CHAPTER 8

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CHAPTER EIGHT - BOCBMAR IHABA
RUSSIAN CUISINE - PYCCKAR KYXHR
In Chapter Eight you will learn how to do the following:
1. to read a Russian menu
2. to order a meal
3. to express a preference
4. to ask for a bill
You will learn the following points of grammar:
1. the instrumental singular of adjectives
2. the instrumental plural of nouns
3. the instrumental case of function (without a preposition)
4. the verbs to eat` (ec1t) and to drink` (nn1t)
Activity One - Hepnoe sa(anne
Speaking Pairwork. Look at the pictures above, then ask your partner what is
being served for breakfast, lunch and supper. Use the following model as a guide:
- 1o ceion na :an1ax'
- Ceion na :an1ax xe6 n xo]e.
Note: the English word order is diIIerent Irom Russian; e.g. n1o ceion na :an1ax' - what is Ior breakIast
today?
:an1ax breakIast na ynn Ior supper
o6e dinner xynna chicken
ynn supper aena i6a Iried Iish
na :an1ax Ior breakIast noxno tomato
na o6e Ior dinner nne1na xanyc1a cauliIlower
The Russian system oI naming meals is both simple and
universal. The three main meals oI the day are: :an1ax
(breakIast), o6e (lunch) and ynn (supper); lunch being
taken between 1 p.m. and 2 p.m. On special occasions,
such as birthdays, anniversaries etc. and especially when
guests are invited, o6e - the main meal oI the day - can be
moved to the evening.
:an1ax
o6e y nn
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Activity Two - B1ooe :aanne
Listening/Reading Listen twice to the following telephone conversation between a
hotel guest and room service and find out what the guest has ordered for breakfast. Tick
what she ordered in the table below the dialogue.
The Russian breakIast tends to be a major meal which can comprise porridge, sausage, cold meat, eggs
and cheese as well as the usual bread, butter, jam etc. with coIIee or tea. You can choose as much or as
little as your appetite dictates. To Iollow the conversation you will need to understand: xo1ea 6i
:axa:a1i ... (I would like to order ...), xo]e co cnnxaxn (coffee with cream), onn y nac oneni
nxycnie n cnene, 1oixo n1o ncnexn (we have very tasty and fresh ones, just baked).
Ioc1i - ,o6oe y1o, xo1ea 6i :axa:a1i :an1ax n noxe.
O]nnnan1xa - ,o6oe y1o, n1o ni xo1n1e na :an1ax'
Ioc1i - Aneicnnonin cox, noaync1a, no1ox nnnnny,
1nooi n xo]e.
O]nnnan1xa - Xoomo. Bi xo1n1e 1nooi c caxaox nn c naeniex'
Ioc1i - C naeniex, noaync1a.
O]nnnan1xa - A xo]e c xooxox nn co cnnxaxn'
Ioc1i - C xooxox.
O]nnnan1xa - Mooxo ionee nn xoonoe'
Ioc1i - Xoonoe, noaync1a.
O]nnnan1xa - Bi ne xo1n1e :axa:a1i 6yonxn nn oianxn x xo]e'
Onn y nac oneni nxycnie n cnene, 1oixo n1o ncnexn.
Ioc1i - oneni n6n oianxn. Onn oianx, noaync1a.
O]nnnan1xa - Xoomo. Hon1on nam :axa:: aneicnnonin cox,
nnnnna, 1nooi c naeniex, onn oianx n xo]e c
xoonix* xooxox.
Ioc1i - ,a, cnacn6o.
O]nnnan1xa - Hoaync1a.
