B-9, CB-9, Cantonment Road, Cuttack-753001 +91-671-2304172/2304433, (M) +91- 9437034172 Email arunupadhyay30@yahoo.in (Summary) Yajña is not merely a procedure of worship or offerings in fire with mantras. It has been defined as the science of creation or production. This article describes and classifies the universal concept of production, creation and maintenance at various levels-cosmic, physical and internal. Basic foundation is the summary given in Gītā, chapter 3, verses 9-16 and chapter 4, verses 23-33. Yajña is complete universe as a form of Brahma ad that aspect is being explained here. Procedures and rituals are not explained here which are mostly symbolic. 1.Introduction-Various sects have described yajña as offerings in fire or procedures of worship by using certain mantras. Sectarian explanations tend to forget the basic meaning and are more concerned with highlighting their own sect and glorify that path. It surprising that an aspect of Brahma (Vişņu) has been called Yajña-Puruşa, which encompasses the whole universe, still nobody has viewed it as such. This has resulted in following misconceptions- (1) Yajña is offer of grains, ghee etc in fire, by reciting some mantras-It is universal aspect of production, creation and maintenance. All human activities involve Yajña- agriculture, education, statecraft, eating, breathing, commerce described as 13 types of Yajña in Gītā, chapter 4, verses 23-33. (2)Yajña was done by Ŗşis only-Even Asuras were doing it and they won because they were more sincere than devas. (3) Yajña was done in Vedic period- There is confusion that Vedic period started sometime in past estimated as 50000 years to 1500 BC and it ended long back in history. But Vedas in form of world and its description in words-both are eternal and are not creation of a single man. Yajña also has been created since beginning by Creator (Prajāpati) as per Gītā (3/10). (4) Yajña is special type of work in addition to normal works of livelihood-All works are to be done as a Yajña whose cycle needs to be maintained. To preserve it, we may consume only the residue. 2. Many streams of Vedānta-Brahma is one and its unity in various terms and descriptions in Vedas is shown by Brahma-sūtra, called Vedānta-darśana. But it is surprising that there are 8 varieties of Vedānta-darśana. Though Brahma is one, created Universe has variety and no single theory can fully describe it. There is duality in creation called variously as- (1) Ātmā-Jīva (Adam-eve), (2) Creator-created (Khudā-Khudāi), (3) Puruşa-Prakŗti, or Aja-Ajā (detached and active aspects of creator, (4) Sañchara-Pratisañchara (forward and backward processes etc. Due to dual destiny (Niyati), it is called Dvi-niyati or Duniyā. These are observed in 3 worlds-(1) Internal (within human body-Ādhyātmika, (2) Physical-as seen on earth- Ādhibhautika and (3) cosmic-Ādhidaivika. Thus, a total of 6 views (=2x3) are taken, giving rise to 6 Darśana (philosophy) and 6 Darśa-vāk (visible word or script). This is also due to 10 dimensions of universe called 10 Mahā-vidyā, out of which 5 are needed for description of mechanical world of physics-giving 5 basic units of measurements. 5 aspects of Chetanā (consciousness), which do chayana (ordering) give 5 more dimensions from 6 to 10. Still, we expect that at least Vedānta should have only one version. But, universe is created by 3 Guņas of Prakŗti, whose combination can be of 23 = 8 types. Thus, visible universe has 8 fold theories of unity. Creator has been explained by Advaita of 2 types-one is without any attributes, whose actions and forms are beyond perception. By combination of same source, different varieties are formed. The special feature is called Viśeşa and the philosophy which explains transformation by different combination of same atoms is called Vaiśeşika. For example, same gold can be shaped into various types of ornaments. Same wheat is used for bread, chapati, paratha etc. Viśeşa aspect was explained by Rāmānuja and Nir-viśeşa was explained by Śankara. Both have been made clear by Śukadeva in his comment after Gajendra-mokśa, in Bhāgavata- purāņa (8/3). Gajendra (Elephant king) had prayed Nir-viśeşa aspect, so no aspect with visible form (Deha-abhimānī = having body awareness) came, thinking that he was not being prayed. Finally, Nārāyaņa (living in the original water = nāra of universe) had to come on Garuɖa. Here, it appears, that Śukadeva is supporting formed aspects described by Rāmānuja, but Garuɖa has been called Chhando-maya (In form of Chhandas, various measures of world). एवं गजेनदमुपविणरत िनिवरशेषं बहादयो िविवध िलङ िभधािभमानाः। नैते यदोपससृपुिनरिखलातमकतवाततािखलामरमयो हिररािवरासीत् ॥ तं तददातरमुपलभय जगिनवासः सतोतं िनशमय िदिवजैः सह संसतुविदः। छनदोमयेन गरड़ेन समुहमानशकायुधो ऽभयगमदाशु यतो गजेनदः ॥ (शीमदागवत पुराण ८/३/३३-३४) 5 Mā-chhandas indicate 5 basic measures in physics. But there are many Vayah- chhandas. Vayana means weaving and vayas is bird also. This means 19 types of Vayah-chhandas in Yajurveda chapter 14 and many other types elsewhere. Yajurveda Vājasaneyī Samhitā, Chapter 14, verses 9-10 list 19 Vayah-chhandas. Verses 18-19 list 5 Mā-chhandas and their links-(1) Mā chhanda-Pŗīthvī (earth = compact structure), (2) Pramā-Antarikśa (intermediate between earth and vacant space), (3) Pratimā-Dyau (vacant space), (4) Asrīvi =Link, (5) Samā =space. A total of 24 chhandas are listed there, including Mana chhanda. Mana (mind) is one of the 9 dravya (object) which is 1 of 6 padārtha (entity) in Vaiśeşika Darśana, where atoms of mana also are defined. 40 chhandas are in chapter 15 verses 4-5. Vayah chhandas are explained in Śatapatha Brāhmaņa (2/3/4/21, 8/5/2/6, 3/3/3/3). Maitrāyaņī Samhitā chapter 39 which explains meaning of various chhandas. 3. Brahma, Karma, Yajña-These are indicated in Gītā, chapter 8 along with 3 world spaces-inner, physical, cosmic called Ādhyātmika, Ādhibhautika, Ādhidaivika. Brahma is the whole world-It has minute and visible motions at all points. Karma is visible motion of objects relative to each other. All forces do not result in desired motion or action-that is called Akarma. All acts or karma are not useful. Any action which produces desired object or result is called yajña, which occurs in cycles. It has existed since creation by Prajāpati. At any world level, it maintains the existence, so Vişņu has been called Yajña-Puruśa, as world order is maintained by that aspect of Brahma. Some part of the product is used by yajña process itself to continue the action, so we should consume only the residue, so that yajña cycle or world order does not stop. सहयजाः पजाः सृषटवा पुरो वाच पजापितः । अनेन पसिवषयधवमेष वोऽिसतवषकामधुक् ॥१०॥ (गीता, अधयाय ३) यजिशषािशनः सनतो मुचयनते सवरिकिलबषैः ॥१३॥ एवं पवितरतं चकं नानुवतरयतीह यः । अघायुिरिनदयारामो मोघं पाथर स जीवित ॥१६॥ Prajāpati had created yajña along with creation of Prajā (beings) itself and directed them at start-you produce by it and let it satisfy all your desires. (10) Those who eat only the remains of yajña are freed of all sins. (13) The cycle of yajña needs to be continued, non-follower of the dictum leads useless life only for satisfying his organs. (16) 4. Cycle of Yajña-Its 7 parts are defined in Gītā (3/14-15)- अनादविनत भूतािन पजरनयादन समभवः । यजादवित पजरनयो यजः कमरसमुदवः ॥१४॥ कमर बहोदवं िविद बहाकरसमुदवम् । तसमातसवरगतं बह िनतयं यजे पितिषतम् ॥१५॥ Chain of creations is-(1) Akśara, (2) Brahma, (3) Karma, (4) Yajña, (5) Parjanya, (6) Anna, (7) Bhūta-which is same as Akśara (1). Here, Brahma is not the ultimate creator. Rather, it is inert matter, called Brahmā in Purāņas. Brahmākśara = Brahmā + Akśara as well as (Brahma + Akśara). The Great Being is called Puruşa, which means man at individual level. The whole world is a great man. Universal or individual aspects are seen at 4 levels-(1) The outer form is always decaying, so it is called Kśara. (2) Creative or functional identity is called Akśara. That is hidden, so it is called Kūţastha. Kūţa also means hill-top, which is named as identity of a hill. (3) Avyaya is link of change due to surroundings. Total remains the same, so it is not spent or avyaya. (4) Parātpara is same for all objects-there is no distinction at any level. (see Gītā, 15/16-18) Akśara at grand level started material creation by its desire. At individual level also, a conscious being is needed for action. Firstly, it arranges matter and then does work-called Karma. That involves some movement. The process of creation of desired object is called Yajña. It creates unnecessary things also. That creation is in an enclosed space-called Parjanya = pari + janya. Pari =surrounding, janya =creative. In agriculture, most important is rains, so parjanya =rain also. Parjanya creates Anna which means food. This is term for agriculture. In other Yajñas, anna means any desired goods or services-as stated in modern economics. Finally, all beings are created or maintained by consuming that Anna, and is able to engage in another Yajña, as Akśara. 