MBA Project Paper Guidebook Ver 1 5ed

ASSIGNMENT AND
PROJECT PAPER
GUIDEBOOK
Writing and presenting the academic assignment and
project paper for Masters Degree Students

LIMKOKWING UNIVERSITY OF CREATIVE TECHNOLOGY
Centre for Post Graduate Studies
Document Number: 90-60-00

Disclaimer and Copyright notices

Version 1; 5
th
Edition 2009 LIMKOKWING UNIVERSITY

The material provided in this document by the author and LIMKOKWING
UNIVERSITY OF CREATIVE TECHNOLOGY (hereinafter referred to LUCT) is issued in
confidence and must not be produced in whole or in part for any reason to
any third party by any means, electronic or mechanical, including
photocopying, recording, or any information storage and retrieval system,
without the prior written consent of the author and LUCT. This document is
issued with non-commercial confidence and to be used for educational
purposes only. Although every effort is made to cite and or make reference to
original copyright holders, the author and LUCT shall not be liable for any
loss, expenses, damage or claim arising out of statements and or issues and
expressly disclaims all responsibility for the material in this document and all
liability to any person in relation to any action that person may take or fail to
take in reliance, whether in whole or in part, on this document.

Microsoft, Microsoft Word, Microsoft Powerpoint is a registered trademark of
Microsoft Inc.

Innovasi 1-1, J alan Teknokrat 1/1,
63000 Cyberjaya,
Selangor Darul Ehsan,
Malaysia.

Document Number: 90-60-00
Document Revision Control

Date
(dd/mm/yyyy)
Version Number
Prepared by:
(Name &
Signature)
Verified by:
(Name &
Signature)
Approved by:
(Name &
Signature)
Updated by:
(Name &
Signature)
25/11/2007
4
th
Revision Initial
draft 0 Creation
and Proposal
stage
Dr Ahmad Faisal
25/12/2009
5
th
Edition
Version 1
Formalisation and
Detailing of
Assignment
Report Writing
Dr Ahmad Faisal

2009

Innovasi 1-1, J alan Teknokrat 1/1,
63000 Cyberjaya,
Selangor Darul Ehsan,
Malaysia.

Assignment and Project Paper Guidebook
For Masters Degree Students
Document Number: 90-60-00 i
Version: 1 5
th
Edition dated 25
th
December 2009

Contents
BACKGROUND INFORMATION.............................................................................. III
How to use this guidebook........................................................................... iv
Numbering Allocation.................................................................................... v
GUIDEBOOK EXPOSITION .................................................................................... 1
Introduction...................................................................................................1
General Guidelines.......................................................................................3
PROCESSES AND FORMS .................................................................................... 5
General Processes .......................................................................................5
Specific Assignment Question Individual without case study ..................6
Specific Assignment Question Individual with case study.......................7
Specific Assignment Question Group without case study........................8
Specific Assignment Question Group with case study.............................9
General Academic Project Papers..............................................................10
Idea Paper................................................................................................12
Research Proposal ...................................................................................13
Research Problem and Goal...................................................................13
Relevance, Significance, and Literature Review.....................................13
Barriers and Issues.................................................................................13
Approach................................................................................................14
Project Plan............................................................................................14
Annotated Bibliography...........................................................................14
Reference List.........................................................................................14
Final Research Proposal ........................................................................14
Research Effort.........................................................................................16
Project Paper Drafting..............................................................................17
Defence....................................................................................................18
General Forms............................................................................................19
Assignment Submission Form..................................................................20
Research Proposal Form..........................................................................21
Final Project Paper Submission Form......................................................23
GENERAL GUIDE ASSIGNMENT REPORT.......................................................... 26
Function of a Business Assignment Report................................................26
The Structure of Business Assignment Reports .........................................27
PROJECT PAPER GENERAL FORMAT ................................................................. 35
Project Proposal .......................................................................................38
Sample Proposal Title Page...................................................................40
Sample Proposal Abstract Page.............................................................41
Sample Final Project Paper Cover..........................................................42
Sample Project Paper Title Page............................................................43
Sample Project Paper Abstract Page .....................................................44
NOTES ON PLAGIARISM .................................................................................... 45
Referencing............................................................................................46
EXAMINERS EXPECTATIONS ............................................................................. 47
BIBLIOGRAPHY................................................................................................. 50
Document Number: 90-60-00 ii
Version: 1 5
th
Edition dated 25
th
December 2009

List of Tables

TABLE 001: GUIDEBOOK CHAPTERS AND SUB-CHAPTERS BREAKDOWN V

List of Figures

FIGURE 001: DOCUMENT NUMBERING SYSTEM IV
FIGURE 002: SOURCES OF ACADEMIC PAPER GENERATION 5
FIGURE 003: ACADEMIC RESEARCH PAPER/ PROJ ECT PAPER GENERATION 10
FIGURE 004: TYPICAL RESEARCH PROCESS 16
FIGURE 005: ASSIGNMENT REPORT SUBMISSION FORM 20
FIGURE 006(A): RESEARCH PROPOSAL SUBMISSION FORM (PAGE 1) 21
FIGURE 006(B): RESEARCH PROPOSAL SUBMISSION FORM (PAGE 2) 22
FIGURE 007(A): FINAL PROJ ECT PAPER SUBMISSION FORM (PAGE 1) 23
FIGURE 007(B): FINAL PROJ ECT PAPER SUBMISSION FORM (PAGE 2) 24
FIGURE 008: SAMPLE OF MAIN BODY LAYOUT. 37
FIGURE 009: EXAMPLE OF PROPOSAL TITLE PAGE 40
FIGURE 010: EXAMPLE OF PROPOSAL ABSTRACT PAGE 41
FIGURE 011: EXAMPLE OF FINAL PROJ ECT COVER 42
FIGURE 012: EXAMPLE OF FINAL PROJ ECT TITLE PAGE 43
FIGURE 013: EXAMPLE OF FINAL PROJ ECT ABSTRACT PAGE 44

Document Number: 90-60-00 iii
Version: 1 5
th
Edition dated 25
th
December 2009

Background Information
The purpose of this guidebook is to assist, facilitate and guide LUCTs
Masters Degree students in documenting and presenting their assignments,
proposed and final project papers. It is an attempt to compile and share some
of the vast knowledge and ideas put forward by many experts in this subject
and adapting to LUCTs environment and requirements. The Academic
Committee believes that this guidebook will serve as an important starting
point for post-graduate students to prepare and present creative, innovative
and quality academic documents. It also acts as an easy and mutually useful
reference to supervisors and examiners.
The universally accepted standard technical terms commonly used in
research discipline are retained while other terms peculiar to the research
context are the prerogatives of the researcher. However, such freedom must
be within the acceptable boundary of academic research.
This guidebook does not replace the necessary required reading text
suggested by the faculty in each of the program. Students must read and
understand the content of textbooks suggested.


How to use this guidebook
This guidebook is divided into chapters and sub-chapters according to the
type of documentations required by the program. The breakdown of chapter
commensurate to the academic documentation a student needs to produce
1
.
Figure 001: Document Numbering System
Document Number: 90-00-00 1
Version: 0 (Initial Draft) Dated 5
th
November 2007
th
November 2007
90 is where all assignments,
project papers and thesis
related documentations are
filed, managed and
controlled.
00 is Chapter number for the
overall exposition of the titled
document
00 is Sub-Chapter number for
detail description of the
chapter title.
Page Number
Version Number and Date of issue. Always check and use
the latest document.
th
November 2007
th
November 2007
90 is where all assignments,
project papers and thesis
related documentations are
filed, managed and
controlled.
00 is Chapter number for the
overall exposition of the titled
document
00 is Sub-Chapter number for
detail description of the
chapter title.
Page Number
Version Number and Date of issue. Always check and use
the latest document.
Illustrated in figure 001, Document Number 90 refers to the Facultys Master
Document reference for all assignments and project papers related items.
Chapter 00 refers to overall description of the document; in the illustration, it
will be the introduction and general explanation of the guidebook. In the case
of this document, Chapter 60 refers to all descriptions and documentations
related to MASTERS degree academic papers.
Sub-Chapter 00 refers to the detail description of the Chapter; may it be the
overall processes of idea generation to the final academic document required
to be produced by the students. It also describes the necessary procedures
and forms that are required to be used accompanying the students academic
document.

1
Subject to Faculty and Senate Approval

Document Number: 90-60-00 iv
Version: 1 5
th
Edition dated 25
th
December 2009
Document Number: 90-60-00 v
Version: 1 5
th
Edition dated 25
th
December 2009

Numbering Allocation
Table 001 describes the numbering and location for each chapter and sub-
chapter for the guidebook
2
.
Table 001: Guidebook Chapters and Sub-Chapters breakdown
Main Chapter Sub-Chapter Description
90 60 00 Masters Degree Level (60) papers and exposition
10 General processes and forms
11 ~69 Reserved
70 Assignment Format and presentations
71 ~79 Reserved
80 Project Papers Format and presentations
81 ~89 Reserved
90 Examiners expectations

2
Subject to Faculty and Senate approval

Version: 1 5
th
Edition dated 25
th
December 2009

Guidebook Exposition
Introduction
Masters degree students are required to write a well-articulated paper in the
form of assignments reports and /or project papers as part fulfilment for them
to graduate. The length of these papers varies in terms of length and number
of words depending on the assignments the students are pursuing. Any
intellectual or academic effort will go thorough a widely accepted phases,
namely:
Thinking or Conceptualising
Preparing the Project and or the Research Proposal
Conducting the actual Research
Writing the Project and or the Research Paper
Sharing the Project and or the Research Outcomes
Revising or Refining the Project and or the Research Paper
Submitting the final completed Project and or the Research Paper
Defending the Project and or the Research Paper
Submitting the final paper incorporating suggestions from the
defence
Indeed, students always asked the importance of such requirement and why
they are frequently subjected to such despair. There are number of reasons
as to why LUCT is pursuing this path. Although non-exhaustive, the list below
represents why academic paper is crucial at LUCT.
It the case of individual papers, it develops and enhances the
individual students writing competencies.
In the case of group assignment papers, it develops the team
building and leadership skills within each individual student.
It harnesses creative thinking amongst students that are much
needed in the real business world.
It provides the lecturers, supervisors, academic committee and
examiners with an instrument for assessing students competency
levels.

