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I -Ñ-Ø√-úø’ -Ç-C-¢√®Ωç 4 -úÕÂÆç-•®Ω’ 2005

Ramu: Hi Raghu, how was the debate yester- Raghav: The first two prizes went to the teams
day? from other colleges. Our college was
debate
E†o (úÕ¶„-ß˝’ö¸– ¶„ß˝’ ØÌéÀ\ able to get the III prize. The speech of
?
°æ©’-èπ◊û√ç) ᙫ ≤ƒTçC one of the judges at the end of the
Raghu: Very exciting. We missed you very debate was interesting. It seems he
much. Why didn't you come? could debate and win prizes even as
î√-™« Öû√q-£æ«çí¬ ≤ƒTçC. †’´¤y ™‰éπ-§Ú-´- a school boy.
úø¢Ë’ ´÷èπ◊ ¢ÁL-Aí¬ ÅE°œç-*çC. †’¢Áyç-ü¿’èπ◊ prizes
¢Á·ü¿öÀ È®çúø’ colleges
Éûª®Ω èπ◊
®√™‰ü¿’? ¢Á∞«x®·. ´’† college III prize ´÷vûª¢Ë’
Ramu: I had important work, but thought I Debate
ûÁa-éÓ-í∫-L-Tç-C. *´®Ω judge
could finish it and be in time for the speech interesting.
î√-™« *†o ´ßª’-Ææ’-
debate. But there was some delay and ™ØË Çߪ’† debates prizes
™ §ƒ™Ô_E She could do it = - past,
Ç¢Á’ îËߪ’-í∫-LÍíC Pradeep: No, Å°æ¤p-úø-®·ûË regular í¬ practice
I couldn't be free until late in the ûÁa-éÓ-í∫-LÍí-¢√-úøô. She couldn't (She could not) do it îËߪ’-í∫-LÍí¢√-úÕE. É°æ¤púø’ îËߪ’-™‰-éπ-§Ú-
evening. °j Ææ綵«-≠æ-ù™ could ûÓ Ö†o verbs í∫´’-Eü∆lç. - past
Ç¢Á’ îËߪ’-™‰-éπ-§Ú-®·çC ûª’Ø√o, Office ™ §Òü¿’l† 8 †’ç*
î√-™« ´·êu-¢Á’i† °æE, Å®·Ø√ ÅC °æ‹Jh 1) could finish 2) couldn't be free 3) could make 3) I thought you could make it ≤ƒßª’çvûªç 5 ´®Ωèπ◊ busy 鬕öÀd.
îËÆæ’èπ◊E debate v§ƒ®Ω綵º-´’-ßË’u-™ í¬ - past Pramod: àüÁjØ√ °ü¿l matches ™ Çúø-í∫-Lí¬¢√?
it 4) could understand 5) couldnot have (the †’´¤y ®√í∫-©’-í∫’-û√-´E ņ’-èπ◊Ø√o
Pradeep: áçü¿’-é¬-úø-™‰ü¿’? ´÷ college team ™,
®√í∫©††’-èπ◊Ø√o. é¬F Ç©-Ææu-´’-®·çC. Åçûª- benefit of) 6) could debate. 4) You could understand its importance
´-®Ωèπ◊ free é¬-™‰-éπ-§Úߪ÷. Åçûª-èπ◊-´·çü¿’ school team ™ î√™«-
Éçûª-èπ◊-´·çü¿’ ´’†ç 'can' Å®Ωnç, Ö°æ-ßÁ÷-í¬©’ ûÁ©’- ü∆E v§ƒ´·êuç †’´¤y Å®ΩnçîËÆæ’éÓí∫-LÍí-¢√-úÕ-N– past ≤ƒ®Ω’x Çúø-í∫-Lí¬†’.
Raghu: We know that you had work, but Ææ’-èπ◊Ø√oç éπü∆? can í∫’-Jç-* ´’†èπ◊ ûÁL-ÆœçC. 1) can 5) Could not have = §Òçü¿-™‰-éπ-§Ú-ߪ÷†’. (past) Pramod: F job ´÷®Ω’a-éÓ-™‰¢√? Practice èπ◊ õ„jç
thought you could make it. We knew Åçõ‰ 'í∫©— ÅE ≤ƒ´’-®√n uEo -ûÁ-©’°æ¤-ûª’çC - in the 6) Could debate = debate ™ ´÷ö«x-úø-í∫-LÍí-¢√úø’. èπ◊C-Í®-ô-ô’dçúË job îª÷Ææ’éÓ ™‰¢√?
too you could understand the impor- present or in the future. 2) permissions  ¶µ«®Ωû˝ cricket series Èí©-´-™‰-éπ-§Ú-®·çC Pradeep: É°æ¤púø’ é¬ü¿’. •£æ›¨¡, ´îËa Ææç´-ûªq®Ωç.
tance of the debate. 3) requests 4) possibilities èπÿ ¢√--úø-û√ç – ÉN India could not win the series. Answers:
in the present or in the future. 1) Teacher: Where is your text book, Sudheer?
