3. Verify the that DM is ena!"ed. #. Sho$ e%hi!its for co&&on '%'& p"e% re"ated pro!"e&s How to recover and start a Veritas Volume Manager logical volume where the volume is DISABLED ACTIVE and has a ple that is DISABLED !EC"VE! Details# $hen a s%stem encounters a pro&lem with a volume or a ple' or i( Veritas Volume Manager )VVM* has an% reason to &elieve that the data is not s%nchroni+ed' VVM changes the ,ernel state' -STATE and state' STATE' o( the volume and its plees accordingl%. The ple state can &e stale' empt%' nodevice' etc. A particular ple state does not necessaril% mean that the data is good or &ad. The ple state is representative o( VVM/s perception o( the data in a ple. The output (rom the vxprint utilit% using the switches 01h0 and 01t0 )(or more in(ormation a&out these switches and all applica&le switches' see the man page (or vxprint* displa%s in(ormation (rom records in VVM dis, group con(igurations' including the -STATE and STATE o( a volume and ple as indicated in columns 2 and 3 respectivel% in the ta&le &elow. $hen viewing the con(iguration records o( a VVM dis, group using the vxprint utilit% and the -STATE and STATE (ields displa% DISABLED ACTIVE (or the volume and DISABLED !EC"VE! (or the ple' recover% steps need to &e (ollowed to &ring the volume &ac, to an E4ABLED ACTIVE state so it can &e mounted and ma,e the (ile s%stem accessi&le again. 5rom the &elow output' it can &e seen that the -STATE and STATE (or the volume test is DISABLED ACTIVE and its ple test-01 is DISABLED !EC"VE!. # vxprint -ht -g testdg
DG NAME NCONFIG NLOG MINORS GROUP-ID DM NAME DEVICE !PE PRIVLEN PU"LEN SAE RV NAME RLIN#$CN #SAE SAE PRIMAR! DAAVOLS SRL RL NAME RVG #SAE SAE REM$%OS REM$DG REM$RLN# V NAME RVG #SAE SAE LENG% USE!PE PREFPLE& RDPOL PL NAME VOLUME #SAE SAE LENG% LA!OU NCOL'(ID MODE SD NAME PLE& DIS# DIS#OFFS LENG% )COL'*OFF DEVICE MODE SV NAME PLE& VOLNAME NVOLLA!R LENG% )COL'*OFF AM'NM MODE
v test - DISA"LE D ACIVE 83/0189/ +sgen - SELEC p. test-18 test DISA"LE D RECOVE R 83/08891 CONCA - R( sd testdg18 test-18 testdg1 1 /291561 1 ;8t0d1ENA -18 8 sd testdg19 -18 test-18 testdg1 9 1 /291561 /29156 1 ;8t6d1ENA
5ollow these steps to change -STATE and STATE o( a ple that is DISABLED !EC"VE! to E4ABLED ACTIVE so the volume can &e recovered 6 started and the (ile s%stem mounted# 7. Change the ple test-01 to the DISABLED STALE state# # vx:end -g dis<gr=-p +ix st,.e >p.ex$n,:e? 5or eample# # vx:end -g testdg +ix st,.e test-18 This output shows the ple test-01 as DISABLED STALE# # vxprint -ht -g testdg
D 8 4AME 4C"45I 8 4L"8 MI4"!S 8!"9:1ID D M 4AMEDEVICE T;:E :!IVLE4 :9BLE4 STATE !V4AME !LI4-<C 4T -STATE STATE :!IMA!; DATAV" LS S!L !L 4AME!V8 -STATE STATE !EM<H"ST !EM<D8 !EM<!L 4-
V 4AME!V8 -STATE STATE LE48TH 9SET;: E :!E5:LE = !D:" L :L 4AMEV"L9ME -STATE STATE LE48TH LA;"9T 4C"L6$I D M"DE SD 4AME:LE= DIS- DIS-"55 S LE48TH >C"L6?"5 5 DEVICE M"DE SV 4AME:LE= V"L4A ME 4V"LLA ;! LE48TH >C"L6?"5 5 AM64M M"DE
v test 1 DISABL ED ACTIVE 7C@2A7F@ (sgen 1 SELE CT pl test1A7 test DISABL STALE 7C@277FA C"4CAT 1 !$ ED sd testdgA 71A7 test1A7 testdgA7 A @BFA3EA A c7t2dA E4A sd testdgA F1A7 test1A7 testdgAF A @BFA3EA @BFA3EA c7tEdA E4A F. Change the ple test-01 to the DISABLED CLEA4 state# # vx:end -g dis<gr=-p +ix ;.e,n >p.ex$n,:e? 5or eample# # vx:end -g testdg +ix ;.e,n test-18 This output shows the ple test-01 as DISABLED CLEA4# # vxprint -ht -g testdg
