FOREWORD

The San Pedro College Research and Publication Manual embodies the
Administrations vision and goals as a higher education institution. It bears the mandate of the
Administration for the academic departments to progress in their efforts to sustain a research
culture among the facult and staff. It also signifies the commitment of the school to contribute
to the generation of !no"ledge and in the improvement of human condition.
The contents and policies embodied in this manual "ill encourage and motivate
personnel to advance the field of research in various disciplines. #oreover$ the provisions of the
manual provide ans"ers to %ueries concerning research processes$ incentives$ and support or
assistance. &opefull$ the manual shall be an effective instrument in managing the research
program of the 'ollege. With this intention$ let us "or! together as researchers in embracing the
culture of research in the pursuit of e(cellence.
)r. Aida T. Frencillo$ O*
*resident
ACKNOWLEDGEMENT:
This manual is considered as one of the ma+or pro+ects of the Research and *ublication
Office. The research guidelines "ere initiall drafted b Dr. Sergio V .Opea during his term as
the Director of the Research and Development Office of this college. With the dedication and
assistance of m staff$ Gladys G. Mebrano and May Kathryn L. Lazaro$ "e at the Research and
*ublication Office initiated the search and the compilation of e(isting guidelines. From these
evolved this manual. We retained ma+orit of them but "e improved and added ne" policies in
order for us to help cultivate the dnamic research culture in )an *edro 'ollege.
,eing the premier edition$ the production of this manual under"ent an e(tensive process.
Its draft "as revie"ed and edited b the Research 'oordinators and Representatives of each
Department. The #anagement 'ommittee -#A.'O#/ li!e"ise scrutini0ed the final materials.
This not onl ensure the %ualit of this publication but also allo"ed the Administration to be
involved in the production especiall through their inputs on policies$ ethics$ and incentives for
conducting researches. This #anual also compiled different procedures and articles in research
"riting and research ethics$ "hich "ill also serve as a guide to our budding researchers$ facult$
staff$ and students.
# staff and I feel humbled and honored that "e "ill be able to present this to the
'ollege. I "ould li!e to ta!e this opportunit to ac!no"ledge the follo"ing people "ho helped
us accomplish this ma+or venture. To the Department Research 'oordinators1 Representatives
from the follo"ing departments2 Arts and )ciences$ #edical Technolog$ *hsical Therap$ and
*harmac. To the Department Deans and the #embers of the Academic Research 'ommittee$
to the #A.'O#$ to the ,oard of Trustees$ and lastl$ to our beloved *resident$ Sr. Aida
Frenillo! O.P$ our heartfelt gratitude for giving us the opportunit to share our !no"ledge and
s!ills in this field.
#a this #anual ignite our passion for further !no"ledge and our commitment to
e(cellence as a Dominican 3earning 'ommunit.
#arleonie #. ,auot$ *hD
Director$ Research and *ublication Office
4
I.TROD5'TIO.
The implementation of an program re%uires clear guidelines for the orderl conduct of
the various activities. The importance of the )an *edro 'ollege Research and *ublication
#anual is embedded in its role in the efficient implementation of the research program of the
'ollege. The #anual contains the guidelines for administrators$ facult and staff researchers$
"hose roles in the implementation of the research program are complementar.
The research manual contains brief accounts of the research activities that led to the
formulation of the institutional research program and the revision of the research and publication
manual. The 'ollege Research 'ommittee deliberated and fine tuned the contents of the #anual
before the approval of the #anagement 'ommittee -#A.'O#/ headed b the *resident.
Along this line$ the *resident reminds all those involved in the implementation of the
#anual to be open to learn from e(periences in order to further improve the usefulness of the
guidelines to promote the contribution of research to the development of learning among the
facult$ staff$ and students.
PART I: THE ROLE OF RESEARCH IN SAN PEDRO COLLEE
A. MA"DA#$ F%OM C&$D A"D SPC'S V(S(O")M(SS(O"
As a 'atholic higher education institution$ the 'ollege ta!es upon itself the
responsibilit of providing %ualit teaching$ research and communit service as inherent
roles of a higher educational institution. These roles are commitments of both the
organi0ation and its facult1staff$ "ho are involved in teaching students in the
undergraduate and graduate programs. The commitment of the college to these roles is
articulated in the statement of the organi0ations vision and mission statement.
6ision
A Do*inian learning o**+nity! o**itting to e,ellene in the -or*ation o- persons!
li.ing and spreading the lo.e o- the o*passionate /es+s! &ealer and #eaher.
#ission
0e! the st+dents! sta--! -a+lty and ad*inistrators! o**it o+rsel.es to ontin+ally1
o b+ild a n+rt+ring Christian o**+nity 2ith passion -or tr+th! ser.ie! and
e,ellene!
7
o pro.ide the Philippines and the 2orld 2ith persons 2ho are pro-essionally and
tehnially s3ill-+l and i*b+ed 2ith strong ethial! *oral and spirit+al .al+es!
thro+gh inno.ati.e progra*s o- instr+tion and -or*ation! research! and
o**+nity e,tension ser.ies!
o s+stain 4+ality 2or3 li-e -or the e*ployees by pro.iding o*petiti.e bene-its!
good 2or3ing onditions and opport+nities -or gro2th and de.elop*ent!
o ens+re a s+stainable eono*i .iability o- the organization thro+gh e--iient
+se o- reso+res
In the same vein$ '&ED is encouraging higher educational institutions in the
countr to perform "ell in the three inherent roles of %ualit teaching$ research and
communit services. The performance of higher educational institutions in the three
inherent roles is highl valued in the accreditation of programs$ as "ell as for institutional
monitoring and evaluation.
,. %OL$ OF %$S$A%C& (" #&$ D$V$LOPM$"# OF SA" P$D%O COLL$G$
The emphasis on research in the development and gro"th of )an *edro 'ollege as
a higher education institution is clearl articulated in the strategic development plan.
3i!e"ise$ in its annual budget$ the Administration allocates substantial amount for the
research activities of the 'ollege. )uch concrete actions manifest the commitment of the
administration to pursue activities and programs that "ould improve the schools
performance and research culture.
C. FOS#$%("G #&$ %$S$A%C& C5L#5%$
In the 89:;s$ the research activities in )*' focused on the students outputs$
research being a re%uirement for graduation. )tudents "ere guided b chosen facult
members "ho provided assistance either as research advisers or research panelists. In the
late 899;s$ facult members started to conduct research over and above their academic
re%uirements in the graduate studies. 'onse%uentl$ the Administration sa" the need to
sstemati0e the research activities in the 'ollege through an institutional research
program. In the second millennium$ )*'$ through its facult researchers$ has produced
the first batch of research output$ "hich has been presented in both national and
international fora.
8. Formulation of the earl research policies < its implementation
The first edition of the )*' research policies formulated b the Research and
*ublication Office -R*O/ provided basic guidelines in the areas of research. The
research guidelines contained policies for the research process as "ell as research
incentives for the researchers.
=
a./ Research pro+ects go through a proposal and final defense. The
Research 'ouncil chooses the members of the panel. The researcher
then presents his1her research report in a forum "here reactors "ho
are invited as members of the panel of e(perts give their comments
and suggestions to the research report.
b./ Research incentives for researchers include deloading of >;? of the
total academic load. The researcher li!e"ise gets 8>;? of his basic
salar. The duration of the research is determined b the researcher
and the Research 'ouncil. 5pon submission of the materials for the
binding$ the researcher gets a bonus "orth 8>;? of his1her basic
monthl salar.
Earl implementation of the research incentives prove to be e(pensive
on the schools budget$ thus$ it "as revised.
4. Encouraging the Facult to do Research
Facult members$ as teachers in higher education$ assume the responsibilit of
generating !no"ledge through research. In order to encourage facult members to do
research$ incentives "ere provided such as additional financial assistance and the use
of research output for promotion and ran!ing. 'ertain ran!s specif research output
as a re%uirement. Thus$ a facult ma be stuc! in a ran! if he1she does not do
research.
'urrentl$ research in )*' continues to thrive. The 'ollege is e(erting full effort in
promoting the importance of the research culture among its constituents.
PART II: SAN PEDRO COLLEE!S RESEARCH AENDA
In cogni0ance "ith the )an *edro 'olleges vision$ mission$ goals$ the universal development
concerns as "ell as the facult and students interests$ needs and capabilities$ the Research and
*ublication Office "ill embar! on pro+ects of importance and critical concern to the countr such
as education$ health$ business$ technolog$ and human development to improve the %ualit of
life. The agenda include the follo"ing2
1. EDUCATION AND SOCIAL SCIENCE. The 'ollege places emphasis on researches
sensitive to the improvement of human life through education and addressed social needs.
Researches on educational reforms$ policies and other concerns "ill embod the
institutions aim of promoting %ualit tertiar education.
2. NATURAL SCIENCE, HEALTH AND ENVIRONMENT. To assist in the
improvement of the %ualit of human life$ the institution ban!s on researches that delve
into the effect of environmental$ social$ and economic conditions to the health of the
>
people as "ell as on some potential initiatives that could ma!e health services accessible
to the people. 'ontinual assessment of health care providers through the %ualit of care
e(tended is also conducted to ensure improvement of s!ills and client1patient satisfaction.
)ocial impacts of the health facilities provided b the school also call for incessant
evaluation for planning and other pro+ect sustaining activities.
3. RESEARCH IN INDUSTRY AND TECHNOLOGY. In !eeping pace "ith the current
business language and global technological revolution applied in dail educational$
commercial$ and other social interactions$ the Research and *ublication Office
ac!no"ledges the development and promotion of sustainable and essential research
studies that "ill improve the econom through business innovations$ entrepreneurship$
management$ information technolog$ and communit participation through corporate
social responsibilit.
4. SOCIO-CULTURAL AND COMMUNITY DEVELOPMENT. To generate studies
that "ill provide information on indigenous people and other disadvantaged socio@
cultural groups situation and needs catal0e opportunities for gro"th and development
catered b the 'ollege 'ommunit E(tension Office. Feasibilit and evaluation studies of
communit e(tension pro+ects in identified communit areas are also intermittentl
studied and developed.
5. SPIRITUALITY AND HUMAN RESOURCE DEVELOPMENT. To initiate
researches that strengthen the schools pool of academicians and professionals through
appropriate evaluation techni%ues and recogni0ing venues for personal$ professional$ and
spiritual development$ studies "ill be developed to determine stages of a persons
spiritual formation vis@A@vis changes and development in the societ. This is a mandate
of the )*' as a Dominican learning institution. In effect$ activities in the )*'
communit that cater to this specific need "ill continuall be enhanced such that
Dominican values and principles "ill be imbibed b the members of the institution$ and
further the love of 'hrist in the region and eventuall in the countr as e(emplified b
)t. Dominic.
B
PART III: THE COND"CT OF RESEARCH IN SAN PEDRO COLLEE
A. O%GA"(6A#(O"AL S#%5C#5%$ OF %$S$A%C& A"D P57L(CA#(O" OFF(C$ ("
SPC
,oard of Trustees
*resident
Director
-Research and *ublication/
*ublication
Associate
'ollege Research
'ommittee
Facult
Researchers
Research
Associate
Ethics
'ommittee
*eer Revie"
'ommittee
6ice *resident for
Academic Affairs
6ice *resident for
Administration and *lanning
C
Th R!"#$h "%& P'()*$"+*,% O--*$
The Research and *ublication Office -R*O/ shall perform the role of planning$
implementation$ monitoring$ and evaluation of the research program of the 'ollege.
It shall be responsible in facilitating the research pro+ects and monitoring the
implementation of the research process. Reports of ongoing researches shall be
submitted to the R*O for proper action.
The Office li!e"ise facilitates the research dissemination activities such as the
publication of the research output through presentation1fora.
RPO S$,. "%& /'%$+*,%!:
Fostering o- a %esearh C+lt+re
The R*O shall endeavor to activel underta!e activities that promote a vibrant
research culture in the 'ollege. )uch activities ma include the conduct of
interdisciplinar seminars and "or!shops as "ell as research fora.
For*+lation o- %esearh Agenda and %esearh Poliies
The R*O shall initiate the formulation of the 'olleges research agenda and
identif specific research topics$ ta!ing into account the 'olleges research thrusts
and priorities. Furthermore$ R*O shall be tas!ed the implementation of the 'olleges
research policies and guidelines approved b the *resident.
%e.ie2 and Appro.al o- %esearh Pro8ets
The R*O shall facilitate the revie" and approval of research proposals.
Monitoring o- Appro.ed (nstit+tional and Contrated %esearh
It shall monitor and oversee the progress and implementation of the research
pro+ects.
%esearh 7+dget Alloation
In coordination "ith the 'olleges divisions$ programs and research units$ the
R*O shall prepare an annual budget for the research agenda that "ill be submitted to
the *resident for approval. The research budget allocation "ill be based on the
institutional research thrusts and priorities.
The R*O shall li!e"ise coordinate "ith the different Department Research
'ouncils to prepare a consolidated budget for the subsid of research units. This
:
subsid "ill cover office maintenance$ supplies and the honoraria for the staff. The
administration of the subsid for each research center shall be the responsibilit of the
division or program in charge of the research unit.
%esearh Disse*ination and 5tilization
The R*O shall encourage the sharing of data and information derived from
research underta!ings b2
Re%uiring the researcher to conduct a seminar on the completed research
for the purpose of disseminating the stud results to the college and to the
communit as a "hole.
*ublishing the research results in )*' +ournals and publications
*roviding a databan! of all completed researches
Encouraging the researcher to submit articles based on the research "or!
for publication in national or international +ournals of acceptable standard.
P+bliation
The R*O shall publish research and scholarl "or!s in the form of +ournals$
boo!s$ monographs$ creative "or!s$ and popular and innovative media$ both traditional
and non@traditional.
*ublications produced b the 'ollege shall observe intellectual propert la"s$
rules and agreements.
Capability)7+ilding
The R*O shall conduct periodic capabilit trainings on research and publication
F+nd So+ring
The R*O shall activel source funds for operations and pro+ect implementation.
9
RPO I%+#%") O#0"%*1"+*,%") S+#'$+'#
Duties and Functions
Diretor
The Director reports directl to the *resident. As the overall supervisor of the
schools research and publication initiatives$ the Director2
Directl presents to the *resident recommendations on research
and publication policies$ budget$ and other R*O@related concerns
)upervises and directs the Associates for Research and *ublication
to accomplish the Offices goals$ ob+ectives and tas!s
Initiall screens and approves internal and e(ternal research
pro+ects
Identifies and establishes net"or!s "ith e(perts "ho shall help the
office in revie"ing submitted proposals
Receives and decides on monitoring and evaluation reports of on@
going research pro+ects
'onducts researches and initiates publication of the same in the
)*' Research Dournal.
Assoiate -or %esearh

Ta!es charge of the research training of the facult.
The Associate for Research2
Facilitates applications for research grants
#onitors approved institutional and contracted research
'oordinates "ith the research representatives of the divisions and
programs as "ell as research units.
