburg , Germany Tel. +49(0)4153/596-0 Fax +49(0)4153/53649 www.worlee.de service@worlee.de
w
w
w
.
b
j
o
e
r
k
.
d
e
Every painter is happy if the product
he is using gives long lasting protec-
tion. High performance paint will give
many more years protection than your
standard paint and reduce mainte-
nance costs dramatically. Pete D. had
the choice of four environmentally
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resins from Worle. These resins
enable the paint formulator to pro-
duce high performance paints and lac-
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If you have to choose a binder for
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Canada:
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WorleCryl 7158 is a water-
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base and top coats on metal which
provides, after drying, a water resist-
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allow the formulations of paint s to
be applied even under unfavourable
weather conditions.
WorleCryl A 2241 Wis a
water based hydroxyl functional acryl-
ic emulsion for two component coa-
tings for the cross-linking with hydro-
philic and hydrophobic isocyanates. It
is used for top coats with excellent
resistance and high gloss. The solid
content is 45% and the hydroxyl con-
tent is 4.1%.
WorleKyd SD 7003 is an alkyd
resin for high solid systems which
complies with European and American
VOC guidelines. It is a low viscous air-
drying long oil alkyd resin for high
gloss or satin architectural and main-
tenance lacquers with low VOC con-
tent. WorleKyd SD 7003 is available
with a solid content in de-aromatized
hydro carbons.
Pete D., Manager General
Maintenance
APRI L 2010
|

building blocks for job creation and the
ability to compete in global markets.
7
The United States, on the other hand,
is investing significant resources in
repairing an infrastructure that is crum-
bling, or expanding infrastructure that
is now inadequate due to population
shifts. According to the U.S. Department
of Transportation, as of Nov. 3, 2009,
nearly 8,500 highway projects have been
approved under the American Recovery
and Reinvestment Act, and nearly 5,000
highway projects are underway.
8
Climate Change/Global Warming
From power generation to automotive
and nearly everything in between, this
megatrend is changing the way compa-
nies and entire industries do business.
Greener solutions that address VOC regu-
lations continue to be an area of focus for
the coatings industry. This is particularly
true as new and modified regulations are
on the horizon. For example, Canada has
proposed a 340 g/L limit that is expected
to become effective sometime in 2010,
and the U.S. EPA is developing an amend-
ment to the national rule that will also be
effective in 2010.
9
Necessity is the mother of invention, it is
said. For the protective coatings industry,
the effort to minimize the use of solvents
has opened the door to the development
and use of more environmentally friendly
alternatives, including high-solids coat-
ings, waterborne coatings, waterborne
UV coatings and powder coatings.
Traditional solventborne polyurethane
coatings are typically formulated at a
solid level of 30-40 percent, which would
be equivalent to a VOC level of 600 g/L
or above. However, the development of
lower-viscosity resins, both in the polyol
component (polyesters, polyacrylates and
polyaspartic esters) as well as low-viscosity
polyisocyanates, enables the formulation of
high-solids coatings.
One approach to the markets need
for higher solids coatings is a new class
of co-reactants, namely polyamino co-
reactants. In the past, the extremely high
reactivity of primary amines has pre-
vented their use as a viable co-reactant
in coating applications. However, the sig-
nificantly reduced reactivity of hindered
or blocked amines, such as polyaspartic
esters and aldimines has allowed for a
whole new family of co-reactants avail-
able to polyurethane formulators. The
coatings based on these polyamino co-
reactants can be formulated with solid
levels in excess of 70 percent, resulting
in a system with VOC levels at 2 lbs/
gal or less. The availability of various
polyaspartic esters with vastly different
reactivities and viscosities makes these
compounds more versatile co-reactants
for formulators. One can blend two or
more polyaspartic esters to achieve a
wide range of application viscosities and
potlifes. One significant characteristic of
the coatings based on polyaspartic esters
is that they offer extremely high hard-
ness, balanced with a reasonable flex-
ibility. In addition, both aldimines and
polyaspartic esters are compatible with
most traditional polyester or polyacrylic
resins. The polyaspartic esters can easily
be blended with polyesters or polyacryl-
ics to achieve the desired solid level/VOC,
hardness, viscosity and cost.
For all its advantages, the Journal of
Protective Coatings & Linings singled out
polyaspartics as one of the top product
developments over the last 25 years.
10

Successful utilization of this coatings
technology was achieved at a baseball
stadium at Wide World of Sports Disney
World in Florida. An examination of the
125,000-square-foot stadium revealed
that a membrane between the structural
concrete slab and the topping slab had
failed in some areas, allowing water to
seep through. Left uncorrected, the leaks
could cause damage to the superstruc-
ture. To stop the leaks and prevent future
water seepage, a team of professionals rec-
ommended applying a new external mem-
brane to the concrete topping. The topcoat
suggested was a specially formulated color
coat based on polyaspartic resins and ali-
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Decorative Paints Using a
New Generation of Pigment
Extenders
phatic isocyanates, which met stringent project require-
ments that called for a flexible concrete coating with low-
to zero-VOCs. This was a smart solution that offered VOC
compliance as well as proven long-term durability.
And while traditional solventborne polyurethanes have
long set the standard for high-performance coatings
systems, the development of waterborne polyurethane
coatings technologies are offering new, even lower-VOC
solutions to the coating formulator. Two-component
waterborne polyurethane coatings, when properly formu-
lated with the wide variety of waterborne polyols available,
have film characteristics similar to those of solventborne
coatings. These properties include high gloss and distinct-
ness of image (DOI), good balance of flexibility and hard-
ness, good abrasion and chemical resistance, and good
outdoor weatherability. Much progress continues to be
made pertaining to waterborne chemistries. Early water-
borne coatings had as much as 300 g/L of co-solvent;
new commercial systems are now actually waterborne at
0-15 g/L. A key industry focus is keeping VOCs low while
improving product performance. To that end, the industry
continues to strive toward the formulation of waterborne
coating technologies that can outperform solvent-based
coatings in the highest-performing applications.
The Los Angeles Unified School District #9 offers
another example of the successful implementation of
a more eco-friendly coating solution. An anti-graffiti
coating system based on 2K waterborne technology was
applied to all perimeter poured-in-place concrete walls. In
addition to preserving the architects desired look of the
concrete as a design element, this near zero-VOC coatings
solution also met stringent SCAQMD and California Air
Resources Board (CARB) guidelines.
Often referred to as dry painting, powder coatings
technology is another option that offers environmental
and application advantages. The term dry painting
refers to powder coatings lack of liquid, solvent or
water, in its formula. It is applied dry directly to a
surface in a fine powder form. Because they dont use
solvents in their formula, powder coatings release little
to zero VOCs into the atmosphere. This not only helps
the environment, but it also reduces costs for finishers
because they no longer have to purchase and maintain
expensive pollution control equipment. In addition,
most powder coating overspray that does not adhere
to the substrate can be reclaimed for future use. As
a result, finishers utilize nearly 100 percent of their
coating material, leaving little waste and less clean-
up. Despite these positive aspects, powder coating has
drawbacks, as well: it is less environmentally friendly
from an energy consumption perspective and, practi-
cally speaking, lacks the durability and weatherability
that high-performance applications require.
Healthcare Revolution
At first, it may seem unusual to include coatings used in
healthcare in a discussion of industrial high-performance
coatings. But there are lessons to be learned here. Today,
the coatings industry is fine-tuning raw materials up to
(semi-)finished materials for the healthcare industrys
product designers, resulting in system solutions. Some
examples include topical tissue adhesives, which replace
sutures and staples; hydrophilic coatings that facilitate
catheter insertion; drug-eluting stent coatings for reduced
restenosis and thrombosis, as well as anti-bacterial coat-
ings to minimize the spread of infection.
These novel applications remind those of us in the area
of high-performance coatings to think outside the box
when looking ahead to how coatings will be utilized mov-
ing forward. In other words, we must rethink the role of
coatings and how they will be used differently in the future,
presenting new opportunities for functional coatings
such as printed circuit boards and other applications, for
example some of which we may not yet fully understand.
Accelerated Technology Change
The evolution of coatings in the healthcare industry
segues nicely into the final global megatrend being
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CREATING TOMORROW S SOLUTIONS
45
considered for this technical discussion:
accelerating technology change.
One of the new technologies with
implications for a number of industries is
nanotechnology. With multi-walled car-
bon nanotubes (CNTs) it may be possible
to combine the best properties of differ-
ent materials light metals and polymer
compounds resulting in a new class
of materials. As an example, reinforced
composite materials based on CNTs and
aluminum powder may offer entirely
new design opportunities in lightweight
construction. CNT-containing compo-
nents may have much higher mechanical
strength, which may mean they can be
produced with thinner walls and there-
fore weigh less than their counterparts
of non-reinforced aluminum. The tensile
strength of this new class of materials
could be similar to that of steel, but weighs
only half as much because of its lower
density. This weight reduction may result
in much improved energy efficiency and
a better CO
2
balance. For opportunistic
protective coatings manufacturers, this
may provide an opportunity to formu-
late new coatings technologies to protect
these nano-based structures.
Another growing area is coatings based
on renewable raw materials, for instance,
natural oil-based coatings. Natural oil-
based resins, which are used where
nature has provided unique structures
that are technically and economically
viable, may reduce the climate impact of
finished products. Applications for these
natural oil-based coatings include self-
leveling floor coatings, secondary con-
tainment and corrosion protection. There
is much potential for the protective coat-
ings industry, as owners, architects and
engineers increasingly seek out materi-
als that may support LEED certification
and its resultant tax credits. Demand for
greener technologies is here to stay, and
the protective coatings industry must be
ready with the appropriate solutions.
Functional films is yet another area
with exceptionally dynamic growth
potential that is pushing the boundar-
ies of the very definition of coatings and
the properties they impart to end-use
components. This growth includes devel-
opments in modern film technologies,
holography and polymer electronics.
Nanoparticles can play an important role
here, for example in electrically conduc-
tive printing inks based on nanometallic
particles or carbon nanotubes or quan-
tum dots that could be used in the future
in silicon-free organic solar cells cells
that could revolutionize power genera-
tion because they could be produced eco-
nomically in large quantities.
Printed light based on coating layers
containing electroluminescent pigments
within the film and a small source of
electricity is another natural transforma-
tion of technology. Near-term applications
are primarily for signage and in integral
night lighting. But if one looks further into
the future, one may envision that these
advancements in printed light technology
might someday be used to illuminate a
wide range of objects in an environmen-
tally responsible way.
The World Marketplace for Protective Coatings
Opportunities and Trends
APRI L 2010
|

Another place to look for inspiration is textiles. The technol-
ogy behind f lexible coatings used to provide abrasion resistance
and other desirable properties for soccer balls, for example,
could some day be used to formulate coatings that dont crack
or split when being exposed to harsh weather conditions for
high-performance applications.
Could painting ever be obsolete? Based on current develop-
ments, in the future it may be possible to eliminate the painting
process for bridges or other structures, and instead, wrap it in
film, then heat shrink it to fit, resulting in a VOC-free, defect-free
structure. This represents a novel process for an organic material
and, furthermore, serves to illustrate how the coatings industry
must rethink the painting process expanding its definition to
embrace other innovative ways coatings may be applied.
It sounds incredible, but its true. But a look at how far the
industry has come in just the last 35 years offers great optimism
and excitement about the developments that will take place in
the next 35 years. Novel chemistries will continue to evolve and
address new challenges. Considering an integrated perspective
one that considers global socio-economic factors, as well as
innovative developments in industries as diverse as healthcare,
signage and even sporting goods creates opportunities for the
cross-pollination of ideas, which, in turn, provides fertile ground
in which the next generations seeds of change can take root. In
light of the key drivers discussed here population growth, glo-
balization/ urbanization, climate change/global warming, the
healthcare revolution and accelerated technology changes the
protective coatings industry must continue its leadership role in
driving innovation forward. For organizations that adopt this
holistic approach, the future will be bright, indeed.
References
1
Dankin, M. Spanning 25 Years of Development in Heavy-Duty Coat-
ings. J. of Protective Coatings and Linings 2009, 8, 47.
2
Kaelin, A. B.; Kapsanis, K. A. Regulations and Coatings Work: Devel-
opments Over 25 Years. J. of Protective Coatings and Linings 2009, 8,
73-74.
3 Public Infrastructure Development in China. Lin, Shuanglin Com-
parative Economic Studies, June 22, 2001.
4
UAEFreeZones.com.
5
U.S. Census Bureau International Database.
6
Benjamin Tal, Capitalizing on the Upcoming Infrastructure Stimu-
lus, CIBC World Markets, Jan. 26, 2009.
7
Development of Africas Infrastructure Key to Economic Growth,
Social Progress, United Nations new release, Feb. 2, 2009.
8
Highway Investment Hits $20 Billion, U.S. Department of Transpor-
tation, Nov. 3, 2009.
9
Harding, M. Update on Low VOC Regulations for Coatings. J. of Pro-
tective Coatings and Linings 2009, 10, 23.
10
Hower, H. Top Product Developments, 1984 to the Present. J. of Pro-
tective Coatings and Linings 2009, 8, 67-68.
This paper was presented at PACE 2010, Phoenix, AZ. For more information, visit
www.pace2010.com, www.bayermaterialscience.com and www.bayermaterial-
sciencenafta.com.
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APRI L 2010
|

ixed metal oxide (MMO) pigments,
also known as complex inorganic
color pigments (CICPs), have been
around since the early 1800s. Their use in the ceramic
and pottery industries is well known due to their overall
inertness, which contributes to outstanding heat, chemi-
cal and UV resistance. The use of MMOs in industrial
coatings is less common and more
for special purposes. This paper will
discuss the benefits of formulating
coatings with MMOs as a replace-
ment for, or in conjunction with, the
more common organic types.
Mixed metal oxide pigments are
compounds comprised of a group
of two or more metals and oxygen.
The most common crystal struc-
tures are rutile (MeO
2
) hematite
(Me
2
O
3
) or spinel (Me
3
O
4
). Metals
commonly present include: cobalt,
iron, trivalent chrome, tin, anti-
mony, titanium, manganese and
aluminum. Different metal combinations produce a wide
spectrum of hues ranging from black to brown to green,
blue, yellow and red. All MMOs are produced by a cal-
cination process consisting of an intimate mixture of
appropriate metal precursor materials being fired at tem-
peratures of 800 to 1300 C. It is this calcining process
that creates the extremely stable metal oxide bonds. The
chemical stability of these bonds
affords the outstanding durability
of this class of color pigments.
UV Durability
The chemical inertness of inorganic
MMOs renders their excellent resis-
tance to UV radiation and the ele-
ments encountered in the most
extreme outdoor environments. Most
organic pigments degrade when
exposed for more than a few years
in UV-intense tropical environments.
High-performance organic pigments
that do provide acceptable durability
By Kevin Biller | Mason Color Pigments, East Liverpool, OH
The Use of
Mixed Metal
Oxide Pigments
in Industrial Coatings
Common Mixed Metal Oxide Pigments
C.I. Name Chemistry CAS # Name Structure Color
PBrn 33 (Zn,Fe(Fe,Cr)
2
O
4
68186-88-9 Zinc iron chromite Spinel Reddish brown
PBrn 35 Fe
2
CrO
4
68187-09-7 Iron chromite Spinel Dark brown
PY 53 (Ni Ti Sb)O
2
8007-18-9 Nickel antimony titanate Rutile Yellow
PBr 24 (Ti, Cr, Sb)O
2
68186-90-3 Chrome antimony titanium buff Rutile Yellow tan
PG 17 CrOAl 68909-79-5 Chromium green Hematite Yellowish green
PG 26 CoCr
2
O
4
68187-49-5 Cobalt chromite Spinel Green
PG 50 Co
2
TiO
4
68186-85-6 Cobalt titanate Rutile Green
PG 17 Blk CrOFe 68909-79-5 Chromium green-black Hematite Brownish black
PBlk 28 CuCr
2
O
4
68186-91-4 Copper chromite black Spinel Black
PBlk 30 (Ni,Fe)(Cr,Fe)
2
O
4
71631-15-7 Chrome iron nickel black Spinel Black
PB 28 CoAl
2
O
4
1345-16-0 Cobalt aluminate Spinel Reddish blue
PB 36 Co(Al,Cr)
2
O
4
68187-11-1 Cobalt chromium aluminate Spinel Turquois
PY 119 (Zn Fe)Fe
2
O
4
68187-51-9 Zinc ferrite Spinel Brown
M
49
are typically very expensive, commanding two to four times
the cost of a metal oxide pigment. MMOs are therefore the
colorant material of choice for architectural coatings requir-
ing extremely high durability such as the performance speci-
fied in AAMA 2605-05 (Architectural Aluminum Manufac-
turers Association). This specification calls for maintenance
of color and gloss after 10 years exposure in south Florida.
Chemical Resistance
The exceptionally stable chemical bonds characteristic
of MMO pigments make them insoluble in most chemi-
cals including strong acid and alkali, and virtually all
organic solvents. Because of this insolubility, coatings
formulated with MMOs will not lose color due to pigment
degradation even with the most extreme exposure to
aggressive chemicals. Atmospheric pollution including
acid rain, volcanic fallout and waste incineration does
not chemically attack these pigments. Moreover, coat-
ings requiring resistance to strong chemical exposure
such as laboratory and chemical manufacturing facili-
ties can use MMOs and be assured of color stability.
Heat Resistance
The thermal stability of MMOs is well known in the
ceramic and pottery industries. This class of pigments is
processed for hours at temperatures ranging from 800
to 1300 C in their manufacture. Consequently, they are
chemically and color stable at these temperatures in ser-
vice. As mentioned, the ceramic industry has used mixed
metal oxides for color glazes for centuries. The glazes used
in ceramics are regularly fired at temperatures of 985 to
1300 C (1800 to 2350 F) without significant color shift.
The use of MMOs in thermally stable coating formula-
tions such as those based on silicone (polysiloxane) resins
brings a palette superseding the traditional black and
silver high-heat choices. This brings an attractive array of
color possibilities to the designer of specialized and sport
transportation such as motorcycles, ATVs and jet skis.
Infrared Reflectivity
Metal oxide pigments possess unique spectroscopic prop-
erties. The infrared reflective characteristics of the cobalt
chromite, cobalt titanate and chrome oxide greens make
them ideal for non-detectable camouflage coatings. Com-
mon organic green pigments such as those based on cop-
per phthalocyanine strongly absorb infrared radiation
and make them a poor choice for military coatings.
Solar Reflectivity
One of the more exciting developments in MMO technol-
ogy is the recognition of how this pigment technology
can provide colors that significantly reflect the infrared
energy generated by the sun. Colored materials, includ-
ing pigments and dyes, absorb and reflect radiation in
the visible range (approximately 400 to 700 nm). They
also inherently reflect and absorb in the near-infrared
region (700 to 2500 nm) of radiation. It is this range that
is responsible for the increase of temperature experienced
when colored surfaces are exposed to sunlight.
Organic pigments, especially carbon black and phtha-
locyanine types (blue and green), absorb strongly in this
region, causing a significant increase in surface tem-
perature. This increased temperature is deleterious for a
number of reasons. Most important are coatings used for
architectural structures such as roofing and cladding. The
heat increase associated with highly absorptive organic
pigments causes the temperature of the interior of buildings
to rise. This obviously translates into higher cooling costs
in summer months. MMOs provide substantially higher
infrared reflectivity (total solar reflectivity TSR) and
therefore stay cooler in the sunlight. The Lawrence Berke-
ley National Laboratory has conducted extensive research
and has qualified a large amount of MMOs as replacements
for poorly reflective organic pigments (http://coolcolors.lbl.
gov/LBNL-Pigment-Database/database.html).
IR reflective pigmentation has other practical uses. Main-
taining cooler surfaces of playground equipment, park
benches, outdoor sports facilities and bus stops provides more
comfort and a safer surface in sunny locales. Furthermore,
cooler surfaces on utility cabinetry such as cable junction
boxes, electrical enclosures and outdoor generators keeps
internal components cooler and increases product longevity
and minimizes service calls.
Mixed Metal Oxide Crystal Morphology
Crystal Type Chemistry Crystal Structure
Rutile MeO
2
Hematite Me
2
O
3
Spinel Me
3
O
4
Me = metal atom
The Use of Mixed Metal Oxide Pigments in Industrial Coatings
APRI L 2010
|