D 8 4AME 4C"45I 8 4L"8 MI4"!S 8!"9:1ID D M 4AMEDEVICE T;:E :!IVLE4 :9BLE4 STATE !V4AME !LI4-<C 4T -STATE STATE :!IMA!; DATAV" LS S!L !L 4AME!V8 -STATE STATE !EM<H"ST !EM<D8 !EM<!L 4-
V 4AME!V8 -STATE STATE LE48TH 9SET;: E :!E5:LE = !D:" L :L 4AMEV"L9ME -STATE STATE LE48TH LA;"9T 4C"L6$I D M"DE SD 4AME:LE= DIS- DIS-"55 S LE48TH >C"L6?"5 5 DEVICE M"DE SV 4AME:LE= V"L4A ME 4V"LLA ;! LE48TH >C"L6?"5 5 AM64M M"DE
v test 1 DISABL ED ACTIVE 7C@2A7F@ (sgen 1 SELE CT pl test1A7 test DISABL ED CLEA4 7C@277FA C"4CAT 1 !$ sd testdgA test1A7 testdgA7 A @BFA3EA A c7t2dA E4A 71A7 sd testdgA F1A7 test1A7 testdgAF A @BFA3EA @BFA3EA c7tEdA E4A D. Start the volume test# # vxv=. -g dis<gr=-p st,rt >v=.-:e? 5or eample# # vxv=. -g dis<gr=-p st,rt test This output shows that the volume test and its ple test1A7 are &oth E4ABLED ACTIVE# # vxprint -ht -g testdg
D 8 4AME 4C"45I 8 4L"8 MI4"!S 8!"9:1ID D M 4AMEDEVICE T;:E :!IVLE4 :9BLE4 STATE !V4AME !LI4-<C 4T -STATE STATE :!IMA!; DATAV" LS S!L !L 4AME!V8 -STATE STATE !EM<H"ST !EM<D8 !EM<!L 4-
V 4AME!V8 -STATE STATE LE48TH 9SET;: E :!E5:LE = !D:" L :L 4AMEV"L9ME -STATE STATE LE48TH LA;"9T 4C"L6$I D M"DE SD 4AME:LE= DIS- DIS-"55 S LE48TH >C"L6?"5 5 DEVICE M"DE SV 4AME:LE= V"L4A ME 4V"LLA ;! LE48TH >C"L6?"5 5 AM64M M"DE
v test 1 E4ABLE D ACTIVE 7C@2A7F@ (sgen 1 SELE CT pl test1A7 test E4ABLE D ACTIVE 7C@277FA C"4CAT 1 !$ sd testdgA 71A7 test1A7 testdgA7 A @BFA3EA A c7t2dA E4A sd testdgA test1A7 testdgAF A @BFA3EA @BFA3EA c7tEdA E4A F1A7 2. Mount the volume to its associated mount point )re(er to the /etc/vfstab (ile i( the mount point location is not ,nown* i( the (ile s%stem is a Veritas 5ile S%stem )V5S* (ile s%stem# # :=-nt -F vx+s 'dev'vx'ds<'dis<gr=-p'v=.-:e ':=-nt p=int 5or eample# # :=-nt -F vx+s 'dev'vx'ds<'testdg'test 'testv=. 4ote# An error ma% &e generated stating that the (ile s%stem needs to &e chec,ed (or consistenc%. I( this occurs' run the V5S speci(ic fsck utilit% )/usr/lib/fs/vxfs/fsck* where the de(ault is to repla% the intent log' instead o( per(orming a (ull structural (ile s%stem chec, which is usuall% su((icient to set the (ile s%stem to CLEA4 and allow the volume to &e mounted. Eact Error Message vvm#vvol# E!!"!# Volume Gvol<nameH has no CLEA4 or non1volatile ACTIVE plees Details# Description: IIIIIIIII Starting a volume reports the error a&ove. The vxprint output shows that the plees (or the volume are in 0DISABLED !EC"VE!0 state. Solution: IIIIIII The (ollowing commands must &e run on a ple to change the state o( the ple to 0CLEA40. The volume can then &e started' &ut a +s;< ma% &e reJuired &e(ore mounting the (ile s%stem. # vx:end -= +=r;e =++ >p.ex? # vx:end =n >p.ex? # vx:end +ix ;.e,n >p.ex? # vxv=. st,rt >v=.-:e? # +s;< -F vx+s 'dev'vx'rds<'>dis<gr=-p?'>v=.-:e? # :=-nt -F vx+s 'dev'vx'ds<'>dis<gr=-p?'>v=.-:e? ':=-ntp=int Here is an example: The dis, group dgA7 has F volumes' apps and home. Tr%ing to start all the volumes reported the (ollowing error# # vxv=. -g dg18 st,rt,.. vxv:@vxv=.@ ERROR@ V=.