'onducts researches for publication in the )*' Research Dournal.
Assoiate -or P+bliation
Ta!es charge of upgrading e(isting +ournals as "ell as helping individual
division publication pro+ects$ including the development of instructional
materials.
The Associate for *ublication2
Initial edits and proofreads the materials set to be published for
the +ournals and other publications of the office.
Assists in the production of researches for publication.
8;
Functions of 5nits involved in the Research *rogram2
Th 2,"#& ,- T#'!+!

The ,oard of Trustees -,OT/ shall give the final approval to the R*O on ma+or
pro+ects and other institutional and contracted research pro+ects. 3i!e"ise$ the shall
also approve the proposed annual budget for the Office as presented b the
#A.'O#.
Th P#!*&%+
The *resident shall convene the #A.'O# and ,OT$ respectivel$ to deliberate
on concerns that shall arise in research and publication.


Th D."#+3%+ R!"#$h C,'%$*)
Academic Departments shall organi0e their o"n Research 'ouncils under the
leadership of the Department Dean. The Research 'ouncil shall determine the
research agenda of the Department and shall be directl responsible in animating the
research culture among facult and students. In order to carr out these tas!s$ the
Departmental Research 'ouncil shall be activel involved in the formulation of
research policies that "ill nurture a strong research culture. #oreover$ the 'ouncil
shall be responsible for situating the needs of their respective Departments. The
'ouncil shall be the recommending bod that "ould go over the proposals of facult
members.
Th A$"&3*$ R!"#$h C,33*++
The Academic Research 'ommittee serves as an advisor panel to the Director of
the Research and *ublication Office. The 'ommittee shall comprise of one -8/
chairperson and si( -B/ members assigned b the Administration. As an advisor
committee$ it counsels and provides recommendations on the research initiatives to be
considered b the Office. )hould there be concerns arising from the conduct of the
researches$ the Director ma tap the 'ommittee for assistance in the decision@ma!ing
process.
*rior to identification of approved proposals$ the members of the Research
'ommittee shall receive from the R*O copies of the recommended research
proposals. The 'ommittee together "ith the Director of R*O shall convene to share
recommendations and eventuall identif the proposals for approval. The 'ommittee
"ill also be informed and as!ed for recommendations on the conduct and concerns of
e(ternall funded researches the Office or an member of the )*' communit "ill
underta!e.
88
Th E+h*$! C,33*++
The Ethics 'ommittee serves as the #ediator for the researchers and the R*O in
the area of ethics in research and publication. Together "ith the research committee$
the also serve as an advisor panel to the R*O. The 'ommittee shall have si(teen
-8B/ members$ ma+orit of "hich should be bona fide emploees of )an *edro
'ollege. Other members shall come from organi0ations outside the 'ollege$ "ith a
non@voting capacit.
The %uorum of the 'ommittee shall be five ->/. #oreover$ the Director shall have
the discretion to invite 'ommittee members depending on the agenda of the meeting$
or the field of e(pertise of a committee member.
Th P#-R4*5 C,33*++
The *eer@revie" 'ommittee is panel of e(perts from different disciplines. The R*O
Director invites the 'ommittee to revie" the proposal-s/ "hich are in line "ith their
fields of e(pertise.
7. %$S$A%C& ("C$"#(V$S A"D D$LOAD("G
8. Research 'ompensation
A facult "ho engages in research shall receive 8>;? of the basic monthl
compensation. This covers the full time dut1 teaching load and the research. 5pon
completion of the research pro+ect as scheduled$ a bonus e%uivalent to a months
basic salar is given to the researcher.
The funding for research pro+ects shall be determined b the 'ollege Research
'ommittee based on the nature$ research activities$ and research re%uirements. The
fund shall be used for the follo"ing2 research operationsE research honorariumE and
research output printing -7 hard bound copies of the final report/. The pro+ect ma
e(ceed in the ma(imum amount of brac!ets provided that the research re%uires more
thorough e(perimentation and1or investigation.
Researchers ma be given the privilege to underta!e a ma(imum of 9 units
teaching load or e%uivalent dut as overload.
84
4. Incentives for 'ollaborative Research
Facult or staff researchers ma venture into collaborative research. Incentives shall
be split among the members of the team. The computation of the research
honorarium shall be based on the researchers basic salar. Other arrangements li!e
authorship shall be agreed upon b the researchers.
7. 'ommissioned Research
These are basicall research pro+ects that the 'ollege shall venture into b
commissioning facult members and staff to underta!e.
It is considered an avenue for seasoned facult members and staff to go into a
more thorough stud of their field1s of e(pertise. Internall commissioned research
shall be arranged b the Research 'ommittee and the R*O. The 'ollege shall invite
prospective researchers from the facult and staff to conduct the research.
'ommissioned researchers shall not be given academic loads "ithin the duration of
the research. The commissioned researcher shall have a separate compensation
pac!age and time allocation. 'ommissioned researches shall be approved primaril
b the Office of the *resident.
=. Research Duration
Ordinaril$ a research pro+ect lasts for one semester -> months/ up to one ear.
Research pro+ects unfinished "ithin the prescribed period are given an e(tension of
three months. .o research incentives shall be given during the e(tension.
>. )anctions
Researchers "ho fail to compl "ith the provisions in the contract shall be
sub+ected to an investigation b the Research 'ommittee. If proven liable$ such
failure shall constitute a breach of contract and loss of confidence. )anctions ma
range from reimbursement of the research incentives and research budget to
termination of emploment.
87
C. SO5%C$S OF F5"D FO% %$S$A%C& AC#(V(#($S
8. )*' Research Fund
The Research Fund of the school is generated through endo"ment of alumni$
students$ benefactors and from the general fund of the school. The research fund is
treated as restricted fund.
4. E(ternal Resources of Research Funds
Researches proposed b facult1staff ma be funded b e(ternal resources. In
cases "here a research is e(ternall funded$ the follo"ing distribution of funds shall
be observed2 8;? or specific amount shall be allocated for management servicesE
8;? or specific amount$ "hichever is appropriate$ shall be allocated as honorarium
for team leaderE >? or specific amount shall be allocated for contingencE the rest of
the amount shall be used for operational e(penses.
E(ternall@funded researches ma be initiated b the Administration and later
given to facult1staff or initiated b facult1staff researchers provided such pro+ect is
approved b the Administration. This can also come as an invitation from other
funding agencies. These researches shall be revie"ed b the 'ollege Research
'ommittee "ho shall determine the provisions of the pro+ect.
D. %$S$A%C& P57L(CA#(O"
8. Research Dournal
The 'ollege shall produce a +ournal for the research outputs of its facult. The
school$ being the publisher$ shall endeavor to secure and maintain its legal o"nership
of the publication and shall formulate policies or guidelines for its operation. The
school ma publish a refereed +ournal and1or peer revie"ed +ournal under the auspices
of the R*O. #oreover$ the +ournal ma also "elcome researches made b selected
students from the undergraduate and graduate programs as "ell as researches from
other institutions provided that these are under the research thrusts of the 'ollege.
Researches done b non@)*' constituents$ ho"ever$ must not dominate the contents
of the +ournal.

4. 'ompendium of Abstracts
Aside from publishing full papers of students both from the undergraduate and
graduate programs$ the school "ill also publish t"ice annuall a compendium of
refereed abstracts ta!en from the students theses.
8=
7. Fuidelines in Research1 Thesis Writing
The R*O shall publish a handboo! "hich shall contain the guidelines in "riting
research papers. It shall outline the standard format of various academic papers of the
'ollege.
Proess -or P+blishing %esearh %eports
Research reports published in the +ournal must be revie"ed b three -7/
peers1specialists. The referees shall be given 4 "ee!s to revie" the manuscript.
)hould the "ish to e(tend$ or decline$ the must inform the R*O the soonest time
possible. The Office "ill then compile and for"ard the comments to the author1s for
their further revie" and revisions. The identities of the referees shall not be
disclosed. 5ltimatel$ it "ill be the author1s decision "hether or not to include an
and1or all comments on their revision.
Appendi( D in this manual sho"s the general guidelines for the referees of the
publication.
E. #9P$S OF %$S$A%C& P%O/$C#S
The school underta!es researches "hich ma fall in an of the follo"ing tpes2
7asi %esearh) 3a"rence ,er!ele .ational 3aborator -""".lbl.gov/ defined
basic research as research driven b a researchers curiosit or interest in a scientific
%uestion and its main motivation is to e(pand mans !no"ledge. This tpe of
research in the 'ollege basicall delves into ta(onom$ assessment$ theor$ baseline
research$ and the li!e.
Applied %esearh) This tpe of research is designed to solve practical problems of the
modern "orld$ rather than to ac%uire !no"ledge for !no"ledges sa!e. One might
sa that the goal of the applied researcher is to improve the human condition as it
loo!s into studing a certain model or theor -""".lbl.gov1Education1E3)I1research@
main.html/.
Researches ma be also categori0ed according to funding sources2 internall
funded and e(ternall funded. Researches ma also be categori0ed according to the
research initiator2 Facult1)taff initiatedE Funder initiated.
8>
There are four categories of research$ namel2
'ategor 82 ,asic Research@Facult1)taff initiated "hich ma be internall or
e(ternall funded
'ategor 42 ,asic Research@Administration initiated "hich ma be internall or
e(ternall funded
'ategor 72 Applied Research@Facult1)taff initiated "hich ma be internall or
e(ternall funded
'ategor =2 Applied Research@Administration initiated "hich ma be internall or
e(ternall funded
F. #&$ %$S$A%C& P%OC$SS$S
8. 'all for Research *roposals
The Research and *ublication Office ma specif a period for calling for research
proposal. It is ideal that the calling for research proposal fall on summer months so
that appropriate deloading can be arranged in the succeeding regular semester.
4. )ubmission of 'oncept *aper
The concept paper is the overvie" of the proposed stud of the researcher. It is a
4@page snopsis composed of the studs rationale$ significance$ scope
and limitation$ ob+ectives and methodolog. The concept paper shall be initiall
submitted to the Departments Research 'ouncil cop furnished to the R*O. After an
initial evaluation and endorsement b the R*O$ this shall be for"arded to the 'ollege
Research 'ommittee.

7. Initial Deliberation of the 'oncept *aper
The Director of the R*O$ together "ith the 'ollege Research 'ommittee shall
convene to deliberate on the submitted concept paper. Once the concept paper is
approved$ the researcher-s/ shall proceed to developing the research proposal and
submit the first t"o chapters$ "hich include the Introduction and #ethods$ follo"ing
the A*A format. The Office shall regularl notif the researcher-s/ the status of the
stud.
Deliberation of the first draft of the proposal could either be in the form of oral
presentation -i.e.$ defense "ith the selected panel/$ or submission of the proposal to
the chosen panelists for revie". The R*O shall note do"n and disseminate the
information to the researchers to signif the commencement of the research.
8B
=. )ubmission of 'omplete *roposal
Research proposals must be "ritten using the A*A format. Researchers must
heed the ethics in conducting and "riting the research. Furthermore$ the stud must
be devoid of an bias i.e. gender1se(ualit$ political issues$ race1ethnicit$ etc. This
basicall sho"s sensitivit and neutralit of the stud. Appendices , and ' of the
#anual presents research ethics.
>. *rocesses in Research *roposal Revie"
Research proposals submitted to the 'ollege Research 'ommittee shall go
through the process of scientific revie" and ethics revie". The revie" ma be done
b the panel "ith the presence of the proponent especiall "hen the panel needs to be
clarified on some points of the proposal. The panel ma li!e"ise deliberate on the
proposal "ithout the presence of the proponent.
Research proposals funded e(ternall shall go through the same process. In cases
"hen the panels decision is negative$ the Office of the *resident shall decide "hether
to accept or re+ect the research pro+ect.
B. Approval of the Research *roposal < 'ontract )igning
Research proposals funded internall shall be guided b a contract bet"een the
researchers and the *resident or b her authori0ed representative. The contract of
e(ternall funded researches shall be signed b the *resident and the 3ead
Researcher.
C. Research Report *resentation
Research outputs funded internall shall be presented in a forum "hereb the
researcher shall report the activities as "ell as the findings of the stud. Reactors
shall be invited to give their opinions on the research output. The proceedings of the
forum shall be documented.
:. )ubmission of Final Research Report
Researchers funded b the school shall submit the follo"ing research reports to
the R*O "hich shall furnish a cop of the same report to the 'ollege Research
'ommittee2
8. Revised Research *roposal 7; das or earlier after the receipt of research
proposal commentsE
4. Final Research Report -7 copies hard bound/ incorporating the comments of
panelists or peers 7; das or earlier after the oral presentation.
8C
Researches funded e(ternall shall abide b the contract provisions on research
monitoring and evaluation.
9. *rocess of *eer Revie"
The R*O shall once again gather a panel of e(perts and1or seasoned facult
members in the related field to revie" the research report prior to its publication in
the +ournal.
G. RESEARCH /UND MANAGEMENT, MONITORING AND EVALUATION
G.: %$S$A%C& F5"D MA"AG$M$"#
8. Researches Funded b the )chool
Fund releases for researches funded b the school shall be as follo"s2 >;? of the
research fund -under Operation/ after submission of revised research proposalE 4>?
of the fund after oral presentation or its e%uivalentE 4>? of the fund after the research
forum.
4. Researches Funded b E(ternal Funding Agencies
Release of fund for e(ternall@funded researches shall be determined b the
contract and the availabilit of funds.
7. )tandard Operating *rocedures in Fund Re%uest$ Release$ 3i%uidation
Fund re%uisition of e(ternall@funded research shall follo" the provisions of the
contract. Internall@funded researches shall follo" F.8.8.
G.; %$S$A%C& 75DG$#A%9 ALLOCA#(O"
8. Each research pro+ect shall be allocated a budget$ depending on the
research need. &o"ever$ should the research pro+ect re%uire additional e(penses
such as those of e(perimental studies$ the R*O Director ma refer to the
Academic Research 'ommittee for consideration of the budget.
4. For research pro+ects "ith a single proponent$ the proponent shall receive
>;? Gof his1her monthl salarH as his1her monthl honorarium until the stud is
accomplished. For research pro+ects "ith t"o or more proponents the e%uivalent
8:
>;? of the honorarium of the research leaderGs basic salarH shall be divided
among the researchers based on their respective salar.
7. After the completion of the pro+ect and its presentation through a research
forum$ the sole proponent shall receive a bonus "hich is e%uivalent to 8;; percent
of his1her salarE t"o proponents of a stud shall receive a bonus "hich is
e%uivalent to >;? of their individual salarE three proponents of a stud shall
receive a bonus "hich is e%uivalent to one@third of their individual salar$ thus the
amount of bonus to be received b each member of the group "ill depend on the
number of members.
=. The research pro+ect "ith t"o or more proponents ma engage in an
Iumbrella research$J "herein the proponents shall e(ecute different
methodologies in conducting the research. It shall be considered as a group
pro+ect. Their incentives$ ho"ever$ shall be e%uivalent to that of a single
proponent.
