(Config-if)# ppp PAP sent-username unicomin@hd2 password password

(Config-if)# dialer in-band

(Config-if)# dialer string 3328400
(Config-if)# dialer idle-time out 180
(Config-if)# dialer hold-queue 10
(Config-if)# exit

(Config)# access-list 1 permit 192.168.1.0 0.0.0.255

(Config)# dialer-list 1 protocol ip permit

((Config)# int bri 1/0

(Config-if)# dialer rotary-group 1
(Config-if)# no shut
(Config-if)# exit

(Config)# int dialer 1

(Config-if)# dialer-group 1
(Config-if)# exit

(Config)# ip routing
(Config-router)# ip route 0.0.0.0 0.0.0.0 dialer 1 2
(Config)# ip name-server 202.54.30.2
(Config)# ip name-server 202.54.2.30

(Config)# int E 0
(Config-if)# ip nat inside
(Config-if)# no shut
(Config-if)# exit

(Config)# int Bri 1/0

(Config-if)# ip nat outside
(Config-if)# no shut
(Config-if)# exit

(Config)# int dialer 1

(Config-if)# ip nat outside
(Config-if)# exit

(Config)# ip nat inside source list 1 int dialer 1 overload

 Backup Interface for a Leased Line

ISP

S 0 172.16.1.1 172.16.1.2 S 0
Bri 0
ISP CPE/DTE
E 0 1.50 E 0 5.50
1.4 1.1 5.4 5.1
1.3 1.2 5.3 5.2

CPE -Customer Premises Equipment

DTE -Data Communications & Circutary end

# Config t
(Config)# isdn switch-type basic-net 3

(Config)# int E 0/1

(Config-if)# ip address 192.168.1.50 255.255.255.0
(Config-if)# no shut
(Config-if)# exit

(Config)# int S 0
(Config-if)# ip address 172.16.1.1 255.255.0.0

(Config)# int Bri 1/ 0

(Config-if)# no ip address
(Config-if)# encapsulation ppp
(Config-if)# no cdp enable
(Config-if)# no shut
(Config-if)# exit
(Config)# int dialer 1
(Config-if)# ip address negotiated
(Config-if)# encapsulation ppp
(Config-if)# no cdp enable
(Config-if)# ppp authentication CHAP PAP callin
(Config-if)# ppp CHAP hostname zoom
(Config-if)# ppp CHAP password cisco
(Config-if)# ppp PAP sent-username isp password cisco
(Config-if)# dialer in-band
(Config-if)# dialer string 3328400
(Config-if)# dialer ideal-time out 180
(Config-if)# dialer hold-queue 10
(Config-if)# exit

(Config)# access-list 1 permit 192.168.1.0 0.0.0.255

(Config)# dialer-list 1 protocol ip permit

((Config)# int bri 1/ 0

(Config-if)# dialer rotary-group 1
(Config-if)# no shut
(Config-if)# exit
(Config)# int dialer 1
(Config-if)# dialer-group 1
(Config-if)# exit

(Config)# ip routing
(Config-router)# ip route 0.0.0.0 0.0.0.0 S 0
(Config-router)# ip route 0.0.0.0 0.0.0.0 dialer 1 2

(Config)# ip name-server 202.54.30.1

(Config)# ip name-server 202.54.1.30

(Config)# int E 0
(Config-if)# ip nat inside
(Config-if)# no shut
(Config-if)# exit

(Config)# int Bri 1/ 0

(Config-if)# ip nat outside
(Config-if)# no shut
(Config-if)# exit
(Config)# int dialer 1
(Config-if)# ip nat outside
(Config-if)# exit

(Config)# Access-list 2 permit 4 public 10

(Config)# ip nat inside source list 2 int dialer 1 overload

(Config)# int S 0
(Config-if)# backup interface bri 1/0
(Config-if)# backup delay 30 60
 Frame Relay

Point - to - Point
frame-relay Network

S 0 172.16.1.1 172.16.1.2 S 0
Router A Dlci 101 Dlci 102 Router B
PVC

Fr-Switch Fr-Switch
E 0 1.50 E 0 5.50
1.4 1.1 5.4 5.1
1.3 1.2 5.3 5.2
Config t
(Config)# int S 0
(Config-if)# no ip address
(Config-if)# encapsulation frame-relay
(Config-if)# no shut
(Config-if)# exit