Version: 1 5
th
Edition dated 25
th
December 2009

Producing an academic paper at LUCT is not as difficult as it seems. Students
need only to conform to the LUCTs requirements that are also the universally
accepted general requirements of the academic world. It is in the best interest
of the students to fully comprehend and understand these requirements to
avoid unnecessary, costly and time-consuming revisions. Always bear in mind
that, an academic paper is indeed an individual students product. The quality
of such product will tell the customers, in this case the examiners and
academic committee, the quality of the student. On the same premise, not
limited to, the following are attributes of a good academic paper:
The paper clearly demonstrates the students ability to undertake a
research exercise. The output (academic paper) includes critical
reviews of the literatures, applying appropriate research methods
and tools in analysing the data and interpreting the results into
useful information.
The paper makes significant contribution to the academic
knowledge as well as to the business practice.
The paper is written using a concise and simple language that can
be easily understood by the readers.
The paper shows an overall coherence, between chapters and the
connections between chapters and the ideas put forward; and
clearly written in a smooth and logical manner.
The format and layout of the paper conform to the LUCTs
requirements. It is well edited, thoroughly checked for spelling,
grammatical and typographical errors.
Text citations and references conform to the Harvard referencing
style.

Version: 1 5
th
Edition dated 25
th
December 2009

General Guidelines
The work must be in English unless a written permission is given to do
otherwise. If the academic paper is written in languages other than English, it
should be accompanied by a report from the supervisor on the contents and
structure of the paper. However, a brief quotation in language other than
English is permitted.
The length of academic paper for Masters Degree, excluding the front and
back matters, is as follow:
Assignments such as Case study Reports should be at least 5,000
words.
Final Research Project Papers should be at least 10,000 words.
The work must be submitted in condition appropriate for preservation in
LUCTs library and there shall be no restriction whatsoever for the access to
the academic paper.
All statements, citations and must be clearly indicated and properly
referenced.
The work must be original and students are required to sign-off the
declaration form attached at the front for the final submitted academic paper.
All work must be either type written or printed in letter-quality prints on a white
A4 size paper of not less than 80 grams weight. The use of colour paper is
only allowed as separators, if the student so wishes.
All assignment reports must be properly comb-bound using a black coloured
comb spine, with clear hard plastic front cover and black coloured hard-paper
back cover. All Final Project Paper must be in a book bind using black
coloured hardcover for both front and back.

The type setting must be at least one and a half (1) spacing for Case Study
Reports, Research Proposals and Final Research Project Reports; using 12
points Arial fonts, with the following page set up:
Left Margin 3.81cm or 1
Right Margin 2.54cm or 1
Top and bottom spaces 2.54cm or 1
For Microsoft word
users, these can be easily set from the File>Page Set up

menu as shown in the image below.

Only single sided printing is allowed and pages must be consecutively
numbered with proper table of contents, figures, tables.
It is crucial for all students to conform to all the requirements set and please
refer to sub-chapter 50 of this document for more details on page layout and
content placements requirements.

Version: 1 5
th
Edition dated 25
th
December 2009

Processes and Forms
General Processes
Typically, there are three sources for generating an academic paper for
MASTERS Degree students. As illustrated in figure 002 part [A], these
sources can be in the form of:
Specific assignment question given by the lecturers to students
Case study given by the lecturers or proposed by the students
Research proposals submitted by the students
Figure 002: Sources of Academic Paper generation
Academic
Paper
Specific
Assignment
Question
Case Study
Research
Proposal
Academic
Paper
Specific
Assignment
Question
Case Study
Research
Proposal
Specific
Assignment
Question
Specific
Case Study
Student draft Academic
Paper
Academic Paper discussions
Academic Paper Submission
draft
& Acceptance [FORM]
Academic Paper
Assessment and Grading by
examiner
Discussions amongst
students for group
papers
Discussion with
supervisors for
individual papers
Group presentations
Usually provided for by
the lecturers
Changes and
Refinements
Specific
Assignment
Question
Specific
Case Study
Student draft Academic
Paper
Academic Paper discussions
draft
& Acceptance [FORM]
Academic Paper
Assessment and Grading by
examiner
Discussions amongst
students for group
papers
Discussion with
supervisors for
individual papers
Group presentations
Usually provided for by
the lecturers
Changes and
Refinements
A
A B
B
Source: adapted from Faisal, 2005

Version: 1 5
th
Edition dated 25
th
December 2009
Version: 1 5
th
Edition dated 25
th
December 2009

Specific Assignment Question Individual without case study
This section describes the typical process of producing an academic paper
derived from a given specific assignment question without any given case
study. Referring to figure 002 part [B], the typical processes are as follows:
Students are encouraged to comprehend thoroughly the questions
and desired outcomes. This can be discussed with the lecturer
during the lecture or tutorial.
Students are to draft the academic paper basing on their
understanding of the topic in accordance to the format and layout
requirements specified in sub-chapter 50 of this document.
Students are not allowed to discuss the contents of the academic
paper with their lecturers, unless provisions for doing so are
allowed, subject to their agreement and availability.
In the case for allowable student-lecturer discussion, any changes
suggested by the lecturers must be incorporated into the
submission draft.
Once the submission draft is complete, students are to submit their
assignments by the stipulated deadline. Be advised that students
will be penalised for late submission.
The academic papers must be prepared in accordance to the
requirements stated in this guidebook accompanied by the relevant
form.
The assigned examiner will assess the academic papers and grade
them accordingly.

Version: 1 5
th
Edition dated 25
th
December 2009

Specific Assignment Question Individual with case study
derived from a given specific assignment question with a given case study.
Referring to figure 002 part [B], the typical processes are as follows:
Students are encouraged to comprehend thoroughly the questions
and desired outcomes, as some assignments not only require
students to prepare an academic paper but may also an academic
presentation as part of their grading.
In case of a formal report, students are to draft the academic paper
basing on their understanding of the topic in accordance to the
format and layout requirements specified in sub-chapter 50 of this
document.
In the case of formal presentation, students are to prepare the
academic presentation basing on their understanding of the topic in
accordance to the format and layout requirements specified in sub-
chapter 50 of this document.
Students are not allowed to discuss the contents of the academic
paper and /or the academic presentations with their lecturers,
unless provisions for doing so are allowed, subject to their
agreement and availability.
In the case for allowable student-lecturer discussions, any changes
submission draft and /or presentation slides.
assignments by the stipulated deadline. Be advised that students
will be penalised for late submission.
The academic paper must be prepared in accordance to the
form.
In the case for academic presentations, students are to arrange for
the academic presentation date with their lecturer and conduct the
presentation preferably using Microsoft Powerpoint
by the
stipulated deadline. Be advised that students will be penalised for
not adhering to the agreed deadlines.
The assigned examiner(s) will assess the academic papers,
academic presentations and grade them accordingly.
Students are encouraged to attend any relevant case study analysis seminars
or classes to enhance their skills.
Version: 1 5
th
Edition dated 25
th
December 2009

Specific Assignment Question Group without case study
derived from a given specific assignment question without any given case
study to a group. Referring to figure 002 part [B], the typical processes are as
follows:
Groups are encouraged to comprehend thoroughly the questions
and desired outcomes, as some assignments not only require
groups to prepare an academic paper but may also an academic
presentation as part of their grading. This can be discussed within
the group and /or the lecturer during the lecture or tutorial.
Groups are encouraged to organise themselves as early as
possible to discuss the procedures, roles and responsibilities of
each member, especially the scriber to note the relevant
discussions contents. This is to avoid future disappointments.
Draft the academic paper basing on the groups understanding of
the topic in accordance to the format and layout requirements
specified in sub-chapter 50 of this document.
In the case of formal presentation, groups are to prepare the
academic presentation basing on their understanding of the topic in
accordance to the format and layout requirements specified in sub-
chapter 50 of this document.
Groups are not allowed to discuss the contents of the academic
paper with their lecturers, unless provisions for doing so are
allowed, subject to their agreement and availability.
In the case for allowable group-lecturer discussion, any changes
submission draft.
Once the submission draft is complete, groups are to submit their
groups assignment by the stipulated deadline. Be advised that
groups will be penalised for late submission.
The submission draft must be prepared in accordance to the
form.
In the case for academic presentations, groups are to arrange for
the academic presentation date with their lecturer and conduct the
presentation preferably using Microsoft Powerpoint
by the
stipulated deadline. Be advised that students will be penalised for
not adhering to the agreed deadlines.
The assigned examiner(s) will assess the academic papers and /or
academic presentations and grade them accordingly.