G.< MO"(#O%("G
8. )tatus Report
Researchers must submit a monthl progress report to the R*O$ as stipulated in the
#emorandum of Agreement -#oA/. It shall include the current status of the research$
accomplishments$ and1or goals for the upcoming month1s.
G.= $VAL5A#(O"
8. The R*O shall have the right to convene the researchers antime to further
discuss the status and the goal1s of the stud.

PA%# (V. %$S$A%C& 5#(L(6A#(O" A"D D(SS$M("A#(O"
A. Research Forum
The R*O in coordination "ith the Research 'ommittee and the
Departmental Research 'ouncil shall be responsible in organi0ing the research forum
for internall@funded researches. The activit shall be funded b the annual research
budget of the school.
89
,. Research Intellectual *ropert Rights
Intellectual propert rights of researches funded b the school belong to
)an *edro 'ollege. Authorship shall remain "ith the researchers. 5tili0ation of
research output for publication outside of the )*' publication or utili0ation of
research output for commercial purposes shall be guided b the provisions stated in
the #emorandum of Agreement -#oA/.
'. *lagiarism
*lagiarism refers to the use of anothers ideas$ information$ language$ or
"riting$ as ones o"n "ithout proper citation of the original source. This is a ver
serious academic offense that ma ruin an entire academic career. *eople have
even lost their +obs on charges of plagiarism. This indicates the gravit of the
offense.
The follo"ing are some of the misconceptions regarding plagiarism.
It is a misnomer that plagiarism onl refers to verbatim reproduction from a
source "ithout citation. Even if ou paraphrase$ summari0e or other"ise use an idea$
information$ interpretation or analsis from another source "ithout citation$ it is
plagiarism.
5se of Icommon !no"ledgeJ factual information does not constitute plagiarism.
If ou are unsure "hether the information ou are using is Icommon !no"ledge$J it
is al"as advisable to cite the source.
*lagiarism al"as involves dishonest. Even if ou plagiari0e inadvertentl$ ou
are liable for the offense.
It is conceivable that t"o or more unrelated people "or!ing in different parts of
the "orld come up "ith e(actl the same idea1analsis at the same point in time. This
"ould not constitute plagiarism. Ho#e$er% this is a $er& rare coincidence' It is
possible that close to the conclusion of our thesis$ ou ma discover that our idea
overlaps "ith that of a recent publication. Dont get alarmed and dont pretend to
ignore the source. ,e candid in citing it as supportive of our thesis. Remember that
no t"o ideas1 analses are li!el to be mirror images of each other. *lease do not
treat this recent reference as undermining the value of our research.
When ou get an idea1comment from another person in the course of discussions
and ou use that in our research$ ou must ac!no"ledge the source. 3i!e"ise$ if
ou use an idea +ointl conceived b a research team -that includes ou/$ ou can not
pretend to present it in our "or! as our o"n idea. In both cases$ citation is a must2
else ou commit plagiarism.
So+re1 http1>> 8n+.a.in>Aade*is>Shools>Shoolo-(nternationalSt+dies>S(S?%esearh?Man+al.pd-
4;
S+"%&"#& SPC R!"#$h D!*0%
T&E A*A FOR#AT -for research report and citation/
*ublished as a C@page report in the Februar 8949 issue of the Psyhologial 7+lletin! a
+ournal of the American *schological Association agreed to discuss the form of +ournal
manuscripts and to "rite instructions for their preparation. The group agreed that it "ould not
dictate to authorsE instead$ it recommended a Istandard of procedures$ to "hich e(ceptions "ould
doubtless be necessar$ but to "hich reference might be made in cases of doubt.J -APA Man+al!
@
th
edition! p.
A(A
/
The rules provided in the *ublication #anual of the American *schological Association
are dra"n from an e(tensive bod of pschological literature$ from editors and authors
e(perienced in pschological "riting$ and from recogni0ed authorities on publication practices.
Rules for the preparation of manuscripts should be strictl follo"ed. BAPA Man+al! @
th
edition! p.
AA(((
C
Rules in mechanics and stle are the results of a confluence of established authorities and
common usage. These rules introduce the uniformit necessar to convert manuscripts "ritten in
man stles to printed pages edited in one consistent stle. The spare readers from being
distracted b a variet of forms throughout a "or! and permit them to give full attention to
content.
The standardi0ation has greatl facilitated the communication of ne" ideas and research
and simplified the tas!s of publishers$ editors$ authors$ and readers. It has established lin!ages
for electronic files across articles and across publishers.
The A*A stle is a "idel accepted format for "riting research papers$ particularl for
social science manuscripts and theses. It specifies$ for e(ample$ the names and order of
headings$ formatting and organi0ation of citations and references$ and the arrangement of tables$
figures$ footnotes$ and appendices. Bhttp1>>en.2i3ipedia.org>2i3i>APA?styleC
3AKO5T$ FO.T A.D )TR5'T5RE
O.er.ie2 o- the Contents o- a %esearh %eport
Title page
Approval sheets
8. recommending oral defense
4. acceptance of paper
Ac!no"ledgements
Abstract
48
Table of 'ontents
8. 3ist of Tables
4. 3ist of Figures
'&A*TER I
I.TROD5'TIO.
Revie" of 3iterature
Theoretical1'onceptual Frame"or!
)tatement of *roblem-s/
&pothesis-es/ Bi- appliableC
)ignificance of the )tud B-or proposal! inl+de in ("#%OD5C#(O"D -or -inal paper!
integrate in D(SC5SS(O"C
'&A*TER II
#ET&OD
Design
)etting Bi- appliableC
*articipants
#easures
*rocedure
Data Analsis B-or proposal! inl+de in M$#&ODD -or -inal paper! integrate in
%$S5L#SC
3imitations of the )tud B-or proposal! inl+de in M$#&ODD -or -inal paper! integrate in
D(SC5SS(O"C
'&A*TER III
RE)53T)
'&A*TER I6
DI)'5))IO.
B"ote that the s+bsetions in this hapter *ay be organized and ad8+sted to the nat+re o- the
topi! st+dy design! 2riting style! et.C
'&A*TER 6 BoptionalC
)5##ARK A.D 'O.'35)IO.)
REFERE.'E)
A**E.DI'E)
9o+ *ay .isit http1>>222.apastyle.org -or *ore in-or*ation
Each part of the manuscript has a particular standard format. The se%uence of items$ the
ideal number of "ords and pages and citation can be referred to the *ublication #anual of the
American *schological Association B@
th
edition Chapters :!;!=!@ and Appendi, AC "hich can be
found in the school librar.
44
#anuscripts in general should be organi0ed according to the follo"ing order2
Title@ it should summari0e the main idea of the paper simpl. It should be a concise statement of
the main topic and should identif the actual variables or theoretical issues under investigation
and the relationship bet"een them.
Na(e)s* o+ Author)s*@ ever manuscript includes a bline consisting of t"o parts2 the name of
the author and the institution "here the investigation "as conducted -"ithout the "ords by or
-ro* the/.
A+thor's na*e BbylineC. The preferred form of an authors name is first name$ middle
initial-s/$ and last name.
(nstit+tional A--iliation. The affiliation identifies the location or the institution "here the
author1s conducted the investigation.
%+nning head -or p+bliation. The running head title is printed at the upper left corner of
the pages of a published article to identif the article. The head should have a ma(imum
of >; characters$ inclusive of counting letters$ punctuation$ and spaces bet"een "ords.
Abstract@ is a brief$ comprehensive summar of the contents of the article. It is a 8>;@7;; "ord
informative digest of the ob+ectives$ methods used and significant findings of the article. The
title should also be printed in capital letters before the abstract.
Introduction@ The bod of the paper opens "ith an introduction that presents the specific
problem to be studied and describes the research strateg. It discusses the literature$ but does not
include an e(haustive historical revie". After introducing the problem and developed the
bac!ground material$ ou are in a position to e(plain our approach in solving the problem.
#a!e this statement in the closing paragraphs of the introduction.
Method@ it describes in detail ho" the stud "as conducted.
Results@ This summari0es the data collected and the statistical or data analtic treatment used.
Conclusions@ This presents the results$ interpretation and their implications$ in relation to the
hpothesis.
Re+erences,Literature Cited@ Reference citations document statements made about the literature.
The thesis must be printed on one side of A= paper. The main te(t should be in Times
.e" Roman font si0e 84 and double@spaced. #anuscripts must be submitted in printed1hard
copies and in digital1soft copies stored in a blan! 'D or sent through electronic mail.
Authors should identif themselves onl in the title page that should precede the article
for ease in underta!ing the revie" process and ensure anonmit. Each authors contact details
such as mailing address$ contact number1s and1or email address should be included in the
submission to the Office.
47
A,O5T A*A )TK3E
The A*A stle refers to the editorial stle that man of the social and behavioral sciences have
adopted to present "ritten material in the field. This includes the sstem of the in@te(t citations
and reference format.
The editorial stle consists of rules or guidelines that a publisher observes to ensure clear and
consistent presentation of "ritten material. This stle refers to the uniform use of2
*unctuation and abbreviations
'onstruction of tables
)election of headings
'itation of references
*resentation of statistics
As "ell as man other elements that are a part of ever manuscript
So+re1 http1>>222.apastyle.org>abo+tstyle.ht*l
4=
REFERE.'E)2
American *schological Association -4;;8/ *ublication #anual ->
th
edition/.Washington$ D.'
American *schological Association.
A*A )tle.-n.d./ Retrived 8C #arch 4;;C$ from http211en."i!ipedia.org1"i!i1A*ALstle
A*A Online. About A*A )tle -n.d./. Retrieved 8C #a 4;;C$ from http211""".apastle.org
1aboutstle.html.
A*A Online. Removing ,ias in 3anguage -n.d./. """.apastle.org
Ateneo de Davao 5niversit Research #anual -n.d/
IO* electric +ournals. Feneral Referee Fuidelines. -n.d/. Retrieved 4= Danuar 4;;C$ from
http211 atom.iop.org1atom1helpnsf1;1,==D,D4EA4EFC=4D:;4>BE'>;;=BC8DCMOpen
Document
#indanao )tate 5niversit@#ara"i 'it Research and E(tension -n.d./
Retrieved 8C #arch 4;;C$ from """.msumain.edu.ph1researchpage1
*rofessional Engineering *ublishing. Fuidelines for Dournal Referees. -n.d./. Retrieved
4= Danuar 4;;C$ from """.erc."isc.edu1publications1DER1InstructionsLforLRevie"ers.doc
*ublication *olic and *rocedures. 'ommunication$ Documentation and Information )ervices
4>
-'ODI)/ International 'enter for Agricultural Research in the Dr Areas -n.d./. Retrieved
8C #a 4;;C$ from http211""".icarda.org1*ublicationL*olic.pdf
Referee form for 4:
th
&a"aii International 'onference on )stems )ciences -Danuar 899>/.
Retrieved 4= Danuar 4;;C$ from http211"""@ec.n+it.edu1Nbieber1hicss9>@referee@form.t(t
Research Ethics. Retrieved 8C #arch 4;;C$ from http211en."i!ipedia.org1"i!i1ResearchLethics
Rit 3ibrar. A*A 'itation Format -n.d./. Retrieved 8C #a 4;;C$ from http211"all.rit.edu1
*ubs1guides1apa.pdf
)chool of International )tudies Da"aharlal .ehru 5niversit. -#a 4;;B/. Research #anual
-For #*hil1*hD students/ Retrieved 8C #arch 4;;C$ from http211+nu.ac.in1Academics1
)chools1)I)LResearchL#anual.pdf
)mith$ Deborah. Five *rinciples for Research Ethics.-Danuar 4;;7/. Retrieved 48 #arch 4;;C$
from http211""".apa.org1monitor1+an;71principles.html
The American )ociet of Agricultural Engineers. The Dournal of Ag )afet and &ealth -DA)&/
*ublication *olic -Februar 899>/. Retrieved 8C #a 4;;C$ from http211""".cdc.gov1nasd1
docs1d;;8;;8@d;;88;;1d;;8;:91d;;8;:9.html
5niversit of the *hilippines 3os ,aOos Research #anual -n.d/
4B
APPENDICES:
A**E.DIP A
MEMORANDUM O/ AGREEMENT
BFor (ndi.id+al %esearhC
KNOW ALL MEN 2Y THESE PRESENTS:
This #E#ORA.D5# OF AFREE#E.T entered into and e(ecuted this LLLLLLLLL da of
LLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLL in Davao 'it b and bet"een2
The )A. *EDRO 'O33EFE$ I.'. -)*'/ "ith principal office at 84 '. de Fu0man )t.$ Davao
'it$ represented in this agreement b its *resident$ SISTER AIDA T. /RENCILLO, OP,
herein referred to as the )*' *resident.
@and@
6N"3 ,- +h R!"#$h#7 "ith the follo"ing address $8, S"% P&#, C,))0, 12 C. &
G'13"% S+#+, D"4", C*+9 herein after referred to as the grantee on the research pro+ect
entitled 6T*+) ,- +h R!"#$h7.
WITNESSETH:
W&EREA)$ the )an *edro 'ollege Research *rogram encourages and funds research pro+ects of
its personnel designed to contribute in the generation of !no"ledge$ improvement of the %ualit
of human$ and improvement in the "a of doing things$
W&EREA)$ )*' through its *resident$ is mandated to ma!e operational its Research *rogram
as one of its ma+or role as a higher education institution.
W&EREA)$ )*'$ Research *rogram has allocated funds to sponsor Research *ro+ects of its
personnel sub+ect to the terms and conditions in the use of the funds "hich are2
a. The o"nership of the research output belongs to )an *edro 'ollege$ an use of the
research output needs formal approval of )an *edro 'ollege.
b. The researcher ma use the research output for presentation$ publication$ etc. "ith formal
approval of )an *edro 'ollege. For outside publication$ the researcher shall hold roalt
to the stud provided that the 'ollege must be informed beforehand and the researcher
shall bear )an *edro 'ollege as his1her affiliation.
4C
c. 5se of the research output b third part needs the formal approval from both )an *edro
'ollege and the Researcher.
d. The use of funds shall be according to the approved budget. The release of funds shall
follo" the re%uisition procedures of )an *edro 'ollege.
e. The duration of the research pro+ect shall be for 6%'3(# ,- 3,%+h!7 starting
LLLLLtoLLLLL.
f. The research pro+ect shall go through the process of proposal revie"$ proposal revision$
data gathering$ final defense$ and research forum and publication in its )*' Dournal shall
be sponsored b )an *edro 'ollege.
g. )hould the researcher fail to complete the research "or! on the specified time$ the
researcher shall be given an e(tension of 3 3,%+h! to finish$ but "ithout incentives.
#oreover$ the researcher shall resume to its full load.
h. )hould the researcher decide not to finish the research pro+ect or unable to finish it on the
e(tension period$ he1she shall reimburse )an *edro 'ollege for all its e(penses incurred
in the conduct of the research.
i. The R*O shall have the right to terminate the research should an and all provisions are
violated.