(Config)# int S 0.1 point-to-point

(Config-if)# bandwidth 64
(Config-if)# ip address 172.16.1.1 255.255.0.0
(Config-if)# frame-relay interface DLC1 102
(or)
(Config-if)# frame-relay map ip 172.16.1.2 102 broadcast
(Config-if)# no shut
(Config-if)# exit

(Config)# ip routing
(Config)# ip route 192.168.5.0 255.255.255.0 172.16.1.2
 Point - to - Multi Point

4.0
10.0.0.1

1.0 10.0.0.4 103 10.0.0.2 3.0

104 102
A C
101

B 10.0.0.3

2.0
Configuration of Router A
--------------------------------
Config t
(Config)# int S 0
(Config-if)# no ip address
(Config-if)# encapsulation frame-relay
(Config-if)# no shut
(Config-if)# exit

(Config)# int S 0.1 multipoint

(Config-if)# bandwidth 64
(Config-if)# ip address 10.0.0.4 255.0.0.0
(Config-if)# frame-relay map ip 10.0.0.1 103 broadcast
(Config-if)# frame-relay map ip 10.0.0.2 102 broadcast
(Config-if)# frame-relay map ip 10.0.0.3 101 broadcast
(Config-if)# no shut
(Config-if)# exit

(Config)# ip routing
(Config)# ip route 192.168.2.0 255.255.255.0 10.0.0.3
(Config)# ip route 192.168.4.0 255.255.255.0 10.0.0.1
(Config)# ip route 192.168.5.0 255.255.255.0 10.0.0.2
 Point-to-Point - Point-to-Point

172.16.1.2 4.0

1.0 10.0.0.2 3.0

172.16.1.1 103
104
10.0.0.1 102
161.16.1.1

101

10.0.0.3

2.0
 Configuration of Router A
--------------------------------

Config t
(Config)# int S 0
(Config-if)# no ip address
(Config-if)# encapsulation frame-relay
(Config-if)# no shut
(Config-if)# exit

(Config)# int S 0.1 point-to-point

(Config-if)# bandwidth 64
(Config-if)# clockrate 56000
(Config-if)# ip address 172.16.1.1 255.255.0.0
(Config-if)# frame-relay map ip 172.16.1.2 103 broadcast
(Config-if)# no shut
(Config-if)# exit
(Config)# int S 0.2 point-to-point
(Config-if)# ip address 161.16.1.1 255.255.0.0
(Config-if)# no shut

(Config-if)# bandwidth 64
(Config-if)# clock rate 56000
(Config-if)# frame-relay map ip 161.16.1.2 102 broadcast
(Config-if)# exit

(Config)# int S 0.3 point-to-point

(Config-if)# bandwidth 64
(Config-if)# clockrate 56000
(Config-if)# ip address 10.0.0.1 255.0.0.0
(Config-if)# frame-relay map ip 10.0.0.2 101 broadcast
(Config-if)# no shut
(Config-if)# exit

(Config)# ip routing
(Config)# ip route 172.16.0.0 255.255.0.0
Iso
International organization for standardization
Iso has designed a reference model called osi reference model
(open system interconnection). It has 7 layers. It says that
Any n/w for comunication needs 7 layers
1. Application layer
The user uses application layer to send the data. The protocols
@ this layer are ftp,http,smtp(e-mail) telenet etc.
2. Presentation layer
Presentation layer takes the data from application layer and present
In different formats for securing reason. The services offered @
This layer are
Compression – decompression
Coding – decoding
Encryption - decryption
3. Session layer
Establishing the session or the conectivity n/w n/w 1 & n/w 2 is done
By the session layer.
It 1. Establishes a session
2. maintains it &
3. Terminates it b/w the application

4. Transport layer
End-end connectivity during a session b/w two application is done
By the transport layer. It also decides the type of connection like tcp
or udp i.e. connection oriented or connection less.
Services:
Sequencing
Flow ctrl, error detection & correction
Transport layer info + data is called segment.
5. Netwrok layer
Logical addressing is done at thenetwork layer i.e. source address &
destination address are attached to the data.
Protocols @network layer

Routed protocols routing protocols

Eg: ip,ipx eg: rip,igrp,ospf

Routed protocols: they always carry the data along with them
Routing protocol: they identify the path for routed protocol to
carry the data
At this layer routers & layer 3 switches forms packets.
 Data link layer

MAC LLC
Media access control logical link control framing of
data

Ip address is lik the pincode & MAC address is like house number.
Here layer2 switches are used.
Wab protocols used at this layer are PPP,HDLC,FP,X.25 etc.
Here error checking CRC bits are added to the packets
DLL info+ packets --> frames
7 physical layer
Takes care of physical connectivity i.e connector,cable etc. here
Frames are converted to bits (1’s & 0’s).
The devices like hubs, repeaters,cables & connectors are used at
this layer.

