Indias Contribution And Calendar Reform:

Decimalised HOUR and Arc-angle

Brij Bhushan Vij
335, Vikas Kunj, Vikaspuri,
New Delhi 110018 (INDIA)
E-mail: metricvij@hotmail.com
Upgrades by Author (20050130):

SYNOPSIS

This compilation is the result of my personal communication with expert groups of US

Metric Association: usma@colostate.edu and Calndr-L Group: CALNDRL@ECUMAIL7.ECU.EDU during May 2002 thro 20041231. Based on my earlier copyrighted
works aimed to *bridge gaps left in SI-Metric Units the Le Sysyteme Internationale dUnites and
Calendar Reforms: a question that had remained hung since The League of Nations (1922) and the
need of United Nations (1956) that I ventured since early 1970s with The Metric Second and
Metric Calendar Year as base, leading me to:
the possibility for a World Calendar that can be used for ALL Ages;
the possibility of establishing a way to measure Time by Metric;
the possibility for a 10/20-hour metric day with each hour of 100 x 100 sub-divisions;
the possibility if the Year could have 10-months with 7-day weeks or 10-day during a
decaday in TWO halves (or quinto-days each of a million metric seconds);
the possibility if a rationalized value for Pi () the ratio between circumference to
diameter of the circle could be arrived after examination of most values for Pi () used
by man. Such a value for Pi () =100000/31831 (exact) in the form a/b FIXES angle
Radian = 57 17 44.88 or 57.2958;
the possibility if the length unit METRE, was ever related or linked to ancient
civilizations like Indus Civilization of Mohenjo-Daro (now in Pakistan) and the
contemporary cultures;
the possibility if decimal zed hours using the duration of Sidereal Day could be made
use of to make Format of The Tropical Civil Year;
the possibility if FUTURE CALENDAR MET THE CRITERIA to over come
discrepancies of the Gregorian calendar and provide possible solution to account for 365th
and 366th day over the 52-weeks (of 7-days in each week) without causing a break in the
continuation of sabbath cycle; apart from these social requirements, the future calendar
must stand the litmus test for scientific accounting of planetary motions and maintain
count of time passage in seconds, hours and/or days to keep track of angular motion of
spin of the earth in its axis. For this, some considerations include:

(a) need for continuous numbering of days/weeks;

(b) use of day count during the year for input/output parameters in Automatic Data Processing
Machines/Systems;
(c) narmalisation in science the expression of the instant of an event by numbering of SI or
decimalized seconds elapsed since origin of an Era or TAI (International Astronomical Time)
inclusive of Years, weeks/months and day-count along with part of the hour-munite-second
THAT such a possibility I see in the format of Vijs Gregorian Rhyme Calendar by
shifting a day from the month of July to the month in February (i.e. making July to be of
30 days and February to be of 29 days) during ALL YEARS. The 365th day is a WORLD
DAY placed outside of the Year format; and 366th day as Leap Day ONCE every four (4)
years using 128-year cycle modifying the (7*128) or 896-year to replace the current
100/400-yr Gregorian Leap Day correction.

ALTERNATELY, the 896-year/159 Leap Weeks or 834-year/148 Leap Weeks form the
best combination to give PROMISING values for Mean Year and Mean Lunation; when
worked with duration of Year=365.24218966981 day and Synodic month =59.5305881
day*;
SEVERAL FORMATS that I worked are reproduced hereunder. These 364-day count of
days during the year shall be useful, while calculating number of days elapsed between
any ERA and/or any two given dates. Several schemes can be worked for 364-day
YEAR, with or without the use of Leap Weeks placed outside of the year after month
December to be called Keplers Leap Week of the Year XXXX among these that I have
considered include:
(A) This author was unaware of any attempts on Calendar Reform, when I saw my name in
print first time on a small contribution: A World Calendar for All Ages in the Sunday Tribune,
Chandigarh (India) dated 1971 June 06. My later studies reveal:
International Fixed Calendar: The year could have 13-months, using the 7-day Sabbath
cycle or week with FOUR weeks in each month (i.e.13x28=364 days. An Italian Padre Abbe
Mastrofini, in 1834, proposed a 13-month calendar. The extra month, called Sol had been
placed after the sixth month. The 365th day and the 366th leap year day were to be month
less or dateless days. This calendar was strongly advocated by positivist philosopher,
Augustus Comte but consequently abandoned.
The World Calendar Plan: But, the plan of calendar reform received most favorable
comments, under President ship of Elizabeth Achilles, from World Calendar Association Inc.
with its headquarters at 630, 5th Avenue, New York (USA).).
In my E-mail to KEV (Karl) Palmen, I wrote:
During my formative years on 'study of the calendar question', I procured a copy of
Report of the Calendar Reforms Committee headed by Prof. Megh Nath Saha (1955). I had
not come across The International Fixed Calendar of (13x28) days plus 365th & 366th days
outside of the calendar.
At page 172-73 of the report, the World Calendar Plan is mentioned without any reference to
International Fixed Calendar of Moses Bruines Cotsworth sponsored by World Calendar
Association, New York and discussed at 18th session of Economic & Social Council of the
United Nations, Geneva during June-July 1954.
May be I mixed up between *International Fixed Calendar & The World Calendar Plan* to
be ONE and same, in the absence of a reference. My apology, however. But this was in
1970's. The point is, I have attempted to improve upon SEVERAL formats and continued my
search for the BEST options till I came 'under your spirit to open up my works'.
(B) Metric Norms for Time Standard (1971):
10-month year to have TWO halves; each with 182 days using months named after the
Planets as they recede away from SUN, as:
First Half Year: Mercury (36 days), Venus (37 days), Earth (36 days), Mars (37 days) and
Jupiter (36 days); and
Second Half Year: Saturn (36 days), Uranus (37 days), Neptune (36 days), Pluto (37 days)
and Uranium natural element - (36 days)
The year starts on Winter solstice 22/23 December and follow 7-day Sabbath Cycle
or week. The Face of clock could have (2x10) metric hours or (2x12) decimal hours, using
100 minutes x 100 seconds to the hour.
(C) Five Seasons/Decaday Calendar (1971-73): The year could be divided into 5-seasons of
73, 73, 72, 73 & 73 days and use the Decaday & Quintoday scheme i.e. introducing THREE
additional days between Thursday and Friday named Sigma (-day), Alfa (-day), and
Beta (-day). The TWO quintodays shall be:
First quinto-day period: Sunday, Monday, Tuesday, Wednesday & Thursday; and

Second quinto-day period: Sigma (-day), Alfa (-day), and Beta (-day), Friday
and Saturday.
Each day could have the distribution into 10,12,20 or 24 hours, with or without
metric/decimal sub-divisions of Time of the Day. This could mean a million (106) metric
second span; using 20h x100m x100s clock or 1.2 million decimal seconds span; using a
decimal clock to show 24h x100m x100s decimal seconds during each quinto-day or 5-day
time interval.
(D) Tropico-Sidereal Calendar: Using duration of the Sidereal Day, the year could have TWO
equal halves of 182 days followed with a World Saturday after the first half-year (Refer: The
Tropico-Sidereal Calendar; Standards India; V6 N4; pp.110-114; 1992 July; Bureau of
Indian Standards, New Delhi). The remaining 1.242189669781d could follow the 834-year
span (as like for other solar calendars) using Additional Leap Weeks, following divide by six
(6) Rule and placed at: http://the-light.com/cal/bbv_div6.doc
(E) VIJ Gregorian Rhyme Calendar: This 52-week or 364 day calendar has four (4) equal
quarters, two (2) equal half years, and uses the month-names as of the current Gregorian
calendar. The distribution is: January (31d), February (29d), March (31d); April (30d), May
(31d), June (30d); July (30d), August (31d), September (30d); and October (31d), November
(30d) & December (30d). The calendar can be seen at:
http://the-light.com/cal/bbv_greg-rhymecal
To remember NEW scheme for number of days in each month, it is (not exactly a RHYME):
The New Calendar Rhyme:
And, in Hindi:
Thirty days July, September:
Tees Din July, September:
April, June, November, December;
April, June, November, December;
All the rest have thirty-one; accepting February alone:
Baqie Sab ke Ek-Aur Tees:
Which hath but twenty-nine, to be (in) fine;
Sirf February ke Ek-kum Tees;
Till leap year gives the whole week READY:
Chhah (6) Saal bad,
Jab Leap ka Saal Aveye:
Is it not time to MODIFY or change
Usmen POORA EK SAPTAH aur
to make it perennial, Oh Daddy!
Badhaveye.
And make the calendar work with Leap Week Rule!

