Tugas Ilmu Lingkungan / Nova Dewi Lestari / Unpad Bandung / 2014

PENGARUH PERUBAHAN LAHAN (LAND USE CHANGE)

TERHADAP KETAHANAN PANGAN DAN KETAHANAN ENERGY DITINJAU
DARI ASPEK LINGKUNGAN, EKONOMI, DAN POLITIK
Bagaimana pengaruh perubahan lahan terhadap ketahanan pangan dan ketahanan energy
ditinjau dari berbagai aspek ; lingkungan, ekonomi, dan politik.
How about the effect of land use change on food security and resilience of energy in terms of
various aspects; environmental, economic, and political.
Answer :
1. Various factors in Land Use Change
Wu (2010) has clarified if Land is one of three major factors of production in classical
economics (along with labor and capital) and an essential input for housing and food
production. Thus, land use is the backbone of agricultural economies and it provides
substantial economic and social benefits. Land use change is necessary and essential for
economic development and social progress. Landuse change is arguably the most pervasive
socioeconomic force driving changes and degradation of ecosystems. Deforestation, urban
development, agriculture, and other human activities have substantially altered the Earths
landscape.
Land Use provides many economic and social benefits, but often comes at a substantial
cost to the environment. Although most economic costs are figured into land use decisions,
most environmental externalities are not. These environmental externalities cause a
divergence between private and social costs for some land uses, leading to an inefficient land
allocation (Wu, 2010)
Hence, Land-Use changes affected to humans life. Land use changes is a modification in
the landscape of Earths surface that automatically changed the function of a land. This may
affect socio-economic factors such as culture and amenities that gained by human, ecological
changes such as biodiversity and ecological services, and also affected the political basis
wheres land can be divided into public and private sector which requires the law policy in
land management.
Wu (2010) has explained the effect of Land use changes in term of various aspect, as the
following :
A. Socioeconomic Impacts of LandUse Changes
Conversion of farmland and forests to urban development reduces the amount of land
available for food and timber production
Soil erosion, salinization, desertification, and other soil degradations associated with
agricultural production and deforestation reduce land quality and agricultural
productivity
Conversions of farmland and forests to urban development reduce the amount of open
space and environmental amenities for local residents
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Urban development reduces the critical mass of farmland necessary for the
economic survival of local agricultural economies
Urban development patterns not only affect the lives of individuals, but also the ways
in which society is organized
Urban development has encroached upon some rural communities to such an extent
that the communitys identify has been lost
Suburbanization intensifies income segregation and economic disparities among
communities
Excessive land use control, however, may hinder the function of market forces
Land use regulations that aim at curbing land development will raise housing prices,
making housing less affordable to middle and lowincome house-holds
Land use regulation must strike a balance between private property rights and the
public interest
B. Environmental Impacts of LandUse Changes
Land use and land management practices have a major impact on natural resources
including water, soil, air, nutrients, plants, and animals
Runoff from agriculture is a leading source of water pollution both in inland and
coastal waters
Draining wetlands for crop production and irrigation water diversions has had a
negative impact on many wildlife species
Irrigated agriculture has changed the water cycle and caused groundwater levels to
decline in many parts of the world
Intensive farming and deforestation may cause soil erosion, salinization,
desertification, and other soil degradations
Deforestation adds to the greenhouse effect, destroys habitats that support
biodiversity, affects the hydrological cycle and increases soil erosion, runoff, flooding
and landslides.
Urban development causes air pollution, water pollution, and urban runoff and
flooding
Habitat destruction, fragmentation, and alteration associated with urban development
are a leading cause of biodiversity decline and species extinctions
Urban development and intensive agriculture in coastal areas and further inland is a
major threat to the health, productivity, and biodiversity of the marine environment
throughout the world
C. Policy Implications
Land use provides many economic and social benefits, but often comes at a
substantial cost to the environment. Although most economiccosts are figured into
land use decisions, most environmental externalities are not. These environmental
externalities cause a divergence between private and social costs for some land
uses, leading to an inefficient land allocation. For example, developers may not bear
all the environmental and infrastructural costs generated by their projects.
Farmland produces both agricultural commodities and open space. Although farmers
are paid for the commodities they produce, they may not be compensated for the open
space they provide. Thus, market prices of farmlands may be below their social
values.
