5ACh14 (Arithmetic and Geometric Sequences and Their Summation)

Certificate Mathematics in Action Full Solutions 5A
14 Arithmetic and Geometric Sequences and their Summation

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Activity (b) very close to zero
Activity 14.1 (p. 161) (c) very large
1. (a) 2, 2, 2, 2 Follow-up Exercise

(b) 3, 3, 3, 3 p. 158
(c) 5, 5, 5, 5
1. (a) T(1) = 5(1) = 5
(d) –5, –5, –5, –5 T(2) = 5(2) = 10
2. They are equal. T(3) = 5(3) = 15
T(4) = 5(4) = 20
Activity 14.2 (p. 184)
1. (a) S(10) = 1 + 2 + 3 + 4 + 5 + 6 + 7 + 8 + 9 + 10 (b) T(1) = 12 – 1 = 0
T(2) = 22 – 1 = 3
(b) S(10) = 55
T(3) = 32 – 1 = 8
2. No T(4) = 42 – 1= 15
Activity 14.3 (p. 198) 1

1  1
1 Range of R R n Rn (c) T(1) =   =
3
  3
. 256
2
8
(or any other 1  1
reasonable T(2) =   =
–2 3 9
answers)
(or any 3
–32 768 1  1
R < –1 other T(3) =   =
(or any other
reasonable 15
reasonable 3 27
answers)
answers) 4
1  1
very very large or T(4) =   =
large very small 3  81
1
(or any 2. (a) (i) 21, 26
8 256
other reasonable
1 (ii) ∵ T(1) = 1 = 5(1) – 4
answers) T(2) = 6 = 5(2) – 4
2 1 T(3) = 11 = 5(3) – 4
–1 < R < 1 (or any (or T(4) = 16 = 5(4) – 4
other
32 768
15 any other ∴ T(n) = 5n −4
reasonable
answers) reasonable
answers) (iii) ∵ T(n) = 5n – 4
very very close to ∴ T(10) = 5(10) – 4 = 46
large zero and T(15) = 5(15) – 4 = 71
256 (or any ∴ The 10th term and the 15th term of the
8 other reasonable sequence are 46 and 71 respectively.
2
answers)
(or any (b) (i) 81, 243
32 768 (or any
R>1 other
15 other reasonable
reasonable (ii) ∵ T(1) = 1 = 31 – 1
answers)
answers) T(2) = 3 = 32 – 1
very
very large T(3) = 9 = 33 – 1
large
T(4) = 27 = 34 – 1
n− 1
2. (a) very large or very small ∴ T(n) = 3
(iii) ∵ T(n) = 3n – 1 = log 2

∴ T(10) = 310 – 1 = 39 T(3) – T(2) = log 8 – log 4
and T(15) = 315 – 1 = 314 = 3 log 2 – 2 log 2
∴ The 10th term and the 15th term of the = log 2
sequence are 39 and 314 respectively. T(4) – T(3) = log 16 – log 8
= 4 log 2 – 3 log 2
1 1 = log 2
(c) (i) , ∴ It is an arithmetic sequence with common
32 64 difference log 2.
1 1 2. (a) Let a and d be the first term and the common

(ii) ∵ T(1) = = 1 difference respectively.
2 2 ∵ a = 2 and d = 5 – 2 = 3
1 1 ∴ T(n) = a + (n – 1)d
T(2) = = 2 = 2 + (n – 1)(3)
4 2
= 3n – 1
1 1 ∴ T(12) = 3(12) – 1
T(3) = = 3
8 2 = 35
1 1
T(4) = = 4 (b) Let a and d be the first term and the common
16 2 difference respectively.
1 ∵ a = 10 and d = 14 – 10 = 4
∴ T(n) = ∴ T(n) = a + (n – 1)d
2n
= 10 + (n – 1)(4)
= 6 + 4n
1 ∴ T(12) = 6 + 4(12)
(iii) ∵ T(n) = = 54
2n
1 1 (c) Let a and d be the first term and the common
∴ T(10) = 10 =
2 1024 difference respectively.
∵ a = 6 and d = 4 – 6 = –2
1 1 ∴ T(n) = a + (n – 1)d
and T(15) = 15 =
2 32 768 = 6 + (n – 1)(–2)
∴ The 10th term and the 15th term of the = 8 – 2n
∴ T(12) = 8 – 2(12)
1 1
sequence are and =− 16
1024 32 768
respectively. (d) Let a and d be the first term and the common
difference respectively.
p. 165 ∵ a = –25 and d = –22 – (–25) = 3
∴ T(n) = a + (n – 1)d
1. (a) T(2) – T(1) = 3 – 1 = 2
= –25 + (n – 1)(3)
T(3) – T(2) = 5 – 3 = 2
= 3n – 28
T(4) – T(3) = 7 – 5 = 2
∴ T(12) = 3(12) – 28
∴ It is an arithmetic sequence with common
difference 2. =8
(b) T(2) – T(1) = –10 – (–13) = 3 3. (a) Let a and d be the first term and the common
T(3) – T(2) = –7 – (–10) = 3 difference respectively.
T(4) – T(3) = –4 – (–7) = 3 T(9) = a + 8d = 22 ……(1)
∴ It is an arithmetic sequence with common T(13) = a + 12d = 34 ……(2)
difference 3. (2) – (1), 4d = 12
d=3
(c) T(2) – T(1) = 4 – 2 = 2 By substituting d = 3 into (1), we have
T(3) – T(2) = 8 – 4 = 4 ≠ 2 a + 8(3) = 22
∴ It is not an arithmetic sequence. a = –2
∴ The first term and the common difference are –2
(d) T(2) – T(1) = log 4 – log 2 and 3 respectively.
= 2 log 2 – log 2
(b) T(n) = a + (n – 1)d The arithmetic sequence formed is:

= –2 + (n – 1)(3) 5, 5 + d3, 5 + 2d3, 5 + 3d3, 5 + 4d3, 5 + 5d3, 17
=− 5 +3n ∵ The 7th term is also given by 5 + 6d2.
(c) ∵ T(k) = 73 ∴ 5 + 6d3 = 17
∴ –5 + 3k = 73 d3 = 2
∴ The five required arithmetic means are 7, 9, 11,
k = 26
13 and 15.
4. (a) T(n) = a + (n – 1)d 3. ∵ x is the arithmetic mean between 6 and y,
= –24 + (n – 1)(5) and 18 is the arithmetic mean between y and 22.
=− 29 +5n
 6+ y
 x= 2
.........( 1)
(b) T(7) = – 29 + 5(7)
∴
=6 y + 22
T(12) = – 29 + 5(12) 18 = .........( 2)
= 31  2
From (2), we have
36 = y + 22
(c) ∵ The mth term is the first positive term of the
sequence. y = 14
∴ T(m) > 0 By substituting y = 14 into (1), we have
i.e. – 29 + 5m > 0 6 +14
29 x=
m> 2
5 = 10
∵ m is the number of terms, it must be an integer.
∴ m=6 p. 176
T ( 2) 4
p. 170 1. (a) = =2
T (1) 2
−10 + ( −2) T (3) 6 3
1. (a) Arithmetic mean = = = ≠2
2 T ( 2) 4 2
= –6
∴ It is not a geometric sequence.
137 + 27 T ( 2) −4 1
(b) Arithmetic mean =
2 (b) = =
T (1) −8 2
= 82
T (3) −2 1
= =
2. (a) Let d1 be the common difference of the arithmetic T (2) −4 2
sequence to be formed.
The arithmetic sequence formed is: T (4) −1 1
= =
5, 5 + d1, 5 + 2d1, 17 T (3) −2 2
∵ The 4th term is also given by 5 + 3d1.
∴ 5 + 3d1 = 17
1
∴ It is a geometric sequence with common ratio .
d1 = 4 2
∴ The two required arithmetic means are 9 and 13.
T ( 2) 0.22 11
(b) Let d2 be the common difference of the arithmetic (c) = =
T (1) 0.2 10
The arithmetic sequence formed is: T (3) 0.222 111 11
5, 5 + d2, 5 + 2d2, 5 + 3d2, 17 = = ≠
T ( 2) 0.22 110 10
∵ The 5th term is also given by 5 + 4d2.
∴ 5 + 4d2 = 17 ∴ It is not a geometric sequence.
d2 = 3
∴ The three required arithmetic means are 8, 11 and T ( 2) log 9
(d) = =2
14. T (1) log 3
(c) Let d3 be the common difference of the arithmetic T (3) log 27 3
= = ≠2
sequence to be formed. T (2) log 9 2
80
∴ It is not a geometric sequence. 1

∵ a = –8, R = and T(n) = aRn – 1
2. (a) Let a and R be the first term and the common 2
n −1
ratio respectively. 1 
2 ∴ T(n) = −8 
∵ a = 1 and R = =2 2 
1 = −2 4−n
∴ T(n) = aRn – 1
= 1(2)n – 1
= 2n – 1 (b) T(4) = –24 – 4
∴ T(6) = 26 – 1 =− 1
= 32 T(6) = –24 – 6
1
(b) Let a and R be the first term and the common =−
4
ratio respectively.
9 4. (a) Let a and R be the first term and the common
∵ a = 3 and R = =3
3 ratio respectively.
∴ T(n) = aRn – 1 T(3) = aR2 = 1 ………(1)
= 3(3)n – 1 T(8) = aR7 = 243 ………(2)
= 3n (2) ÷ (1), R5 = 243
∴ T(6) = 36 R=3
= 729 By substituting R = 3 into (1), we have
a(3)2 = 1
(c) Let a and R be the first term and the common 1
a=
ratio respectively. 9
6 1
∵ a = –3 and R = = –2 ∴ The first term and the common ratio are and
−3 9
∴ T(n) = aRn – 1 3 respectively.
= –3(–2)n – 1
3 (b) T(n) = aRn – 1
=(–2)n
2 1
= ⋅ 3n – 1
3 9
∴ T(6) = (–2)6 n−3
2 =3
= 96
(c) T(7) + T(9) = 37 – 3 + 39 – 3
(d) Let a and R be the first term and the common = 810
ratio respectively.
−64 1 p. 181
∵ a = 128 and R = =−
128 2 1. (a) Geometric mean = 5 ×45
∴ T(n) = aRn – 1 = 15
n −1
 1
= 128  − 
2 (b) Geometric mean = −12 ×( −147 )

n
= 42
 1
= –256  − 
2 2. (a) Let R be the common ratio of the geometric

6
 1 The geometric sequence formed is:
∴ T(6) = –256  − 
 2 1 1 1 27
, R, R 2 ,
=−4 2 2 2 16
1 3
∵ The 4th term is also given by R.
3. (a) Let a and R be the first term and the common 2
ratio respectively.
1 3 27 (b) ∵ a = 3, d = 8 – 3 = 5 and n = 12
∴ R = 12
2 16 ∴ S(12) = [2(3) + (12 – 1)(5)]
3 2
R= = 366
2
3 (c) ∵ a = 28, d = 26 – 28 = –2 and n = 15
∴ The two required geometric means are and
4 15
∴ S(15) = [2(28) + (15 – 1)( –2)]
9 2
.
8 = 210
(b) Let r be the common ratio of the geometric sequence 2. (a) ∵ a = –5, l = 9 and n = 8
to be formed. 8( −5 +9)
The geometric sequence formed is: ∴ S(8) =
2
3 3 3 2 3 3 2
, r, r , r , = 16
8 8 8 8 27
3 4
∵ The 5th term is also given by r. (b) ∵ a = 100, d = –4 and n = 12
8
3 4 2 12
∴ S(12) = [2(100) + (12 – 1)( –4)]
∴ r = 2
8 27
= 936
2
r=±
3 3. (a) Let n be the number of terms of the given series.
1 ∵ a = –7, d = –2 – (–7) = 5 and l = T(n) = 103
∴ The three required geometric means are , and T(n) = a + (n – 1)d
4 ∴ 103 = –7 + (n – 1)(5)
1 1 1 1 1 n – 1 = 22
and or − , and − .
6 9 4 6 9 n = 23
23 ( −7 +103 )
∴ S(23) =
3. ∵ x, x + 3, x + 9 are in geometric sequence. 2
∴ x + 3 is the geometric mean between x and x + 9.
∴ (x + 3)2 = x(x + 9) = 1104
x + 6x + 9 = x2 + 9x
2
3x = 9 (b) Let N be the number of terms that must be taken.

x=3 ∵ a = –9, d = –2 – (–9) = 7 and S(n) = 1564
N
and S(n) = [2a + (N – 1)d]
p. 183 2
1. (a) 1 + 3 + 5 + 7 + 9 N
∴ 1564 = [2(–9) + (N – 1)(7)]
(b) 25 2
3128 = 7N2 – 25N
2
2. (a) 2 + 4 + 8 + 16 + 32 + 64 7N – 25N – 3128 = 0
(N – 23)(7N + 136) = 0
(b) 126 136
N = 23 or − (rejected)
3. (a) 1 + 4 + 9 + 16 + 25 + 36 + 49 7
∴ 23 terms of the arithmetic series must be taken.
(b) 140
4. (a) ∵ a = 1, l = 100 and n = 100
p. 188 100 (1 +100 )
1. (a) ∵ a = 1, d = 5 – 1 = 4 and n = 10 ∴ 1 + 2 + … + 100 =
2
10 = 5050
∴ S(10) = [2(1) + (10 – 1)(4)]
2
(b) Let n be the number of terms of the given series.
= 190 ∵ a = 3, d = 6 – 3 = 3 and l = T(n) = 99
80
and T(n) = a + (n – 1)d