Cooler coating temperatures not only provide comfort and
increased component longevity but also improve the overall dura-
bility of the coating system. The lower temperatures experienced
in service keep the coating binder cooler and thus slow the chemi-
cal degradation of the polymers in the coating.
Highest reflectivity is characteristic of yellows (PY 53 and PBrn
24), browns (PBrn 33 and PBrn 35), some greens (PG 17) and
some blacks (PG 17 and PBrn 35). Blues (PB 28 and PB 36) and
greens (PG 17, PG 26 and PG 50) provide reasonable alternatives
to traditional organic types.
Organic Pigment Extenders
Mixed metal oxides can enhance the durability and lower the
cost of coatings formulated with high-performance organic
pigment systems. This is especially relevant in bright yellow,
orange and red color spaces. These organic hues not only
are relatively weak in hiding (opacifying) properties, they
typically possess high oil absorption, which affect rheologi-
cal properties especially at the high concentrations needed
to achieve acceptable opacity. MMOs have relatively low oil
absorption compared to their organic counterparts, thus pro-
viding improved f low and leveling in industrial coatings. This
is especially true in powder coatings, which rely on resin melt
viscosity to achieve a smooth finish.
The incorporation of pigment yellow 53 or pigment brown 24
(yellow buff ) typically lowers the overall cost of pigmentation
for an architectural or automotive coating while maintaining
or improving durability. In some cases an improvement in hid-
ing can be realized.
Tinting in Pastels
In general MMOs are weaker and somewhat lower in tint strength
compared to organic pigments. Because of this, they are an excel-
lent choice to tint white and pastel colors. This is especially true
when compared to difficult-to-disperse organic pigments such as
phthalocyanine blues and greens and carbon black.
Summary
Mixed metal oxide pigment technology is well known and time-
tested in the decorative ceramics industry. Its widespread use
in organic coatings has not yet reached its full potential. These
pigments offer a multitude of benefits for the coatings formula-
tor, including excellent outdoor durability, chemical resistance
and heat stability. Inherent infrared reflective properties make
them a good foundation for camouflage and cool coatings. The
low oil absorption characteristic of MMOs allow them to reduce
the concentration of high-cost, high-performance organic pig-
ments with a positive effect on coating rheology. The coatings
formulator is therefore strongly encouraged to include this class
of pigments in his or her formulating toolkit.
For more information, visit www.masoncolorpigments.com.

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APRI L 2010
|

T
his study found that an etch-primer
formulation that incorporated Nubirox
301 showed comparable results in adhe-
sion and corrosion inhibition when com-
pared to a traditional, commercial etch
primer that contained zinc tetraoxy chromate. Nubirox
301, a calcium and strontium phosphosilicate corrosion
inhibitor, gives an effective and cost-efficient pathway to
making an environmentally friendly self-etching primer.
The formulations were applied to three different substrates
(cold rolled steel, galvanized steel and aluminum) and
were put through a series of tests (EIS, SEM/EDX Analysis,
ASTM B 117, ASTM D 5894 and ASTM D 4585). Each of
the tests concluded that, overall, the addition of Nubirox
301 showed the most advantageous results. The formula-
tions were in compliance with low-VOC requirements;
however, since the commercial etch primer contained the
zinc tetraoxy chromate, it still required the reporting of
that environmentally hazardous substance. Nubirox 301,
however, is not only chrome-free, it is zinc-free as well
therefore, it is not required to report this inhibitor for
environmental compliance.
Introduction
In the automobile refinishing and industrial manu-
facturing industries, and where untreated or bare
metal is painted, an etch primer is typically used to
increase adhesion of the paint to the metal surface and
to improve the anticorrosive quality of the coating.
Historically, etch primers have utilized zinc tetraoxy
chromate as the primary corrosion inhibitor. However
due to the toxicity and carcinogenic concerns associ-
ated with chromates, as well as the dawning of the new
era of green regulations, an environmentally friendly
alternative is needed for this market.
Zinc phosphate corrosion inhibitors have been stud-
ied as a replacement for zinc tetraoxy chromate in this
type of application, and they have seen limited suc-
cess. Historically, zinc phosphate has exhibited similar
performance to chromates in real-world outside expo-
sure. However, in harsher conditions such as marine
environments and accelerated salt spray or prohesion
testing, the results are less favorable; however, it is
important to note that under these more harsh condi-
tions, zinc phosphate still helps in the preservation of
the metal substrate, just not to the degree the chromate
presents. Even though zinc is not considered a heavy
metal, it is still a requirement to report its use.
Etch primers are traditionally formulated with phos-
phoric acid and zinc tetraoxy chromate in an alcohol
medium, using polyvinyl butyral as the binder, which acts
as a ligand of the reaction products. As new global envi-
ronmental standards are put in place, stricter formulation
guidelines will become prevalent. In the near future a push
By Rebecca R. Daley and Dr. Steve A. Hodges, Nubiola Inorganic Pigments | Nubiola USA, Norcross, GA
Novel, Environmentally
Friendly Corrosion Inhibitor for
Self-Etching
Wash Primers
Electrolyte Coating
Corrosion
Reaction
Metal
Reference
Electrode
Working
Electrode
Coating
Capacitance
(Coating)
Double Layer
Capacitance (Cdl)
Polarization
Resistance (Rp)
Uncompensated Pore Resistance
Resistance (Ru) (Rpore)
FIGURE 1 | EIS test model.
53
to lower VOCs and HAPS-free systems, to eliminate chrome,
to limit reportable compounds, and to develop water-based
hybrids are in store for the etch-primer market.
The objective of the work presented herein was to
develop a chrome-free self-etching primer that meets
current and future global environmental demands,
as well as offer improved performance over an exist-
ing chrome-free formula utilizing zinc phosphate and
comparable to improved results to an industry-stan-
dard zinc tetraoxy chromate-containing etch primer.
A range of Nubirox corrosion inhibitors were evaluated
in this study in order to determine which chrome-free
inhibitor showed the best results.
Project Design
The formulations were based on an epoxy/phenolic-mod-
ified polyvinyl butyral (PVB) system. The pigment vol-
ume concentration (PVC) of each formulation was held
constant at 12%, and the PVC/CPVC ratio remained at
0.29. Four Nubirox inhibitors, and combinations thereof,
were evaluated at different levels in order to determine
which gave the most advantageous results. In all, there
were 10 experimental data points evaluated, along with
two controls (a commercially available zinc tetraoxy
chromate-containing (5.5% by total formula weight) self-
etching wash primer along with one that is chrome-free
and utilizes zinc phosphate (5% by total formula weight)).
The four Nubirox inhibitors evaluated were:
Nubirox N2 standard zinc phosphate;
Nubirox 106 molybdate-modified zinc phosphate;
Nubirox 213 multiphase iron and zinc phosphate;
and
Nubirox 301 calcium and strontium phosphosilicate;
along with a 1:1 ratio of combinations of the following
inhibitors:
Nubirox 213 : Nubirox 106;
Nubirox 213 : Nubirox 301; and
Nubirox 106 : Nubirox 301.
The inhibitors were evaluated at two loading levels,
1.5% total formula weight (t.f.w.) and 3.0% t.f.w. with
the exception of the Nubirox N2, which was only evalu-
ated at 1.5% t.f.w. Each combination of inhibitors was
evaluated at the loading of 1.5% t.f.w. per inhibitor.
The formulations were evaluated over three types of
substrates galvanized steel, cold rolled steel and alumi-
num. A total of 432 panels were coated via spray appli-
cation using a HVLP (high-volume low-pressure) spray
gun. The top half of each panel showed the self-etching
primer alone, and the lower half showed the etch primer
along with a commercially available intermediate sand-
ing primer. One panel for each test was also sprayed with
a commercially available acrylic topcoat.
Characterization of the film formed by the etch-primer
formulations was done via Electro-Impedance Spectros-
copy (EIS, see Figure 1) and SEM/EDX analysis.
The panels were allowed to rest for 7 days before cor-
rosion testing began. They were then evaluated to assess
blistering, rusting and adhesion via accelerated ASTM D
4585 humidity testing, ASTM B-117 salt spray testing,
as well as ASTM D 5894 cyclic QUV/prohesion testing.
Biode Diagram
Frequency (Hz)
P
h
a
s
e

(
*
)
|
Z
|

10
9
10
7
10
5
10
3
10
1
100
80
60
40
20
0
10
-4
10
-2
10
0
10
2
10
4
10
6
acdcac: -2 V, 20 min,
25 min EIS, 3h relax
Exp. 1
Exp. 2
Control
Exp. 3
Exp. 4
FIGURE 2 | EIS values from the highest performance formulations.
Exp. 7
Exp. 5
Exp.
Exp. 6
Exp. 4
Exp. 3
Control
Exp. 2
FIGURE 3 | SEM/EDX mapping.
TABLE 1 | Aluminum salt spray evaluation.
Aluminum Visual Rating
TEST TYPE: ASTM B 117 Hrs in Test: 309
% Addition
(t.f.w.)
Inhibitor Blister Scribe Rust Field Rust
5% Zinc phosphate D4 10 10
5.5% Zinc tetraoxy chromate None 10 10
3% Nubirox 213 MD2 10 10
1.5% Nubirox 106 M2 10 10
3% Nubirox 301 None 10 10
TABLE 2 | Aluminum Prohesion evaluation.
Aluminum Visual Rating
TEST TYPE: ASTM D 5894 Hrs in Test: 537
% Addition
(t.f.w.)
5% Zinc phosphate MD4 10 10
3% Nubirox 213 MD4 10 10
1.5% Nubirox 106 D2 10 10
Novel, Environmentally Friendly Corrosion Inhibitor for Self-Etching Wash Primers
APRI L 2010
|

Each test contained three replicates of
each experimental and of each control
one topcoat along with two etch/etch-
intermediate panels.
The ASTM D 4585 humidity testing
was conducted for a set 94 hours; how-
ever, in the other tests the panels were
periodically evaluated and when enough
differential was seen among all the experi-
ments as well as the controls, the panels
were removed from test, the middle por-
tion of the film was stripped, and the metal
beneath the film was then evaluated via
ASTM D 610 for panel corrosion, ASTM D
1654 for scribe corrosion and ASTM D 714
for panel/scribe blister.
Results
The EIS values from the highest perfor-
mance formulations can be seen in Figure
2. As can be seen, Nubirox 301 at 3%
by t.f.w. (shown as Exp 2 denoted by red
circles) exhibited similar trend in imped-
ance values as that of zinc tetraoxy chro-
mate (shown as control denoted by green
triangles). The remaining experiments
denoted on the chart are as follows: Exp.
1 Nubirox 106 at 1.5% by t.f.w., Exp. 3
Nubirox 213 at 3% by t.f.w., and Exp. 4
Nubirox N2 at 1.5% by t.f.w.
SEM-EDX is the name of the energy-
dispersive X-ray spectroscopy analysis
conducted by means of scanning electron
microscopy. It is an analytical technique
used to determine the chemical composition
of a given specimen as well as its morphol-
ogy and structure. SEM-EDX analysis was
employed in this study for mapping quanti-
tative and qualitative oxidation generation
on the surface of the various substrates.
Figure 5 (a): Cold Rolled Steel
Figure 5 (b): Aluminum
Figure 5 (c): Galvanized Steel
2K PVB Etch / Wash Primer
C.R.S. / D.F.T ~ 0.7 Mils (top) ~3 Mils (bottom) / 537 hours QUV/Probation Testing (ASTMD5834)
3.0%
Nubirox 301
Control 2
5.5% Zinc
Tetraoxy
Chromate
Control 1
5.0% Zinc
Phosphate
1.5%
Nubirox 106
3.0%
Nubirox 213
3.0%
Nubirox 301
Control 2
5.5% Zinc
Tetraoxy
Chromate
Control 1
5.0% Zinc
Phosphate
1.5%
Nubirox 106
3.0%
Nubirox 213
Percentages based on total formula weight
Aluminum/ D.F.T ~ 0.7 Mils (top) ~3 Mils (bottom) / 537 hours QUV/Probation Testing (ASTMD5834
Galvanized Steel / D.F.T ~ 0.7 Mils (top) ~3 Mils (bottom) / 537 hours QUV/ProbationTesting (ASTMD5834)
3.0%
Nubirox 213
Control 2
5.5% Zinc
Tetraoxy
Chromate
Control 1
5.0% Zinc
Phosphate
1.5%
Nubirox 106
3.0%
Nubirox 301
FIGURE 5 | Cyclic QUV/prohesion pictorial results.
Figure 6 (a): ASTM B 117
(Cold Rolled Steel)
Figure 6 (b): ASTM D 5894
(Cold Rolled Steel)
Figure 6 (c): ASTM B 117
(Galvanized Steel)
Figure 6 (d): ASTM D 5894
(Galvanized Steel)
C.R.S. / D.F.T ~ 0.8 Mils 301hours Salt Spray Testing (ASTMB117)
C.R.S. / D.F.T ~ 0.8 Mils /504 hours Cyclic QUV/Probation Testing(ASTMD5894)
Galvanized Steel / D.F.T ~ 0.8 Mils /301 hours Salt Spray Testing (ASTMB117)
Galvanized Steel / D.F.T ~ 0.8 Mils /504 Cyclic QUV/Probation Testing(ASTMD5894)
5.5%Lf.w
Zinc Tetraoxy
Chromate
1.5%Lf.w
Nubriox 301
3.0%Lf.w
Nubriox 301
3.0%Lf.w
Nubriox 213
5.5%Lf.w
Zinc Tetraoxy
Chromate
1.5%Lf.w
Nubriox 301
3.0%Lf.w
Nubriox 301
3.0%Lf.w
Nubriox 213
5.5%Lf.w
Zinc Tetraoxy
Chromate
1.5%Lf.w
Nubriox 301
1.5%Lf.w
Nubriox 106
3.0%Lf.w
Nubriox 301
3.0%Lf.w
Nubriox 213
5.5%Lf.w
Zinc Tetraoxy
Chromate
1.5%Lf.w
Nubriox 301
1.5%Lf.w
Nubriox 106
3.0%Lf.w
Nubriox 301
3.0%Lf.w
Nubriox 213
FIGURE 6 | Additional testing using a different 2K
self-etching wash primer.
Figure 4 (a): Cold Rolled Steel
Figure 4 (b): Aluminum
Figure 4 (c): Galvanized Steel
3.0%
Nubirox 213
Control 2
5.5% Zinc
Tetraoxy
Chromate
Control 1
5.0% Zinc
Phosphate
1.5%
Nubirox 106
3.0%
Nubirox 301
3.0%
Nubirox 301
Control 2
5.5% Zinc
Tetraoxy
Chromate
Control 1
5.0% Zinc
Phosphate
1.5%
Nubirox 106
3.0%
Nubirox 213
3.0%
Nubirox 301
Control 2
5.5% Zinc
Tetraoxy
Chromate
Control 1
5.0% Zinc
Phosphate
1.5%
Nubirox 106
3.0%
Nubirox 213
C.R.S. / D.F.T ~ 0.7 Mils (top) ~3 Mils (bottom) / 309 hours Salt Spray Testing (ASTMB117)
Aluminum/ D.F.T ~ 0.7 Mils (top) ~3 Mils (bottom) / 309 hours Salt Spray Testing (ASTMB117)
Galvanized Steel / D.F.T ~ 0.7 Mils (top) ~3 Mils (bottom) / 309 hours Salt Spray Testing (ASTMB117
FIGURE 4 | Salt spray pictorial results.
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APRI L 2010
|