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market failures provide a justification for private conservation efforts and public
land use planning and regulation. Private trusts and non profit organizations play an
important role in land conservation. However, some have questioned whether private
conservation efforts crowd outor complement public efforts for land conservation.
Land use regulation can take many different forms. The traditional command and
control approach often involves zoning, density regulation, and other direct land use
controls. Although these policies can be quite effective as regulatory tools, they could
lead to substantial social welfare loss in the form of higher housing prices, smaller
houses, and inefficient land use patterns (Cheshire and Sheppard 2002; Walsh 2007 ;
Wu, 2010).
Incentivebased policies are increasingly used to influence private land use decisions.
These policies may include development impact fees, purchases of development
rights (PDRs), preferential property taxation, and direct conservation payments.
Land use regulation is a contentious issue in many communities, particularly those
facing rapid urbanization. Proponents argue that land use planning protects farmland,
forests, water quality, open space, and wildlife habitat and, at the same time, increases
property value and human health. Conversely, uncontrolled development will destroy
the natural environment and longterm economic growth. Critics of land use
regulation call those fears overblown.
They argue that urban development is an orderly market process that allocates land
from agriculture to urban use, and that governments tend to over regulate because
they rarely bear the costs of regulation. The stakes are high in this debate. Any policy
measures that aim at curbing urban development will ultimately affect a key element
of the American way of life, that is, the ability to consume a large amount of living
space at affordable prices. Policymakers must resist the temptation to attribute all
irregular land use patterns to market failures and impose stringent land use
regulations that may hinder the function of market forces. They should try to market
forces. They should try toforces. They should try to identify the sources of market
failures that cause "excessive development" and address problems at their roots.
Land use regulation must strike a balance between private property rights and the
public interest.
2. Effect Of Land Use Change On Food Security And Resilience Of Energy
Land Use Change as previously described have affected human in term of various aspect :
socio-economic, environment and policy. Management of land use has to be implemented in
an integrated ways to prevent bad impact that might be happened. As we have known, Land
Use Changes are tend to reduce the natural environment quality, such as deforestation,
biodiversity density, power plant, energy, land degradation, floods and climate changes. Land
transformation have been caused by mainly by agriculture revolutions and its associated
population growth.
According to Malthus (1978) that cited by Bremner, et al (2010), Malthus argued that
agricultural production grows geometrically and arable land is finite while population
growth is exponential. He hypothesized that as human numbers grew, food supplies would be
insufficient to feed human kind and human numbers would be pushed back below the
carrying capacity of agricultural systems by positive and preventative checks. Positive
checks would encompass increases in mortality due to outbreaks of disease, famine, higher
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infant mortality, malnutrition, and war. Preventative checks would include lowering of
fertility through delays in marriage, contraception, abortion, and infanticide
That is why to supply goods and shelters that needed in a line with human growth, human
will push their environment over their carrying capacity in form of land modification/land use
change. It can caused land degradation because it changed ecological services in that place
and maybe it could give indirect impact to other place. When land not provided anymore then
human will changed their culture especially agriculture system to keep their life sustain, i.e if
extensification imposibble to be conducted then intensification is the alternative way for
providing food security.
Bremner, et al (2010) explained to that way according to the agronomist Ester Boserup
countered Malthus contentions and described an alternate response of humans and their
agricultural systems to increasing population growth (Boserup, 1965, 1981, 1990). Boserup
argued that humans would respond to the food demands of a growing population by
intensifying land use, increasing agricultural yields, and developing new agricultural
technologies. Examples of agricultural intensification include multi-cropping, increased
labour to land ratios, and the development and use of better tools, irrigation systems and soil
amendments. Boserup thus argued that there are no limits to human population growth
assuming sufficient changes in agricultural systems.
This intensification is one of the land use modification. Intensification aims to reach food
security, but it resulted land degradation because of using technology such as fertilizer,
pesticide, and automatic engine that make land destruction just like I have explained above
(according to Wu (2010) has observed).
Moreover, Land Use Change for excess and improve agriculture system for reaching
provision of food and shelter, it will caused deforestation, pastorization and wet land
changing. Deforestation and all of that activities that mentioned before can caused climate
change, flood, etc and it has indirect impact to resilience of energy.