 Sachin could not play well
èπÿú≈
1) 'could' is the past form of can. Åçõ‰ 'could' †’ Sudheer: (I) didn't get/ bring it, sir.
Ææ*Ø˛ ¶«í¬ Çúø-™‰-éπ-§Ú-ߪ÷úø’. I could not (couldn't) remember to

-Ççí∫x-¶µ«-≠æ-ù 77
í∫ûªç™ ≤ƒ´’-®√n uEo ûÁ-©°æ-ö«-EéÀ ¢√úøû√ç. ؈’ boyhood (¶«©uç)™ ¶«í¬ Çúø-í∫-LÍí-¢√-úÕE
a) I can walk 6 kmph: ؈’ í∫çôèπ◊ 6 km †úø-´- get it.
I could play well in my boyhood. Teacher: What about your home work? Did
í∫-©†’ (present or future)
you do atleast that?
Sudheer: I couldn't (could not) do it, Sir, My

you could make it


right hand ached the whole of yes-
terday.
Teacher: Could you eat atleast?
Sudheer: I could (eat), sir.
Teacher: When you could eat, Why couldn't
you (could you not) do your home
Fèπ◊ °æE Öçü¿E ûÁ©’Ææ’, Å®·ûË ¢Ë’´’çû√ I could walk 6 kmph: 6 km
؈’ í∫çôèπ◊ †úø-´-  Ç¢Á’èπ◊ Å´-鬨¡ç Öçõ‰ work?
†’´¤y ®√í-∫-©’í∫’-û√-´-ØË Å†’-èπ◊Ø√oç. ü∆E (in the past -
í∫-LÍí-¢√-úÕE í∫ûªç™) îËߪ’í∫-LÍí-üË. Sudheer: I thought if I ate I would have less
v§ƒ´·êuç èπÿú≈ †’´¤y Å®Ωnç -îËÆæ’éÓí∫-©’í∫’- Compare A and B below: She could do it if she pain and then I could do the home
û√-´-ØË Å†’-èπ◊Ø√oç. A) I can play cricket had the chance. work.
Ramu: It was some thing I couldn't help. I feel cricket
؈’ now
Çúø-í∫-©†’ –  I could understand Teacher: You could eat, but couldn't study.
sorry that I could not have the benefit of B) My father could play cricket when he was Hindi well those days, Strange. Don't give me these
such a good debate. a boy but now I cannot. I excuses tomorrow. Sit down
-Ç -N-≠æ-ߪ’ç-™ -ØË-†’ -EÆæq£æ…-ߪ·-úÕ-ØÁj-§Ú-ߪ÷-†’. cricket
-´÷- Ø√-†o *†o°æ¤p-úø’- past
Çúø-í∫-LÍí-¢√úø’-– have forgotten it excuse).
(≤ƒèπ◊=
Å™«çöÀ debate §ÚíÌ-ô’d-èπ◊-†oç-ü¿’èπ◊ Ø√èπ◊ A) She can do any job Ç®Ó-V™x £œ«çD -¶«í¬ M. SURESAN 2) Pramod: Pradeep, Can you play cricket?
¶«üµ¿í¬ ÖçC. now or in the future
Ç¢Á’ à °æØÁjØ√ îËߪ’-í∫-©ü¿’– Å®Ωnç îËÆæ’éÓí∫-LÍí¢√-úÕØË, Pradeep: I could (play cricket), but no longer
(conversation I could
-v°æ-¨¡o: -¢√éπuç-™
B) She could do any job é¬F É°æ¤púø’é¬ü¿’. ´’®Ω-*-§Úߪ÷. ™ Åçõ‰ î√©’,
might have been able to + p.v., in the past
Ç¢Á’ à °æØÁjØ√ îËߪ’-í∫-LÍíC – éπü∆? Now practise the following in English: I could play cricket No
ņ-éπ\-®Ω-™‰ü¿’.
must have been able to + p.v., have been A) She can be here in an hour longer = Ééπ/-É-°æ¤púø’ ™‰ü¿’).
1) Teacher:
F text book áéπ\úø, Sudheer?
able to + p.v. construction -Ö-†o°æ¤p-úø’ Pramod: Can't you play (now)?