∴ 99 = 3 + (n – 1)(3)
  1 N 
n = 33
10241 −   
33 (3 + 99 ) 7   2  
∴ 2047 =
∴ The required sum =
2 8 1 − 12
= 1683 N
1 1
(c) The required sum
2048  =
= sum of integers between 1 and 100 inclusive – sum  2 8
of integers between 1 and 100 that are multiples of 3 N = 14
= 5050 – 1683 (from (a) and (b)) ∴ 14 terms of arithmetic series must be taken.
= 3367
3. Let the least number of terms of the geometric series be N.
p. 195 37 1
∵ a = 38, R= = and
1. (a) ∵ a = 3, R = 2 and n = 6 38 3
3( 2 6 −1) a (1 − R N )
∴ S(6) = S(N ) = > 9841
2 −1 1−R
= 189   1 N 
3 1−   
8
 3 
(b) ∵ a = 39, R =
1
and n = 8
  > 9841
3 1
1−
  1 8  3
39 1 −    9   1 N 
  3   ∴ 3 1 −    > 9841
∴ S(8) = 2   3 
1  
1−
3 1
N
19 682
= 29 520 1−   >
 3 19 683
2. (a) Let n be the number of terms of the given series. N
1 1
512 1 −  > −
∵ a = 1024, R = = and T(n) = aRn – 1 = 8  3 19 683
1024 2
N
1 
n −1 1  1
∴ 8 = 1024     <
2
3  19 683
n −1 1 1
1 1  < 9
=  3N 3
128  2 
n=8
3N > 39
  1 8  N >9
1024 1 −    ∵ N is the least number and it is an integer.
∴ S(8) =
  2   ∴ N = 10
∴ There should be at least 10 terms.
1
1−
2 p. 202
= 2040
1 
1. (a) ∵ a = 1 and R =  
2  = 1
(b) Let N be the number of terms that must be taken.
1 2
1
∵ a = 1024, R = and S(N) = 1
2 S (∞) = =2
∴ 1
a (1 − R N ) 7 1−
= 2047 2
1−R 8
− 1 
 3
1
(b) ∵ a = 1, R =   = −1 = × perimeter of △A2B2C2
1 3
2
1 3 1 1
= × × perimeter of △A1B1C1
S (∞) = = 2 2
∴  1 4
1 − −  1 1
 3 = × × 16 cm
2 2
2
2. (a)  = 2222…
0.2 1
=  × 16 cm
= 0.2 + 0.02 + 0.002 + 0.0002 + … 2
0.2 ∴ Perimeter of △AkBkCk
=
1 −0.1 1 
k −1
2 =  × 16 cm
= 2 
9 5−k
=2 cm
4
(b) 0.2  = 0.242 424…
(c) From (b), the perimeters of the triangles formed are in
= 0.24 + 0.0024 + 0.000 024 + … 1
0.24 geometric sequence with common ratio .
= 2
1 −0.01
16
=
8 = cm
1
33 ∴ Sum of the perimeters 1−
2
= 32 cm
1
3. (a) C2B2 = C 1B 1 (mid-pt. theorem)
2 p. 207
1 7 +5 6 +7
B 2A 2 = B 1A 1 (mid-pt. theorem)
2 1. X1 = 5, X2 = 7, X3 = = 6, X4 = = 6.5,
2 2
1 6. 5 + 6
A 2C 2 = A 1C 1 (mid-pt. theorem)
2 X5 = = 6.25
2
∴ Perimeter of △A2B2C2
1 2. Y1 = 3, Y2 = 3(2 – 3) = –3, Y 3 = –3[2 – (–3)] = –15,
= × perimeter of △A1B1C1
2 Y 4 = –15[2 – (–15)] = –255,
Y 5 = –255[2 – (–255)] = –65 535
1
= (16 cm)
2 Exercise
= 8 cm
Similarly, perimeter of △A3B3C3 Exercise 14A (p. 159)
1 Level 1
= × perimeter of △A2B2C2
2 1. T(1) = 2(1) + 3 = 5
1 T(2) = 2(2) + 3 = 7
= (8 cm)
2 T(3) = 2(3) + 3 = 9
= 4 cm
T(4) = 2(4) + 3 = 11
(b) Perimeter of △A2B2C2
1 1 1
2. T(1) = =
= × perimeter of △A1B1C1 1
2
1
1 T(2) = 2
= × 16 cm
2
Perimeter of △A3B3C3 1
T(3) = 3
80
1 ∴ T(8) = 6(8) – 3 = 45
T(4) = 4 and T(10) = 6(10) – 3 = 57
∴ The 8th term and the 10th term of the sequence
are 45 and 57 respectively.
3. T(1) = 12 – 3 = −
2
T(2) = 22 – 3 = 1 9. (a) –1, 1

T(3) = 32 – 3 = 6 (b) ∵ T(1) = –1 = (–1)1
T(4) = 42 – 3 = 13 T(2) = 1 = (–1)2
T(3) = –1 = (–1)3
3(1) −2 1 T(4) = 1 = (–1)4
4. T(1) = = 1) n
9 9 ∴ T(n) = (−
3( 2) −2 4
T(2) = = (c) ∵ T(n) = (–1)n
9 9 ∴ T(8) = (–1)8 = 1
3(3) −2 7 and T(10) = (–1)10 = 1
T(3) = = ∴ The 8th term and the 10th term of the sequence
9 9 are 1 and 1 respectively.
3( 4) −2 10
T(4) = = 6 7
9 9 10. (a) ,
7 8
5. T(1) = (–2)1 – 1 + 3 = 4
2 1 +1
T(2) = (–2)2 – 1 + 3 = 1 (b) ∵ T(1) = =
3 1+2
T(3) = (–2)3 – 1 + 3 = 7 3 2 +1
T(4) = (–2)4 – 1 + 3 = −
5 T(2) = =
4 2 +2
4 3 +1
6. T(1) = 32(1) – 1 = 3 T(3) = =
5 3 +2
T(2) = 32(2) – 1 = 27
5 4 +1
T(3) = 32(3) – 1 = 243 T(4) = =
6 4 +2
T(4) = 32(4) – 1 = 2187
n +1
∴ T(n) =
7. (a) 64, 128 n +2
(b) ∵ T(1) = 4 = 21 + 1 n +1
T(2) = 8 = 22 + 1 (c) ∵ T(n) =
T(3) = 16 = 23 + 1 n +2
T(4) = 32 = 24 + 1 8 +1 9
n+ 1 ∴ T(8) = =
∴ T(n) = 2 8 + 2 10
10 +1 11
(c) ∵ T(n) = 2n + 1 and T(10) = =
∴ T(8) = 28 + 1 = 512 10 + 2 12
and T(10) = 210 + 1 = 2048 ∴ The 8th term and the 10th term of the sequence
∴ The 8th term and the 10th term of the sequence 9 11
are 512 and 2048 respectively. are and respectively.
10 12
8. (a) 27, 33
Level 2
(b) ∵ T(1) = 3 = 6(1) – 3
31 1 37 311
T(2) = 9 = 6(2) – 3 11. T(1) = = , T(7) = = 3 , T(11) = =
T(3) = 15 = 6(3) – 3 729 243 729 729
T(4) = 21 = 6(4) – 3 243
∴ T(n) = 6n −3
(c) ∵ T(n) = 6n – 3
2(1) 2 −1 1 1 12
12. T(1) = = (b) ∵ T(1) = =
1 +1 2 4 (1 +1) 2
2(7) 2 −1 97 4 22
T(7) = = T(2) = =
7 +1 8 9 ( 2 +1) 2
2(11 ) 2 −1 241
T(11) = = 9 32
11 +1 12 T(3) = =
16 (3 +1) 2
(1 −1)(1 −2) 0 16 42
13. T(1) = = T(4) = =
1
25 ( 4 +1) 2
(7 −1)( 7 −2) 30 n2
T(7) = = ∴ T(n) =
7 7 ( n +1) 2
(11 −1)(11 −2) 90
T(11) = =
11 11 Exercise 14B (p. 166)
Level 1
1
3 3 1. T(2) – T(1) = 12 – 16 = –4
14. T(1) = =
13 T(3) – T(2) = 8 – 12 = –4
T(4) – T(3) = 4 – 8 = –4
37 2187 ∴ It is an arithmetic sequence with common difference –
T(7) = 3
=
7 343 4.
311 177 147
T(11) = 3
= 2. T(2) – T(1) = 2 − 1 = 2 −1
11 1331
T(3) – T(2) = 3 − 2 ≠ 2 −1
∴ It is not an arithmetic sequence.
15. (a) –5, 6
5 1 1
(b) ∵ T(1) = –1 = (–1)1 × 1 3. T(2) – T(1) = − =
T(2) = 2 = (–1)2 × 2 6 3 2
T(3) = –3 = (–1)3 × 3 4 5 1
T(3) – T(2) = − =
T(4) = 4 = (–1)4 × 4 3 6 2
∴ T(n) = (− 1) n n
11 4 1
T(4) – T(3) = − =
6 3 2
16. (a) log 80, log 160
∴ It is an arithmetic sequence with common difference
(b) ∵ T(1) = log 5 = log (5 ⋅ 21 – 1) 1
.
T(2) = log 10 = log (5 ⋅ 22 – 1) 2
T(3) = log 20 = log (5 ⋅ 23 – 1)
T(4) = log 40 = log (5 ⋅ 24 – 1) 2 1 1
∴ T(n) = log (5 ⋅2 )
n−1 4. T(2) – T(1) = − =
3 2 6
3 2 1 1
17. (a) 30, 42 T(3) – T(2) = − = ≠
4 3 12 6
(b) ∵ T(1) = 2 = 1 × (1 + 1) ∴ It is not an arithmetic sequence.
T(2) = 6 = 2 × (2 + 1)
T(3) = 12 = 3 × (3 + 1) 5. (a) ∵ a = 5 and d = 2
and T(n) = a + (n – 1)d
T(4) = 20 = 4 × (4 + 1)
∴ T(n) = 5 + (n – 1)(2) = 3 +2 n
∴ T(n) = n( n + 1)
(b) T(10) = 3 + 2(10) = 23
25 36
18. (a) , 6. (a) ∵ a = –3 and d = 9
36 49 and T(n) = a + (n – 1)d
∴ T(n) = –3 + (n – 1)(9) = −12 +9n
80
∴ –100 + 7k = 5
(b) T(10) = –12 + 9(10) = 78 k = 15
∴ There are 15 terms in the sequence.
3 15. Let a and d be the first term and the common difference
7. (a) ∵ a = and d = –2
2 respectively.
and T(n) = a + (n – 1)d T(2) = a + d = 18 ……(1)
3 7 T(6) = a + 5d = 30 ……(2)
∴ T(n) = + (n – 1)(–2) = −2n (2) – (1), 4d = 12
2 2
d=3
By substituting d = 3 into (1), we have
7 33 a + 3 = 18
(b) T(10) = – 2(10) = − a = 15
2 2
∴ T(n) = a + (n – 1)d = 15 + (n – 1)(3) = 12 +3n
3 16. Let a and d be the first term and the common difference
8. (a) ∵ a = –2 and d =
2 respectively.
and T(n) = a + (n – 1)d T(4) = a + 3d = –2 ……(1)
3 1 T(9) = a + 8d = –32 ……(2)
∴ T(n) = –2+ (n – 1)( ) = (3n −7) (2) – (1), 5d = –30
2 2
d = –6
By substituting d = –6 into (1), we have
1 23 a + 3(–6) = –2
(b) T(10) = [3(10) – 7] = a = 16
2 2
∴ T(n) = a + (n – 1)d = 16 + (n – 1)(–6) = 22 −6n
17. Let a and d be the first term and the common difference
respectively.
9. d=6–1=5
T(3) = a + 2d = 60 ……(1)
T(n) = a + (n – 1)d = 1 + (n – 1)(5) = 5n −4 T(7) = a + 6d = 40 ……(2)
(2) – (1), 4d = –20
10. d = 17 – 19 = −2 d = –5
By substituting d = –5 into (1), we have
T(n) = a + (n – 1)d = 19 + (n – 1)(–2) = 21 −2n
a + 2(–5) = 60
a = 70
11. d = log 9 – log 3 = 2 log 3 – log 3 = log 3 ∴ T(n) = a + (n – 1)d = 70 + (n – 1)(–5) = 75 −5n
T(n) = a + (n – 1)d = log 3 + (n – 1)(log 3)
=n log 3
18. Let a and d be the first term and the common difference
respectively.
12. d = (2a – 3c) – (a – 2c) = a −c T(3) = a + 2d = 82 ……(1)
T(n) = a + (n – 1)d = (a – 2c) + (n – 1)(a – c) = T(10) = a + 9d = 250 ……(2)
−c +n ( a −c) (2) – (1), 7d = 168
d = 24
By substituting d = 24 into (1), we have
13. Let a and d be the first term and the common difference a + 2(24) = 82
respectively. a = 34
∵ a = 7 and d = 11 – 7 = 4
∴ T(n) = a + (n – 1)d = 34 + (n – 1)(24) = 10 +24 n
∴ T(n) = a + (n – 1)d = 7 + (n – 1)(4) = 3 + 4n
Let 83 be the kth term.
i.e. T(k) = 83 19. (a) 1, 2; 2, 4; 3, 6 (or any other reasonable answers)
∴ 3 + 4k = 83
k = 20 (b) –1, 1; –2, 2; –3, 3 (or any other reasonable answers)
14. Let a and d be the first term and the common difference Level 2
respectively. 20. Let a and d be the first term and the common difference
∵ a = –93 and d = –86 – (–93) = 7 respectively.
∴ T(n) = a + (n – 1)d = –93 + (n – 1)(7) = –100 + 7n a = –101,d = –98 – (–101) = 3
Let 5 be the kth term. ∴ T(n) = a + (n – 1)d
i.e. T(k) = 5 = –101 + (n – 1)(3)
= –104 + 3n d=3
∵ The kth term is the first positive term of the sequence. ∴ T(n) = a + (n – 1)d = 4 + (n – 1)(3) = 1 +3n
∴ T(k) > 0
i.e. –104 + 3k > 0 (b) T(m) – T(25) = 81
104 [1 + 3m] – [1 + 3(25)] = 81
k>
3 m = 52
∵ k is the number of terms, it must be an integer.
∴ k = 35 25. Let (a – d) cm, a cm and (a + d) cm be the lengths of the
sides of the right-angled triangle respectively.
21. Let a and d be the first term and the common difference ∵ The perimeter is 27 cm.
respectively. ∴ (a – d) + a + (a + d) = 27
a = 999, d = 992 – 999 = –7 a=9
∴ T(n) = a + (n – 1)d (a – d)2 + a2 = (a + d)2 (Pyth. theorem)
= 999 + (n – 1)(–7) a2 – 2ad + d2 + a2 = a2 + 2ad + d2
= 1006 – 7n a2 = 4ad
Let the kth term be the last positive term. a = 4d ( a ≠ 0)
∴ T(k) > 0 1
i.e. 1006 – 7k > 0 d= a………(1)
4
1006 By substituting a = 9 into (1), we have d = 2.25.
k<
7 ∴ The lengths of the three sides of the triangle are 6.75
∵ k is the number of terms, it must be an integer. cm, 9 cm and 11.25 cm.
∴ k = 143
∴ There are 143 positive terms. 26. (a) ∵ T(9) = 3T(4)
∴ a + 8d = 3(a + 3d)
a + 8d = 3a + 9d
22. Let a, (a + d) and (a + 2d) be the interior angles of the d
triangle respectively. a=−
2
∵ a = 15°
∴ The other two angles are 15° + d and 15° + 2d. d
∴ T(n) = a + (n – 1)d = − + (n – 1)d
15° + (15° + d) + (15° + 2d) = 180° (∠ s sum of triangle) 2
d = 45°
∴ The largest angle is 105°.  3 
= − 2 +nd
 