5. Cosmic Yajña-(A) Order-Its sequence is given in Taittirīya upanişad (2/1)- तसमादा एतसमादातमन आकाशः समभूतः । आकाशादायुः । वायोरिगनः । अगनेरापः । अदभयः पृिथवी । पृिथवया ओषधयः । ओषधीभयोऽनम् । अनातपुरषः । Sequence of creation is-(1) Ātmā =Original conscious being. It had mind living in vacuum-called Śvo-vasīyasa-mana, (2) Ākāśa = vacant space, (3) Vāyu = motion, (4) Āp = uniform spread of matter, (5) Pŗthivī = compact (= pŗthu) structure, (6) Oşadhi = Plants. Normally, these are divided into 2 classes. Oşadhi is annual plant which dies after fruit. Others are vanaspati. Here both are included. (7) Anna = Food. In general, it means anything which is consumed for existence. (8) Puruşa, which is same as (1), but a local form. The 7 stages of yajña cycle are called 7-fold sāma in Chhāndogya upanişad, chapter 2, parts 8-10. Sāma is of 3 types-(1) of Vāk = space, (2) of Āditya = initial form of world (ādi = start), (3) of eternity beyond death. Parts 2-7 state 5-fold sāma of 6 types-(1) Loka = structures of space, (2) Lower worlds = Micro structures of 7 levels starting with cell, atom, nucleus, (3) Varşā = rains. In general, it means any radiation or outflow. The source is called Vŗşā = male. Receiving field is called Yoşā = female. (4) Jala = Uniform spread of matter at various levels. In universe it is Rasa or Ānanda. In galaxy, it is Āp. In solar system it is Mara. (5) Ŗtu = seasons. Parallel to 6 seasons on earth surface, there are 6 Vaşaţkāras (Vāk + şaţ) or zones in solar system having varying levels of energy. In all cosmic structures, different levels of energy create objects and are called-Ŗtu-pitara. Pitara means Pitā + mātā = father and mother. (6) Paśu = animal. It is derived from Paśya = to see. Whatever is seen is called paśu = which is consumed in any process of creation. Creator is Kaśyapa, i.e. reverse of paśyaka. (7) Prāŋa = energy. For each creation some energy is needed. (B) Prāŋa - Prāŋa is stated of 7 types in Muŋɖaka upanişad (2/1/8) from 7 types of tongues of Agni (Agri = first created). Thus, the first yajña farming is called agri- culture. Prāŋa of 5 types is stated in Śvetāśvatara upanişad (1/5) etc. Out of 7 prāŋas-2 are beyond perception-(1) Parao-rajā is beyond rajas = lokas or places of creation, (2) Ŗşi is asat-prāŋa or invisible as it is smallest level of creation of string (rassi) 10-35 meters, called primordial string in string theories of physics. Tongues are of 7 types for consuming (lelāyamānā) and 7 types for radiating (archi) in Muŋɖaka (1/2/4) and (2/1/8). Thus, total is of 14 types as stated in Svasti-pāţha (agni-jihvā manavah, manu = 14). (C) Reverse Tree-Visible levels of world are 5 corresponding to 5 chakras (nerve- junctions for control of each level of body) in central nerve of back-bone. 2 source levels are invisible, corresponding to Sahasrāra and Ājñā chakras in brain. Their sequence is called reverse tree in Gītā (15/1), where source is called root and up and creation types are called branches downwards. End products are leaves. Cosmic tree and human tree as its image- No. Cosmic tree Element Human Tree 1.Abstract source rasa- Vindu ( invisible 4th level of ॐ) Sahasrāra (top of head) (Sahasra-balśā =1000 possibilities) 2. Śvo-vasīyasa-mana ॐ of 3 parts A+U+M Ājñā -2 parts of brain and link (The desire which created world, mixture of matter and energy). (Behind eyebrow center) 3. Universe = Idam (This) Ākāśa (space) = almost vacant. Viśuddhi in neck. (¼ of total rasa, 1011 galaxies, Svayambhū =self created) 4. Galaxy of 1011 stars, Vāyu =start of motion Anāhata (heart region) (Parameşţhī =largest brick, Brahmāŋɖa =1 egg of Brahma) (center of blood and air circulation) 5. Solar system Teja (radiation energy) Maŋipūra (navel region) (Saura maŋɖala is ātmā =soul of world as source of energy) (Center of digestion and energy) 6. Sphere of moon orbit Ap (water, cool spread of matter) Svādhişţhāna (base of backbone) Chāndra maŋɖala is creating plant life. (Discharge of mala, procreation) 7. Earth=Bhū maŋɖala Agni (agri =first created, base=pada or foot) Mūlādhāra (seat center) Compact or dense base of world. Center of physical body. (D) Letters-All the visible stages 3-7 are called Agni in general. Last 3 stages-sun- moon-earth have visible effect on us and are called 3 eyes of Śiva. 5 visible stages of world are indicated by 5 basic vowels-A, I, U, Ŗ, Ļ. Thus, Śiva is expressed as U+ Ŗ +Ļ = Hulhuli (continuous chanting of these sounds) or Holi. Corresponding 5 chakras of back-bone are indicated by 5 internal letters called Bīja =seed of chakras-h, y, v, r, l. These are in sequence of Māheśvara-sūtra which is basis of Sanskrit grammar of Pāŋini. Last letters in each sūtra are markers. अइऊण् । ऋलृक् ।.....