-:e h=:e h,s n= CLEAN =r n=n-v=.,ti.e ACIVE p.exes # vxprint -g dg18 -th >AA Sh=Bed the +=..=Bing 777 dg dg18 9 9 894111 81984156/3789257=Cp8 d: ,ppsdis< ;1t8d1s9 s.i;ed 88555 38889345 - d: ,pps:irr=r ;8t8d1s9 s.i;ed 88555 38889345 - d: h=:edis< ;9t1d1s9 s.i;ed 80845 45402090 - d: h=:e:irr=r ;4t1d1s9 s.i;ed 80845 45402090 - v ,pps - ENA"LED ACIVE 31/01491 SELEC - +sgen p. ,pps-18 ,pps ENA"LED ACIVE 31/08862 CONCA - R( sd ,ppsdis<-18 ,pps-18 ,ppsdis< 1 31/08862 1 ;1t8d1s9 ENA p. ,pps-19 ,pps ENA"LED ACIVE 31/08862 CONCA - R( sd ,pps:irr=r-18 ,pps-19 ,pps:irr=r 1 31/08862 1 ;8t8d1s9 ENA v h=:e - DISA"LED ACIVE 86/26111 SELEC - +sgen p. h=:e-18 h=:e DISABLED RECOVER 86/23949 CONCA - R( sd h=:edis<-18 h=:e-18 h=:edis< 1 86/23949 1 ;9t1d1 RLOC p. h=:e-19 h=:e DISABLED RECOVER 86/23949 CONCA - R( sd h =:e:irr=r-18 h=:e-19 h=:e:irr=r 1 86/23949 1 ;4t1d1 ENA The (ollowing commands need to &e run on one o( the plees &e(ore tr%ing to start the volume /home/# # vx:end -= +=r;e =++ h=:e-18 # vx:end =n h=:e-18 # vx:end +ix ;.e,n h=:e-18 The volume will then start success(ull% using the cleaned ple )the second ple' /home1 AF/ will automaticall% res%nc using ple /home1A7/*# # vxv=. st,rt h=:e Note: It ma% &e necessar% to run (sc, on the (ile s%stem &e(ore mounting it# # +s;< -F vx+s 'dev'vx'rds<'>dis<gr=-p?'>v=.-:e? # :=-nt -F vx+s 'dev'vx'ds<'>dis<gr=-p?'>v=.-:e? ':=-ntp=int (. 1. )reating a Vo"u&e 1.1 )reating a )oncatenated Vo"u&e 1.2 )reating a Striped Vo"u&e 1.3 )reating a *A+D,( Vo"u&e 2. -%tending a Vo"u&e 2.1 -%tending a 'o"u&e up to certain "ength. 2.2 -%tending !y a /i'en Length 3. Shrinking a Vo"u&e 3.1 Shrinking to a /i'en Length 3.2 Shrinking !y a /i'en Length #. *e&o'ing a Vo"u&e (. Mirroring a Vo"u&e (.1 )reating 0 Mirroring a Ne$ Vo"u&e (.2 Mirroring an -%isting Vo"u&e (.3 Mirroring A"" Vo"u&es 1. *e&o'ing a Mirror 2. Adding a *A+D,( Log 3. *e&o'ing a *A+D,( Log 4.reparing a Vo"u&e for On"ine 5ackup 16.Disp"aying Vo"u&e )onfiguration +nfor&ation About vxassist vassist command s%nta # vxassist <option> <Keyword> vo!"e#na"e $attri%!tes& Commonly used options are given below (See man vxassist for complete list of supported options) -g for specifying diskgroups -b for background operation -d file containing defaults for vxassist if not specified /etc/default/vxassist is used
Keywords used are make , mirror , move , growto ,growby ,srintto ,sirnkby ,snapstart , snapsot ,snapwait
!ttributes specify volumes layout disks controllar to include exclude etc Device 4odes # De(ault rootdg dis, group. Bloc, Device 4ode 6dev6v6ds,6volume<name !aw Device 4ode 6dev6v6rds,6volume<name "ther Dis,8roups Bloc, Device 4ode 6dev6v6ds,6dis,group<name6volume<name !aw Device 4ode 6dev6v6rds,6dis,group<name6volume<name _______________________________________ 1. Creatin a !olume : 7.7 Creating a Concatenated Volume B% de(ault' vassist creates a concatenated volume using the space availa&le on a dis, or on the num&er o( dis,s in a dis,group i( the volume si+e speci(ied is more then the one availa&le on a single dis,. Dis,s can &e speci(ied (rom a dis,group (or a volume group &ut i( not mentioned availa&le dis,s are selected &% the volume manager. Command syntax " vxassist "a'e vo!"e#na"e vo!"e#en(t) #o create a new volume appvol of $%% &' in te default disk group rootdg wit available disks"