The pictorial results from the SEM/EDX analysis are
shown below in Figure 3. As with the EIS values, the
results from this analysis show that the Nubirox 301 at
3% by t.f.w. is most comparable to the 5.5% by t.f.w. zinc
tetraoxy chromate. Exp. 1-4 shown are the same from the
EIS evaluation; Exp 5-7 are the 1:1 blends.
In accelerated corrosion testing, overall the best results
were seen with the addition of Nubirox 301 at 3.0% t.f.w.
Nubirox 301, in both salt spray and prohesion tests and
on all substrates, showed better adhesion promotion,
less field corrosion, and comparable to improved scribe
rust inhibition in comparison to the control utilizing 5%
by t.f.w. standard zinc phosphate. Nubirox 301 at 3.0%
t.f.w. also had comparable to improved results to the etch
primer containing 5.5% by t.f.w. zinc tetraoxy chromate
(Figures 4 and 5). The salt spray (ASTM B 117) testing
was pulled after 309 hours, and the cyclic QUV/prohesion
(ASTM D 5894) testing was pulled after 537 hours.
Additional testing was conducted using a slightly differ-
ent 2K self-etching wash primer. These results (Figure 6)
also show Nubirox 301 having advantageous results when
compared to zinc tetraoxy chromate in both the ASTM B
117 and the ASTM D 5894 testing on cold rolled and gal-
vanized steel. These additional pictorial results show the
etch primer alone with no intermediate primer.
As stated previously, each panel was rated via ASTM
D 610 for panel corrosion, ASTM D 1654 for scribe cor-
rosion, and ASTM D 714 for panel/scribe blister. Tables
1 through 6 give the detailed ratings of the experiments
that exhibited the best results (correlating pictorial
results from Figures 4 and 5). The blister ratings are as
follows: F (for few), M (for medium), MD (for medium
dense) and D (for dense) along with a number to des-
ignate the percent of area affected. The field rust rating
ranges from 10 (being no area affected) to 0 (being over
50 percent rusted). The scribe rust rating ranges from
10 (being no rust from scribe) to 0 (being over 16 mm
rust from scribe). Each of these rating scales is directly
taken from the respective ASTM.
Summary
It is apparent by both the pictorial results and the ASTM
evaluations that Nubirox 301 presents a favorable alterna-
tive to chrome in a 2K epoxy/phenolic PVB etch primer
system. The results show that Nubirox 301 shows overall
comparable results to zinc chromate in this system, and in
most cases out-performs standard zinc phosphate, which
is the current alternative.
Nubirox 301, an eco-friendly zinc-free corrosion
inhibitor, meets both the ever increasing and limiting
environmental demands, as well as the performance
requirements needed for this type of application. Nubirox
301 is a calcium and strontium phosphate complex car-
ried on a silicate core. The calcium and strontium cations
provide direct anodic inhibition, where the silica-core
alkalinity provides good cathodic inhibition. This chemi-
cal composition works within the etch-primer formula-
tion and reacts with the phosphoric acid to form the
passive layer seen in Figure 7.
In addition to the chemical activity of this corrosion
inhibitor, Nubirox 301 has a unique particle morphol-
TABLE 6 | Galvanized steel Prohesion evaluation.
Galvanized Steel Visual Rating
% Addition
(t.f.w.)
5% Zinc phosphate MD4 9 8
3% Nubirox 213 F4 10 7
1.5% Nubirox 106 D3 9 7
TABLE 5 | Galvanized steel salt spray evaluation.
Galvanized Steel Visual Rating
% Addition
(t.f.w.)
5% Zinc phosphate F2 10 8
1.5% Nubirox 106 None 10 7
TABLE 3 | Cold rolled steel salt spray evaluation.
Cold Rolled Steel Visual Rating
% Addition
(t.f.w.)
5% Zinc phosphate None 7 3
3% Nubirox 213 D2 8 3
1.5% Nubirox 106 M4 8 6
3% Nubirox 301 M2 6 4
TABLE 4 | Cold rolled steel Prohesion evaluation.
Cold Rolled Steel Visual Rating
% Addition
(t.f.w.)
5% Zinc phosphate None 7 2
5.5% Zinc tetraoxy chromate F2 9 10
3% Nubirox 213 MD4 7 3
1.5% Nubirox 106 F4 7 6
Substrate
H
3
PO
4
- H
3
PO
4
-

Paint Film
Sr
+2

Sr
+2
Ca
+2

Sr
+2

Ca
+2
Ca
+2

[Ca
2
SiO
4
3SrCO
3
+ 2H
3
PO
4
+ XH
2
O 2CaOSr
3
(PO
4
)
2
SiO
2
+ XH
2
O + 3CO
2
]
Passive Layer (CaO SrO P
2
O
5
)
FIGURE 7 | Paint film depiction of phosphoric acid reaction to form the passive layer.
APRI L 2010
|

ogy, a fine mean particle size, along with a narrow particle size
distribution (Figure 8) thus providing more uniform pigment
packing, which allows for excellent thin-film performance.
This is ideal for the etch primer market, seeing that the primer
is typically applied at less than 1 mil (25 ) dry film thick-
ness. It also lends to the excellent package stability found with
Nubirox 301 in this system.
Conclusions
Nubirox 301 at an addition of 3.0% t.f.w. in a 2K epoxy/pheno-
lic-modified PVB self-etching wash primer showed comparable
results vs. a commercially available zinc tetraoxy chromate-
containing etch primer.
Nubirox 301 (zinc-free) was the most effective non-chrome
inhibitor for multi-substrates.
Nubirox 301 is a calcium and strontium phosphate complex car-
ried on a silicate core; therefore, it is not only chrome-free, it is
zinc-free as well. Thus it is the most eco-friendly alternative avail-
able. There are no components of this inhibitor that are required
to be reported.
The fine particle size of Nubirox 301 is ideal for thin film sys-
tems such as etch primers.
Acknowledgements
Nathan Karszes, Laboratory Manager, Nubiola North American Technology Center.
Richard March Raurell, R&D Manager, Nubiola Spain.

50%
Nubirox 301
Particle Size Distribution (Malvern Sedigraph)
Avg. Particle Size = 1.0
Particle Diameter (m.)
0.01 0.1 1.0 10.0 100.0 1000.0
100%
90
80
70
60
50
40
30
20
10
0
500
FIGURE 8 | SEM and Malvern sedigraph of Nubirox 301.
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APRI L 2010
|

P
aints are multi-component systems for-
mulated to produce specific product prop-
erties. The rate and uniformity at which
these coatings wet spread and coalesce
into a film can be controlled by the con-
stituents in the formulation. Depending on their end
use, coatings can have four or more components in their
mixture. Solid or higher-viscosity components consist
of pigments used to obtain a specific color, and oil emul-
sions or latex components that provide film formation
or coating properties. Both are mixed with a number
of water-soluble materials, such as surfactants, silanes,
viscosity modifiers, processing aids, color aids and poly-
electrolytes, which can also be surface active. These
water-soluble surface-active elements can affect the sur-
face chemistry or interfacial behavior of the solid particle
components. The soluble components play a vital role in
the final film properties and color of a paint formulation,
and can be studied using zeta potential.
Zeta potential is a physical property exhibited by any
particle in suspension. It can be quantified using elec-
trophoretic mobility (electrophoresis) measurement and
adjusted to optimize coating formulations. Studying zeta
potential results enables the building of relationships
between the chemical composition of formulated coatings
and the required final physical properties and color. Today,
zeta potential is easy to measure and aids in predicting
long-term stability and optimizing product properties.
Electrophoresis
When an electric field is applied across an electrolyte, sus-
pended charged particles are attracted to the electrode of
opposite charge. Viscous forces acting on the particles tend
to oppose this movement. When equilibrium is reached
between the two opposing forces, the particles move with
constant velocity. This velocity depends on electric field
or voltage gradient strength, the dielectric constant of the
medium, its viscosity and the zeta potential.
A particles velocity in a unit electric field is known as
its electrophoretic mobility. Zeta potential is related to elec-
trophoretic mobility through the Henry equation, which
relates it to zeta potential based on physical constants such
By Ana Morfesis | Malvern Instruments Inc., Westborough, MA
Paint Formulations
and the Need for
Zeta Potential
As latex waterborne
paints command a
growing share of the
market, zeta potential
measurement and
its manipulation
is increasingly
important for product
optimization.
Zetasizer Nano
61
as the dielectric constant, viscosity and ionic strength of
the medium. Current instrumentation makes zeta potential
measurement easy and automatic.
Measuring Electrophoretic Mobility
The essence of a classical micro-electrophoresis system is
a capillary cell with electrodes at either end, to which a
potential is applied. Particles move towards the electrode,
their velocity is measured and is expressed in unit field
strength as their mobility.
Early methods involved direct observation of individual
particles using ultra-microscope techniques. This proce-
dure suffers from a number of disadvantages, including
the strenuous effort required to make a measurement,
particularly with small or poorly scattering particles.
Modern methods, however, are fully automated. One of the
most widely used systems is the Zetasizer Nano (Malvern
Instruments), which combines laser Doppler electropho-
resis with phase analysis light scattering (PALS) in the
patented M3-PALS technique. This allows measurement
of particle electrophoretic mobility even in samples with
low mobility and also in high-conductivity samples. In
addition, the low voltages involved avoid any risk of
sample effects due to heating.
Optical Configuration
A zeta potential measurement system consists of six
main components (Figure 1). First, a laser [1] is used
as a light source to illuminate the particles within the
sample. For zeta potential measurements, this is split to
provide an incident and reference beam. The incident
beam passes through the center of the sample cell [2],
and the light scattered at a forward angle is detected
[3]. When an electric field is applied across the cell, any
particles moving through the measurement volume will
cause the intensity of light detected to fluctuate with a
frequency proportional to the particle speed, and this
information is passed to a digital signal processor [4]
and onto a computer [5]. The Zetasizer Nano software,
for example, produces a frequency spectrum from which
the electrophoretic mobility and hence zeta potential
information is calculated. The intensity of the detected,
scattered light must be within a specific range for the
detector to successfully measure it. This is achieved
using an attenuator [6], which reduces the intensity of
the laser and, hence, reduces the intensity of the scatter-
ing. To correct for any differences in the cell wall thick-
ness and dispersant refraction, compensation optics [7]
are installed to maintain optimum alignment.
Stability and Interfacial Surface Effects
Two fundamental mechanisms affect dispersion stability
(Figure 2).
Steric repulsion where polymers added to the
system adsorb onto the particle surface and pre-
venting particle surfaces coming into close contact.
When sufficient polymer adsorbs, the thickness of
the coating is enough to maintain particle separation
through steric repulsion between the polymer layers.
At such separations the van der Waals forces are too
weak to cause the particles to adhere.
Electrostatic or charge stabilization is the effect on
particle interaction due to the distribution of charged
species in the system.
Each mechanism has its benefits for particular systems.
Steric stabilization is simple, requiring only a suitable
polymer. However, it can be difficult subsequently to floc-
culate the system if this is what is required. Expense may
be a drawback, and sometimes it is not desirable to have a
polymer present.
Electrostatic or charge stabilization works by simply
altering the concentration of ions in the system a revers-
ible and potentially inexpensive process.
Zeta potential has long been recognized as a very good
index of the magnitude of the interaction between colloi-
Steric stabilization Electrostatic stabilization
FIGURE 2 | Steric and electrostatic stabilization mechanisms of colloidal dispersions.
Digital signal
processor
D
e
t
e
c
t
o
r
Cell
Attenuator
Laser
Incident beam
Beam splitter
Reference
beam
Combining
optics
Compensation
optics
Scattering
beam
1
6 2 7
5 3 4
FIGURE 1 | Optical configuration of the Zetasizer Nano series for zeta potential mea-
surements.
Paint Formulations and the Need for Zeta Potential
APRI L 2010
|

dal particles. Zeta potential measurements are commonly
used to assess the stability of colloidal systems.
Origins of Surface Charge
Most colloidal dispersions in aqueous media carry an
electric charge. This can originate in many ways depend-
ing upon the nature of the particle and its surrounding
medium. The more important mechanisms are the ones
considered here.
Ionization of Surface Groups
Dissociation of acidic groups on the surface of a particle
will give rise to a negatively charged surface. Conversely, a
basic surface will take on a positive charge. In both cases,
the magnitude of the surface charge depends on the acidic
or basic strengths of the surface groups and on the pH of
the solution. The surface charge can be reduced to zero by
suppressing surface ionization by decreasing the pH for
negatively charged particles or increasing it for positively
charged particles.
Differential Loss of Ions from the Crystal Lattice
As an example, consider a crystal of silver iodide placed in
water. If equal amounts of Ag
+
and I
-
ions were to dissolve
from the surface, the surface would be uncharged. In fact
silver ions dissolve preferentially, leaving a negatively
charged surface. If Ag
+
ions are now added the charge
falls to zero. Further addition leads to a positively charged
surface.
Adsorption of Charged Species (Ions and Ionic Surfactants)
Surfactant ions may be specifically adsorbed on the sur-
face of a particle, leading, in the case of cationic surfac-
tants, to a positively charged surface and, in the case of
anionic surfactants, to a negatively charged surface.
The Electrical Double Layer
Based on the above mechanisms, latexes, pigments and
in fact most materials suspended in aqueous media, carry
a surface charge. The development of a net charge at the
particle surface affects the distribution of ions in the sur-
rounding interfacial region, resulting in an increased
concentration of counter ions (ions of opposite charge to
that of the particle) close to the surface. Thus an electrical
double layer exists round each particle.
Zeta Potential
The liquid layer surrounding the particle exists as two
parts; an inner region (Stern layer) where the ions are
strongly bound and an outer (diffuse) region where they
are less firmly associated. Within the diffuse layer there is
a notional boundary inside which the ions and particles
form a stable entity. When a particle moves (e.g., due to
gravity), ions within the boundary move with it. Those
ions beyond the boundary stay with the bulk dispersant.
The potential at this boundary (surface of hydrodynamic
shear) is the zeta potential (Figure 3).
The magnitude of the zeta potential gives an indication
of the potential stability of the colloidal system. If all the
particles in suspension have a large negative or positive
zeta potential then they will tend to repel each other and
there is no tendency for the particles to come together.
However, if the particles have low zeta potential values
then there is no force to prevent the particles coming
together and therefore they will flocculate or coagulate.
What This Means for Coatings
Historically, coatings have been formulated as solvent-
borne (oil-based paints) or waterborne paints (latex,
water-based paints). Environmental requirements limit-
ing VOCs have mandated the reduction of solvent con-
centration in coating products. Other factors such as ease
of use have helped minimize consumer use of oil-based
paints. Therefore latex, waterborne paints command an
ever-increasing share of the market. It is easy to study zeta
potential in these coatings and, because of the additives
and formulated nature of the products, manipulating zeta
potential is highly relevant as an optimization tool.
Specifically, because water has a high surface tension,
waterborne paints present unique formulation challenges.
It is more difficult to wet the non-polar components of the
formulation, such as pigments, etc. Also, because of the
physical properties of the oil and polymers used in these
aqueous based dispersions, the film formation character-
istics of the latex paints themselves tend to be restricted.
Electrical double layer
Distance from particle surface
Stern
layer
Difuse
layer
Slipping plane
Surface potential
Zeta potential
mV
Negatively
charged
particle
FIGURE 3 | Schematic representation of zeta potential.
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Pigmentation
Rheology Control
Anti-settling
Matting
Abrasion Resistance
Tribo-charging
Paint Formulations and the Need for Zeta Potential
APRI L 2010
|

Therefore, a variety of additives including surfactants (wetting
agents), processing aids and polyelectrolytes, play an important
role in latex (waterborne) paint products.
As the particle concentration increases during wetting,
spreading and coalescence of the coating, the viscosity
increases. Based on this scenario, there is a point of phase
inversion where the latex particles touch and deform into what
will become the continuous phase the film/coating. The
process of film formation goes through four steps: (1) discrete
emulsion particles; (2) concentration of the particles or evapo-
ration of the water phase; (3) coalescence where the particles
deform; and (4) maturation or diffusion of the chains.
Waterborne paints require additives to build the interfacial
characteristics to achieve the desired stability for the storage
and film formation characteristics needed in the final product.
Amongst other properties these include good wetting, uniform
film formation, zero defects, specific color, brightness, long-term
adhesion and strength.
Zeta potential provides a measurement technique that allows
the study of latex and pigment components, and also of addi-
tives and their possible combinations. Such data provides
insight into the particle interfacial structure and allows opti-
mization of each component in the formulation to give the
desired final product properties.
Figure 4 shows a latex or film former study as a function of a
surface-active processing aid. These data represent an initial step
Additive Concentration, [ml]
Z
e
t
a

P
o
t
e
n
t
i
a
l
,

[
m
V
]
50
40
30
20
10
0
-10
-20
-30
0 5 10 15 20
ZP
FIGURE 4 | Zeta potential versus adsorption of a processing aid.
Paint Formulation
Z
e
t
a

P
o
t
e
n
t
i
a
l
,

[
m
V
]
ZP
Surface Defects
30
20
10
0
-10
-20
300
200
100
0
-100
-200
4 3 2 1
FIGURE 5 | Paint formulation versus zeta potential and surface defects.
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65
in understanding how various additives interact with the surface
of a film former in a paint formulation. The results indicate that
this specific processing aid does adsorb to the surface of the latex,
which has a -20 mV zeta potential initially without any additive.
It reverses charge and becomes cationic with increased addition of
a cationic processing aid. This type of data not only shows surface
activity but also indicates the optimal concentration required for
the processing aid to be effective.
Figure 5 shows a study of a series of paint formulations prepared
with the identical latex and pigment components but having differ-
ent additives. Labeling these formulations as Paint 1 through 4 in
the order of the highest negative zeta potential to highest positive
zeta potential, and relating zeta potential to coating defects of the
final product, a clear trend arises. In this case it indicated that a
cationic formulation resulted in fewer defects per 100,000 parts.
Conclusion
In conclusion, paints are multi-component systems formulated to
produce specific product properties. The rate and uniformity at
which these coatings wet spread and coalesce into a film can be
controlled by the chemical components used in the formulation.
Coatings, depending on their end use, are complex formulations with
a minimum of four components added into a dispersed mixture.
Zeta potential measurements provide insight into the stabil-
ity of the latex and pigments in the dispersion. Zeta potential
also helps to elucidate the interfacial characteristics of the
dispersed particulates and can be related to the required final
product properties.
References
1. Henry, D.C. Proc.Roy. Soc, 1931, A133, 106.
2. Hunter, R.J. Introduction to Modern Colloid Science, Oxford University
Press, 1993.
3. Chevalier, Y., Pichot, C. Graillar, C., Joancot, M., Wong, K., Maquet,
J., Lindner, P., and Cabane, B. Colloid & Polymer Sci. 1992, 270, 806.
4. Winnik, M.A. and Wang, Y., J. of Coatings Tech.1992,64 (811), 51.
5. Davidson, G. and Lane, B. Eds. Additives in Waterborne Coatings, RSC,
2003.
6. Conley, R. F. Practical Dispersion: A Guide to Understanding and Formu-
lating Slurries, VCH Pub. Inc., 1996.
For more information, visit www.malvern.com or call 508/768.6400.
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2010 Cytec Industries Inc. All Rights Reserved.
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Pioneering Sustainable Change
APRI L 2010
|

