UNIT III Lesson 1 (Characteristics and Instruments of the Classical Period)

Classical Period in Western music occurred from about 1750 to 1825.

There is considerable overlap at both ends with preceding and following
periods, as is true for all musical eras.
In the middle of the 18
th
century, Europe began to move to a new style in
architecture, literature, and the arts generally, known as Classicism.

The Best known Classical Composers
1. Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart
2. Ludwig van Beethoven
3. Muzio Clementi
4. Joseph Haydn
5. Johann Ladislaus Dussek
6. Carl Philipp Emanuel Bach
7. Christoph Willibald Gluck
Main Characteristics of the music in the Classical Period
Music became lighter, clearer in texture, and less complicated compared
with Baroque music; mainly homophonic melody above chordal
accompaniment.
Emphasis was given on grace and beauty of melody and form, proportion
and balance, moderation and control.
There was an increase in variety and contrast within a piece in keys,
melodies, rhythms, and dynamics.
Orchestra increased in size and range.
Sonata form developed and became the most important design.
Importance was given to instrumental music sonata, trio, string, quartet,
symphony, concerto, serenade, and divertimento.

Developments and changes in music during the Classical Period
I. Baroque polyphony was no longer the focus and gave way to homophony.
II. The playing of chords that became necessary led to the development of
counterpoint and harmony.
III. Standardizing of instrument groups.
IV. Reducing in the importance of bass continuo as bass continuo was replaced
by harmonic aspects often played by several instruments.
V. Focus on a single melodic line with accompaniment that resulted to
emphasis on dynamics and phrasing.
VI. The simplification of texture resulted to theses effects:
a) Instrumental detail became more important.
b) Making use of characteristic rhythms, such as attention-getting
opening fanfares, the funeral march rhythm, or the minuet genre.
c) More emphasis on establishing and unifying the tone of a single
movement.
VII. This also led to the Classical styles gradual breaking away from the
Baroque style of making each movement of music devoted to a single affect
and instead was replaced by a style characterized by contrasts between
sections within movements, giving each its own emotional coloring, using
range techniques:
a) Opposition of major and minor modes
b) Strident rhythmic themes
c) More song-like themes
d) Making movement between different harmonic areas.
Lesson II (Composers of the Classical Period)
Early Classical Period
The first great master of the Classical sytle was the composer Franz Joseph
Haydn (1732-1809) of Austria. Earning him the titles Father of the
Symphony. Her wrote 104 symphonies, the last 12 of which are known as
the Londin Symphonies written on his two visits in London. He is
considered as the Father of the Sonata form which relied on dramatic
contrast and tension of melody against harmony and rhythm. Another title he
earned was the Father of the String Quartet. In 1772, Haydn completed
this Opus 10 set of six string quartets, in which he deployed the polyphonic
techniques he had gathered from the previous era, the Baroque period.

The Middle Classical Period

Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart baptized Joannes Chrysostomus
Wolfgangus Theophilus Mozart (Jan. 27, 1765 Dec. 5, 1791) he is a
influential composer of the Classical era. His output of over 600
compositions includes works widely acknowledged as pinnacles of
symphonic genre, concertante, chamber, piano, operatic, and choral music.
He was born to Leopold and Anna Maria Perti Mozart, in what is now
Austria, then part of the Holy Roman Empire.
Leopold gave up composing when his sons outstanding musical talents
became evident. Along with Haydn, Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart, one of the
first classical composers, wrote music for many different genres. His major
works include Requiem, the operas Nozze de Figaro, Don Giovanni, and
Die Zauberflote, the clarinet concerto, the string quartet, the late piano
concerti, and the later symphonies.