+. The Administration reserves the right to transfer the research pro+ect to other researchers.
W&EREA)$ the FRA.TEE e(pressed the need to conduct research in the name of )an *edro
'ollege$ and voluntaril agrees to the terms and conditions of research grant.
.OW$ T&EREFORE$ in consideration of the above premises and their mutual covenants
hereinafter set forth$ the parties have agreed to perform the follo"ing2
G#"%+:! R!.,%!*(*)*+*!:
*repares and submits the research proposal for revie" and the final research report for
presentation in a panel called for this purpose.
*resents the research output in a research forum organi0ed b )an *edro 'ollege.
Assumes the scientific and ethical responsibilities in the conduct of the research.
SPC R!.,%!*(*)*+*!:
*rovide funding to the research pro+ect as specified in the budget.
Organi0e activities and persons "ho "ill compose the committees involved in the
research process.
E(ercise control in the release of funds.
#a!e available resources that "ill aid the researcher in his1her "or!
*rovide research incentives as follo"s2
a. For full@time load$ s1he shall receive his1her ,asic #onthl )alar.
b. For doing research over and above the 8: units load$ s1he "ill receive monthl
honorarium e%uivalent to >;? of his1her ,asic #onthl )alar.
c. After the research forum$ s1he "ill receive a bonus "orth 8;;? of his1her ,asic
#onthl )alar.
4:
I. WIT.E)) W&EREOF$ the parties have e(ecuted this arrangement the date and place first
"ritten above.
/,# SAN PEDRO COLLEGE, INC.
;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;
PRESIDENT
G#"%+:
;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;
6N"3 ,- +h R!"#$h#7
SIGNED IN THE PRESENCE O/:
;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;; ;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;
49
BFor Gro+p %esearhesC

KNOW ALL MEN 2Y THESE PRESENTS:
This #E#ORA.D5# OF AFREE#E.T entered into and e(ecuted this LLLLLLLLL da of
LLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLL in Davao 'it b and bet"een2
The )A. *EDRO 'O33EFE$ I.'. -)*'/ "ith principal office at 84 '. de Fu0man )t.$ Davao
'it$ represented in this agreement b its *resident$ SISTER AIDA T. /RENCILLO, OP,
herein referred to as the )*' *resident.
@and@
6N"3! ,- +h R!"#$h#!7 "ith the follo"ing address $8, S"% P&#, C,))0, 12 C. &
G'13"% S+#+, D"4", C*+9 herein after referred to as the grantees on the research pro+ect
entitled 6T*+) ,- +h R!"#$h7.
WITNESSETH:
W&EREA)$ the )an *edro 'ollege Research *rogram encourages and funds research pro+ects
designed to contribute in the generation of !no"ledge$ improvement of the %ualit of human$ and
improvement in the "a of doing things$
W&EREA)$ )*' through its *resident$ is mandated to ma!e operational its Research *rogram
as one of its ma+or role as a higher education institution.
W&EREA)$ )*'$ Research *rogram has allocated funds to sponsor Research *ro+ects of its
personnel sub+ect to the terms and conditions in the use of the funds "hich are2
a. The o"nership of the research output belongs to )an *edro
'ollege$ an use of the research output needs formal approval of )an *edro
'ollege.
b. The researchers ma use the research output for presentation$
publication$ etc. "ith formal approval of )an *edro 'ollege. For outside
publication$ the researchers shall hold roalt to the stud provided that the
'ollege must be informed beforehand and the researcher shall bear )an *edro
'ollege as his1her affiliation.
c. 5se of the research output b third part needs the formal approval from both )an
*edro 'ollege and the Researchers.
d. The use of funds shall be according to the approved budget. The release of funds
shall follo" the re%uisition procedures of )an *edro 'ollege.
e. The duration of the research pro+ect shall be for 6N'3(# ,- 3,%+h!7 starting
;;;;;;; +,;;;;;;.
7;
f. The research pro+ect shall go through the process of proposal
revie"$ proposal revision$ data gathering$ final defense$ and research forum and
publication in its )*' Dournal shall be sponsored b )an *edro 'ollege.
g. )hould the researcher fail to complete the research "or! on the specified time$ the
researcher shall be given an e(tension of 3 3,%+h! to finish the pro+ect$ but
"ithout incentives. #oreover$ the researcher shall assume full teaching load.
h. )hould the researchers decide not to finish the research pro+ect or
unable to finish it "ithin the e(tension period$ the shall reimburse )an *edro
'ollege for all the e(penses incurred in the conduct of the research.
i. The R*O shall have the right to terminate the research should an and all
provisions are violated.
+. The Administration reserves the right to transfer the research pro+ect to other
researchers.
W&EREA)$ the FRA.TEE) e(press the need to conduct research in the name of )an *edro
'ollege$ and voluntaril agree to the terms and conditions of research grant.
.OW$ T&EREFORE$ in consideration of the above premises and their mutual covenants
hereinafter set forth$ the parties have agreed to perform the follo"ing2
G#"%+!: R!.,%!*(*)*+*!:
*repare and submit the research proposal for revie" and the final research report for
presentation in a panel called for this purpose.
*resent the research output in a research forum organi0ed b )an *edro 'ollege.
Assume the scientific and ethical responsibilities in the conduct of the research.
SPC R!.,%!*(*)*+*!:
*rovide funding to the research pro+ect as specified in the budget.
Organi0e activities and persons "ho "ill compose the committees involved in the
research process.
E(ercise control in the release of funds.
#a!e available resources that "ill aid the researchers in their "or!
*rovide researchers the incentives as follo"s2
a. For full@time load$ each researcher shall receive his1her ,asic #onthl )alar.
b. For doing research over and above the 8: units load$ each researcher "ill receive
a monthl honorarium e%uivalent to one-third )or to the nu(ber o+ researchers
in the stud&* of >;? of his1her ,asic #onthl )alar.
c. After the research forum$ each researcher "ill receive a bonus "orth one-third
)or to the nu(ber o+ researchers in the stud&* of his1her ,asic #onthl )alar.

78
I. WIT.E)) W&EREOF$ the parties have e(ecuted this arrangement the date and place first
"ritten above.
/,# SAN PEDRO COLLEGE, INC.
;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;
PRESIDENT
G#"%+!:
;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;
6R!"#$h#:! N"37
;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;
6R!"#$h#:! N"37
;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;
6R!"#$h#:! N"37
SIGNED IN THE PRESENCE O/:
;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;; ;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;

74
A**E.DIP ,
RESEARCH ETHICS
Research ethics involves the application of fundamental ethical principles to a variet of
topics involving scientific research. These include the design and implementation of research
involving human participants -human e(perimentation/$ animal e(perimentation$ various aspects
of academic scandal$ including scientific misconduct$ such as fraud$ fabrication -science/ of data
and plagiarismE "histleblo"ingE regulation of research -such as regulation of research on stem
cells/$ and more.
)tephen ,ehn!e of A*A Ethics Office stated that I"hile authorship should reflect the
contribution$ "e !no" from social science research that people often overvalue their
contributions to a pro+ect.J Bhttp1>>222.apa.org>*onitor>8anE<>priniples.ht*lC Deborah )mith
came up "ith five principles for research ethics based on the A*A 'ode of Ethics.
The follo"ing are five recommendations that "ere given to help researchers steer clear of
ethical %uandaries2
8. Discuss intellectual propert fran!l
The Academes competitive Ipublish@or@perishJ mindset can be a recipe for trouble "hen
it comes to "ho gets credit for authorship. The best "a to avoid disagreements about
"ho should get credit and in "hat order is to tal! about these issues at the beginning of a
"or!ing relationship$ even though man people often feel uncomfortable about such
topics.
A*As 4;;4 Ethics 'ode offers some guidance2 It specifies that Ifacult advisors discuss
publication credit "ith students as earl as feasible and throughout the research and
publication process as appropriate.J When researchers and students put such
understandings in "riting$ the have a helpful tool to continuall discuss and evaluate
contributions as the research progresses.
The same rules appl to students. If the contribute substantivel to the
conceptuali0ation$ design$ e(ecution$ analsis or interpretation of the research reported$
the should be listed as authors. 'ontributions that are primaril technical dont "arrant
authorship. In the same vein$ advisers should not e(pect e(@officio authorship on their
students "or!.
Researchers also need to meet their ethical obligations once their research is published2
If authors learn of errors that change the interpretation of research findings$ the are
ethicall obligated to promptl correct the errors in a correction$ retraction$ erratum or b
other means.
77
The 4;;4 A*A Ethics 'ode re%uires researchers to release their data to others "ho "ant
to verif their conclusions$ provided that participants identities can be protected and as
long as legal rights concerning propriet data dont preclude their release. &o"ever$ the
code also notes that researchers "ho re%uest data in these circumstances can onl use the
shared data for reanalsisE for an other use$ the must obtain a prior "ritten agreement.
4. ,e conscious of multiple roles
A*As Ethics 'ode sas pschologists should avoid relationships that could
reasonabl impair their professional performance or could e(ploit or harm others. ,ut it
also notes that man !inds of multiple relationships arent unethicalQas long as there
not reasonabl e(pected to have adverse effects.
That not"ithstanding$ researchers should thin! carefull before entering into
multiple relationships "ith an person or group$ such as recruiting students or clients as
participants in research studies or investigating the effectiveness of a product of a
compan "hose stoc! the o"n.
*erhaps one of the most common multiple roles for researchers is being both a
mentor and lab supervisor to students the also teach in class. Researchers need to be
especiall cautious that the dont abuse the po"er differential bet"een themselves and
students. The shouldnt$ for e(ample$ use their clout as professors to coerce students
into ta!ing on additional research duties.
7. Follo" informed@consent rules
When done properl$ the consent process ensures that individuals are voluntaril
participating in the research "ith !no"ledge of relevant ris!s and benefits.
A*As Ethics 'ode mandates that researchers "ho conduct research should
inform participants about2
RThe purpose of the research$ e(pected duration and procedures
R*articipants rights to decline to participate and to "ithdra" from the research once it
has started$ as "ell as the anticipated conse%uences of doing so
RReasonabl foreseeable factors that ma influence their "illingness to participate$ such
as potential ris!s$ discomfort or adverse effects
RAn prospective research benefits
R3imits of confidentialit$ such as data coding$ disposal$ sharing and archiving$ and "hen
confidentialit must be bro!en
RIncentives for participation
7=
RWho participants can contact for in%uiries.
E(perts also suggest covering the li!elihood$ magnitude and duration of harm or
benefit of participation$ emphasi0ing that their involvement is voluntar and discussing
treatment alternatives$ if relevant to the research.
Remember that a signed consent form doesnt mean the informing process can be
glossed over$ sa ethics e(perts. In fact$ the 4;;4 A*A Ethics 'ode sas researchers can
s!ip informed consent in t"o instances onl2 "hen permitted b la" or federal or
institutional regulations$ or "hen research "ould not reasonabl be e(pected to distress
or harm participants and involves one of the follo"ing2
RThe stud of normal educational practices$ curricula or classroom management methods
conducted in educational settings
RAnonmous %uestionnaires$ naturalistic observations or archival research for "hich
disclosure of responses "ould not place participants at ris! of criminal or civil liabilit or
damage their financial standing$ emploabilit or reputation$ and for "hich
confidentialit is protected
RThe stud of factors related to +ob or organi0ation effectiveness conducted in
organi0ational settings for "hich there is no ris! to participants emploabilit$ and
confidentialit is protected
The code also sas researchers should ma!e reasonable efforts to avoid offering
Ie(cessive or inappropriate financial or other inducements for research participation
"hen such inducements are li!el to coerce participationJ
=. Respect for confidentialit and privac
5pholding individuals rights to confidentialit and privac is a central tenet of
ever pschologists "or!. &o"ever$ man privac issues are idiosncratic to the
research population$ "rites )usan Fol!man$ *hD$ in IEthics in Research "ith &uman
*articipantsJ -A*A$ 4;;;/. For instance$ researchers need to devise "as to as! "hether
participants are "illing to tal! about sensitive topics "ithout putting them in a"!"ard
situations$ sa e(perts. That could mean the provide a set of increasingl detailed
intervie" %uestions so that participants can stop if the feel uncomfortable.
,ecause research participants have the freedom to choose ho" much information
about themselves the "ill reveal and under "hat circumstances$ pschologists should be
careful "hen recruiting participants for a stud$ sas )angeeta *anic!er$ *hD$ director of
the A*A )cience Directorates Research Ethics Office. For e(ample$ its inappropriate to
obtain contract information of members of a support group to solicit their participation in
research. &o"ever$ one could give a colleague "ho facilitates the group a letter that
e(plains the research stud and provides a "a for individuals to contact him1her.
7>
Researchers should also2
RDiscuss the limits of confidentialit and give participants information about ho" their
data "ill be used$ "hat "ill be done "ith case materials$ photos and audio and video
recordings$ and secure their consent.
RSno" the state la" that appl to the research.
RTa!e practical securit measures. ,e sure confidential records are stored in a secure
area "ith limited access$ and consider stripping them of identifing information$ if
feasible. Also$ be a"are of situations "here confidentialit could inadvertentl be
breached$ such as having confidential conversations in a room thats not soundproof or
putting participants names on bills paid b accounting departments.
RThin! about data sharing before research begins. If researchers plan to share their data
"ith others$ the should note that in the consent process$ specifing ho" the "ill be
shared and "hether data "ill be anonmous. For e(ample$ researchers could have
difficult sharing sensitive data theve collected in a stud of adults "ith serious mental
illnesses because the failed to as! participants for permission to share the data. Or
developmental data collected on videotape ma be a valuable resource for sharing$ but
unless a researcher as!ed permission bac! then to share videotapes$ it "ould be unethical
to do so. When sharing$ researchers should use established techni%ues "hen possible to
protect confidentialit$ such as coding data to hide identities. I,ut be a"are that it ma
be almost impossible to entirel cloa! identit$ especiall if our data include video or
audio recordings or can be lin!ed to larger databases$J sas #err ,ulloc! *hD$
associate e(ecutive director in A*As )cience Directorate.
R5nderstand the limits of the Internet. )ince Web technolog is constantl evolving$
researchers need to be technologicall savv to conduct research online and cautious
"hen e(changing confidential information electronicall. If oure not an Internet "hi0$
get the help of someone "ho is. Other"ise$ it ma be possible for others to tap into data
that ou thought "as properl protected.
>. Tap into ethics resources
One of the best "as researchers can avoid and resolve ethical dilemmas is to
!no" both their ethical obligations are and "hat resources are available to them.
