ITTIHAD UNIVERSITY, COLLEGE OF MANAGEMENT AND INFORMATION SYSTEMS

Student Name: Zubaidah Abdul Rehman Al Din

Student ID: 20042080
Expert System Introduction
It is an intelligent computer program that uses no!ledge and in"erence procedures to sol#e problems that are di""icult
enough to re$uire signi"icant human e%pertise "or their solution&' ()eigenbaum *+82,
-he area o" e%pert s.stems is a #er. success"ul appro%imate solution to the classic a problem o" programming
intelligence& -hus/ an e%pert s.stem emulates the decision0maing abilit. o" a human e%pert&
A decision0maing and1or problem0sol#ing pacage o" computer hard!are and so"t!are that can reach a le#el o"
per"ormance comparable to (or e#en e%ceeding that o",/ a human e%pert in some speciali2ed and usuall. narro! problem
area&
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Expert systems versus problem-solvi!"
-he principal distinction bet!een e%pert s.stems and traditional problem sol#ing programs is the !a. in !hich the
problem related e%pertise is coded& In traditional applications/ problem e%pertise is encoded in both program and data
structures& In the e%pert s.stem approach all o" the problem related e%pertise is encoded in data structures onl.C none is
in programs& Se#eral bene"its immediatel. "ollo! "rom this organi2ation&
An e%ample ma. help contrast the traditional problem sol#ing program !ith the e%pert s.stem approach& -he e%ample is
the problem o" ta% ad#ice& In the traditional approach data structures describe the ta%pa.er and ta% tables/ and a program
in !hich there are statements representing an e%pert ta% consultantDs no!ledge/ such as statements !hich relate
in"ormation about the ta%pa.er to ta% table choices& It is this representation o" the ta% e%pertDs no!ledge that is di""icult "or
the ta% e%pert to understand or modi".&
In the e%pert s.stem approach/ the in"ormation about ta%pa.ers and ta% computations is again "ound in data structures/
but no! the no!ledge describing the relationships bet!een them is encoded in data structures as !ell& -he programs o"
an e%pert s.stem are independent o" the problem domain (ta%es, and ser#e to process the data structures !ithout regard
to the nature o" the problem area the. describe& )or e%ample/ there are programs to ac$uire the described data #alues
through user interaction/ programs to represent and process special organi2ations o" description/ and programs to
Information Systems and Technology Research Assignment on Expert System Page 1 of 13
ITTIHAD UNIVERSITY, COLLEGE OF MANAGEMENT AND INFORMATION SYSTEMS
Student Name: Zubaidah Abdul Rehman Al Din
Student ID: 20042080
process the declarations that represent semantic relationships !ithin the problem domain and an algorithm to control the
processing se$uence and "ocus&
-he general architecture o" an e%pert s.stem in#ol#es t!o principal components: a problem dependent set o" data
declarations called the no!ledge base or rule base/ and a problem independent (although highl. data structure
dependent, program !hich is called the in"erence engine&
I#ivi#u$ls ivolve# %it& expert systems"
-here are generall. three indi#iduals ha#ing an interaction !ith e%pert s.stems& 5rimar. among these is the end0userC the
indi#idual !ho uses the s.stem "or its problem sol#ing assistance& In the building and maintenance o" the s.stem there
are t!o other roles: the problem domain e%pert !ho builds and supplies the no!ledge base pro#iding the domain
e%pertise/ and a no!ledge engineer !ho assists the e%perts in determining the representation o" their no!ledge/ enters
this no!ledge into an e%planation module and !ho de"ines the in"erence techni$ue re$uired to obtain use"ul problem
sol#ing acti#it.& @suall./ the no!ledge engineer !ill represent the problem sol#ing acti#it. in the "orm o" rules !hich is
re"erred to as a rule0based e%pert s.stem& :hen these rules are created "rom the domain e%pertise/ the no!ledge base
stores the rules o" the e%pert s.stem&