I P Addressing
Now a days ip ver4 is followed. It is a 32-bit addressing scheme.
32bits are divided into 4 octets of 8 bits each.
i.e 8-8-8-8. i.e (1’s & 0’s)-(1’s & 0s)-(1’s & 0’s)-(1’s & 0’s).
(binary format). The ip address is maximum of 255 & min of 0.
In future ip ver 6 is expected. It is 128 bit scheme.
Ip adresses are clsassified into different classes.
Class A 0 - 127
Class B 128 - 191
Class C 192 - 223
Class D 224 - 239
Class E 240 - 255

8-8-8-8
M.S.O Most Significant Ocate considering MSO
Through out class A, the MSB ‘0’ is constant in class B the
Msbs are ‘101’ constant through out.
Class D & E are not used for internetworking class D is used for
Multicast network.
“ E “ “ “ research.
class A
0-0-0-0 should not be assigned for any divice
127-0-0-0 is reserved for loopback
127-0-0-1
127-0-0-”
127-0-0-” usually reserved for loopback
127-0-0-”
127-255-255-254
Hence 0 & 127 cannot be used for adressing so actual range will be
1 to 126.
All ip addresses are divided into two.
1.network I.d
2.host I.d
in class a address there is 1n\w I.d postion & 3 host I.d postion I,e
N-H-H-H..
Class A N-H-H-H
Class B N-N-H-H
Class C N-N-N-H

Network Ids are represented by 1s & host ids are by 0s.

 Types of ip adresses
IP address

public ip address private ip address

Public network: the public address is defined with routing over the
Internet it is given by I.S.P & routing table is created on the internet.

Private network: for internal network I,e intranet, all the ip addresses
Are governed by a body called INTERNIC. If we are a part of asia
Pacefic then it is governed by APNIC.

We can run our private network with any ip addresses of our choice
But it should not be connected to internet.
Range of addresses for private network
Class A 10.0.0.0 to 10.255.255.255
Class B 172.16.0.0 to 172.31.255.255
Class C 192.168.0.0 to 192.168.255.255

Private ip addresses donot have routing.

To meet the demand of no.of networks, the network is broken
Into smaller networks called subnets.
Eg: find no.of subnets, hosts/s.n subnet mask & valid ip addresses
For a class c address.
192.168.1.0/24
‘24’ shows the network bits
24= 3 octate position bits are enough, therefore no need to borrow
Any bits from host position.
=24 network & no host
Default subet mask is 255.255.255.0 & valid ip addresses are
192.168.1.0 network
Switch
An essential component of lan. Switches are of different types like
Layer 2 layer 3, layer 4, layer 5…..
Layer 2 switch :
Switch hub
•Layer 2 layer 1
•b.w is equal @ all ports b.w is shared
•Identifies source with MAC cannot identifiy the source
•Broad cast occur, till mac table alwaysbroad cast
Is built
•Collision occur when both A&B Many collisions
Wants to reach D.
•1 broad cast domain 4 collision 1 broad cast domain 1 collision
Domains domain
 Switches

Access layer Distribution layer Core layer

Access layer swithc: catalyst 1912

Catalyst – manufacturer, but it is now owned by cisco.
12 port switch
 Switch

standard edition enterprise edition

To configure VLANS,go for enterprose edition as standard edition

Will not support VLAN.
For uplinking or cascading 100mbps is minimum required.

Functions of switch
1. Adress learning
2. Filter & forwarding
3. Loop avoidance

1. Address learning
Booting 1.blocking state (15 secs)
2.Listening state (15 secs)
3.Learning stage (20 secs)
4.Forwarding stage (20 secs)
The switch will always learn the MAC address from the source itself
The source should atleast communicate once to learn the MAC address.