So+re1 http1>>apa.org>*onitor>8anE<>priniples.ht*l
7B
A**E.DIP '
REMOVING 2IAS IN LANGUAGE
G'*&)*%! -,# A4,*&*%0 R"$*")8E+h%*$ 2*"! *% L"%0'"0
2,"#& ,- E+h%*$ M*%,#*+9 A--"*#! "%& P'()*$"+*,%! "%& C,33'%*$"+*,%! 2,"#&
A3#*$"% P!9$h,),0*$") A!!,$*"+*,%
TA*A as an organi0ation is committed both to science and to the fair treatment of
individuals and groups$ ...GandH authors of +ournal articles are re%uired to avoid "riting in a
manner that reinforces %uestionable attitudes and assumptions about peopleT -A*A$ 89:7$ p. =7/.
The current edition of A*AUs P+bliation Man+al advises authors on the use of nonse(ist
language.
The Fuidelines for Avoiding Racial1Ethnic ,ias that follo" constitute one of the "or!ing
papers that "ill be used in the development of this e(panded section. This "or!ing paper "as
prepared +ointl b the ,oard of Ethnic #inorit Affairs and the *ublications and
'ommunications ,oard of the A*A.
It is critical that the science and practice of pscholog ade%uatel describe its research
participants and clientele. Demographic variables$ such as gender$ race1ethnicit$ age$ and so
forth$ are important in a host of pschological and behavioral phenomena. Ade%uac of
designation is essential if comparisons are to be made across groups or if the potential e(ists for
such comparisons in replications$ literature revie"s$ or secondar data analses. When relevant
to the investigation$ authors should report the results of analses e(amining the role of these
demographic variables.
It ma also be necessar to indicate the group membership of the investigator or author
"hen that membership could influence the responses of sub+ects or the authorUs interpretations.
)imilarl$ "hen referring to "omen or minorit groups$ authors should avoid the passive voice$
subordinate clauses$ and the TunderstoodT sub+ect. The passive voice suggests individuals are
"$+& ,% rather than being actors -e.g.$ the students 5# 0*4% the surve/. )ubordinate clauses
can suggest that persons are vie"ed as incidental -e.g.$ The e(periment$ "ith the 4> sub+ects$
lasted one hour/. , using the TunderstoodT sub+ect$ authors assume readers !no" the sub+ects
"ithout naming them directl -e.g.$ The students "ere from the inner cit/.
G%#") P#*%$*.)!
Authors must avoid language that ma intentionall or unintentionall reflect racial and
ethnic bias. ,iased language involves problems of designation and problems of e(plicit or
implicit evaluation.
7C
P#,()3! ,- D!*0%"+*,%:
The problems of racial1ethnic designation are t"ofold2 Authors must determine 5h% to
report these descriptions and h,5 to refer to ethnic minorit samples or other special interest
groups. Researchers must determine the e(tent to "hich their investigation should report real or
potential racial1ethnic variation. When such variation e(ists$ racial1ethnic factors should be
reported in theoretical and empirical aspects of the research. Reporting the racial1ethnic
composition of research participants in these investigations is also necessar for determining the
generali0abilit of results. When racial1ethnic variables are unimportant to the investigation$
authors should state the basis for this assumption.
*erhaps more difficult is the selection of appropriate terminolog to describe raciall and
ethnicall diverse people. .ame designations of racial1ethnic groups change over time$ and
members of a group ma disagree about their preferred name at a specific time.
When it is important for the interpretation of results$ authors should report sub+ectsU
national origin$ generation$ language preference and use$ and geographical locale.
Where necessar$ the composition of heterogeneous groups -multi@racial1ethnic$
multinational$ etc./ should be detailed. In other instances$ the author ma need to report the
mi(ed ancestral heritage of individual sub+ects.
If a language other than English is used in the collection of information$ the language
should be specified. When an instrument is translated into another language$ the specific method
of translation should be described -e.g.$ in Tbac! translation$T language is translated from one
language to another and then bac! to the first$ in an interactive process/.
Racial1ethnic groups are designated b proper nouns and are capitali0ed. When names of
colors are used to refer to human groups$ the are capitali0ed -e.g.$ 7la3s instead of bla3sE
0hites instead of 2hites/. &phens are not used in multi"ord labels -e.g.$ Me,ian A*erians
instead of Me,ian)A*erians/
Authors are encouraged to "rite in accordance "ith the principles of cultural relativism$
that is$ perceiving$ understanding$ and "riting about individuals *% +h*# ,5% +#3!. Thus$
indigenous self@designations are as important as designations b others$ although authors must be
cogni0ant of the fact that members of different groups ma disagree about their appropriate
group designation and that these designations ma change over time.
P#,()3! ,- E4")'"+*,%
*roblems of implicit or e(plicit evaluation of racial1ethnic difference arise from a number
of sources. ,ias ma occur "hen the "riter uses one group -usuall the "riterUs ,5% group/ as
the standard against "hich others are evaluated. The term +lt+rally depri.ed$ for e(ample$
7:
implies that one culture is the accepted standard against "hich others are +udged. Authors should
recogni0e that differences arising from racial1ethnic comparisons do not impl deficits.
#ore subtle forms of implicit group comparisons ma occur b the use of ad+ectives -i.e.$
stereotpes/ to appl to most or all members of a group. )tereotpes ma be positive -e.g.$
intelligent$ industrious$ superior$ attractive/ or negative -e.g.$ sinister$ violent$ la0$
superstitious/. Vualifing ad+ectives$ even "hen positive$ ma communicate bias -"hether
intentional or unintentional/. For e(ample$ the phrase Tthe intelligent ,lac! studentT ma impl
that this student is an Te(ception to the rule.T
G'*&)*%! -,# N,%-H"%&*$"..*%0 L"%0'"0 *% APA <,'#%")!
'ommittee on Disabilit Issues in *scholog
The use of certain "ords or phrases can e(press gender$ ethnic$ or racial bias$ either
intentionall or unintentionall. The same is true of language referring to persons "ith
disabilities$ "hich in man instances can e(press negative and disparaging attitudes.
It is recommended that the "ord disability be used to refer to an attribute of a person$ and
handiap to the so+re of limitations. )ometimes a disabilit itself ma handicap a person$ as
"hen a person "ith one arm is handicapped in plaing the violin. &o"ever$ "hen the limitation
is environmental$ as in the case of attitudinal$ legal$ and architectural barriers$ the disabilit is
%,+ handicappingQthe environmental factor is. This distinction is important because the
environment is fre%uentl overloo!ed as a ma+or source of limitation$ even "hen it is far more
limiting than the disabilit. Thus$ pre+udice handicaps people b dening access to opportunitiesE
inaccessible buildings surrounded b steps and curbs handicap people "ho re%uire the use of a
ramp.
5se of the terms non)disabled or persons 2itho+t disabilities is preferable to the term
nor*al "hen comparing persons "ith disabilities to others. 5sage of nor*al ma!es the
unconscious comparison of abnor*al$ thus stigmati0ing those individuals "ith differences. For
e(ample$ state Ta non@disabled control group$T not Ta normal control group.T
The guiding principle for non handicapping language is to maintain the integrit of
individuals as "hole human beings b avoiding language that -a/ implies that a person as a
"hole is disabled -e.g.$ disabled person/$ -b/ e%uates persons "ith their condition -e.g.$
epileptics/$ -c/ has superfluous$ negative overtones -e.g.$ stro!e victim/$ or -d/ is regarded as a
slur -e.g.$ cripple/.
79
A4,*&*%0 H+#,!='") 2*"! *% L"%0'"0
'ommittee on 3esbian and Fa 'oncern
American *schological Association
This document "as developed to assist authors in avoiding bias "hen "riting specificall
about lesbians$ ga men$ and bise(ual persons$ as "ell as in general discussions of se(ualit.
,ecause no universal agreement e(ists on terminolog$ and because language and culture
continuall change$ the ideas in this article should be considered helpful suggestions rather than
rigid rules. Writers should tr to understand the rationale for the suggestions offered here$ and
should be sensitive to social changes that might dictate the use of language not specificall
discussed in this article.
PRO2LEMS O/ TERMINOLOGY
*roblems occur in language concerning lesbians$ ga men$ and bise(ual persons "hen
language is too vague or concepts are poorl defined. There are t"o ma+or problems of
designation. First$ language ma be ambiguous in reference$ so that the reader is not clear about
its meaning or its inclusion and e(clusion criteria. )econd$ Thomose(ualitT has been associated
in the past "ith deviance$ mental illness$ and criminal behavior$ and these negative stereotpes
ma be perpetuated b bias.
8. Se.ual orientation is a preferred term for pschological "riting over Tse(ual preferenceT
and refers to se(ual1affectional relationships of lesbian$ ga$ bise(ual$ and heterose(ual
people. The "ord TpreferenceT suggests a degree of voluntar choice that is not
necessaril reported b lesbians and ga men and that has not been demonstrated in
pschological research.
4. Lesbian and /a& (ale are preferred to the "ord Thomose(ualT "hen used as an ad+ective
referring to specific persons or groups$ and lesbians and /a& (en are preferred terms
over Thomose(ualsT used as a noun "hen referring to specific persons or groups. The
"ord Thomose(ualT has several problems of designation. First$ it ma perpetuate negative
stereotpes because of its historical associations "ith patholog and criminal behavior.
)econd$ it is ambiguous in reference because it is often assumed to refer e(clusivel to
men and thus renders lesbians invisible. Third$ it is often unclear.
7. Sa(e-/ender beha$ior, (ale-(ale beha$ior$ and +e(ale-+e(ale beha$ior are
appropriate terms for specific instances of same@gender se(ual behavior that people
engage in regardless of their se(ual orientation -e.g.$ a married heterose(ual man "ho
once had a same@gender se(ual encounter/. 3i!e"ise$ it is useful that "omen and men not
be considered ToppositesT -as in Topposite se(T/ to avoid polari0ation$ and that
heterose(ual "omen and men not be vie"ed as opposite to lesbians and ga men. Thus$
(ale-+e(ale beha$ior is preferred to the term Topposite se( behaviorT in referring to
specific instances of other@gender se(ual behavior that people engage in regardless of
their se(ual orientation.
=. 0ise.ual #o(en and (en% bise.ual 1ersons$ or bise.ual as an ad+ective refer to people
"ho relate se(uall and affectionall to "omen and men. These terms are often omitted
in discussions of se(ual orientation and thus give the erroneous impression that all people
relate e(clusivel to one gender or another. Omission of the term Tbise(ualT also
=;
contributes to the invisibilit of bise(ual "omen and men. Although it ma seem
cumbersome at first$ it is clearest to use the term Tlesbians$ ga men$ and bise(ual "omen
or menT "hen referring inclusivel to members of these groups.
>. Heterose.ual as an ad+ective is acceptable for people "ho have male@female
affectional1se(ual relationships and "ho do not engage in se(ual relationships "ith
people of the same gender.
B. 5se of /ender instead of se.. The terms Tse(T and TgenderT are often used
interchangeabl. .evertheless$ the term Tse(T is often confused "ith se(ual behavior$ and
this is particularl troublesome "hen differentiating bet"een se(ual orientation and
gender. The phrase Tit "as se(ual orientation$ rather than gender$ that accounted for most
of the varianceT is clearer than Tit "as se(ual orientation$ rather than se($ that accounted
for most of the variance.T
In the latter phrase$ Tse(T ma be misinterpreted as referring to se(ual activit. It is
generall more precise to use the term Tgender.T
GOALS /OR REDUCING HETEROSE>UAL 2IAS IN LANGUAGE
8. R&'$*%0 h+#,!='") (*"! "%& *%$#"!*%0 4*!*(*)*+9 ,- )!(*"%!, 0"9 3%, "%&
(*!='") .#!,%!. 3esbians$ ga men$ and bise(ual men and "omen often feel ignored b
the general media "hich ta!e the heterose(ual orientation of their readers for granted.
5nless an author is referring specificall to heterose(ual people$ "riting should be free of
heterose(ual bias. Was to increase the visibilit of lesbians$ ga men$ and bise(ual
persons include2
o 5sing e(amples of lesbians$ ga men$ and bise(ual persons "hen referring to
activities -e.g.$ parenting$ athletic abilit/ that are erroneousl associated onl
"ith heterose(ual people b man readers.
o Referring to lesbians$ ga men$ and bise(ual persons in situations other than
se(ual relationships. &istoricall$ the term Thomose(ualitT has connoted se(ual
activit rather than a general "a of relating and living.
o Omitting discussion of marital status unless legal marital relationships are the
ob+ect of the "riting. #arital status per se is not a good indicator of cohabitation
-marital couples ma be separatedE unmarried couples ma live together/$ se(ual
activit$ or se(ual orientation -a person "ho is married ma be in a ga or lesbian
relationship "ith a partner/. Further$ describing people as married or TsingleT
renders lesbians$ ga men$ and bise(ual persons as "ell as heterose(ual people in
cohabiting relationships invisible.
o Referring to se(ual and intimate emotional partners b both male and female
pronouns -e.g.$ Tthe adolescent males "ere as!ed about the age at "hich the first
had a male or female se(ual partnerT/.
o 5sing se(ual terminolog that is relevant to lesbians and ga men as "ell as
bise(ual and heterose(ual people -e.g.$ T"hen did ou first engage in se(ual
activitMT rather than T"hen did ou first have se(ual intercourseMT/.
o Avoiding the assumption that pregnanc ma result from se(ual activit -e.g.$ Tit
is recommended that "omen attending the clinic "ho currentl are engaging in
=8
se(ual activit "ith men be given oral contraceptivesT instead of Tit is
recommended that "omen "ho attend the clinic be given oral contraceptivesT/.
4. C)"#*+9 ,- =.#!!*,% "%& "4,*&"%$ ,- *%"$$'#"+ !+#,+9.! "(,'+ )!(*"%! "%&
0"9 3%. )tigmati0ing or pathologi0ing language regarding ga men and lesbians should
be avoided -e.g.$ Tse(ual deviate$T Tse(ual invertT/. Authors should ta!e care that
e(amples do not further stigmati0e lesbians$ ga men$ or bise(ual persons -e.g.$ an
e(ample such as Tpschologists need training in "or!ing "ith special populations such as
lesbians$ drug abusers$ and alcoholicsT is stigmati0ing in that it lists a status designation
-lesbians/ "ith designations of people being treated.
7. C,3."#*!,%! ,- )!(*"%! ,# 0"9 3% +, ."#"))) 0#,'.!. When comparing a group of
ga men or lesbians to others$ parallel terms have not al"as been used. For e(ample$
contrasting lesbians "ith Tthe general publicT or "ith Tnormal "omenT portras lesbians
as marginal. #ore appropriate comparison groups might be Theterose(ual "omen$T
Theterose(ual men and "omen$T or Tga men and heterose(ual "omen and men.T
So+re1 222.apastyle.org
=4
A**E.DIP D
SUGGESTED DETAILED TIME /RAME PRESENTATION
P#*,& A$+*4*+9 T,+") N'3(# ,- D"9!