हयवरट् । लण् । These sūtras are also described as sequence of creation in Nandikeśvara-Kāśikā. (E) Āditya-3 Ādityas or initial forms of world are-Aryamā, Varuŋa, Mitra in 3 dhāma or spaces of Universe, galaxy and solar system, called upper, middle and lower dhāma. They are now visible in intermediate regions (antarikśa) between 3 dhāma as sky and last base earth. Uniform source all over is Parama-dhāma. Parallel to that, there are 4 dhāma on earth. There are 3 earths, defined by zones lighted by sun and moon in Vişŋu purāŋa (2/7/3-4)-(1) Earth planet lighted by both sun-moon. (2) Earth of solar system which is exclusive zone lighted by sun. Zones formed around earth by motion of planets up to Uranus are named as Dvīpa (continents) and oceans as named on earth surface. Loka (lighted part) of 50 crore yojana diameter and. Aloka (dark) zone of double size-are 2 steps of Vişņu-third step is up to end of solar system. (3) Galaxy is the largest earth, last limit of visibility of sun as a point, called Kāśyapī. The central rotating disc is called a river-ākāśa-gangā. Sky for these 3 earths are-solar system, galaxy and universe. (F) Lokas-4 spheres and 3 intermediate spaces are 7 lokas-Bhū (Earth), Bhuvar (planetary system of sun), Svar (solar system of 1575 million sun diameters, or 230 of earth size), Mahar (sphere of width of spiral arm of galaxy near sun = 2 40 earth size), Janah (Galaxy). It is Parārdha = half of 1017yojana as in Kaţha upanişad (1/3/1) etc. = 97000 light years. Yojana here is 1/20 circumference of earth), Tapah (visible universe of 864 billion light years diameter), Satya (Infinite universe which is same = satya in all directions, places and times). (G) Varāha-Uniform spread is water, compact structure is earth-in between is mixed called Varāha or cloud. On earth, it means boar which is an animal of land and water both. Creative intermediate form of universe was vague forms of galactic clouds-that is Ādi-Varāha (initial). Creation process or Yajña started with formation of galaxies-that is called Yajña-Varāha. Formation of solar system started with radiation of light, which is white, so its formative shape was Śveta-Varāha. Earth was created by scattered rocks spread near its orbit in zone of 10 sun-diameters as per Vāyu purāŋa (6/12). It contains earth of 1/109 sun diameters, thus it is a mere dot on white teeth of that boar called Bhū-Varāha, that may be lighted zone called Gojā (born of go = sun rays). All life forms on earth are maintained by atmosphere of width of 1/24 radius of earth, that is adjacent or Emūşa-Varāha. Cycles of creation and destruction of each level of world is maintained in time cycles of Brahmā, Vişŋu, Śiva, Śakti. Yajna of last Emūşa-Varāha is maintenance of our atmospheres, i.e. avoiding pollution of gases, heat etc. 6. Yajñas in Gītā-Gītā (4/23-30) describe 13 types of yajñas. Worship by yajña has been called Bhāva yajña in Gītā (3/11). These are- (1) Brahma-yajña-That is basic attitude of considering everything as Brahma. That is indicated by example of tree in many ways- (a) Brahma is unattached, un-involved observer like a static tree. (b) Brahma is the creator like creation of life forms by a tree. (c) Brahma is the material for creation like wood of tree is made into furniture. (d) Brahma is chain of creation like parts of tree-root = source, branch = many directions of creation, leaf = end structure, which decays. (e) Brahma is forest, i.e. collection of various chains of creation and also the place for that. (f) All chains of action and reaction. यसमात् परं नापरमिसत िकिञचद् यसमानाणीयो न जयायोऽिसत किशत् । वृक इव सतबधो िदिव ितषतयेकसतेनेद ं पूणर ं पुरषेण सवरम् ॥ (शेताशतरउपिनषद् , ३/९) =There in none other beyond Him. There is neither smaller nor greater than Him. That one complete Puruşa oversees whole world in space, standing like a static tree. अथातो बहिजजासा ।१/१/१। जनमदसययतः ।१/१/२। (बहसूत) =The knowledge starts with enquiry about Brahma. That is from which this (world) is born etc. (grows, decays and merges in it after death) िकं िसवदनं क उ स वृक आस(सीद् ) यतो दावा पृिथवी िनषतकुः । मनीिषणो मनसा पृचछतेदु तत् यदधयितषद् भुवनािन धारयन् ॥ (ऋक्, १०/८१/४, तैितरीय संिहता ५/६/१/२०, तैितरीय बाहण २/८/९/२०) = (Question)-What was that forest and the tree out of which sky and earth were formed. Thinkers questioned within mind as to who held this world. बह वनं बह स वृक आसीीद् यतो दावा पृिथवी िनषतकुः । मनीिषणो मनसा िवबवीिम वो बहाधयितषद् भुवनािन धारयन् ॥ (तैितरीय संिहता ५/६/१/२१, तैितरीय बाहण २/८/९/२१) = (Answer)-Brahma was the forest and Brahma was that tree from whose cutting sky and earth were formed. Thinkers reasoned within mind that it was Brahma only which held all the worlds. िकं िसवदासीदिधषानमारमभणं कतमितसवत् कथासीत्। यतो भूिम ं जनयन् िवशकमा िव दामौणोन् मिहना िवशचकाः॥(ऋक्, १०/८१/२) = What was the foundation, starting point, and source matter from which the creator (Viśvakarmā) created earth and set them in space. ऊधवर मूलमधः शाखमशतथं पाहुरवययं । छनदािस यसय पणािन यसतं वेद स वेदिवत् ॥ (गीता, १५/१) =The eternal tree has roots upwards and branches downwards. All structures enclosed in a boundary (Chhanda) are its leaves (transient products). Knower of this (reverse) tree only knows Vedas. बहापरणं बह हिवबरहागनौ बहणा हुतम् । बहैव तेन गनतवयं बहकमरसमािधना॥ (गीता, ४/२४) This verse of Gītā is recited at start of food, though its meaning is much general- Brahma is all offering process and material. That is consumed by Brahma by fire in form of Brahma. That reaches Brahma only by unity of Brahma and all actions. For creation of world, Puruşa (Brahma) itself is used as material also, so it has been called Paśu (Puruşa-sūkta, Ŗk 10/90/9). Puruşa-medha is also called Sarva-medha. Creation needs calm or steady state, that is termed as Rātri (night). 10 cycles of day-night are needed for complete creation called Daśa-rātra. See-Śatapatha Brāhmaņa (12/1/3/20), Gopatha Brāhmaņa pūrva (5/7),Taittirīya Brāhmaņa (2/3/1/11), Tāņɖya Mahā-Brāhmaņa (4/8/6). Man as image of world is produced in 10 cycles of moon in about 273 days. Pitar body is of moon, it is created in 10 revolution of earth. Atharva-veda, chapter 18 is only for rites of Pitars. (2) Daiva-yajña-Deva is the creative energy or Prāŋa. Non-productive in called Asura. Jagat (dynamic world) has been created by Devas only, not from Asuras. Rasa has the root Prāŋa Ŗşi, which creates Pitar Prāŋa. That is proto-type giving Deva and Dānava (Asura) both. Only Deva creates Jagat. ऋिषभयः िपतरो जाताः िपतृभयो देव दानवाः । देवेभयसतु जगतसवर ं चरं सथाणवनुपूवरशः॥ (मनु समृित ३/२०१) As Devas create us, we have to maintain them. By caring for each-other, deva and men-both groups will achieve ultimate good देवानभावयतानेन ते देवा भावयनतु वः । परसपरं भावयनतः शेय ं परमवापसयथ ॥ (गीता ३/११) Good is of 2 types-śreya (which gives lasting good and fame) and preya (pleasant). A thoughtful man discriminates and selects śreya while dull men care only for sensory needs. शेयश पेयश मनुषयमेतसतौ समपरीतय िविवनिकत धीरः । शेयोिह धीरोऽिभ पेयसो वृणीते पेयो मनदो योगकेमाद् वृणीते॥ (कठोपिनषद् १/२/२) The people who try creative work are Devas, while Asuras do not try to produce, but loot others and destroy. Ultimate Creator Deva is only the Brahma. Creative energy of 33 regions of solar system (3 within earth and 30 outside-each double of previous starting with earth) are 33 Devas. In each zone, there are 3 types of Asuras which are forms of ‘water’ of galaxy ruled by Varuŋa-(1) Vŗtra -This encloses body in a vŗtta = circle. This restricts contact with others, preventing creation. (2) Namuchi -This is like foam which is opaque boundary between water, air and some mud. (3) Bala-This bends (Balana) or obstructs motion-that is definition of force in Newton’s laws of motion also. Thus there are 33x3 = 99 Asuras. Devas being one fourth, the created world in only one out of 4 parts of Puruşa (Puruşa-sūkta, 3, 4). 33 Devas are in 3 groups-8 Vasus which are forms of agni = compact matter/energy. 11 Rudras which are form of Vāyu =motion, and 12 Ādityas, called Ravi =field of sun’s radiation. At 2 junctions of the 3 groups, there are 2 Aśvins (formed by Aśva = driving energy of sunrays). Beyond solar system Devas are called Viśvedeva. Outside galaxy are Vairāja-devas. There are physical and internal forms of these Devas. Solar system is indicated by chakra at navel region, controlling digestion. There are 30 dhāmas of solar system beyond earth. By creation, original source Rasa or Ānanda is depleted. It is minimum on earth-which is densest in solar system, It increases by 100 times in successive dhāmas as per Taittirīya upanişad (2/8). Whole solar system is floating in ocean of galaxy which is mostly ethyl alcohol (Ŗk 1/154/4,5)- it is also called Vāruņī or soma. Thus, medicines are dissolved in alcohol and diluted 100 times at each step giving 1 power. 30 power is related to most deceases related to digestive system. Parallel to 33 dhāmas, there are 33 joints in back-bone. Solar system is separated in dense zones like curd (dadhi), so it is Dadhīchi zone. Orbit of solid planets is called ocean of dadhi n Bhāgavata purāņa, part 5. Inner space of solar system is filled with glucose (madhu) and outer zone is with fat (ghrita) molecules. Thus, dadhi, madhu, ghrita are offered in fire in yajña rituals. (3) Brahmāgni-yajña-That is chain of yajñas, i.e. product of one yajña is used for next yajña. Within man, physical body (kśara) is under control of Akśara, i.e. intellect and personality. That is consumed by Avyaya -i.e. surrounding of family, society, house etc. Finally all is consumed by Parātpara-or the Universe. That is sacrifice of self in Kurān by 4-footed Bakar-each part is consumed by next level. In society, man is used or consumed by family, family by village, village by district and state. Product of basic yajña agriculture is grains, which is used by next yajñas of trade, food-processing industries. Crust of earth is an ocean of soil, its churning gives minerals-called samudra-manthana. Product of that yajña is used for next yajña of metal and then machines etc. That is called offer yajña of in next yajña. बहागनवपरे यजं यजेनैवोपजुहित । (गीता ४/२५) यजेन यजमयजनत देवासतािन धमािण पथमानयासन् । ते ह नाकं मिहमाा नः सचनत यत पूवे साधयाः सिनत देवाः ॥ (पुरष-सूकत, यजुवेद ३१/१६) Before Devas, it was period of Sādhyas (before 29102 BC) who worshipped yajña by yajña only and reached the top. It was maintaining chain of yajña. But one chain should not obstruct the others. That grand co-ordination was arrived at by Brahmā, one of the Sādhyas. (4) Sanyama-yajña-In all actions, we are diverted from main path due to desires of senses. Withdrawal from unnecessary and irrelevant acts is called Pratyāhāra. Concentration on main object is Dhāraŋā, and its continuation is Dhyāna. Their joining with Samādhi = equanimity is called Sanyama in Pātñjala Yoga-sūtra (2/54, 3/1-4). Chapter 3 describes 52 types of sanyama for 52 achievements called Vibhūti. All the sense organs are merged into fire of sanyama for working in co- ordination. That is related to the next yajña. (5) Indriya-yajña-All sense organs are withdrawn from their senses of 5 types-śabda (sound), sparśa (touch-by tvachā), rūpa (form), rasa (taste), gandha (smell). (6) Prāņa-karma-yajña-There are 5 prāņa and 5 upa- prāņa –related to functions of organs of body. By knowledge of their functions, they are consumed by fire of self- control (Ātma-sanyama-yoga). We maintain co-ordination among organs and their prāņa for their optimum use (7) Dravya-yajña-This is investment of dravya (materials and money) for production and earning more dravya. Some part of earning is used to maintain cycle of production or tread, remaining (ucchişţa) is consumed. (8) Tapo-yajña-Tapa means labour, expenditure of energy for desired work. As every energy finally becomes heat, tāpa (=by tapa) means heat. Original zone in space is Tapah-loka, whose radiation reaches other parts. No light comes to us from beyond that zone. For us, nothing beyond that exists-it is called visible universe. In nation, collection and use of energy sources is tapa. By that tapa, Asuras had defeated Devas. For individual, regular hard work increases physical and mental capacity. (9) Yoga-yajña-Yoga means adding, it is co-ordination between two things. At physical level, it is co-ordination of breath and motion. It has 8 stages described in works of Yoga-(1) Yama, (2) Niyama, (3) Āsana, (4) Prāņāyāma, (5) Pratyāhāra, (6) Dhāraņā, (7) Dhyāna, (8) Samādhi. (10) Svādhyāya-yajña-It is improvement and maintenance of mental strength by regular study and thinking. (11) Jñāna-yajña-This is of society. Treasure of knowledge is passed on to next generation by chain of guru (teacher) and śişya (disciple), to keep it perpetually and improve it. (12) Prāņāyāma-yajña-As control of breadth, it is fourth stage of yoga. Here, the process is used to improve health and capacity of body with minimum resources and effort. We control input of energy (prāņa) and its output (apāna). At physical level, intake of food is to be done at regular times as per need only-not for taste only. Sense of taste is to check quality of food. Essence of food is to be spent at regular intervals for profession and exercise. It is to be done at breathing, mental levels also. (13) Prāņa-yajña-That is ascent of prāņa at 7 levels starting with food. As per Bŗhadāraņyaka upanişad (1/5/1) we take 7 types of food-(1) Mana or jñāna (knowledge), (2) Prāņa (energy), (3) Pŗthivī (solid), (4) Jala (liquid), (5) Teja (light), (6) Vāyu (breath), (7) Ākāśa (space). Vaiśeşika philosophy adds Kāla (time) and Ātmā (soul) to count 9 dravyas. Chhāndogya upanişad (6/5/1) tells that Anna is digested in 3 parts-solid waste is expelled, medium is used for nourishing body and finer part becomes mind. Āyurveda indicates digestion at 7 levels-(1) Rasa (liquid)-It nourishes body, mala (useless) is expelled from body. (2) Asŗk (solid particles in liquid)-Blood-Its mala is pitta (bile). (3) Mānsa (muscles, flesh, skin)-This fills and covers. Its mala is wax of ear etc. (4) Meda (fat) It lubricates body. Its mala is sweating. (5) Asthi (bones)-It is frame of body. Its mala is nail and hairs. (6) Majjā (inner marrow of bones, nerves and brain)-It fills. Secretion of glands is excreta. (7) Śukra (Raja, Vīrya =seminal fluids of woman, man)-It gives Ojas (shine, inner strength). These combine in womb to produce child. 