Version: 1 5
th
Edition dated 25
th
December 2009

Specific Assignment Question Group with case study
derived from a given specific assignment question with a given case study to
a group. Referring to figure 002 part [B], the typical processes is similar to
earlier discussed Specific Assignment Question Group without case
study. In both cases, groups are encouraged to attend any relevant case
study analysis seminars or classes to enhance their skills.


General Academic Project Papers
In the case of academic papers arising from research proposals, the
processes are more rigorous. Illustrated in figure 003 is a typical process in
general. Students must refer to the detail descriptions in this guidebook and
familiarise themselves thoroughly with the full requirements and restrictions.
Figure 003: Academic Research Paper/ Project Paper generation
Research
Exercise
Academic
Paper
Specific
Assignment
Question
Case Study
Research
Proposal
Identify potential research area
Discuss potential research area
with supervisor
Draft research proposal in
consultation with supervisor
Submit research proposal
Submission Draft to Principal
lecturer for recommendations
using FORM
Submission Draft to Academic
Committee.
Proceed with research project
and complete the Academic
paper
Research proposal Submission
Draft completed
R1
Minor changes
Refine Proposal
Paper
Major changes
Redo Proposal
Paper
R2
a
a
No Changes
Rejectedor Major changes
Redo Proposal Paper
AcceptedwithMinor
changes.
Refine Proposal Paper
Accepted with
No changes.
SCIENTIFIC
RESEARCH
DESIGN
SCIENTIFIC
RESEARCH
DESIGN
NO
OBSERVATION
Broad area of
research interest
identified
OBSERVATION
Broad area of
research interest
identified
PRELIMENARY
DATA
GATHERING
Interview
Literature reviews
PRELIMENARY
DATA
GATHERING
Interview
Literature reviews
PROBLEM
DEFINITION
Research problem
delineated
PROBLEM
DEFINITION
Research problem
delineated
THEORETICAL
FRAMEWORK
Variables clearly
identified and
labelled
THEORETICAL
FRAMEWORK
Variables clearly
identified and
labelled
GENERATION OF
HYPOTHESIS
GENERATION OF
HYPOTHESIS
DEDUCTION
Hypothesis
substantiated?
Research question
answered?
DEDUCTION
Hypothesis
substantiated?
Research question
answered?
DATA
COLLECTION,
ANALYSIS AND
INTERPRETATION
DATA
COLLECTION,
ANALYSIS AND
INTERPRETATION
Report
writing
Report
writing
Report
Presentation
Report
Presentation
Managerial
Decision
Managerial
Decision
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
YES
9 10 11
Final Decisions
IMPLEMENTATION if
action research.
Corrective actions
problems
REFINEMENT of theory
if Pure research, a.k.a.
Basic or Fundamental
research purpose:
building the body of
knowledge (8)
IMPLEMENTATION if
action research.
Corrective actions
problems
research purpose:
knowledge (8)
Research
design
aspect
Defence
Submission
Paper
[FORM]
Project
Paper Draft
Refinement
Submission
Paper
Review
Academic
Review
Academic Research/ Project
Paper Main Processes
Research Exercise Sub-Processes
Research Proposal
Sub-Processes
Final Paper
Source: adapted from Faisal, 2005;
Sekaran, 2003 and Welman & Kruger,
1999.
Research
Exercise
Academic
Paper
Specific
Assignment
Question
Case Study
Research
Proposal
with supervisor
using FORM
Committee.
paper
Draft completed
R1
Minor changes
Refine Proposal
Paper
Major changes
Redo Proposal
Paper
R2
a
a
No Changes
Redo Proposal Paper
AcceptedwithMinor
changes.
Accepted with
No changes.
SCIENTIFIC
RESEARCH
DESIGN
SCIENTIFIC
RESEARCH
DESIGN
NO
OBSERVATION
Broad area of
research interest
identified
OBSERVATION
Broad area of
research interest
identified
PRELIMENARY
DATA
GATHERING
Interview
Literature reviews
PRELIMENARY
DATA
GATHERING
Interview
Literature reviews
PROBLEM
DEFINITION
Research problem
delineated
PROBLEM
DEFINITION
Research problem
delineated
THEORETICAL
FRAMEWORK
Variables clearly
identified and
labelled
THEORETICAL
FRAMEWORK
Variables clearly
identified and
labelled
GENERATION OF
HYPOTHESIS
GENERATION OF
HYPOTHESIS
DEDUCTION
Hypothesis
substantiated?
Research question
answered?
DEDUCTION
Hypothesis
substantiated?
Research question
answered?
DATA
COLLECTION,
ANALYSIS AND
INTERPRETATION
DATA
COLLECTION,
ANALYSIS AND
INTERPRETATION
Report
writing
Report
writing
Report
Presentation
Report
Presentation
Managerial
Decision
Managerial
Decision
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
YES
9 10 11
Final Decisions
IMPLEMENTATION if
action research.
Corrective actions
problems
research purpose:
knowledge (8)
IMPLEMENTATION if
action research.
Corrective actions
problems
research purpose:
knowledge (8)
Research
design
aspect
Defence
Submission
Paper
[FORM]
Project
Paper Draft
Refinement
Submission
Paper
Review
Academic
Review
Research Proposal
Sub-Processes
Final Paper
Research
Exercise
Academic
Paper
Specific
Assignment
Question
Case Study
Research
Proposal
with supervisor
using FORM
Committee.
paper
Draft completed
R1
Minor changes
Refine Proposal
Paper
Major changes
Redo Proposal
Paper
R2
a
a
No Changes
Redo Proposal Paper
AcceptedwithMinor
changes.
Accepted with
No changes.
SCIENTIFIC
RESEARCH
DESIGN
SCIENTIFIC
RESEARCH
DESIGN
NO
OBSERVATION
Broad area of
research interest
identified
OBSERVATION
Broad area of
research interest
identified
PRELIMENARY
DATA
GATHERING
Interview
Literature reviews
PRELIMENARY
DATA
GATHERING
Interview
Literature reviews
PROBLEM
DEFINITION
Research problem
delineated
PROBLEM
DEFINITION
Research problem
delineated
THEORETICAL
FRAMEWORK
Variables clearly
identified and
labelled
THEORETICAL
FRAMEWORK
Variables clearly
identified and
labelled
GENERATION OF
HYPOTHESIS
GENERATION OF
HYPOTHESIS
DEDUCTION
Hypothesis
substantiated?
Research question
answered?
DEDUCTION
Hypothesis
substantiated?
Research question
answered?
DATA
COLLECTION,
ANALYSIS AND
INTERPRETATION
DATA
COLLECTION,
ANALYSIS AND
INTERPRETATION
Report
writing
Report
writing
Report
Presentation
Report
Presentation
Managerial
Decision
Managerial
Decision
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
YES
9 10 11
Final Decisions
IMPLEMENTATION if
action research.
Corrective actions
problems
research purpose:
knowledge (8)
IMPLEMENTATION if
action research.
Corrective actions
problems
research purpose:
knowledge (8)
Research
design
aspect
Defence
Submission
Paper
[FORM]
Project
Paper Draft
Refinement
Submission
Paper
Review
Academic
Review
Research Proposal
Sub-Processes
Final Paper
Source: adapted from Faisal, 2005;
Sekaran, 2003 and Welman & Kruger,
1999.

The academic research papers for MASTERS Degree students at LUCT are
commonly known as Project Paper. Hence, research paper or project paper
will be synonymously used in this guide. It is commonly practiced that for
project papers; students are free to propose their research topic of interest.

Version: 1 5
th
Edition dated 25
th
December 2009
Version: 1 5
th
Edition dated 25
th
December 2009

The generally accepted processes for Project Paper are as described below:
Students are encouraged to prepare an Idea Paper. The purpose of
Idea Paper is to enable student to clarify their research intent and to
solicit appropriate supervisor for their research effort.
The completed Idea Paper is then submitted to principal lecturer for
acceptance and appointment of appropriate lecturer to supervise
the students.
Once, Idea Paper is accepted and supervisor established, students
are required to prepare a Research Project Proposal basing on their
areas of interest.
Students are encouraged to comprehend thoroughly the research
area proposed and the desired outcomes.
Students are expected to perform a literature search and to conduct
critical reviews of relevant literatures prior drafting the Research
Project Proposal.
Students can only proceed with their research proper when their
proposal is accepted and approved. It is in the students best
interest that they conduct a reasonable amount of research work,
with sufficient depth and breadth of the chosen topic for their
research proposal to be accepted and approved.
Once the proposal is accepted and approved, students can initiate
their search effort. Throughout the research exercise, students are
expected to be rigorous in every phase of the research. Appraisals,
analysis and opinions have to be intellectual and supported.
In the case of formal reports and presentations, please refer to the
earlier mentioned Specific Assignment Question Individual with
case study guidelines.
Final Project Paper by the stipulated deadline accompanied by the
relevant form. Be advised that students will be penalised for late
submission.
Students are to defend their research effort before an academic
defence panel or committee for their acceptance, which will be
arranged by the faculty.
The assigned examiner(s) will assess the academic papers, the
academic presentations (defence) and grade the students
accordingly.
Students are advised to be thoroughly familiar with the processes in
producing their Final Project Papers to avoid disappointments and to attend
any relevant seminars or classes to enhance their skills.
Version: 1 5
th
Edition dated 25
th
December 2009

Idea Paper
The purpose of an idea paper is twofold; firstly, to conceptualise and clarify
the students research intent and secondly, to identify and matches
appropriate supervisor for the students.
An idea paper is generally less than ten pages document. It contains a short
description of the research topic, the research motives, its significance,
proposed research outcome, proposed supervisor name or specialisation, and
list of proposed literatures sources.
Students are encouraged to discuss the idea paper with their proposed
supervisor prior submission for acceptance. In the case where there is no
suitable supervisor, students are to discuss their idea paper with their
lecturers and or the principal lecturers in moving forward. Once the idea paper
is accepted, a research proposal can be initiated.