A
s environmental regulations and the go
green era continue to be the driving
force of current coatings resin develop-
ment, the importance of having a versa-
tile, low-VOC resin is evident. With the
chemical industry affected by the economic crisis that is
being experienced globally, many companies have
downsized their staff, production and research capa-
bilities. This makes it hard for paint companies to
delve into new research areas, as they are constantly
reformulating product lines to meet current and
future acceptable VOC levels as they also
strive for green certification. The green
certification process, available from a
variety of independent third parties,
is offered to companies and regarded
as a positive from many consumers
perspectives and has become a crucial
part of new product development for
several industries. These certification
programs have a list of certain criteria that are required
for a product to boast their stamp of approval. In addition,
existing and novel coatings products must continue to
meet allowable levels of VOCs in both architectural and
industrial paints that vary from region to region. As the
uncertainty of the economic situation continues, wouldnt
it be nice to have a multipurpose resin that can be used in
multiple applications that easily meets current and future
VOC allowances and qualifies for green certification?
Green Certification Programs
While the environmental component emerges as an
important aspect in a consumers decision, certification
programs have been developed to help ensure the environ-
mental benefits of specific products. These certifications
are offered by independent third parties and typically
entail a detailed certification process. Most programs for
the coatings industry are focused on chemical exemp-
tions, VOC limits, performance requirements and pack-
aging constraints. Currently, reputable programs for a
broad range of products, including coatings products, are
Green Seal, Ecologo and the Coatings Research Group,
Inc.s Green Wise. Other programs exist, but are targeted
toward specific market segments. Table 1 provides a sum-
mary of the certification plans and criteria for different
coatings applications.
All of the certification programs outlined
in Table 1 are currently the most fre-
quently used across the coatings indus-
try. It is evident the renewable resource
content of the product does not play
a role in any of these certification
processes. As more of these organiza-
tions are developed and the definition
of what characterizes a green product
continues to evolve, one can presup-
pose that in the future the renewable resource content of
a product will be pertinent for green certification.
History of Alkyds
Alkyd chemistry has been a strong force in the coat-
ings industry for many years. The chemistry, although
very established, still has room for growth as the focus
on materials from renewable resources continues to
develop. Although alkyds have predominantly been
available in organic vehicles, the thrust to develop supe-
By Jamie Dziczkowski, Ph.D., Chemist Associate, Coatings Technology | Reichhold, Inc., Research Triangle Park, NC
Alkyd Latexes:
Opening the Door for
a Greener Tomorrow
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Alkyd Latexes: Opening the Door for a Greener Tomorrow
APRI L 2010
|

rior waterborne alkyds has been set in motion. Water-
borne alkyd technologies including water reducible
alkyds, alkyd dispersions, and alkyd latexes have been
commercially available for several decades. Although
still possessing some of the positive attributes of alkyd
resins, these first-generation waterborne alkyds were
inferior to the acrylic latex due to their poor hydro-
lytic stability. Today, several large resin suppliers have
brought a number of alkyd dispersions and alkyd latexes
to the table that mimic solventborne alkyd performance
while providing desired hydrolytic stability.
One attractive component of alkyd chemistry is the
ability for oxidation that is contributed from the oil com-
ponent of the polymer. Oxidation occurs through the
unsaturated moieties that are found along the pendant
fatty acid chains. The benefits presented by an oxidizable
system are evident. With an alkyd-bound coating, the
initial film exhibits good flow and leveling characteristics
due to the low molecular weight, low glass transition
temperature (T
g
) and flexibility of the polymer chains.
Then, following air crosslinking, the final film exhibits
good adhesion, hardness, gloss and corrosion resistance.
The film formation for an alkyd resin is depicted in Figure
1. By starting with a low-molecular-weight polymer, the
lack of coalescent helps keep the VOC to a minimum when
moving to an aqueous carrier.
Using Alkyd Latexes to Achieve Green Products
New-generation alkyd latexes, including the Beckosol
AQ
line of alkyd latexes currently available from Reichhold,
are made by the introduction of external surfactants and
advanced processing techniques that offer a stable latex
in a continuous aqueous phase. These stable latexes are
achieved by careful selection of the surfactant system
TABLE 1 | Certification plans and criteria summary for coatings applications.
Company
Green Seal Ecologo Green Wise (CRGI
1
) Green Guard Institute
Product Type Standard #/Key Requirements
2
Floor Care
Prducts
GS-40
Specific performance
requirements, non-
toxic, non-corrosive,
nonsensitizing, FP > 150 C,
recyclable packaging, no
APE's or heavy metals
CCD-147
requirements, VOC limits,
no halogenated solvents,
no isocyanate or polymers
of urethane, free monomer
content < 50 ppm, pH < 12.5, be
biodegradable as described
na na
Paints/
Coatings
GS-11
requirements, compound
prohibitions (APEs,
phthalates, heavy metals),
VOC limits, conusmer
education, packaging/
labeling
CCD-047
requirements, no aromatic or
halogenated compounds, no
formaldehyde, MEK, or AN, FP >
142 C, VOC limits
CRGI
Green Wise Specific
performance requirements
depending on type of
paint, VOC limits, chemical
component limitations (no
aromatics, phthalates, MEK,
heavy metals)
GGPS.EC.016
Allowable limits of styrene,
formaldehyde, and aldehydes,
VOC levels must meet (SCAQMD)
Rule #1113, top coats must meet
Green Seal Standard GS-11,
anticorrosive paints must meet
chemical requirements of Green
Seal Standard GS-03
Recycled-
Content
Latex Paints
GS-43
prohibitions (aromatics,
phthalates, metals, ketones),
VOC limits
CCD-048
requirements, > 50% post
consumer material by volume,
chemical prohibitions ( APEs,
aromatics, MEK, metals), FP > 142
C, VOC limits
na na
Stains and
Finishes
GS-47
prohibitions (APEs,
phthalates, metals,
halogenated solvents), VOC
limits, VAC limits, packaging
requirements
See Paints and Coatings
Specifications (CCD-047)
CRGI
Green Wise Specific
performance requirements
depending on type of
paint, VOC limits, chemical
component limitations (no
aromatics, phthalates, MEK,
heavy metals)
GGPS.EC.016
Allowable limits of styrene,
formaldehyde, and aldehydes,
VOC levels must meet (SCAQMD)
Rule #1113, top coats must meet
Green Seal Standard GS-11,
anticorrosive paints must meet
chemical requirements of Green
Seal Standard GS-03
1
Coatings Research Group, Inc.
2
Summary of requirements. For detailed qualifications please visit the corresponding website.
http://www.greenseal.org/
http://www.terrachoice-certified.com/en/
http://www.greenwisepaint.com/performance-standards.aspx
http://www.greenguard.org/
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Alkyd Latexes: Opening the Door for a Greener Tomorrow
APRI L 2010
|

and precise control of the emulsion process. A key fac-
tor for stabilization is attaining small emulsion particle
diameters. The quality of the latex is dependent on the
surface tension present in the particles. Alkyd latexes
can be prepared by either direct emulsification or a phase
inversion process. By achieving stable emulsions through
the introduction of a protective surfactant shell, the core
alkyd resin is stabilized and hydrolysis rates are hindered.
This type of system addresses the VOC issue and provides
the benefits of a traditional alkyd resin. See Figure 2 for
a pictorial description of an alkyd binder in a latex paint
stabilized by an outer protective layer.
One benefit of alkyd latex-based paint is once the coat-
ing is applied, the low-molecular-weight, low-T
g
alkyd
resin crosslinks through the traditional oxidative cross-
linking mechanism characteristic of alkyd resins. This
eliminates the need for expensive coalescing solvents and
additives that are needed in acrylic latex paints in order
to get excellent application properties. Another benefit
of alkyd latexes is that it formulates like a typical latex
paint. Standard latex rheological additives, dispersants
and defoamers are effective in developing alkyd latex
paints. Thus, once a system is established with an alkyd
latex, formulating chemists will have more time to spend
on new R&D instead of reformulating. This is all a result
of the <50 g/L VOC capabilities of the alkyd latexes.
Furthermore, new waterborne alkyd technology is
applicable to all classes of alkyds including long, medium
and short oils as well as modified systems. This allows
for a wide range of architectural and industrial product
development based on a single technology. An added ben-
efit of alkyd latexes is the renewable resource content that
is contributed by the use of different plant/vegetable oils
O
2
+ driers
CC Crosslinking
Alkyd - low MW
& fexible polymer chain
Excellent wetting
due to low MW and low Tg
Air-crosslinking to build molecular
weight and coating performance
FIGURE 1 | Benefits of oxidation in an alkyd system.
71
during polymer synthesis. As a specific
example, the Beckosol AQ line contains
up to 50% renewable material on a solids
basis. Though renewable resource content
is not a current requirement to obtain the
green label from several agencies, as the
development of what constitutes a green
product continues to advance, renewable
resource content could and probably will
play a pertinent role as the third-party
agencies seek to differentiate themselves
from one another. Hence, converting to a
product line based on alkyd latex provides
a number of benefits and a head start in
future markets.
Using Alkyd Latexes
to Attain Green Assets
Since more companies are commercial-
izing products based on the new and
improved waterborne alkyds, realization
of the convenience of such a technol-
ogy is beginning to broaden. These prod-
uct lines include but are not limited to
deck stains, primers, gloss enamels and
industrial paints. As research on the new
generation of alkyd latexes continues it
is anticipated that more companies will
convert existing product lines to alkyd
latex-based products. Furthermore, with
the uncertainty of the current global eco-
nomic crisis, companies are searching
for ways to cut cost on manufacturing,
raw materials and inventory. The use of
the new generation of alkyd latexes will
aide to achieve these goals as companies
attempt to rebuild their staff and research
capabilities. Finally, with the near-zero
VOC capabilities of the technology, the
need for having different formulas for dif-
ferent regions will also dissipate.
Summary
Alkyd latexes are versatile polymers that
can be used to develop both architectural
and industrial paints. With the near-zero
VOC capabilities of these products, the
ability to meet current and future allow-
able VOC levels are made easy and conve-
nient through one product line. In addi-
tion, the renewable resource content that
is contributed by the use of different plant/
vegetable oils during polymer synthesis
is an extra benefit as the focus on green
technology continues to advance. The ver-
satility of said resins contributes to a more
efficient production and inventory system
as companies continue to face the effects
of a challenging global economy.
For more information, visit www.reichhold.com. Core Alkyd

Resin
Surfactant Shell
Water: Continuous Phase
Core Alkyd
Resin
Surfactant Shell
Core Alkyd
Resin
Surfactant Shell
Core
Alkyd
Resin
Surfactant Shell
Water:
Continuous Phase
Polymeric Binder
R
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o
lo
g
ic
a
l
A
d
d
it
iv
e
s
Water
P
ig
m
e
n
t
s
FIGURE 2 | Core alkyd resin stabilized by an
external surfactant protective shell.
APRI L 2010
|

W
hen providing samples for mill
equipment testing, coatings
manufacturers often submit
large batches of the most chal-
lenging products to grind. Their
logic is that if a machine can handle the hardest materi-
als in large amounts, it can handle virtually anything. If
the test returns unacceptable results, a machine is often
removed from a manufactures vendor list, even though it
may be suitable for many of its other products.
But this typical process is flawed when sourcing basket
mills for coatings dispersions because they excel at small
batch production. Consequently, some manufacturers
have the misconception that basket mills do not work well
with hard-to-grind materials, and unfortunately they may
end up purchasing a less-effective piece of equipment.
The truth is quite the opposite. Basket mills offer easy
operation, fast cleanup with little waste, repeatable per-
formance and high production rates, while still provid-
ing high-quality grinding for coatings. Some of todays
designs have even addressed environmental concerns by
reducing solvent emissions.
The basket mill concept has improved since its intro-
duction in the 1980s. New designs offer improved pro-
ductivity and even finer dispersion quality. With these
enhancements and the proper pilot testing, coatings
manufacturers should be convinced that a basket mill can
produce the ideal dispersion.
Basics of the Basket Mill
Basket mills feature a rotating basket that uses centrifu-
gal force to accelerate the grinding media, much like an
amusement park ride where passengers lean against a
wall while the ride rotates at high speeds. Unlike the ride,
which merely locks passengers into place, the basket con-
tains a disk installed with pegs to permit grinding.
As illustrated in Figure 1, the top, bottom and sides of
the basket are perforated to allow the product to enter.
In the center of the basket the grinding disc attaches to a
shaft that is centered in the basket drive shaft. This inner
shaft is braked to prevent the disc from rotating with the
beads and product. The sieve basket rotates around the
fixed grinding disc.
The basket is filled about 80 to 85 percent by volume
with the grinding beads. When the basket rotates, the
centrifugal force compresses the beads against the grind-
ing disc. The shearing forces for dispersion are created
between the fixed disc, the moving bead mass and the
rotating basket. The blocks mounted to the top and bot-
tom of the basket along with the grinding disc create
turbulence for higher shearing force.
In most cases, steel, glass or ceramic beads with a diam-
eter of 1.2 mm for a smaller basket, and 2 mm for a larger
basket, are best for coatings dispersions. However, bead
size is ultimately determined by the baskets slot sizes.
Updated Basket Mill Designs
Basket mill design improvements have helped increase
productivity and produce finer dispersion quality, with
slot widths as small as 0.5 mm. The new design substan-
By Harry Way | NETZSCH Fine Particle Technology, Fernandina Beach, FL
Achieving Ideal
Dispersions
in Coatings
The Case for Basket Mills
FIGURE 1 | Basket mill illustration.
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tially increases pumping rate and media
compression performance.
Increasing the pumping rate through
the basket results in a higher re-circu-
lating rate. This means that the batch
volume passes through the basket more
frequently, giving a narrower particle
size distribution, or a cleaner grind. The
increase in pumping rate also eliminates
settling problems that may occur in the
process tank.
Newer basket designs also increase the
media compression zone. One downside
to older designs was the baskets size and
shape. The basket was essentially a solid
cylinder, large in diameter and narrow
in height. Two problems could occur
with this design. With very low-viscosity
products, a high basket speed sometimes
resulted in a vortex that entered only
the periphery of the basket. This left the
center of the basket empty and subject
to high frictional heat, resulting in pre-
mature media wear and, in some cases,
a dried fused media slug that would lock
the basket against the stationary disc. The
second problem was with viscous materi-
als because they had the tendency to slide
off the top and bottom plates, never enter-
ing the basket for dispersion.
Updated designs leave the top and bot-
tom plates solid. The hollow center of the
basket uses centrifugal force, much like
a centrifugal pump, to force the mate-
rial through the grinding area (Figure
2). The material must pass through the
grinding zone. The fixed rods attached
to the fixed disc provide the turbulence
necessary to create shear. This design
allows a substantial increase in basket
speed. Higher basket speed creates bet-
ter circulating of the batch and higher
compression of the media. Higher media
compression results in a finer particle
size distribution. If a large vortex is cre-
ated, this no longer poses a problem,
since the center of the basket is now
empty of grinding media.
Essentially the production rate of bas-
ket mills has doubled, and the ceiling of a
7 (12.5 microns) Hegman grind has been
broken. Manufacturers can now produce
off-scale grinds. The graph in Figure 3 illus-
trates production time versus grind quality
for a typical product. For most products,
these grinding results exceed a manufac-
turers typical expectations.
Mills with a rotating basket are also
more efficient than previously used sta-
Achieving Ideal Dispersions in Coatings The Case for Basket Mills
APRI L 2010
|

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V
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19
4
3
APRI L 2010
|

tionary baskets with a rotating rotor. If the basket is stationary,
it is harder to clean. Another issue is that stationary designs
use an open top to allow the product to enter the basket. This
can lead to beads f lowing out when the product viscosity is
high. If the beads come out, the grinding efficiency is lost and
the product must be filtered, adding an additional step.
While the stationary design requires a special tank, a mill with
a rotating basket is compatible with tanks already in use at the
factory, which can reduce a manufacturers start-up costs. For
harder-to-grind material, however, a tank with a cooling jacket is
recommended to control temperature during dispersion.
In the past, the production of solventborne products posed
a large environmental concern for solvent emissions. New
basket mill designs have greatly reduced this problem because
there are no feed and discharge tanks requiring extra lids and
no open f low discharge into a tank. To further prevent emis-
sions, manufacturers should use a tank with a lid designed to
allow the solvent vapors produced to condense and drip down
the tanks inner walls. This keeps the upper portion of the
tank relatively clean.
Updated Design in Action
Using NETZSCHs most recent basket mill design, the TopMill, as
an example, the steps for producing the ideal coatings dispersion
are explained below.
Stationary
Disc
Stationary
Shaft
Rotating
Shaft
FIGURE 2 | Updated basket mill design; the hollow center of the basket
uses centrifugal force to force the material through the grinding area.
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APRI L 2010
|

Premixing: This is the first step for ideal coating dispersion. In
fact, premixing is as important as any other milling operation.
The product is premixed with a high-speed dissolver (HSD) as is
done with all basket mills.
Priming: The premixed batch is transported to the TopMill. The
basket is lowered into the batch, and it is turned on and off for
several cycles. During this process, air bubbles rise from the batch.
Priming the batch and pre-grinding the solids is a very important
step in de-aeration, preventing a foamy batch.
Grinding: The basket is then turned on to maximum speed. A
supplied Variable Frequency Drive (VFD) controls the speed of
the basket with the maximum speed determined by power con-
sumption or the vortex level. For example, on a 50 horsepower
machine, the batch size can range from 45 gallons to 220 gal-
lons. If a smaller batch size is run, the basket speed is slower. A
larger batch size leads to a higher basket speed for faster produc-
tion. In the end, about the same amount of time is required for
both small and large batches about one to four hours to reach
a 7 Hegman grind.
One concern may be that the material in the tank is not cir-
culating through the basket. The basket operates as an impeller,
much like a high-speed dissolver. The product flows in a vortex
in the batch tank with the same characteristics of the HSD pro-
cess (Figure 4). Higher-viscosity products are handled by adding
pumping blades to the radius of the basket.
After desired grind quality is achieved, the basket is raised from
the batch. At this point the basket is rotated very briefly to spin
or centrifuge the bulk of the remaining product from the basket.
With this design, the batch yield is nearly 100 percent. This
reduces the waste material and the cleaning required.
Conclusion
Todays basket mills have been re-developed to achieve optimal
results in the coatings industry. Even the most difficult-to-grind
materials can be processed in a basket mill, leading to high-qual-
Stationary Grinding Disc
Stationary Shaft
Rotating Shaft
FIGURE 4 | Basket TopMill illustration product is drawn through the slots
of the upper and under surface into the grinding zone and radially dis-
charged.
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n

S
c
a
l
e
)
NETZSCH TM 10 TopMill
0.5 mm U-Basket
Solventborne alkyd enamel base
Drum Coating
TiO2, PC Blue, Bentone
8,000 centipoise initial viscosity
3120 centipose fnal viscosity
35-gallon batch
520 RPM shaft speed
1 mm SAZ media
FIGURE 3 | Production time versus grind quality for a typical production
batch.
79
ity end products. When investigating new grinding equipment,
manufacturers should look beyond trial results based on large
batch sizes and consider basket mills for a clean, efficient and
quality process, especially for smaller batch production.
For more information, visit www.netzsch-grinding.com.