23. The multiples of 13 form an arithmetic sequence with
a = 13 and d = 13. (b) ∵ T(k) = 5T(5)
∴ T(n) = a + (n – 1)d = 13 + (n – 1)(13) = 13n
Consider the term that is less than 1000.  3   3 
 − + k d = 5 − + 5 d
i.e. T(n) < 1000  2   2 
13n < 1000 k =19
1000
n<
13 27. Let the three terms be a – d, a and a + d respectively.
∵ Among the terms that is less than 1000, the 76th term ∵ The sum is 15.
is the greatest. ∴ (a – d) + a + (a + d) = 15
∴ The greatest integer which is a multiple of 13 and less a=5
than 1000 is 13(76) = 988. ∵ The product is 80.
∴ (a – d)(a)(a + d) = 80 ………(1)
24. (a) Let a and d be the first term and the common By substituting a = 5 into (1), we have
difference respectively. (5 – d)(5)(5 + d) = 80
T(5) = 4T(1) d=±3
a + 4d = 4a When d = –3,
3a – 4d = 0 ……(1) a – d = 5 – (–3) = 8 and a + d = 5 + (–3) = 2
T(6) = 2T(3) – 1
a + 5d = 2(a + 2d) – 1 When d = 3,
a–d=1 ……(2) a – d = 5 – 3 = 2 and a + d = 5 + 3 = 8
(2) × 4 – (1), a = 4 ∴ The terms are 2, 5, 8.
By substituting a = 4 into (2), we have
4–d=1 28. Let a and d be the first term and the common difference
80
respectively. = log (10k)2 + (n – 1)(2 log k)

aT(6) = –38 = 2 + 2n log k
a(a + 5d) = –38 ………(1) ∴ The general term is 2 + 2n log k.
T(3) + T(4) = 17
(a + 2d) + (a + 3d) = 17 30. (a) Let the three terms be a , a + d and a + 2d
17 − 2a respectively.
d= ………(2) a(a + d)(a + 2d) = a + (a + d) + (a + 2d)
5
a(a + d)(a + 2d) = 3(a + d)
By substituting (2) into (1), we have
[a(a + 2d) – 3] (a + d) = 0
 17 − 2a 
a[a + 5   ] = –38 a(a + 2d) – 3 = 0 or a=−d
 5  2
a + 2ad – 3 = 0
a2 – 17a – 38 = 0
(a – 19)(a + 2) = 0 −2d ± ( 2d ) 2 −4( −3)
a=
a = 19 or a = –2(rejected) 2(1)
By substituting a = 19 into (2), we have
a = −d ± d 2 +3
17 − 2(19 ) 21
d= =−
5 5 (b) If a = −d + d 2 +3 , then a = −1 + 12 +3 =
∴ The first term and the common difference are 19 and
1.
21
− respectively. ∴ The terms are 1, 2, 3.
5
If a = −d − d 2 +3 , then a = −1 − 12 +3 =
29. (a) T(2) – T(1) = log 10k2 – log 10k –3.
∴ The terms are –3, –2, –1.
10 k 2
= log If a = –d, then a = –1.
10 k ∴ The terms are –1, 0, 1.
= log k
T(3) – T(2) = log 10k3 – log 10k2 31. Let the three integers be a – d, a and a + d respectively,
and their sum be k.
10 k 3
= log (a – d) + a + (a + d) = k
10 k 2 3a = k………(1)
= log k (a – d)(a)(a + d) = 11k………(2)
T(4) – T(3) = log 10k4 – log 10k3
By substituting (1) into (2), we have
10 k 4 (a – d)(a)(a + d) = 11(3a)
= log
10 k 3 (a – d)(a + d) = 33 ( a ≠ 0)
= log k ∵ a and d are integers.
∴ It is an arithmetic sequence. ∴ Possible solutions are:
∵ a = log 10k and d = log k
∴ T(n) = a + (n – 1)d
= log 10k + (n – 1)(log k)  a+ d = 3 3  a+ d = 1 1  a+ d = 3
= 1 + n log k
 or
 or
 or
 a− d = 1  a− d = 3  a− d = 1 1
∴ The general term is 1 + n log k.
(b) T(2) – T(1) = log (10k2)2 – log (10k)2
 a+ d = 1
= 2(log 10k2 – log 10k)
= 2 log k

T(3) – T(2) = log (10k3)2 – log (10k2)2
= 2(log 10k3 – log 10k2)
= 2 log k
T(4) – T(3) = log (10k4)2 – log (10k3)2
= 2(log 10k4 – log 10k3)
 a− d = 3 3
= 2 log k
∴ It is an arithmetic sequence.
∵ a = log (10k)2 and d = 2 log k
∴ T(n) = a + (n – 1)d
1, 0.5, 2, 3.5, 5 and 6.5.

a= 1 7 a= 7 a= 7 a= 1 7 4. Let d be the common difference of the arithmetic
i.e.
 or
 or  or
 sequence.
d = 1 6  d = 4  d = − 4  d = − 1 6 ∵ a = 18 and T(5) = 36
∴ 36 = 18 + 4d
9
If a = 17 and d = 16, the three integers are 1, 17, 33. d=
If a = 7 and d = 4, the three integers are 3, 7, 11.
2
If a = 7 and d = –4, the three integers are 11, 7, 3. 9
∴ a = 18 +   = 22 .5
If a = 17 and d = –16, the three integers are 33, 17, 1. 2
∴ The three integers are 1, 17, 33 or 3, 7, 11. 9
b = 18 + 2   = 27
2
Exercise 14C (p. 170) 9
c = 18 + 3   = 31 .5
Level 1 2
−8 + 4 5. 1, 2, 4, 5; –1, 1, 5, 7; –3, 0, 6, 9 (or any other reasonable
1. (a) Arithmetic mean = = −2
2 answers)
7 + 25 Level 2
(b) Arithmetic mean = = 16
2 6. ∵ 2x + 1 is the arithmetic mean between x and 14.
42 +104 x +14
(c) Arithmetic mean = = 73 ∴ 2x + 1 =
2 2
4x + 2 = 14 + x
8 +x x= 4
= 25
2. ∵ 2 ∴ a = 4 and d = (2x + 1) – x = x + 1 = 5
x = 42 T(n) = a + (n – 1)d = 4 + (n – 1)(5) = 5n −1
3. (a) Let d1 be the common difference of the arithmetic 7. ∵ x is the arithmetic mean between 8 and y,
sequence to be formed. and 21 is the arithmetic mean between y and 26.
The arithmetic sequence formed is:  8+ y
 x= 2
–4, –4 + d1, –4 + 2d1, 8 .........( 1)
∵ The 4th term is also given by –4 + 3d1. ∴
∴ –4 + 3d1 = 8 y + 26
d1 = 4 21 = .........( 2)
∴ The two required arithmetic means are 0 and 4.  2
From (2), we have
(b) Let d2 be the common difference of the arithmetic 42 = y + 26
sequence to be formed. y = 16
The arithmetic sequence formed is: By substituting y = 16 into (1), we have
–4, –4 + d2, –4 + 2d2, –4 + 3d2, 8 8 +16
∵ The 5th term is also given by –4 + 4d2. x= =12
∴ –4 + 4d2 = 8 2
d2 = 3
∴ The three required arithmetic means are –1, 2 and 5. 8. (a) Let d be the common difference of the arithmetic
(c) Let d3 be the common difference of the arithmetic The arithmetic sequence formed is:
sequence to be formed. 1, 1 + d, 1 + 2d, 1 + 3d, p
The arithmetic sequence formed is: ∵ The 5th term is also given by 1 + 4d.
–4, –4 + d3, –4 + 2d3, –4 + 3d3, –4 + 4d3, ∴ 1 + 4d = p
–4 + 5d3, –4 + 6d3, –4 + 7d3, 8 p −1
∵ The 9th term is also given by –4 + 8d3. d=
4
∴ –4 + 8d3 = 8
d3 = 1.5 ∴ The three required arithmetic means are
∴ The seven required arithmetic means are –2.5, –
80
p + 3 p +1 3 p +1 ∴ It is not a geometric sequence.

, and .
4 2 4
T ( 2) −8
2. = = –4
p −1 T (1) 2
(b) common difference = 4 (from (a)) T (3) 32
= = –4
 p −1  T ( 2) −8
T(n) = a + (n – 1)d = 1 + (n – 1)   T ( 4) −128
 4  = = –4
( n −1)( p −1) T (3) 32
=1+ ∴ It is a geometric sequence with common ratio –4.
4
( n −1)( p −1) T ( 2) −10
∴ The general term is 1 + . 3. = = –5
4 T (1) 2
T (3) −50
( a − d ) + ( a + d ) 2a = = 5 ≠ −5
9. (a) Arithmetic mean = = =a T ( 2) −10
2 2 ∴ It is not a geometric sequence.
(b) By substituting a = 132 and d = 92 into (a), we have
2
arithmetic mean = 13 T ( 2) 0.1
4. = = 0.5
T (1) 0.2
10. (a) (i) The arithmetic sequence formed is: T (3) 0.05
= = 0.5
x, x + d1, x + 2d1, x + 3d1, …, x + nd1, y T ( 2) 0.1
∴ The arithmetic means are
x + d1, x + 2d1, x + 3d1, …, x + nd1 T ( 4) 0.025
= = 0.5
T (3) 0.5
(ii) ∵ The (n +2)th term is also given by ∴ It is a geometric sequence with common ratio 0.5.
x + (n +1)d1.
∴ x + (n +1)d1 = y 5. (a) ∵ a = 2 and R = 3 and T(n) = aRn – 1
y −x ∴ T(n) = 2 ⋅3
n−1
d1 =
n +1
(b) T(8) = 2 ⋅ 38−1
(b) (i) The arithmetic sequence formed is:
= 4374 (or 2 ⋅37 )
x, x + d2, x + 2d2, x + 3d2, …, x + md2, y
∴ The arithmetic means are
x + d2, x + 2d2, x + 3d2, …, x + md2 1
6. (a) ∵ a = –3 and R = and T(n) = aRn – 1
(ii) ∵ The (m +2)th term is also given by 3
n −1
x + (m +1)d2. 1 
∴ x + (m +1)d2 = y =( −3) 
y −x
∴ T(n) 3 
d2 =
m +1 =−32−n
(b) T(8) = –32 – 8

y −x y −x
(c) d1 : d2 = : = ( m +1) : (n +1) 1  1 
n +1 m +1 = − 729 or − 36 
 
Exercise 14D (p. 176)
Level 1 3
7. (a) ∵ a = –4 and R = − and T(n) = aRn – 1
2
T ( 2) 10 ∴ T(n) =
1. = =2
T (1) 5  3
n−1
( −4)−  (or ( −1) n ⋅ 23−n ⋅3n−1 )

T (3) 15 3  2
= = ≠2
T ( 2) 10 2
 3
8−1
2187  37  = 37 – n
(b) T(8) = ( −4)− 2  = 
or 25 
 Let 1 be the kth term.
  32   i.e. T(k) = 1
∴ 37 – k = 1
n–1 ∴ 7–k=0
8. (a) ∵ a = 2 and R = − 2 and T(n) = aR k=7
∴ T(n) = 2 ( − 2 ) n−1 ∴ There are 7 terms in the sequence.
 n
 14. Let a and R be the first term and the common ratio
=( −1) n−1 ( 2 )n 
or ( −1) n−1 ⋅2 2 
 respectively.
 
−3
a = 1.5, R = = –2
1.5
(b) T(8) = ( −1)8−
1
( 2 )8 =−16
∴ T(n) = aRn – 1
= 1.5(–2)n – 1
9. Let a be the first term.
6 i.e. T(k) = 96
∵ a = 2 and R = =3
2 ∴ 1.5(–2)k – 1 = 96
∴ T(n) = aRn – 1 (–2)k – 1 = 64
n− (–2)k – 1 = (–2)6
= 2 ⋅3
1
∴ k–1=6
k=7
10. Let a be the first term. ∴ There are 7 terms in the sequence.
2 1
∵ a = 6 and R = =
6 3 15. Let a and R be the first term and the common ratio
n–1 respectively.
∴ T(n) = aR
n −1 1
1  T(2) = aR = ………(1)
= 6  4
3  T(7) = aR6 = 8 ………(2)
2 (2) ÷ (1), R5 = 32
= n−2 R=2
3 By substituting R = 2 into (1), we have
1
11. Let a be the first term. a(2) =
4
2 3 3
∵ a = 2 2 and R = = 1
2 2 2 a=
8
∴ T(n) = aRn – 1
n−1
∴ T(n) = aRn – 1
 3   4− n n−1

2  or  ⋅3 2  1
=2 2
2
 2   = ⋅ 2n – 1
    8
n −4
=2
12. Let k be the first term.
a 2r 16. Let a and R be the first term and the common ratio
∵ k = a and R = = ar respectively.
ar T(3) = aR2 = –27 ………(1)
∴ T(n) = kRn – 1 T(6) = aR5 = 1 ………(2)
= a ⋅r
n n−1
1
(2) ÷ (1), R3 = −
27
13. Let a and R be the first term and the common ratio
respectively. 1
R=−
243 1 3
a = 729, R = =
729 3 1
By substituting R = − into (1), we have
∴ T(n) = aRn – 1 3
n −1
1   1
2
= 729   a −  = –27
3   3
80
a = –243 T(2) = aR = 6 ………(1)

∴ T(n) = aRn – 1 T(6) = aR5 = 96 ………(2)
n −1 (2) ÷ (1), R4 = 16
 1
= − 243  −  R=±2
 3 By substituting R = 2 into (1), we have
6 −n
a(2) = 6
= ( −1) ⋅3
n
a=3
∴ T(n) = aRn – 1
17. Let a and R be the first term and the common ratio
= 3 ⋅ 2n–1
respectively.
By substituting R = –2 into (1), we have
T(2) = aR = 5 ………(1)
a(–2) = 6
T(7) = aR6 = 160 ………(2)
a = –3
(2) ÷ (1), R5 = 32
∴ T(n) = aRn – 1
R=2
= –3(–2)n – 1
By substituting R = 2 into (1), we have
∴ The general term is 3 ⋅ 2n – 1 or –3(–2)n – 1.
a(2) = 5
5 21. Let a and R be the first term and the common ratio
a=
2 respectively.
∴ T(n) = aRn – 1 T(3) = aR2 = 1 ………(1)
5 1
= ⋅ 2n – 1 T(7) = aR6 = ………(2)
2 16
= 5 ⋅2
n −2
1
(2) ÷ (1), R4 =
16
18. Let a and R be the first term and the common ratio 1
respectively. R=±
T(2) = aR = 243 ………(1) 2
1 1
T(5) = aR4 = ………(2) By substituting R = into (1), we have
3 2
2
1 1
(2) ÷ (1), R3 = a  =1
729 2
1 a=4
R= ∴ T(n) = aRn – 1
9
n −1
1 1 
By substituting R = into (1), we have =4 
9 2
1 = 23 – n
a  = 243 1
9 By substituting R = − into (1), we have
a = 2187 2
2
∴ T(n) = aRn – 1  1
n −1 a −  =1
1   2
= 2187 ⋅  
9  a=4
9 −2 n ∴ T(n) = aRn – 1
=3
n −1
 1
= 4 − 
19. (a) 2, 4; 3, 9; 4, 16 (or any other reasonable answers)  2
= (–1)n – 1 ⋅ 23 – n
1 1 1 ∴ The general term is 23 – n or (–1)n – 1 ⋅ 23 – n.
(b) , 3; , 2; − , –3
3 2 3
(or any other reasonable answers) 22. Let a and R be the first term and the common ratio
respectively.
Level 2 T(2) = aR = –9 ………(1)
729
20. Let a and R be the first term and the common ratio T(6) = aR5 = − ………(2)
respectively. 256
81  n−1 n

(2) ÷ (1), R4 = or ( −1) n −1 ⋅2 2 ⋅3 2 .
 