Version: 1 5
th
Edition dated 25
th
December 2009

Research Proposal
The research proposal is the first important step in any academic research
effort. Generally about 25 40 pages in length and written in the future tense.
A full literature search is not required at this stage; however, an annotated
bibliography must be prepared and included in the proposal covering the
material relevant to the proposed area of interest or topic. The relationship
between the proposed topic and the literature reviewed should be discussed
in this proposal.
Research Problem and Goal
This section describe the Research Problem that need to be addressed (why
this research effort is being undertaken) and a concise description of research
goal (what the research effort will accomplish).
Both research problem and goal must be supported by evidence from the
literature search. Effort must be made to define a goal that is measurable, that
is, the faculty must be able to use the goal statement to determine whether
the research project is successfully completed. Therefore, the goal contained
in the research proposal should be measurable.
Poorly written research problem and goal measurement can be the basis for
rejection. If students not able to justify the motives of their research effort,
then the student do not have the basis for a project paper.
Relevance, Significance, and Literature Review
Any academic research effort must have relevance to the situation described,
and contribute in a significant way to the advancement of body of knowledge,
improve professional practice, and /or contribute to understanding of issues
described. Where possible, the project paper is worthy of publication in a
journal or conference proceeding in the area or as a textbook or monograph.
An extensive critical review of literature is not required at this stage, but a brief
review and discussion of the literature must be included in the proposal. An
annotated bibliography is necessary covering the literatures relevant to the
proposed research areas. See annotated bibliography section below for
amplification.
Barriers and Issues
In this section, students are to discuss any major issues or problems that they
might face during the research effort, and the expected degree of difficulties in
resolving them.
Version: 1 5
th
Edition dated 25
th
December 2009

Approach
Students are expected to discuss, in details how they intent to accomplish the
research goal. A list of major steps to be taken, in sequence that must be
taken to accomplish the research goal.
Project Plan
Student are required to prepare a plan to include (i) activities or task that
need to be accomplished, including a list of major milestones, with dates or
timeframes; (ii) resources, both human and non-human that are required to
perform or support the research effort. Students are suggested to attend any
seminar or classes on project management to enhance their skills.
Annotated Bibliography
Students are recommended to conduct both physical and computer search.
Physical library resources should be at least 30 items out of which 70 percent
(21 items) derived from related journals and 30 percent (9 items) from related
books. However, students are reminded that these annotations must be theirs
and not those obtained from publications abstract. The relationships of the
identified literature and its relevance to the topic must be discussed.
Reference List
A list of references must be prepared and cited in the proposal. However, only
those cited and referred-to in the proposal can be included. For those not
cited or referred to must be excluded for the list.
Final Research Proposal
The finalised project proposal is a formal document that provides the
framework and supports the students research effort. The document must
state clearly the fundamental concepts and theories to the study; with concise
and accurate research problem; that is, specific and measurable goals are
specified; a thorough literature review is presented; the methods for
conducting the research are delineated; and strategies to achieve the
research goal is given. Generally, the proposal is written in the future tense
and a well formulated proposal acts as a blueprint for generating the final
project paper.

Version: 1 5
th
Edition dated 25
th
December 2009

Evaluation of research proposal is generally based on the content and clarity
of the introduction, literature review, procedures, expectations, and the
effectiveness with which the document is organised and planned. Factors
affecting the evaluation process include the purpose, significance, merit of the
investigation and the appropriateness of procedures chosen to meet the goal.
Students are advised to engage their supervisors frequently during the
proposal drafting.

Research Effort
Figure 004 typically describe the overall research process. However, students
are reminded that such process does not occur in a logically sequenced
manner, as there will be many inductions and deductions occurring during the
research cycle. It is imperative that students to understand the research cycle
and processes during the class discussions and or tutorials.
Figure 004: Typical Research Process
SCIENTIFIC
RESEARCH
DESIGN
SCIENTIFIC
RESEARCH
DESIGN
NO
OBSERVATION
Broad area of
research interest
identified
OBSERVATION
Broad area of
research interest
identified
PRELIMENARY
DATA
GATHERING
Interview
Literature reviews
PRELIMENARY
DATA
GATHERING
Interview
Literature reviews
PROBLEM
DEFINITION
Research problem
delineated
PROBLEM
DEFINITION
Research problem
delineated
THEORETICAL
FRAMEWORK
Variables clearly
identified and
labelled
THEORETICAL
FRAMEWORK
Variables clearly
identified and
labelled
GENERATION OF
HYPOTHESIS
GENERATION OF
HYPOTHESIS
DEDUCTION
Hypothesis
substantiated?
Research question
answered?
DEDUCTION
Hypothesis
substantiated?
Research question
answered?
DATA
COLLECTION,
ANALYSIS AND
INTERPRETATION
DATA
COLLECTION,
ANALYSIS AND
INTERPRETATION
Report
writing
Report
writing
Report
Presentation
Report
Presentation
Managerial
Decision
Managerial
Decision
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
YES
9 10 11
Final Decisions
IMPLEMENTATION if
action research.
Corrective actions
problems
research purpose:
knowledge (8)
IMPLEMENTATION if
action research.
Corrective actions
problems
research purpose:
knowledge (8)
Research
design
aspect
Research process for basic and applied research
Source: Sekaran, 2003 (pg 28,56)
SCIENTIFIC
RESEARCH
DESIGN
SCIENTIFIC
RESEARCH
DESIGN
NO
OBSERVATION
Broad area of
research interest
identified
OBSERVATION
Broad area of
research interest
identified
PRELIMENARY
DATA
GATHERING
Interview
Literature reviews
PRELIMENARY
DATA
GATHERING
Interview
Literature reviews
PROBLEM
DEFINITION
Research problem
delineated
PROBLEM
DEFINITION
Research problem
delineated
THEORETICAL
FRAMEWORK
Variables clearly
identified and
labelled
THEORETICAL
FRAMEWORK
Variables clearly
identified and
labelled
GENERATION OF
HYPOTHESIS
GENERATION OF
HYPOTHESIS
DEDUCTION
Hypothesis
substantiated?
Research question
answered?
DEDUCTION
Hypothesis
substantiated?
Research question
answered?
DATA
COLLECTION,
ANALYSIS AND
INTERPRETATION
DATA
COLLECTION,
ANALYSIS AND
INTERPRETATION
Report
writing
Report
writing
Report
Presentation
Report
Presentation
Managerial
Decision
Managerial
Decision
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
YES
9 10 11
Final Decisions
IMPLEMENTATION if
action research.
Corrective actions
problems
research purpose:
knowledge (8)
IMPLEMENTATION if
action research.
Corrective actions
problems
research purpose:
knowledge (8)
Research
design
aspect
SCIENTIFIC
RESEARCH
DESIGN
SCIENTIFIC
RESEARCH
DESIGN
NO
OBSERVATION
Broad area of
research interest
identified
OBSERVATION
Broad area of
research interest
identified
PRELIMENARY
DATA
GATHERING
Interview
Literature reviews
PRELIMENARY
DATA
GATHERING
Interview
Literature reviews
PROBLEM
DEFINITION
Research problem
delineated
PROBLEM
DEFINITION
Research problem
delineated
THEORETICAL
FRAMEWORK
Variables clearly
identified and
labelled
THEORETICAL
FRAMEWORK
Variables clearly
identified and
labelled
GENERATION OF
HYPOTHESIS
GENERATION OF
HYPOTHESIS
DEDUCTION
Hypothesis
substantiated?
Research question
answered?
DEDUCTION
Hypothesis
substantiated?
Research question
answered?
DATA
COLLECTION,
ANALYSIS AND
INTERPRETATION
DATA
COLLECTION,
ANALYSIS AND
INTERPRETATION
Report
writing
Report
writing
Report
Presentation
Report
Presentation
Managerial
Decision
Managerial
Decision
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
YES
9 10 11
Final Decisions
IMPLEMENTATION if
action research.
Corrective actions
problems
research purpose:
knowledge (8)
IMPLEMENTATION if
action research.
Corrective actions
problems
research purpose:
knowledge (8)
Research
design
aspect
Research process for basic and applied research
Source: Sekaran, 2003 (pg 28,56)

Version: 1 5
th
Edition dated 25
th
December 2009
Version: 1 5
th
Edition dated 25
th
December 2009

Project Paper Drafting
Thanks to the marvel of modern technology, project paper drafting is now a
painless undertaking. Availability of powerful word-processing software, such
as Microsoft Word
has made document generation and editing easy. The

only barrier to producing an excellent project paper is the person doing it!
Students are reminded that documents such as their Final Project Paper is
not something they can take lightly. There is never such thing as last minute
generation of project paper and burning the midnight oil.
Drafting must start as early as the research effort itself. The research proposal
can be a good starting point and to be later expanded in a full project paper
document.
There will be many iterations and revisions. Every chapter can be written in
simple paragraphs or bullet points for a start and can be later recomposed
into proper phrases and paragraphs.
Since there will be many re-writes and versions, students are encouraged to
keep track of the changes and backing up of files is important. A last minute
computer hard drive failure can be disastrous for student.
Text can be written in both US English and UK English; students must choose
either one of the text style and must be consistent throughout the paper.
Students are required to keep track of their sources and references. Annotate
those references using Harvard Referencing System, early in drafting and
keep building the reference list. Do not by any chance, leave it to the last
minute, as there will swamps of paperwork during the final paper generation.
Keep all the relevant documentations organised!