This approach satisfy the impacts feared towards COST that may need be incurred if
and when the change need be brought about:
(a) No change to 7-day Sabbath cycle;
(b) No change to 12/24-hour clock face;
(c) No/or minimal change to Gregorian calendar format;
(d) No major change to mathematical/trigonometric functions; and
(e) to find the most easily adaptable scheme with least possible changes to get a
surest, easiest and cheapest transitional proposal.
(F) Mean Year & Mean Lunation (Calculations): The Current value for duration of
Year =365.242189669781 days; Synodic Moon (Lunation) =29.5305881 days.
19-years =6939.601603725839 days =234.99706745515 Lunation
128-years =46751.000277731968 days =1583.1381386452 lunation
Mean Year =46751/128 =365.2421875 days [Also, 365+31/128 =365.2421875 days];
Mean Lunation =46751/1583 =29.53316487682 days. This can be improved using 896year span, as: 327257/11082 =29.5304999097635806 days. NOTE: 896-years
=327257.001944123776 days =11081.9669705164 Lunation
(15*19+8)293years= (294*364)107016days=15288 Weeks =107015.961573245833 days=3623.902
1455Lunation; to give Mean Year =107016/293 =365.24232082 days. This shorter cycle can be used
with *divide by six(6) Leap Weeks, as: (6*48+4)=52-weeks in 293 years and symmetrically placed,
adding an Additional Kelpers Leap Week during 39th, 111th , 183rd ,and 255th years.

834-years = 304611.986184597354 days =10315.13443461 Lunation

Mean Year =304612/834 =365.242206235012 days; [7*(52+148/834) =365.242206235012] days.
Mean Lunation =304612/10315 =29.53097430926 days.
373632-Years = 136466169.810699614592 days = 4621180.22670532642 Lunation
Mean Year =136466170/373632 = 365.2421901764303 days =365d 5h 81m d 25sd. 642343272.
Mean Lunation =29.5305895896719 days = 29d 12h 73md 41sd.5015.
The longer cycle of 373632-years, cater to all THREE schemes:
373632-years =7*128*417 or 128*2921(also linked to 8-year cycle). 128-yr, 7*128 =896-years or
2*417 =834-years. This is where I suggest to change the Centurion Year Rule from 100/400-Year
Rule to 128/896-year Rule or ADD a Leap weeks scheme like in my suggested schemes (896-yr/159
LWks or 834-yr/148 LWks) making use of the bigger cycle 373632-years.
PROMISING results are seen using Tithi or phase value = 7*138/965 day along with 19-year
Metonic cycle. Three values for use of a Tithi/Phase are important, and conducive to use in
achieving the final aim, 2L/59th day: 1 TITHI = 2L/59th = 1.001036884745763 day;
1 TITHI = 966/965 =1.001036269430052 day; and
1 TITHI = 19/6932.5 year =1.0010243928923 day.
Using 19-year Metonic cycle, *ONLY three TITHI* need be omitted during years 284th, 549th &
834th (or as felt necessary by astronomy experts). One Tithi/Phase need be removed after 4464 years
for alignment when using ratio 966/965.
"My intention is to arrive at the target value of TITHI *ratio 2L/59th* making use of ratio
966/965. And, that practical value for Tithi/Phase duration can be the interval *Week/965* knowing
that 966 solar days make '138 weeks of 7-days each' which suit the needs for Leap Weeks; towards
zero defect of Calendar Reform using 896-years/159 LWks or 834-years/148 LWks. Working for
the ultimate value that we recognise for 'X or T-Unit' could be arrived from:
ONE T-unit =T/138 = 0.00725388601d =1740.93264248704663212435233160622 decimal second
(Or, X-Unit =1741 sd). Also placed at: http://www.the-light.com/cal/bbv_lunislrXorT-Units.doc
where I have also attempted to show durations for sub-units of the year/week/day/hour/minute in
terms of X or T-Unit; and can be checked, X-Unit =1741 sd.
In Brief:
1 T-Unit (Tithi/138) =X-Unit =1741 sd;
1 Decimal minute = 0.06 X; 1 Hour =5.744 X; 6 Hours = 34.4643 X; 12 Hours =68.9285 X;
24 Hours = 137.8571 X; One Week (7-days) = 964.9994 X; 52 Weeks (364-days) =50179.9692 X;
53Weeks (371-days)= 51144.9686 X; ONE Year = 365.242189669781 days =635862.44126 X
417-years =21018227 X and 834-years =42036454 X
It may not be difficult for *Astronomy experts* to see through the utility of 'T-units' that
link Moon's motion with the motion of Earth and Sun for 'Ephemeris Astronomy and Calendar
construction'."
BRIJ BHUSHAN VIJ, Author
TIME: to think Metric/Calendar Reform

<metricvij@hotmail.com>

Indias Contribution And Calendar Reform:

Decimalised HOUR and Arc-angle
INTRODUCTION:
In 1922 the League of Nations appointed a special Committee of Inquiry into Calendar
Reform, which studied over 140 reform proposals. Over the next 16 years the possibility of a
calendar reform continued to be explored by the League. However, the reform effort was
eventually dropped because the time was NOT RIPE for change, to be brought about.
4

In 1955, the adoption of the World Calendar was on the agenda of the United Nations'
General Assembly. United Nations Secretariat had exhaustively studied Calendar Reform in a
report by the Secretary-General in a document E/465, dated 14 July 1947.
India raised, on 28 October 1953, the Calendar Question, for its reform at United
Nations but various delegations expressed against due to the undesirable effect it would have
on religious life, in particular the observance of Sabbath. Even though decision of Catholic
countries was dependent on The Vatican, its position on the question remained unresolved.
Whatever made the Government of India to initiate the plan for reforming the Gregorian
calendar of "World Calendar Association, Inc.", (then at 630 Fifth Avenue, New York 20) was
of great importance to the all nations, keeping the purpose of accepting a NEW format that is
fixed, uniform and invariable calendar, regulated astronomically according to the movement of
the Earth. The plan was to adopt from 1 January 1956.
In view of studies of the problem concerning Calendar Reform, being made by individual
governments, for the UN Secretary-General in 1947 United States felt that any additional study of
the subject at that point in time - served NO useful purpose.
Accordingly, in reference to Secretary-General's note SOA 146/2/01, dated 1954
October 7, on World Calendar Reform, the then U.S. Representative to the United Nations,
Henry Cabot Lodge, Jr., conveyed on March 21, 1955 to the United Nations that it does not
favor any action by the United Nations to change the present calendar favoring
International Fixed Calendar based on religious grounds. The introduction of a blank day at
the end of years, disrupted the seven-day sabbatical cycle, NOT being acceptable to opposition.
Eventually, discussion on calendar reform was adjourned sine die (without fixing a day
for future action or meeting) by the UN's Economic and Social Council during its 905th
meeting on 20 April 1956. Since then, there has not been any serious initiative to reform the
Gregorian calendar for World use. It is now widely recognized that calendar in use is
unsatisfactory for the economic, social, educational, scientific and other activities of man.
Modern progress demands the change. Revision has been the subject of study and research on
the part of experts, institutions and international organizations for many years.
Our present Calendar is to all intents and purposes, the same as that introduced by
Julius Caesar in 45 BC that, due to its irregularity and the time difference caused by erroneous
length of the year, was corrected and readjusted in 1582 by Pope Gregory XIII. A further
correction to adjust 2 days; and the need to stop Julian Day clock by 38 days, has now
become necessary. The consensus of opinion is that a new time system has become necessary,
adhering to the customary twelve months, 7-day Week and 24-hour clock; but that it should be
uniform and an invariable calendar: perpetual, more regular, socio-scientific and advantageous
from every point of view than the present Gregorian calendar.
Leap Weeks: Reform
Such a scheme is visualized in 834-yr/148 Leap Weeks scheme by this author. For
details refer: http://the-light.com/cal/bbv_div6.doc .
This avoids consequent and considerable confusion or uncertainty in economic dealings
during preparation and analysis of statistics and accounts. The comparability of salaries,
interest, insurance, pensions, leases and rent of one period of the year with another is greatly
vitiated due to the unequal length of months. This is made simple by removing a day from the
month of July making it of 30 (instead of 31) days and adding this day to the month February
making it for all years of 29 (instead of 28) days. This make the normal year of 52-weeks or
364 days by removing the 365th day i.e. December 31; leaving 1.242189669781 days every year
to make up for the Leap Weeks. Other than all years divisible by six (6): the NORMAL year
is thus, equal in 4 quarters of 91-days (13 weeks) and 2 half-years of 182-days (26 weeks). In
addition to 139 Leap Weeks i.e. during years divisible by six (6) to be called Leap Week of
the Year XXXX, there shall be 9 additional leap weeks at intervals of 87, (90,96), (90,96),
(90,96), (90,96) years (i.e. during years 2091, 2181, 2277, 2367, 2463, 2553, 2649, 2739 and
5

