Coal

COMBUSTION AND FUELS
COAL
CARBON AND COAL
Carbon is a chemical element.
Coal is a solid fossil fuel
Carbon can exists in a certain allotropic forms including :
a) diamond b) graphite
RESOURCES OF CARBON IN NATURE
a) freely in small amounts (graphite, diamond)
b) mainly connected in numerous chemical
compounds:
- carbonates (CaCO
3
, MgCO
3
and in others),
- carbon dioxide in air (CO
2
),
- in organic compounds, fossil fuels:
natural gas, crude oil, coal and biomass.
ORIGIN OF COAL
The origin of coal is organic
Lignite: cross section through xylite
NATURE OF COAL
Coal is described as an organic sediment
It is a combustible rock: biolite
The major chemical elements in coal are:
carbon, hydrogen and oxygen.
COAL FORMATION
The process of coal formation from organic
compounds includes two distinct phases:
biochemical and geochemical:
plant material peat lignite
biochemical phase
lignite bituminous coal anthracite
Geochemical phase
HISTORY OF COAL
Age (years) Type of coal
from 2 mln to now Peat
before100 mln
before 70-2 mln
Brown coal
Lignite
300-200 mln Bituminous coal
STRUCTURES OF COAL
COAL PETROGRAPHY
The goal of coal petrography:
understand how coal was constituted
implement of most productive use of coal
Petrography is a science about the rocks.
PETROGRAPHIC STRUCTURES OF COAL
Lithotypes (observed with the unaided eye):
vitrain, clarain, durain and fusain
(bright, halfbright, dull and black (gray-black) and porous and
friable)
Microlithotypes (observable with the microscope)
Macerals:
vitrinite group,
exinite group,
inertinite group.
Podzia makroskopowy Podzia mikroskopowy
Skay Litotypy Mikrolitotypy
Grupa
maceraw
Maceray Submaceray
Odmiany
maceraw
Kryptomaceray
Wgiel
Witryn (wgiel
byszczcy)
Witryt V
Witrynit V
Telinit
Kolinit
Witrodetrynit
Telenit 1
Telenit 2
Telokolinit
elokolinit
Desmokolinit
Korpokolinit
Kordaitotelinit
Fungotelinit
Ksylotelinit
Lepidofitotelinit
Sigillariotelinit
Kryptotelinit
Kryptokorpo-
kolinit
Klaryn (wgiel
pbyszczcy)
Klaryt V+E
Witrynetryt V+I
Trimaceryt V+I+E
Liptyt E
Egzynit (Liptynit)
E (L)
Sporynit
Kutynit
Rezynit
Alginit
Liptodetrynit
Tenuisporynit
Krassisporynit
Mikrosporynit
Makrosporynit
PilaAlginit
ReinschiaAlginit
Duryn (wgiel
matowy)
DurytI+E
Fuzyn (wgiel
wknisty)
Inertyt I
Semifuzyt
Fuzyt
Sklerotyt
upek
palny
upek palny
Karbo
mineryt
Karbargilit
Inertynit I
Mikrynit
Makrynit
Semifuzynit
Fuzynit
Sklerotynit
Inertodetrynit
Pirofuzynit
Degradofuzynit
Fungosklerotynit
Plektenchyminit
Korposklerotynit
Pseudo-
korposklerotynit
Karbankeryt
Karbosilicyt
Karbopiryt
Karbopolimineryt
Skaa
ponna
Skaa ponna Skaa ponna
Wgiel
Wgiel sapropelowy
Kennel
Boghed
EXAMPLES
OF
MACERALS
COAL CONSTITUENTS
Coal consists three ingredients:
- organic matter (combustible),
- mineral matter,
- moisture.
CHEMICAL STRUCTURE OF COAL (organic matter)
Benzene
ring
COAL STRUCTURE
typical structures of coal rank of coal
lignite
coals for power
generation
coking coal
anthracite
higher carbonization
higher compression
lower oxygen content
EVOLUTION OF COAL STRUCTURE
WITH THE RANK
CLASSIFICATION OF COAL
REASONS FOR CLASSIFICATION OF COAL
variable characteristics of coal (complex material)
different boiler furnaces in use,
applications in chemical technology and metallurgy,
extended trade of coal
STANDARDS USED IN COAL CLASSIFICATION
Origin and parameters of coal: (Polish Standards PN)
upper caloric value UCV ( in Polish Q
s:
PN-81/G-04513 or
PN-ISO 1928:2002),
blow up index (PN-81/G-04515),
volatile matter content VM (PN-G-04516:1998),
dilatometric index (PN-81/G-04517),
coking index (PN-81/G-04518).
ANALYSIS OF COAL
Ultimate analysis: (wt%):
- elements content: C, H, O, S, N, P, ...(wt%)
Proximate analysis content (wt%) of:
- moisture M,
- ash A,
- volatile matter VM.
- caloric values: HCV and LCV.
STATE OF SOLID FUELS
Analytical of air-dry (a), when moisture in coal is
in equilibrium with moisture of ambient air,
Dry (d lub wf), after 2-3 hours of drying at the
temperature of 105-110
o
C,
Dry and ash free (daf lub waf).
Raw (as burnt in boiler) (r).
Example of A and Qi in raw state (r), in dry
state (d) and dry-ash-free state (daf) of lignite
26203 23334 12.5 9194 5.7 56.0 Max.
25454 22827 10.3 8949 4.7 54.9 Medium
25268 22272 8.3 8756 3.7 53.9 Min.
kJ/kg kJ/kg % kJ/kg % %
Q
daf
i
Q
d
i
A
d
Q
r
i
A
r
W
r
t
Value
Calculations of results of analysis of coal (solid fuels)
Coefficient of conversion:
Type of
conversion
Raw
r
Analytical
a
Dry
d
Dry ash free
daf
From raw
state r
1
a r
W W 1
1