7. Yajña and time-Sūrya Siddhānta (1/10) defines 2 types of time-Nitya Kāla (eternal time) decays objects and is also called death. Janya (creative time) is time of yajña cycle which measures time. Time is perception of change. Perception part of Brahma is Śiva, so it is also called Mahā-kāla and in form of yajña. Change is of 3 types-(1) Irreversible change -what has been done cannot be reversed. A man can become old, old can never become young. That is called Thermodynamic arrow of time-a system always moves from order to disorder. (2) Some changes are in cyclic order. All our cycles match natural time-cycles-day-night, month, year. Its measure is janya kāla. Measurable time is used in equations of physics. This is different for observers in mechanics, but same in electromagnetic theory-where speed of light is same for all observers. But we are using same concept in both equations. This contradiction has not been resolved so far, so Kāla is called most difficult in all calculations. (3) There is no change for a system as a whole due to 5 types of conservation laws in classical and quantum physics. That is called Akśaya-kāla.That is source (mukha) and upholder (Dhātā) of world. Kāla word has been used in Gītā only at 3 places-they are as per 3 meanings indicated above- कालोऽिसम लोक कयकृतपवृदो । (गीता ११/३२) कालः कलयतामहम् । (गीता १०/३०) अहमेवाकयः कालो धाताहं िवशतोमुखः (गीता १०/३३) 3 times are related to 3 types of Puruşa Puruşa - Kśara Akśara, Avyaya Kāla - Nitya Janya Akśaya All our cyclic works of production are related to natural time cycles- (1) Axial rotation of earth-That is day-night circle. Daily routine is called Agnihotra as earth itself is called Agni- यथािगनगभा पृिथवी यथा दौिरनदेण गिभरणी (बृहदारणयक उपिनषद् ६/४/२२) There are 2 natural fire cycles in a day-digestion within human body-that is by fire of stomach. Cooking of food by fire of hearth is also called digestion. Corresponding to 5 stages (parva) of world from Svāyambhuva (Universe) to Pŗthivī (earth), 5 daily rituals are prescribed in Rudra-yāmala-tantra. That is followed as 5 Namāja in Islam each day. There are 4 junction points of day or year for 4 quadrants of circle. In day, these are-morning/evening-junctions of day and night, noon/midnight-junctions of up and down motion of sun. One Namaj is for whole day. As we sleep at midnight, that is substituted by pre-sleep Namaj. For whole day, that is done just after awakening. In day time, there are only 3 Sandhyā-morning, noon and evening. Daily acts involve 5 Mahā-yajñas indicated in Śatapatha Brāhmaņa (11/5/6/1-3) etc.-(1) Deva-yajña, (2) Bhūta-yajña, (3) Manuşya-yajña, (4) Pitŗ-yajña, (5) Brahma-yajña. That can be taken as images of 5 stages of universe-Brahma is whole universe, galaxy is Pitar seen at night time with moon, Devas are Prāņa of solar system-zones, Plant and thereby animal life is maintained by moon, and finally man lives on earth. These are explained as removal of 5 types of sins in daily acts- by killings with hearth, grinder, broom, water-pot and knife. But it is actually repaying loans from 3 sources-Deva, Ŗşi and Pitar. Two loans are in day-today dependence on men (manuşya) and other plant animals (Bhūta). Deva-yajña is paying loans to energy of surroundings. Brahma-yajña is to repay loan of Ŗşi by continuing chain of knowledge-that is self study and teaching. Pitar yajña is paying loan of different forms of pitars or production sources-Deva, Ŗşi Ŗtu (season) and human parents and our source of soul in space (moon, Saturn = yama-loka). (2) Month- That is cycle of phases of moon formed by differential motion of moon relative to sun. Its 2 parts are called Darśa-pūrņa-māsa, i.e. from Darśa (start of visibility-new moon) to Pūrņa (full moon) and from Pūrņa to Darśa-each in about 15 days. In general, it indicates any cycle of micro or mega size which can be viewed in 2 halves. Time is measured by cycle of yajña, so month is called-Māsa (=measured). Combination of these cycles tallying with seasons is named reverse- Samā (year). More specifically, samā means equalized year of 12 months each equal to 30 days. Moon revolution is linked to cycle of menses in young women. Moon creates fluctuation in field of mind which is an image of galaxy-both have same number of particles-1011. So mind is said to born from moon- चनदमा मनसो जातः (पुरषसूकत, यजुवेद ३१/१२). All worship is done by Mana (mind) or mastişka (brain), so its place is called mandira (temple) or maszid (mosque). All our festivals and fasting are linked to lunar cycle-usually on 11th day of fortnight-its later part joining 12th is more proper, followed in Vaişņava ekādaśī or Idd. (3) Year-That is cycle of earth round sun. Cycle of seasons is slightly shorter by about 50 second motion as earth axis is rotating in reverse direction in cycle of 26000 years. In Taittirīya Brāhmaņa (3/1/1/11-12), Devī-bhāgavata