( "ee! of -state the month
and ear/
@or@
starting date until the
ending date of the activit
Initial *lanning
@First formal meeting
@Initial gathering of data
from previous studies
3iterature )urve
'onceptuali0ation
@Development of the
research proposal
@Development of the
materials used to gather
data i.e.$ %uestionnaire
*roposal Writing
*resentation
Revision
Ocular )urve
@'ontact of respondents
@*re@planning of
activities to gather data i.e.$
focus group discussions
Terms of Reference1#O5
Data Fathering
@Distribution1retrieval of
%uestionnaires
@Focus Froup
Discussions
Analsis
Writing
*resentation
Total .umber of Das
Date of )ubmission2
R The terminologies used in phases of research ma var depending on the tpe of research. When necessar$ other minor steps
ma also be included for emphasis.
=7
A**E.DIP E
SUGGESTED 2UDGETARY PRESENTATION
E=.%! A3,'%+
:. Operational $,penses
Tpist1Encoder
)tatistician
Editor
'onsultant -optional/
Instrument 6alidation -number of validators ( amount
of the honorarium/
)nac!s and To!en for Respondents
6enue for Froup Focus Discussion
*rinting
#aterials1supplies
'ommunication
Ac%uisition of related literature
*hp ($;;;
($;;;
($;;;
($;;;

($(;;
($(;;
($(;;
($(;;
($(;;
($(;;
($(;;
4. #ra.el $,penses -if applicable/
Transportation allo"ance
Accommodation
($(;;
($(;;

<. %esearher's &onorari+*
-number of researchers$ if more than one ( amount of the
monthl stipend ( number of months
=. %esearh 7on+s -upon completion/ 8;;? of the basic
salar
>. Others - should there be other e(penses that cannot be
included in the abovementioned categories/
T,+") ((((((
F See p. =< -or alterations
==
A**E.DIP F
GUIDELINES ON PREPARING A /ULL PAPER
o .o page number should be printed. Default font used should be T*3! N5
R,3"%.
o *aper title2 4; pt Times .e" Roman
o Authors name2 8= pt Times .e" Roman$ Italics$ centered
o Authors affiliations2 in 84 pt Times .e" Roman$ +ustified single@line spacing
o Authors email address$ in 84 pt Times .e" Roman$ centered$ must be placed
belo" the authors name
o Abstract in 8; pt Times .e" Roman$ +ustified single@line spacing
o )ection headings2 8= pt Times .e" Roman bold$ left@+ustified
o )ubsection headings2 84 pt Times .e" Roman ,old$ left@+ustified
o ,od T(t2 84 pt Times Roman$ +ustified single@line spacing
o #argins must be set based on A= paper si0e -48; ( 49C mm or :.CJ ( 88.B9J/.
o 3eft and right margins must be set at 4 cm or ;.:JE
o Top and bottom margins must be set at 7.4 cm or 8.4BJE
o Tables and figures must be properl captioned and numbered. These should be
placed as close as practicable to the first reference in the te(t. About 8;mm should be left
clear above and belo" each figure and table. For figures$ the caption should appear clear
above and belo" each figure and table. For figures$ at the foot of the figure and table. For
tables$ the caption should appear immediatel above the table. *lace all the figures and tables
in the center of the page.
;. References must be cited properl in the te(t of the article.
8. Ac!no"ledgments$ if an$ should be added +ust before the references.
4. *aper length is limited to a ma(imum of 8; pages.
7. Se"ords are needed.
=>
A**E.DIP F
TIPS ON A2STRACT PREPARATION
a. An essential s!ill of the social scientist is the abilit to communicate ideas and
research results effectivel.
b. The purpose of the abstract is to provide a brief and comprehensive summar of
the stud. It is ver important because it is all that man people "ill read. It should
include a brief description of the problem being investigated$ the methods used$ the
results and their implications.
c. The abstract should be accurate -do not include information here that is not in the
bod of the manuscript/$ self@contained -spell out abbreviations/$ concise$ and specific
-begin this section "ith the most important information and limit it to the = or > most
important concepts$ findings$ or implications of the stud
d. As part of the theme of being concise$ use digits for all numbers e(cept "hen the
begin a sentence.
e. Avoid citing references in the abstract.
f. *araphrase rather than %uoting.
g. 5se active rather than passive voice -but "ithout personal pronouns/
h. 5se past tense for procedures and present tense for results
i. Tpe the abstract in bloc! format.
8;. The abstract should not e(ceed 7>; "ords or more than one page.
A**E.DIP &
GUIDELINES /OR POSTER PRESENTATION
8. *oster Format
o )i0e and #aterial
;. )i0e of the poster is 844cm high ( 94 cm "ide or = ( 7 feet
8. 5se of tarpaulin is preferred
4. *oster presenters are encouraged to include a 8 ( 8 photograph on the poster for
identification
7. presenters should also have one page@letter si0e -:.> ( 88/ copies on hand for
interested delegates
=B
2. C,%+%+!. The content of the poster "ill include the follo"ing sections in this order2
7. 3a@out
0. /,%+: A#*")
o /,%+ S*1: M"*% T*+) ?@.+!.
A'+h,#! 35.+!.
S$+*,% T*+) 45.+!.
T=+ 24.+!.
2"$A0#,'%& C,),# A%9 ("$A0#,'%& "! ),%0
"! +=+! "%& -*0'#! "#
$)"# ,# .#,3*%%+
PRACTICAL TIPS ON POSTER LAYOUT
o #a!ing a good poster is an art. *ac!ages such as *o"erpoint ma!e the tas! easier
and allo" ou to e(periment. &o"ever$ avoid simpl coping and pasting our abstract.
o Dont overload our poster. Remember$ ou are not "riting an article.
o )ee! simplicit$ !eep te(t to a minimum$ avoid redundancies.
o 3et our important points stand out. 5se -but dont overuse/ bold cases and
colors.
o If possible$ avoid abbreviations and acronms$ especiall in the 'onclusion.
o 3imit "ords from >;; to 8$;;; -including tile$ figure legends and tables/.
o The figures and tables should cover appro(imatel >;? of the poster area.
o Feel free to provide 8 or more !e references. *lace this in the lo"er right corner
of the page.
o The average reader normall spends 8@4 minutes on our poster. &ighlight our
main findings. *ut them on the upper right corner or start "ith the 'onclusions. Other"ise$
organi0e our poster b Introduction$ #ethods and Results. )tate our aims after the
Introduction. A $)"# !+#'$+'# *! *3.,#+"%+.
4. The poster should be #"&"() -#,3 " &*!+"%$ ,- 1.5 B 2 3. The te(t should
definitel not be less than >mm for capital letters. 5se a constant font throughout the poster.
R$".*+')"+*,%
5. Sensible poster laout that allo"s flo" of argument "ith appropriate title
6. Plan of stud design "ith hpothesis1rationale and appropriate methods
7. Accurate presentation of results "ith appropriate use of figures and statistics
8. Conclusions clearl presented and are +ustifiable from the results presented
9. E(cellence in the art of displa that highlights the findings.
=C
A**E.DIP I
*A*ER *RE)E.TATIO. F5IDE3I.E)
The follo"ing guidelines for delivering presentations "ere prepared b the Western
*schological Association to help first@time presenters. These recommendations are based on
the e(perience of colleagues$ both those pleased b the privilege of listening to "ell@delivered
presentations and those distressed b having heard too man poor ones. These guidelines do not
address the %ualit of the idea being presented$ but instead focus on "hat can be done in the
preparation and deliver stages of a tal! to enhance its audience appeal b ma!ing it more
comprehensible$ interesting$ and memorable. It is recommended that paper presenters using the
*o"er*oint bring their o"n laptop and arrive earl to their session to "or! out technical
difficulties.
P".# P#!%+"+*,%!
The oral presentation of a paper is usuall limited to 84 minutes. )pea!ers should rel on
handouts for all supplemental materialsE ho"ever$ either a 7>@mm slide pro+ector or an overhead
pro+ector for transparencies ma be available during the presentation. G.OTE2 A video
pro+ector for *o"er*oint presentations ma be available. 'hec! "ith the chair of our session
for information regarding A16 e%uipmentH.
Recogni0e the constraints imposed on our presentation2
8. The 84 minutes limit -"ith an additional 7 minutes for %uestions/ G.OTE2 The actual
time varies some"hat depending on the conference$ e.g.$ 8; minutes for presentation$ >
minutes for %uestions.H
4. The limits on attention span and comprehension level of our audience "ho are listening
to -not reading/ man presentations each da$ some of "hom are outside their field of
e(pertise.
7. The conte(t of the session in "hich people ma enter and leave at an time causing
distractions and a less than@ideal listening1learning situation.
Therefore$ it is recommended that in preparing for our presentation2
8. Decide on a limited number of significant ideas ou "ant our audience to code$
comprehend$ and remember.
4. #inimi0e details -of procedure$ data analsis$ and literature revie"/ "hen highlighting
the main ideas ou "ant to transmit.
7. )tate clearl in simple$ +argon@free terms "hat the point of the research is$ "hat ou
discovered$ and "hat ou thin! it meansQits conceptual$ methodological$ or practical
value.
=. Emplo some redundanc in repeating important ideas to enhance comprehension and
recall.
=:
>. Write out our presentation as a mini@lecture -"ith a listening audience in mind/$ starting
"ith an outline that ou e(pand into a narrative.
B. *ractice delivering it aloud in order to learn it "ell$ to ma!e its length fit in the time
allocated$ and to hear ho" it sounds.
C. Fet feedbac! both from tape@recorded repla of our deliver and from critical
colleagues "ho listen to it.
:. Do not read our paper. )pea! our ideas directl to our audience$ referringQif
necessar onlQto an outline of !e points and transitions.
9. Tr to spea! loud enough$ clear enough$ and "ith sufficient enthusiasm to hold the
attention of our audience despite distractions -internal and e(ternal/.
8;. )tate our final conclusions and end on time.
Kou should have available for distribution$ copies of a printed version of our paper "ith the
details of the research -about 4> or more/ and1or a sign@up sheet on "hich interested people can
re%uest for the copies of the paper. ,e sure to indicate on the paper our identification$ the
conference source reference$ and "hether or not it ma be %uoted.
It is an honor to have the opportunit of being in the spotlight "ith an audience of peers giving
ou their time and attention. Kou have an obligation to them -and our profession/ to use that
occasion "isel and "ell.
=9
A**E.DIP D
GENERAL <OURNAL RE/EREE GUIDELINES
Along "ith the manuscript sent to ou for refereeing$ ou "ill receive2
8. A referee response form
4. The G+idelines -or re-erees
Kou "ill also be as!ed to confirm that ou are able to referee$ and "hether ou are able to do so
b the given deadline or if ou "ould li!e an e(tension. To avoid delas in publication$ it is
important that ou let us !no" as soon as possible "hether or not ou "ill be able to revie" the
manuscript$ as "e "ill not usuall select an alternative referee until "e have heard from ou.
R-# /,#3:
The referee form is divided into sections "hich deal "ith accurac$ %ualit$ content and
interpretation.
*lease indicate our assessment of the manuscript using the bo(es provided.
The form has a space provided for comments and1or suggestions. )paces "ill also be provided
for further comments not related on the categories included in the form. The "ill also be
considered as the referees note to the author-s/.
G'*&)*%! -,# R-#!: P".#!
In addition to completing the report form$ "e as! that ou suppl comments suitable for
transmission to the authors.
The follo"ing !e points should be addressed "hen ou assess the article and "rite our report.
The motivation and relevance of the "or! are particularl important.
T$h%*$")
A..#,.#*"+%!!: Is the material appropriate for the +ournalM
C)"#*+9: Are ideas e(pressed clearl and conciselM Are the concepts understandableM
Is the discussion "ritten in a "a that is eas to read and understandM
>;
R-#%$*%0: &as the author made reference to the most recent and most appropriate
"or!M Is the present "or! set in the conte(t of the previous "or!M
2")"%$: Do ou thin! the overall balance and structure of the paper is goodM )hould
the authors concentrate more on a specific area of the paper$ or are there sections "hich
are necessar and "hich could be reduced or eliminatedM
G#"33"# "%& M$h"%*$!: Kou do not need to ma!e corrections on the grammar and
mechanics used in the article. It is$ ho"ever$ helpful if ou correct the terminologies
"here the scientific meaning is unclear.
C'")*+9
O#*0*%")*+9: Is the "or! relevant and novelM Does the "or! contain significant
additional material to that alread publishedM If ou feel that the "or! presented is
unoriginal$ it is useful if ou can suppl references for transmission to the authors. Is this
paper li!el to be cited in the futureM
M,+*4"+*,%: Does the problem considered have a sound motivationM All papers should
clearl demonstrate the scientific interest of the results. *apers should not rel solel on
previous literature or novelt to motivate publication.
R.+*+*,%: &ave significant parts of the manuscript alread been publishedM )erial
publications are not encouraged and follo"@up papers must contain significant additional
ne" material to that alread reported.
L%0+h: Is the content of the "or! of sufficient scientific interest to +ustif its lengthM
Each article should be of the shortest length re%uired to contain all useful and relevant
information. If ou recommend cropping of the content$ indicate specific areas "here
ou thin! reduction is necessar.
P#!%+"+*,%
T*+): Is it ade%uate and appropriate for the content of the articleM
A(!+#"$+: Does it contain the essential information of the articleM Is it completeM Is it
suitable for inclusion b itself in an abstracting serviceM
D*"0#"3!, -*0'#!, +"()! "%& $".+*,%!: Are the essential and clearM
T=+ "%& 3"+h3"+*$!: Are the brief but still clearM If ou recommend cropping of
the content$ please indicate "hat should be omitted.
C,%$)'!*,%: Does the paper contain a carefull "ritten conclusion$ summari0ing "hat
has been learned and "h it is interesting and usefulM
/'#+h# C,33%+!:
.ote do"n other observations ou have noticed in the paper. This is the part "here ou
can also further elaborate our opinion or comments about ho" the paper "as "ritten$ the
content$ stle$ reference$ etc.
O+h# G'*&)*%!:
>8
Kou have been chosen as referee because of our e(pertise in a particular field. Kou
ma consult our colleagues about the paper$ but please do not pass on the paper to
another referee "ithout notifing us. If ou are unable to assess the paper for us$ please
return or inform us immediatelE our suggestions for alternative referees "ould be
"elcome. Kour name "ill not be disclosed to the author-s/.
*lease confine our assessment to matters of fact. If ou have an alternative vie" to that
of the author$ or the content raises %uestions that are outside the scope of the paper$ then
such matters can be addressed in a discussion follo"ing publication. *lease note that the
material contained in the paper is confidential and should not be referred to "hile it is
under consideration.
If ou believe that the "or! has been published or submitted else"here$ or that
plagiarism or other similar malpractice has occurred$ please inform us immediatel and
provide us "ith sufficient information to investigate the matter further.
*lease advise us of an recent change in title$ address or circumstances -li!e retirement or
maternit leave or absence on sabbatical/ or an information relevant to our role as a
referee for our Dournal.