Appendix
Innovative Silicone Technologies
The Silicone Elastomer Handbook
A guide to applied silicone elastomer technology
Based upon a course taught by the
author at the Akron Polymer Training
Center, College of Polymer Science and
Polymer Engineering at the University of
Akron.
Author David M. Brassard has taken
his years of experience and compiled
them into this useful guide to serve as
an industry resource for applied silicone
technology.
Also this book is expected to find utility in:
- Academia as a text book
- Libraries as a technology guide
Available Now at:
www.siliconehandbook.com
www.siliconesolutions.com
1670-C Enterprise Pkwy.
Twinsburg, Ohio 44087
Phone 330-405-4595
Fax 330-405-4596
- 369 pages
- 144 figures and tables
- Extensive 27 page
glossary
- Property constants
and conversion chart
- Insightful chapters on
property modification
and troubleshooting
- Actual case histories
to reinforce key
technology facets
- A formulation guide
- Forward by Dr. Barry
Arkles
NETZSCH TopMill
TM-8-10 HP drive
U-basket
Solventborne acrylic primer
Titanium dioxide
Strontiumchromate
Barium sulfate
35%pigment
6%resin solids
1380 cps fnal viscosity
15-gallon batch
300 RPMshaft speed
1 mm SAZ media
H
e
g
m
a
n

G
r
i
n
d

(
N
S

S
c
a
l
e
)
0
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
NTZSCH TM-10 TopMill
0.5 mm U-basket
Solventborne epoxy enamel base
50%titaniumdioxide/wax
15%resin solids
1840 centipoise fnal viscosity
40-gallon batch
420 RPMshaft speed
1 mm SAZ media
0 15 30 45 60 75 90 105 120 135 150 165 180
0
5
10
15
20
25
30
35
40
45
50
Production Time (Minutes)
H
e
g
m
a
n

G
r
i
n
d

(
M
i
c
r
o
n

S
c
a
l
e
)
Production Time (Hours )
0 1 2 3
B
a
t
c
h

T
e
m
p
e
r
a
t
u
r
e

(
F
)
90
100
110
120
130
140
150
F
i
n
e
n
e
s
s

o
f

G
r
i
n
d

G
a
u
g
e

(
H
e
g
m
a
n

S
c
a
l
e
)
0.5
1.0
1.5
2.0
2.5
3.0
3.5
4.0
4.5
5.0
5.5
6.0
6.5
7.0
0.0
NETZSCH TopMill
TMC-50 - 50 HP DRIVE
0.5 mm U-Basket
Milori (Iron) blue paint tint base
200-gallon batch
275 RPMshaft speed at start
450 RPMshaft speed after 2 hours
0.7-1.2 mm zirconium oxide media
104 KU (~2000 cps) viscosity at start
No cooling water used
Hegman Grind
Hours vs Temp. F
0 15 30 45 60
Production Time (Minutes)
0
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8 NETZSCH TopMILL TM10
Solventborne alkyd enamel base
50%titanium dioxide
15%resin solids
1360 centipoise fnal viscosity
15-gallon batch
300 RPMshaft speed
1 mm SAZ media
Process Time (Minutes)
H
e
g
m
a
n

G
r
i
n
d

(
N
S

S
c
a
l
e
)
0 15 30 45 60
APRI L 2010
|

D
ue to the changing environmental cli-
mate as well as market initiatives, paint
and coating formulators are being driven
to develop more eco-sustainable prod-
ucts. This includes the reduction and/
or elimination of volatile organic compounds (VOCs) as
well as alkyl phenol ethoxylates (APEOs) from coating for-
mulations. APEO compounds have become less acceptable,
due to the harmful effects of their degradation products on
aquatic life forms and their potential effect on organism fer-
tility. The latter considerations are mainly responsible for
paint manufacturers and raw materials suppliers choosing
to work with environmentally friendly materials, gradually
phasing out, or banning outright, the use of APEO com-
pounds, despite the absence of any legislative guidelines
prohibiting their use.
Alkyl phenol ethoxylates have found their way into a
variety of industrial formulations due to their excellent
wetting/dispersing properties, wide range of operabil-
ity and favorable cost/performance, despite their higher
water sensitivity and foam stabilization. In an attempt
to overcome these limitations, modern dispersing agents
are based on high-molecular-weight acrylate or urethane
polymers that offer enhanced steric stabilization and
improved water sensitivity. However, sheer size of these
molecules renders them ineffective wetting agents.
The wealth of industrial experience dictates that effi-
cient and homogeneous distribution of solid pigments is
a key factor affecting the performance, stability and ulti-
mate profitability of the paint formulation. In order to fully
develop properties of pigmented dispersions and eliminate
defects (i.e., flocculation, color shift, flooding, floating,
leveling, settling), pigment agglomerates and aggregates
are broken down to their fundamental particles and dis-
tributed homogeneously throughout the medium. This
process usually consists of three fundamental steps:
1,2
wetting agglomerates by the medium;
separation of the pigment particles; and
stabilization of the pigment particles in the dispersed
state preventing reagglomeration and flocculation.
Although fundamentally distinct, these stages are inter-
related and largely overlap. Thus, wetting additives enable
the wetting of pigment agglomerates and dispersing addi-
tives improve stabilization of the pigment dispersion. In
reality, the same product can function as both. Such prod-
ucts adsorb onto the pigment surface and maintain proper
pigment spacing through electrostatic repulsion or steric
By Dr. Elvira Stesikova, Development Leader; Gregory Drewno, Research Technical Specialist; Ronald Lee, Marketing Manager, Care
Chemicals BASF, and John Kelly, Chemist; Dr. Jacob Wildeson, Research Chemist, Dispersions BASF | BASF Corporation, Florham Park, NJ
Environmentally Compliant, Deflocculating
Aqueous
TABLE 1 | Physical properties of Pluracoat CF 20 surfactant.
Characteristic Value
Physical state and appearance
Clear liquid at ambient
temperatures; milky white
paste at sub ambient
temperatures
Specific gravity
a
1.046
Viscosity,
a
cPs 200
Pour point,
b

F 45
Cloud point,
c

F 195
Flash point,
d

F 392
VOC
e
0
a
Property assessed at 23 C.
b
According to ASTM D 97.
c
Measured on 1 wt% aqueous solution.
d
Cleveland Open Cup method.
e
According to ASTM D 3960.
81
hindrance. This reduces the tendency towards uncon-
trolled flocculation and agglomeration driven by the high
surface energy and omnipresent van der Waals forces.
Dispersing agents could simply be classified according
to their chemical structure
3
as anionic, cationic and non-
ionic. However, it is far more important to distinguish them
based on whether the additives stabilize the deflocculated
or flocculated state.
4
In flocculated stabilization, the con-
trolled flocculating wetting and dispersing additives form
three-dimensional structures responsible for thixotropic
behavior and improved sagging and settling, flooding and
floating. On the other hand, deflocculating dispersing and
wetting additives provide dispersions of small particles with
Newtonian flow and lower viscosity, allowing high pig-
ment loading. All these will result in high gloss, increased
color strength and more efficient pigment utilization. Such
additives are typically low-molecular-weight polymers that
adsorb upon the pigment surface and stabilize defloccu-
lated condition by steric hindrance.
The main focus of this work was to develop a zero-VOC
and APEO-free highly effective deflocculating wetting and
dispersing agent with low foam and water sensitivity profile.
Pluracoat
CF 20 is a nonionic deflocculation dispersing and

wetting additive for water-based coating systems. It has been
designed specifically to provide superior performance in wet-
ting, dispersing and deflocculation of pigment particles and
to comply with environmental regulations (Table 1).
Viscosity of Paint Dispersions
Rheological evaluation is possibly the most common
technique for assessment of pigment dispersant effective-
ness in coating formulations. Tremendous reduction in
viscosity is one indicator of dispersive power providing
an analytical tool for comparative studies of various
surfactants. For the purpose of this study, Pluracoat
Performa CF20 was compared against an industry-stan-

dard APEO-based (Octylphenol Ethoxylate, capped) color
float/color acceptance additive (Sample A). This disper-
sant/wetting agent has been widely used in architectural
and industrial coatings for improved color acceptance
as well as imparting freeze/thaw stability. Despite the
environmental pressure, Sample A remains an excellent
benchmark due to its outstanding performance. Both
additives were added to the paint dispersions at the same
loading level of 3.5 lb/100 gal.
Figure 1 and Table 2 present viscosity data obtained
for flat and semi-gloss paint dispersions. Age stability test
results (Figure 1) indicate that both surfactant additives are
powerful and efficient dispersing agents that significantly
reduce the viscosity and provide dispersion stability over
the time range tested in this study. Table 2 data also indicate
that both dispersing agents provide excellent heat stability,
since the paint viscosities remain mainly unchanged after
14 days of exposure to 50
C. Both dispersing additives pro-

vided comparable stabilization effect on the paint formula-
tions. No significant differences were observed between the
Sample A and Pluracoat
CF 20 formulations.
Freeze/Thaw Stability
Freeze/thaw stability test results, depicted in Figure 2 for
the semi-gloss formulation, suggest very good compat-
ibility of Pluracoat
CF 20 with the paint formulation and

its comparable performance with Sample A. In fact, the
overall rise in viscosity after five freeze/thaw cycles was
only 5.0 and 5.5 KU for Sample A and Pluracoat
CF 20
containing dispersions, respectively. Note that the same
paint, free of dispersing additive, failed this test. This fact
suggests that Pluracoat
CF 20 is indeed a very effective

deflocculating dispersing additive.
Adhesion
Adhesion results obtained for the flat and semi-gloss disper-
sion systems tested in this study are listed in Table 3. Based
on the results, it is evident that the choice of the dispersing
agent did not have a significant effect on the adhesion prop-
erties. Both dispersing agents revealed excellent adhesion.
Wetting and Dispersing Agent for
Dispersions
80
90
100
110
120
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8
Semi-gloss paint
80
90
100
110
120
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8
Time (Days)
V
i
s
c
o
s
i
t
y

(
c
P
s
)
Flat paint
V
i
s
c
o
s
i
t
y

(
c
P
s
)
Time (Days)
Sample A
Pluracoat CF 20
Sample A
Pluracoat CF 20
FIGURE 1 | Aging test performed on flat and SG paint formulations containing
Sample A and Pluracoat CF 20 dispersant agents. Viscosity is plotted as a function
of time after introducing the dispersing additive.
TABLE 2 | Viscosity data of flat and semi-gloss paint formulations containing Sample
A and Pluracoat CF 20 dispersing additives, respectively, measured at 50
C after
14 days of exposure (Heat Stability test).
Paint Dispersing Additive Time (Days) Viscosity (KU)
Flat Sample A 14 107
Pluracoat CF 20 14 104
Semi-gloss Sample A 14 105
Pluracoat CF 20 14 102
Environmentally Compliant, Deflocculating Wetting
and Dispersing Agent for Aqueous Dispersions
APRI L 2010
|

Water Resistance
Water resistance of the resultant coatings is one of the
primary formulating concerns when selecting surfac-
tants and additives for performance optimization. Water
resistance data for the flat and semi-gloss formulations
tested in this study are presented in Table 4. As evident
by the data, Pluracoat
CF 20 not only matched the per-

formance of the Sample A additive, but it also decreased
the water uptake of the coating by 15% in flat and 6% in
semi-gloss formulations. These very encouraging results
should provide additional flexibility to the paint formula-
tors when balancing performance and stability attributes
of the complex coating systems.
Pigment Dispersion and Color Evaluation
In addition to dispersion stability tested by rheology and
freeze/thaw stability, efficiency of pigment utilization is
best revealed by color development testing. The perfor-
mance of Pluracoat
CF 20 was evaluated relative to that

of Sample A dispersing additive. Tables 5 and 6 present
color development data for Universal Red organic colorant
in flat and semi-gloss formulations, respectively.
In the flat paint dispersion formulation, tint strength of
the Pluracoat
CF 20-containing system matches that of

Sample A. The E between the two additives is negligibly
small, i.e., 0.08. The hiding power K-E values are 0.18
and 0.25 for Sample A and Pluracoat
CF 20 respectively,
and are well below the 1.0 acceptable standard. The Rub
Out coefficients (RO) have small negative values indicat-
ing small if not insignificant pigment float to the surface
of the coating.
5
Furthermore, E measurement between
rubbed and unrubbed coating areas, listed in Table 5 as
E(RO), confirm that the changes caused by sheer forces
are only marginal.
In semi-gloss paint dispersions, the tint strength of the
Pluracoat
CF 20-containing system differs from that of

Sample A by 0.8. This could partly be interpreted as a
slight improvement of the dispersing power of Pluracoat

CF 20 and partly could be attributed to the accuracy of
the measurement. The E between the two additives is
also negligibly small, i.e., 0.1, indicating once again a
match of pigment dispersing powers of the additives. The
hiding power K-E values are 0.09 and 0.18 for Sample
A and Pluracoat
CF 20 respectively, well below the 1.0

acceptable standard. The RO results have positive values,
2.10 and 1.36, indicating TiO
2
float to the surface of the
coating.
5
Despite the relatively large RO values, E mea-
surement between rubbed and unrubbed coating areas,
listed in Table 6 as E(RO), indicate that visual changes
are small and not significant, since E values remain well
below 1.0.
The touch-up test, and specifically low-temperature
touch-up, has been designed to mimic real life applica-
tion conditions. Albeit being a poor predictor of actual
performance of the formulation, this remains one of the
most challenging tests to pass. Typical touch-up test
consists of two coating applications over a period of 24
hours. After allowing a first layer to cure overnight, the
second coating is applied partially overlapping the first
one. The color readings are taken to compare the areas
coated with one and two layers. Some variations of this
method could be adopted allowing one or both layers to
be applied and cured at low temperatures. The results of
these tests, conducted for semi-gloss paint at room tem-
perature (RT) and low temperature (LT) conditions, are
presented in Table 7.
The results of the touch-up study indicate that pigment
dispersion properties are equally well developed in the
presence of either Sample A or Pluracoat
CF 20. Thus,
when the first and second layer of coating are applied at
the same condition (first set of data at RT and second set of
data at LT), the E and Tint Strength (CREL) results show
no difference between one and two layer coating. How-
ever, when the first layer was applied at RT followed by
the second coat at LT, a slight increase in E (up to 0.22)
is accompanied by reduction of tint strength (down to
98.4 and 98.5). While this is a clear performance limita-
tion, both Sample A and Pluracoat
CF 20 exhibit similar
behavior, indicative of fundamental formulation issues
rather than issues related to the dispersing additive.
TABLE 4 | Water resistance of the flat and semi-gloss coating formulations containing
different dispersing additives measured as % water uptake by 20 mil dried coating
submerged in water for 24 hours.
Surfactant Flat Paint SG Paint
Sample A 8.91 22.28
Pluracoat CF 20 7.61 21.08
TABLE 3 | Adhesion results for the flat and semi-gloss paint dispersions containing
different dispersing additives.
Surfactant
Flat Paint SG Paint
Dry
Adhesion
Wet
Adhesion
Scrub
Resistance
Dry
Adhesion
Wet
Adhesion
Scrub
Resistance
Sample A 5 5 2190 5 5 2540
Pluracoat
CF 20
5 5 2200 5 5 2530
90
95
100
105
110
0 1 2 3 4 5 6
Freeze/Thaw Cycles
Sample A
Pluracoat CF 20
K
U

V
i
s
c
o
s
i
t
y

(
c
P
s
)
FIGURE 2 | Viscosity of a semi-gloss paint formulation containing Sample A (circle
symbols) and Pluracoat CF 20 (square symbols) measured after each freeze/thaw
cycle.
AddItIves
CoIorIng
CrossIInkers
NattIng
ResIn Components
ResIns
5mart FormuIating.
Together!
www.smartformuIating.com
Environmentally Compliant, Deflocculating Wetting
and Dispersing Agent for Aqueous Dispersions
APRI L 2010
|