Ç¢Á’ ã í∫çô-™í¬ Ééπ\úø Öçúø-í∫-©ü¿’. Sudheer:
ûË™‰ü¿’, Sir, -ûË-´-ôç í∫’®Ω’hç--éÓ-™‰-éπ-
-¢√-öÀéÀ -ûÁ-©’í∫’ -Å®Ωnç -á-™« -Ü£œ«ç-éÓ-´-a? an hour äéπ í∫çôèπ◊ - future éπü∆? Pradeep: Not any more (ÉC èπÿú≈
Conversational.
§Ú-ߪ÷†’.
1) I have been able to get their permission B) She could be here in É°æ¤p-úø’/ -Ééπ- ™‰ü¿’).
Teacher: F home work ´’J? ÅüÁjØ√ î˨»¢√? Those days I could practise regu-
2) Haseena must have been able to per- Ééπ\úø Öçúø-í∫-L-TçC - past Sudheer: îËߪ’-™‰-éπ-§Ú-ߪ÷†’, Sir, E†oçû√ Ø√ larly. Now I cannot/ am not able to,
suade him îª÷¨»ç éπü∆ – can, could - È®çúø÷ èπÿú≈ ≤ƒ´’-
3) Miss Savithri might have
èπ◊úÕ îË®· -ØÌ°œp. because I am busy in office from 8
®√n uEo (ability) ûÁ©’°æ¤û√®·. Å®·ûË can, ability Teacher: ņo-¢Á’iØ√ A†-í∫-Lí¬¢√? morning to 5 evening/morning 8 to
been able to solve Mr. Uma in the present or in the future ûÁ-L°œûË could Sudheer: ÅC ´÷vûªç îËߪ’-í-∫Lí¬-†çúÕ. evening 5.
Rao's problem. -Ñ -´‚-úø’-¢√é¬u- ability in the past †’ ûÁ©’°æ¤ûª’çC. Teacher: ÅC îËߪ’-í∫-L-T†-°æ¤púø’, ÉüÁ™« îËߪ’-™‰-éπ- Pramod: Could you play in any big match-
©-†’ -á-™«ç-öÀ Ææç-ü¿®Ωs¥ç-™ -á-™«ç-öÀ could - 'be' form - Öçúø-í∫-©í∫úøç (past) §Ú-ߪ÷´¤? es?
-Å®Ωnç -ûÁ-LÊ°ç-ü¿’èπ◊ -¢√-úÌ-a? could + 1st RDW - could do, could sing, etc,. Sudheer: Açõ‰ ØÌ°œp ûªT_, homework îËߪ’-
– §ƒ®∏Ω- π◊úø’, éπ®Ω÷o©’ >™«x action - °æE îËߪ’-í∫-©í∫ôç. Pradeep: Why not? I could for my college
team and before that for my
-ï-¢√-•’:
í∫-©’í∫’û√-†-†’-èπ◊Ø√o.
Compare a) and b) Teacher: A†-í∫-Lí¬´¤, é¬F îªü¿-´-™‰-éπ-§Ú-ߪ÷´¤. school team a number of times.
a) I can be the CM if I want
Have been able to + p.v., might have been
*vûª¢Ë’. Í®°æ¤ É™«çöÀ ≤ƒèπ◊©’ îÁ°æpèπ◊. Pramod: Why can't you (can you not)
؈’ ņ’-èπ◊çõ‰ Chief Minister é¬-í∫-©†’. èπÿ®Óa. change your job. Why can't you
able to + p.v., must have been able to + p.v. (now/ in the future) 2) Pramod: Cricket Çúø-í∫-©¢√?Pradeep? look for a job which gives you time
Åçô’-Ø√o®Ω’ é¬F, Å™«-®√ü¿’. have been able to/ b) I could be the CM if I wanted Pradeep: Çúø-í∫-LÍí-¢√-úÕE, É°æ¤p-úø’-é¬ü¿’. for practice.
might have been able to/ must have been to ؈’ ņ’-èπ◊E Öçõ‰ chief minister -Å®·u -Öç-úË- Pramod: É°æ¤púø’ Çúø-™‰¢√? Pradeep: Not now. Next year perhaps.