2835) in the 2004 thro 2838 years cycle. This gives the value for Mean Year as:
365.2422066235 days.
The format of Calendar is scientific, uniform, stable and perpetual and unvarying every
year, with the exception that Leap Week of the Year XXXX is outside of the years format. The
calendar remains identical, offers harmony and order to all strata of human bondage among
society -- government, finance, industry, labour, retail trade, administration of justice, homelife,
transportation and education. All statistics compiled on the basis of a quarter, half-year or years
are strictly comparable with one another. LEAP WEEK in this World Calendar is proposed to
be an international week, to be called Leap Week of the Year XXXX, dedicated simultaneously
in every country of the world to universal harmony and unity of mankind used to knit all
races, creeds, peoples and nations into a closer bond of fellowship, creating world-wide
citizenship towards building One World. The potentiality of this World Leap Week can be used
to strengthen and promote international peace among all nations, become of great value.
Tees (30) Din July, September:
April, June, November, and December;
Baqi Sab ke Ek-Aur Tees (31):
Sirf February ke Ek-kum Tees (29);
Chhaya (6) Saal bad, Jab Leap ka Saal Aveye:
Us mein Poora EK SAPTAH aur Badhaveye.
This study is a reassembly of changes that fulfills the changing needs of man to keep
track of events in history, for his own use through generations. Records appear to have been
updated effective Era of Creation (c.4713 BC), wherefrom Julian Dating appears to have
started. Although western civilization recognizes that Hindu thought lacks evidence in support
to establishing positive dates, if and when, events about Ramayana and Mahabharata occurred.
It is astronomically relevant that Mahabharata Epic relates to and can be dated at 3102 BC
February 17/18 (midnight) the start of Kali Yuga, linked to Lord Krishna.
A study of most calendars, since recorded history, as they came to this Vijs study
material, complexity of determining the position of planets in our solar system because of
irregular motions of inter-relation between the Sun, Earth & Moon, and hence astrological
predictions have remained a subject of interest to experts and laymen alike. This material is
therefore confined to Smithsonian Institutions inscription: for the increase of knowledge
from man to man especially where the Metric System failed to involve Time count of the
Day/Hour and to link it with arc-angle and hence to define Nautical Kilometre, to replace
Nautical Mile.
The Decimale calendar initiated by France died a natural death, with the defeat of
Emperor Napoleon in the wake of Church authority. Although the cgs measurement of units as
against the then used fps system took to be recognized as the Metric System of Units, yet the
cause of decimale time got abandoned due to politico-religious dogma and failure of Prieur of
Cote dOr while favoring the adoption of the Metric System, by the decree of 1795 April 7 in
France; forcing the world scientific family to gradually see through its merits. NO LINKS
could be traced (or deliberately left out) to bridge the gap for a reform of the calendar with
ideals of Metric Norms for Time Standard, in order to link time units with
the arc-angle that could lead to define The Nautical Kilometre.
Clock Face and Arc-Angle
The day is a collection of moments to account for 24 hours, a date
is the name given to a "day", and the calendar is a way of systematically
assigning "dates to days". The passage of time is a concrete and measurable
phenomenon, experienced in proportion to the net degradation of energy of
the local star system; god is a non-measurable and approvable innovation,
where mans reason takes him onto a dead end, that is central to religions
and other dogmatic demagoguism that want you to go kill and die for their own selfish gains. To the
man on street, it could be conceived as the process of growth, aging and decay of plant and animal
life!

Decimalisation of the YEAR (Bessilian Year), the French Republic tried decimale time, and
counts of time in decimalised sub-units of SI-atomic seconds have been tried in the past.
I have attempted to bridge this scientific gap left deliberately or otherwise for Metrication and/or
Decimalisation of Time of the Day, via my contributions The Metric Second and Metric Calendar
Year since 1970-71. But, no attempt whatsoever were made to decimalise the duration of the
HOUR and co-relate metric measure for time, with axial rotation of the Earth via the arc-angle
defining the length unit, METRE New (m) for SI metric system. The face of such a clockwork is
shown at: http://the-light.com/cal/bbv_clock.jpg
The METRE was divided into parts of 'ten', and those further into 'ten' times smaller or
larger. The 'metric system' is often confused with the decimal notation:
"Metric, pertaining to or of the metre; -system, decimal measuring system with the metre, &
litre and the gram determined by it, as the units of length, capacity and weight; the prefixing
to the metre etc., of the Greek derived 'deca-, hecto-, kilo-' denoting multiplication by 10,
100, 1000 as in kilometre of 1000 metres; that of Latin derived 'deci-, centi-, milli-, denoting
division by 10, 100, 1000 as in decilitre, one-tenth of a litre".
It is, therefore, to be understood that any quantity that is decimally divided or multiplied is
ONLY decimal and it can be classified into the Metric domain if and only if this is also linked to
the length unit METRE, to belong to SI Metric System of Units. Why is it that the Nautical Mile
could not be shelved and stays put, to defy a more logical Nautical Kilometre? It is here, that I
urge the consideration of dividing the HOUR into 100 parts (along with present 60), and to merge
the arc-angle as: 1/100TH of one degree to become the Nautical Kilometre, keeping intact the clock
face with 24-hourly zones (each of 15o per hour) on Earth surface, along with the 7-day Sabbath
cycle, and 364 day or 52-week year, for calendar consideration (refer Shelving Nautical Mile in
Favor of Nautical Kilometre; Proceedings of 3rd International Conference MMGT 2001; pp 164
thro 169; National Physical Laboratory, New Delhi; 8 10 February 2001).
Since1/100TH of one degree is to be the Nautical Kilometre; length distance METRE can be
seen as 1/100000th of the degree (or 1/10^5th of arc-angle ONE degree). Metre New (m') is
the distance traversed by light, in vacuum, during the time interval, 1/97059575.22 TH of
the decimal second.
As the Earth spins in its axis, local time at any point East or West of Date line or Zero
longitude can be determined as six and two-third (6 2/3) decimal minute (as against 4 solar minute)
per degree longitudinal transit across the Sun to account 2400 decimal minutes (against present 1440
minutes). The face of clock shall, however, also show 25 minutes (during transition) where present
clocks show 15-minute marks i.e. for a time span of 5 minutes (or as at ONE oclock position) the
equivalent time would be eight and one-third (8 1/3) decimal minutes.
The Calendar Question
Attempts of The World Calendar Association, New York (USA) for adopting the International Fixed Calendar by Moses Burines Cotsworth but the proposal met with rough weather at
United Nations Economic and Social Council (June-August 1954) for any decision, to get deferred
on calendar question; in the hope, and to work for a World Calendar, for replacing the Gregorian
calendar with simplicity.
The discussions that followed at United Nations led to sine die adjournment of the Calendar
Question (1956 April 26); till a better and promising proposal came before the World body which
could remove the discrepancies in Gregorian calendar, and not cause the sabbath cycle to rotate
when year/ month/week cycles change.
International Fixed calendar proposed the year to be divided into four equal quarters of 13weeks or 91 days with 31, 30, 30 days and unnamed 365 th day and 366th day at the end of months
June and December. Government of Indias Calendar Reforms Committee (November 1952) headed
by Prof. Megh Nath Saha was to: examine all existing calendars which are being followed in the
country at present, and after a scientific study of the subject, submit proposals for an accurate and
uniform calendar for the whole of India. The committee submitted report on 14 September 1954
7