256  
3
R=± 24. Let n be the number of years taken.
4 Consider the salary of Leo,
3 a = $10 000, R = 1 + 10.25% = 1.1025
By substituting R = into (1), we have
4 ∴ The salary of Leo after n years = $10 000 × 1.1025n
Consider the salary of Michael,
3 a = $12 000, R = 1 + 5% = 1.05
a  = –9
4 ∴ The salary of Michael after n years
a = –12 = $12 000 × 1.05n
∴ T(n) = aRn – 1 For Leo to have a salary higher than that of Michael, we
n −1 have
3  $10 000 × 1.1025n > $12 000 × 1.05n
= (–12)  
4  5 × 1.1025n > 6 × 1.05n
3 log (5 × 1.1025n) > log (6 × 1.05n)
By substituting R = − into (1), we have log 5 + n log 1.1025 > log 6 + n log 1.05
4 n (log 1.1025 – log 1.05) > log 6 – log 5
 3
a −  = –9
 4 log 6 −log 5
n>
a = 12 log 1.1025 −log 1.05
∴ T(n) = aRn – 1 n > 3.7
n −1 ∴ The number of years taken is 4.
 3
= 12  − 
 4 25. Let A be the surface area of the pond and a be the area
n −1 covered by the lotus leaves after 1 week.
3  ∵ R=2
∴ The general term is (–12)   (or –24–2n ⋅ 3n) or
4  and after 16 weeks, area covered = A
n −1 ∴ a(216 – 1) = A
 3
12 −  (or (–1)n–1 ⋅ 24 – 2n ⋅ 3n). A
 4 a=
215
23. Let a and R be the first term and the common ratio Let it takes k weeks to cover one eighth of the pond.
respectively. A
∴ a(2k – 1) =
T(3) = aR2 = 6 3 ………(1) 8
T(5) = aR4 = 36 3 ………(2) A A
( 2 k −1 ) =
(2) ÷ (1), R =6 2
215
8
R=± 6 2k – 1= 212
By substituting R = 6 into (1), we have k = 13
2 ∴ It takes 13 weeks to cover one eighth of the pond.
a ( 6 ) =6 3
26. (a) Let the vertices of the kth triangle be Ak, Bk and Ck,
a= 3 k = 1, 2, 3,…
∴ T(n) = aRn – 1
= 3 ( 6 ) n −1
By substituting R = − 6 into (1), we have
a ( − 6 ) 2 =6 3
a= 3
∴ T(n) = aRn – 1
= 3 ( − 6 ) n−1
∴ The general term is 3( 6 ) n−1
 n−1 n

or 2 2 ⋅3 2


 3 ( − 6 ) n−1 1
  or C2B2 = C1B1 (mid-pt. theorem)
2
80
1 5 000 000 × (1 + 4%)n > 2 × 5 000 000

B 2A 2 = B 1A 1 (mid-pt. theorem) n log 1.04 > log 2
2 n > 17.7
1 ∴ At the end of 2018, the population will be
A 2C 2 = A 1C 1 (mid-point theorem)
2 doubled.
∴ Perimeter of second triangle 29. Let the original numbers be k, 5k and 11k respectively.
= C2B2 + B2A2 + A2C2 ∵ k + 3, 5k + 3, 11k + 3 is a geometric sequence.
1 1 1 11 k + 3 5k + 3
= C1B1 + B 1A 1 + A1C1 ∴ =
2 2 2 5k +3 k +3
1 (5k + 3)2 = (11k + 3)(k + 3)
= × perimeter of first triangle
2 25k2 + 30k + 9 = 11k2 + 36k + 9
14k2 – 6k = 0
Perimeter of second traingle 1
∴ = k(7k – 3) = 0
Perimeter of first trai ngle 2 3
k= or k = 0(rejected)
7
(b) By an argument similar to (a),
Perimeter of third triangle 3 15 33
∴ The original numbers are , and .
1 7 7 7
= × perimeter of second triangle
2 Exercise 14E (p. 181)
1 1
= × × perimeter of first triangle Level 1
2 2
2 1. (a) Geometric mean = 9 ×27 =9 3
1
=  x
2 (b) Geometric mean = − 4×16 =−8
4
1 (c) Geometric mean =
∴ Perimeter of fifth triangle =   x
2 ± −4 ×(−36 ) =12 or −12
4
1
i.e. 1.5 =   x 2. ∵ The geometric mean between x and 48 is 12.
2 ∴ 122 = 48x
x = 24 x=3
27. Let the height of the building be h m. 3. (a) Let R be the common ratio of the geometric
3 sequence to be formed.
∵ R= The geometric sequence formed is:
5 243, 243R, 243R2, 9
4
3 ∵ The 4th term is also given by 243R3.
∴ After the 4th rebound, the height =   h ∴ 243R3 = 9
5
4 1
3 R=
i.e. 1.62 =   h 3
5 ∴ The two required geometric means are 81 and 27.
h = 12.5
∴ The height of the building is 12.5 m. (b) Let r be the common ratio of the geometric sequence
28. (a) At the end of 2001, to be formed.
population = 5 000 000 × (1 + 4%) The geometric sequence formed is:
= 5 200 000 –16, –16r, –16r2, –16r3, –81
At the end of 2002, ∵ The 5th term is also given by –16r4.
population = 5 200 000 × (1 + 4%) ∴ –16r4 = –81
= 5 000 000 × (1 + 4%)2 3
r=±
= 5 408 000 2
∴ The three required geometric means are 24, –36
(b) Let the population will be doubled at the end of the and 54 or –24, –36 and –54.
nth year.
(c) Let r be the common ratio of the geometric sequence ∴ n is the arithmetic mean between –2 and m.
to be formed. ∴ 2n = m + (–2)
The geometric sequence formed is: m = 2n + 2 ……(2)
1, r, r2, r3, r4, 32 By substituting (2) into (1), we have
∵ The 6th term is also given by r5. (2n + 2)n = 4
∴ r5 = 32 n2 + n – 2 = 0
r=2 (n – 1)(n + 2) = 0
∴ The four required geometric means are 2, 4, 8 n =1 or n = –2 (rejected)
and 16. By substituting n = 1 into (2), we have
m = 2(1) + 2 = 4
4. Let R be the common ratio.
The geometric sequence is: 54, 54R, 54R2, 2 9. (a) b = a + a tan θ = a(1 + tan θ )
∵ The 4th term is also given by 54R3. c = b + b tan θ = b(1 + tan θ )
∴ 54R3 = 2 ac = a[b(1 + tan θ )] = b[a(1 + tan θ )] = b2
1 ∴ b is a geometric mean between a and c.
R=
3
∴ The value of a and b are 18 and 6 respectively. b a(1 + tan θ )
(b) ∵ = = 1 + tan θ
a a
5. 2, 18 or 3, 12 or –2, –18 or –3, –12 ∴ The common ratio is 1 + tan θ .
(or any other reasonable answers) If θ = 30°,
1 + tan θ = 1 + tan 30°
Level 2
1
= +1
6. ∵ x + 1, x + 5, 2x + 4 are in geometric sequence. 3
∴ x + 5 is the geometric mean between x + 1 and 2x + 4.
∴ (x + 5)2 = (x +1)(2x + 4)
Exercise 14F (p. 189)
x + 10x + 25 = 2x2 + 6x + 4
2
x2 – 4x – 21 = 0 Level 1
(x + 3) (x – 7) = 0
1. (a) ∵ a = 1, d = 3 – 1 = 2 and n = 20
x= − 3 or 7
20
∴ S(20) = [2(1) + (20 – 1)(2)]
7. (a) Let R be the common ratio of the geometric 2
sequence to be formed. = 400
The geometric sequence formed is:
a2 a2 a2 2 4 (b) ∵ a = –5, d = –2 – (–5) = 3 and n = 25
, R, R , 25
2 2 2 a ∴ S(25) = [2(–5) + (25 – 1)(3)]
2
∵ The 4th term is also given by
a2 3 .
R = 775
2
a2 3 4 (c) ∵ a = 78, d = 72 – 78 = –6 and n = 27
R =
∴ 2 a 27
∴ S(27) = [2(78) + (27 – 1)(–6)]
2 2
R= =0
a
∴ The two geometric means are a and 2.
(d) ∵ first term = (a + b),
d = (3a – b) – (a + b) = 2a – 2b and n = 10
(b) ∵ The geometric mean between a and 2 is 3 2 .
10
∴ (3 2 ) 2 = 2a ∴ S(10) = [2(a + b) + (10 – 1)(2a – 2b)]
2
a=9
= 100 a −80 b
8. ∵ m, –2, n are in geometric sequence.
∴ –2 is the geometric mean between m and n. 2. (a) Let a and d be the first term and the common
∴ (–2)2 = mn difference respectively.
mn = 4 ……(1) ∵ a = 1 and d = 9 – 1 = 8
∵ –2, n, m are in arithmetic sequence. ∴ T(n) = a + (n – 1)d
80
= 1 + (n – 1)(8) 1 1 1 1
= 8n – 7 ∵ a= and d = − =
Let 97 be the kth term. 3 2 3 6
i.e. T(k) = 97 ∴ T(n) = a + (n – 1)d
∴ 8k – 7 = 97 1 1
k = 13 = + ( n −1)
3 6
1 1
13 (1 + 97 ) = + n
∴ S(13) = 6 6
2
= 637 5
6
(b) Let a and d be the first term and the common 5
difference respectively. i.e. T(k) = 1
∵ a = –1 and d = 2 – (–1) = 3 6
∴ T(n) = a + (n – 1)d 1 1 5
= –1 + (n – 1)(3) ∴ + k =1
6 6 6
= 3n – 4
Let 95 be the kth term. k = 10
i.e. T(k) = 95 ∴ There are 10 terms in the sequence.
∴ 3k – 4 = 95 1 5
k = 33 10  +1 
∴ S(10) = 3 6
33 (−1 + 95 ) 2
∴ S(33) = 5
2 = 10 6
= 1551
(c) Let a and d be the first term and the common 3. (a) Let N be the number of terms that must be taken.
difference respectively. ∵ a = 7, d = 10 – 7 = 3 and S(n) = 920
3 1 3 3 N
∵ a=5 and d = 6 − 5 = and S(n) = [2a + (N – 1)d]
4 2 4 4 2
∴ T(n) = a + (n – 1)d N
3 3 ∴ 920 = [2(7) + (N – 1)(3)]
=5 + ( n −1) 2
4 4 1840 = 3N2 – 11N
4 2
3N – 11N – 1840 = 0
=5 + n (N – 23)(3N + 80) = 0
3
80
Let 32 be the kth term. N = 23 or − (rejected)
i.e. T(k) = 32 3
3 ∴ 23 terms of arithmetic series must be taken.
∴ 5+ k = 32
4 (b) Let N be the number of terms that must be taken.
k = 36 ∵ a = 21, d = 15 – 21 = –6 and S(n) = –60
N
 3  and S(n) = [2a + (N – 1)d]
36 5 + 32  2
∴ S(36) =  4  N
∴ –60 = [2(21) + (N – 1)(–6)]
2 2
1 –120 = –6N2 + 48N
=679
2 N2 – 8N – 20 = 0
(N – 10)(N + 2) = 0
N = 10 or –2(rejected)
∴ 10 terms of arithmetic series must be taken.
(d) Let a and d be the first term and the common
(c) Let N be the number of terms that must be taken.
∵ a = 27, d = 24 – 27 = –3 and S(n) = 126
N 8
and S(n) = [2a + (N – 1)d] [2a + (8 – 1)(–4)] = 336
2 2
N a = 56
∴ 126 = [2(27) + (N – 1)(–3)] ∴ The first term is 56.
2
252 = –3N2 + 57N
N2 – 19N + 84 = 0
(N – 7)(N – 12) = 0 7. ∵ a = 100, d = –10
N = 7 or 12
∴ 7 or 12 terms of arithmetic series must be taken.
7
∴ S(7) = $ [2(100) + (7 – 1)(–10)]
2
(d) Let N be the number of terms that must be taken. = $490
1 4 > $480
∵ a = 6, d = 7 − 6 = and S(n) = 2470 ∴ She has enough money to buy the watch.
3 3
N 8. (a) ∵ a = 1, l = 200 and n = 200
and S(n) = [2a + (N – 1)d]
2 200 (1 + 200 )
∴ 1 + 2 + … + 200 =
N 4 2
∴ 2470 = [2(6) + (N – 1)   ] = 20100
2 3
14 820 = 4N2 + 32N (b) Let n be the number of terms of the given series.
N2 + 8N – 3705 = 0 ∵ a = 6, d = 12 – 6 = 6 and l = T(n) = 198
(N – 57)(N + 65) = 0 and T(n) = a + (n – 1)d
N = 57 or –65(rejected) ∴ 198 = 6 + (n – 1)(6)
∴ 57 terms of arithmetic series must be taken. n = 33
4. ∵ d = 2 and T(4) = 10
33 (6 +198 )
∴ The required sum =
∴ a + 3(2) = 10 2
a=4 = 3366
10
∴ S(10) = [2(4) + (10 – 1)2] (c) The required sum
2
= sum of integers between 1 and 200 inclusive – sum
= 130 of integers between 1 and 200 that are multiples of 6
= 20 100 – 3366 (from (a) and (b))
5. (a) ∵ S(14) = 406 = 16 734
14
∴ [2(a) + (14 – 1)d] = 406
2 9. (a) For a common difference of 6, the arithmetic
2a +13d = 58 ………(1) sequence is 2, 8, 14, …, 98.
∵ T(4) + T(5) = 34 Let 98 be the kth term.
∴ (a + 3d) + (a + 4d) = 34 i.e. T(k) = 98
2a +7d = 34 ………(2) 2 + (k – 1)(6) = 98
(1) – (2), 6d = 24 k = 17
d=4 ∴ 2 + 8 + 14 + … + 98 = S(17)
By substituting d = 4 into (2), we have 17 (2 + 98 )
2a + 7(4) = 34 =
2
a=3 = 850
∴ The first term is 3 and the common difference is ∴ The sum of the corresponding series is 850.
4. For a common difference of 16, the arithmetic
sequence is 2, 18, 34, …, 98.
20 Let 98 be the jth term.
(b) S(20) = [2(3) + (20 – 1)(4)]
2 i.e. T(j) = 98
2 + (j – 1)(16) = 98
= 820
j=7
∴ 2 + 18 + 34 + … + 98 = S(7)
6. ∵ d = –4
and S(8) = 336 7( 2 + 98 )
=
2
= 350
80 100
∴ The sum of the corresponding series is 350. m1 + m2 + m3 + … + m25 = 1562.5