*vxassist "a'e appvo +,," #o create te volume appvol of $%%&' on disk%( *vxassist "a'e appvo +,," dis',-
7.F Creating a Striped Volume A striped volume contains at least one ple that consists o( two or more su&dis,s located on two or more ph%sical dis,s. Command Syntax " vxassist "a'e vo!"e#na"e en(t) ayo!t.stripe #o create a striped volume appvol) wit te default stripe unit si*e on te default number of disks *vxassist "a'e appvo/ +,," ayo!t.stripe #o create a striped volume appvol) $%%&' striped volume on tree specific disks+ *vxassist "a'e appvo/ +,," ayo!t.stripe dis',0 dis',1 dis',2 7.D Creating a !AID13 Volume A !AID13 volume contains a !AID13 ple that consists o( two or more su&dis,s located on two or more ph%sical dis,s. "nl% one !AID13 ple can eist per volume. A !AID13 volume ma% also contain one or more !AID13 log plees' which are used to log in(ormation a&out data and parit% &eing written to the volume. Command Syntax " vxassist "a'e vo!"e#na"e en(t) ayo!t.raid1 #o create te ,!-.-/ volume appvol0 wit te default stripe unit si*e on te default number of disks wit ,!-.-/ log, *vxassist "a'e appvo0 +,," ayo!t.raid13 ". #xten$in a !olume Caution # I( %ou plan to use volume si+e change )grow or shrin, * on a volume with data ma,e sure %ou have the good &ac,up o( the volume availa&le &e(ore carr%ing out such operation . F.7 Etending a volume up to certain length' Command syntax vxassist (rowto vo!"e#na"e en(t) #o extend vol( upto 1%%% sectors, type" *vxassist (rowto vo- 4,,, F.F Etending &% a 8iven Length Command Syntax vxassist (row%y vo!"e#na"e en(t) #o extend volapp by $%%% sectors, type" *vxassist (row%y voapp +,,, %. S&rinkin a !olume Caution 1 Do not shrin, a volume &elow the si+e o( the (ile s%stem. I( %ou have a V5S (ile s%stem' %ou can shrin, the (ile s%stem and then shrin, the volume. I( %ou do not shrin, the (ile s%stem (irst' %ou ris, unrecovera&le data loss. Alwa%s ma,e sure %ou have a good &ac,up o( the data volume to &e shirn,ed. D.7 Shrin,ing to a 8iven Length Srink a volume to a specific lengt as follows" vxassist s)rin'to vo!"e#na"e en(t) Ma,e sure %ou do not shrin, the volume &elow the current si+e o( the (ile s%stem or data&ase using the volume. This command can &e sa(el% used on empt% volumes. #o srink volcat to $(%% sectors, type" *vxassist s)rin'to vo5at +-,, D.F Shrin,ing &% a 8iven Length Srink a volume by a specific lengt as follows" vxassist s)rin'%y vo!"e#na"e en(t) #o srink volcat by 1%%% sectors, type" *vxassist s)rin'%y voapp/ 4,,, '. (emovin a !olume !emoving a volume reJuires removing all re(erences to the volumes to &e removed li,e unmounting the volume i( mounted and removing its re(erence (rom 6etc6v(sta& . An active volume has to &e stopped (irst to stop all the activities to the volume onl% then it can &e removed Stopping Volume # Command Syntax vxvo stop vo!"e#na"e #o stop appvol$ *vxvo stop appvo+ !emoving Volume Command Syntax vxedit 6r7 r" vo!"e#na"e #o remove te volume appvol$ *vxedit 6r7 r" appvo++ ). *irrorin a !olume Mirroring allow data to &e written simultaneousl% to two dis,s so that in case o( (ailure o( one dis, data is availa&le (rom the other mirrored dis,. Boot dis,s can &e mirriored to provide alternate &ooting dis, . 