favouring tropical (or sayana) duration as of Gregorian calendar, 365.242198 78125 days (AD
1900 January 00) to start from Caitra 01 on the vernal equinox (March 21/22) 1957.
Although Government of India supported the arrangement of World Calendar, while
agreeing for National Saka Calendar for the whole of India, the proposal met with rough weather at
the United Nations Economic and Social Council (June-August 1954) for any decision, to get
deferred on calendar reform; in the hope, and to work for a World Calendar, replacing the
Gregorian calendar with simplicity and an improvement upon; the Gregorian calendar but shall
not suffer the disadvantages that it presently has in consideration of any break in Sabbath cycle.
I have attempted to bridge this scientific gap left deliberately or otherwise for Metrication
and/or Decimalisation of Time of the Day since 1970-71. Decimalisation of the YEAR (Bessilian
Year), the French Republic tried decimale time, and counts of time in decimalised sub-units of SIatomic seconds have been tried in the past. But, no attempt whatsoever were made to decimalise
the duration of the HOUR and co-relate metric measure for time, with axial rotation of the Earth via
the arc-angle defining the length unit, METRE of the SI metric system.
PRECESSION of Equinoxes: Since the center of Sun does not always cross the equator at the same
equinoctial point, each year the Sun crosses the equator about 50-seconds (Y2000=0.013966486) of
arc-angle, west of the point where it crossed the year before or 1 in 71.59997153 years. If Sun and
Moon were the only influences on earths precession: the vernal equinox would move 50. 27935 +
0.000229 T per year, where T is number of years after AD 2000 of arc. But, other planets also exert a
pull that cause an eastward movement of 0.1/year called planetary precession. This means that it
will take25775y 361d 11h.97585916 for the precession of equinoxes to take one full circle, at current
rate of precession
VIJs Gregorian Reform:
In modification of the present Gregorian centurian Rule, omission of a day is suggested at
128-years (instead of the present 100 years) for Leap Day omission on February 29. The suggestion
to introduce World Saturday & Leap Sunday (1971) could be changed on Introduction of Vijs
Gregorian Reformed Calendar effective after the Solar Eclipse on 2005 April 09, as placed at:
http://www.the-light.com/cal/bbv_CalendarFmt2005-2006.doc to Leap Thursday and World
Thursday in continuation; 2005 April 10 at Chronological Julian Date 2,453,471.5000 CJD. This
shall be dated: 2005 April 10 and considered FIRST day of Vijs reformed Calendar to be marked:
W00-00 (Sunday). For luniSolar alignments 128/896-year plan, worked for Metric Calendar, is used.
To see this work and earlier images, go to:
http://homepage.ntlworld.com/genesis.revealed/galleries/Gallery3/g3/astro%20data.html
(and other images at Gallery3)
*
World Thursday is placed between December 30 & January 01 of Gregorian calendar during
ALL Years outside of Calendar format;
**
LEAP Thursday is placed between June 30 & July 01 during LEAP YEARS, using 128-year
cycle with Divide by four (4) Rule.
***
Both Leap Thursday and World Thursday are OUTSIDE of the Calendar format (in two half
years of 182 days each).
**** Weeks/Day count STARTS from the day after Solar Eclipse on 2005 April 09 (Saturday).
To calculate elapsed days from start of VGRCalendar (on any date); count days elapsed between
January 01 and DATE minus 101 (say, x) and DIVIDE by 7 to know weeks elapsed from start of
VGRC and remainder days to know day of the week: 00/07 (Sunday), 01 (Monday), 02 (Tuesday),
03 (Wednesday), 04 (Thursday), 05 (Friday) and 06 (Saturday).
THUS, World Metric Day 2005 October 10 shall be: (182+30+31+30+10 =283 101 =182/7
=W26-00 (Sunday), as can be seen. Number of days between 2005 June 21 to 2006 March 22
=10+LT (during leap years)+182+WT(all years)+31+29+22 =274/275 days (say, y: during Normal

Years BUT 274/276 during Leap Years). This is: 274+WT =275/7 =W39-02 (Tuesday), as can be
observed.
Profile & Uploads (of Brij Bhushan Vij) can be viewed at:
http://www.the-light.com/cal/Brij_Profile.doc
http://www.the-light.com/cal/bbv_index.html
http://www.the-light.com/cal/bbv_IndiaContributes.doc
http://www.the-light.com/cal/bbv_EraPoints.doc
http://www.the-light.com/cal/bbv_364dc&RhyCal.doc
http://www.the-light.com/cal/ bbv_Harr.Caldr.jpg
http://www.the-light.com/cal/bbv_Y2Kcorn..xls
http://www.the-light.com/cal/bbv_calfmt-n-lwks11.doc
http://www.the-light.com/cal/bbv_clock.jpg
http://www.the-light.com/cal/bbv_div6.doc
http://www.the-light.com/cal/bbv_divd6lws.xls
http://www.the-light.com/cal/bbv_greg-rhymecal.doc
http://www.the-light.com/cal/bbv_greg-rhymecal.do..>
http://www.the-light.com/cal/bbv_greg-rhymecalend..>
http://www.the-light.com/cal/bbv_lni-slr_cal..xls
http://www.the-light.com/cal/bbv_lunislrcals.doc
http://www.the-light.com/cal/bbv_m::-astrounits.doc
http://www.the-light.com/cal/bbv_pi-radian.jpg
http://www.the-light.com/cal/bbv_pi-worked.doc
http://www.the-light.com/cal/bbv_tm_2000_clockcal..>
http://www.the-light.com/cal/bbv_udncode.doc
http://www.the-light.com/cal/bbv_Dating Events - ..>
http://www.the-light.com/cal/bbv_tithiUnit.doc
http://www.the-light.com/cal/bbv_caloutline.doc
http://www.the-light.com/cal/VGRCal_Modified.doc
http://www.the-light.com/cal/bbv_bonavian.doc
http://www.the-light.com/cal/bbv_CalendarFmt2005-2006.doc
http://www.the-light.com/cal/bbv_CalendarFmt2005-2006_WkDayWise.doc
http://homepage.ntlworld.com/genesis.revealed/galleries/Gallery3/g3/astro%20data.html
(and other images at Gallery3)
In SUMMERY (LuniSolar Consideration) :
Two schemes are exhibited the 834-yr/148 LWks and continuation of the existing
Gregorian calendar by modifying the centenarian year rule, to omit Leap Day, during years
divisible by 100 (unless also divisible by 400) to 128-years, when the leap-day remain unaccounted.
The 364-day YEAR, keeping World days outside of calendar format, may start on a suitable Winter
Solstice or on the day after Solar Eclipse of 2005 April 09.
The Current value for duration of
Year =365.242189669781 days; Synodic Moon (Lunation) =29.5305881 days.
19-years =6939.601603725839 days =234.99706745515 Lunation
128-years =46751.000277731968 days =1583.1381386452 lunation
Mean Year =46751/128 =365.2421875 days [Also, 365+31/128 =365.2421875 days];
Mean Lunation =46751/1583 =29.53316487682 days. This can be improved using 896-year
span, as: 327257/11082 =29.5304999097635806 days.
NOTE: 896-years =327257.001944123776 days =11081.9669705164 Lunation
834-years = 304611.986184597354 days =10315.13443461 Lunation
Mean Year =304612/834 =365.242206235012 days; [7*(52+148/834) =365.242206235012] days.
9

Mean Lunation =304612/10315 =29.53097430926 days.