(or any other reasonable answers) ∴ The sum of the 25 arithmetic means between 5 and
120 is 1562.5.
(b) For a common difference of 8, the arithmetic
sequence is 2, 10, 18, …, 98. 13. Let m1, m2, m3, …, mx be the arithmetic means.
Let 98 be the kth term. ∵ a = x, l = 2x and n = x + 2
i.e. T(k) = 98 ∴ S(x + 2) =
2 + (k – 1)(8) = 98 ( x + 2)( x + 2 x )
k = 13
2
∴ 2 + 10 + 18 + … + 98 = S(13) i.e. x + m1 + m2 + m3 + … + mx + 2x =
13 (2 + 98 ) ( x + 2)( x + 2 x )
= 2
2
= 650
m1 + m2 + m3 + … + mx =
3x 2
∴ The sum of the corresponding series is 650.
For a common difference of 4, the arithmetic 2
sequence is 2, 6, 10, …, 98. ∴ The sum of the x arithmetic means between x and 2x
is
3x 2 .
i.e. T(k) = 98
2 + (k – 1)(4) = 98 2
k = 25
∴ 2 + 6 + 10 + … + 98 = S(25) 14. (a) first term = T(1) = 55 – 2(1) = 53
25 (2 + 98 ) Common difference = T(n + 1) – T(n)
= = [55 – 2(n + 1)] – (55 – 2n)
2 =− 2
= 1250
∴ The sum of the corresponding series is 1250.
(b) Let the kth term be the first negative term.
(or any other reasonable answers)
i.e. T(k) < 0
∴ 55 – 2k < 0
10. (a) (–2) + (–1) + 0 + 1 + 2 or (–6) + (–3) + 0 + 3 + 6
(or any other reasonable answers) 55
k>
2
(b) 1 + 2 + 3 + 4 + 5 or (–1) + 1 + 3 + 5 + 7 ∴ The first negative term is the 28th term.
(or any other reasonable answers) ∴ T(28) = 55 – 2(28)
=− 1
Level 2
11. (a) Let k be the number of rows. (c) ∵ T(n) is negative for n ≥ 28.
∵ a = 12, d = 3 ∴ S(n) is maximum at n = 27.
and T(k) = 6a 27
∴ a + (k – 1)d = 6a S(27) = [2(53) + (27 – 1)( –2)]
12 + (k – 1)(3) = 6(12) 2
k = 21 = 729
∴ The number of rows is 21. ∴ The maximum value of S(n) is 729.
15. ∵ a = –49, d = (–46) – (–49) = 3

n ∴ T(n) = –49 + (n – 1)(3) = 3n – 52
(b) S(n) = [2a + (n – 1)d]
2 Let the kth term be the last negative term.
21 ∴ T(k) < 0
S(21) = [2(12) + (21 – 1)(3)] i.e. 3k – 52 < 0
2 52
= 882 k<
∴ The number of seats is 882. 3
∴ The last negative term is the 17th term.
12. Let m1, m2, m3, …, m25 be the arithmetic means. 17
∵ a = 5, l = 120 and n = 27 S(17) = [2(–49) + (17 – 1)(3)]
2
27 (5 +120 ) = –425
∴ S(27) =
2 ∴ The sum of all negative terms is –425.
i.e. 5 + m1 + m2 + m3 + … + m25 + 120 = 1687.5
101
16. (a) The sum = 200 + 205 + 210 + … + 500

∴ a = 200, d = 5 and l = 500 (b) The total number of terms = 1 + 2 + 3 + … + n
T(n) = 200 + (n – 1)(5) = 195 + 5n n(1 +n)
Let k be the number of terms. =
2
∴ T(k) = 500
i.e. 195 + 5k = 500
k = 61 (c) The last term in the first n brackets
= the total number of terms in the first n brackets
61(200 + 500 )
S(61) = n(1 + n)
2 =
= 21 350 2
∴ The required sum is 21 350. n(1 + n)
Now, a = 1 and l = .
(b) The sum = 203 + 210 + 217 + … + 497 2
∴ a = 203, d = 7 and l = 497 ∴ The sum of the terms in the first n brackets
T(n) = 203 + (n – 1)(7) = 196 + 7n 
n (1 + n ) n (1 + n ) 
Let k be the number of terms. 1 + 
=
2 2 
∴ T(k) = 497
2
i.e. 196 + 7k = 497
k = 43 n(1 + n)  n 
= 1 + 2 (1 + n) 
43 ( 203 + 497 ) 4  
S(43) =
2
= 15 050 (d) The last term in the first (n – 1) brackets
∴ The required sum is 15 050. = The total number of terms in the first (n – 1)
brackets
(c) If the integers are divisible by both 5 and 7, then they ( n −1)[1 + ( n −1)]
are divisible by 35. =
We are going to find the sum of integers divisible by 2
35 between 200 and 500 inclusive. n( n −1)
∴ The sum = 210 + 245 + 280 + … + 490 =
∴ a = 210, d = 35 and l = 490 2
T(n) = 210 + (n – 1)(35) = 175 + 35n n( n −1)
Let k be the number of terms. Now, a = 1 and l =
2
∴ T(k) = 490
∴ The sum of the terms in the first (n – 1)
i.e. 175 + 35k = 490
brackets
k=9
9( 210 + 490 ) (n −1)[1 + (n −1)]  ( n −1) 
S(9) = = 1 + [1 + ( n −1)] 
2 4  2 
= 3150 n(n −1)  n 
∴ The required sum is 3150. = 1 + ( n −1) 
4  2 
(d) The required sum ∴ The sum of the terms in the nth bracket
= sum of integers divisible by 5 + sum of integers = The sum of the terms in the first n brackets –
divisible by 7 – sum of integers divisible by both 5 the sum of the terms in the first (n – 1) brackets
and 7 n(1 + n)  n  n( n −1)  n
= 21 350 + 15 050 – 3150 = 1 + (1 + n)  − 1 + ( n −1)
4  2  4  2
= 33 250
n
= (1 + n 2 )
17. 2 × 22 × 23 × …× 264 = 21 + 2 + 3 + …. + 64 2
64
(1+64 )
=2 2
Exercise 14G (p. 196)
2080
=2 Level 1
18. (a) In the 1st bracket, there is 1 term. 4

1. (a) ∵ a = 1, R = = 2 and n = 10
In the 2nd bracket, there are 2 terms. 2
In the 3rd bracket, there are 3 terms.
∴ Number of terms in the nth bracket is n.
80 102
1( 210 −1) 1
1
∴ S(10) = ∵ a= , R =  1  = 3 and T(n) = aRn – 1 = 729
2 −1 3 3 
 
=1023
1
∴ 729 = (3)n – 1
3
9 1
(b) ∵ a = 27, R = = and n = 7 n=8
27 3 ∴ The number of terms is 8.
  1 7  1 8
27 1 −    (3 −1)
∴ S(8) = 3
∴ S(7) =
  3   3 −1
1
1− 3280
=
3 3
1093
=
27 (d) Let n be the number of terms of the given series.
2
1 8
2
−16 ∵ a=4 , R = 51 = 2 and T(n) = aRn – 1 = 134
(c) ∵ a = 8, R = = –2 and n = 10 5 4 5
8 5
2 1
8[1 −( −2)10 ] ∴ 134 = 4 ( 2) n −1
∴ S(10) = 5 5
1 −( −2) n=6
=−2728 ∴ The number of terms is 6.
1 6
0.6 4 (2 −1)
(d) ∵ a = –1, R = = –0.6 and n = 7 ∴ S(6) = 5
−1 2 −1
−1[1 −( −0.6) 7 ] 3
∴ S(7) = = 264
1 −( −0.6) 5
=−0.642 496
3. (a) Let N be the number of terms that must be taken.
2. (a) Let n be the number of terms of the given series.
∵ a = 1, R =
2
= 2 and S(N) =
a ( R N −1) = 511
6 1 R −1
∵ a = 2, R = = 3 and T(n) = aRn – 1 = 4374
2 N
1( 2 −1)
∴ 4374 = 2(3n – 1) ∴ 511 =
n=8 2 −1
∴ The number of terms is 8. N=9
∴ 9 terms of geometric series must be taken.
2(3 −1)
8
∴ S(8) =
3 −1 (b) Let N be the number of terms that must be taken.
=6560 3 
1 
1  
∵ a= , R =  1  = 3 and
(b) Let N be the number of terms of the given series. 9 9 
 
−8
∵ a = 2, R = = –4 and T(N) = aRN – 1 = –2048 a ( R N −1) 4
2 S(N) = = 40
R −1 9
∴ –2048 = 2(–4)N – 1
N=6 1 N
∴ The number of terms is 6. (3 −1)
∴ 4 9
2[1 −( −4) 6 ] 40 =
9 3 −1
∴ S(6) =
1 −( −4) N=6
=−1638 ∴ 6 terms of geometric series must be taken.
(c) Let N be the number of terms that must be taken.

(c) Let n be the number of terms of the given series.
103
24 1 R 6 −1
∵ a = 48, R = = (2) ÷ (1), = –7
48 2 R 3 −1
a (1 − R N ) 29 R6 + 7R3 – 8 = 0
and S(N) = = 95
1−R 32 (R + 8)(R3 – 1) = 0
3
R3 = –8 or R3 = 1
  1 N  R = –2 or R = 1(rejected)
481 −   
29  2  By substituting R = –2 into (1), we have
∴
95 =   a[( −2) 3 −1]
32 1 = 12
1− ( −2) −1
2
a=4
N = 10 ∴ The first term is 4 and the common ratio is –2.
6. Let n be the least number of terms taken.
(d) Let N be the number of terms that must be taken.
2  6 3 a ( R N −1) > 800
2 9  ∵ a = 4, R = = and S(N) =
 
∵ a= ,R= 2 =3 4 2 R −1
27  27 
   3  N 
N
a ( R −1) 26 4   − 1
and S(N) = = 242 ∴  2  
R −1 27 > 800
3
2 N
−1
(3 −1) 2
∴ 26 27
242 = N > 11.38
27 3 −1 ∴ At least 12 terms of geometric series must be taken.
N=8
∴ 8 terms of geometric series must be taken. 7. At the end of the 1st year, Peter will receive
$5000(1 + 6%)1 = $5000(1.06)1.
4. ∵ T(3) = 27 At the end of the 2nd year, he will receive
2 $5000(1.06) + $5000(1.06)2.
 2
∴ a −  = 27 At the end of the 3rd year, he will receive
 3 $5000(1.06) + $5000(1.06)2 + $5000(1.06)3.
243 ∴ a = 5000(1.06), R = 1.06
a=
4 5000 (1.06 )(1.06 10 −1) 
S(10) =  
243   2  
10

 1.06 −1 

1 −  −  
4   3   = 69 858 (cor. to the nearest dollar)
∴ S(10) = ∴ Peter will receive $69 858 at the end of the 10th year.
 2
1− − 
 3
11 605 Level 2
=
324
8. At the end of the 1st year, he will get
$1000(1.04).
5. Let the first term be a and the common ratio be R.
At the end of the 2nd year, he will get
∵ S(3) = 12
$1000(1.04) + $1000(1.04)2.
∴
a ( R 3 −1) = 12 ……(1) At the end of the 3rd year, he will get
R −1 $1000(1.04) + $1000(1.04)2 + $1000(1.04)3.
∵ T(4) + T(5) + T(6) = –96 ∴ a = 1000(1.04), R = 1.04
∴ S(6) – S(3) = –96 Let n be the number of years needed.
S(n) > 15 000
a ( R 6 −1) = –84 ……(2) 1000 (1.04 )(1.04 n −1) 
R −1   > 15 000

 1.04 −1 

n > 11.6
80 104
∴ The minimum number of years needed is 12. 2(1 −0.9 6 )

∴ S(6) = = 9.37, cor. to 2 d.p.
9. (a) Let N be the number of terms that must be taken. 1 −0.9
1 ∴ The length of the pile driven is 9.37 m.
1
∵ a= − , R =  − 1  = –3
3  3
  2(1 −0.9 7 )
(b) S(7) = m
a (1 − R N ) 2 1 −0.9
and S(N) = = 60
1−R 3 = 10.43 m (cor. to 2 d.p.)
> 10 m
∴ 2
−
1
3
[1 −(−3) ]
N
∴ The pile would be completely driven into the
60 = ground.
3 1 −( −3)
N=6
12. (a) BD = ABsin θ
∴ d1 = x sin θ
(b) Let N be the number of terms that must be taken. AD = ABcos θ = xcos θ
−18 1 DE = ADsin θ = xcos θ sin θ
∵ a = 36, R = =− ∴ d2 = x sin θcos θ
36 2
a (1 − R N ) 125 (b) (i) AE = ADcos θ = x(cos θ )2
and S(N) = = 23
1−R 128 d3 = EF = AEsin θ = xsin θ (cos θ )2
  1 N  AF = AEcos θ = x(cos θ )3
36 1 −−   d4 = FG = AFsin θ = xsin θ (cos θ )3
∴ 23 125 =    2   d 2 x sin θ cos θ
128  1
1 − − 
= = cosθ
 2 d1 x sin θ
N = 10 d3 x sin θ (cos θ ) 2
∴ 10 terms of geometric series must be taken. = = cosθ
d2 x sin θ cos θ
10. (a) (i) In the 2nd second, the distance travels
= 20 × 0.8 m
d4 x sin θ (cos θ ) 3
= = cosθ
In the 3rd second, the distance travels d3 x sin θ (cos θ ) 2
= 20 × 0.82 m
d 2 d3 d 4
In the 4th second, the distance travels ∴ = =
= 20 × 0.83 m d1 d 2 d 3
∴ In the nth second, the distance travels is ∴ d1, d2, d3, d4 are in geometric sequence.
20 × 0.8n – 1 m.
(ii) ∵ a = 20, R = 0.8 (ii) ∵ a = xcos θ , R = cos θ
20 (1 −0.8 n ) ∴ d1 + d2 + d3 + d4 = S(4)
∴ S(n) = = 100(1 – 0.8n)
1 −0.8
∴ The total distance travels in the first n x sin θ[1 −cos 4 θ]
=
seconds is 100(1 – 0.8n) m. 1 −cos θ
(b) From (a), the distance travels in the first 18 seconds = x sin θ(1 +cos θ)(1 +cos 2
θ)
= S(18)
= 100(1 – 0.818) m
= 98.2 m
< 100 m (c) d1 + d2 + d3 + d4
∴ The train cannot stop at the station successfully = 20sin 30°(1 + cos 30°)(1 + cos230°)
in 18 seconds. 35
= (2 + 3 )
4
11. (a) After the 1st blow, the length driven is 2 m.
After the 2nd blow, the length driven is 2(0.9) m.
… 13. (a) 99 – 9 = 90
After the 6th blow, the length driven is 2(0.9)5 m. 999 – 99 = 900 ≠ 90
∴ a = 2 and R = 0.9 ∴ It is not an arithmetic sequence.
105
99 =1+2+3
= 11 ∴ The number of terms in the first n brackets
9 = 1 + 2 + 3 +… + n
999 111
= ≠ 11 =
n2 + n
99 11
2
and a = 1, R = 2
1 n 2 +n
(b) 9 = 10 – 1 = 10 – 1
99 = 100 – 1 = 102 – 1 ∴ The sum = 1( 2 2
−1)
999 = 1000 – 1 = 103 – 1
∴ T(n) = 10n – 1
2 −1
n 2 +n
(c) T(1) + T(2) + T(3) + … + T(n) =2 2