The Late Classical Period

Ludwig Van Beethoven (1770-1827) represents the highest level of musical
genius. He was born in Bonn, Germany, to Johann van Beethoven, one of a
line of musicians of Flemish ancestry, and Maria Magdalena Keverich.
Beethovens first music teacher was his father, a tenor in the service of the
Electoral court at Bonn, who was reportedly a harsh and unpredictable
instructor. He established a reputation in Vienna as a piano virtuoso. He
renamed the symphony Sinfonia Eroica, composta per festeggiare il
sovvenire di un grand Uomo. The fourth movement of his Ninth
Symphony features an elaborate choral setting of Schillers Ode An die
Freude. He wrote symphonies: The Eroica (3
rd
), Pastoral (6
th
), Choral
(9
th
) were the most famous piano concerti, triple, concerto, and string
quartets.
Lesson III (Music Forms in the Classical Period)
The term Classic borrowed from a period in ancient Greece connotes
emphasis on clear-cut structure and on the classical simplicity in style.
General Characteristics
Great concern for form, especially the sonata
Attention placed to dynamic marking like piano, forte, etc.
Development of the symphony to the fullest
The use of Alberti bass accompaniment
Classical Musical Forms
Bass continuo and Alberti bass
Characteristic of Classical Period
Chamber Music
Overtures
Sonata developed from an early Italian word sonare, meaning to sound. For the
past seven hundred years, sonata has referred to a large instrumental composition
of three or four separate movements for solo piano, or solo instrument, such as
violin or flute, with piano accompaniment.
Symphony is a sonata for orchestra, or in recent years, for band. To write a
symphony is a real musical challenge for a composer. Each movement must be
complete in itself, at the same time must create a feeling of unity and relationship
with all the movements.
Franz Joseph Haydn is called the Father of the symphony. He
composed over one hundred symphonies. The first movement of his Symphony No.
102 is in sonata-allegro form. These musical materials are introduced in the
exposition.
A Concerto is a sonata for solo instrument and orchestra. It is usually designed in
three movements. The highly-developed skill of the soloist and the variety of
possibilities of the solo instrument are shown in most concertos.
Unlike the symphony that has 4 movements, the concerto has only 3.
1. Fast
2. Slow
3. Fast
A concerto has no minuet or scherzo.
Near the end, the concerto executes a fermata(pause) placed over a chord.
A Chamber Music
A lot of chamber music is classical.
All instruments play most of the time and are equally important.
Chamber music for two instruments is called duo; for three, trio; for four,
quartet; for five, quintet, etc.
An Overture is a short piece for an orchestra. Overtures were performed before an
opera or play to put the audience in the right mood. Some are written for their own
sake, unconnected to play or opera.
UNIT IV Lesson I (Baroque Music Its Characteristics and Influences on Later
Music)
Baroque can be traced from the ancient Portuguese noun barroco. So
Baroque can simply mean something elaborate and with many details.
The usage of this term originated in the 1860s to describe the highly-
decorated style of 17
th
and 18
th
century religious and public buildings in
Italy, Germany, and Austria.
Baroque Music describes an era and a set of styles of European Classical music
which were in widespread use between 1600-1760.
Other Features of Baroque Music
Melodies are elaborate and ornamental so they are not easy to remember.
A Baroque piece usually expresses one basic mood through different
emotions.
There was increased importance of secular music.
Dynamics tends to stay constant, however, when there is tense shift, the
change in dynamics is sudden. The alternation between soft and load is
called terraced dynamics.
Monody music with one melodic voice and accompaniment is prevalent
in early 17
th
-century music, especially in Italy.
Lesson II (Baroque Music Forms)
Baso Continuo is made up of a bass part together with chords to be played
above it. Because of its use of numerical symbol it is known as figured bass.
Chords were important in Baroque music because these chords support
melodic line and beautify music.
The invention of Piano it is widely considered that the piano was invented by a
single person ~ Bartolomeo Cristofori of Padua, Italy. There are three surviving
Cristofori pianos today that date from the 1720s.
Fugue
The Fugue is the cornerstone of Baroque music.
A fugues texture usually includes three, four, or five voices.
Sonata
Music for one or more instrument accompaniment almost always with
continuo.
Bachs six solo violin sonatas, nos. 1, 3, and 5 are recognizably sonata da
chiesa while nos. 2, 4, and 6 are sonata da camera.