Breakfast order
orange juice
coIIee with cream
coIIee with hot milk
coIIee with cold milk
Iried eggs
cottage cheese with sugar
cottage cheese with jam
buns
croissants
* The adjective xoonin is used in the Instrumental case. The Instrumental singular oI adjectives is very
simple to Iorm. Eor masculine and neuter adjectives just remove the Nominative ending -mn/-oe and add the
ending -mu. II the stem oI an adjective ends with r, x, x, a, u, m, m, then remove -nn/-ee and add -nu:
xoonin cox c xoonix coxox ionnn nan c ionnx naex
xoonoe xooxo c xoonix xooxox ionee xooxo c ionnx xooxox
Eor Ieminine adjectives remove -an (or soIt -nn) and add -on (or soIt -en):
xoona noa c xoonon noon cnn cyxxa c cnnen cyxxon
o]nnnan1xa waitress xoonin cold
aneicnnonin cox orange juice 6yonxa bun
nnnnna Iried egg(s) oianx croissant
1nooi (1nooi) cottage cheese x xo]e with coIIee
naenie jam non1o1i (I) to repeat
ionnn hot :axa: order
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Activity Three - Tpe1te sa(anne
Speaking Role-play. Using the breakfast menu below play the part of A and your
partner the role of B, then reverse the roles.
MLHI 3ABTPAKA
1. naenie nna nxy1yn 10. oain co cxe1anon
2. naenie nna ncx1xy 11. 6nnnnxn c 1nooiox
3. oxe1 12. 1nooi co cxe1anon
4. nnnnna 13. 1nooi c naeniex
5. ci 14. aneicnnonin cox
6. cocncxn 15. ananacnin cox
7. oncna xama 16. ienn]y1onin cox
8. xanna xama 17. xo]e c xooxox / co cnnxaxn
9. ncona xama 18. nan c nxonox/xeox
A (waiter/waitress) B (guest)
Say good morning. Respond appropriately.
Ask: 'What would you like to order ? Choose any Iruit juice and an egg.
Ask: 'Would you like it hard or soIt boiled? Make your own choice.
Ask iI the guest wants anything else. (Bi Say you would like some pancakes, but
xo1n1e eme n1o-nn6yi') without cottage cheese. Order them with jam
and soured cream.
Ask iI the guest wold like some tea or coIIee. Say you would like some coIIee with hot milk.
Say hello (formal). Give an appropriate reply (formal).
Ask iI the guest would like some juice. Say you don`t want any juice.
OIIer some tea or coIIee. Order some tea with cold milk without sugar.
Ask iI the guest would like anything else. Choose some sausage and porridge.
OIIer some drop-scones; say they are very Ask iI you can order them without soured
tasty. cream but with butter and pineapple jam.
Reply positively and repeat the whole order. ConIirm it and say thank you.
Activity Four - He1np1oe sa(anne
Speaking Pairwork. Look at the pictures on the next page and ask your partner at
what time people have their breakfast, lunch and supper. Then change roles and answer
your partner questions about the time of your meals.
You will need to remember the Russian Ior to have breakIast/lunch/supper`, Iirst introduced in Chapter
Eour, which are expressed by one word. Simply add -a1t to the noun Ior the meal in question:
:an1ax +a1i = :an1axa1i o6e +a1i = o6ea1i ynn +a1i = ynna1i
breakIast to have lunch to have supper to have
breakIast lunch supper
xenn (n indeclinable) menu xanna xama semolina
nno (pl nna) egg(s) ncona xama rice pudding
naenoe nno boiled egg oai (pl oain) drop-scone(s)
nxy1yn (adverb) hard boiled oain co cxe1anon drop-scones with soured cream
ncx1xy (adverb) soIt boiled 6nn(nnx) pancake, small pancake
oxe1 omelette ananacnin cox pineapple juice
cocncxa IrankIurter ienn]y1onin cox grapeIruit juice
xama porridge xe honey
oncna xama oat porridge 6e: ( gen) without
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The Irregular verb to eat` - ec1t
This verb has very unusual singular endings. Learn the conjugation of this verb by heart:
LCTI
Singular Plural
ex I eat xi enx we eat
1i emi you eat ni en1e you eat
on/ona/ono ec1 he/she/it eats onn e1 they eat
The verb ec1t is Iollowed by the Accusative case: ec1i cyn/xco/i6y.
The verb to drink` - nn1t
This verb has regular Iirst conjugation endings. The only thing to remember is that you have
to replace the -n- oI the inIinitive with -t- in all personal Iorms:
HHTI
Singular Plural
nin I drink xi niex we drink
1i niemi you drink ni nie1e you drink
on/ona/ono nie1 he/she/it drinks onn nin1 they drink
The verb nn1t is Iollowed by the Accusative case: nn1i cox/xooxo/noy.