−1
= (101 – 1) + (102 – 1) + (103 – 1) + … + (10n – 1)
= 101 + 102 + 103 + … + 10n – n
a ( r n −1)
10 (10 n −1) 15. S1 = a + ar + ar2 + … + arn – 1 =
= −n r −1
10 −1
10 a 2 [( r 2 ) n −1]
= (10 n −1) −n =
9 S =a +ar +ar +…+ar r 2 −1
2 2 2 2 4 2 2(n – 1)
2
a 2 ( r 2 n −1)
14. (a) First term in the 1st bracket = 1= 20 =
First term in the 2nd bracket = 2 = 20 + 1 r 2 −1
First term in the 3rd bracket = 23 = 20 + 1 + 2 (r – 1)S12 + 2aS1
First term in the 4th bracket = 26 = 20 + 1 + 2 + 3 2
∴ First term in the nth bracket  a (r n −1)  a (r n −1)
= ( r −1)  r −1   + 2 a
= 20 + 1 + 2 + … + (n – 1 )
  r −1
n ( n −1)
=2 2
a ( r −1)
2 n 2
2a ( r −1)
2 n
= +
Last term in the nth bracket r −1 r −1
1 a ( r −1) n
2 n
= × first term in the (n + 1)th bracket = (r +1)
2 r −1
( n +1)( n +1−1)
1 a 2 ( r 2 n −1)
= ×2 2
=
2 r −1
n 2 +n −2
a ( r 2 n −1) (r +1)
2
= 2 2
= ⋅
r −1 (r +1)
(b) The number of terms in the 1st bracket = 1 a 2 (r 2 n −1)
The number of terms in the 2nd brackets = 2 = ( r +1)
r 2 −1
The number of terms in the 3rd brackets = 3
∴ The number of terms in the nth brackets = n = (r + 1)S2
n ( n −1)
and ,R=2 Exercise 14H (p. 203)
a =2 2
n ( n −1) Level 1
∴ The sum = 2 2
( 2 −1)
n
6 2
1. (a) ∵ a = 9 and R = =
2 −1 9 3
n ( n −1)
= ( 2 n −1)2 2 9
∴ S(∞) = 1 − 2
(c) The number of terms in the first bracket = 1 3
The number of terms in the first 2 brackets =27
=1+2
The number of terms in the first 3 brackets
80 106
2 1 = 0.747 + 0.000 747 + 0.000 000 747 + …

(b) ∵ a = –4, R = =− 0.747
−4 2 =
1 −0.001
−4
83
=
S(∞) = 1 − 
1
∴ −  111
 2
8 S (∞) =5
=− 3. (a) ∵
3
2
∴ =5
1 −R
0.2
(c) ∵ a = 1, R = = 0.2 3
1 R=
5
1
∴ S(∞) = 6 18
1 −0.2 ∴ The first 3 terms are 2, and .
5 25
5
=
4 40
(b) ∵ S (∞) =
7
− 5 
 3 10 40
(d) ∵ a = 5, R =   = −1 =
5 3 ∴ 1− R 7
5 3
S (∞) = R =−
∴  1 4
1 − − 
 3 15 45
∴ The first 3 terms are 10, − and .
15 2 8
=
4
(c) ∵ S (∞) = 90
2.  = 0.7777…
(a) 0.7 a
∴ = 90
= 0.7 + 0.07 + 0.007 + 0.0007 + … 1 −0.2
0.7 a = 72
=
1 −0.1 ∴ The first 3 terms are 72, 14.4 and 2.88.
7
= (d) ∵ S (∞) = −5
9
a
∴ = –5
7 = 0.474 747… 1 −( −0.2)
(b) 0.4
a = –6
= 0.47 + 0.0047 + 0.000 047 + …
∴ The first 3 terms are –6, 1.2 and –0.24.
0.47
=
1 −0.01 4. ∵ T(2) = 6
47 aR = 6 ……(1)
=
99 and S (∞) = 24
a
= 24 ……(2)
(c) 4
0.23  = 0.234 343… 1 −R
= 0.2 + 0.034 + 0.000 34 + 0.000 0034 + … 1
0.034 (1) ÷ (2), R(1 – R) =
= 0 .2 + 4
1 −0.01 2
 1
=
116 R −  = 0
495  2
1
R=
 47
(d) 0.7  = 0.747 747… 2
107
1 80  2
By substituting R = into (1), we have 8. (a) a = 120°, R = =
2 120 
3
1 ∴ Total angle swings through
a =6 = S (∞)
2

a = 12 120
=
∴ The first term is 12. 2
1−
3
5. ∵ T(1) + T(2) + T(3) = 21
=360 
a (1 − R 3 ) = 21 ……(1)
1−R (b) ∵ Total angle swings through is 360°.
∴ Total distance swings through
and S (∞) = 24
 360  
a = (2π )(10 cm) 


 
= 24 ……(2)
1 −R  360 
= 20 πcm
7
(1) ÷ (2), 1 – R3 =
8 9. For the downwards distance travelled,
1 a = 10, R = 75% = 0.75
R=
2 a
∴ S (∞) = m
1 1−R
2 10
= m
a 1 − 0.75
= 40 m
1 = 24
1− For the upwards distance travelled,
2 a = 10(75%) = 7.5, R = 0.75
a = 12 a 7.5
∴ The first 3 terms are 12, 6 and 3. ∴ S (∞) = m= m = 30 m
1 −R 1 − 0.75
6. (a) ∵ a = 1, R = x ∴ The total distance travelled
a 1 = (30 + 40) m
∴ S (∞) = 1 −R = 1 − x = 70 m
10. (a) (i) The fraction of the original piece of cake P

1
(b) ∵ S (∞) =1 1
8 gets the first time =
4
1 1
=1
∴ 1 −x 8 (ii) The fraction of the original piece of cake P
1 1 1 1
x= gets the second time alone =   =
9  4  4 16
7. The total possible output of gold (iii) The fraction of the original piece of cake P
= [1000 + 1000(80%) + 1000(80%)(80%) + ….] kg gets the nth time alone
= [1000 + 1000(0.8) + 1000(0.8)(0.8) + ….] kg n −1
1  1
1000 = 
= kg 4  4
1 −0.8
=5000 kg 1
= 2n
2
Level 2
80 108
1 
1 16 
  =1
(b) ∵ a = ,R= 1  4
4 4 
 
1 
 
4
∴ S (∞) =  
1
1−
4
1
=
3
11. (a) ∵ The speed of Ken is twice that of Angel.

∴ The distance travelled by Ken is twice that of
12. (a)
Angel in the same time.
1 1 ∵ △ABC is an equilateral triangle.
∴ BC = AB = (24 m) = 12 m
2 2 ∴ ∠ ABC = 60°
∵ Area of △ABC = 3 × Area of △OAB
1 1
Similarly, CD = BC = (12 m) = 6 m 1 1
2 2 ∴ (AB)(BC)(sin ∠ ABC) = 3 × (AB)(OD)
2 2
1 1
and DE = CD = (6 m) = 3 m 1 1
2 2 (8)(8)(sin 60°) = 3 × (8)(r1)
2 2
4
BC 6 1
= = r1= 3
(b) AB 12 2
CD 3 1 Consider △OEF.
= = ∠ FOE = 60°
BC 6 2 OE = OF cos ∠ FOE
∴ AB, BC, CD, DE are in geometric sequence with r1 – r2 = (r1 + r2)cos 60°
1 1
common ratio . r2 = r1
2 3
4
1 r2 = 3 3
(c) a = 24 m, R =
2
∴ Total distance Ken must run 1 4
Similarly, r3 = r2 = 9 3
= S (∞) 3
24 (b) From (a), we know that r1, r2, r3, … are in geometric
= m
1 4 1
1− sequence with first term and common ratio .
2 3 3
= 48 m Sum of the circumferences
= (2π r1 + 2π r2 + 2π r3 + …) cm
= 2π (r1 + r2 + r3 + …) cm
 4 
 
 3 
= 2π  cm
1 
 1− 
 3 
 
= 4 3π cm
(c) Consider the sequence r12, r22, r32, …
109
2 B2 C 2 BC 3
r2 2 r  1 = 3 3 = ... =
2
=  2  = B1C1 B2 C 2 4
r1  r1  9
∴ B1C1, B2C2, B3C3, … are in geometric
∴ r12, r22, r32, … are in geometric sequence with sequence.
16 1
first term and common ratio . 4
3 9 3
(ii) B C =   a
4 4
Sum of areas of these circles 4

= (π r21 + π r22 + π r32 + …) cm2 81
= a
= π (r12 + r22 + r32 + …) cm2 256
 16  
  (iii) The areas of the squares are in geometric
=π   cm 2
3
 1  9 2
1 − 9  sequence with first term a and common
  16
= 6π cm 2 9
ratio .
16
13. (a) C1C = B1C1 = b Sum of areas
AC1 = AC – C1C = 3a – b = (B1C1)2 + (B2C2)2 + (B3C3)2 +…
By similar triangles, we have  9 2 
 a 
AC1 B1C1 =  16 
=
AC BC  9 
1− 
3a − b b  16 
=
3a a 9
= a2
3 7
b= a
4
14. (a) A1B1 = B1C1 = 49 cm
3 3
(b) (i) From (a), we have B1C1 = BC A2B1 = A1B1 = 21 cm
4 7
Similarly, we have 4
B1B2 = B1C1 = 28 cm
3 7
B2C2 = B1C1
4 = A2 B12 +B1 B2 2 cm
3 AB (Pyth. theorem)
= b 2 2
= 21 2 +28 2 cm
4
=35 cm
A2 B2 5
(b) Common ratio = =
A1 B1 7
3
(ii) B2C2 = b
4 (c) (i) ∵ The sides of the squares are in
33  geometric sequence.
=  a ∴ The perimeters of the squares are also in
44  geometric sequence with the same common
9 ratio and first term 196 cm.
= a Sum of the perimeters
16
= (196 + 140 + … ) cm
(c) (i) By considering triangles AB1C1, AB2C2, …and
using argument similar to (a) and (b), we have
80 110
  T(3) = 33 – 1 = 9 , T(4) = 34 – 1 = 27 ,
 196 
= cm T(5) = 35 – 1 = 81
1 − 5 
 
 7 
(c) T(1) = (–1)1 + 1 ⋅ 2(1) = 2 ,
=686 cm
T(2) = (–1)2 + 1 ⋅ 2(2) = −
4 ,
T(3) = (–1)3 + 1 ⋅ 2(3) = 6 ,

(ii) Notice that
4 T(4) = (–1)4 + 1 ⋅ 2(4) = −
8
A 1A 2 = A1B1 = 28 cm T(5) = (–1)5 + 1 ⋅ 2(5) = 10
7
4
A 2A 3 = A2B2 = 20 cm (d) T(1) = (1)1 + 1 = 1 , T(2) = (2)2 + 1 = 8 ,
7
T(3) = (3)3 + 1 = 81 , T(4) = (4)4 + 1 = 1024 ,
… 15 625
A1A2, A2A3, …are also in geometric sequence with T(5) = (5)5 + 1 =
the same common ratio as A1B1, A2B2, … and first
term 28 cm. 2. (a) (i) 6, 7
∴ Total distance travelled by the ant
= (28 + 20 + … ) cm (ii) ∵ T(1) = 2 = 1 + 1
  T(2) = 3 = 2 + 1
 28  T(3) = 4 = 3 + 1
= cm T(4) = 5 = 4 + 1
 5 
1 −  ∴ T(n) = n +1
 7 
=98 cm
(b) (i) 20, 24
2 (ii) ∵ T(1) = 4 = 4(1)

A2 B2 T(2) = 8 = 4(2)
(d) Common ratio = 2
A1 B1 T(3) = 12 = 4(3)
T(4) = 16 = 4(4)
35 2 ∴ T(n) = 4n
=
49 2 (c) (i) 4, 2
25
=
49 (ii) ∵ T(1) = 64 = 27 – 1
First term = A1B12 T(2) = 32 = 27 – 2
= 492 cm2 T(3) = 16 = 27 – 3
= 2401 cm2 T(4) = 8 = 27 – 4
7 −n
∴ The sum of areas ∴ T(n) = 2
= (2401 + 1225 + …) cm2
  3 3
 2401  (d) (i) ,
= cm 2 32 64
 25 
1 − 
 49 
3 3
=
117 649
cm 2
(ii) ∵ T(1) = = 1
24 2 2
3 3
T(2) = = 2
Revision Exercise 14 (p. 209) 4 2
Level 1 3 3
T(3) = = 3
1. (a) T(1) = 2(1) – 1 = 1 , T(2) = 2(2) – 1 = 3 ,
8 2
T(3) = 2(3) – 1 = 5 , T(4) = 2(4) – 1 = 7 , 3 3
T(4) = = 4
T(5) = 2(5) – 1 = 9 16 2
3
∴ T(n) =
(b) T(1) = 31 – 1 = 1 , T(2) = 32 – 1 = 3 , 2n
3. (a) T(2) – T(1) = 4 – 1 = 3 3  7

T(3) – T(2) = 7 – 4 = 3 (d) (i) T(n) = + (n −1) − 
T(4) – T(3) = 10 – 7 = 3 4  4
∴ It is an arithmetic sequence with common 10 −7 n
difference 3. =
4
T(n) = 1 + (n – 1)(3) = 3n −2
(b) T(2) – T(1) = 7 – 9 = –2 10 − 7(9)