H,5 +, #+'#% +h #-# -,#3:
The referee form -together "ith the manuscript if further corrections and specific
comments "ere made on the paper/ should be returned to the Research and *ublication Office
via fa( or courier. )hould ou prefer to return the form via email$ !indl inform us the soonest
time possible. If the referee is "ithin Davao 'it or is scheduled to visit the cit on or before the
deadline$ the form can be sent personall to the office located at 84 '. de Fu0man )treet$ Davao
'it.
For further comments$ suggestions and in%uiries$ ou can contact us thru2
Email2 spcLresearchLandLpublicationWahoo.com
Fa(2 -B7:4/ 44B@==B8
*hone2 -B7:4/ 44=@8=:81 44B@=:87144B@=8:C local 7C
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222.er.2is.ed+>p+bliations>/$%>(nstr+tions?-or?%e.ie2ers.do
>4
A**E.DIP S
REFEREE RE)*O.)E FOR# -FOR A,)TRA'T)/
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RECOMMENDATION
Please selet one reo**endation Bplae an , on the dashC
G8H *ublish unalteredLLL
G4H *ublish "ith minor revisionsLLL
G7H *ublish "ith ma+or revisionsLLL
G=H Re+ect2 inappropriate materialLLL
G>H Re+ect2 inade%uate %ualitLLL
'omments2
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A**E.DIP 3
REFEREE RE)*O.)E FOR# -For Full *apers/
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neessary.
T*+) $h,*$: Acceptable
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A(!+#"$+: Accept as it is
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I%+#,&'$+*,%: Accept as it is
*ublish "ith minor revisions
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'omments2
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'omments2
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RECOMMENDATION
Please selet one reo**endation Bplae an , on the dashC
G8H *ublish unalteredLLL
G4H *ublish "ith minor revisionsLLL
G7H *ublish "ith ma+or revisionsLLL
G=H Re+ect2 inappropriate materialLLL
G>H Re+ect2 inade%uate %ualitLLL
'omments2
'omments to the Authors2
'omments to the Editors2
>9
Date2LLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLL )ignature2LLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLL
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A**E.DIP #
*5,3I'ATIO. *O3I'K
The institutions publications are designed to foster the identification and discussion of health
issues researched and thoroughl studied b the facult and students.
#anuscripts submitted for publication should meet all of the follo"ing re%uirements2
@ The material represents original$ useful contributions to the health literature.
@ The scope$ purpose$ and summar or conclusions must be stated in an ob+ective$ "ell@
organi0ed manner.
@ The article must emphasi0e aspects of safet and health to other public$ health or
occupational fields$ issues$ or concerns.
@ The information must be organi0ed in a "a that allo"s eas adaptation and use b
others. The scope$ purpose$ and summar must be clearl stated.
The manuscript must also contain at least one of the follo"ing elements2
@ Original research data and analses
@ Results of practical e(periences
@ 'ritical revie"$ snthesis$ or evaluation of e(isting information.
@ )cientificall based discussion or proposal for advancing agricultural safet and health.
'lassification of *ublications
8. Refereed *ublications@in the form of researches made b the facult$ undergraduate and
graduate school theses. The publications in this categor report the institutions mature
research results in a more scholarl stle of "riting and treatment of the sub+ect matter.
4. .on@refereed publications@*ublications in this categor are primaril addressed to the
entire )*' communit. The report on@going research activities as "ell as research
results that are of significance to colleagues and else"here.
Revie" and *ublication *rocedure
B;
All manuscripts must be revie"ed b three technicall %ualified revie"ers. The steps in the
revie" process are as follo"s2
8. The author submits a cop of the manuscript to the Research and *ublication Office. The
manuscript must be revie"ed b the authors appointed editor1proofreader prior to
submission. When submitting electronic copies saved on dis! -flopp$ 'D/$ label the
dis! "ith the title$ author1s course1department$ and the Operating )stem and soft"are
-including version numbers/ used in producing the manuscript$ e%uations$ tables$ and
figures.
4. *roofreading shall also be done in the R*O$ made initiall b the *ublication Associate.
It "ould then be for"arded to the Director for final proofreading and revie"s on the
scope$ criteria$ etc.
7. The Director sends out the manuscript for technical and content revie"s.
=. All revie"ers return comments and recommendations along "ith their cop of the
manuscript directl to the R*O.
>. If the manuscript is2
a. Accepted "ith onl minor suggestions$ the Director notifies the author of
acceptance.
b. Accepted onl "ith ma+or revisions or re"rite$ the office sends comments$
suggestions$ and the manuscript bac! to the author for revisions. The author
considers the comments and suggestions$ ma!es necessar revisions$ and returns
the manuscript to the office.
c. Re+ected$ the office returns the manuscript to the author$ along "ith the reason for
re+ection.
Authorship and Editorship
@ *roceedings of scientific meetings -"or!shops$ conferences$ smposia$ etc./ ma carr on
the cover the names of scientific editors and others "ho ma have made substantial
contributions to the production of the volume. It is recommended that the names of the
organi0ing committee members$ language editor1s$ and translator1s -if applicable/ be
placed on the inside of the inner title page.
@ Te(t boo!s$ reference boo!s$ and research reports "ritten1edited b individual scientist1s
"ill carr the names of authors or scientific editors$ as applicable$ on the cover.
@ Annual reports$ program reports$ research reports based on collective "or! of one or
more programs$ and similar publications "ill appear in the name of )an *edro 'ollege$
though credit ma be given to contributors either in the preface or else"here in the boo!.
*ublication Ethics
)cientific publication is governed b certain ethical principles that should be follo"ed b
authors$ editors$ manuscript revie"ers$ and publishers. A fe" !e principles are described
belo".
@ Authorship should be decided b the researcher1s most involved in designing and
e(ecuting the research$ and the author1s should be able to ta!e public responsibilit for
B8
the content of the publication and defend its criticism. 'ontributions from persons "ho
have little to do "ith the intellectual content of the publication$ but provided other !inds
of assistance$ need not be re"arded "ith authorship. )uch assistance ma be
ac!no"ledged in the appropriate section of the publication.
@ Authors have three main ethical responsibilities in presenting their "or! for publication2
-a/ honest and full reporting$ "hich implies accurate and complete description of the
observations made and data collected$ -b/ honest relation of their "or! to that of others
allo"ing the reader to ob+ectivel evaluate their report$ and -c/ strict adherence to
institutional procedures for the approval of their manuscripts to protect the institutions
scientific reputation. 5npublished data dra"n from other sources should be identified as
such and be appropriatel credited$ "ith indication that such ac!no"ledgement is "ith
the consent of the person being credited.
@ 5nless the data have been updated and the conclusions modified$ the same manuscript
should not be published in more than one outlet. For e(ample$ a paper published in the
proceedings of a "or!shop should not be published as such in a +ournal$ but it ma be
offered to a +ournal if its content has substantiall changed since it appeared in the
"or!shop proceedings.
@ The editors and revie"ers must treat manuscripts as confidential communications and not
divulge their contents "ithout the consent of the author1s. Revie"ers are responsible not
onl for unbiased$ ob+ective critical analsis of manuscripts but also for completing their
tas! "ithin the time allo"ed.
@ The publisher must clear the manuscripts "ith authors to ensure that changes in meaning
have not occurred during cop editing.
Additional 'onsiderations for the #anuscripts and Articles
#anuscripts and Articles must be consistent "ith the purpose of the institution as set forth in its
'onstitution. The shall not contain purel speculative matter. &o"ever$ scientific evidence can
be used to challenge current ideas or propose ne" ones that "ill encourage discussion.
*ublished material shall be free from evident commercialism or advancement of an private
interest$ and shall neither obscure proper names re%uired for an understanding of the sub+ect
matter$ nor contain material that can be used to impl endorsement of a product$ service$ etc.
*ublished material shall be free from mentioning personalities either in a complimentar or
derogator manner.
http1>>222.d.go.>nasd>dos>dEE::EE>dEE:EHL>dEE:EHL.ht*l
B4
http1>>222.iarda.org>P+bliation?Poliy.pd-
A**E.DIP .
'&E'S3I)T FOR #A.5)'RI*T )5,#I))IO.
Authors should revie" these items carefull before submitting their manuscripts to an editor.
.umbers follo"ing entries refer to relevant section numbers in the P+bliation Man+al.
/,#3"+
Is the original manuscript tped or printed in : X ( 88 in -44( 4: cm/ "hite bond paperM
Is the entire manuscriptQincluding %uotations$ references$ author note$ content footnotes$
figure captions$ and all parts of tablesQdouble@spacedM Is the manuscript neatl
preparedM
Are the margins at least 8 in -4.>= cm/M
Are the title page$ abstract$ references$ appendi(es$ author note$ content footnotes$ tables$
figure captions$ and figures on separate pages$ "ith onl one table or figure per pageM
Are the ordered in se%uence$ "ith the te(t pages bet"een the abstract and the
referencesM
If the manuscript is to receive mas!ed revie"$ is the author note tped on the title page$
"hich is removed b the +ournal editor before revie"M
Are all pages -e(cept figure pages/ numbered in se%uence$ starting "ith the title pageM
T*+) P"0 "%& A(!+#"$+
Does the title contain 8; to 84 "ordsM
Does the bline reflect the institution or institutions "here the "or! "as conductedM
Is the abstract no longer than 7>; "ordsM
P"#"0#".h! "%& H"&*%0!
Is each paragraph longer than a single sentence but not longer than one manuscript pageM
Do the levels of headings accuratel reflect the organi0ation of the paperM
Do all headings of the same level appear in the same formatM
A((#4*"+*,%!
Are an unnecessar abbreviations eliminated and an necessar ones e(plainedM
B7
Are abbreviations in tables and figures e(plained in the table notes and figure captions or
legendsM
M"+h3"+*$! "%& S+"+*!+*$!
Are Free! letters and all but the most common mathematical smbols identified on the
manuscriptM
Are all non@Free! letters that are used as statistical smbols for algebraic variables in
italicsM
U%*+! ,- M"!'#3%+
Are metric e%uivalents for all nonmetric units -e(cept measurements of time$ "hich have
no metric e%uivalents/ providedM
Are all metric and nonmetric units "ith numeric values -e(cept some measurements of
time/ abbreviatedM
R-#%$!
Are references cited both in te(t and in the references listM
Do the te(t citations and reference list entries agree both in spelling and in dateM
Are te(t citations to nonempirical "or! distinguished from citations to empirical "or!M
Are +ournal titles in the reference list spelled out fullM
Are the references -both in the parenthetical te(t citations and in the reference list/
ordered alphabeticall b the authors surnamesM
Are inclusive page numbers for all articles or chapters in boo!s provided in the reference
listM
Are references to studies included in the meta@analsis preceded b an asteris!M
N,+! "%& /,,+%,+!
Is the departmental affiliation given for each author in the author noteM
Does the authors note include both the authors current affiliation if it is different from
the bline affiliation and a current address for correspondenceM
Does the authors note disclose special circumstances about the article -portions
presented at a meeting$ student paper as basis for the article$ report of a longitudinal
stud$ relationship that ma be perceived as a conflict of interest/M
In the te(t$ are all footnotes indicated$ and are footnote numbers correctl locatedM
T"()! "%& /*0'#!
Does ever table column$ including the stub column$ have a headingM
&ave all vertical table rules been omittedM
Are the elements in the figures large enough to remain eligible after the figure has been
reduced to the "idth of a +ournal column or pageM
B=
Does lettering in a figure var b no more than = point si0esM
Are gloss or high@%ualit laser prints of all figures included and are the prints no larger
than : X ( 88 in -44 ( 4: cm/M
Is each figure labeled "ith the correct figure number and short article titleM
Are all figures and tables mentioned in the te(t and numbered in the order in "hich the
are mentionedM
C,.9#*0h+ "%& C',+"+*,%!
Is "ritten permission to use previousl published te(t$ tests or portions of tests$ tables$ or
figures enclosed in the manuscriptM
Are page or paragraph numbers provided in te(t for all %uotationsM
S'(3*++*%0 +h M"%'!$#*.+
Are the re%uired number of copies of the manuscript provided including the originalM
Are the +ournal editors name and address currentM
Is a cover letter included in the manuscriptM Does the letter -a/ include the authors postal
address$ e@mail address$ telephone number$ and fa( number for future correspondence
and -b/ state that the manuscript is original$ not previousl published$ and not under
concurrent consideration else"hereM Does the letter inform the +ournal editor of the
e(istence of an similar published manuscripts "ritten b the authorM
So+re1 P+bliation Man+al o- the A*erian Psyhologial Assoiation @
th
$dition. Appendi, A p. <GL
A**E.DIP O
A*A 'ITATIO. FOR#AT
One of the most important parts of a research paper is the documentation of the information
sources used in "riting the paper. The vehicles for providing this documentation are the in@te(t
citations -or parenthetical references/ at the point in the paper "here the information is presented
and a "or!s cited page at the end of the paper listing all of the sources used in the paper. This
guide includes samples of in@te(t citations and "or!s@cited entries using the P'()*$"+*,%
M"%'") ,- +h A3#*$"% P!9$h,),0*$") A!!,$*"+*,% 6APA7.
I%-T=+ C*+"+*,%!
Whether the source is print or electronic$ has an author or not$ is an entire "or! or part of a "or!$
it is important that the in@te(t citation begin "ith the same name1"ord as the corresponding
reference in the "or!s cited list so that the reader can find the complete reference.
B>
I- 9,' "# $*+*%0 " 5,#A (9 " !*%0) "'+h,#, use the surname -do not include suffi(es such as
Dr./ and the ear of publication separated b comma in parentheses2
In a recent stud of reaction time -Rogers$ 899=/ it "as sho"n thatY
I- 9,' h"4 E'!+ !+"+& +h "'+h,#:! %"3 *% +h +=+, put the ear of publication onl in
parentheses2
*eplau-89:>/ defines loneliness as a difference bet"een desired and achieved social
relationships.
I- 9,' "# $*+*%0 " 5,#A 5*+h +5, "'+h,#!, al"as cite both names ever time the reference
occurs in te(t and note that the < is used for Zand2
3oneliness is inversel related to communication competence -Rein!ing < ,ell$8998/.
I- +h# "# -5# +h"% !*= "'+h,#! cite all of them the first time and subse%uentl use the
authors name follo"ed b Iet alJ and the ear2
The misbehaviors of teachers have been investigated - Searne$ *la($ &as$ < Ive$ 8998/.
#isbehaviors "ere found to reduce to three factors2 incompetence$ offensiveness$ and
indolence-Searne et al.$ 8998/.
I- " 5,#A h"! !*= ,# 3,# "'+h,#!, cite onl the first authors name follo"ed b Iet al.J and the
ear2
'ommunication apprehension has man correlates -#c'ros!e et al.$ 89:8/.
I- +h# *! %, "'+h,#:! %"3, use the first fe" "ords of the reference list entr -usuall the title/
and the ear. 5se double %uotation mar!s around the title of an article or chapter$ and italici0e
the title of a periodical$ boo!$ brochure$ or report2
on free care -I)tud Finds$J 89:4/
the boo! College 7o+nd Seniors -89C9/
I- 9,' "# *%$)'&*%0 " F',+"+*,% -#,3 +h +=+ put the page number-s/ after the %uote or the
author and page number-s/ if the author "as not mentioned in the sentence.