Activity Five - Hn1oe sa(anne
Speaking Pairwork. Ask your partner what his/her family members usually eat and
drink at breakfast time. Then reverse roles. Check the results with the rest of the group to
discover the most popular breakfast food and drink. Use the vocabulary list at the foot of the
page to help you.
ec1i (irregular) to eat xn:n (pl) muesli
nn1i (irregular) to drink xoncennonanna ]acoi (I) baked beans
ec1i / nn1i na :an1ax to eat / drink Ior breakIast 6exon bacon
1oc1 toast (]yx1onin) noiy1 (Iruit) yoghurt
xoni (pl) Ilakes, cereals ex marmalade
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Activity Six - mec1oe sa(anne
Reading Read the following extract from a book for young parents which gives
advice on feeding a child. Answer the questions below in English. Use the vocabulary list at
the foot of the page to help you.
COBLTL PO,HTLM
,ooine on1en, ea e6enxa ona 6i1i nxycnon n a:noo6a:non.
3an1ax oen nxnna1i n ce6 nana1i n1i/1nna1i nonen1on cy1onnoio
annona, o6e - 1nna1i n1i/coox nonen1on n ynn - 1nna1i/coox
nonen1on.
He nnnyan1e e6enxa ec1i, ecn on ne xone1. He a:eman1e exy
a:ionanna1i, nn1a1i xnniy nn cxo1e1i 1eenn:o no nex ei. C mec1n
e1 on xoe1 ec1i :a o6mnx c1oox c on1exn.
Hoxnn1e: caxoe no1n1 anne1n1. He anan1e e6enxy caoc1n o ei.
Pe6enox oen ec1i nee: 1n c noonnnon - ne1ie naca.
1. What percentage oI the daily ration is provided by dinner?
2. What three activities are discouraged at meal times?
3. At what age is it suggested that a child may eat with adults?
4. How Irequently should a child be Ied?
5. What problem is associated with eating sweets?
6. How can this problem be overcome?
:an1ax - 25%/30%:
cy1onnoio annona
Activity Seven - Ce(tuoe sa(anne
Listening The following recording outlines a suitable breakfast menu for children.
Listen to it twice and fill in the partially completed table below in English.
Food Quantity Drink Quantity
80 gm Iruit juice 200 gm
hard-bolied egg ------ 200 gm
------ coIIee with milk
drop-scones with soured cream
------ ------ ------
rice pudding 200 gm ------ ------
semolina 200 gm ------
cottage cheese with soured ------ ------
cream and jam
200 gm ------ ------
cone1 advice nonen1 percent noxnn1i (II) to remember
ooion dear cy1onnin annon daily ration caxnn sweet
on1en (pl only) parents no nex ( gen) during no1n1i ( acc) to ruin, damage
ona (I) 6i1i should be nnnya1i ( acc) to Iorce caoc1i (I) sweetmeat
nxycnin tasty ecn iI o ( gen) beIore
a:noo6a:nin varied a:ema1i (I) ( dat) to allow 1n c noonnnon three and a halI
nxnna1i n ce6 to contain ea (sing) meal(s) noce ( gen) aIter
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Activity Eight - Boctuoe sa(anne
Reading/Speaking Pairwork. As in Britain, the menu in Russia is usually divided into
sections. Read the following menu and complete the dialogue on the right. Use the vocabulary
list at the foot of the next page to help you.
(xoonie / ionne) :axycxn (cold / hot) starters
nenie 6na Iirst courses (usually various soups)
n1oie 6na main courses
caxne 6na or ece1 dessert
6e:axoioinie / axoioinie nann1xn non-alcoholic / alcoholic drinks
Note: you will see some words with the endings -aun (hard) /-nun (soIt). These are the Instrumental
plurals oI nouns: in6 (mushroom) - c in6axn; xoni - c xonixn.
Menn ,naoi
xoonie :axycxn: O]nnnan1 - ,o6in nene. Cyman nac.
1. nena/xacna nxa Hoc e 1n1e i - Order some black caviar.
2. caa1 c noxnoaxn n cxe1anon O]nnnan1 - K coaennn, nxi ne1.