r
W 1
1

r r
A W 1
1

From analytical
state a
1
1
a r
W W +
1
a
W 1
1

a a
A W 1
1

From dry state d
1
1
r
W

1
1
a
W
1
d
A 1
1

From dry ash free
state daf
1
1
r r
A W

1
1
a a
A W

1
1
d
A

1
COAL CLASSIFICATION ACCORDING TO ORIGIN
AND COAL RANK
Coal class Content of C
Peat: 52-60%
Lignite: 58-77%
Bituminous coal: 76-93%
Anthracite: 91-93%.
POLISH CLASSIFICATION OF COAL
In Poland coals are divided on:
groups (classes)
types,
sorts.
GROUPS (CLASSES)
Group is described by the two-digit number:
- first digit determines the group
according to the coal rank,
- the second digit determines the
position in the group.
COAL GROUPS (CLASSES)
Wood: 01-09
Peat: 11-19
Lignite: 21-29
Bituminous coal: 31-39
Anthracite: 41 and higher
Graphite: 50
Coals
for
power
genera-
tion
Type of coal
Classifying measurements
Applications of coal
Volatile
matter
content
V
daf
PN-81/
G-045516
Coking
ability
RI
PN-81/
G-4518
Dilato-
metric
index
PN-81/
G-04517
Blow up
index
SI
PN-81/
G-04515
Upper
caloric
value
Q
daf
PN-81/
G-04513
Name Mark
% % kJ/kg
Flame
coal
31.1
More
than
28
Over or
equal to
5
Without
standar
d
Without
standar
d
Over or
equal
31000
Do wszystkich typw palenisk
pyowych; do czadnic
pulverised coal furnaces; gas
generatrors
31.2
Over
31000
Gaseous
-flame
coal
32.1
More
than
28
Over
5 to 20
Without
standard
Do wszystkich typw palenisk;
do wytlewania i do czadnic
all types of coal furnaces;
gas generatrors
32.2
Over 20
to 40
Do palenisk rusztowych,
komorowych i wszystkich
typw palenisk pyowych;
wgiel do wytlewania i do
gazowni
grate furnaces, pulverised
coal furnaces; gasgeneratrors
Gaseous
coal
33
More
than
28
Over 40
to 55
Do palenisk rusztowych i
wszystkich typw palenisk
pyowych; do piecw
przemysowych o szczeglnych
wymaganiach; do gazowni i do
mieszanki do produkcji koksu w
koksowniach
grate furnaces, pulverised
coal furnaces, industrial
kilns; gas generatrors;
coke production
Coal sorts
sort
group / name /symbol
grain size
upper / lower
CHARACTERISTIC OF MAJOR
COMPONENTS OF COAL
COAL COMPONENTS
Coal is combined with three components:
Moisture (M)
Mineral matter (A)
Combustible (organic) matter
Moisture and mineral matter are ballast.
MAIN ELEMENTS IN COAL
Organic matter:
- basic: C and H,
- important: O, S, N and P
- trace content: the rest.
Thermal decomposition of coal
COAL PYROLYSIS
Coal pyrolysis is thermal decomposition of coal at the
temperature of 300-600 C, depending on the coal type.
Results of pyrolysis:
- evaluation of volatile matter
- remaining char.
Volatile matter
Char
Coal particle
Temperature
organic matter ash
mineral matter
w coal in dry state
c + h + o + n + s + a + w = 1
coal in air-dry (analytical) state
coal in raw state
char volatile matter
f
r
o
m

d
e
c
o
m
p
o
s
i
t
i
o
n
o
f

m
i
n
e
r
a
l

m
a
t
t
e
r
i
n
h
e
r
e
n
t

m
o
i
s
t
u
r
e
i
n

a
i
r
-
d
r
y

s
t
a
t
e

t
r
a
n
s
i
e
n
t

m
o
i
s
t
u
r
e
(
s
u
r
f
a
c
e

m
o
i
s
t
u
r
e
)