Conclusion
Pluracoat
CF 20 was developed as an effective and

environmentally compliant deflocculating dispersing and
wetting additive. This zero-VOC and alkyl phenol-free sur-
factant has proven to perform as a suitable replacement
for Sample A in a number of aqueous-based dispersant
formulations with an added benefit of improved water
sensitivity. As a multifunctional additive, Pluracoat
CF
20 allows the preparation of stable aqueous dispersions,
providing a good opportunity to reformulate existing plat-
forms to comply with low/zero-VOC regulations and alkyl
phenol ethoxylate-free requirements.
References
1
Patton, T.C. Paint Flow and Pigment Dispersion; Wiley
Interscience Publication, 1979.
2
Doren, K.; Freitag, W.; Stoye, D. Waterborne Coatings; Han-
ser Publishers, 1994.
3
Swarp, S.; Schoff, C.K. Progress in Organic Coatings 1993,
23, 1-22.
4
Scholtz, W. De Verfkroniek, vol 71, 1998, p 33-36.
5
Kaluza, U. Physical/Chemical Fundamentals of Pigment
Processing for Paints and Painting Inks, Edition Lack und
Chemie, 1981.
For more information, visit www.basf.com.
TABLE 5 | Color evaluation results, using an X-Rite spectrophotometer, for the flat
paint formulation containing different dispersant agents. Note that Sample A con-
taining paint dispersion was used as a control.
Surfactant TS DE K-DE RO DE (RO)
Sample A 100 0 0.18 -0.20 0.25
Pluracoat CF 20 99.6 0.08 0.25 -0.36 0.22
TABLE 6 | Color evaluation results, using an X-Rite spectrophotometer, for the semi-
gloss paint formulation containing different dispersant agents. Note that Sample A
containing paint dispersion was used as a control.
Surfactant TS DE K-DE RO DE (RO) Gloss 20
Gloss 60
Sample A 100 0 0.09 2.10 0.51 16.2 53.7

Pluracoat CF 20 100.8 0.1 0.15 1.36 0.52 15.7 53.0
TABLE 7 | Touch up test results for semi-gloss paint dispersions containing different
dispersing additives.
System Control DE* CREL
Sample A RT Sample A RT 0 100
Pluracoat CF20 RT Pluracoat CF20 RT 0.18 100.8
Sample A LT Sample A LT 0 100
Pluracoat CF20 LT Pluracoat CF20 LT 0.18 100.9
Sample A LT Sample A RT 0.22 98.4
Pluracoat CF20 LT Pluracoat CF20 RT 0.22 98.5
ISO 9001 Certifed in 1994
ISO 14001 Certifed in 1996
OHSAS 18001 Certifed in 2001
EVERLIGHT USA, INC.
10507 Southern Loop Boulevard, Pineville, NC 28134
(704) 588-1004 (800) 252-3247 Fax: (704) 588-0051
E-mail: everlight@everlightusa.com http://www.ecic.com
Eversorb Product Types
Benzophenone Benzotriazole HALS Performance Products
Eversorb Applications
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Coil Coatings Powder Coatings New Unique Water Based UV for Coatings
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F
ROM rst line qualit y to low-cost paints, Optiwhite MX contributes signicantly to hiding
properties, wet and dry. This leads to greater extending of Ti0
2
. Bet ter properties at less
cost gives you a competitive edge
in value. Call or e-mail us for
guidelines and condential
recommendations.
Optiwhite MX. Still making a world of difference.
P.O. Box 349 Sandersville, GA 31082 USA
478-552-2544 fax 478-552-4274
www.burgesspigment.com
eMail: pci--mxw@burgesspigment.com
APRI L 2010
|

C
hain extenders play a significant role in
enhancing the final mechanical properties
of polyurethanes derived from hydroxyl-
terminated polybutadiene (HTPB) and
4,4-methylenebis(phenyl isocyanate)
(MDI). Conventionally, N,N-diisopropanol aniline (DIPA)
and 2-ethyl-1,3-hexanediol (EHD) are recommended for
their compatibility and physical property enhancement of
the polyurethane elastomer. By comparison, 1,4-butane-
diol (BDO), widely employed in polyurethanes based on
polyether or polyester polyols, is not a good choice owing
to its poor compatibility with HTPB resins. A systematic
screening of both aromatic and aliphatic diols as potential
chain extenders in standard HTPB-based polyurethane
formulations has been carried out. Although a good cor-
relation could not be drawn between the diol structure
and mechanical performance, two new aliphatic diols were
notable for their superior performance.
Introduction
Polyurethanes based on polybutadiene polyols are known
for excellent hydrophobicity, hydrolytic and chemical
resistance, electrical insulation properties, and low-tem-
perature flexibility.
1-3
Similar to other polyurethanes,
the gum stock formulations based on neat HTPBs and
stoichiometric amounts of diisocyanates usually pos-
sess inferior mechanical properties. Incorporating chain
extenders, such as diols of low molecular weight, in the
gum stock formulas enhances the elastomeric properties
of the resulting polyurethanes, because the small diols
react with diisocyanates and form hard domains to serve
as the physical crosslink for the polyurethane systems.
Traditionally, 1, 4-butanediol is one of the most impor-
tant chain extenders used in commercial polyurethane
elastomers based on polyether or polyester polyols. Since
HTPBs have a completely non-polar backbone structure,
many chain extenders designed for polyether or polyester
polyols were proven to be unsuitable for the HTPB-derived
polyurethanes. The poor compatibility between the chain
extenders and the non-polar nature of the polybutadiene
backbone was attributed to be the root cause.
Two types of HTPB resins are available commercially.
Poly bd

resins are radically polymerized products, hav-
ing about 2.5 hydroxyl functionalities.
4
Krasol
LBH and
LBH-P polybutadiene diols are anionically polymerized
products with a very narrow molecular-weight distribu-
tion, each containing no species with a functionality
higher than 2.0.
4,6
We have shown in previous publica-
tions that 2-ethyl-1,3-hexanediol and N,N-diisopropanol
aniline (Voranol
220-530) were excellent chain extend-

ers
1,5
for the polyurethanes derived from either Poly bd
or Krasol resins. Because of recurring supply issues, we
initiated a search for alternative chain extenders suitable
for the polyurethane system based on HTPB resins. This
report describes our preliminary findings.
Experimental
Materials
Poly bd and Krasol resins were obtained from Cray Valley
USA, LLC. Chain extenders 2-ethyl-1,3-hexanediol (EHD),
1,3-butanediol (1,3-BG), 2-butyl-2-ethyl-1,3-propanediol
(BEPG), and 2,4-diethyl-1,5-pentanediol (PD-9) were
sampled from Kyowa Hakko U.S.A. Inc. Hydroquinone
bis(2-hydroxyethyl) ether, N-phenyldiethanolamine,
4,4-methylenebis(phenyl isocyanate) (MDI), dibutyltin
dilaurate (DBTDL), 1,6-hexanediol, and 2,2,4-trimethyl-
1,3-pentanediol (TMPD) were purchased from Aldrich.
HER
HP, i.e., resorcinol di(-hydroxyethyl)ether was

kindly given to us by Indspec Chemical Corporation. All
the materials were used in the reaction as is without fur-
ther purification.
Preparation of Polyurethanes Lab Procedure
One-Shot Procedure
Krasol LBH-2000 resin was added to a four-necked resin
kettle, followed by degassing and dehydrating at 85 C in
vacuo (<10 mm Hg) for 1.5 h. Diisocyanate MDI flakes and
solid chain extenders (CE) were melted in an oven right
before usage. Liquid Krasol resin, MDI, CE, and DBTDL
catalyst were then charged to a centrifuge cup. The mix-
ture was homogenized in a SpeedMixer (model DAC
150), then poured onto a hot metal mold. The sample was
initially cured in an oven at 110 C for 3.5 h, and then at
By Herbert Chao and Nan Tian | Cray Valley USA, LLC, Exton, PA
Chain Extender Evaluation for Polyurethanes Derived
Polybutadiene
TABLE 1 | Compatibility of aromatic chain extenders (CE) with Krasol LBH 2000 resin.
Chemical Name
Wt Ratio of
CE / LBH- 2000
Miscibility and Solubility
@ 23 C @ 110 C
1,3-bis(2-hydroxy ethoxy)
benzene, (HER HP)
3.2/10.0
Two phases
(liquid, solid)
Two liquid phases
Hydroquinone bis(2-
hydroxyethyl) ether
3.2/10.0
Two phases
(liquid, solid)
Two phases
(liquid, solid)
N-phenyldiethanolamine 3.0/10.0
Two phases
(liquid, solid)
Two liquid phases
87
65 C overnight. The sample was further aged one week
at room temperature to ensure complete curing before
physical property testing was performed.
Prepolymer Procedure
MDI flakes were charged to a four-necked resin kettle.
The kettle was heated with stirring to melt the MDI under
nitrogen. To the kettle containing liquid MDI was added
warm (65 C) Krasol LBH 2000 resin. The reaction was
held at 75 C for 1.5 h to form the prepolymer, which was
then degassed at 75 C in vacuo. The prepolymer, liquid
CE, and DBTDL catalyst were then charged to a centri-
fuge cup. The mixture was homogenized in a SpeedMixer
(model DAC 150), then poured onto a hot metal mold. The
sample was initially cured in an oven at 110 C for 3.5 h,
and then at 65 C overnight. The sample was further aged
one week at room temperature to ensure complete curing
before the testing of physical properties was performed.
Characterization and Testing
An Instron Materials Tester (model 4301) was used for
measuring the physical properties of polyurethane sheets
at 22.2 C (72 F) and 60% relative humidity. Tensile
strength, elongation and modulus (at 50% strain) were
obtained by following the ASTM D 412 protocol. Tear
strength was determined by following the ASTM D 624
protocol. For each sample four or five specimens were
tested and an average value reported. Sample hardness
was determined with a Round Shore Durometer Type A
or Type D at room temperature.
Results and Discussion
A few diols of low molecular weight, including aromatic
and aliphatic types, were selected as potential chain
extenders. Examining the compatibility of the diols with
HTPB resins at various temperatures serves as the initial
screening before incorporating them in polyurethane
formulations. Two preparative procedures, namely, one-
shot and prepolymer, were used to make the polyurethane
sheets. The hard domain contents in the polyurethane
sheets were set at 30, 35, 40 and 45% for monitoring the
concentration effect of the chain extenders on physical
properties. As to HTPB resins, both Krasol LBH 2000 and
Poly bd R45HTLO resin were examined.
from Hydroxyl-Terminated
Resins
TABLE 3 | Krasol resin-derived polyurethanes having 30% hard domain contents.
1 2 3 4 5 6
Krasol LBH 2000L, g 100 100 100 100 100 100
2-ethyl-1,3-hexanediol, g 11.69 --- --- 11.69 --- ---
2-butyl-2-ethyl-1,3-propanediol, g ---- 12.45 --- ---- 12.45 ---
2,2,4-trimethyl-1,3-pentanediol, g --- --- 11.46 --- --- 11.46
4,4-methylene bis(phenyl isocyanate), g 31.11 30.56 31.14 31.11 30.56 31.14
20% DBTDL solution in dibutyl phthalate(DBP), drop(s) 2 1 2 1 2 2
Hard segment content, wt.% 29.97 30.08 29.87 29.97 30.08 29.87
Equivalent ratio of LBH/MDI/chain extender 1/2.8/1.8 1/2.75/1.75 1/2.7/1.7 1/2.8/1.8 1/2.75/1.75 1/2.7/1,7
Procedure in Synthesis One Shot Prepolymer
Physical Property
Hardness (shore A) at 23 C 79 79 80 82 80 79
Tensile strength, psi 1106 1300 1650 2139 2147 1263
Modulus, psi 438 434 418 518 491 404
Elongation at break, % 216 315 511 440 465 553
Tear resistance, Ibf/in 308 305 313 334 312 283
TABLE 2 | Compatibility of aliphatic chain extenders (CE) with Krasol LBH 2000 resin.
Chemical Name
Wt Ratio of
CE / LBH- 2000
Miscibility and Solubility
@ 23 C @ 110 C
1,6-hexanediol 3.0/10.0 Two layers Two layers
2,2,4-trimethyl-1,
3-pentanediol (TMPD)
3.2/10.0 Soluble Soluble
2-ethyl-1,3-hexanediol
(EHD)
Any ratio Soluble Soluble
1,3-butanediol (1,3-BG) 2.0/10.0
Intensely
cloudy
Cloudy
2-butyl-2-ethyl-1,3-
propanediol (BEPG)
3.0/10.0
Partial BEPG
crystallized
Clear,
homogeneous
2,4-diethyl-1,5-
pentanediol (PD-9)
3.0/10.0
Cloudy,
heterogeneous
Lightly cloudy,
no separation
Chain Extender Evaluation for Polyurethanes Derived from Hydroxyl-Terminated Polybutadiene Resins
APRI L 2010
|

Aromatic Diols as Chain Extenders
The compatibility of the aromatic chain extenders with
Krasol LBH 2000 resin was evaluated and the results are
listed in Table 1. It is conceivable that the aromatic chain
extenders selected have extremely poor compatibility
with the Krasol resin. We managed to evaluate 1,3-bis(2-
hydroxy ethoxy) benzene and N-phenyldiethanolamine
in a prepolymer procedure, hoping that pre-reacting
of the diols with MDI would mitigate the compatibility
issue. Unfortunately, with the 30%, 35% and 40% hard
domain contents, the polyurethanes derived from both
chain extenders were inferior to the controls containing
EHD. Thus, they were not evaluated further.
Aliphatic Diols as Chain Extenders
The aliphatic diol candidates were chosen based on their
commercial availability and significant hydrocarbon moiety
in the molecules. They were submitted for compatibility test-
ing with Krasol LBH 2000 resin and the results are listed in
Table 2. There is no strong distinction based on compatibility
to favor any one chain extender over the others. Thus, they
were all tested in the polyurethane formulations.
The chain extender 1,6-hexanediol turned out to be too
incompatible with the Krasol resin in the one-shot pro-
cess. The approach was abandoned. Similarly, the chain
extenders 1,3-butanediol and PD-9 yielded parts of low
hardness, tensile strength and modulus compared with
those made using EHD in the one-shot process. Although
the prepolymer procedure in general mitigated the com-
patibility issue to a certain degree, the polyurethane
parts made by using 1,6-hexanediol, 1,3-butanediol or
PD-9 were still not on a par with the materials containing
EHD. On the other hand, the chain extenders TMPD and
BEPG yielded excellent polyurethane parts with the hard
domain contents ranging from 30 to 45%.
The formulations and physical properties of the poly-
urethanes having hard domain contents of 30% are listed
in Tables 3 and 4, which employ Krasol LBH 2000 and
Poly bd R45HTLO resin, respectively, along with three
outstanding chain extenders. Since the polyurethanes
derived from Krasol resin and 4,4-MDI should be ther-
moplastic in nature (Table 3), they have better elonga-
tion, tear resistance and tensile strength than those
crosslinked polyurethanes derived from Poly bd resin and
TABLE 4 | Polybd resin-derived polyurethanes having 30% hard domain contents.
1 2 3 4 5 6
Polybd R45 HTLO, g 100 100 100 100 100 100
2-ethyl-1,3-hexanediol, g 11.62 ---- ----- 11.62 ---- -----
2,2,4-trimethyl-1,3-pentanediol, g ---- ---- 10.62 ---- ---- 10.62
Isonate 143L 32.86 32.27 32.86 32.86 32.27 32.86
20% DBTDL solution in DBP, drop(s) 3 4 3 2 1 1
Equivalent ratio of R45HTLO / Isonate143L / CE 1 / 2.75/1.75 1/2.7/1.7 1/ 2.75/1.75 1 / 2.75/1.75 1/2.7/1.7 1/ 2.75/1.75
Physical Property
Modulus, psi 450 425 458 449 355 454
TABLE 5 | Krasol resin-derived polyurethanes having 45% hard domain contents.
1 2 3 4 5 6
Krasol LBH 2000L, g 100 100 100 100 100 100
2-ethyl-1,3-hexanediol, g 26.30 --- --- 26.30 --- ---
2,2,4-trimethyl-1,3-pentanediol, g --- --- 26.28 --- --- 26.28
4,4-methylene bis(phenyl isocyanate), g 56.11 54.45 56.51 56.11 54.45 56.51
Equivalent ratio of LBH/MDI/chain extender 1/5.05/4.05 1/4.9/3.9 1/4.9/3.9 1/5.05/4.05 1/4.9/3.9 1/ 4.9/3.9
Physical Property
Modulus, psi 1104 1145 1439 1565 1512 1702
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APRI L 2010
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Isonate 143L (Table 4). However, the differences in physi-
cal properties between those derived from Krasol and Poly
bd resin (Tables 5 and 6, respectively) are not as signifi-
cant when the hard domain contents reach 45%.
Based on the limited examples above, it is noted that
the good chain extenders, namely, EHD, BEPG, and TMPD
are completely soluble in HTPB resins (Table 1). The
solubility criterion seems to be a necessary condition for
the chain extenders to have before further examining the
mechanical properties of the polyurethanes derived from
them and HTPB resins. Needless to say, the molecular
weight of the chain extenders cannot be excessively large
TABLE 6 | Polybd resin-derived polyurethanes having 45% hard domain contents.
1 2 3 4 5 6
Polybd R45 HTLO, g 100 100 100 100 100 100
2-ethyl-1,3-hexanediol, g 23.67 ---- ----- 23.67 ---- -----
2,2,4-trimethyl-1,3-pentanediol, g ---- ---- 23.67 ---- ---- 23.67
Isonate 143L 58.56 57.96 58.56 58.56 57.96 58.56
Equivalent ratio of R45HTLO / Isonate143L / CE 1 / 4.9 / 3.9 1/4.85/3.85 1/ 4.9 / 3.9 1 / 4.9 / 3.9 1/4.85/3.85 1/ 4.9 / 3.9
Physical Property
Hardness (shore A) at 23 C 95 96 97 92 - 93 96 97 96 - 97
Modulus, psi 1384 1427 1565 1500 1385 1406
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APRI L 2010
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to disrupt the hard domain formation
through hydrogen bonding. Interestingly,
EHD was found not to be a suitable chain
extender any longer when HTPB resins
were blended with polyether polyols, such
as polypropylene glycol (PPG) and poly-
tetramethylene glycol (PTMEG), to make
polyurethane copolymers. BDO turned
out to be outstanding again in those polyol
blends.
5
Similarly, BDO is a better chain
extender than EHD for the polyurethane
block copolymers derived from HTPB and
polyester polyols
7
regarding the mechani-
cal properties enhancements.
Physical properties are noted in the
charts in Appendix 1.
Conclusions
In addition to the two classic chain extend-
ers, namely, N,N-diisopropanol aniline and
2-ethyl-1,3-hexanediol, recommended for
the polyurethane systems derived from
hydroxyl-terminated polybutadienes, two
more aliphatic diols are identified through
extensive testing for the same utility. These
two new chain extenders, 2-butyl-2-ethyl-
1,3-propanediol and 2,2,4-trimethyl-1,3-
pentanediol are not only miscible with
hydroxyl-terminated polybutadienes, but
also enhance the mechanical properties in
the HTPB-derived polyurethanes, as well
as the benchmark 2-ethyl-1,3-hexanediol
chain extender.
References
1
Sartomer Products for Urethane Elasto-
mers, Sartomer Technical Bulletin No. 1560,
Sartomer Co., 08/05.
2
Pytela, J.; Sufcak, M.; Cermak, J.; Drobny,
J.G. Novel Isocyanate Prepolymers Based
on Polybutadiene Diols for Composite Bind-
ers and Cast Elastomers, Proceedings of
the Polyurethanes, 1998, EXPO98, Dallas,
September 1998, pp. 563
3
Pytela, J.; Sufcak, M. Polybutadiene-
Urethane Elastomers with Outstanding
Resistance to Aggressive Aqueous Media,
UTECH 2000 Conference, The Hague, The
Netherlands, March 2000. Conference Pro-
ceedings, Coatings, Adhesives, Sealants and
Elastomers Session, Paper 9.
4
Hydroxyl Terminated Polybutadiene Res-
ins and Derivatives - Poly bd and Krasol,
Sartomer Technical Bulletin No. 3151, Sar-
tomer Co., 06/07.
5
Chao, H. S.; Pytela, J.; Tian, N.; Murphy,
J. Thermoplastic Polyurethanes (TPUs)
Derived from Hydroxyl-Terminated Polyb-
utadienes (Krasol
) API 2005 Polyure-