3. oce1nna c onomaxn Hoc e 1n1e i - Ask iI they have any sturgeon.
O]nnnan1 - Give an aIIirmative reply.
ionne :axycxn: Hoc e 1n1e i - Order some sturgeon with vegetables.
1. ienxn c ne1nnnon, ciox n onomaxn O]nnnan1 - Bi ne xo1n1e :axa:a1i ionne
2. in6i c yxox :axycxn'
Hoc e 1n1e i - He1, cnacn6o.
nenie 6na: O]nnnan1 - Ask what your partner would like to
1. 6om order Ior Iirst course (na nenoe).
2. mn Hoc e 1n1e i - A n1o ni cone1ye1e :axa:a1i'
3. yxa O]nnnan1 - Say that the clear soup is delicious and
4. 6yion c nnoxaxn that the small turnovers are just baked.
Hoc e 1n1e i - Order the clear soup with turnovers.
n1oie 6na: O]nnnan1 - A n1o ni xo1n1e na n1ooe'
1. oc16n] c iannox Hoc e 1n1e i - Say that you would like to order some
2. 6e]c1oianon c ncox meat. Ask what the waiter would advise
3. mnnnei c xa1o]einix nne you to order.
4. oce1nna naona O]nnnan1 - Say that all the dishes are Iresh and
5. na1yc aenin tasty.
Hoc e 1n1e i - Make your own choice.
e c e 1 : O]nnnan1 - Xoomo. A n1o ni xo1n1e na ece1'
1. 6onnin nnoi Hoc e 1n1e i - Order some ice-cream.
2. xooenoe O]nnnan1 - Ask iI your partner would like some tea or
3. nnmnenin xoxno1 (other) drink.
Hoc e 1n1e i - Order some mineral water and an
axoioinie nann1xn: alcoholic drink oI your choice.
1. noxa O]nnnan1 - Ask if your partner would like some
2. xonix tea or coIIee.
3. nn Hoc e 1n1e i - Order some coIIee without milk or
4. nexy1 sugar.
5. nxe O]nnnan1 - Xoomo, non1on nam :axa:
(repeat the order).
6e:axoioinie nann1xn: Hoc e 1n1e i - ,a, cnacn6o.
1. aneicnnonin/ananacnin cox O]nnnan1 - Hn1noio anne1n1a.
2. xncei
3. xoxa-xoa/nencn-xoa
4. xnneaina noa
5. nan
6. xo]e
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Activity Nine - enn1oe sa(anne
Reading/Writing Read the menu from Activity Eight again. Choose one dish from
each section for your friend. He/she doesn`t like meat, but likes fish, as well as fruit and
vegetables. He/she is allergic to dairy products, citrus fruit and coffee and doesn`t drink
vodka. Eill in the table below with the dishes of your choice in Russian.
xoonie :axycxn
ionne :axycxn
nenie 6na
n1oie 6na
ece1
6e:axoioinie nann1xn
axoioinie nann1xn
Activity Ten - ecn1oe sa(anne
Listening/Reading/Speaking Listen twice to the following extract about table
manners from a book for young parents and see how many Instrumental forms of the noun
you can recognize. Then read it through carefully and answer the questions below in Russian.
,ooine on1en, cen1e :a 1ex, n1o6i e6enox nannino ea oxy:
ne n xyaxe, a 1ex nainaxn nanon yxn; ne e oxon 1o, n1o nao ec1i
nnxon. Hnynan1e e6enxa noi:ona1ic noox. Hao ea1i no n nanon
yxe, a nnxy - n enon.
Hoce ei e6enox oen nonoocxa1i o1 noon.