373632-Years = 136466169.810699614592 days = 4621180.22670532642 Lunation
Mean Year =136466170/373632 = 365.2421901764303 days =365d 5h 81m d 25sd. 642343272.
Mean Lunation =29.5305895896719 days = 29d 12h 73md 41sd.5015.
The longer cycle of 373632-years, cater to all THREE schemes:
373632-years =7*128*417 or 128*2921(also linked to 8-year cycle). 128-yr, 7*128 =896-years or
2*417 =834-years. This is where I suggest to change the Centurion Year Rule from 100/400-Year
Rule to 128/896-year Rule or ADD a Leap weeks scheme like in my suggested schemes (896-yr/159
LWks or 834-yr/148 LWks) making use of the bigger cycle 373632-years.
PROMISING results are seen using Tithi or phase value = 7*138/965 day along with 19-year
Metonic cycle. Three values for use of a Tithi/Phase are important, and conducive to use in
achieving the final aim, 2L/59th day: 1 TITHI = 2L/59th = 1.001036884745763 day;
1 TITHI = 966/965 =1.001036269430052 day; and
1 TITHI = 19/6932.5 year =1.0010243928923 day.
Using 19-year Metonic cycle, *ONLY three TITHI* need be omitted during years 284th, 549th &
834th (or as felt necessary by astronomy experts). One Tithi/Phase need be removed after 4464 years
for alignment when using ratio 966/965.
"My intention is to arrive at the target value of TITHI *ratio 2L/59th* making use of ratio
966/965. And, that practical value for Tithi/Phase duration can be the interval *Week/965* knowing
that 966 solar days make '138 weeks of 7-days each' which suit the needs for Leap Weeks; towards
zero defect of Calendar Reform using 896-years/159 LWks or 834-years/148 LWks. Working for
the ultimate value that we recognise for 'X or T-Unit' could be arrived from:
ONE T-unit =T/138 = 0.00725388601d =1740.93264248704663212435233160622 decimal second
(Or, X-Unit =1741 sd). Also placed at: http://www.the-light.com/cal/bbv_lunislrXorT-Units.doc
where I have also attempted to show durations for sub-units of the year/week/day/hour/minute in
terms of X or T-Unit; and can be checked, X-Unit =1741 sd.
Tithi/Phase, HOUR & T-Units:
ONE lunation =29.5305881 days; One Tithi =2L/59th= 1.00103688474576271186440677966102 d
ONE T-unit =T/138 = 0.00725389 d = 1740.93371260132645541635961680177 decimal second
(Or, X-Unit =1741 sd)
1 Decimal minute (md) =0.0574404408830584718358521278484122 T-units
1 HOUR = 100 md =5.74404408830584718358521278484122 T-units
12-Hours =68.9285290596701662030225534180946 T-units
1 Day = 137.857058119340332406045106836189 T-units
7 days or 1 Week = 964.999406835382326842315747853325 T-units
364 days (52 weeks) = 50179.9691554398809958004188883729 T-units
371 days (53 weeks) = 51144.9685622752633226427346362262 T-units
ONE Year = 365.242189669781 days = 635862.441260449681839711127487516 T-units
417-years =152305.993092298677 days =265154638.00560751732715954016229 T-units
834-years = 304611.986184597354 days (in 10315.13443461010362 Lunations)
= 530309276.011215034654319080324588 T-units
LONG CYCLE of 373632-years =(128x7x417) =(128x2919) =(896x417) YEARS
=136466169.810699614592 days =4621180.22670532642023475313043292 Lunation
=18812824702.9173838567756799939939 (say, 18812824703) T-Units
Mean Year =136466170/373632 =365.2421901764303 days; and
Mean Lunation =136466170/4621180 =29.530589589671902 days,
or =29d 12h 44m 2s.940547668 (29d 12h 73md.415015213(decimal).
My choice for ratio 966/965 is obvious over the one at (a) 6932-1/2 tithi in 19-yr cycle; which I
used during my earlier calculations. Tithi (ratio 966/965) to Tithi (2L/59th) difference over an 834-yr
cycle is 0.187044567653917519 d; this accumulates to ONE tithi over 4463.450926035 years. OR,
this correction can be achieved, using Tithi/138 (i.e. intervals =0.007253890467 d) and short
10

accounting 26 tithi once every 32 years (as TITHI SHORT). This may pose difficulty for software
development using ratio tithi.
In Brief:
1 T-Unit (T/138) =X-Unit =1741 sd;
1 Decimal minute = 0.06 X; 1 Hour =5.744 X; 6 Hours = 34.4643 X; 12 Hours =68.9285 X;
24 Hours = 137.8571 X; One Week (7-days) = 964.9994 X; 52 Weeks (364-days) =50179.9692 X;
53Weeks (371-days)= 51144.9686 X; ONE Year = 365.242189669781 days =635862.44126 X
417-years =21018227 X and 834-years =42036454 X
It may not be difficult for *Astronomy experts* to see through the utility of 'T-units' that link Moon's
motion with the motion of Earth and Sun for 'Ephemeris Astronomy and Calendar construction'."
ADVANTAGES
1. Although Decimalization of time by the Year, Second or the Day has not found favor as a
complete solution to Time & Calendar reform; this attempt to Decimalize the Hours during
24-Hour Day has the potential to fulfill the dream of French Academy of Sciences in:
establishing a measuring system which could be acceptable to the whole world;
2. In Le Systeme Internationale dUnites, there has been No Definition for the Nautical Kilometre
to replace the Nautical Mile, which is now provided as: 1/100TH of One degree of arc-angle on
Earth surface;
3. The Hour-Angle is linked to axial rotation of the Earth by retaining the circle or solid sphere of
360 or the quadrant of 90; and each degree is sub-divided into 1x100x100 unlike the
present 1x 60x 60. The distance conversion factor = 1.11194886884 for the new metre (m)
or its reciprocal become handy tools, to re-work new values for all Derived SI-Units and
fundamental constants. In time, each degree longitudinal spin of Earth across the SUN
correspond to six & two-third (6 2/3) minute, as against the present four (4) minutes, to determine
local time at any place East or West of the Date line or Zero longitude;
4. 4. Horology instruments or Mechanical Clocks need only additional graduations to read
decimal part of the hour by marking 25, 50, 75 & 100 against the present 15, 30, 45 & 60
divisions to the dial face, at practically no cost during the transition phase, during which period
Clock movements that beat to the new time standard can be phased in;
5. Decimalization of the degree poses no problems to student and/or research community who work
with the mathematical tables and trigonometric functions, since readily available among
school/college text books;
6. Target resolution in aviation and space flights get enhanced by the ratio:
1x100x100: 1x 60x 60 :: 278 : 100 (i.e. bettered to 278%);
7. Instant retrieval between any two instants, past or future, can easily be computed to follow
International Organization for Standardization standard ISO 8601:2000 on All Numeric
Descending Order form for writing calendar dates and Time of the Day as:
Era Year Week Number Day Number T Hour Decimal Minutes Decimal Seconds (Week Day)

8. Blank Days or the discontinuity in the Sabbath Cycle the stumbling block for any Calendar
Reform is overcome to remove ambiguity about Leap Day adjustment, by counting five years
with 52-weeks and all years divisible by six to have an added 53 rd week as Leap Week of the
Year, according to Leap Week Rule, making the calendar to almost zero defect;
9. Decimalization of time of the Day/Hour harmonizes time-n-distance interchange for application
in astronomical computations to Sun Moon Earth in determination of Eclipses or other intercalary needs; and
10. Implication of changed interval for time and length units need not cause any scare among
scientists/ research scholars or other economic evaluators in the fields of Physics, Mathematics,
Astronomy, Space and Navigation etc., especially when ready to directly apply conversion
factors or their reciprocals need only review/examination.