3.7 Creating K Mirroring a 4ew Volume Command Syntax " vxassist "a'e vo!"e#na"e en(t) ayo!t."irror #o create te mirrored volume, appvol)) of $%%mb *vxassist "a'e appvo// +,," ayo!t."irror #o create a volume wit .irty ,egion 2ogging enabled *vxassist "a'e vo!"e#na"e en(t) ayo!t."irror8o( 3.F Mirroring an Eisting Volume Command syntax vxassist "irror vo!"e#na"e Creating a mirror of volume vol00" *vxassist "irror vo00 3.D Mirroring All Volumes #o mirror all existing volumes to available disk space 9et59vx9%in9vx"irror 6a +. (emovin a *irror !emoving a mirror involves (irst dissociating the ple (rom its volume and then removing the ple and an% associated su&dis,s completel%.The last valid mirror ple associated with a volume cannot &e removed. Dissociate and remove the ple (rom its volume as (ollows# vxpex 6o r" dis pex#na"e vprint 1h shows the volume and associated plees # Dis< gr=-p@ r==tdg ! NAME ASSOC #SAE LENG% PLOFFS SAE UIL1 PUIL1 v v=.: +sgen ENA"LED 81901 - ACIVE - - p. v=.:-18 v=.: ENA"LED 81901 - ACIVE - - sd dis<18-19 v=.:-18 - 81901 1 - - - p. v=.:-19 v=.: ENA"LED 81901 - ACIVE - - sd dis<19-14 v=.:-19 - 81901 1 - - - To disassociate and remove volmir1AF (rom volmir' t%pe# *vxpex 6o r" dis vo"6,/ The output o( vprint 1h (or volm now shows volume volm with onl% one ple## Dis< gr=-p@ r==tdg ! NAME ASSOC #SAE LENG% PLOFFS SAE UIL1 PUIL1 v v=.: +sgen ENA"LED 81901 - ACIVE - - p. v=.:-18 v=.:ir ENA"LED 81901 - ACIVE - - sd dis<18-19 v=.:ir-18 - 81901 1 - - - ,. A$$in a (A-D-) .o A !AID13 log maintains a cop% o( the data and parit% &eing written to the volume at an% given time. I( a s%stem (ailure occurs' VVM can repla% the !AID13 log to res%nchroni+e the volume. This copies the data and parit% that was &eing written at the time o( (ailure (rom the log to the appropriate areas o( the !AID13 volume. !AID13 log plees are used to log in(ormation a&out data and parit% &eing written to the raid volume. A log ple is created (or the volume &% de(ault when a raid volume is created &ut additional ones can &e added &% (ollowing command . vxassist addo( na"e#o7#raid1#vo /. A$$in a D(. .o Dirt% region logging )D!L* is used with mirrored volume la%outs. D!L ,eeps trac, o( the regions that have changed due to I6" writes to a mirrored volume. :rior to ever% write' a &itmap is written to a log to record the area o( the dis, that is &eing changed. In case o( s%stem (ailure' D!L uses this in(ormation to recover onl% the portions o( the volume that need to &e recovered. To put Dirt% !egion Logging into e((ect (or a volume' a log su&dis, must &e added to that volume and the volume must &e mirrored. "nl% one log su&dis, can eist per ple. The (ollowing eample creates a log (or the mirrored volume volAD# *vxassist addo( vo,- $hen vassist is used to add a log su&dis, to a volume' a log ple is also created to contain the log su&dis,' &% de(ault. "nce created' the ple containing a log su&dis, can &e treated as a regular ple. Data su&dis,s can &e added to the log ple. The log ple and log su&dis, can &e removed using the same procedures used to remove ordinar% plees and su&dis,s. 0. (emovin a (A-D-) .o !emoving a !AID13 log involves (irst dissociating the log (rom its volume and then removing the log and an% associated su&dis,s completel%. .issociate te log from its volume as follows" *vxpex 6o r" dis pex#na"e #o identify te log plex, use te command" vxprint 6)t raid1#vo!"e#na"e #o disassociate te log plex volrd-%) from volrd, type" *vxpex 6o r" dis vord6,/
