NOUNS

-an

a place where a large quantity of the thing meant by the root is put, planted, or can be
found ie aklatan

a place where the action expressed by the root is performed ie kainan

a period in which the action expressed by the root is collectively performed ie pasukan

a tool or an object that is used to measure what is meant by the root ie orasan

reciprocal or joint performance of the action expressed by the root ie sayawan

-in

an object of the action expressed by the root ie bilihin, aralin, awitin

ka-

a person or a thing with whom the place, object, quality or situation expressed by the
root is shared ie kausap, katabi, kaopisina

ka- +rep1, kaka-

the act of doing the action expressed by the root excessively or continuously ie kaiisip,
kakaisip

ka-...-an

a person with whom the thing meant by the root is exchanged ie kasulatan

an idea or quality expressed in a general, abstract way ie kabataan, kabaitan

a group of the things meant by the root ie kabundukan

mag-

two persons or things having the relationship expressed by the root ie magpinsan,
magasawa, magkapitid
Mag- can also be added to nouns comprising of ka- and a root ie magkakalase,
magkakaopisina

mag- +rep1

three or more persons or things having the relationship expressed by the root ie
maglolola
Mag- +rep1 1 can also be added to nouns comprising of ka- and a root ie
magkakaklase

a person associated with the thing or action expressed by the root ie magtatahoe,
magbabalut, magsasaka

mang- +rep1

a person associated with the thing or action expressed by the root ie manggagamot,
mangaawit, mangingisda

pa-

the object of an action which has been ordered or requested to be performed ie padala,
pagawa

pa-...-an

a place where the action expressed by the root is performed ie paaralan, pagawaan
1

a contest or a competition ie pagandahan

pag-

the act of doing the action expressed by the root; or, the manner in which the action
expressed by the root is performed ie lakad and paglakad generally mean the same
thing

pag- +rep1

the act of doing the action expressed by the root repeatedly or habitually pagaaral,
pagsusulat

pagka-, pagkaka-

the act of having done the action expressed by the root; or, the manner in which the
action expressed by the root was performed ie pagkasabi (having said), pagkakasabi
(how something was said)

pakiki-

a state or quality of being together ie pakikisama

pakikipag-

an action performed with someone ie pakikipagusap

pang-

a tool or an instrument that is used to perform the action expressed by the root ie
panghalo

pang- +rep1

an action or a practice associated with the thing or action expressed by the root ie
panggagamot, panganganak

tag-

a season ie tagulan, taglamig

taga-

a native or resident of ie taga-maynila, tagaprobinsya

taga-, tagapag-, tagapang-

a person who performs the action expressed by the root; or, a person who performs an
action associated with the thing expressed by the root ie tagalinis, tagapaglinis

rep2-...-an

an imitation of the thing meant by the root; a surrogate ie bahay-bahayan, tatay-tatayan

compound nouns

Some nouns are made up of two words, which may or may not be linked by a hyphen ie
bahay-bakayson, balikbayan

In some cases, the literal meanings of the two component words disappear ie bungang-
araw (prickly heat), anak-araw (albino), kapitbahay (neighbour)


2

Verbs, adjectives etc. used as nouns

verbs, adjectives and other parts of speech may also be used as nouns ie ang kumain,
ang maganda, ang may kotse


VERBS

In sentences with a verb, the role of the POD (actor/object focus) is indicated by the verb
affix.

-an
POD: object

to do something to a person or a thing (expresses various kinds of actions) ie bukasan,

walisan

to cause something to become; to make ie gandahan

POD: direction

to do something in the (physical or psychological) direction of ie puntahan

POD: beneficiary

to do something for ie iwanan

-an +rep2
POD: object

to do something occasionally, at random, a little, a bit, now and then or here and there ie
walis-walisan

POD: direction

to do something in the (physical or psychological) direction of, occasionally, at random, a

little, a bit, now and then or here and there ie tulung-tulungan

i-
POD: object

to do something to a person or a thing (expresses various kinds of actions) ie ibigay

POD: beneficiary

to do something for ie ikumusta

i- +rep2
POD: object

to do something occasionally, at random, a little, a bit, now and then or here and there ie
ihanda-handa

ika-
POD: cause

to cause, to be the cause of ie ikamatay, ikagalit

3

-in
POD: object

to do something to a person or a thing (expresses various kinds of actions) ie kainin