11

*****

*****

*****

*****

PUBLISHED & COPYRIGHTS (Contributions)

PUBLISHED CONTRIBUTIONS OF BRIJ BHUSHAN VIJ
ON REFORM OF METRIC TIME / CALENDAR WORK (1970-71 onwards)
1. A World Calendar for All Ages; Sunday Tribune, Chandigarh; 1971 June 06
2. Time by Metric; The Times of India, New Delhi; 1971 July 04
3. Metric Norms for Time Standard; Standards Engineer, Bureau of Indian Standards; V5 N4;
1971 Oct.-Dec.; pp 58-62
4. First Metric Watch (News Report); The Times of India, New Delhi; 1972 August 05
AND Government of India PATENT OFFICE; Patent # 138508/72
5. What Metric Time Is It? Science Today, Bombay; 1971 October; pp 29 & 73
6. UNUSUAL Time Keeper (Bombay Mans Diary); Evening News, Bombay; 1972 August 25
7. Metric Watch (Technology Corner): The Economic Times, Bombay; 1972 August 27
8. New time (Talk of the Town): National Herald, New Delhi; 1972 September 18
9. Samay ki Pakad ab Metric Ghadi Se (HINDI): Dharam Yug, Bombay; 1972 October 8
10. What Metric Time Is It? SCIENCE TODAY, Bombay; pp.29 and 73; 1972 October
11. The World Goes Decimal (parts 1 thro 5): Frontiers of Science - Series: National Herald,
New Delhi; 1972 October 15 - 20
12. Samay ki Daur METRIC Ghadi Se (HINDI; Nav Bharat Times, New Delhi; 1972
December 31
13. Metric Ghadi ka Parinam Metric Calendar (Hindi); Nav Bharat Times, New Delhi; 1973
January 07
14. Air Force Engineer Devises Metric Watch/Calendar; Evening News, New Delhi; 1973
February 05
15. The Metric Watch; Invention Intelligence, New Delhi; 1973 March; pp 96
16. The Metric Second; Indian Standards Institution Bulletin, New Delhi; V 25 N 4; 1973 April;
pp 152-7
17. IAF Engineers Obsession with Decimals; Sainik Samachar, New Delhi (Annual Issue);
1973 August 15; pp 92
18. How far Do We Metricate? Standards Engineering, Minnesota (USA); pp.10 11; 1973
October
19. Systeme Internationale dUnites Redifined: 15th Indian Standards Convention,
Coimbatore; S-6/8; 1973 December 17-22
20. Metric Calendar Suggested (PTI News): The Times of India, New Delhi; 1974 January 2
21. Metric Measure of Time Mooted (PTI News Service): Indian Express, New Delhi; 1974
January 2
22. A Metric Calendar (PTI News): The Hindustan Times, New Delhi; 1974 January 2
23. Metric Time Proposed (PTI News): The Statesman, Delhi; 1974 January 3
24. Time To Be Measured In Metric Terms; Press Trust of India (News Feature), New Delhi;
1974 January 5
25. Metric Time (Current Topics): The Times of India, New Delhi; 1974 January 10
26. Economics of Metric System/ Metrication then and Now/ The Metric Calendar
Year/Time is non-metric Why? Indian Progress (Exclusive Issue), New Delhi; V 4 N 3&4;
1974 March April
27.Unit of Mass New Definition: Letters: Indian Standards Bulletin, New Delhi; V26 N3;
p.147; 1974 March
28.Metre is 5000 Year Old (PTI News); The Statesman (& others), New Delhi; 1974 March
18

12

29. Economics of Metric Time and Calendar: EXCLUSIVE ISSUE: Indian Progress, New
Delhi; V4 N3 & 4; 1974 March April
30. Metric Calendar (News report): The Competition Master, New Delhi; p.480; 1974 April
31. DECIMAL SYSTEM OF CALENDAR; Lok Sabha Question # 8100; Answered by Shri
Jagjivan Ram (Minister of Defence, Government of India); 1974 April 25
32. How Far Do We Metricate (Editorial); Standards Engineering (USA); 1973 October; pp
10-11
33. Value of Pi () News Report; The Times of India, New Delhi; 1974 October 25
34. Metric Units Through the Ages; Science Reporter (CSIR Unit), New Delhi; V 11 N9; 1974
Sept.-Oct.; pp 455
35. Metric Calendar Year; The Astrological Magazine, Bangalore; V 64 Nos 1, 10, 12 and V 65
N 1; 1975-76
36. Vedic Numeral Code; Value for Pi () Indian Standards Institution Bulletin, New Delhi; V
27 N 10; 1974 October; pp 381
37. MetrikonMukh-Samaj: Ab Metric Calendar (Hindi); Dharma Yug, Bombay; 1976 May
02
38. Metrication in 1980s A Reality in Offing; IAF Quarterly; AIR HEADQUARTERS, New
Delhi; 1974 Autumn Winter; pp 14-17
39. Metric Calendar (News Report); The Competition Master, New Delhi; 1974 April; pp 480
40. Unit of Mass New Definition (Letters); Indian Standards Institution Bulletin; V 26 N3;
1974 March; pp 147
41. The Dawn of Metric Time Era: Mirror, Bombay; 1976 July; pp 84-87
42. The Big Ben (Letters): Deccan Herald, Bangalore; 1976 August 8
43. Decimal Time: Step Towards Metrication: Deccan Herald Weekly, Bangalore; 1976
September 05
44. Decimal Point (Letters); Deccan Herald, Bangalore; 1976 September 11
45. Conical Measures (letters); The HINDU, Bangalore; 1976 October 18
46. Scientific India (Letters); India Express (Sunday Express), Bangalore; 1976 October 31
47. Genetic clock (Letters); Indian Express, Bangalore; 1976 November 16
48. MEET: BRIJ BHUSHAN VIJ (Editorial Interview): The HINDU, Bangalore; 1976
December 06
49. Man: The Bio-chemical Robot / Metric Standards in Unified Technology: ABSTRACTS:
Vijyan Bharati; Indian Association for History & Philosophy of Science, Ujjain; 1977; pp 5-7
50. With Metric Calendar Every Tenth Day Becomes Pay Day: The CITY TAB, Bangalore;
V1 N6; 1977 June 26
51. POEMS: Metric Time: Youth Times, Bombay; 1977 July 22 August 04; pp. 47
52. Towards A Decimal Time System (by AL Bharve): Invention Intelligence, New Delhi;
1978 February; pp. 53-58
53. Education Reform (Letters): The HINDU, Bangalore; 1978 March 9
54. HARAPPA (Letters): The Indian Express, Bangalore; 1978 April 1
55. Five Day Week (Letters): Indian Express, Bangalore; 1978 May 23
56. Harappa (Letters): The Indian Express, Bangalore; 1978 April 01
57. Brain Drain (Letters): Deccan Herald, Bangalore; 1978 May 30
58. Indus Script (Letters): Indian Express, Bangalore; 1979 February 26
59. Education Reform (Letters): Indian Express, Bangalore; 1979 March 03
60. Infringing Copyrights (Letters): The Hindustan Times, New Delhi; 1979 May20
61. Dravidians or Dravid-Aryans (Letters): The Hindustan Times, New Delhi; 1979 June 17
62. Five-Day Week (Letters): The Indian Express, Bangalore; 1979 July 19
63. Indus Culture (Letters): The Indian Express, Bangalore; 1979 August 28
64. Calendar Reform (FOCUS Editorial): The Hindustan Times, New Delhi; 1979
13