(ii) T(9) =
T(3) – T(2) = 5 – 7 = –2 4
T(4) – T(3) = 2 – 5 = –3 ≠ –2 53
∴ It is not an arithmetic sequence. =−
4
(c) T(2) – T(1) = log 25 – log 5
= 2 log 5 – log 5 5. (a) Let a and d be the first term and the common
= log 5 difference respectively.
T(3) – T(2) = log 125 – log 25 ∵ a = 101 and d = 99 – 101 = –2
= 3 log 5 – 2 log 5 ∴ T(n) = 101 + (n – 1)(–2)
= log 5 = 103 – 2n
T(4) – T(3) = log 625 – log 125 Let –1 be the kth term.
= 4 log 5 – 3 log 5 i.e. T(k) = –1
= log 5 ∴ 103 – 2k = –1
∴ It is an arithmetic sequence with common k = 52
difference log 5. ∴ There are 52 terms in the sequence.
T(n) = log 5 + (n – 1)(log 5)
= n log 5 (b) Let a and d be the first term and the common
(d) T(2) – T(1) = (x + 3) – (x + 1) = 2 ∵ a = 3 and d = 1 – 3 = –2
T(3) – T(2) = (x + 5) – (x + 3) = 2 ∴ T(n) = 3 + (n – 1)(–2)
T(4) – T(3) = (x + 7) – (x + 5) = 2 = 5 – 2n
∴ It is an arithmetic sequence with common Let –15 be the kth term.
difference 2. i.e. T(k) = –15
T(n) = (x + 1) + (n – 1)(2) ∴ 5 – 2k = –15
k = 10
= x +2n −1
4. (a) (i) T(n) = 2 + (n – 1)(4) (c) Let a and d be the first term and the common
= 4 n −2 difference respectively.
1 1 1
(ii) T(9) = 4(9) – 2 ∵ a= and d = 1 − =
= 34
2 2 2
1 1
∴ T(n) = + (n – 1)  
(b) (i) T(n) = –5 + (n – 1)(–4) 2 2
=− 4n − 1
1
= n
(ii) T(9) = –4(9) – 1 2
=− 37 Let 10 be the kth term.
i.e. T(k) = 10
1
 1 ∴ k = 10
(c) (i) T(n) = –2 + (n – 1) 1  2
 2 k = 20
3n −7 ∴ There are 20 terms in the sequence.
=
2
(d) Let a and d be the first term and the common
3(9) − 7 1 2 1
(ii) T(9) = ∵ a= and d = − − = –1
2 3 3 3
= 10
80 112
1 d=7
∴ T(n) = + (n – 1)(–1) By substituting d = 7 into (1), we have
3 a + 3(7) = 75
4 a = 54
= –n ∴ T(n) = a + (n – 1)d
3
= 54 + (n – 1)(7)
2
Let −18 be the kth term. = 47 +7 n
3
2 (d) Let a and d be the first term and the common
i.e. T(k) = −18 difference respectively.
3
T(7) = a + 6d = 62 ……(1)
4 2
∴ −k = −18 T(19) = a + 18d = 2 ……(2)
3 3 (2) – (1), 12d = –60
k = 20 d = –5
∴ There are 20 terms in the sequence. By substituting d = –5 into (1), we have
a + 6(–5) = 62
6. (a) Let a and d be the first term and the common a = 92
difference respectively. ∴ T(n) = a + (n – 1)d
T(7) = a + 6d = 20 ……(1) = 92 + (n – 1)(–5)
T(19) = a + 18d = 56 ……(2) = 97 −5n
(2) – (1), 12d = 36
d=3 − 8 + ( −2)
By substituting d = 3 into (1), we have 7. (a) Arithmetic mean =
a + 6(3) = 20 2
a=2 = –5
∴ T(n) = a + (n – 1)d
= 2 + (n – 1)(3) 117 + 49
= 3n −1 (b) Arithmetic mean =
2
= 83
(b) Let a and d be the first term and the common
difference respectively. −13 +13
T(10) = a + 9d = 40 ……(1) (c) Arithmetic mean =
T(16) = a + 15d = 25 ……(2) 2
(2) – (1), 6d = –15 =0
5
d=− 8. (a) Let d1 be the common difference of the arithmetic
2 sequence to be formed.
5 The arithmetic sequence formed is:
By substituting d = − into (1), we have 5, 5 + d1, 5 + 2d1, 17
2 ∵ The 4th term is also given by 5 + 3d1.
 5 ∴ 5 + 3d1 = 17
a + 9 −  = 40 d1 = 4
 2 ∴ The two required arithmetic means are 9 and 13.
125
a= (b) Let d2 be the common difference of the arithmetic
2
∴ T(n) = a + (n – 1)d
The arithmetic sequence formed is:
125  5 3, 3 + d2, 3 + 2d2, 3 + 3d2, 19
= +( n −1)− 
2  2 ∵ The 5th term is also given by 3 + 4d2.
∴ 3 + 4d2 = 19
5
= 65 − n d2 = 4
2 ∴ The three required arithmetic means are 7, 11 and
15.
(c) Let a and d be the first term and the common
difference respectively. (c) Let d be the common difference of the arithmetic
sequence.
T(4) = a + 3d = 75 ……(1)
∵ T(1) = a and T(4) = b
T(10) = a + 9d = 117 ……(2)
∴ b = a + 3d
(2) – (1), 6d = 42
113
b −a T (3) x4 y x
d= = 3 2 =
3 T ( 2) x y y
(i) x = T(2) T ( 4) x5 x
= 4 =
=a+d T (3) x y y
b −a  ∴ It is a geometric sequence with common
= a + 
 3  x
ratio .
2 a +b y
=
3 n −1
3 x 
∴ T(n) = x y 
y
2
(ii) y = T(3) 
= a + 2d  
=x n +1 ⋅ y 4−n
b −a 
= a + 2 
 3 
a + 2b
=
3 10. (a) (i) ∵ a = 1 and R = 2 and T(n) = aRn – 1
∴ T(n) = 1(2)n – 1
n−
1
T (2) −2 1 =2
9. (a) = =
T (1) −4 2
T (3) −1 1
(ii) T(10) = 210 −1
= = 9
= 512 (or 2 )
T ( 2) − 2 2
− 1  (b) (i) ∵ a = 2 and R = –3 and T(n) = aRn – 1
T ( 4)  2 1
= =
∴ T(n) = 2 ⋅( − 3) n −
1
T (3) −1 2
∴ It is a geometric sequence with common
(ii) T(10) = 2(–3)10 – 1
1 −39 366 (or −2 ⋅39 )
ratio .
2 =
n −1
1  (c) (i) ∵ a = 1 and R = –1 and T(n) = aRn – 1
∴ T(n) = − 4  ∴ T(n) = 1(–1) n – 1
2 
= (− 1) n − 1
=−2 3−n
(ii) T(10) = (–1)10 – 1
T ( 2) 5 =− 1
(b) =
T (1) 2
T (3) 11 5 1
= ≠ (d) (i) ∵ a = − and R = –2 and T(n) = aRn – 1
T ( 2) 5 2 4
∴ It is not a geometric sequence. 1 n −1
∴ T(n) = − ( −2)
4
T ( 2) 0.33 11 =( −1) n ⋅2 n −3
(c) = =
T (1) 0.3 10
T (3) 0.333 111 11 (ii) T(10) = ( −1)10 ( 210 −3 )
= = ≠
T ( 2) 0.33 110 10 = 128 (or 2 7 )
11. (a) Let a and R be the first term and the common
ratio respectively.
T ( 2) x3 y 2 x
(d) = 2 3 = 2
T (1) x y y ∵ a = 1 and R = =2
1
∴ T(n) = aRn – 1
80 114
= 1(2)n – 1 R=3
= 2n – 1 By substituting R = 3 into (1), we have
Let 2048 be the kth term. 1
i.e. T(k) = 2048 a(3) =
9
2k – 1 = 2048
k = 12 1
a=
∴ The number of terms is 12. 27
∴ T(n) = aRn – 1
(b) Let a and R be the first term and the common ratio 1
respectively. = ⋅ 3n – 1
27
−10 n−4
∵ a = –2 and R = =5 =3
−2
∴ T(n) = aRn – 1 (b) Let a and R be the first term and the common ratio
= –2(5)n – 1 respectively.
Let –6250 be the kth term. T(4) = aR3 = 2 ………(1)
i.e. T(k) = –6250 1
–2(5)k – 1 = –6250 T(5) = aR4 = ………(2)
k=6 2
∴ The number of terms is 6. 1
(2) ÷ (1), R=
4
(c) Let a and R be the first term and the common ratio
respectively.
1
1.6 1 4
∵ a = 3.2 and R = = 3
3.2 2 1
a  =2
∴ T(n) = aRn – 1 4
n −1
1  a = 128
= 3.2   ∴ T(n) = aRn – 1
2 n −1
Let 0.006 25 be the kth term. 1 
= 128  
i.e. T(k) = 0.006 25 4 
k −1 9−2 n
1  =2
3.2   = 0.006 25
2 
k = 10 (c) Let a and R be the first term and the common ratio
∴ The number of terms is 10. respectively.
T(3) = aR2 = –8 ………(1)
(d) Let a and R be the first term and the common ratio T(6) = aR5 = 1 ………(2)
respectively. 1
(2) ÷ (1), R3 = −
−12 8
∵ a = 3 and R = = –4
3 1
R=−
∴ T(n) = aRn – 1 2
= 3(–4)n – 1
1
Let 12 288 be the kth term. By substituting R = − into (1), we have
i.e. T(k) = 12 288 2
3(–4)k – 1 = 12 288 2
 1
k=7 a −  = –8
∴ The number of terms is 7.  2
a = –32
12. (a) Let a and R be the first term and the common ∴ T(n) = aRn – 1
ratio respectively. n −1
 1
1 = –32  − 
T(2) = aR = ………(1)  2
9
6
T(7) = aR = 27 ………(2) = (−1) n ⋅26−n
(2) ÷ (1), R5 = 243

(d) Let a and R be the first term and the common ratio
115
respectively. 12
T(2) = aR = 6 ………(1) ∴ S(12) = [2(7) + (12 – 1)( –3)]
T(7) = aR6 = 192 ………(2) 2
(2) ÷ (1), R5 = 32 =−114
R=2
By substituting R = 2 into (1), we have (d) ∵ first term = (a – b),
a(2) = 6 d = (3a + b) – (a – b) = 2a + 2b and n = 10
a=3 10
∴ T(n) = aRn – 1 ∴ S(10) = [2(a – b) + (10 – 1)(2a + 2b)]
2
= 3 ⋅2
n−1
= 100 a +80 b
13. (a) Geometric mean = 4 ×64 =16

15. (a) (i) Let n be the number of terms of the given
series.
(b) Geometric mean = ± −3 ×(−27 ) =9 or −9 ∵ a = 200, l = 2
and S(n) = 10 100
(c) Let R be the common ratio of the geometric n( 200 + 2)
∴ = 10 100
sequence to be formed. 2
The geometric sequence formed is:
n = 100
1 1 1 27 ∴ There are 100 terms in the given series.
, R, R 2 ,
4 4 4 32
(ii) Let d be the common difference.
1 3 ∵ l = T(100) = 2
∵ The 4th term is also given by R.
4 ∴ 200 + 99d = 2
1 3 27 d = –2
∴ R = ∴ The common difference is –2.
4 32
3 (b) (i) Let a be the first term and d be the common
R= difference.
2
∵ S(9) = 90
3
∴ The two required geometric means are and 9
8 ∴ (2a + 8d) = 90
2
9 a + 4d = 10 ………(1)
.
16 ∵ T(11) = 14
a + 10d = 14 ………(2)
(d) Let r be the common ratio of the geometric sequence (2) – (1), 6d = 4
to be formed. 2
The geometric sequence formed is: d=
3
3, 3r, 3r2, 24
∵ The 4th term is also given by 3r3. 2
∴ The common difference is .
∴ 3r3 = 24 3
r=2
∴ a = 6 and b = 12 2
(ii) By substituting d = into (1), we have
14. (a) ∵ a = –3, d = 2 – (–3) = 5 and n = 20
3
20 22
∴ S(20) = [2(–3) + (20 – 1)(5)] a=
2 3
= 890 50   22   2 
∴ S(50) =  2  + 49 
2   3   3 
(b) ∵ a = 65, d = 62 – 65 = –3 and n = 15
3550
15 =
∴ S(15) = [2(65) + (15 – 1)(–3)] 3
2
= 660
16. (a) ∵ a = 1, l = 50
(c) ∵ a = 7, d = 4 – 7 = –3 and n = 12
80 116
50 1(3 N −1)
∴ S(50) = [1 + 50] ∴ > 2000
2 3 −1
= 1275 3N – 1 > 4000
N > 7.55
(b) The sum of even integers ∴ 8 terms of geometric series must be taken.
= 2 + 4 + 6 +…. + 100
= 2( 1 + 2 + 3 + … + 50) (b) Let n be the number of terms that must be taken.
= 2(1275) (from (a)) 8 
2 3 
 
= 2550 ∵ a= , R = 2  = 4
3 3 
 
6 and S(N) > 3650
17. (a) ∵ a = 3, R = = 2 and n = 8
3 2
(4 n −1)
3( 2 −1) 8 ∴ 3 > 3650
∴ S(8) =
2 −1 4 −1
=765 4n – 1 > 16425
n > 7.002
5 1
(b) ∵ a = 10, R = = and n = 6
10 2 14 1
19. (a) ∵ a = 28 and R = =
 1 6
 28 2
10 1 −    28
  2   S (∞) =
∴ S(6) = ∴ 1
1 1−
1− 2
2 = 56
11
=19
16 −18 2
(b) ∵ a = 27, R = =−
27 3
−24 27
(c) ∵ a = 8, R =
8
= –3 and n = 8 S (∞) =
 2
∴ 1 − − 
8[1 −( −3) 8 ]  3
∴ S(8) = 81
1 −( −3) =
5
=−13 120
 9 
3 − 25  3
 
(c) ∵ a = , R =  3  =−5
6 1 5
(d) ∵ a = –18, R = = − and n = 12 5 
 
−18 3
3
  1 12   
− 18 1 −  −  
S (∞) =  
5
  3   ∴  3
∴ S(12) = 1 − − 
 1  5
1 − − 
 3 3
265 720 =
=− 8
19 683
20. (a)  = 0.5555…
0.5
18. (a) Let N be the number of terms of the given series. = 0.5 + 0.05 + 0.005 + 0.0005 + …
3
∵ a = 1, R = =1
1
and S(N) > 2000
117
0.5 2( 210 −1)

= S(10) =
1 −0.1 2 −1
5 = 2046
=
9 For the arithmetic sequence log 2, log 4, log 8, …
a = log 2, d = log 2,
4 = 0.414 1414… 10
(b) 0.41 S(10) = (log 2 + 10 log 2)
= 0.4 + 0.014 + 0.000 14 + … 2
0.014 = 55 log 2
=0.4 + ∴ The required sum = 2046 +55 log 2
1 −0.01
41
= 10 a
99 24. (a) (i) Common ratio =
a
=10
(c)  14
0 .4  = 0.414 414…
= 0.414 + 0.000 414 + 0.000 000 414 + …
0.414 a (10 n −1)
= (ii) S(n) =
1 −0.001 10 −1
46 a
= = (10 n −1)
9
111
(b) (i) T(2) – T(1) = log 10a – log a = log 10 = 1

Level 2 T(3) – T(2) = log 100a – log 10a = log 10 = 1
21. ∵ The equation ax2 +2bx + c = 0 has equal roots. …
∴ ∆ =0 ∴ log a, log 10a, log 100a, … are in arithmetic
i.e. (2b)2 – 4ac = 0 sequence.
b2 = ac
c b n
= (ii) S(n) = [2 log a + (n – 1)(1)]
b a 2
∴ a, b, c are in geometric sequence. n( n −1)
= n log a +
2
22. tan θcos θ = 2 sin θ
tan θ cos θ = 2 sin2θ 25. (a) The weight loss in a month is a geometric
sin θ = 2 sin2θ sequence with a = 2 and R = 80% = 0.8.
sin θ (2 sinθ – 1) = 0 ∴ In the nth month, weight loss = 2 ⋅0.8
n−1
kg
1
sin θ = 0 or sinθ =
2 (b) Total weight loss =S (∞)
θ = 30

or 150

2
= kg
1 −0.8
= 10 kg
∴ Her ultimate weight = (80 – 10) kg
23. (a) a ⋅ a2 ⋅ a3 ⋅ a3 ⋅ …⋅ a100 = 70 kg
= a1 + 2 + 3 + … + 100
100 (1+100 ) 26. ∵ The diameters of the semi-circles are in geometric
=a 2
sequence with a = 8 mm, R = 60% = 0.6
=a 5050 ∴ The lengths of the semi-circles are in geometric
8
sequence with a = π mm = 4π mm, R = 0.6
(b) (2 + log 2) + (4 + log 4) + (8 + log 8) + … 2
= (2 + 4 + 8 + …) + (log 2 + log 4 + log 8 + …) Maximum length =S (∞)
Then we have a geometric sequence 2, 4, 8, … and an
arithmetic sequence log 2, log 4, log 8, …
For the geometric sequence 2, 4, 8, …,
a = 2, R = 2,
80 118
4π Side of the 2nd square = 8 2 cm