POD: direction

to do something in the (physical or psychological) direction of ie pasukin

POD: doer

to be affected or overtaken by a condition, feeling or phenomenon Note: In this and a few

other cases, the doer of an action is the person or thing experiencing the action, state
or condition ie bahain

-in +rep2
POD: object

to do something occasionally, at random, a little, a bit, now and then or here and there ie
linis-linisin

ipa-
POD: object

to let, make or have someone do something ie ipaluto

ipag-
POD: beneficiary

to do something for ie ipagluto

ipag- +rep1
POD: object

to do something repeatedly, continually, a lot, intensively or frequently; or, to do

something involving multiple objects ie ipagbabalik

ipang-
POD: instrument

to do something using ie ipanghalo

ipang-
POD: object

to do something to a person or a thing ie ipanganak

ka-...-an
POD: location

to do something in/on/at; or, to occur in/on/at ie kamatayan

POD: direction

to feel or experience something ie kalimutan

ma-
POD: doer

to do something (expresses various kinds of actions) ie maligo

to do something unintentionally; or, to get into a certain state unintentionally ie mahulog

to feel an emotion ie matuwa

4

ma-
POD: object

to be able to do something to a person or a thing ie makain

to do something involuntarily or accidentally ie masabi

to perceive something ie makita

ma- +rep2
POD: doer
to do or feel something slightly, a little or a bit ie mahiga-higa

ma-...-an
POD: doer

to experience a quality or a condition Note: In this and a few other cases, the doer of an
action is the person or thing experiencing the action, state or condition ie masiraan

to feel a particular way about something ie maalatan

POD: object

to feel or experience something ie maramdaman

mag-
POD: doer

to do something (expresses various kinds of actions) ie magluto

to take up an occupation (to become) ie magdoktor

to use or wear something ie magbus, mag-tagalog

to perform a reciprocal action ie magusap

POD: none

to be ie magpasko, mag-decembre

mag- +rep1
POD: doer

to do something repeatedly, continually, a lot, intensively or frequently ie magiiyak

mag- +rep2
POD: doer

to perform a reciprocal action involving three or more doers ie magkita-kita, magusap-

usap

to do something occasionally, at random, a little, a bit, now and then or here and there ie
magwalis-walis

mag-...-an
POD: doer

to do something together, simultaneously or reciprocally ie magsulatan, magtulungan

magka-
POD: doer/none

to occur involuntarily or unexpectedly ie magkagulo

to come to have or possess ie magkakotse, magkasakit

to manage to perform a reciprocal action ie magkausap

5

magka- +rep2
POD: doer

to attain a certain state thoroughly ie magkasira-sira, magkahalu-halo

magkanda-
POD: doer

to occur accidentally or involuntarily as a result of something and involving three or more

doers ie magkandasira

magma-
POD: doer

to pretend to be someone you are not; or, to assume a certain quality ie magmarunong,
magmagaling

magpa-
POD: doer

to let, make or have someone do something; or, to enable someone to do something ie

magpalaba

magpaka-
POD: doer

to strive to be or do something ie magkabait

magsi-, magsipag-
POD: doer

to perform a collective action or an action involving three or more doers ie magsikain

maka-, makapag-, makapang-
POD: doer

to be able to do something ie makakain, makapagluto

maka-
POD: doer

to be able to do something ie makakain

to do something unintentionally or accidentally ie makakain, makatulog

to feel or experience something ie makaramdam

maki-
POD: doer

to join in an act ie makikain, makisakay

to do something involving someone elses possessions or personal space with their

permission ie makitawag

makipag-
POD: doer

to do something with someone ie makipag-usap

makipag-...-an
POD: doer
6

to do something with someone ie makipagsagutan

mang-
POD: doer

to do something (expresses various kinds of actions) ie manganak

to perform an action directed toward multiple objects; or, to do something repeatedly,

habitually or professionally ie mamili, manghuli

to do something harmful or destructive deliberately ie manggulo

to do a recreational activity ie mangabayo, mamasyal

to become something partially or temporarily ie mamula, mangitim

mapa-
POD: doer

to do something involuntarily ie mapatingin

POD: object

to be able to let, make or have someone do something; or, to be able to cause

something to become something ie mapapasok, mapakain

pa-...-an
POD: object

to let, make or have someone do something ie pabuksan, pahugasan

POD: direction

to let, make or have someone do something in the (physical or psychological) direction of