September 01
65. The 100-Second Minute: Sunday Standard (Indian Express), Bombay; 1979 November 04
66. Metric Time in Harappan Age: Deccan Herald, Bangalore; 1980 February 03
67. Socio-Economic Perspective of A Metric Calendar: CARAVAN, New Delhi; 1980 April
(First); pp. 54 -56
68. Infringement of Standards in Electronic Goods: 18th Indian Standards Convention,
PATNA; paper S-6/8
69. Did the Ancients Know of Metric Time? : Patriot Magazine, New Delhi; 1980 August 17
70. Application of Metric Measures: Patriot Magazine, New Delhi; 1980 September 07
71. Mass Unit through the Ages: Patriot Magazine, New Delhi; 1980 October 05
72. Yard-stick or Metre-lumb: Patriot Magazine, New Delhi; 1980 October 19
73. A Metric Time Scale: Mid-Day, Bombay; 1980 November 06
74. Hijari Calendar (Letters): Indian Express, New Delhi; 1980 November 27
75. And Now Time Count in Metric Units: Patriot Magazine, New Delhi; 1980 December 14
76.Ghadi Mein Ab 60 Nahin 100-Minute Honge: Sandhya Times (Times of India), New
Delhi; 1980 December 15
77. Bridging the Metric Gap: The Economic Times, New Delhi; 1980 December 28; p.6
78. Metric Time: A Probe into Future: LINK Magazine, New Delhi; 1981 January 04; pp 37-39
79. Perpetual Calendar to Come: Patriot Magazine, New Delhi; 1981 January 11
80. TM-Sidhi (Letters): The Indian Express, New Delhi; 1981 January 12
81. Socio-Scientific and Politico-Economic Revelation of Metric Time Reform:
ABSTRACTS: International Symposium on Time & Frequency (1981 February 12);
National Physical Laboratory, New Delhi
82. Socio-Scientific and Politico-Economic Revelation of Metric Time Reform: Journal of the
Institution of Electronics and Telecommunication Engineers, New Delhi; V27 N11; 1981
November; Special Issue Pt.II
83. Alfa-day, Beta-day (News Report): Evening News (Hindustan Times), New Delhi; 1981
February12
84. What happens if Time Standard goes Metric? (News Report): The Indian Express, New
Delhi; 1981 February 13
85. When Time goes Metric: The Tribune, Chandigarh; 1981 February 13
86. If Time Went Metric? : Business Standard, Calcutta; 1981 February 13
87. Why father time must go metric?: National Herald, New Delhi; 1981 February 13
88. DECADAYS: No Months/Weeks, please!: Patriot Magazine, New Delhi; 1981 February 15
89. METRIC PRANALI Kutch Aur Zaroori Kadam (HINDI): Manakdoot; V1 N3; 1981
Jan.- March; Indian Standards Publication, New Delhi
90. Metrication A Flashback: The Economic Times, New Delhi; 1981 April 05
91. DECIMAL TIME: The Economic Times, New Delhi; 1981 May 03
92. UDN Code: Where East Meets West: The Economic Times, New Delhi; 1981 July 12
93. Metrication Calling the MOS: Patriot Magazine, New Delhi; 1981 August 16
94. Yet Another Kiloshila: Patriot Magazine, New Delhi; 1981 August 16
95. SEEN IN SUN (Metric Watch): SUN Magazine, New Delhi; 1981 October 10
96. Unique Metric Calendar by IAF Man: (News Report); Press Trust of India, New Delhi;
1981 December 28
97. IAF Officers Metric Calendar (PTI News): The Statesman, New Delhi; 1981 December 28
98. Metric Calendar Proposed: Arab Times, Kuwait; 1981 December 28
99. Metric Calendar: Kuwait Times, KUWAIT; 1981 December 28
100. Metric Calendar Proposed (Associated Press News): Arab Times, Kuwait; 1981 December
30
101.Pause A Metric Minute to Figure out Decaday: International Herald Tribune; 1981
December 30

14

102. Metric Calendar: AP NEWS: Kuwait Times, KUWAIT; 1981 December 30

103. Metric Calendar: Talk of the Town; Hindustan Times, New Delhi; 1982 January 17
104. TIME TO THINK METRIC: Bookstall: Patriot, New Delhi; (Book Review): Towards A
Unified Technology; 1982 January 10
105. Revitalising Science and Technology: Literary Page: National Herald, New Delhi; Book
Reviews Towards A Unified Technology: 1982 January 31
106. Thinking Metric A Pressing Need: Indian Standards Institution, New Delhi; V34 N1;
(1982); pp19-20
107. Briefly: Books: The Hindustan Times, New Delhi; Book Reviews Towards A Unified
Technology; 1982 March 21
108. THINK METRIC (Synopsis of ISI Convention, Madras): Doc. S 2/6; V 34 N 2; 1982
March; pp 92 & 143
109. Aur Ab Metric Ghadi(HINDI): MANORMA Weekly; 1982 April II; Report on Metric
Watch / Calendar
110. More Curious than Scientific: Books Review: Towards A Unified Technology: The HINDU,
Madras; 1982 April 27
111. A HISTORIC DOCUMENT: LINK News Magazine, New Delhi; 1982 May 02; pp 40
112. Calling Watchdog Cells: Patriot Magazine, New Delhi; 1982 May 09
113. Sau Minute ki Ghadi: HINDI: Nav Bharat Times, New Delhi; 1982 May 31
114. Measuring Time: Book Review Towards A Unified Technology: Amrit Bazaar Patrika,
Calcutta; 1982 August 08
115. Do Stars Foretell? Letters: Indian Express, New Delhi; 1983 January 31
116. METRIC CLOCK/CALENDAR DEVISED BY IAF ENGINEER
Parliamentary Question # 10066; Directed to The Prime Minister of India; Answered by Shri
Shivraj Patil; Minister of State for Science & Technology; 1983 May 04
117. Metric Calendar: News Report on Parliamentary Question; The HINDU, Madras; 1983 May
05
118. Measuring Time: Book Review; Towards A Unified Technology; Amrit Bazar Patrika,
Calcutta; 1982 August 08
119. Towards the Metric Revolution: Report: Birla Institute of Technology & Science, PILANI;
VISTA College Magazine; 1983 Summer
120. For A Metric Oriented Society: Book Review: Towards A Unified Technology; CARAVAN
Magazine,
New Delhi; No 749; p.43; 1983 August 15 (Second)
121. Metrication News: Report in ISI Bulletin, New Delhi; V 35 N 8; 1983 August
122. IDEA OF METRIC TIME: Editorial Interview (Personalities and Perspective); Patriot,
New Delhi; 1983 September 04
123. THINK METRIC: Letters: Re-Definition of Mass-Weight Standard; Standards Engineering,
Minnesota (USA); 1983 August; pp 79 & 83
124. IDLE THOUGHTS: Standards Engineering , Minnesota (USA); 1983 December; pp 129
125. Leaping into Space Era: Patriot Magazine, New Delhi; 1984 March 11
126. MOHENJO-DARO Then and Now: Patriot Magazine, New Delhi; 1984 May 06
127. Time Metrication in Mohenjo-Daro: Patriot Magazine, New Delhi; 1984 May 06
128. Linear Standard in the Indus Civilisation: FRONTIERS OF THE INDUS CIVILISATION
(Sir Mortimer Wheeler Commemoration Volume 1984); Indian Archaeological Society;
Archaeological Survey of India, New Delhi; Doc # 16; pp 153-156
129. Going Metric: Letters: The INDIAN Express, New Delhi; 1984 May 14
130. Xeroxing Human Race (Science Section): Patriot Magazine, New Delhi; 1984 May 20
131. NEWS Metric (The Trifles): Standards Engineering (Minnesota USA); p.59; 1984 May
June
132.Garbage in Space: Science Horizon: Patriot Magazine, New Delhi; 1984 June 03
15