= mm
1 −0.6  1 
=10 π mm = 16   cm
 2
Side of the 3rd square = 8 cm
sin 2 α cos 2 α  1 
2
27. (a) Common ratio = = 16   cm
sin 2 α  2
= cos 2
α k- 1
 1 
∴ Side of the kth square =16 


 cm
 2 
sin 2 α
(b) S(∞) =
1 − cos 2 α (b) The lengths of each side of the squares are in
=1 1
geometric sequence with a = 16 cm, R = .
2
3 1
28. (a) a = 9, R = = The perimeter of the squares are also in geometric
9 3 1
9 27 sequence with a = 4 × 16 cm = 64 cm, R = .
= = 2
S(∞) = 1 2
1−
3   1 10 
 5
64 1 −   
1
9 1 −      2  
∴ S(10) = cm
 
S(5) =     121 1
3
= 1−
1−
1 9 2
3 =62 ( 2 + 2 ) cm
∴ Error = S(5) – S (∞)
121 27 (c) The areas of the squares are in geometric sequence
= − 1
2 9 with a = (16 × 16) cm2 = 256 cm2 and R = .
1 2
=− Total area of the infinite number of squares formed
18
a
=
1 −R
 1
−  =
256
cm 2
18 
(b) Percentage error
= × 100% 1−
1
 27  2
 
 2  = 512 cm 2
= –0.412%
30. (a) (i) From 1st January 2010 to 31st December 2019,
29. (a) Side of the 2nd square
there are 20 half-years.
2 2
 16   16  The 1st deposit will amount to x(1.03)20.
=   +   cm The 2nd deposit will amount to x(1.03)19.
2 2  The 3rd deposit will amount to x(1.03)18.
=8 2 cm ∴ The required sum
Side of the 3rd square = $[x(1.03)20 + x(1.03)19 + x(1.03)18]
2 2 = $ x (1.03
20
+ 1.03 19 + 1.03 18 )
8 2  8 2 
   
 2  +  2  cm
=
    (ii) The last deposit will amount to 1.03x.
=8 cm The total sum
= $[x(1.03)20 + x(1.03)19 +… + 1.03x]
Side of the 1st square = 16 cm
119
1.03 x (1.03 20 −1) kπθ

=$ a= and R = cos θ .
1.03 −1 180 
103 x (1.03 20 −1) ∩ ∩ ∩
=$ ∴ A1 B1 + A2 B2 + A3 B3 +...
3
 kπθ 
(b) The sum = 500 000 
 
 
103 x (1.03 20
−1) = 180 
= 500 000 1 −cos θ
3 kπ θ
=
x =18 066 (cor. to the 180  (1 −cos θ)
nearest integer)
1
(c) Area of △OA2B1 = (OB1)(OA2)sin θ
31. ∵ a, b, c are in arithmetic sequence. 2
∴ b–a=c–b 1
= (k)(kcos θ )sin θ
b2(c + a) – a2(b + c) = b2c + b2a – a2b – a2c 2
= c(b2 – a2) + ab(b – a) 1 2
= (b – a)[c(b + a) + ab] = 2 k cos θ sin θ
= (b – a)(cb + ca + ab)
c2(a + b) – b2(c + a) = c2a + c2b – b2c – b2a 1
Area of △OA3B2 = (OB2)(OA3)sin θ
= a(c2 – b2) + bc(c – b) 2
= (c – b)[a(c + b) + bc] 1
= (kcos θ )(kcos2θ )sin θ
= (c – b)(ac + ab + bc) 2
= (b – a)(cb + ca + ab) 1 2
= 2 k cos θsin θ
3
= b2(c + a) – a2(b + c)
∴ a (b + c), b (c + a), c2(a + b) are in arithmetic
2 2
sequence. 1
Area of △OA4B3 = (OB3)(OA4)sin θ
2
32. (a) OA2 = OB1cos θ 1
= kcos θ = (kcos2θ )(OB3cos θ )sin θ
2
OA3 = OB2cos θ
1
= kcos θ
2
= (kcos2θ )(kcos2θ cos θ )sin
2
θ
∩ πθ
A1 B1 = OA1 1 2
= 2 k cos θsin θ
5
(b) (i)
180 
kπθ
=
180  (d) The areas of the triangles are in geometric sequence
1 2
∩
πθ with a = k cos θ sin θ and R = cos2θ .
A2 B2 = OA2 2
180  ∴ The sum to infinity of the series
πkθ cos θ
=
180 
∩ πθ
A3 B3 = OA3
180 
πkθ cos 2 θ
=
180 
(ii) The sum is a geometric series with
80 120
1 (b) (i) 1 = 2(1) – 1

k 2 cos θ sin θ 5 = 2(1 + 2) – 1
= 2 11 = 2(1 + 2 + 3) – 1
1 − cos 2 θ 19 = 2(1 + 2 + 3 + 4) – 1
k 2 cos θ sin θ ∴ L = 2(1 + 2 + 3 + … + n) – 1
=  n( n +1) 
2 sin 2 θ = 2 –1
 2 
k cos θ
2
= = n(n +1) −1
2 sin θ
k2 (ii) The terms in bn are in arithmetic sequence with
= a = an = 1 + n(n – 1) and d = 2.
2 tan θ
The number of terms = n
∴ The sum of terms in bn
8 8 8 = an + (an + 2) + (an + 4) + … + L
33. (a) 8 = (9) = (10 – 1) = (101 – 1) n
9 9 9 = [(1 + n(n – 1)) + (n(n + 1) – 1)]
8 8 8 2
88 = (99) = (100 – 1) = (102 – 1) =n
3
9 9 9
8 8 8 35. No
888 = (999) = (1000 – 1) = (103 – 1)
9 9 9 Let the speed of the tortoise be v m/s, then that of Achilles
8 be 5v m/s.
∴ T(n) = 9 (10
n
−1) ∵ The speed of Achilles is 5 times that of the tortoise.
∴ Distance travelled by Achilles is 5 times that of the
tortoise.
(b) T(1) + T(2) + T(3) + … + T(n) ∴ When Achilles reaches B, the tortoise move 2 m.
8 8 8 i.e. BC = 2 m
= (101 – 1) + (102 – 1) + … + (10n – 1)
9 9 9 1 
Similarly, CD = BC  m
8 5 
= [101 – 1 + 102 – 1 + … + 10n – 1]
9 2
= m
8 5
= [101 + 102 + … + 10n – n]
9 ∴ AB, BC, CD, … are in geometric sequence with a =
1
8 10 (10 n −1)  10 m and R = .
=  −n  5
9 (10 − 1) 
 ∴ Total distance travelled by Achilles when he reaches
8 10 (10 −1)
n  the tortoise
=  −n 
9 9 
 10
m
= 1
1−
34. (a) (i) a4 = 1 + 2(1) + 2(2) + 2(3) 5
= 13 = 12.5 m
a5 = 1 + 2(1) + 2(2) + 2(3) + 2(4) 12 .5 5
∴ The time needed = = s , which is finite.
= 21 5v 2v
36. (a) 1, 2, 3 or 2, 4, 6 or 3, 6, 9
(ii) l = 2(n − 1)
an = 1 + 2(1) + 2(2) + … + l
= 1 + 2(1) + 2(2) + … + 2(n – 1) (b) By adding the corresponding terms of 1, 2, 3 and 2, 4,
= 1 + 2[1 + 2 + … + (n – 1)] 6, we have 3, 6, 9, which is an arithmetic sequence
 n( n −1)  with a common difference 3. The common difference
= 1 + 2  of the new sequence is the sum of that of the former
 2  sequences.
= 1 +n( n −1)
37. (a) 1, 2, 4 or 1, 3, 9 or 1, 4, 16
121
m1 + m2 a + d1 + a + 2d1
(b) By multiplying the corresponding terms of 1, 2, 4 and =
1, 3, 9, we have 1, 6, 36, which is a geometric n1 + n3 a + d 2 + a + 3d 2
sequence with a common ratio 6.
a + a + 3d1
The common ratio of the new sequence is the product =
of that of the former sequences. a + a + 4d 2
Multiple Choice Questions (p. 216) a +b
=
1. Answer: B
a +b
=1
Let d be the common difference of the arithmetic sequence
to be formed. 6. Answer: C
The arithmetic sequence formed is:
x, x + d, x + 2d, x + 3d, x + 4d, x + 5d, y Consider the sequence which terms that are multiples of 7:
∵ The 7th term is also given by x + 6d. 7, 14, 21, …
∴ x + 6d = y Let n be the number of multiples of 7 less than 100.
T(n) < 100
y −x 7 + (n – 1)(7) < 100
d=
6 n < 14.29
x+y ∴ The number of multiples of 7 less than 100 is 14.
∴ The 3rd arithmetic mean is .
2 ∴ The number of positive integers less than 100 not
divisible by 7
2. Answer: B = 99 – 14
d = n2 – n1 = 85
Common difference of the new arithmetic sequence
= (3n2 + 1) – (3n1 + 1) 7. Answer: C
= 3(n2 – n1) Consider the geometric sequence: 1, 2, 4
= 3d and 1 + 10, 2 + 10, 4 + 10 = 11, 12, 14 which is not a
geometric sequence.
3. Answer: C ∴ I is false.
T(7) = S(7) – S(6) ∵ a, b , c are in geometric sequence.
= [3(7)2 – 2(7)] – [3(6)2 – 2(6)]
= 133 – 96 b c
∴ = =R
= 37 a b
10 b b
4. Answer: C ∵ = =R
10 a a
10 ⋅ 102 ⋅ 103 ⋅ …⋅ 10n > 1050
101 + 2 + 3 + … + n > 1050 10 c c
and = =R
1 + 2 + 3 + … + n > 50 10 b b
n( n +1) ∴ 10a, 10b , 10c are in geometric sequence.
> 50
2 ∴ II is true.
n(n + 1) > 100
∴ (n + 1)(n + 1) > 100 b b
∵ = = R
n + 1 > 10 or n + 1 < –10 a a
∴ n > 9 or n < –11(rejected)
The smallest value of n is 10. c c
and = = R
b b
5. Answer: A
∴ a, b, c are in geometric sequence.
Let d1 and d2 be the common differences of the arithmetic
∴ III is true.
sequences respectively.
Then b = a + 3d1 and b = a + 4d2 8. Answer: C
For I:
1   1 
33  333 
 = 1   = 11 ≠ 1
1  11
and 1  111 11
3  33 
   
∴ I is not in geometric sequence.
80 122
2. the terms are from [1 + 2 + 3 +… + (n – 2) + 1]th to

For II: [1 + 2 + 3 +… + (n – 1)]th
0.33 11 0.333 111 11 ( n −1)( n − 2)
= and = ≠ i.e. from [ +1 ]th to
0.3 10 0.33 110 10 2
∴ II is not in geometric sequence. n( n −1)
th
For III: 2
− 1  1  − 1  If the denominator is 46, the terms are from [
 6 12   24 
  =−1   =−1   =−1
, and ( 46 −1)( 46 − 2) 46 ( 46 −1)
1 
3 
2 − 1 
 6
2 1 
12 
2 +1 ]th to th
      2 2
∴ III is in geometric sequence. i.e. from 991th to 1035th.
For each denominator with value of n, the numerator runs
9. Answer: D from 1 to n – 1.
1 By counting from the 991th term, the numerator of the
xy =
10 1001th term is 11.
1 2. ∵ sin 30° + sin230° + … + sinQ30° = 1– cosR45°
xy =
100 ∴
log x + log y
= log xy sin 30  (1 − sin Q 30  )
1 = 1 − cos R 45 
= log 1 − sin 30 
100
0.5(1 − sin Q 30  )
= –2 = 1 − cos R 45 
0.5
10. Answer: D 1 – sinQ30° = 1– cosR45°
n +1
1[( 9 ) −1]
2
sinQ30° = cosR45°
= R
9 −1
2
1
Q
 1 
2 2 n +2   =  

1 + 9 + 9 + … +9 = (3 ) −1 2  2
2 4 2n
80  1 
2Q
 1 
R
4 n +4   =  
3 −1  2 
=    2
80 ∴ R= 2Q
11. Answer: B
12. Answer: D
S (∞) = 100
a
= 100
1 −0.25
a = 75
HKMO (p. 217)

1. Consider the sequence of the denominator.
2, 3, 3, 4, 4, 4, … , n, n, … ,n, …
For each n,
1. there are (n – 1) terms.
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5ACh14 (Arithmetic and Geometric Sequences and Their Summation)

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Certificate Mathematics in Action Full Solutions 5A

14 Arithmetic and Geometric Sequences and their Summation

Activity (b) very close to zero

Activity 14.1 (p. 161) (c) very large

1. (a) 2, 2, 2, 2 Follow-up Exercise

Activity 14.3 (p. 198) 1

(iii) ∵ T(n) = 3n – 1 = log 2

1 1 2. (a) Let a and d be the first term and the common

(b) T(n) = a + (n – 1)d The arithmetic sequence formed is:

∴ It is not a geometric sequence. 1

3x = 9 (b) Let N be the number of terms that must be taken.

and T(n) = a + (n – 1)d

T(2) = 22 – 3 = 1 9. (a) –1, 1

respectively. = log (10k)2 + (n – 1)(2 log k)

(b) T(2) – T(1) = log (10k2)2 – log (10k)2

1, 0.5, 2, 3.5, 5 and 6.5.

p + 3 p +1 3 p +1 ∴ It is not a geometric sequence.

(b) T(8) = –32 – 8

( −4)−  (or ( −1) n ⋅ 23−n ⋅3n−1 )

a = –243 T(2) = aR = 6 ………(1)

1 5 000 000 × (1 + 4%)n > 2 × 5 000 000

∴ The sum of the corresponding series is 350. m1 + m2 + m3 + … + m25 = 1562.5

15. ∵ a = –49, d = (–46) – (–49) = 3

16. (a) The sum = 200 + 205 + 210 + … + 500

18. (a) In the 1st bracket, there is 1 term. 4

(c) Let N be the number of terms that must be taken.

∴ The minimum number of years needed is 12. 2(1 −0.9 6 )

(c) T(1) + T(2) + T(3) + … + T(n) =2 2

2 1 = 0.747 + 0.000 747 + 0.000 000 747 + …

10. (a) (i) The fraction of the original piece of cake P

11. (a) ∵ The speed of Ken is twice that of Angel.

(c) Consider the sequence r12, r22, r32, …

Sum of areas of these circles 4

T(3) = (–1)3 + 1 ⋅ 2(3) = 6 ,

2 (ii) ∵ T(1) = 4 = 4(1)

3. (a) T(2) – T(1) = 4 – 1 = 3 3  7

(b) T(2) – T(1) = 7 – 9 = –2 10 − 7(9)

(2) ÷ (1), R5 = 243

13. (a) Geometric mean = 4 ×64 =16

0.5 2( 210 −1)

(b) (i) T(2) – T(1) = log 10a – log a = log 10 = 1

4π Side of the 2nd square = 8 2 cm

1.03 x (1.03 20 −1) kπθ

(ii) The sum is a geometric series with

1 (b) (i) 1 = 2(1) – 1

2. the terms are from [1 + 2 + 3 +… + (n – 2) + 1]th to

HKMO (p. 217)

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