ie pasulatan

pa-...-in
POD: object to let, make or have someone do something; or, to cause something to get
bigger, faster etc. ie pagandahin, pabilisin

pag-...-an, pang-...-an
POD: direction

to do something in the (physical or psychological) direction of ie pagtawanan

pag-...-an
POD: location

to do something in/on/at ie paglutuan, pagkainan

POD: reference

to do something concerning something ie pagusapan

pag- +rep1-...-an
POD: object

to do something repeatedly, continually, a lot, intensively or frequently; or, to do

something to multiple objects ie pagbubuksan

POD: direction

to do something in the (physical or psychological) direction of, repeatedly, continually, a

lot, intensively or frequently; or, to do something directed toward multiple objects ie
pagtatapakan
7


pag- +rep1 +rep1-...-an
POD: object

to do something to multiple objects repeatedly, continually, a lot, intensively or frequently

ie pagbububukasan

POD: direction

to do something directed toward multiple objects repeatedly, continually, a lot, intensively

or frequently ie pagtatatapakan

pag-...-in
POD: object

(person, animal or thing permitted or asked to perform the action) to make someone do
something ie paglutuin

to put two things together or closer to each other ie pagsamahin

pag- +rep1-...-in
POD: object

to do something repeatedly, continually, a lot, intensively or frequently; or, to do

something involving multiple objects ie paggugupitin

pag- +rep1 +rep1-...-in
POD: object

to do something to multiple objects repeatedly, continually, a lot, intensively or frequently

ie paglululutuin

pag- +rep2-...-in
POD: object

to put three or more things together or closer to one another ie pagsama-samahin

papang-...-in
POD: object

(person, animal or thing permitted or asked to perform the action) to let, make or have
someone do something ie papanoorin

(-)um-
POD: doer
to do something (expresses various kinds of actions) Note: (-)um- is placed before the
first vowel of the root ie kumain

to become or get ie tumaba

POD: none

expresses natural phenomena ie umulan

(-)um- +rep2
POD: doer

to do something occasionally, at random, a little, a bit, now and then or here and there ie
uminom-inom


8


RECENTLY COMPLETED

kaka-

recently completed ie kakakain

Verbs in the recently completed form are followed by either lang or pa lang

The doer of the action is expressed as a ng phrase

The object of the action may be expressed as a Ng phrase (indefinite/definite) or a Sa

phrase

kaka +rep2

Intensive recently completed

Verbs in the intensive recently completed form express extremely recent actions (just
this minute) ie kakalapit-lapit, kalulutu-luto


REQUESTS

pa- + root (+ Ng phrase)

ie pahiram ng bolpen

paki- + root (+ Ng phrase)

ie pakiabot ng isda

paki-...-an + root (+ Ang phrase or Ng phrase)

ie pakibuksan ang pinto

I WISH, I HOPE

basic form + sana

i hope

ie sana manalo o manalo sana

basic form + kaya

should perhaps

ie Kumain kaya tayo.

basic form + nga

why dont

ie kumain nga tayo

basic form + siya/niya/sila/nila

let him/her/them

ie maghintay siya

READ PAGES 212 TO 216

9


ADJECTIVE AFFIXES

-in

prone to, susceptible to ie sakitin

ka-

having something in common ie kamukha, katabi

ka- +rep2

causing or producing something in an extreme degree ie magpatulad

magkaka-
having something in common (describing three or more persons or things) ie magkaka-
pareho
maka-
in favor of, pro-, fond of ie makabago, makaluma

mapag-

having a certain quality; having a habit of doing something; fond of doing something ie
mapagbigay

naka-

in a certain position, state or condition; or, wearing something ie nakaharap

nakaka-

causing or producing something ie nakakatawa

nakakapang-
causing or producing something ie nakakapang- hina

pa-

in the manner of ie pabulong

about to (often used with na) ie parating, paalis

pa- +rep2
doing something now and then or here and there ie pasama-sama

pala-

doing something a lot; fond of doing something ie palabiro

pang-

for; intended for use or wear in/on/at ie pambahay, pangkasal

COMPOUND ADJECTIVES
Some adjectives are made up of two words. ie amoy-isda, lasa-isda

10
11