Concerto Grosso and Ritornello Form
Concerto Grosso is an important orchestra form of music during the Baroque
Period.
Usually two or more soloists play with 8-20 or more musicians for the
tutti.
Brandenburg Concertos
Bach composed the six Brandenburg Concertos which Bach sent to a
German aristocrat, the Mangrave of Brandenburg in 1718. The Mangrave loved
music and asked Bach to send him some original compositions.
Baroque Orchestra
Violins usually played the tune.
A harpsichord played the harmonies.
Toccata
A form first appeared in the late Renaissance Period.
Is a piece of classical form of a keyboard instrument generally emphasizing
the dexterity of the performer.
Baroque Suite
The movements of a suite are usually in two part form with each section
repeated.
Baroque composers wrote suites which are sets of dance-inspired
movements.
Baroque Music and Dances
Allemande German origin.
Ballet Theatrical performance.
Bourree Lively dance with smooth easy-flowing.
Courante French origin.
Gavotte French dance in steady
Gigue Lively dance in simple form.
Minuet Moderately pace French dance.
Sarabande Slow stately dance.
Vocal Forms
Recitative a free form for solo voice with accompaniment in which the vocal
melody approximates the natural rhythm and pitch inflection of the text.
Aria a song for solo voice and accompaniment in which the vocal part is written
in a fairly complex style, often with several notes in each syllable of the text.
Chorale a hymn of the Lutheran Church. It may be sung in unison or in four-part
block-chord style.
Chorus choral sections of operas, oratorios, or other large works may be written
in a variety of forms and textures, ranging from short, declamatory passages.
The Opera
Claudio Monteverdi (1567-1643) is regarded as an important composer of
the opera. His works include Orfeo, which was performed in the courts of Mantua,
Italy in 1607.
Lesson III (The Characteristics of Renaissance Music)
Renaissance was a cultural movement that spanned roughly the 14
th
through
the 16
th
centuries, beginning in Italy in the late Middle Ages.
Renaissance Music was written during the Renaissance, approximately
1400 to 1600. It is began in Florence in the 14
th
century.
Black Death Italy was particularly badly hit by the plague. The Black Death was
a pandemic that affected all of Europe. Black Death, as has been said, has
prompted a new wave of piety.
Other Renaissance developments
Musicians worked in churches, courts, and towns.
Italy was the leading music center in the 16
th
century.
Since Kings, Dukes, and Princess competed for the finest composers,
musicians enjoyed higher status and pay than ever before.
Characteristics of renaissance music
Vocal polyphony reached a high degree of perfection with four or more
voices of equal importance.
A cappella in singing especially in church music.
Major and minor scales becoming stronger.
Music printing contributed to the dissemination of music literature.
Lesson IV (Music Forms of Renaissance Music)
The principal liturgical forms which endured throughout the Renaissance
Period were masses and motets. Other developments towards the end, especially as
composers of sacred music began to adopt secular forms. The common sacred
genres were the mass, the motel, madrigals, and the laude.
Mass
One of Joaquin des Prezs mature masses was the Missa Ad fugam.
Many of the most famous of the great masses of the Romantic Era were
requiem masses.
Prominent representatives of a cappella choral counterpoint included the
Englishman William Byrd, the Castilian Tomas Luis de Victoria.
Many famous and influential masses were composed by Joaquin des Prez,
the single most influential composer of the Middle Renaissance.
Motet
Is a religious polyphonic composition which appeared in the 12
th
century
when the cathedral church needed more elaborate music.
Many secular motets are known as ceremonial motets.
During the Renaissance, the motet had a most elaborate polyphonic
treatment.
The Motet was one of the preeminent forms of Renaissance music. Other
important composers of Renaissance motets include;
o Alexander Agricola
o Gilles Binchois
o Antoine Busnois
o William Byrd
o Johannes Vodnianus Campanus
o Loyset Compere
o Joaquin Des Prez
o John Dunstaple
o Antoine de Fevin
o Martin Peerson
o Johannes Ockeghem
o Jacob Obrecht
o Jean Mouton
o Orlando di Lasso
o Pierre de La Rue
o Heinrich Isaac
Ricercar
Is a type of late renaissance and mostly early Baroque instrumental
composition.
The second type of ricecar, the imitative, contrapuntal type eventually
developed into the fugue.
Laude
Is the most important form of vernacular sacred songs in Italy in the late
medieval era and the early Renaissance.
The Laude declined in importance with the development of the oratorio.
Basse dance was the most popular court dance in the 15
th
and early 16
th

centuries.
Galliard was a form of Renaissance dance and music popular all over Europe in
the 16
th
century.
Courante are just some of the names given to a family of triple metre dances
from the late Renaissance and the Baroque Era.