1. Kax nyno ea1i oxy'
2. B xaxon yxe nyno ea1i no'
3. B xaxon yxe nyno ea1i nnxy'
4. ex nyno nonoocxa1i o1 noce ei'
Note: you should have Iound Iive Iorms oI the Instrumental case oI the noun in this text. They are:
nainaun (pl), oxon (I sing), nnxon (I sing), noox (m sing), noon (I sing). As you can see, the
Instrumental case in this text is used without a preposition. When it is used in this way, it indicates the
instrument` by which an action is perIormed. This is oIten called the Instrumental oI Iunction; e.g.
ec1i noox n nnxon - to eat with a kniIe and Iork. In English, this meaning is generally expressed by
the preposition with noun.
oce1nna sturgeon na1yc halibut 1ex with three
ienxa crouton aenin Iried nainaxn Iingers
ne1nnna ham 6onnin nnoi apple pie nanin right
in6 mushroom nnmnenin xoxno1 cherry compote yxa hand, arm
yx onion(s) xonix cognac oxa spoon
6yion clear soup nn gin 1o, n1o what, that which
nnoox small pasty nexy1 vermouth nnxa Iork
oc16n] roast beeI nxe liqueur nnyna1i to teach
iann garnish xncei (m) Iruit jelly noi:ona1ic to use
6e]c1oianon beeI stroganoII cen1e :a 1ex, make sure that no kniIe
mnnnei (m) breaded veal cutlet n1o6i nao ea1i one should hold
xa1o]einoe mashed potatoes nannino correctly enin leIt
nne ea1i (II) to hold nonoocxa1i to rinse out ones
naonon steamed xyax Iist o1 ( instr) mouth (with)
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Activity Eleven - O(nnna(na1oe sa(anne
Listening/Reading Listen twice to the following poem by the Russian children`s poet
S. Mikhalkov and see if you can spot any nouns used in the Instrumental case of function.
Then read it through carefully and complete the partial translation below.
OBO]H (C. Mnxaxon)
Maxa onai c 6a:aa nnma, One day came back Irom the market
Maxa c 6a:aa oxon nnneca: brought home Irom the market
Ka 1 o mxy, ,
Kan y c 1 y, ,
Mo x o n xy, Carrots,
Ioox , Peas,
He1ymxy n cnexy. Parsley and beetroot.
Ox ! . . Aaah!..
Bo1 onomn cno :anen na c1oe - And the began to argue
K1o ynme, nxycnen n nynen na :exe: Who is the best, the tastiest and the most useIul in the
world:
Ka 1 omx a ' ?
Ka ny c 1 a ' ?
Moxonxa' ?
Ioox ' ?
He1ymxa ni cnexa' or ?
Ox ! . . Aaah!..
Maxa 1ex nexenex nonx n:a Meanwhile took a small kniIe
H nonxox +1nx xomn1i nanaa: And with this kniIe began to chop:
Ka 1 o mxy, ,
Kan y c 1 y, ,
Mo x o n xy, ,
Ioox , ,
He1ymxy n cnexy. and .
Ox ! . . Aaah!..
Haxi1ie ximxon n ymnox iomxe Packed tightly in the saucepan, covered with the lid
Knnen, xnnen n xy1ox xnn1xe: Were boiling, boiling in the seething water:
Ka 1 omx a , ,
Ka ny c 1 a , ,
Mox on x a , ,
Ioox , ,
He1ymxa n cnexa. and .
Ox ! . . Aaah!..
H cyn onomnon oxa:ac nenox! And the vegetable was delicious!
Activity Twelve - nena(na1oe sa(anne
Speaking Pairwork. Using the model below, ask your partner which sorts oI Iood
and drink he/she preIers.
- 1o 1i 6oime n6nmi - nan nn xo]e' - What do you preIer, tea or coIIee?
- 6oime n6n nan. - I preIer tea.
Note: the verb n6n1i (to like, love) is Iollowed by the Accusative case; e.g. n6n xco/i6y - I like
meat/Iish.
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Activity Thirteen - Tpnna(na1oe sa(anne
Listening/hriting Listen to the Iollowing dialogue, stopping and recapping as
oIten as you need, and Iill in the gaps in Russian.
O]nnnan1 - ,o6in nene. Bo1 _______________.
Hoce1n1ei - Hoc1n1e, nnoc1anen n noxo :nan ______________ ____________.
1o ni cone1ye1e ______________'
O]nnnan11: - Ha _____________ cone1yn____________ nenyn _________.
Hxa - nac1omnn yccxnn enxa1ec.
Hoce1n1ei - Xoomo, ony nonnn nxi c ____________ xe6ox n ____________.