thanes Technical Conference and Trade
Fair, October 17-19, 2005.
6
Pytela J.; Sufcak, M. New Anionic Polyb-
utadiene Diols for Polyurethane Systems,
Proceedings of the Polyurethanes World Con-
gress 1997, Amsterdam, The Netherlands,
September 1997, pp. 704.
7
Chao, H. S.; Tian, N. Preparation and
Property Evaluation of Thermoplastic Poly-
urethanes (TPUs) Based on Polybutadiene
and Polyester Polyols Polyurethanes 2007
Technical Conference, September 24-26,
2007.
For more information, contact Herbert.Chao@CrayVal-
leyUS.com.
This paper was presented at Polyurethanes 2009 Tech-
nical Conference in Fort Washington, MD on behalf of
the Center for the Polyurethanes Industry (CPI).
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Appendix 1: Physical Properties
APRI L 2010
|

70
75
80
85
90
95
100
30 35 40 45 30 35 40 45
EHD
BEPG
TMPD
Hard Segment (%)
Prepolymer One-Shot
0
500
1000
1500
2000
2500
3000
3500
Tensile Strength of Polyurethanes from
New Chain Extenders and Polybd Resin
Modulus of Polyurethanes from
Elongation at Break of Polyurethanes from
Hardness of Polyurethanes from
Tear Resistance of Polyurethanes from
Hardness of Polyurethanes from
New Chain Extenders and Krasol Resin
Tensile Strength of Polyurethanes from
Modulus of Polyurethanes from
Elongation at Break of Polyurethanes from
Tear Resistance of Polyurethanes from
0
200
400
600
800
1000
1200
1400
1600
0
50
100
150
200
250
300
0
100
200
300
400
500
70
75
80
85
90
95
100
0
500
1000
1500
2000
2500
3000
3500
4000
0
500
1000
1500
2000
0
100
200
300
400
500
600
0
100
200
300
400
500
600
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Prepolymer One-Shot
Prepolymer One-Shot
Prepolymer One-Shot
Prepolymer One-Shot
Prepolymer One-Shot
Prepolymer One-Shot
Prepolymer One-Shot
Prepolymer One-Shot
Prepolymer One-Shot
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30 35 40 45 30 35 40 45
Hard Segment (%)
30 35 40 45 30 35 40 45
Hard Segment (%)
30 35 40 45 30 35 40 45
Hard Segment (%)
30 35 40 45 30 35 40 45
Hard Segment (%)
30 35 40 45 30 35 40 45
Hard Segment (%)
30 35 40 45 30 35 40 45
Hard Segment (%)
30 35 40 45 30 35 40 45
Hard Segment (%)
30 35 40 45 30 35 40 45
Hard Segment (%)
30 35 40 45 30 35 40 45
Hard Segment (%)
EHD
BEPG
TMPD
EHD
BEPG
TMPD
EHD
BEPG
TMPD
EHD
BEPG
TMPD
EHD
BEPG
TMPD
EHD
BEPG
TMPD
EHD
BEPG
TMPD
EHD
BEPG
TMPD
EHD
BEPG
TMPD
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APRI L 2010
|

I
have been formulating adhesives and coat-
ings since 1956, and in those years have seen
government policies and regulations change
entire industries, some justifiably, others not
so justifiably.
Historical Perspective
In the early years, some adhesives and most coatings had
to meet severe fire-retardance tests. Adhesives, being sand-
wiched between two substrates, and therefore having less
exposed surface, were faced with far fewer and less stringent
restrictions than coatings. Flame-retardant additives were,
for the most part, expensive, calling for judicious use of the
products, using just enough to meet the requirements.
In those years, Monsanto had a marvelous chlorinated
resin/plasticizer/fire retardant series trade named Aro-
chlor. Available in both liquid and solid forms, covering a
multitude of melting points and a broad range of chlorine
contents, these resins imparted flame retardance to a host
of varied products. Soluble in many organic solvents, they
could be added directly to solvent systems. They could
also be emulsified for addition to water-based systems.
Formulations could be modified with these resins to meet
the most stringent test requirements.
Distillation, an important procedure in the course of
the manufacture of each Arochlor resin, resulted in a
dark, residual, high chlorine content still bottom as a by
product requiring disposal. For years, these still bottoms
were buried at various sites, until someone decided to
market them as cheap, chlorinated fire-retardant resins.
They could be coupled with asphalt to make low-cost,
fire-retardant roof coatings, whereas previous efforts to
fire retard inexpensive asphalts were cost prohibitive.
Suddenly, the still bottoms became a series of marketable
products rather than a landfill. These became the Montar
series of resins.
Those of you in the industry at the time probably recall
the publicity surrounding the sudden, mysterious decline
in the peregrine falcon population. Apparently, something
was responsible for the incomplete formation of the falcon
eggshells, leaving them thin and extremely vulnerable to
breakage. This was ultimately traced to residual quanti-
ties of these chlorinated resins.
These were the polychlorinated biphenyls and polychlo-
rinated polyphenyls that became so notorious under the
general designation PCBs. When they were withdrawn
from the marketplace, they left a tremendous void, which
formulators found difficult to fill.
Filling the Fire-Retardant Gap
One product that appeared to be a reasonable candidate to
fill the void was Firemaster T23P, from Michigan Chemi-
cal Corporation. This excellent fire retardant was so good,
in fact, that it was used to flame retard textiles, some of
which were used in the manufacture of childrens paja-
mas. As a result of some dermatological reactions, a ques-
By Jerome B. Marks, Ph.D., Technical Director | General Plastics Corporation, Bloomfield, NJ
Chemical
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Chemical Legislation
APRI L 2010
|

tion arose as to the possible carcinogenicity of T23P. Some
of you may remember the Tris fiasco, which resulted
in yet another flame retarding compound being removed
from the marketplace.
Antimony oxide coupled with chlorinated hydrocarbon
resins is, to a great extent, filling the void for now.
Other Legislative Efforts/Effects
Paints and other exterior coatings were, for years, color
matched to the recognized standards of the various
companies whose plants and manufacturing sites they
adorned. Lead and chromate pigments which, among oth-
ers, gave the formulator the versatility of color matching
coatings to any desired shade, were deemed hazardous
and removed from the market.
Mercurial preservatives, the most effective fungicides
and bactericides in the world, were viewed as being haz-
ardous, and were, therefore, removed from the market-
place. Their replacements initially resulted in inferior end
products, with higher raw material costs.
We can go back as far as 1966, when Los Angeles
enacted Rule 66 and San Francisco passed Regulation 3.
Both severely limited the use of photoreactive solvents,
such as xylene, in adhesives and coatings in order to
reduce smog generation. Then came a major trend going
from products in dangerous, highly flammable solvents
such as hexane, acetone and toluene to the safer non-
flammable chlorinated solvents. In that span of time, the
legal, Department of Transportation definition of a flam-
mable liquid, i.e., one requiring the red, diamond shaped
Flammable Liquid warning label, went from one having
less than an 80 F flash point to one having less than a 100
F flash point. To add to the confusion, IATA (International
Air Transport Association) regulations define a flammable
liquid as one having a flash point below 140 F. Today, the
cry is for the elimination of ODS (ozone-depleting solvents)
such as 1,1,1-trichloroethane and the toxic/carcinogenic
chlorinated solvents such as methylene chloride.
Then came the mother of them all asbestos. As a
raw material in adhesives and coatings, asbestos was
unique. It is flame retardant, acid and alkali resistant,
weather resistant, it is an insulation, a thixotrope, a film
reinforcer and it was CHEAP.
For decades asbestos was used in adhesives and coat-
ings in a multitude of applications from mobile home roofs
to ceramic tile adhesives. It was also used in automotive
brake linings, as building insulation, in high-temperature
protective gloves and fire-protective clothing. In short, it
found a place in virtually every industry.
In 1962, Dr. Irving Selikoff, Director of the Environ-
mental Services Laboratory at the Mt. Sinai School of
Medicine in New York, was hired by New York Local 12
and Newark Local 32, International Association of Heat
and Frost Insulators and Asbestos Workers Union to
examine the overabundance of asbestos-related illnesses
in union members. Dr. Selikoff found an apparent link
between asbestos exposure and the incidence of lung can-
cer, asbestosis and mesothelioma.
Although asbestos was a primary raw material in the
products of such prestigious organizations as National
Starch, GAF, PPG, 3M, HB Fuller, etc., the panic resulting
from Dr. Selikoffs report fomented government legislation
that placed the entire asbestos industry in jeopardy.
The fact that the large majority of these cases stemmed
from overexposure to the dense fogs of airborne asbes-
tos fibers so common in the World War II shipyards of
20 years prior, did absolutely nothing to mitigate the
general panic and concern regarding asbestos. Rather,
it fostered a whole new, highly regulated, exceptionally
lucrative industry asbestos abatement.
OSHA
In 1970, the Williams Steiger Act was passed into law.
This ultimately became the Occupational Safety and
Health Act (OSHA). Under OSHA requirements, employ-
ers must maintain a complete and accurate Material
Safety Data Sheet (MSDS) for each hazardous material
that is used in the facility.
The MSDS is a detailed information bulletin prepared
by the manufacturer, which describes the physical and
chemical properties, physical and health hazards,
routes of entry, precautions for safe handling and use,
emergency and first aid procedures and control and
disposal methods, for each product. An MSDS must
accompany each shipment of hazardous or potentially
hazardous material.
OSHA 174, preceded by OSHA Form 20, is a simple,
easy-to-read and understand two-page affair. Although
OSHA specifies the information to be included in an
MSDS, it does not prescribe the precise format. The result
has been completely worthless and totally incomprehen-
sible 20- and 30-page documents, serving no purpose
other than to comply with the letter of the law.
In no possible way could a police officer, confronted
with a spill of a hazardous substance, quickly and easily
take the necessary emergency measures to reduce the
hazard by reading the MSDS accompanying the shipment.
He wouldnt be able to locate the pertinent information, let
alone comprehend it. This is very definitely self-protective
overkill sponsored by government legislation.
Something would certainly appear to be very wrong
with government legislation when it is easier to purchase
an assault weapon than it is to buy a few drops of cycla-
mate to sweeten your coffee.
Comments may be directed to Dr. Marks at jmarks@gpnorth.com.

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Conference Schedules
Exhibitor Information
Dining Guide for
Charlotte
Blogs before and
during the show
Follow @PCImag
on Twitter!
Visit www.pcimag.com/ac_show TODAY
to get easy access to AC Show updates!
Reynolds Mixers do
three things better
*

than any other mixers.
Which means you can do three
things better
1. Mix viscous products faster
2. Have less product waste
3. Increase your prot
*Get better mixing results.
Get Reynolds in the Mix
803 518-1301 reynoldsuixers.cou
Tel (703) 471-6870 www.hunterlab.com info@hunterlab.com
Measure Reflected
Color of Coatings
The HunterLab LabScan XE color mea-
surement spectrophotometer is ideal for
quality control and color formulation of
paint. Its advanced optical design auto-
matically includes the effects of gloss
and texture so it sees color the way
your eye does. The system measures
raw materials such as pigments, bases
and additives as well as finished product
including liquid paint, powder coatings,
paint draw-downs and coated product.
HunterLab
DeFelsko Corporation
The Measure of Quality
U.S. manufacturer of coating thickness
gages and inspection instruments. The
simple, durable and accurate PosiTector
6000 Series is ideal for measuring
coating thickness on all metals while the
PosiTector 200 series measures coatings
on non-metals. Also featured are the NEW
PosiTest AT-A Automatic Adhesion
Tester, PosiTector Dew Point Meter
and the PosiTector Ultrasonic
Thickness Gage.

Address: 802 Proctor Ave., Ogdensburg, NY 13669
Phone: +1 315/393-4450 Fax: +1 315/393-8471
E-mail: techsale@defelsko.com Web: www.defelsko.com
Schold Machine
Celebrating our 61st year of manufacturing
rugged, dependable process equipment for
low to ultra-high viscosity products.
Other than countless custom designs,
we offer Single, Multiple and Co-Axial Shaft
Dispersers, Rotor Stators, Mixers, Blenders
and Letdown Agitators.
We also offer Horizontal and Vertical Bead
Mills as well as several styles of Hydraulic
Discharge Presses.
www.schold.com
CINIC is a world wide supplier of high quality, high performance organic
pigments to the Coatings, Plastics and Speciality Inks markets. Through
our Cinilex range of products, CINIC has quickly become a key high
performance pigments supplier in the global market.
For more information, please visit our new website: www.cinic.com
Conn and Company, LLC
Conn and Company, LLC, will
feature its new CONN Blade

of UHMW Polyethylene as
well as its high-pumping/
low-shear blending blades and
high-pumping/high-shear
dispersion blade.
814-723-7980
www.connblade.com
P R O D U C T S
APRIL 2010
|
W W W . P C I M A G . C O M 100

Oven
PRECISION QUINCY: Model
EC4156TCDIF has an
overhead trolley conveyor
support that enables long
parts to be loaded into the
oven by manually pushing
the conveyor trolley. Once
loaded, the operator closes
the heavy-duty doors on
the oven entrance end.
When curing is complete,
double doors on the exit end are opened to pass through the
finished parts. This Class A oven is custom designed and opti-
mized for powder curing of long pieces of aluminum extrusions.
The interior working space on this model is 360 cubic feet with
an anticipated operating temperature of 375 F and a maximum
temperature of 450 F. Visit www.precisionquincy.com.
Mixer
CHARLES ROSS & SON CO.: The In-line SLIM does not require a
pump or eductor, thereby lowering operation and maintenance
costs. The unique rotor/stator generator in this system includes
progressive spiral porting, which produces high flow, high shear
and a high level of vacuum within the rotor/stator generator. This
enables the system to operate without a pump and induct pow-
ders at unprecedented rates, resulting in shorter mixing cycles, an
immediate lump-free dispersion of the powders, improved end-
product quality and a safer working environment by eliminating
dusting in the plant. Visit www.highshearmixers.com.
Additive
BYK ADDITIVES & INSTRUMENTS: ANT-TERRA
-250 offers superb

stabilization of fillers and inorganic pigments, resulting in good
color acceptance and low-E values in the coating system. Floating
and flooding of these pigments is prevented and, due to the thix-
otropy effect, settling and sagging in aqueous systems is avoided.
It is recommended for water-reducible primers, emulsion paints
and floorings. Free of solvents and with a high solids content, it
improves flow and leveling, especially in waterborne self-leveling
flooring based on epoxy resins. Visit www.byk.com.
Container
PLASTICAN INC.: The 36BR is a 4.25-gallon rectangular plastic
container designed to provide better cube efficiency and volume
packaging. Rigid yet lightweight, these containers tolerate a wide
temperature range. They also offer easy handling and excellent
stacking strength. Produced using high-density polyethylene or
propylene, these pails score high on environmental sustainabil-
ity scorecards. Hinged lids are available, are easily resealed and
feature a tamper-evident tear strip. Bi-directional handle options
allow better ergonomics. Visit www.plastican.com.
Heating Element
PROCESS TECHNOLOGY: The CE-certified quartz infrared heat-
ing elements offer a heavy-wall quartz sheath. They are available
in sizes 500-4000 watts and in a variety of voltages, includ-
ing 120, 208 and 240.
Ceramic insulators
provide positive elec-
trical insulation. The
elements are used
for curing, baking
and drying applica-
tions and are capable
of reaching full heat
in 40 to 65 seconds.
With watt densities of
50 watts per square
inch, the elements contain long-life nickel chrome resistance wire.
E-mail ssmith@process-technology.com.
Mixer
SPX: Nettco i-Series portable and fixed-mount mixers satisfy a
wide range of mixing and mounting requirements, utilizing a
distinctive modular assembly design. Multiple mounting configu-
rations include clamp style, open tank or sealed designs for maxi-
mum flexibility. The mixer design can be quickly converted from
one mounting arrangement to another in as little as two minutes.
Visit www.lightninmixers.com.
Specialty Chemical
DOW: ECHELON
MU 290 specialty isocyanate is a uretonimine-