2. Filter & forwarding :

store & forward
cut through
fragment free
On access layer the default is fragment free we can change to any
Of the3 mentioned above.
1.store & forward: it stores the whole information (1500 bytes
Ethernet) into buffer, then checks for errors, looks for destination
In MAC table and then forward.
2. Cut through: no error checking.as soon as a packet arrives
It looks into MAC table & forward.
3.loop avridance: consider a seenario whr pci wants to communicate
To pc2. Switch a makes entry of pc1 in its MAC table as it is a new
Switch. This looping is before the mac table I s made. This is called
Initial flood or broad cast storm.
STP: spanning tree protocol. To avoid loops in case of a cascaded
Switch stp is enabled by default.
Parameters to select a switch
1. Bridge priority (32768) default.(1-655355)
2. MAC address
Bridge id is calculated. Bridge id=bridge priority + mac address.
Which ever the switch having least bridge ID will be elcted as root
Bridge and others are non-root bridge. On root bridge the ports used
For cascading are called designated ports. All the designated ports
Will be at forwadingf state . In non root bridge from the two ports
one will be selected as root port. This will be depending on the
cost speed).least cost path (faster transmission) the other port
will be blocked.
The “hello” packets that are sent by root bridge for every 2 sec to inform
that it is working properly are called BPDUS;
(bridge protocol data limits). If non root bridge do no receive
10 BPDUs for next 20secs then it is clear that the root bridge has
Failed.
20secs – max age time
Then a new root bridge is selected.
In the above eg:if switch A is selected as root bridge and ports A & B
Of switch A are designated ports. Depending on the shortest paths
For high speed & low cost one port of switch B is selected as root port
& the other will be blocked.
ISDN
Integreted services digital network.
It is a circuit switching technology approved by CCITT.
ISDN PSTN
•Digital analog
•More bandwidth less
•Multiple services like,
•Voice,data,video etc.
ISDN
BRI PRI
(Basic rate interface
2b channels & id chennel)
european standard north american
standard
30 bchannels 23 bchannels
& &
id channel id channel
‘B’channel – it is a bearer channel for data.
‘D’channel – it is a delta channel for synchronization
In bri each B channel = 64 kbps
d channel = 16kbps
Max 128 kbps BW in isdn
In PRI both B & D channels _= 64kbps.
European – 2mbps
North american – 1.54 mbps
ISDN will have a voltage of 90-110v
SPID number : (service profile identifier) to identify the link.
Types of ISDN switches
Euro-basic net3
U.S-basic 5 ess-at&t standard
U.K-basic net3 & basic net5
France-vn3 & vn4

Ss7 (signalling system7)

Will be configured at the back bone side.

telco
vn3/vn4 ss7 basic net3
France India
E-series, I-series & Q-series
E-tells about telephone network & ISDN network
I-tells about concepts & interfaces of ISDN
Q-tells about signalling & switching of ISDN

DDR
Dail on Demand Routing
The main feature of ISDN is it dials & connects on request &
Discounects when no data transfer is taking place.
nat (network address translation
IP NAT inside
IP NAT out side
overload
IPNAT inside: any request from th internal network will be NATED
To public Ip address sending the request from internal network
To Bri interface is overloading.
When ever NAT is enable, the router will maintain a nat table.
Nat table:

When nat t able is enabled nau request will be allocated a port

Number after 1024. Above 1024 port numbers are reserved for other
Services. This allocation of port numbers is dynamic.
Configuring a DDR for ISDN
Config#int e0
Config#ip adress 192.168.5.150 255.255.255.0
Config#ip nat inside
Config#exit
Config-if#int bri 0
Config-if#ip address negotiated
Config-if#encapsulation PPP
Config-if#PPP authenticaiton PAP chap collin
Config-if#PPP chap hostname (username)
Config-if#PPP chap password (password)
Config-if#dialer string (tel.no.)
Config-if#dialer idle timeout (time in secs)
Config-if#dialer group
Config-if#ip nat outside
Config-if#exit
Ip address negotialted : this is when an ip adress is fetched kdynamically
From ISP 7 donot have a permanent public I.P adress
Dialer – list range 1-10
to configure router as a DHCP server
Config#ip pool <name> staring ip end ip.

Some ISDN command

Sh int bri0
Sh isdn status
(layer 1 should be active. If not physical conectivity is lost)

Sh isdn active
Sh isdn history
Sh ip network translaiton