Forest has multifunction on its ecological services, reducing forest can make carbon
absorp decreased and it can change the climate and also influenced the hidrology system. In
other ways, we can say if it can affected resilience of energy. Solar is the source of energy
for Earth, according to Thermodynamics Law I, energy couldnt be made or vanished, and
Thermodynamics Law II that energy that used wont be used 100%, theres energy that
released in form of heat that called entrophy. Theres a research that proven if deforestation
could caused SH increased because of deforestation in Changbai Mountain, China. SH is
Sensible heat flux is the process where heat energy is transferred from the Earths surface to
the atmosphere by conduction and convection (please see Research that conducted by Chen
et al, 2014) .
Deforestation also resulted in insufficient energy for waterplant, because forest have a
huge function in hidrological system. Forest give the function in evaporation and
transpiration and also run off that have a role in hidrological system and it influenced to the
availability in Water Plan energy. Actually this is not influenced by that only, forest have an
advantage to absorp carbon that produced by fuel combution from Land Use Change, so it
can affect green house gases that made climate change. This cimate change could make both
of hidrological system and productivity of yield could be decreased. Then, neither food
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security nor resilience of energy it can not be reached in the end and human will not live in
sustainability.
About using fuel in land use, theres a research about using biofuel for replacing fosil
fuels. Unfortunately this source of energy still controverted, according to Yeh and Witcover,
(2010) emissions from land-use change have become an important and controversial aspect of
biofuel policies. Biofuels that produced will has a model, modeling systems analyzing iLUC
(indirect land-use change) must characterize three principal pathways of market response to
higher feedstock demand: reduced consumption, higher production through higher yields, or
higher production through increased cultivated area, even though it is only through this last
pathway that iLUC emissions occur. Scientists and policymakers have argued that
incorporating iLUC in biofuel life-cycle GHG emissions accounting is the only way to reflect
the true life-cycle GHG emissions associated with the production and use of biofuels.
To mitigate iLUC emissions, policymakers should aim to directly incentivize the
development and use of low-GHG biofuels from less land-using sources, including organic
waste, crop residues, and forest waste. To prevent iLUC and other unintended consequences,
governments should also adopt enforceable, effective sustainability policies to prevent
conversion of ecologically sensitive and high-carbon areas for biofuels or any other purpose.
Encourage appropriate use of fertilizers and other inputs for biofuels and other Crops to
reduce harmful environmental impacts from excess runoff; and work to improve access for
the poor to food, especially if prices rise (Yeh and Witcover, 2010).
After all of those matters, then Land Use Change happened because Antropogenic things,
it means it related to social who provide their economic needs. It caused to Environment that
might be caused a negative feed back to their aims at first. To solve this problem, human
conducted a system and regulation that called law and policy. Land isnt owned by public but
also by private. There will be a tangent that can be a deep gap among them. To fix this
problem, goverment have to release a policy that regulate the Land Use Change so human
will live in sustainability. Many policies could be made by goverment and that has been
discussed by Wu (2010) above such as Incentivebased policies are increasingly used to
influence private land use decisions, Taxation, conservational and also urbanization
regulatory and therere more.
Therefore, the core of all of these, we only have one earth until now. But, we need our
earth and cultivated land and also another Land Use Change activity for human life. Because
of that we have to treat it wiser through policy, regulation and our self awareness.
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REFERENCES
Bremner, J, David Lpez-Carr, Laurel Suter and Jason Davis. 2010. Population, poverty,
environment, and climate dynamics in the developing world. USA. Inderscience
Enterprises Ltd. Interdisciplinary Environmental Review, Vol. 11, Nos. 2/3, 2010. Pp 112
Chen, S. Hongbo Su, Jinyan Zhan. 2014. Estimating the impact of land use change on
surface energy partition based on the Noah model. China. Front. Earth Sci. 2014, 8(1):
1831 DOI 10.1007/s11707-013-0400-0 RESEARCH ARTICLE 2
Wu, Junjie. 2010. Land Use Changes: Economic, Social, and Environmental Impacts.
The magazine of food, farm, and resource issues. A publication of the Agricultural & Applied
Economics Association. Agricultural & Applied Economics Association CHOICES 4th
Quarter 2008 23(4).
Yeh, S and Julie Witcover. 2010. Indirect Land-Use Change from Biofuels: Recent
Developments in Modeling and Policy Landscapes. This Policy Brief serves as a
background paper for the October 2010 seminar, Carbon Standards in Agricultural
Production and Trade, organized by the International Food & Agricultural Trade Policy
Council (IPC) with support from Sao Paulos Federation of Industries (FIESP). California.
International Food & Agricultural Policy Trade
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