O]nnnan1 - Bi ____________ cyn'
Hoce1n1ei - He1, cnacn6o. ne oneni iooen. A n1o ynme :axa:a1i na ___________'
O]nnnan1 - A n1o ni _____________ n6n1e - i6y nn ____________'
Hoce1n1ei - _____________ _____________ i6y.
O]nnnan1 - Toia cone1yn :axa:a1i ___________. Ona oneni ____________ n
cnea.
Hoce1n1ei - Xoomo, ___________ c naenon xa1omxon, ___________ n __________.
O]nnnan1 - A n1o ni xo1n1e ____________'
Hoce1n1ei - Onn 6oxa maxnancxoio n _______________ xnneainon noi.
O]nnnan1 - Ha ___________ cone1yn :axa:a1i ___________ nn ___________
____________.
Hoce1n1ei - He1, cnacn6o, ne ___________ caxoe. Toixo xo]e, ___________.
O]nnnan1 - Bi xo1n1e nenin xo]e nn c __________ '
Hoce1n1ei - C __________ ____________, noaync1a.
(an hour later)
Hoce1n1ei - ,an1e, noaync1a, cne1.
O]nnnan1 - Bo1, ____________ cne1.
Hoce1n1ei - Bce 6io oneni nxycno. _______________.
Activity Fourteen - He1mpna(na1oe sa(anne
Reading Pairwork. Read the completed version of the dialogue from Activity
Thirteen and answer the following questions in English.
1. What dish, in the waiter`s opinion, is a real Russian delicacy?
2. What does the customer order Ior starters?
3. What main course does he choose?
4. What is his choice Ior the side dish?
5. What alcoholic drink does he choose?
6. What is recommended by the waiter Ior dessert?
7. Why does he decline his recommendation?
8. What non-alcoholic drinks are ordered?
9. Was the customer satisIied with the meal?
cone1ona1i (cone1yn, to advise ynme better, best
cone1yemi) naenin boiled
nac1omnn real xa1omxa potato
enxa1ec delicacy 6oxa tall wine glass
nonn portion cne1 bill
ne iooen/ioona I am not hungry an1e cne1, noaync1a could you bring the bill, please
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GRAMMAR
THE INSTRUMENTAL SINGULAR OF AD1ECTIVES
Adjectival endings in the Instrumental singular are as Iollows:
Masculine/Neuter: -mu (hard),-nu (soIt)
Feminine: -on (hard),-en (soIt)
Nominative Instrumental
hard soft hard soft
m f n m f n m f n m f n
nonin nona nonoe cnnnn cnn cnnee nonmu nonon nonmu cnnnu cnnen cnnnu
End-stressed adjectives (e.g. ioy6on - blue) in the Instrumental case decline like nonin.
Note: some adjectives whose stem ends with r, x, x, a, u, m, m appear to have a mixed` declension. Eor
example, yccxnn looks like a soIt adjective in the masculine Nominative/Instrumental singular and all
plural Iorms. Remember the spelling rules:
1. n replaces m aIter r, x, x, a, u, m, m ;
2. unstressed o is replaced by e aIter a, u, m, m (e.g. compare c 6oimon i6on and c xoomen
i6on).
Activity Fifteen - Hn1na(na1oe sa(anne
Writing Put the nouns and adjectives in brackets into the Instrumental case.
1. Ceion na :an1ax xama co (cnnonnoe xaco) nn nnnnna c (aena
xo6aca), xo]e n 1oc1i c (xy6nnnnoe naenie). 2. Maxa nceia ee1 xe6
(6oimon no), a ]yx1i - (xaenixnn no). 3. oneni n6n mn co (cnea
xanyc1a). 4. Mo cec1a- neie1ananxa. Ona ne ec1 xco, no oneni n6n1 onomn
c (ac1n1einoe xaco), onomnie cyni n nnonie c (moxoanin xex). 5.
Inni o6inno noan1 co (cnea cxe1ana) n naeniex x nan. 6.
Tannnonnoe yccxoe 6no - 6nni c (xacna nn nena nxa).
Activity Sixteen - mec1na(na1oe sa(anne
Speaking Pairwork. Name, in Russian, the dishes pictured below and say which
ones you like and do not like.