purāņa (9/12/47)-that has been called grand Rāsa in space from Kŗttikā star, so Kārttika Pūrņimā is called Rāsa-Pūrņimā. Samvatsara has been called yajña in 2 senses-(1) We move (sara) in tune with year (sam-vat), so it is called samvatsara. Annual days are called Samavasaraņa in Jain tradition. All agriculture, trade, education and industry is in annual cycle. It is apparent motion of sun around earth. Seasonal cycle is motion of sun from 24 0 degree north to 240 south. (2) Samvatsara is energy field of sun in space divided into 6 zones called Vaşaţkāras (zones of 3, 9, 15, 21, 27, 33 ahargaņas, measured with earth as standard in powers of 2, n ahargaņa = earth radius x 2 n-3). Correspondingly, there are 6 seasons in1 year. Different levels of sun energy and its aspects are called animals of 5 kinds- Vaiśvānara (man as image of world), Aśva (Driving force), Gau (place of creation- that receives energy and uses it), Avi (motion of light in straight line like a Ram), Aja (Avyaya puruşa-chain of transformation). Similarly, year is divided into various parts whose actions are termed as Paśu-bandhas (tying of animals). All the seasonal acts related to Sankrānti (entry of sun in signs of zodiac), festivals linked with farming come under it. 8. Important Yajñas of state-(1) Aśvamedha-In space, it is action driven by sun rays. A part of that is seen on earth as trade winds which are also called Aśva (horse). The place where winds are mild (Bhadra) is called Bhadrāśva-Varşa, north of Yama-koţi-pattana, 900 east of Ujjain-i.e. Korea-Japan region. In a country, it is shown as free movement of horse in epics. It means that transport and communication should not be blocked, which is duty of a king. Within human body, it is free flow of prāņa, i.e. air, blood and nervous system. For birth of son to king Daśaratha, a yajña was done. It was Putra-kāmeşţi (= with desire of son), but has been called in Vālmīki Rāmāyaņa. At that time Daśaratha, was 67 years. When Rāma had gone with Viśvāmitra, he was 15 years and Daśaratha was 60000 years or day-nights = 82 years. Mother Kauśalyā also was about 60 years of age. At this age, rejuvenation was needed for child birth, which has been called Aśvamedha here. (2) Rājasūya-Raja = loka. In space, they are created by matter and energy radiated by sun-like stars. On earth, a country is maintained by a king called Rājā (king) in 2 senses-it maintains rajas =earth, or he is popular among people (ranjana). For maintaining people and country, revenue needs to be collected and it is put back to them for defense, communication, education, trade etc. That had been called Koşa in Indian political thought and surplus revenue in Economics. But western political theories do not consider it an element of state, even by Marx who is concerned only with wealth. That incompleteness is reason of failure of these theories. (3) Vājapeya-Rāja-soma maintains lokas (men and world). Vāja-soma strengthens. Vājasaneyī yajurveda was meant for those yajñas. For inner body, it is regular exercise for strengthening body which is done by athletes. Improving mental strength also may be included in that. In a country, it means increase of financial, industry and military power. (4) Chayana-That is selection of proper person for proper job. Each group and region may also be given their specialized jobs. Mineral region only will do mining industry, coastal regions do shipping and plain irrigated areas can do farming etc. Each man can do his job as per his branch of specialization and degree of efficiency. (5) Śīrşa-King has to become head and controller. Sovereignty has been defined of 8 types in Vedas-(A) Rāja- (1) Bhoja (maintaining a part of country or feeding it. (2) Mahābhoja- Managing whole country, (B) Samrāţ- (3) Chakravartī or Sārvabhauma- Ruling whole world, (4) Other having influence on a group of countries (C) Svarāţ-(5) Indra-Head of a federation, (6) Mahendra-More powerful in military terms. (D) Virāţ- (7) Brahmā-Having moral authority over all groups, (8) Vişņu-Having physical authority over world. Heads of different types co-ordinate various groups for peaceful existence and smooth work by justice. It is by 4 policies of a king-Sāma (equality, Dāma (finance), Daņɖa (punishment for wrong) and Bheda-Distinction for various groups according to needs and capacity. Outside country-it is rift among enemies. 9. Işţi-Yajña-Causing rain, birth of son etc appear to be one time acts, but rains and parent-son cycle is eternal. Rains are born like a man, its ādhāna (womb) period is 195 days. Artificial births were of Māndhātā from cells of king Vena, 100 sons of Gāndhārī from a single block of flesh were complete artificial births.