Rein!ing -8998/ suggests IA lac! of career success ma lo"er mens value in the mar!etplace of
relationshipsJ -p.7B:/.
)he stated$ IA lac! of career success ma lo"er mens value in the mar!etplace of relationshipsJ
-Rein!ing$ 8998$ p.7B:/$ but did not elaborate.
BB
Vuotations that are fe"er than =; "ords should be set off "ith %uotation mar!s and be
incorporated "ithin the normal flo" of our te(t$ as sho"n above.
For material e(ceeding that length$ omit the %uotation mar!s and indent the %uoted
language one half inch from our left@hand margin. The entire %uote should be double@
spaced.
*ut the parenthetical reference immediatel after the %uote.
I- +h !,'#$ *! )$+#,%*$ "%& &,! %,+ h"4 ."0 %'3(#!, use paragraph numbers$ if
available2
As #ers -4;;;/aptl phrases it$ Ipositive emotions are both an end@better to live fulfilled$ "ith
+o Gand other positive emotionsH@ and a means to a more caring and health societ.J -para. >/
I- 9,' "# $*+*%0 "% %+*# 5(!*+ "%& %,+ " !.$*-*$ ."#+ ,- +h !*+, reference the "ebsite in
the te(t -no need to include in the "or!s@cited list/2
Douglass -http211douglass.speech.n"u.edu1/ is a "ell organi0ed site for locating American
speeches.
I- 9,' "# $*+*%0 .#!,%") $,33'%*$"+*,%!, ,#") *%+#4*5!, 33,!, )++#!, $,%4#!"+*,%!,
-3"*) $,33'%*$"+*,%, ,# ,+h# '%.'()*!h& $,33'%*$"+*,%!, reference it in the paper onl.
Include the name$ tpe of communication$ and date. These should not be listed in the "or!s@
cited list$ because the te(t is not available for others to e(amine.
R. *ugliese -personal communication$ #arch 47$ 899;/ also verified this information.
/,# )0") $,&!, .'()*$ )"5!, !+"+'+!, "%& $"!! treat the citation as a "or! "ith no author.
5se the title of the document follo"ed b the date2
Kour comments on #ental &ealth )stems Act -89::/.
GFull reference under .e" Kor!Yin "or!s@cited listH
Kour comments on the Tasini copright case -.e" Kor! Times 'o. v. Tasini$ 4;;8/.
G Full reference
under .e" Kor!Yin "or!s@cited listH
/,# ."+%+! give the patent number and the issue date - not the application date/.
Kour te(t on )miths patent -5.). *atent .o. 847$==>$89::/.
GFull reference under )mithYin "or!s@cited listH
/,#3"+ -,# W,#A!-$*+& P"0
All entries should be double@spaced.
The first line of each entr is at the left margin and subse%uent lines are all indented.
This is referred to as a hanging indent.
BC
5se the authors initials onl$ even if the full name is given.
Arrange entries alphabeticall b authors last name or first "ord of the title if there is no
author.
Entries b the same author are arranged b publication date$ earliest first.
Titles of boo!s and +ournals should be italici0ed. Also italici0e +ournal volume numbers$
but not issue numbers.
5se n.d -no date/ "hen a publication date is not available.
'apitali0e onl the first "ord of the title$ the first "ord after a colon or dash$ and proper
nouns in titles of boo!s$ articles$ films and broadcasts.
&o"ever$ capitali0e all ma+or "ords and all "ords of four letters or more in periodical
titles.
*ut the date on "hich ou retrieved the electronic resource in month da$ ear order
follo"ed b a comma. i.e Dul C$ 4;;=$
Entries retrieved from RIT licensed research databases do not re%uire 5R3E use database
name onl.
S"3.) R-#%$! -,# W,#A!-C*+& L*!+
2,,A8 E&*+& 2,,A
,uss$ A.& -89:;/. Sel-)onsio+sness and soial an,iety. )an Francisco2 W.&. Freeman.
'hic!ering$ A.W.$ < )mith$ 3.E. -Eds./. -89:8/. #he Modern A*erian College1

%esponding to the ne2 realities o- di.erse st+dents and a hanging soiety.
)an Francisco2 Doss@,ass.
2,,A, 2 +, G "'+h,#!
Eggins$ ).$ )mith$ D.R.$ < )lade$ D.D. -899C/. Analysing as+al on.ersation.
3ondon2 'assell.
2,,A, 3,# +h"% G "'+h,#!- include first B authors then abbreviate remaining authors as et al.
Vuir!$ R.$ Eggins$ ).$ )mith$ D. R.$ )lade$ D.D.$ ,uss$ A.&.$ Dones$ ,.D. et al -89:>/.
A o*prehensi.e gra**ar o- the $nglish lang+age. 3ondon2 3ongman.
2,,A (9 " C,#.,#"+ A'+h,#
*ublic Agenda Foundation -8994/. #he health are risis1 Containing osts! e,panding
o.erage. .e" Kor!2 #cFra"
2,,A 5*+h %, "'+h,# ,# &*+,#
B:
Merria*)0ebster's ollegiate ditionary -8;
th
ed./ -8997/. )pringfield$ #A2 #erriam@
Webster
W,#A *% "% A%+h,),09 ,# E&*+& 2,,A
Allende$ I. -8994/. Toads mouth. -#.). *eden$ Trans./. In T. 'ochie -ed./$ A ha**o3
beneath the *angoes1Stories -ro* Latin A*eria Bpp.H<)HHC. "e2 9or31 Pl+*e.
Food$ T.3$ < ,roph$ D.E. -89:B/. )chool effects. In #.'. Wittroc! -Ed./$ &andboo3 o-
researh on teahing -7
rd
ed.$ pp. >C;@B;4/. .e" Kor!2 #acmillan.
W,#A R.#*%+& *% " M')+*-4,)'3 C,))$+& W,#A
Washington$ #.&. -8994/. An essa on Alice Wal!er. In D.*. Draper -Ed./ 7la3
literat+re ritiis*. -6ol. 7$ pp. 8:8;@84/. Detroit2 Fale. -Reprinted from
St+rdy bla3 bridges1 Visions o- 7la3 2o*en in literat+re! pp. 877@=9$
b R.*. ,ell$ ,.D. *ar!er$ < ,. Fu@)heftall$ 89C9$ Farden 'it$ .K2 Anchor
*ress1 Doubleda/
E%$9$),.&*" A#+*$)
,ergman$ *.F. -8997/. Relativit. In #he ne2 enylopedia 7ritannia -6ol. 4B$ pp.>;8@
>;:/. 'hicago2 Encclopedia ,ritannica.
If an entr has no author$ begin the reference "ith the entr title and publication date.
Relativit. -8997/. In #he ne2 enylopedia 7ritannia -6ol. 4B$ pp. >;8@>;:/.
'hicago2 Encclopedia ,ritannica.
A#+*$) *% " <,'#%")- include issue number onl if each issue is separatel paged.
3acao$ R. -8998$ April 44/. Flobal "arming2 A ne" "arning. #i*e! :<G-8B/$74.
)mith$ #.3.$ < Finn$ D. -899C$ October/. The use of the World Wide Web b
B9
5ndergraduate social "or! education programs. /o+rnal o- 7aala+reate Soial
0or3! 7-8/$ C8@:=.
)tac!s$ D.W.$ < &ic!son$ #. -8998/. The communication investigator2 Teaching
research methods to undergraduates. Co**+niation M+arterly! 79$ 7>8@7>C.
A#+*$) *% +h P'()*!h& P#,$&*%0! ,- " C,%-#%$
,roc!$ D. -89:8/. .e" public broadcasting programs and services. In D. ,ro"n -Ed./$
#ehnology and ed+ation1 Poliy! i*ple*entation! e.al+ation. Proeedings o-
the "ational Con-erene on #ehnology and $d+ation. /an+ary ;I);H -pp.7;@
>9/. 3incoln2 5niversit of .ebras!a *ress.
U%.'()*!h& C,%4%+*,% P".#
#c'ormac!$ ).A. -89::$ #a/. 0hen lo.ers beo*e leery1 #he lie)bias o- s+spiion.
*aper presented at the annual meeting of the International 'ommunication
Association$ .e" Orleans$ 3A.
A#+*$) *% " N5!.".# ,# WA)98 2*5A)9 M"0"1*%- do not include the volume and issue
numbers
)ch"art0$ D. -8997$ )eptember 7;/. Obesit affects economic$ social status. #he
0ashington Post! pp. A8$ A=.
If an article has no author$ begin the reference "ith the article title and publication date.
R4*5- include name of "or! revie"ed if not part of title.
Sauffman$ ). -8997$ December 87/. A ne" )pielberg. GRevie" of the movie Shindler's
listN. "e2 %ep+bli! <E.
5pdi!e$ D. -4;;4$ Februar =/. .o bra!es. GRevie" of the boo! Sinlair Le2is1 %ebel
-ro* Main StreetN. "e2 9or3er! GG)HE
C;
D,$+,#") .D*!!#+"+*,% "(!+#"$+& *% DAI "%& ,(+"*%& -#,3 +h '%*4#!*+9
,erl$ D. -89:4/. An investigation of factors that condition student enrollment in
broadcast courses at 'oastline 'ommunit 'ollege -Doctoral dissertation$
*epperdine 5niversit$ 89:8/. Dissertation Abstrats (nternational! =7$ >:A.
U%.'()*!h& D,$+,#") D*!!#+"+*,%
Wilfle$ D.E. -89:9/. (nterpersonal analysis o- b+li*ia1 "or*al)2eight and obese.
5npublished doctoral dissertation$ 5niversit of #issouri$ 'olombia.
M,+*,% P*$+'#
3ehman$ E. -*roducer/$ < .ichols$ #. -Director/. -89BB/. 0ho's a-raid o- Virginia
0ool-J G#otion *ictureH. ,urban!$ 'A2 Warner ,rothers.
T)4*!*,% 2#,"&$"!+
'rstal$ 3. -E(ecutive *roducer/. -8997$ October 88/. #he Ma"eil> Lehrer ne2s ho+r.
GTelevision broadcastH. .e" Kor! and Washington$ D'2 *ublic ,roadcasting
)ervice.
L0") S,'#$!
S+"+'+!-.ame of Act$ 6olume )ource )ection -Kear/.
#ental &ealth )stems Act$ =4 5.).'. )ec. 9=;8 -89::/.
C"!!-.ame v. .ame$ 6olume )ource *age -'ourt Date/.
3essard v. )chmidt$ 7=9 F. )upp. 8;C: -E.D. Wis. 89C4/.
R0')"+*,%!-Title1.umber$ 6olume )ource )ection -ear/.
FT' 'redit *ractices Rule$ 8B '.F.R. )ec. === -8999/.
P"+%+:
)mith$ I.#. -89::/. 5.S. Patent "o. :;<!==@. Washington$ D'2 5.) *atent and
C8
Trademar! Office.
E)$+#,%*$ R!,'#$!
Feneral reference to an entire "ebsite or personal communication@see in@te(t citation
E)$+#,%*$ S+"%&-A),% D,$'3%+
Author1Authoring ,od. -Date/. #itle o- the Do+*ent. Retrieval Date from 5R3
,rant$ *. -8999/. 7iodi.ersity and onser.ation. Retrieved October =$ 8999$ from
http211dar"in.bio.uci.edu1Nsustain1bioB>1Titlepage.htm
E)$+#,%*$ D,$'3%+ -#,3 " M')+*-P"0 S*+
Author1Authoring ,od. -Date/. #itle o- the Do+*ent. Retrieval Date from 5R3 Gof
the home -or entr/ page for the documentH.
,ell$ ).&. < Fallagher$ 3.D. -4;;8$ Februar/. Pri*e)age ad+lts 2itho+t hildren or
disabilities1 #he Oleast deser.ing o- the poorPQor are theyJ Retrieved
April 4;$ 4;;8$ from Assessing the .e" Federalism2 an 5rban Institute *ro+ect
Web site2 http211ne"federalism.urban.org1html1seriesLb1b4B1b4B.html
A#+*$) -#,3 "% I%+#%+ E,'#%")8.#*,&*$")-same as article in +ournal1periodical$ follo"ed b
retrieval date and 5R3.
Fine$ #.$ < Surde!$ 3.A. -8997/. Reflections on determining authorship credit and
Authorship order on facult@student collaborations. A*erian Psyhologist! =H!
::=:.::=G. Retrieved Dune C$ 8999$ from
http211""".apa.org1+ournals1amp1!urde!.html
A#+*$) -#,3 "% ,%)*% %$9$),.&*"
Daniel$ R.T. -899>/. The histor of Western music. 7ritannia online1 Maropaedia.
C4
Retrieved Dune 8=$ 8999$ from http211""".eb.com28:;1cgi@bin1g2DocF[macro
1>;;=1=>1;.html
I+3 -#,3 " CD-ROM
Albatross. 8994. #he O,-ord $nglish Ditionary. 4
nd
ed. G'D@RO#H. O(ford2 O(ford
5*
A#+*$) -#,3 " <,'#%") ,# C,%-#%$ *% "% E)$+#,%*$ D"+"("!-same as article in +ournal or
conference$ follo"ed b retrieval date and name of database.
Sramer$ D.F. -8999$ December14;;;$ Danuar/. 6aluing accounting practices.
#he "ational P+bli Ao+ntant! ==-8;/$ 74. Retrieved April =$ 4;;;$ from A,I1
Inform Flobal via *ro%uest Direct.
N5!.".# A#+*$) *% "% E)$+#,%*$ D"+"("!-same as article in a ne"spaper$ follo"ed b
retrieval date and name of database.
&enneberger$ #. -899>$ Dune :/. Republicans battle part on arts funds. #he "e2 9or3
#i*es! ,B. Retrieved April =$ 4;;;$ from 3e(is .e(is Academic 5niverse1
Feneral .e"s.
E)$+#,%*$ 2,,A *% "% E)$+#,%*$ D"+"("!-same as boo!$ follo"ed b retrieval date and name
of database.
Fross$ '.F. 899:. 7rain! .ision! *e*ory1 #ales in the history o- ne+rosiene.
'ambridge$ #A2 #IT *ress. Retrieved Danuar 89$ 4;;=. from net3ibrar.
A(!+#"$+ ,- " M"0"1*%8<,'#%") A#+*$) *% "% E)$+#,%*$ D"+"("!
&olmes$ #.D. -899:/. *erceptions of abusive police practices in 5)@#e(ico border
communit. Soial Siene /o+rnal! <@! 8;C@88:. Abstract retrieved April =$
4;;;$ from 'riminal Dustice Abstracts via )ilver *latter.
C7
So+re1 http1>>2ally.rit.ed+>p+bs>g+ides>apa.pd-
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