COAL COMPONENTS
ANALYSIS OF ORGANIC FUELS
Fuel C H O N + S VM content, %
Wood
Peat
Lignite
Hard coal
Anthracite
50
58
70
82
94
6
5,5
5
5
3
43
34,5
24
12
3
1
2
0,8
0,8
trace
75
65
50
35
5
INORGANIC MATTER IN COAL (2-60%)
Inorganic components in coal are classified:
- primary vegetable ash (inner m.m. inherent plant matter
that formed coal)
- secondary minerals (outer m.m.: rocks and sand and
clay) (mineral matter deposited by wind and water or by percolation of
water through the seams)
Inorganic matter of the primary type is dispersed in coal impossible
to remove by the mechanical methods.
Inorganic matter of the secondary type usually consists of minerals
present in surrounding of a coal deposit.
SECONDARY INORGANIC MATTER
Main constituents (mainly minerals) of the
secondary inorganic matter:
- quartz,
- clay minerals (kaolinite, illite, ....)
- oxides (hematite)
- carbonates (dolomite, calcite,siderite, ...)
- sulphides (pirite, marcasite, zink suphide, ...)
- phosphates (apatite)
- others (chlorides, sulphates, nitrates, heavy metals).
MOISTURE IN COAL (5-60%)
Total moisture includes:
- air-dry loss moisture (transient) (loss of weight resulted of
partial drying of coal) (not linked to organic matter, can be removed by drying
at room temperature air-dry state or analytical (a)),
- inherent moisture (is connected with the substance of coal, and
can be removed from coal by heating it at the temperature in the range of 105-
110
o
C (dry state (d))).
Water of hydratation of mineral matter.
SOME ELEMENTS IN COAL
Carbon C: 50-93%
Oxygen O: 1-3%
Sulfur S: 1-5 (11)%
in sulphites (FeS
2
)
in sulphates (CaSO
4
, FeSO
4
)
Hydrogen H: 2-5%
Polish bituminous coal for heat and power
production (type 31-33)
Coal mining
region
LCV
kJ/kg
Ash
content
%
Sulphur
content
%
Moisture
%
Jaworznicki
Mikoowski
Dbrowsko-
siemianowski
Katowicko-
chorzowski
Rybnicki
Lubelski
18 400
20 100
21 800
23 500
20 100
18 850
2024
20
20
20
2027
25
1.251.5
1.5
0.6
0.8
0.71.3
1.2
1620
12
8
5
9
9
CHARACTERISTICS OF POLISH BITUMINOUS
COALS TYPE 31-33
LCV (W
u
) = 18-25 MJ/kg
A = 7-25%
S = 1.2%
N = 0.6-2.8%
Polish lignites
Coal mining
region
LCV
kJ/kg
Ash
content
%
Sulphur
content
%
Moisture
%
Turoszowski
Koniski
Ptnowski
Adamowski
Bechatowski
8 400
9 200
9 200
8 000
8 800
12,220
5,86,3
10,6
9,8
10,6
0,60
0,250,35
0,78
0,25
0,60
4250
5054
50
50
50
CHARACTERISTICS OF POLISH LIGNITES
LCV (W
u
) = 5.6-11.7 (aver.8.5) MJ/kg
A = 4-25 (aver.12.0)%
S = 0.2-1.7 (aver. 0.7)%
N = 0.6-2.0%
BITUMINOUS COAL-FIELDS IN POLAND
Coal basins:
- Upper Silesia,
- Lower Silesia
- lubelskie
Reserves: 30 bln Mg
Total reserves: 100 bln Mg
Reserves and total reserves of bituminous coal
in Poland
Basin Reserves, % Total reserves, %
GZW
DZW
LZW
88.2
11.1
0.7
43.7
56.1
0.3
LIGNITE COAL-FIELDS IN POLAND
Coal basins:
- adamowsko-koniskie
- bechatowskie (Szczercw)
- turoszowskie
- sieniawskie.
Total reserves: 40 bln Mg
Reserves: 13-14 bln Mg
Operational reserves: 3.5 bln Mg
Deposits with coal mines
Other discovered deposits
LIGNITE COAL FIELDS IN POLAND
RESERVES AND TOTAL RESERVES OF COAL
Fuel
World
bln Mg
Poland
bln Mg
Bituminous
coal
reserves
total
reserves
630
700014000
30
130
Lignite
reserves
total
reserves
250
880
1213
3040
Type of coal
World
10
9
Mg
Poland
mln Mg
Bituminous (hard) 4.2 84 (2009)
Lignite 0.944 64
Yearly production of coal in Poland and in the world
10 mln Mg 7 mln Mg
Import Export
Polish import/ export of hard coal in 2008
PRODUCTION OF COAL
Reserves and production of bituminous coal
in Poland
R
e
s
e
r
v
e
s

(

x

1
0
9
t
)
1989-2005
P
r
o
d
u
c
t
i
o
n

(

x

1
0
6
t
)
Year
Production/export Amount, mln Mg
Production
Import
100.4
2.7
The use:
- production of other fuels
- direct use
- export
62.0
20.0
23.0
Production of lignite was approx.58.2 mln Mg in 2002 r. and it was used
for electrical power production.
Bituminous coal
Lignite
Production and the use of coal in Poland
Bituminous coal price in USD/tonne
$ / t
Costs of heat and electricity generation
in Poland
Cost of heat generation
PLN per 1 GJ
Cost of electicity generation
PLN per 1 MWh
including CO
2
capture
from
lignite
from
hard coal
from
natural gas
from
lignite
from
hard coal
from
natural gas

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COMBUSTION AND FUELS

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