Version: 1 5
th
Edition dated 25
th
December 2009

Defence
Defence is a generally a formal presentation of the students research work.
Students are required to prepare a fifteen (15) minutes presentation on their
research work. Depending on the research topic and the question and
answer session, the duration of defence varies.
The main purpose is to asses the students overall understanding of the
research topic. It also serves as a platform for examiners to engage or
discuss the whole research effort with the students.
Defence is not something to be taken lightly. Do not attempt to prepare the
defence at the last minute. Students must make every effort to present their
research effort within the time allocated in a concise manner. It is in the best
interest of the students to prepare all material themselves and be thoroughly
familiar with the material they use.

Version: 1 5
th
Edition dated 25
th
December 2009

General Forms
In managing academic papers, forms are used for many reasons. It has been
widely accepted that forms:
Serve as a tracking and monitoring tool for the students as well as
the academic papers progress.
Serve as evidence for the required reviews and approvals.
Serve as evidence for the required declaration of students work
concerning copyright and plagiarism.
Due to the varying programs and differing type of forms used within LUCT,
students must use the correct form for their respective effort as mentioned in
this guidebook. Typically, the following list represents some of the commonly
used forms.
Submission Forms: This form is to be used when submitting the
academic paper
Declaration Forms: This form serves as declaration that the work
submitted is students original work and all references are cited
accordingly
Distribution Authorisation Forms: This form allows LUCT to deposit,
archive and distribute the students work as deemed necessary.
Assessment and Grading Forms: This form is purely meant to be
used by examiners in grading the students work.


Assignment Submission Form
Below is a sample of the submission form used by Masters Degree students
when submitting their assignment report.
Figure 005: Assignment Report Submission Form

Version: 1 5
th
Edition dated 25
th
December 2009

Research Proposal Form
Below is a sample of the two-paged Research Proposal submission form used
by Masters Degree students when submitting their research proposals.
Figure 006(a): Research Proposal Submission Form (page 1)
Version: 1 5
th
Edition dated 25
th
December 2009

Figure 006(b): Research Proposal Submission Form (page 2)

Version: 1 5
th
Edition dated 25
th
December 2009

Final Project Paper Submission Form
Below is a sample of the two-paged Final Project Paper submission form used
by Masters Degree students when submitting their final research reports.
Figure 007(a): Final Project Paper Submission Form (page 1)
Version: 1 5
th
Edition dated 25
th
December 2009

Figure 007(b): Final Project Paper Submission Form (page 2)

Version: 1 5
th
Edition dated 25
th
December 2009
Document Number: 90-00-11 ~ 69 25
Version: 1 5
th
Edition dated 25
th
December 2009

Reserved: 11 ~ 69:
Intentionally left blank

Version: 1 5
th
Edition dated 25
th
December 2009

General Guide Assignment Report
3
Function of a Business Assignment Report
Business reports are required in disciplines such as accounting, finance,
management, marketing and commerce. Often the type of assignment set is a
practical learning task requiring you to apply the theories you have been
studying to real world (or realistic) situations; for example, accounting and
finance students may be asked to analyse a companys financial data and to
write a report detailing their findings, marketing students may be asked to
research and develop a marketing campaign for a product and to write a
report presenting the proposal to the company, management students may be
asked to report on the management structure of a company and make
recommendations for its improvement. Learning how to report on financial
information, marketing and management strategies and issues to others is an
important component of business studies.
Your assignment question will most probably guide you as to the type of
information that should be included in your report and the steps you should
follow. As an example, your assignment may include questions such as:
Analyse the business buying behaviour and consumer buying
behaviour of a specific company in the retail industry.
Evaluate the effect of these behaviours on the companys marketing
strategy.
Make recommendations to improve the companys marketing
strategy in relation to one or both of these groups.
In these examples there are separate, yet related tasks, and this will be
reflected in the structure of the report: information will be divided into sections
with headings (for example, Recommendations), and the sections will follow a
logical progression.
Business reports will obviously differ according to the specific question and
task they seek to answer. It is important, however, to be clear what the overall
purpose of your report is: is it to inform, to make a proposal, or to solve a
problem?

3
Some of the material in this unit is adapted from Woodward-Kron, R. (1997) Writing in Commerce: a guide to assist
Commerce students with assignment writing, (Revised edition), Centre for the Advancement of Teaching and
Learning, The University of Newcastle, pp. 25-31.
Version: 1 5
th
Edition dated 25
th
December 2009

The Structure of Business Assignment Reports
In business, the information provided in reports needs to be easy to find, and
written in such a way that the client can understand it. This is one reason why
reports are divided into sections clearly labelled with headings and sub-
headings. Technical information which would clutter the body of the report is
placed in the appendix. The structure of a report and the purpose and
contents of each section is shown below.
TITLE PAGE: report title, your name, submission date
EXECUTIVE SUMMARY: overview of subject matter, methods of
analysis, findings, recommendations
The executive summary provides the reader with an overview of the reports
essential information. It is designed to be read by people who will not have
time to read the whole report or are deciding if this is necessary; therefore, in
your executive summary you need to say as much as possible in the fewest
words (Weaver & Weaver, 1977). The executive summary should briefly
outline the subject matter, the background problem, the scope of the
investigation, the method(s) of analysis, the important findings arguments
and important issues raised in the discussion, the conclusion and
recommendations. The executive summary should not just be an outline of
the points to be covered in the report with no detail of the analysis that has
taken place or conclusions that have been reached.
The executive summary stands as an overview at the front of the report but it
is also designed to be read alone without the accompanying report (this
would often occur in the workplace); therefore, you need to make sure it is
self sufficient and can be understood in isolation. It is usually written last (so
that it accurately reflects the content of the report) and is usually about two
hundred to three hundred words long (i.e. not more than a page).
TABLE OF CONTENTS: list of numbered sections in report and their
page numbers
In a report longer than several pages, a table of contents should be included
as it assists the reader to locate information quickly. It also gives the reader
a schematic overview of the structure and contents of the report. A table of
contents should include all section headings and subheadings:
worded exactly as they appear in the report
numbered exactly as they appear in the report
With their page numbers

The table of contents should be on its own page. As well as a table of
contents, you may wish to include:

Version: 1 5
th
Edition dated 25
th
December 2009

List of Figures (optional, separate page)
This list is used mainly for reports containing numerous figures. It
includes the figure number, caption and page number, ordered as
they appear in the text.
List of Tables (optional, separate page)
This list is used mainly for reports containing numerous tables. It
includes the table number, caption and page number, ordered as
they appear in the text.
List of appendices (optional, separate page)
This list is used mainly for reports containing numerous appendices.
It includes the appendix letter (each separate appendix should be
lettered i.e. Appendix A, Appendix B, etc.), its title and page number,
ordered as they appear at the end of the report.
Nomenclature (optional)
Where symbols are used extensively, a list of symbols and definitions
should appear at the beginning of the report. If there is no list,
symbols should be defined in the text when first used.

INTRODUCTION: Terms of reference and Outline of reports
structure.

The introduction presents:

the background to the issue (i.e. why was the report commissioned),
the objective or purpose of the report
a definition of the research problem/topic
a definition of the reports terms of reference (the what, where, and
when of the research problem/ topic)
an outline of the reports structure
an overview of the reports sections and their relationship to the
research problem
an outline and justification of the scope of the report (the boundaries
the report is working within)
a description of the range of sources used (i.e. personal
investigation, interviews, statistics and questionnaires)
acknowledgment of any valuable assistance received in the
preparation of the report

While there will be some duplication in the contents of the executive
summary and the introduction, the purpose of the executive summary is to
provide a summary of the findings of each section of the report. The purpose
of the introduction, however, is to outline what the report will cover and how
these issues address the research problem.

Version: 1 5
th
Edition dated 25
th
December 2009

BODY: Headings and sub-headings that reflect the contents of each
section. Includes information on method of data collection (if
applicable), the findings of the report and discussion of findings in light
of theory.

The body section expands and develops the material in a logical and
coherent manner, reflecting the structure outlined in the Introduction. It
contains a description of the findings and a discussion of them. It should also
relate the findings to any theory of relevance. The following questions are
examples of some of the types of questions the body of your report should
seek to answer:

What were the most significant findings or factors involved in the
topic/ problem?
Did the findings support the theory?
Have you found some disagreement with the theory?
Did you uncover any unexpected or new issues that need to be
considered?

This section is usually the longest part of the report. The material must be
presented logically. The type of headings you use to organise the information
in the body of your report will depend on the purpose of the report you are
preparing. Make sure the headings and sub-headings you choose are
informative.

Headings should be clearly, logically and accurately labelled since
they reveal the organisation of the report and permit quick reference
to specific information. They also make the report easy to read.