modified MDI-based solution for adhesives, sealants, elastomers
and coatings applications. With improved shelf life and reduced
P R O D U C T S
P R O D U C T S
101
emissions, it has good compatibility for
mixing. It offers improved clarity for the
creation of products with lighter color
requirements and can be used for the
production of quasi and full prepolymers,
and two-component urethane coatings,
adhesives, sealants, and solid and micro-
cellular elastomers. A liquid product, it
offers improved shelf life and low-tem-
perature flexibility and can be stored eco-
nomically and conveniently at room tem-
perature. Visit www.dowechelon.com.
Resin
DSM POWDER COATING RESINS:
Uralac
P 3220 gives excellent durability

in a wide range of colors at lower cur-
ing temperatures with improved blanch-
ing performance and heat resistance.
This polyester resin offers an all-in-one
solution for curing: low temperature, fast
curing, excellent flow and non-blooming.
Visit www.dsmpowdercoatingresins.com.
Media Mill
NETZSCH FINE PARTICLE TECHNOLOGY:
The updated ZETA RS is equipped with an
advanced media separation system and
improved mechanical seal system that allow
the mill to handle the smallest grinding
media and enable the mill to grind particles
as small as 50 nm. It also meets require-
ments for comminution down to the nano
range using the mild dispersion process,
which protects the desired properties of the
material. With a new tilting-chamber feature
that allows easier loading and unloading
of grinding media, it is available in four
chamber sizes, ranging from two liters to 25.
Visit http://grinding-netzsch.com.
Rheology Modifier
COGNIS: DSX 3291 is an associative thick-
ener for green water-based coatings. An
excellent pseudo-plastic viscosity builder,
it is up to five times more efficient than
conventional products. It is easy to handle,
can be incorporated into coating formula-
tions with low shear power, and enables
thick coatings to be easily sprayed. It is
suitable for all types of paints, including
premium flat and eggshell, semi-gloss,
and gloss coatings. Visit www.cognis.com.
Preservative
ISP PERFORMANCE CHEMICALS:
Nuosept
BMc 422 is a broad-spec-

trum preservative that is active against
microbes, bacteria and fungi at use levels
ranging from 0.05-0.5 percent by weight.
The aqueous solution of actives will not
contribute to the VOC of the product
preserved and contains no formaldehyde.
It is demonstrated as an in-can pres-
ervation system for water-based paint
and coatings systems, aqueous polymer
emulsions and latex systems, adhesives,
and sealants. The preservative may be
added at any point in the production
cycle. E-mail aficon@ispcorp.com.
Carbon Black
CABOT CORP.: EMPEROR 1800 provides
high black color performance, rapid and
economical dispersion, and long-term performance stability. Con-
sisting of small-particle carbon black that is chemically modified
in order to attach specific functional groups to the pigment sur-
face, it is fully compatible with waterborne systems and delivers
better performance than conventional oxidized carbon black
pigments. It disperses quickly. As a result, grinding times are
shortened and the quantity of dispersion additives required to
achieve optimum performance can be considerably reduced.
E-mail Gerard_romainville@cabot-corp.com.
Catalog
BROOKFIELD ENGINEERING LABORATORIES: This 2010 full-color
catalog features a new powder flow tester that delivers quick
and easy analysis of powder flow behavior in industrial process-
ing equipment. Also
included are: DV-II+Pro
EXTRA, a viscometer
that delivers time sav-
ings and superior per-
formance in the lab;
EZ-Lock spindle cou-
pling kits; the Falling
Ball viscometer, an
instrument that pro-
vides dynamic viscos-
ity measurement of
transparent Newto-
nian fluids; and the RS
Portable Rheometer,
which operates in the
lab, on the production
floor or in the field with
a rechargeable battery.
Visit www.brookfieldengineering.
Fluorosurfactant
CHEMGUARD: S-764P fluorosurfactant is a VOC-free, short-chain
(C6), phosphate-ester-based product ideal for use in VOC-free
coatings, floor polishes and inks. Its surface activity rivals competi-
tive longer-chain perfluoro products now on the market, with no
need to increase concentrations to obtain similar results. Chloride-
free and available as an easy-to-use liquid, it provides numerous
benefits in paint, adhesives, metal plating, waxes and polishes.
E-mail bgilbert@chemguard.com.
Balance
PAUL N. GARDNER
CO., INC.: FX-iWP is
the first waterproof
and dustproof, 0.001 g,
compact precision bal-
ance. It incorporates a
reduced-size, compact,
super-hybrid sensor
that provides quick
(one-second) readings
with high precision.
The new statistical cal-
culation function provides statistical data display or output of
weighed samples. Visit www.gardco.com.
APRIL 2010
|
W W W . P C I M A G . C O M 102

P R O D U C T S
Selecting the best
Additives is Childs Play
Serving the Paint and Coatings Industry with innovative silicone additives
for better flow, leveling, slip, mar resistance, and foam control.
Innovative Silicones for your Technology
SILTECH CORPORATION
225 Wicksteed Avenue,
Toronto, Ontario, Canada,
M4H 1G5
Tel: (416) 424-4567
Fax: (416) 424-3158
www.siltechcorp.com
Manufacturer of organo
modified & reactive silicones.
JBW Systems, Inc.
(614) 882-5008
www.jbwsystems.com
To learn more about our
innovative mixing equipment
call JBW Systems today.
The JBW Line of
Patented Conical, Turbine
Impellers for Drums,
Totes and Lift Systems
JBW Systems has
manufactured
high-quality, mixing
equipment for
drums and totes
for over 18 years
proving that it is
possible to have
superior mixing at
an affordable cost.
INNOVATIVE SOLUTIONS. GLOBAL KNOWLEDGE.
WACKERs dispersions, binders, resins, additives and elastomeric materials for most
every conceivable (and inconceivable) coating application are being showcased at the
American Coatings Show. Speak with our technical experts about how WACKER can
help build sustainable solutions into your products performance and appearance.
See us at the American Coatings Show, booth #2408, and put our innovative solutions
and global knowledge to work for you.
CREATING TOMORROWS SOLUTIONS
Wacker Chemical Corporation, 3301 Sutton Road, Adrian, MI 49221, USA
TEL: +1 888 922 5374, FAX: +1 517 264 4068, info.usa@wacker.com
Wacker Chemie AG, Hanns-Seidel-Platz 4, 81737 Mnchen, Germany
TEL: +49 89 6279 0, FAX: +49 89 6279 1770, www.wacker.com
Plot Your Course for Real
SUCCESS
Find out how we can customize a
research solution to help your bottom line.
BETH SUROWIEC | 248.786.1619
surowiecb@clearseasresearch.com
www.clearseasresearch.com
Working with Clear Seas Research allows
you to competitively position your business
within the industry market and ultimately
guides your company to make successful
and informed decisions, establish a plan for
the future and reach its overall objectives.
At Clear Seas Research, we
develop customized market
research solutions.
CLEAR SEAS RESEARCH.
Making the Complex Clear.
105
C L A S S I F I E D S
CUSTOM MANUFACTURING EQUIPMENT POSITIONS AVAILABLE
Stainless IT Stainless ITT
The CONN Blades
Most Efficient & Aggressive Available
UHMW Poly
w w w . c o n n b l a d e . c o m
(814) 723-7980
856-467-3399
www.heinkelusa.com
Horizontal Peeler Centrifuges
Vertical Basket Centrifuges
Inverting Filter Centrifuges
www.pcimag.com/classifieds
Toll Manufacturing,
Converting, Packaging,
Fill Off and Private Labeling
Urethanes, Solvent & Water-Based Systems,
Acrylics, Epoxy, Ink, etc.
Packaging from quarts to totes
High speed dispersion, blending, milling
Best color matching in the industry
QC and testing equipment
Enviro, UV, abrasion, adhesion testing
California permitted to meet enviro regs
Sony Green Partner
Jeff Laird (866) 894-5252 ext. 220
Huntington Beach, CA
www.paintmfg.com
HOCKMEYER
EQUIPMENT CORPORATION
A leader in the grinding and
dispersion industries
New & Used Equipment
Dispersers Mills Mixers
Tank & Tote Washers
Particle Size Analysis Vessels
Visit us at
www.hockmeyer.com
or call us at 252-338-4705
Wanted to purchase:
Used Dispersers
& Mixers
Custom/Contract Manufacturing
Polymers-Coatings-Adhesives
Polymerization: Acrylic Emulsion,
Solution Acrylic, Waterbased
& Solventbased Urethanes
Pigment Dispersion & Pigmentation
Resin Cuts, Blending
R&D, Q.C., Custom Color Matching
Drums, Totes, Bulk
ISO 9001: 2001 Registered
Contact Mike Lombard
Ph: 978-988-0880, ext. 304
FAX: 978-658-3366
info@allcoattech.com www.allcoattech.com
EQUIPMENT
REPS WANTED
Product Development Specialist
Polymer Coatings-
NEI Corporation of Somerset, NJ is a
leading manufacturer of Nanomaterials for
diverse industrial applications and is seeking
highly technical individuals with experience
in coatings science and engineering:
Requires experience in:
Materials synthesis and coatings formulations
Polymer synthesis
UV cured coatings
Materials characterization
Applications development
Writing and presentation
Visit www.pcimag.com/classifieds
for more details of this position.
Please send resume to:
HumanResources@neicorporation.com
DEVELOPMENT CHEMIST
Manufacturer of worlds #1 resist ink and coat-
ings for the printed circuit board industry has an
immediate opening for a Development Chemist.
Duties include, but are not limited to: product
development, modification, and testing of inks
and coatings, analyzing test results, composing
detailed written reports regarding chemical
characteristics. Qualifications: BS Chemistry,
Chemical Engineering or Polymer Science
required. Knowledge of inks, coatings, conduc-
tive pastes, and/or UV cure systems is a plus.
Mail or fax resume to:
Taiyo America, Inc.
Attn: Human Resources
2675 Antler Drive
Carson City, NV 89701
775-885-9972 (fax)
APRIL 2010
|
W W W . P C I M A G . C O M 106

To place your classified ad, contact
Andrea Kropp
Ph: (810) 688-4847 Fax: (248) 502-1048
Email: kroppa@pcimag.com
AD INDEX
13th Annual Coatings
Trends & Technologies . . . . 97
www.coatingsconference.com
Acme-Hardesty Co. . . . . . . . 26
www.acme-hardesty.com
ACT Test Panels . . . . . . . 28, 78
www.acttestpanels.com
Air Products . . . . . . . . . . 17, 26
www.airproducts.com/newdawn
Alberdingk Boley . . . . . . . . . 31
www.AlberdingkUSA.com
American Coatings
Show 2010. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 39
www.american-coatings-show.
com
Anton Paar . . . . . . . . . . . 22, 28
www.anton-paar.com
Arch Biocides . . . . . . . . . . . . 26
www.archbiocides.com/
proxelbzplus
BASF . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 59
polyorders@basf.com
BASF . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 15, 26
Brenntag North America . . . .7
www.brenntagnorthamerica.com
Buhler Inc. . . . . . . . . . . . 20, 26
www.buhlergroup.com
Burgess Pigment . . . . . . . . . 85
www.burgesspigment.com
BYK USA Inc. . . . . . . . . . . . . 13
www.byk.com/innovation
Cabot. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 26, 63
www.cabot-corp.com/coatings
Calumet . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 100
www.calumetspecialty.com
CAS-MI . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 28
www.InnovationCAS-MI.com
Celanese Emulsion
Polymers . . . . . . . . . . . . . 31, 55
www.celanese.com
CINIC . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9, 99
www.cinic.com
Clariant . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 89
www. pa.clariant.com
Clear Seas Research. . . . . . 104
www.clearseasresearch.com
Cleveland Steel Container . 30
www.cscpails.com
Cognis. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 27
www.cognis.com
Conn and Co.. . . . . . . . . . 12, 99
www.connblade.com
CRODA Coatings &
Polymers . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 27
www.crodapolymersandcoatings.
com
Custom Milling &
Consulting. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 29
www.cmcmilling.com
Cytec Industries Inc. . . . . . . 65
www.cytec.com
DeFelsko Corp. . . . . . . . . 36, 99
www.defelsko.com
Dow Coating Materials . . 1, 31
www.dowcoatingmaterials.com
Dow Microbial Control . . . . 23
Elcometer . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10
www.elcometer.com
Elementis Specialties . . . . . . 57
www.elementis.com
EMD Chemicals, Inc. . . . . . . 30
www.emdpigments.com
Ethox Chemicals LLC. . . . . . 27
www.ethox.com
Emerald Performance
Materials . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 90
www.emeraldmaterials.com
EVERLIGHT USA, INC. . 27, 84
www.ecic.com
Evonik Industries . . . . . . . . . . .2
www.evonik.com/chroma-chem
Evonik Industries . . . . . . . . . 83
www.smartformulating.com
Fitz Chem Corporation . . . 101
www.fitzchem.com
Glen Mills Inc. . . . . . . . . . . . . 46
www.glenmills.com
Heubach. . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11, 30
www.heubachcolor.com
Hockmeyer Equipment . 29, 50
www.hockmeyer.com
HunterLab . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 99
www.hunterlab.com
IMERYS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 27, 43
www.imerys-perfmins.com
JBW Systems, Inc. . . . . . . . 102
www.jbwsystems.com
Jyoti Ceramic Industries . . . . .3
www.jyoticeramic.com
King Industries. . . . . . . . 27, 58
www.kingindustries.com
Kish Company. . . . . . . . . . . . 29
www.kishcompany.com
KW Container. . . . . . . . . . . . 30
www.kwplastics.com
LANGGUTH America Ltd. . 30
www.langguth-america.com
LANXESS Corporation . . . . 69
www.mpp.us.lanxess.com
LyondellBasell. . . . . . . . . . . . 73
www.tbac.com
MACE Polymers &
Additives, Inc. . . . . . . . . . . . . 31
www.maceco.com
Maroon Inc.. . . . . . . . . . . . . . 47
www.marooninc.com
Mason Color Works, Inc. . . . .4
www.masoncolorpigments.com
Michelman. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 37
www.michelman.com
Micro Powders, Inc. . . . 27, 107
www.micropowders.com
Morchem . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 31
www.morchem.com
Mnzing. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 108
www.munzing.com
MYERS
Engineering, Inc. . . . . . . 29, 71
www.myersmixer.com
Nubiola . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 30, 75
www.nubiola.com
Pan Technology, Inc.. . . 19, 30
www.pantechnology.com
PCIs AC Show Microsite 93, 99
www.pcimag.com/ac_show
Perstorp . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 27, 77
www.perstorp.com
Pilot Chemical Company . . 76
www.pilotchemical.com
Premier Mill,
An SPX Brand. . . . . . . . . . . . 29
www.premiermill.com
Q-Lab . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 14
www.q-lab.com
Quickblades, Inc. . . . . . . . . . 29
www.quickblades.com
RadTech UV&EB 2010 . . . . 95
www.RADTECH2010.com
R.E. Carroll, Inc.. . . . . . . . . . 29
www.recarroll.com
Reitech Corporation . . . . . . . .6
www.reitechcorporation.com
Reynolds Industries. . . . . . . 99
www.reynoldsmixers.com
Rhodia . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 28, 74
www.rhodia.com
Ross, Charles & Son . . . . . . . 25
www.mixers.com
Russell Finex Inc. . . . . . . 29, 42
www.russellfinex.com
Saiden Technologies . . . . . . 31
www.saiden.com
Sartomer . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 21
www.sartomer.com
Sasol . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 28
www.sasoltechdata.com
Schold Machine . . . . . . . 92, 99
www.schold.com
Shamrock
Technologies, Inc. . . . . . 28, 67
www.shamrocktechnologies.com
Shanghai Tiansheng
Chemical Co., Ltd. . . . . . 28, 46
www.tianshengchem.com.cn
The Shepherd Color
Company . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 45
www.shepherdcolor.com
Sigmund Lindner GmbH 30, 64
www.sili.eu
Silicone Solutions. . . . . . . . . 79
www.siliconesolutions.com
Siltech Corporation . . . . . . 102
www.siltechcorp.com
Specialty Polymers, Inc. . . . 31
www.specpoly.com
Taber Industries . . . . . . . . . . 70
www.taberindustries.com
TCR Industries . . . . . . . . . . . 16
www.tcrindustries.com
TRICOR Systems Inc. . . . . . 99
www.tricor-systems.com
Troy Corporation . . . . . . 28, 51
www.troycorp.com
Unimin Corp.. . . . . . . . . . . . . 24
www.BrilliantAdditions.com
Univar. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 35
www.univarusa.com
Wacker . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 44
www.wacker.com/e-business
Wacker Chemical
Corporation. . . . . . . . . . . . . 103
www.wacker.com
Worle-Chemie GmbH . 31, 41
www.worlee.com
Yuron Chemical Industry. . 91
www.yulongchem.com

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Mason Colors high performance pigment technology for coatings provides the ultimate in heat resistance, UV

. Put it to work for you. Together, we can help you achieve a

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acrylic latexes, Joncryl

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Plc, a global coating technology

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For more information, visit www.masoncolorpigments.com.

188 and A308 polyester polyols are

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polycaprolactones for non-yellowing, super-durable

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For more information, visit www.netzsch-grinding.com.

CF 20 is a nonionic deflocculation dispersing and

Performa CF20 was compared against an industry-stan-

C. Both dispersing additives pro-

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CF 20 is indeed a very effective

CF 20 not only matched the per-

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CF 20-containing system differs from that of

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Sample A 100 0 0.09 2.10 0.51 16.2 53.7

220-530) were excellent chain extend-

HP, i.e., resorcinol di(-hydroxyethyl)ether was

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-250 offers superb

MU 290 specialty isocyanate is a uretonimine-

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