133. METRIC SYSTEM: Book Review: The SI Metric Units: Patriot, New Delhi; 1984 June 17
134. Metric System: In-Depth Study: Book Review: The SI Metric Units: LINK Magazine, New
Delhi; 1984 June 17
135. Up the Cosmic World (Science Horizon): Patriot Magazine, New Delhi; 1984 June 24
136. Metrication: NEHRUPIONEERING REFORMS: National Herald, New Delhi; 1984 June
24
137. NEWS Metric: Standards Engineering, Minnesota (USA); 1984 May-June
138. Towards Technological Self Reliance (Science Horizon): Patriot Magazine, New Delhi;
1984 August 12
139. United States Senate: Ted Stevens, ALASKA Senator; Book Towards A Unified
Technology; 1985 January 29
140. The SI Metric Units: BOOK REVIEW: Science Reporter (CSIR Unit), New Delhi; p.388;
1985 October
141. Metric Time Man in Town: INTERVIEW: NEWS INDIA, New York; 1985 October 11
142. Metric System First Used by Harappans: News Report; Press Trust of India, New Delhi;
1987 February 17/18
Metric System was invented by Harappans; Indian Express, New Delhi; 1987 February 18
Metric System first used in Indus Valley: Patriot, New Delhi; 1987 February 18
Harappan Standards (In Brief): National; The Times of India, New Delhi; 1987 February 19
143. Radio Active Time Scales: Patriot Magazine, New Delhi; 1987 March 8
144. Time to Change Time: The Economist (Feature); 1987 March 28
145. Standards and Technology: Patriot Magazine, New Delhi; 1987 March 29
146. Metric System : A New Reality: LINK Magazine, New Delhi; p.23 24; 1987 April 5
147. Time to Change Time: Editorial: Indian Express, New Delhi; 1987 April 17
148. Protecting Consumer Interests: LINK Magazine, New Delhi; p.15 - 16; 1987 May 10
149. Nuclear War Clouds Over Asia (Science Horizon): LINK Magazine, New Delhi; p.31-32;
1987 June 14
150. Metric Decaday: Letters; Patriot, New Delhi; 1987 October 16
151. Metric Conversion in United States: Letter to Editor; Standards Engineering, OHIO; V40
N2; p.47;
1988 March/April
152. A Matter of Time: Letters; INDIAN EXPRESS, New Delhi; 1988 May 15
153. Only 20 hrs. A Day: News Report: Mid-Day, New Delhi; 1988 May 21 and (Mid-day Mail)
1988 June 2
154. Metric Measurement for Time: News Report; Press Trust of India, New Delhi; 1988 June
26
Metric Clock Proposed: Indian Express, New Delhi; 1988 June 27
Time by Metric Clock: The Times of India, Bangalore; 1988 June 27
Metric Clock: National Briefs;The Times of India, New Delhi; 1988 June 27
Metric Clock: National Briefs; The Telegraph, Calcutta; 1988 June 27
10 Ghante ka Din 100 Minute ka Ghanta (HINDI): Nav Bharat Times, New Delhi; 1988
June 27

Metric Clock Mooted for Measurement: National Herald, New Delhi; 1988 June
28
155. In the Persuit of A Metric Calendar: News Report: ARAB TIMES, Kuwait; 1989 January
3
156. Bharti Mahir ka Banaya Weswi Calendar ki Jagah Metric Calendar (URDU): News
Report: ARAB TIMES; 1989 Jan. 5-6
157. Concept of Metric Second/Calendar (SEMINAR): KUWAIT UNIVERSITY, Faculty of
Science (Physics Department); 11 AM to 12:30 PM; 1989 January 21
158. 100 Seconds Make A Minute!: PTI News Report: INDIAN POST, Bombay; 1989 February
17
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159. 10 Hours Make A Day: United News of India Report: Patriot, New Delhi; 1989 February 17
160. PTI TV Net Work Service: National Hookup; TV News Service (Door Darshan); 1989
March 21
161. The Metric Second: Feature: PTI Science Service; p.7; 1989 August 16-31 and 1989
September 16- 30
162. The Metric Second (PTI and Indian Express): Norms and Values; STANDARDS INDIA,
New Delhi; V2 N4 (12/12); Report
163. Why Not A Metric Calendar? National Herald, New Delhi; 1989 October 26
164. Calendar Reform: The missing seconds: Opinion: Letter to the Editor; Patriot, New
Delhi;
1990 January 05
165. Turning Time Topsy Turvy: Report: The Economic Times, New Delhi; 1990 February 2
166. Test of Time: Current Topics: The Times of India, New Delhi; 1990 March 8
167. Whats Time? The Indian DOWN UNDER: Thom Leigh, NSW (Australia); 1992 March
168. New Tropico-Sidereal Calendar: PTI National Science Briefs: V12 N2; 1993 January 16
31
169. Metric Pranali Wala Sidereal-Tropico Calendar (HINDI) : Bhasha News: Panjab Kesari,
Delhi; 1993 February 11
170. Bhartiya Vagyanik Ne Metric Calendar Tyaar Kiya (Hindi): Bhasha News: Hindustan,
New Delhi; 1993 February 11
170. Catching Up! Feature (Inside Delhi):The HINDU, New Delhi; 1993 March 22
171. Metric, Sidereal or Decimal Calendar; Standards Engineer, New Delhi V26 N2-5; pp. 4447; 1992 April 1993 March; Bureau of Indian Standards, New Delhi
172. The Tropico-Sidereal Calendar: Standards India; Vol 6 N 4; pp.110 114; 1992 July;
Bureau of Indian Standards, New Delhi
173. Inclusion of Definition of Decimal Second (s ) and Leap Week Rule; Standards Engineer;
28 N 1&2; 1994 April; Bureau of Indian Standards, New Delhi
174. LIMCA BOOK OF INDIAN RECORDS: Entry at Page 129 (Decimalised TropicoSidereal Calendar with Leap Weeks): 1994 march 16
175. Decimalisation of Time/Calendar: Indian Journal of History of Science; V 29 N3; pp.491
494; (1994) Indian National Science Academy, New Delhi
176. Changing Face of Time: Editorial Report by Avinash Singh: INFOMART The Hindustan
Times, New Delhi; 1995 January 18
177. Consideration of Question of World Calendar Reform United Nations: Position as at
18th Session of Economic and Social Council (1954 June August); UN Information
Centre, New Delhi; 1995 August 8
178. Need to Revise Length Unit for Decimalisation of the Hour in Relation to Angular
Degree and World Decimal Calendar with Leap Weeks; Proceedings of International
Conference on Advances in Metrology and its Role in Quality Improvement and Global
Trade; Document No. 78; pp. 408-11; National Physical Laboratory, New Delhi; 1996
February 20-22.
179. Work on New Decimal Calendar in Full Swing: The HINDU, New Delhi; 1996 February
20
180. Indian Claims He Has Succeeded in Decimalising Time Scale: Patriot, New Delhi; 1996
March 21
181. Time Of Day: Mr. Time Changer: METRO News: Indian Express, New Delhi; 1996 April 8
182. Going Decimal : SUN Magazine, New Delhi; SCIENCE Page; p. 26; 1996 April 7 21
182.Racing Against Time: SUN Magazine, New Delhi; SCIENCE Page; p. 34; 1996 July 22
August 6
183.Need to Revise Length Unit for Decimalisation of the Hour in Relation to Angular Degree
and World Decimal Calendar with Leap Weeks: Standards India; Vol 12 No9; 1998
December; pp. 217 222; Bureau of Indian Standards, New Delhi
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184.Relevance of the Metre in Indus Civilisation when Linked with Times Unit and Calendar
Reform with Leap Weeks; Proceedings of 2nd International Conference on Metrology,
Quality and Global Trade (MQGT-99); pp.257 264; National Physical Laboratory, New
Delhi; 1999 February 24-26
185. Decimale Calendar: Measuring Year by the Weeks and Decimalised Hour of the Day;
Proceedings of International Conference on Current Trends in TIME & FREQUENCY
(ICTF); Document # 44; pp. 363 371; National Physical Laboratory, New Delhi; 2001
February 6-7.
186.Shelving Mile in Favour of Nautical Kilometre; Proceedings of 3rd International
Conference on Metrology In New Millennium And Global Trade (MMGT - 2001); Document #
27; pp.169; National Physical Laboratory, New Delhi; 2001 February 4-8.
OTHERS:
1. M.E. Himbert ; New Trends for the Materialisation of the Metre; MAPAN Journal of
Metrology Society of India, NPL, New Delhi; VII No.4; 1996, pp. 99-102.
2. The Astronomical Significance of the Crucuno Stone Rectangle; Current Anthropology;
V14 N4;
1973 October; pp. 450-54.
3. The Harappan Linear Measurement Unit; Field Work at Mohenjo-Daro (Pakistan); 198283; Interim Reports Vol.1; IsMEO-Aachen-University Mission; German Research Project
Mohenjo-Daro.

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