Headings should be specific and descriptive NOT vague and general
(Weaver & Weaver, 1977). Sometimes a main heading will be
general but the specificity is developed through subheadings. Given
the need for specificity, headings would tend to be more like an
abbreviated sentence rather than a single word. A good rule of
thumb is that the heading should be "long enough to be an inclusive
label but short enough to be immediately clear" (Weaver & Weaver,
1977: 84). You should also try to make headings grammatically and
logically consistent; for example, if your main heading was:

Types Of Schemas ; and your subheadings under this section
were:

Schemas for scenes
Schemas for events
Schemas for stories
Problems and their schemas

It would be much better to change the final subheading to

Schemas for problems; so that consistency in your headings is
maintained.

Version: 1 5
th
Edition dated 25
th
December 2009

Also avoid using headings that are catchy rather than informative;
for example, the following subheadings, although catchy and cute,
detract from the serious informative intent of the following report.

4. Key products and services of the McDonald's corporation
The following outline of McDonald's key products and services will
thoroughly examine all aspects of consumer buyer behaviour ..

4.1 The Big Mac: two all beef patties, special sauce, lettuce,
cheese, pickles and onions on a sesame seed bun!
The Big Mac hamburger brand was introduced to the McDonalds's product
range in 1968 and has worldwide recognition. The longevity, popularity and
recognisability of this product impact on consumer buying behaviour in
several ways..

4.2 McFlurry: just like a snowstorm in your mouth!
The McFlurry is a relatively new item to the McDonald's product range and
as such it is relevant to analyse several different aspects of consumer buyer
behaviour such as ..

The following general structures are just examples of ways it may be
appropriate to structure your report.

Type 1: Findings/ Discussion
Sub-heading 1
Statement of issue 1
findings
discussion of whether it supports or contrasts with theory
discussion of significance to theory/ practice

Sub-heading 2
findings

Type 2: Findings
Sub-heading 1
findings

Sub-heading 2
statement of issue 2
findings

Discussion
Issue 1

Issue 2

If your report requires any collection or analysis of data, it would generally
contain a method section in the body of the report briefly describing how the
data was collected: literature search, web pages, interviews (details of the
questions and the subject pool), financial and other business reports, etc.
Details of types of calculations or analysis undertaken would also be detailed.


The body of a report will also probably contain supporting evidence such as
tables, graphs or figures. Only include those that are essential for reader
understanding, the rest can be placed in an appendix that is referred to in
the text; for example, Appendix C contains the YoY predicted growth in shareholder
accounts for the company.

Using figures such as diagrams, tables, graphs, charts or maps can be a very
useful way to show and emphasise information in your report. They can be
used to compile data in an orderly way or to amplify a point and are a useful
tool to help your readers understand complex or numerous data (Weaver and
Weaver, 1977).

Figures essential to the report should be smoothly and correctly integrated
and should be explained and referred to in the main body of the report. A
useful way to do this is to lead into the figure by telling the reader what to
focus on in the figure and then lead out of the figure perhaps by linking the
important point that was illustrated to the next salient point; for example:

Figures that are supportive rather than essential to your explanation can be
placed in the appendix section so that the continuity of your writing is not
broken up (Weaver and Weaver, 1977). If a figure such as a table of data is
essential for understanding but is very lengthy, you may wish to include an
excerpt of the most relevant part of the figure in the text and the full figure
in an appendix.

The inclusion of tables and figures does not absolve you from making your
report coherent. Regardless of whether the figures are integrated into the
text or are in an appendix, it is important that you do discuss the information
represented in the diagrams, tables, graphs, charts and maps and not just let
them 'speak for themselves'. A good rule of thumb is to produce text and
figures that can both stand alone: the text should be readable without
figures, and vice versa.

Version: 1 5
th
Edition dated 25
th
December 2009
Version: 1 5
th
Edition dated 25
th
December 2009

In your discussion of the information represented in the figures you should
highlight information which you consider significant, point out trends or
relationships or compare data presented in separate figures; for example,

The Keeling plant's production capacity was reached in May this year. In contrast, the
Hergort plant has not yet reached 75% of its production capacity (see Table 13).

Make sure the figure is worthwhile. If the text is crystal clear without the
insertion of a figure there is no point including it, despite how good it may
look. If the text does not make sense without the insertion of the figure, you
are expecting the figure to do your job for you. In fact, the figure is not
meant to make your point but to illustrate, emphasise and supplement it
(Weaver & Weaver, 1977: 87).

CONCLUSION states the major inferences that can be drawn from
the discussion and makes recommendations

The conclusion summarises the major inferences that can be drawn from the
information presented in the report. It answers the questions raised by the
original research problem or stated purpose of the report (Blake & Bly, 1993)
and states the conclusions reached. Finally, the conclusion of your report
should also attempt to show what it all means: the significance of the
findings reported and their impact (Weaver & Weaver, 1977).

The conclusion/s presented in a report must be related to, resulting from and
justified by the material which appears in the report. The conclusion must
not introduce any new material. It should report on all the conclusions that
the evidence dictates as it is NOT the job of a conclusion to gloss over
conclusions that are puzzling, unpleasant, incomplete or dont seem to fit into
your scheme (Weaver & Weaver, 1977: 98). Doing this would indicate writer
bias and mean your conclusion may mislead the reader.

In the workplace, conclusions are quite often read by managers before the
main text of the report and hence, should summarise the main points clearly.
This section also may include:

reference to original aim(s) and objective(s) of report,
application(s) of results,
limitations and advantages of the findings,
objective opinion, evaluation or judgement of the evidence

Quite often, the present tense is used in the conclusion; for example, The
healthy lifestyles concept analysed in this report is a good candidate for next
phase of the marketing campaign for Choice chocolate.

The conclusions may be ordered in several ways (Weaver & Weaver, 1977).
The main conclusion may be stated first and then any other conclusions in
decreasing order of importance. Alternatively, it may be better to organise
the conclusions in the same order as the body section was organised.
Another strategy would be to present the positive conclusions together and
then the negative conclusions. The organisational strategy you use may vary;
the important thing is that the organisation of your conclusion is logical.
Version: 1 5
th
Edition dated 25
th
December 2009

The conclusion must arise from the evidence discussed in the body of the
report. It should not, therefore, subjectively tell the reader what to do (Blicq,
1992; Weaver & Weaver, 1977): this job is performed by the
recommendations section.
[NOTE: Sometimes the conclusion and recommendations can be presented together in one
section but they should be presented in separately labelled subsections; depending on the
reports requirements].

REFERENCE LIST: List of reference material consulted during
research for report

It is essential to include a reference list or bibliography of the reference
material you consulted during your research for the report. A bibliography
is a list of all the reference material you consulted during your research for
the report while a reference list is a list of all the references cited in the text
of your report, listed in alphabetical order at the end of the report. Each
reference in the reference list needs to contain all of the bibliographic
information from a source. You should also check with your lecturer or tutor
for any Faculty guidelines on referencing formats.

Throughout the text of your report you will also need to provide references
when you have included an idea in your report which is not your own original
idea. You don't need to reference an idea, however, if it is common
knowledge (i.e. enzymes are proteins) or if it has been established by you in
your experiment (i.e. in scientific reports reporting on an experiment). A
reference is the bracketed or footnoted piece of information within the text of
your writing that provides an acknowledgment that you are using someone
else's ideas. There are several systems of referencing such as the Harvard or
author-date system, footnotes or endnotes. Different faculties, departments
and even lecturers will generally have preferences about how you should
reference and you should seek these out before submitting your assignment.

APPENDI X information that supports your analysis but is not essential
to its explanation

Information that is not essential to explain your findings, but that supports
your analysis (especially repetitive or lengthy information), validates your
conclusions or pursues a related point should be placed in an appendix
(plural appendices). Sometimes excerpts from this supporting information
(i.e. part of the data set) will be placed in the body of the report but the
complete set of information ( i.e. all of the data set) will be included in the
appendix. Examples of information that could be included in an appendix
include figures/tables/charts/graphs of results, statistics, questionnaires,
transcripts of interviews, pictures, lengthy derivations of equations, maps,
drawings, letters, specification or data sheets, computer program
information.

Version: 1 5
th
Edition dated 25
th
December 2009

There is no limit to what can be placed in the appendix providing it is
relevant and reference is made to it in the report. The appendix is not a
catch net for all the semi-interesting or related information you have
gathered through your research for your report: the information included in
the appendix must bear directly relate to the research problem or the report's
purpose. It must be a useful tool for the reader (Weaver & Weaver, 1977).

Each separate appendix should be lettered (Appendix A, Appendix B,
Appendix B1, Appendix B2, Appendix C, etc). The order they are presented in
is dictated by the order they are mentioned in the text of the report. It is
essential to refer to each appendix within the text of the report; for example,

For the manufacturer's specification, see Appendix B
or
Appendix C contains the YoY shareholder account growth rates. The rates are high.
The increasing growth rate of accounts will significantly affect the valuation of the
company.