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THE IRREGULAR VERB TO EAT` - LCTI
This verb has unusual singular endings. In the plural Iorms an extra consonant -(- appears
which is absent Irom the inIinitive and singular Iorms.
ex I eat xi enx we eat
1i emi you eat ni en1e you eat
on/ona/ono ec1 he/she/it eats onn e1 they eat
THE VERB TO DRINK` - HHTI
This verb has regular Iirst conjugation endings, but you have to remember to replace the
-n- oI the inIinitive with -t- in all personal endings.
nin I drink xi niex we drink
1i niemi you drink ni nie1e you drink
on/ona/ono nie1 he/she/it drinks onn nin1 they drink
Activity Seventeen - Ceuna(na1oe sa(anne
Listening/Writing Listen to the tape twice and fill in the gaps in Russian.
B Poccnn, xax n n Aninn, oneni n61 ___________.nan. Aninnane o6inno.
___________.nan c xooxox n 6e: caxaa. A yccxne ___________.nan 6e:
xooxa, nac1o c caxaox n nxonox. K nan o6inno noan1 caxoe: naenie,
xe, nnoin, xon]e1i n nenenie. Baenie n xe ___________.c xe6ox nn
neneniex, a nnoia noc1o xay1 n nan. Inni - 1oe 1annnonnoe 6no
x nan. Hx xono ___________.c xacox nn cxe1anon, c naeniex, c xeox n
c 1nooiox. Pyccxne oco6enno n61 ___________.nan neneox, noce ynna,
xoia xono cnoxonno nocne1i, noionon1i ono:na, onnx conox,
- nonaennnna1i.
Activity Eighteen - Boceuna(na1oe sa(anne
Reading/Speaking Read through the completed exercise above and answer the
following questions in Russian. Use the vocabulary list at the foot of the page to help you.
1. Kax nin1 nan n Aninn'
2. Kax n61 nn1i nan yccxne'
3. 1o o6inno noan1 x nan n Poccnn'
4. Koia yccxne n61 nn1i nan n nonexy'
nnoia sometimes noionon1i (II) ono:na to talk till late
noc1o xay1 simply put onnx conox in a word
cnoxonno nocne1i to sit quietly (no-)naennnna1i (I) to have tea
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THE INSTRUMENTAL PLURAL OF NOUNS
The Instrumental plural oI nouns is very simple. Irrespective oI gender, the endings
are -aun (Ior nouns with a hard stem - ending with a consonant, -a or -o) and -nun
(Ior nouns with a soIt stem - ending with -t-, -n-, -e- and -n-).
hard soft
Gender m I n m I n
Nom sing no oxa nnno xncei nnmn naenie
Instr pl noaxn oxaxn nnnaxn xncexn nnmnxn naenixn
Note: those nouns which have -tn in the Nominative plural (c1yi, cinoni, 6a1i) have -tnun in the
Instrumental plural (xonixn, c1yixn, cinonixn, 6a1ixn).
A Iew Ieminine nouns have ending -tun instead oI -nun. At this stage you need to remember only three oI them:
oni - oneixn, nn (people) - nixn, e1n (children) - e1ixn.
Activity Nineteen - enn1na(na1oe sa(anne
Speaking/Writing Look at the pictures below and answer the following questions. The
first question is already answered for you as an example.
1. C nex 51o1 cyn'
51o1 cyn c noxnoaxn.
2. C nex 51n nnoxn'
3. C nex 51o xooxo'
4. C xex xaxa :an1axae1'
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THE INSTRUMENTAL CASE OF FUNCTION (WITHOUT A PREPOSITION)
The Instrumental case without a preposition is generally used to indicate the instrument
with which an action is perIomed. In English this meaning is expressed by the preposition
with` noun: to write with a pen/pencil - nnca1i ynxon/xaanamox.
Activity Twenty - na(na1oe sa(anne
Reading Read and translate the following Russian recipe for coffee cream. Underline
all adjectives and nouns used in the Instrumental case. Can you distinguish which of them
express the meaning of function? Use the vocabulary list at the foot of the page to help you.
Koqennmn xpeu
,eennnon oxon ac1ee1i nnnie e1xn c caxaox n nannnnox.