#e output of vxprint - for volrd now sows" Dis< gr=-p@ r==tdg ! NAME ASSOC #SAE LENG% PLOFFS SAE UIL1 PUIL1 v v=.rd r,id5 ENA"LED 49 - ACIVE - - p. v=.rd-18 v=.rd ENA"LED 49 - ACIVE - - sd dis<18-19 v=.rd-18 - 49 1 - - - sd dis<19-14 v=.rd-18 - 49 1 - - -
10. 1reparin a !olume for 2nline 3ackup Volume manager provides an eas% wa% to ta,e &ac,up o( the online data &% creating an o((line snapshot mirror o( the volume . The vassist snapstart operation creates a write1onl% &ac,up mirror' which is attached to and s%nchroni+ed with the volume to &e &ac,ed up and later detached and made o((line &% vassist snapshot command . The snapshot volume can &e used &% &ac,up utilities while the original volume continues to &e availa&le (or applications and users. The volume &ac,up method descri&ed here does not appl% to !AID13 volumes. Bac,ing up a volume with vassist involves the (ollowing procedure Create a snapshot mirror snapstart starts creating a online snapshot mirror o( the volume using the availa&le dis, space . The snapshot is completed with vassist snapshot command when o((line snapshot volume is created with a userde(ined name . Command Syntax" vxassist snapstart vo!"e#na"e #o create a snapsot mirror of a volume called vol1, type *vxassist snapstart vo4 Create a snapshot volume Command Syntax vxassist snaps)ot vo!"e#na"e new#vo!"e#na"e To create a snapshot volume o( vol@' t%pe# *vxassist snaps)ot vo4 snapvo4 ;ou can now &ac, up the snapshot volume &% whatever means %ou pre(er. To avoid wasting space' %ou can then remove the snapshot volume' which occupies as much space as the original volume 11 Displa4in !olume Confiuration -nformation The vprint command can &e used to displa% in(ormation a&out how a volume is con(igured. Displa% the volume' mirror' and su&dis, record in(ormation (or all volumes as (ollows# *vxprint 6)t Dis< gr=-p@ r==tdg
DG NAME NCONFIG NLOG MINORS GROUP-ID DM NAME DEVICE !PE PRIVLEN PU"LEN SAE V NAME USE!PE #SAE SAE LENG% READPOL PREFPLE& PL NAME VOLUME #SAE SAE LENG% LA!OU NCOL'(ID MODE SD NAME PLE& DIS# DIS#OFFS LENG% )COL'*OFF DEVICE MODE
v p-Cs +sgen ENA"LED ACIVE 99// SELEC - p. p-Cs-18 p-Cs ENA"LED ACIVE 99// CONCA - R( sd dis<81-18 p-Cs-18 dis<81 1 99// 1 ;1t1d1 ENA
v v=./ +sgen ENA"LED ACIVE 910/1 SELEC - p. v=./-18 v=./ ENA"LED ACIVE 910/1 CONCA - R( sd dis<81-19 v=./-1 dis<81 99// 910/1 1 ;1t8d1 ENA where dg is a dis, group' dm is a dis,' v is a volume' pl is a ple' and sd is a su&dis,. The top (ew lines indicate the headers that match each t%pe o( output line that (ollows. Each volume is listed along with its associated ple)es* and su&dis,)s*. Displa% volume1related in(ormation (or a speci(ic volume as (ollows# #vxprint -t v=.-:e$n,:e To displa% in(ormation a&out vol@' t%pe# #vxprint -t v=./