Version: 1 5
th
Edition dated 25
th
December 2009

Project Paper General Format
Due to the varying programs and differing type of academic papers produced
within LUCT, students must refer to their individual program guidebook for full
requirements and restrictions. However, it has been widely accepted in the
academic world, the general format for academic papers are as follows:
Front Matter
Front matter comprises of pages and documentations required by the
program, for example (not in proper order), the cover page, title page,
approval form, declaration form, distribution authorisation form, table of
content pages, list of figures, tables and abbreviations (if necessary), abstract
page and acknowledgement (if student wishes to do so).
Main Body
The main body represents the crux of the academic paper. Depending on the
program attended by the student, in general, the main body comprises of five
(5) chapters, namely:
Chapter 1: Introduction
The purpose of this chapter is to set the stage for the paper to the readers in
general terms. It generally states the purpose, objectives and scope of the
paper. In thesis writing, this usually states the research problems, issues,
hypotheses that will be examined and generally, sub-sections are included in
writing the introduction chapter of project paper or thesis for ease of paper
organisation and increasing the readability.
Chapter 2: Literature Reviews
There are many reasons on why literature reviews are carried out. Literature
reviews assist students to expand the current body of knowledge in terms of
content and context of area under study. It also assists students to define
problems and to support the empirical and theoretical bases for the research.
This chapter is also used to surface any limitations and expansion of previous
research work conducted on the topic under study.
Version: 1 5
th
Edition dated 25
th
December 2009

Chapter 3: Research Design and Methodology
This chapter describes the exact steps undertaken by student in preparing
their academic papers. It is the aim of this chapter to provide readers and
students alike, a complete description in details of the specific steps to be
followed and to replicate the study, if necessary. The usual sub-sections in
this chapter will vary, depending on whether the research is quantitative or
qualitatively in nature.
Chapter 4: Data Analysis and Findings
This chapter describes in details how data were analysed and the
considerations made in making deductions. Although qualitative and
quantitative data analysis and findings may differ, students have to bear in
mind that, the output presented in this chapter is all about making sense,
may it be for conceptual deductions or hypothesis testing.
Chapter 5: Discussions, Conclusions and Recommendations
This chapter can be difficult for many students especially for conclusion.
Unlike qualitative and or technical study, the realm of business management
and practices is full of non-conclusiveness. Students are encouraged to
discuss or to summarise the study more rather than to conclude. This chapter
can be used to integrate and interpret the study by comparing to the earlier
stated objectives, purpose and scope as mentioned in Chapter 1, Introduction.
The limitations of study and recommendations for future research can be
highlighted in this chapter.
The above chapters outline is merely a suggestion basing on the generally
accepted work in academic writing. However, students may decide on using
specific title of each chapter of their academic papers or thesis depending on
their individual style, area of research etc. It is always useful for the student
to discuss with their supervisor on the structure or organisation of the project
paper or thesis before writing commences.
Back Matter
Back matter comprises of pages and documentations required by the program
and further information used to support the main body. Examples of materials
provided in back matter are (not in proper order) the appendixes, indexes (if
required) and bibliography (a must in academic writing).


Below is a sample of Main body layout, spacing and fonts requirements for
students Final Reports.
Figure 008: Sample of Main Body Layout.
3.81cm
or 1
2.54cm
or 1
2.54cm
or 1
2.54cm
or 1
Arabic numerals for
page numbering Fonts: Arial or Tahoma,
Size: 12 points and 1
spacing.
Source: Faisal 2006(b)
3.81cm
or 1
2.54cm
or 1
2.54cm
or 1
2.54cm
or 1
Arabic numerals for
spacing.
3.81cm
or 1
2.54cm
or 1
2.54cm
or 1
2.54cm
or 1
Arabic numerals for
spacing.
Source: Faisal 2006(b)

Version: 1 5
th
Edition dated 25
th
December 2009
Version: 1 5
th
Edition dated 25
th
December 2009

Project Proposal
The outline for the Final Research Proposal can be described as follows.
However, not all of the sections outlined here may be appropriate for all
projects. Students are to engage their supervisor while drafting the proposal.
Front Matter
Title Page: The title page includes the exact title of the project, date
of submission, the student's name, and name of the student's
Masters. The title must clearly state the topic of the project, reflects
the scope and content of the investigation. No page number is
placed on the title page.
Form: Research Proposal Submission Form 90-00-10 RP
Abstract: Preferably a one-paged brief summary of the research
purpose and content of the proposal. The abstract includes the
problem statement, a description of procedures or methodology,
and an account of expectations. The abstract shall be within 350
words in length and written in future tense. Page number ONE in
roman (i) is placed at the bottom centre of the abstract page.
Table of Contents: The table of contents includes entries for the
abstract, list of tables, list of figures, chapters with their numbers
and titles, main headings and subheadings, appendices, and
reference list. The title of each entry in the table of contents
corresponds to the title listed in the respective text. Each listing
specifies a page number indicating where it is located. A separate
list of tables and list of figures are used if the document contains
two or more tables and figures.
List of Tables
List of Figures
Page numbers on the abstracts, table of contents, lists of tables or figures,
and any other front matter of the proposal is printed in lower case roman
numerals centred at the bottom of the page. All other pages in the proposal
are numbered in Arabic numerals and printed in the lower right of the page.

Version: 1 5
th
Edition dated 25
th
December 2009

Chapter 1: Introduction
Statement of the problem to be investigated and goal to be
achieved
Relevance, significance and need for the study
Barriers and issues
Elements, hypotheses, theories, or research questions to be
investigated
Limitations and delimitations of the study
Definition of terms
Summary
Chapter 2: Review of the Literature
Historical overview of the theory and research literature
The theory and research literature specific to the topic
Summary of what is known and unknown about the topic
The contribution this study will make to the field
Chapter 3: Methodology
Research method(s) to be employed
Specific procedures to be employed
Formats for presenting results
Expected outcomes
Resource requirements
Reliability and validity
Summary
Chapter 4: Discussion of Expectations
Anticipated benefits
Expected outcomes
Practical applications of the findings
Constraints and limitations of the study
Recommendations for future research
Contributions to the field of study and advancement of knowledge
Back Matter
Annotated Bibliography
Appendices
List of Source and References in accordance to Harvard
referencing system.

Sample Proposal Title Page
Figure 009 shows a sample of the proposals title page. Please note the
layout dimensions, font sizes, typeface and required content.
Figure 009: Example of Proposal Title Page
2.54cm
or 1
3.81cm
or 1
2.54cm
or 1
2.54cm
or 1
Fonts: Arial Size: 14
points, single spacing
and page centered.
and page centered.
2.54cm
or 1
3.81cm
or 1
2.54cm
or 1
2.54cm
or 1
and page centered.
and page centered.

Version: 1 5
th
Edition dated 25
th
December 2009

Sample Proposal Abstract Page
Figure 010 shows a sample of the proposals abstract page. Please note the
layout dimensions, font sizes, typeface and required content.
Figure 010: Example of Proposal Abstract Page
2.54cm
or 1
3.81cm
or 1
2.54cm
or 1
2.54cm
or 1
Source: adapted Faisal 2006(a)
and page centered.
and justified. Not
exceeding 350 words
and page centered.
i
Lower case roman
numerals center
of page for page
numbering
2.54cm
or 1
3.81cm
or 1
2.54cm
or 1
2.54cm
or 1
and page centered.
and justified. Not
exceeding 350 words
and page centered.
i
Lower case roman
numerals center
of page for page
numbering

Version: 1 5
th
Edition dated 25
th
December 2009

Sample Final Project Paper Cover
Figure 011 shows a sample of the cover page and spine that appears on the
black coloured book bound Final Project Paper. Please take note the layout
dimensions, font sizes, typeface and required content.
Figure 011: Example of Final Project Cover
E
M
P
I
R
I
C
A
L

S
T
U
D
Y

O
N

I
N
F
L
U
E
N
C
E
S

O
F

C
P
I

I
N

C
O
L
L
E
C
T
I
V
E

B
A
R
G
A
I
N
I
N
G

W
I
T
H
I
N

M
A
L
A
Y
S
I
A
N

C
O
M
P
A
N
I
E
S

D
U
R
I
N
G

T
H
E

P
E
R
I
O
D

2
0
0
0

2
0
0
5

R
A
C
H
A
E
L

N
G
A
B
E
2008
2.54cm
or 1
2.54cm
or 1
5.08cm
or 2
3.81cm
or 1
2.54cm
or 1
2.54cm
or 1
Fonts: Arial Size: 16 points,
ALL CAPTIAL, single spacing
and page centered.
Fonts: Arial Size: 14, points,
ALL CAPTAL, single spacing
and page centered.
and centered.
E
M
P
I
R
I
C
A
L

S
T
U
D
Y

O
N

I
N
F
L
U
E
N
C
E
S

O
F

C
P
I

I
N

C
O
L
L
E
C
T
I
V
E

B
A
R
G
A
I
N
I
N
G

W
I
T
H
I
N

M
A
L
A
Y
S
I
A
N

C
O
M
P
A
N
I
E
S

D
U
R
I
N
G

T
H
E

P
E
R
I
O
D

2
0
0
0

2
0
0
5

R
A
C
H
A
E
L

N
G
A
B
E
2008
2.54cm
or 1
2.54cm
or 1
E
M
P
I
R
I
C
A
L

S
T
U
D
Y

O
N

I
N
F
L
U
E
N
C
E
S

O
F

C
P
I

I
N

C
O
L
L
E
C
T
I
V
E

B
A
R
G
A
I
N
I
N
G

W
I
T
H
I
N

M
A
L
A
Y
S
I
A
N

C
O
M
P
A
N
I
E
S

D
U
R
I
N
G

T
H
E

P
E
R
I
O
D

2
0
0
0

2
0
0
5

R
A
C
H
A
E
L

N
G
A
B
E
2008
2.54cm
or 1
2.54cm
or 1
5.08cm
or 2
3.81cm
or 1
2.54cm
or 1
2.54cm
or 1
and page centered.
and page centered.
5.08cm
or 2
3.81cm
or 1
2.54cm
or 1
2.54cm
or 1
and page centered.
and page centered.
and centered.

