Pavans Spoken English We Make Your Dreams True.

1 By
Mr. K. V. Sampath Pavan
MBA, MA Eng. Lit.
Director


Somebody, Someone, Anybody, Anyone etc.
There is no real difference between somebody and someone. Similarly, there is no difference
between anybody and anyone, everybody and everyone or nobody and no one.
Note that the forms with body are a little more informal.
There is somebody at the door. (= There is someone at the door.)
Is there anybody? (= Is there anyone?)
Some- and any-
The difference between somebody and anybody, somewhere and anywhere and something
and anything are the same as the difference between some and any.
The words somebody, something, somewhere etc., are used in affirmative clauses, whereas the
words anybody, anything, anywhere etc., are used in negative and interrogative sentences.
There is somebody at the door.
Did anyone come?
I don't want to go anywhere too expensive.
If you need anything just tell me.
Note: When these words are used as subjects they are followed by singular verbs.
Everybody loves her.
Everything is ready.
Note that somebody is normally used to refer to only one person. To refer to more than one
person, we use some people.
Somebody wants to meet you.
some people want to meet you.
To refer back to somebody, anybody etc., they, them and their are used with singular
meanings.
Nobody came, did they? (Here the pronoun they refers back to nobody.)
Somebody left their umbrella in the office. (Here the pronoun their refers back somebody.)
Special Uses of Some Conjunctions
Because
Because often introduces new information which is not known to the listener/reader. It
puts more emphasis on the reason. When the reason is the most important part of the sentence,
the because-clause usually comes at the end.
We had dinner after ten o' clock because dad arrived late.
He bought a new home because he won a lottery.
I read because I like reading.
Pavans Spoken English We Make Your Dreams True.

2 By
Mr. K. V. Sampath Pavan
MBA, MA Eng. Lit.
Director


Yes, you can use because at the beginning of a sentence. Because puts more emphasis on the
reason, and most often introduces new information which is not known to the listener/ reader.
Because I was ill for six months, I lost my job
A because-clause can stand alone.
Why are you crying? Because John hit me.
As and since
As and since are used when the reason is already known to the listener/ reader, or when it is not
the most important part of the sentence. As and since clauses often come at the beginning of
sentences.
As and since are used when the reason is already well known and is therefore usually less
important. The as or since clause is usually placed at the beginning of the sentence:
'As the performance had already started, we went up to the balcony and occupied some
empty seats there.'
Since I love you, lets get married
Since he had not paid his bill, his electricity was cut off.
As and since can both be used to refer to the reason for something. They are used in the same
way.
As he wasn't ready, we went without him.
Since she wanted to pass her exam, she decided to study well.
Since- and as-clauses cannot stand alone.
Since
As a conjunction sincemeans from and after the time when.
I have never seen him since I left school.
Many things have happened since he died.
We have been living here since I was a boy.
It has been raining since we reached the city.
Note that when sinceis used as a conjunction denoting time it should be preceded by a verb in
the present perfect, and followed by a verb in the past tense.
Sincecan also mean seeing that, as and similar ideas.
Since that is the case, I will excuse you. (= As that is the case, I will excuse you.)
Since it is raining, we cant go out. (= As it is raining, we cant go out.)
Pavans Spoken English We Make Your Dreams True.

3 By
Mr. K. V. Sampath Pavan
MBA, MA Eng. Lit.
Director


OR
The conjunction or is used to introduce an alternative.
You can have tea or coffee.
We can wait or we can go.
You may take this or that.
Or can mean otherwise.
You must study hard or you will not pass.
In some cases or can be used as an equivalent to and.
They were not wanting in strength or courage, but they were poorly motivated. (= They were not
wanting in strength and courage but they were poorly motivated.)
If
I f can mean on the condition that.
If he comes we will meet him.
If you ask, he will help.
If you heat ice, it melts.
I f can also mean admitting that.
If I am blunt, I am at least honest. (Admitting that I am blunt, I am at least honest.)
I f can mean whether.
I asked him if he would come.
I dont know if she is interested in the offer.
I f is also used to express wish or surprise.
If only I knew!
That
As a conjunction that is used to express a reason or cause.
He was annoyed that he was contradicted. (= He was annoyed because he was contradicted.)
She was upset that he didnt write to her. (= She was upset because he didnt write to her.)
That can express a purpose.
We eat that we may live.
We sow that we may reap.
That is also used to express consequence, result or effect.
Pavans Spoken English We Make Your Dreams True.

4 By
Mr. K. V. Sampath Pavan
MBA, MA Eng. Lit.
Director


He was so angry that he tore the letter up.
She was so weak that she sat down to rest.
It was so late that we didnt go out.
Than
As a conjunction, than is used with comparative adjectives and adverbs.
She is taller than her husband.
Wisdom is better than riches.
I love you more than he does.
While
Whilemeans during the time that which.
While you were playing I was working.
While there is life, there is hope.
The boys sang while the girls danced.
While can also mean whereas.
While he is hard working, his brother is quite lazy.