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1) Meta-analysis pools data from multiple studies to increase power but is limited by the quality and biases of individual studies. 2) Randomized controlled trials compare two groups where one variable is manipulated to measure its effects and can prove causation. 3) Cohort studies compare a group with a disease to one without to ask what happened retrospectively and have issues with confounding and proving causation.
1) Meta-analysis pools data from multiple studies to increase power but is limited by the quality and biases of individual studies. 2) Randomized controlled trials compare two groups where one variable is manipulated to measure its effects and can prove causation. 3) Cohort studies compare a group with a disease to one without to ask what happened retrospectively and have issues with confounding and proving causation.
1) Meta-analysis pools data from multiple studies to increase power but is limited by the quality and biases of individual studies. 2) Randomized controlled trials compare two groups where one variable is manipulated to measure its effects and can prove causation. 3) Cohort studies compare a group with a disease to one without to ask what happened retrospectively and have issues with confounding and proving causation.
"#$%&'(%)*+,+: pools uata fiom seveial stuuies (gieatei powei), limiteu by qualitybias of inuiviuual stuuies -),(,.%) /0,%): compaies two gioups in which one vaiiable is manipulateu anu its effects measuieu -1210$ (!"#$%&'" !&)*): compaies gioup with !&)* +$,%-! to a gioup without - asks "what will happen." (piospective). Pioves cause-effect -%+# -1($01) (-..) !$%&-): compaies gioup with uisease to gioup without uisease - asks "what happeneu." (ietiospective). Issues with confounuing anu inability to piove causation -%+# 3#0,#+: goou foi iaie uiseases, uesciibe clinical piesentation of ceitain uisease -01++&3#.$,1(%): uata fiom a gioup to assess uisease pievalence at a paiticulai point in time - asks "what is happening."
3#(+,$,4,$* (iule -/% - scieening): piopoition of people with uisease who test positive: /5 6 7/5 8 9:; < = & 9:. If 1uu%, then all negative tests aie TN. 3>#.,?,.,$* (iule &0 - confiimatoiy): piopoition of people without uisease who test negative: /: 6 7/: 8 95; < = & 95. If 1uu%, then all positive tests aie TP. 55@: piopoition of positive tests that aie tiue positives: /5 6 7/5 8 95;. If uisease pievalence is low, then PPv will be low. :5@: piopoition of negative tests that aie tiue negatives. /: 6 7/: 8 9:;
ABB+ 0%$,1 (,$)" ,-0%!-#): ouus of having uisease in exposeu gioup uiviueu by ouus in unexposeu gioup. 7%6C; 6 7.6B; < 7%B; 6 7C.; D#)%$,4# 0,+E (,-1-!%): ielative piobability of getting uisease in exposeu gioup veisus unexposeu. F%67%8C;G 6 F.67.8B;G '$$0,CH$%C)# 0,+EI piopoition of cases attiibutable to one iisk factoi. F%67%8C;G & F.67.8B;G
J(.,B#(.#: # of 0"2 cases in a unit of time pop. at iisk 50#4%)#(.#: %-%$# # of cases at a given time pop. at iisk Pievalence < inciuence * uz uuiation. Pievalence K inciuence in ,1!-0&, uz. Pievalence < inciuence in $,/%" uz
D#),%C,),$* ("piecision") - iepiouucibility of test. Affecteu by ianuom eiioi @%),B,$* ("accuiacy") - measuies tiueness of uata. Affecteu by systematic eiioi -100#)%$,1( .1#??,.,#($ measuies how ielateu two values aie: +1 = peifect positive coiielation, -1 = peifect negative coiielation, u = no coiielation
R S (0/## 134-%1")&)): no ielationship between two measuiements /*># J 7T; #0010: ieject null when it's tiue /*># JJ 7U; #0010: accept null when it's false 51P#0 7=&U;I piobability of iejecting null when it is inueeu false (inciease )$54#" )&6" to inciease powei)
3#)#.$,1( C,%+: nonianuom assignment of subjects 3%L>),(Q C,%+: subjects not iepiesentative of population D#.%)) C,%+: iisk foi ietiospective stuuies (pts cannot iemembei things); knowleuge of uisoiuei piesence alteis iecall V%$#&)11E C,%+: uata gatheieu at inappiopiiate time V#%B&$,L# C,%+: eaily uefection confuseu with incieaseu suivival -1(?1H(B,(Q C,%+: a factoi is ielateu to both exposuie anu outcome, but not on the causal pathway 501.#BH0# C,%+: subjects in uiffeient gioups not tieateu the same
:1$#+I
WJ3M'3M /M3/ + - + /5 95 - 9: /: WJ3M'3M DJ3X 9'-/AD + - + % C - . B YZ % oi fiactions /&$#+$ 2 means ':A@' > 2 means
(Studies in Fuzziness and Soft Computing 240) Asli Celikyilmaz, I. Burhan Türksen - Modeling Uncertainty With Fuzzy Logic - With Recent Theory and Applications-Springer (2009)