Version: 1 5
th
Edition dated 25
th
December 2009

Sample Project Paper Title Page
Figure 012 shows a sample of the title page that appears as the first page
within the black coloured book bound Final Project Paper. Please take note
the layout dimensions, font sizes, typeface and required content.
Figure 012: Example of Final Project Title Page
2.54cm
or 1
3.81cm
or 1
2.54cm
or 1
2.54cm
or 1
and page centered.
and page centered.
2.54cm
or 1
3.81cm
or 1
2.54cm
or 1
2.54cm
or 1
and page centered.
and page centered.

Version: 1 5
th
Edition dated 25
th
December 2009

Sample Project Paper Abstract Page
Figure 013 shows a sample of the abstract page that appears within the black
coloured book bound Final Project Paper. Please take note the layout
dimensions, font sizes, typeface and required content.
Figure 013: Example of Final Project Abstract Page
2.54cm
or 1
3.81cm
or 1
2.54cm
or 1
2.54cm
or 1
and page centered.
and justified. Not
exceeding 350 words
and page centered.
i
Lower case roman
numerals center
of page for page
numbering
2.54cm
or 1
3.81cm
or 1
2.54cm
or 1
2.54cm
or 1
and page centered.
and justified. Not
exceeding 350 words
and page centered.
i
Lower case roman
numerals center
of page for page
numbering

Version: 1 5
th
Edition dated 25
th
December 2009
Version: 1 5
th
Edition dated 25
th
December 2009

Notes on Plagiarism
The creation of knowledge and wider understanding in all academic
disciplines depends on building from existing sources of knowledge. The
University upholds the principle of academic integrity, whereby appropriate
acknowledgement is given to the contributions of others in any work, through
appropriate internal citations and references. Students should be aware that
good referencing is integral to the study of any subject and part of good
academic practice.
The University understands plagiarism to be the inclusion of another persons
writings or ideas or works, in any formally presented work (papers and
presentations) which form part of the assessment requirements for a module
or programme of study; without due acknowledgement either wholly or in part
of the original source of the material through appropriate citation.
Plagiarism is a form of academic dishonesty, where ideas are presented
falsely, either implicitly or explicitly, as being the original thought of the
authors. The presentation of work, which contains the ideas, or work of others
without appropriate attribution and citation, (other than information that can be
generally accepted to be common knowledge) is an act of plagiarism. It can
include the following:
Presenting work authored by a third party, including other students,
friends, family, or work purchased through internet services;
Presenting work copied extensively with only minor textual changes
from the internet, books, journals or any other source;
Improper paraphrasing, where a passage or idea is summarized
without due acknowledgement of the original source;
Failing to include citation of all original sources;
Representing collaborative work as ones own;
Plagiarism is a serious academic offence. While plagiarism may be easy to
commit unintentionally, it is defined by the act not the intention. All students
are responsible for being familiar with the Universitys policy on plagiarism
and are encouraged, if in doubt, to seek guidance from an academic member
of staff. The University advocates a developmental approach to plagiarism
and encourages students to adopt good academic practice by maintaining
academic integrity in the presentation of all academic work.
Common knowledge refers to information, which is generally known and does
not require to be formally cited in a written piece of work. Each subject area
will have its own set of common knowledge.
Version: 1 5
th
Edition dated 25
th
December 2009

Referencing
Notes on how to present the references using Harvard Referencing System
can be referred to using available published material or viewed at various
internet websites; such as http://libweb.anglia.ac.uk/referencing/harvard.htm
accessed on the 23 November 2007.

Version: 1 5
th
Edition dated 25
th
December 2009

Examiners Expectations
In most examinations and assessments, students want to attain good if not
excellent grades. Therefore, students must not only produce well articulated
and edit papers, but to present them in the manner that impresses the
examiners. In order to achieve this, students must understand the examiners
thought process and their expectations. Regardless, whether in academic
paper writing or presentation slides, there are key attributes that most of the
examiners will look for as amplified hereunder. However, students are
reminded that these attributes are merely suggestions, and that students must
be fully prepared all the time for other areas that are not mentioned.
Prior Understanding: Students must be able to demonstrate that they have
an understanding of a Final Project Paper. The soundness of their work, their
arguments, data collection and handling illustrates this attribute.
Perseverance and Diligence: Students must demonstrate that,
they have identified most of the relevant databases for the literature
search;
both print and electronic sources been searched and referred to;
all literature search been expanded and narrowed accordingly;
there exist a clear and consistent records made for the search;
importantly, there is an evaluation done on the literatures searched.
Literature Review: Student must demonstrate that,
key concepts, ideas, theories, arguments and data been identified
in the literatures;
the reviews are comprehensive, covering both the topic and the
methodological areas;
all necessary elements been categorised, compared, contrasted
and synthesised from the literature in a scholarly manner;
all citations are clear, consistent and detailed;
all literatures been critically evaluated and all ideas and statements
been fully attributed.

Version: 1 5
th
Edition dated 25
th
December 2009

Coherence and thoroughness: Student must demonstrate that,
research aims and objectives are clearly stated and logically linked;
research design is justified and capable of realising the aims and
objectives;
the justifications amplify the research aims through good use of
arguments, discussions and literatures;
the data collection instruments used been tested and evaluated as
a reliable and valid means to appropriate data;
the data presented (paper and defence) is clear and in full; and any
anomalies in the data is fully explained;
the discussion on the data is closely linked to the data itself, and the
conclusions linked and related to the literatures;
the conclusions, data, literatures and objectives are clear and
logically linked.
Justifications and argumentations: Students must demonstrate that,
the research is clearly justified with the required rationale;
the definition used are proper and appropriate;
the issues, topic, problems are clearly stated and justified, including
the recognition of un-stated assumptions;
the justifications, evaluations of literatures and conclusions are
soundly argued;
alternate justifications and or agreements used (if any) are
appropriately analysed and supported;
informative and relational statements made are clearly differentiated
and supported;
the differences between inductive and deductive reasoning are
clearly understood.
Scholarly standards: Students must demonstrate that,
the sources are correctly and fully cited and all proper attribution of
ideas given;
the referencing system adopted is fully understood and the
bibliography contains all the necessary seminal work;
there exist a sound use of research design to illustrate
understanding of internal and external validity and the differences
between descriptions, explanations and other kind of statements;
the research effort is ethical, conforming to the Universitys ethical
standards and /or profession; and any moral statements are
justified, balanced with an alternative positions discussions;

Version: 1 5
th
Edition dated 25
th
December 2009

Methodological understanding: Students must demonstrate that,
origins, nature and consequences of different methodological
traditions are understood;
sound justifications are given for the use of specific methodological
assumptions;
the relationships between methodology and data are clearly
understood;
the overall research design incorporating the methodological
assumptions, data collections techniques, validity, reliability and
limits to generalisation ability are clearly illustrated;
Discussions, conclusions and recommendations: Students must
demonstrate that,
the discussions are related to the reviews of the literatures;
any statements and arguments are clearly justified and supported
by the data or analysis of data;
the conclusions are supported and evidenced by the data and or
argument presented;
discussions, conclusions and recommendations are coherently
arranged, organised and linked; and any further improvement
suggestions are realistic and appropriate basing on the analysed
data;
Reflective practitioner: Students must demonstrate,
their ability to reflect and evaluate on what has been done;
the relationships between the evaluations to the research aims,
objectives and management of the project;
that problems, gaps and or issues are clearly identified, supported
and recommended for future research;
the significance of their research has an application or practical
opportunity with the probable areas suggested;
Presentations: Students must ensure that their paper,
is well articulated, written and properly edit in terms of spelling,
grammar and punctuations;
conforms to the awarding Universitys requirements;

Version: 1 5
th
Edition dated 25
th
December 2009

Bibliography

Anglia Ruskin University Library. 2007. Harvard System of Referencing Guide
[Internet]. Cambridge: Anglia Ruskin University. Available at
http://libweb.anglia.ac.uk/referencing/files/Harvard_referencing.pdf
[accessed on 23
rd
November 2007].
Faisal, A. (2005). Doctoral thesis PhD. London, UK: Cambridge Management
Institute in London.
Faisal, A. (2006)(a). Doctoral thesis DBA. California, USA: Irvine University.
Faisal, A. (2006)(b). Trapped in Between realities of project world. Victoria,
Canada: Trafford Publishing.
Sekaran, U. (2003). Research methods for business. 4
th
ed. New York, USA:
J ohn Wiley & Sons Inc.
University of Wollongong, Guide to writing Business Report: University of
Wollongong. Available at Wollongong
http://unilearning.uow.edu.au/report/rep_business.html [accessed on
20th December 2009].
Weaver, C. P. and Weaver, G.R. (1977). Persuasive Writing: A Manager's
Guide to Effective Letters and Reports. USA, Free Press.
Welman, J .C. and Kruger S.J . (1999). Research methodology for the business
and administrative sciences. Southern Africa: Oxford University Press.

MBA Project Paper Guidebook Ver 1 5ed

Încărcat de

Informații document

Titlu original

Drepturi de autor

Formate disponibile

Partajați acest document

Partajați sau inserați document

Opțiuni de partajare

Vi se pare util acest document?

Este necorespunzător acest conținut?

Drepturi de autor:

Formate disponibile

MBA Project Paper Guidebook Ver 1 5ed

Încărcat de

Drepturi de autor:

Formate disponibile

ASSIGNMENT AND

users, these can be easily set from the File>Page Set up

has made document generation and editing easy. The

S-ar putea să vă placă și