Model Streeter - Phelps

Effect of Organic Wastes on

Stream Ecosystems
Streeter Streeter--Phelps Model Phelps Model DO sag curve DO sag curve
Many equations and computer programs are available Many equations and computer programs are available
today to describe the quality of water in streams, rivers today to describe the quality of water in streams, rivers
and lakes and lakes and lakes and lakes
The most prevalent is the Streeter Phelps equation. The most prevalent is the Streeter Phelps equation.
Addition of wastewater (BOD) typically causes a slow Addition of wastewater (BOD) typically causes a slow
decrease in O decrease in O
22
, followed by a gradual increase close to , followed by a gradual increase close to
the dissolved oxygen (D.O.) saturation concentration the dissolved oxygen (D.O.) saturation concentration
Streeter-Phelps Model
Assumptions of the Model Assumptions of the Model
stream is an ideal plug flow reactor stream is an ideal plug flow reactor
steady steady--state flow and BOD and DO reaction state flow and BOD and DO reaction steady steady--state flow and BOD and DO reaction state flow and BOD and DO reaction
conditions conditions
The only reactions of interest are BOD The only reactions of interest are BOD
exertion and transfer of oxygen from air to exertion and transfer of oxygen from air to
water across air water across air--water interface water interface
Streeter-Phelps Model
Mass Balance for the Model Mass Balance for the Model
Not a Steady Not a Steady--state situation state situation
rate O rate O
2 2
accum. = rate O accum. = rate O
22
in in rate O rate O
22
out + prod. out + prod. cons. cons.
rate O rate O
2 2
accum. = rate O accum. = rate O
22
in in 0 + 0 0 + 0 rate O rate O
22
cons. cons.
Both reoxygenation and deoxygenation are 1 Both reoxygenation and deoxygenation are 1
st st
order order
rate of deoxygenation = rate of deoxygenation = --kk
11
CC
kk
11
= deoxygenation constant, function of waste type and = deoxygenation constant, function of waste type and
temperature temperature
Streeter-Phelps Model
rate of reoxygenation = k rate of reoxygenation = k
22
DD
D = deficit in D.O. or difference between D = deficit in D.O. or difference between
saturation and current D.O. saturation and current D.O.
kk
2 2
= reoxygenation constant = reoxygenation constant
[ ] ( )
2
3
2
1
) 20 (
2
1
2
025 . 1 9 . 3
H
v
k
T
=
Streeter-Phelps Model
Where Where
T = temperature of water, T = temperature of water, CC
H= average depth of flow, m H= average depth of flow, m H= average depth of flow, m H= average depth of flow, m
v = mean stream velocity, m/s v = mean stream velocity, m/s
Oxygen Deficit Oxygen Deficit
D = S D = S CC
D.O. deficit = saturation D.O. D.O. deficit = saturation D.O. D.O. in the water D.O. in the water
Streeter-Phelps Model
Streeter-Phelps Model
Deoxygenation rate is equivalent to BOD of Deoxygenation rate is equivalent to BOD of
waste waste
rr
o o
= k = k
11
LL
tt
rr
o o
= k = k
11
LL
tt
LL
tt
= L = L
oo
ee
--Kt Kt
LL
oo
or L = ultimate BOD of the wastewater and or L = ultimate BOD of the wastewater and
stream water mixture stream water mixture
Streeter-Phelps Model
In terms of the deficit with time In terms of the deficit with time
t k
Le z
D k z k
dt
dD
1
2 1

=
=
Streeter-Phelps Model
Substiting and integrating yields the following Substiting and integrating yields the following
equations equations
t k
o
t k t k
o
e D e e
k k
L k
D
2 2 1
) (
1

+

=
k k
1 2

t k
o c
t k
o
e L
k
k
D
D k e L k
dt
dD
1
1
2
1
2 1
0

=
= =

=
o
o
c
L k
k k D
k
k
k k
t
1
1 2
1
2
1 2
) (
1 ln
1
Streeter-Phelps Model
Example: Example:
Wastewater mixes with a river resulting in a Wastewater mixes with a river resulting in a
BOD = 10.9 mg/L, BOD = 10.9 mg/L, DO = 7.6 mg/L DO = 7.6 mg/L
The mixture has a temp. = 20 The mixture has a temp. = 20 CC The mixture has a temp. = 20 The mixture has a temp. = 20 CC
Deoxygenation const.= 0.2 day Deoxygenation const.= 0.2 day
--11
Average flow = 0.3 m/s, Average flow = 0.3 m/s, Average depth = 3.0 m Average depth = 3.0 m
DO saturated = 9.1 mg/L DO saturated = 9.1 mg/L
Find the time and distance downstream at which the Find the time and distance downstream at which the
oxygen deficit is a maximum? oxygen deficit is a maximum?
Find the minimum value of DO? Find the minimum value of DO?
Streeter-Phelps Model
Initial Deficit Initial Deficit
DD
o o
= 9.1 = 9.1 7.6 = 1.5 mg/L 7.6 = 1.5 mg/L
Estimate the reaeration constant Estimate the reaeration constant Estimate the reaeration constant Estimate the reaeration constant
[ ]
( )
( )
1
2 / 3
2
1
20 20
2 / 1
2 / 3
2 / 1
2
day 1 4 . 0
) 0 . 3 (
025 . 1 ) / 3 . 0 ( 9 . 3 9 . 3

= = =
m
s m
H
v
k
Streeter-Phelps Model
Calculate the time at which the maximum deficit Calculate the time at which the maximum deficit
is reached, with t is reached, with t
cc
::
k k DO k
t
o
) (
1 ln
1
1 2 2

`

=
m days day s s m vt x
days
L k
k k DO
k
k
k k
t
c c
o
o
c
300 , 69 67 . 2 / 400 , 86 / 3 . 0
67 . 2
9 . 10 2 . 0
) 2 . 0 41 . 0 ( 5 . 1
1
2 . 0
41 . 0
ln
) 2 . 0 41 . 0 (
1
) (
1 ln
1
1
1 2
1
2
1 2
= = =
=
)
`

=
Streeter-Phelps Model
The maximum DO deficit is:
1
1
=
t k
o c
e L
k
k
D
mg/L 1 . 3
e mg/L) 9 . 10 (
41 . 0
2 . 0
) )(2.67days (0.2day
2
1
=
=

o c
k