+ 1st RDW (go, solve, persuade etc.) ¢√-úÕ-E. (past)
Æœ-N-™¸ Ææ-KyÂÆÆˇ 2006
´≤ƒh®·. Have been able to/ might have been °jÈ®çúø÷ (can be, could be) 'be' form. 鬕öÀd
able to/ must have been able to ûª®√yûª pas- 'Öçúø-í∫©— ÅE Å®Ωnç. ®Ω÷.50 °∂‘V†’ ÂÆçvô™¸ Jvèπÿ-ö¸-¢Á’çö¸ °∂‘ ≤ƒdç°æ¤
sive voice ᙫ ´Ææ’hçC? ¢√öÀ ûª®√yûª go, solve a) I can sing better than any movie singer ü∆y®√ îÁLxç-î√L.
etc., plain infinitives ´≤ƒh®·. ¢√öÀéÀ Å®Ωnç: ؈’ -à movie singer éπ-Ø√o -¶«í¬ -§ƒ-úøí∫-©-†’ – ߪ‚E-ߪ’Ø˛ °æGxé˙ ÆæKyÆˇ éπN’-≠æØ˛ ¢Ë’ 14, 2006† Å°œx-Íé-≠憒x îË®√-Lq† *´J ûËC: ï†-´J 2, 2006.
1) I have been able to get their permission Now / in the future *®Ω’-Ø√´÷:
b) I could sing better than Ghantasala ÆœN™¸ ÆæKyÂÆ-Æˇ (-v°œ-L-N’-†K) °æK-éπ~†’ E®Ωy-£œ«ç-îª-†’çC. Secretary,
؈’ °∂æ’çô-≤ƒ© éπçõ‰ ¶«í¬ §ƒúø-í∫-LÍí¢√-úÕE. (past) Å®Ω|-ûª©’:
¢√∞¡x ņ’-´’A ûÁa-éÓ-í∫-Lí¬†’.
2) Haseena must have been able to per- Union Public Service Commission,
suade him = £æ«Æ‘Ø√ Åûª-úÕ-E ä°œpç-îª-í∫-L-T ÉD 1st use of could - Åçõ‰ past ability ûÁ-L-ߪ’ Çí∫Ææ’d 1, 2006 Ø√öÀéÀ -´-ߪ’Ææ’q 21 Ææç´-ûªq-®√©èπ◊- Dholpur House, Shahjahan Road,
Öçú≈L (í∫ûªç™) – Åçõ‰ ä°œpç-îª-í∫-L-TçC ÅE. °æ®Ω-îª-ôç. ûªèπ◊\-´ -Öç-úøèπÿ-úø-ü¿’. 30 à-∞¡Ÿx -ü∆-ôèπÿ-úø-ü¿’. áÆ‘q, áÆ‘d, New Delhi 110069
3) Miss Savithri might have been able to ¢Á·ü¿ô É*a† Ææ綵«-≠æ-ù™ 'could verbs' îª÷ü∆lç. -É-ûª®Ω’-©èπ◊ -E-•ç-üµ¿-†-©-¢Ë’®Ω N’†-£æ…-®·ç°æ¤ Öçô’çC. Æœ-©-•Æˇ, °æ-Kéπ~ -N-üµ∆-†ç, Íéç--vü∆-©’, -´÷®Ω_-ü¿®Ωzé¬-©’,
solve Mr. Uma Rao's problem 1) I thought I could finish it úÕvU ™‰ü∆ ûªûªq-´÷† éÓ®Ω’q îËÆœ†¢√®Ω’ Å®Ω’|©’. -É-ûª®Ω °æ‹Jh N´-®√-© éÓÆæç úÕÂÆç-•®Ω’ ´‚úÓ ûËD Ø√öÀ
≤ƒN-vA-í¬®Ω’ Ö´÷-®√´¤í¬J Ææ´’-Ææu†’ °æJ-≠æ \-Jç-îª- ؈’ °æ‹Jh îËߪ’-í∫-©-†E ņ’-èπ◊Ø√o (past) Å°œx-Íé-≠æØ˛ §∂ƒ®Ω熒 ®Ω÷.20 îÁLxç* -EÍ®l-P-ûª §Ú≤ƒd- á秃x-ß˝’-¢Á’çö¸ †÷uÆˇ -™‰-ü∆ ®Óñ¸-í¬®˝ Ææ´÷-î√®˝
í∫-LÍí¢√-Í®¢Á÷. (ÆæçüË£æ«ç– °æJ-≠æ \-Jç* ÖçúÌa/ 2) I couldn't (could not) be free
Öçúø-éπ-§Ú-ߪ·ç-úøa). -ë«-S Å´-™‰éπ§Úߪ÷†’. °∂ ‘-Ææ’© †’ç* §Òçü¿-´îª’a. îª÷úøçúÕ. website: http://www.upsc.gov.in

Spoken English -§ƒ-ûª -¢√u≤ƒ-©éÓÆæç -éÀxé˙ -îË-ߪ’ç-úÕ.. URL: http://www.eenadu.net/spoken/spoken.htm

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