Bcxnn1n1i cnnxn n o6ann1i na6yxmnn n xo]e ea1nn. Hoc1enenno
nxema1i nnxon ionne cnnxn n nnnyn xaccy n noea1i na nonon 6ane.
Cxa:a1i onnxonix nn ac1n1einix xacox xaenixne ]oxonxn,
a:on1i n nnx xex n noc1ann1i n xooninnx na nac. Onoxnny1i
]oxonxn c xexox na 1aexy. Vxacn1i xex ]yx1axn, moxoaox,
n:6n1ixn cnnxaxn. Hoana1i na ece1 c naex nn xo]e.
Note: all verbs in the text act as command Iorms (you should ...`); e.g. ac1ee1i - (you should) whisk.
Activity Twenty-One - na(na1t nepnoe sa(anne
Writing Complete the sentences below, putting the missing words in the appropriate
case.
1. Mi enx xoni
2. Mco e1
3. Ha 3anae nn e1
a n Hnnn nac1o e1
eennnin wooden xacca mass noc1ann1i (II) to put
ac1ee1i to whisk noea1i (II) to hold onoxnny1i to turn out
nnnin e1ox egg yolk nona 6an bain-marie 1aexa plate
nannnn vanilla cxa:a1i to grease yxacn1i (II) to decorate
ncxnn1n1i (II) to boil onnxonin olive n:6n1ie cnnxn whipped cream
o6ann1i (II) to add ac1n1einin vegetable noana1i to serve
na6yxmnn ea1nn dissolved gelatin ]oxonxa mould :ana west
noc1enenno nxema1i gradually Iold in a:on1i (II) to spoon Hnn India
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HOW TO EXPRESS PREFERENCE
There are two diIIerent ways to express preIerence in Russian. In Chapter 6 you learned
how to say I like` - xne nann1c. In this chapter you came across one more verb which
usually expresses a greater degree oI preIerence: to love - n6n1i. As in English, these
verbs are oIten interchangeable, but you must remember that in Russian the two
grammatical constructions are diIIerent:
xne nann1c i6a (I like Iish) n6n i6y (I love Iish)
dat verb nom nom verb acc
To say that you prefer something simply add 6oime (more) beIore the verb:
xne 6oime nann1c i6a= 6oime n6n i6y (I preIer Iish)
II you want to express an alternative add nex noun in Nominative case:
xne 6oime nann1c xo]e, nex nan = 6oime n6n xo]e, nex nan
(I preIer coIIee to tea)
Note: there is an actual verb to preIer` in Russian, namely nenonn1a1i (I). This is usually Iound in
dictionaries as a direct translation oI the English verb, but it is rarely used colloquially. Nevertheless, iI
you choose to use it, remember that it is Iairly Iormal and generally used when expressing an alternative:
nenonn1an xo]e (acc) nan (dat) (I preIer coIIee to tea )
THE VERB TO LOVE` - HKBHTB
This verb is oI the same type as the verb ionon1i (type II; see Chapter Seven). However,
note:
1. an -- in the first person singular only: 6/6 - n6n1i/n6n
2. mobile stress: inIinitive and Iirst person singular - last syllable stressed; other
Iorms - penultimate syllable stressed: n6n1i - n6n, n6nmi etc.
n6n I love xi n6nx we love
1i n6nmi you love ni n6n1e you love
on/ona/ono n6n1 he/she/it loves onn n61 they love
Activity Twenty-Two - na(na1t n1opoe sa(anne
Listening On the tape a mother is describing her family`s preferences for various
foods and drinks. Although you might not understand everything, you should be able to pick
out the preferences of the different members of the family. Listen to the recording twice and
indicate in the table on the next page these preferences. The first one is done for you as an
example.
You will need to know the Russian Ior (they) can`t stand` - 1ene1i ne xoiy1 and Ior (they)
adore` - o6oan1.
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Iood and drinks xa1i o1en oni cin
xco
xynna -----
6e]c1oianon -----
oc16n] -----
i6a
]yx1i
cox
6oxn
6anani
nnmnx (cherries)
nnnoia (grapes)
aneicnni
noxnoi
yx
xoxonxa
cnexa
moxoa
naenie
xo]e
nan
xooxo
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