Lesson V (Baroque Composers and Instruments)
George Frederic Handel (1685-1759)
One of the most popular Baroque composers of the Baroque music.
Born on February 23, 1685, just a month before Johann Sebastian Bach was
born.
He performed in Berlin where he was praised by Elector Frederick III.
He left Italy in 1710 and went to Hanover where he was appointed
Kapellmeister to the Elector, George Louis.
The Messiah (1741) has a three parts;
a. Is about the birth of Christ
b. Is Christs mission and sufferings
c. Is about his resurrection
He is the creator of the famous and joyous Hallelujah Chorus.
He was buried in Westminster in April 14, 1759, recognized in England as
the greatest composer of his day.
Johann Sebastian Bach (1685-1750)
Was a prolific German composer and organist whose sacred and secular
works for choir, orchestra, and solo instruments unified the elements of the
Baroque music that resulted to the Baroque periods ultimate maturity.
He was born in Eisenach, a town of some 6,000 residents in the German-
speaking electorate of secular music and participation in church music.
His son Johannes became a piper, his son Christoph (1613-61) was an
instrumentalist, and his twin son was JS Bachs Father.
His mother died in 1694 and his father died the following year.
He exposed him to the work of the great south German composers of the day
such as Pachelbel and Johann Jakob Froberger and possibly to the music
North German composers, and of Frenchmen such as Lully, Louis
Marchand, Marin Marais, and the Italian clavierist Girolamo Frescobaldi.
At the age of 14, Bach, along with his older school friend, Georg Erdmann,
was awarded a choral scholarship to study at the prestigious St. Michaels
school in Luneburg.
Revered for their intellectual depth and technical and artistic beauty, JS
Bachs works include the Brandenburg Concerti, the Goldburg Variations,
the Keyboard Suites and Partitas, the Well-Tempered Clavier the Mass in B
Minor, the St. Matthew Passion, the Musical Offering, The Art of Fugue,
and more than 200 cantatas.


Lesson IV (Renaissance Composers)
Giovanni Pierlugi da Palestrina (1525-1594)
Considered the greatest master of Roman Catholic Church music.
He began his musical training at age 7 and a pupil of Mallapert And Firmin
Lebel at St.Maris Maggiore, Rome where he was a choirboy from at least
1537.
He married Lucrezia Gori and had 3 children.
He was once appointed maestro di cappella of the Capella Guilia in
Rome(1551) where he issued his first works.
He sang in the Capella Sistina in 1555.
During the 1560s and 70s, da Palestrinas fame and influence rapidly
increased through the wide diffusion of his published works.
He was aksed to rewrite the churchs main plain chant books (1577)
He ranks with Lassus and Bryd as the greatest renaissance master.
His works include 93 masses, 200 motets, more than a hundred hymns
and offertories.
All his works set him up as the classic model of
the renaissance polyphony.
Antonio Vivaldi (b.Venice, 1678; d.Vienna, 1741)
An italian composer and violinist.
He published trio sonatas, Opus 1(1705) and violin
sonatas, opus 2(1709)First opera Ottone in Villa
Produced Vincenza -1713 First Venetian Opera-
Orlando finto pazzo (1713) He also conducted and
played violin in opera performances.
In addition to his choral music and concerti, Vivaldi had begun regularly
writing opera scores by 1715; about 50 of these scores remain.
His two most successful operatic works, La constanza
trionfante and Farnace, were performed in multiple revivals during Vivaldi's
lifetime.
It was during his term in Mantua, from around 1717 to 1721, that he wrote
his four-part masterpiece, The Four Seasons.
One of his cantatas, Gloria e Imeneo, was written specifically for the
wedding of King Louis XV. He was also a favorite of Emperor Charles VI,
who honored Vivaldi publicly by naming him a knight.
ANTIMATTER

ADVANTAGES
One of the beauties of antimatter is its efficiency. A fission reaction uses up
about 1 percent of the available energy inside matter, whereas the annihilation of
antimatter and matter converts 100 percent of the mass into energy. No wonder
tiny amounts of antimatter can have such powerful effects. Put a gram of matter
together with a gram of antimatter and you release the equivalent of a 20 kiloton
bomb, about the size of the one that destroyed Hiroshima.

DISADVANTAGES
It is the most deadly weapon. There is a lack of antimatter existing in the universe.
An antimatter weapon is a hypothetical device using antimatter as a power source.







A New Element Maybe

Lead, iron and uranium are nothing compared to ununseptium, the temporary name
for element 117, an extremely heavy combination of berkelium and calcium isotopes
created in a particle accelerator in Dubna, Russia.
Advantages
The new element existed for only the tiniest fraction of a second before vanishing
again, but the fact that it remained stable for even the fleeting instant it did is
promising.
Disadvantages
The heavier artificial elements get, the less stable they become, until they reach a
point at which the curve turns back up and they begin to last longer and longer.
Ununseptium is on the upward part of that arc suggesting that what physicists call
islands of stability may exist, at which the heaviest elements of all could last for
months or years