T&e e# user"
-he end0user usuall. sees an e%pert s.stem through an interacti#e dialog/ an e%ample o" !hich "ollo!s:
A& Do .ou no! to !hich restaurant .ou !ant to goE
A& No
A& Is there an. ind o" "ood .ou !ould particularl. lieE
A& No
A& Do .ou lie spic. "oodE
A& No
A& Do .ou usuall. drin !ine !ith mealsE
A& 6es
A& :hen .ou drin !ine/ is it )rench !ineE
A& 6es
It is #er. di""icult to implement a general e%planation s.stem (ans!ering $uestions lie :h. and ;o!, in traditional
s.stems& -he response o" the e%pert s.stem to the $uestion :;6 is an e%posure o" the underl.ing no!ledge structure& It
is a ruleC a set o" antecedent conditions !hich/ i" true/ allo! the assertion o" a conse$uent& -he rule re"erences #alues/
and tests them against #arious constraints or asserts constraints onto them& -his/ in "act/ is a signi"icant part o" the
no!ledge structure& -here are #alues/ !hich ma. be associated !ith some organi2ing entit.& )or e%ample/ the indi#idual
diner is an entit. !ith #arious attributes (#alues, including !hether the. drin !ine and the ind o" !ine& -here are also
Information Systems and Technology Research Assignment on Expert System Page 2 of 13
ITTIHAD UNIVERSITY, COLLEGE OF MANAGEMENT AND INFORMATION SYSTEMS
Student Name: Zubaidah Abdul Rehman Al Din
Student ID: 20042080
rules/ !hich associate the currentl. no!n #alues o" some attributes !ith assertions that can be made about other
attributes& It is the orderl. processing o" these rules that dictates the dialog itsel"&
Application Bac!round
3%pert s.stems are designed and created to "acilitate tass in the "ields o" accounting/ medicine/ process control/ "inancial
ser#ice/ production/ human resources etc& Indeed/ the "oundation o" a success"ul e%pert s.stem depends on a series o"
technical procedures and de#elopment that ma. be designed b. certain technicians and related e%perts& :hen a
corporation begins to de#elop and implement an e%pert s.stem proFect/ it !ill use sel" sourcing/ in sourcing and1or
outsourcing techni$ues&
:hile e%pert s.stems ha#e distinguished themsel#es in AI research in "inding practical application/ their application has
been limited& 3%pert s.stems are notoriousl. narro! in their domain o" no!ledgeGas an amusing e%ample/ a researcher
used the Hsin diseaseH e%pert s.stem to diagnose his rust bucet car as liel. to ha#e de#eloped measlesGand the
s.stems !ere thus prone to maing errors that humans !ould easil. spot&
Additionall./ once some o" the m.sti$ue had !orn o""/ most programmers reali2ed that simple e%pert s.stems !ere
essentiall. Fust slightl. more elaborate #ersions o" the decision logic the. had alread. been using& -here"ore/ some o" the
techni$ues o" e%pert s.stems can no! be "ound in most comple% programs !ithout an. "uss about them&
An e%ample and a good demonstration o" the limitations o"/ an e%pert s.stem used b. man. people is the 7icroso"t
:indo!s operating s.stem troubleshooting so"t!are located in the HhelpH section in the tasbar menu& >btaining e%pert 1
technical operating s.stem support is o"ten di""icult "or indi#iduals not closel. in#ol#ed !ith the de#elopment o" the
operating s.stem& 7icroso"t has designed their e%pert s.stem to pro#ide solutions/ ad#ice/ and suggestions to common
errors encountered throughout using the operating s.stems&
Another *+I0s and *+80s application o" e%pert s.stems G !hich !e toda. !ould simpl. call AI G !as in computer
games& )or e%ample/ the computer baseball games 3arl :ea#er ?aseball and -on. <a Russa ?aseball each had highl.
detailed simulations o" the game strategies o" those t!o baseball managers& :hen a human pla.ed the game against the
computer/ the computer $ueried the 3arl :ea#er or -on. <a Russa 3%pert S.stem "or a decision on !hat strateg. to
"ollo!&
3#en those choices !here some randomness !as part o" the natural s.stem (such as !hen to thro! a surprise pitch0out
to tr. to tric a runner tr.ing to steal a base, !ere decided based on probabilities supplied b. :ea#er or <a Russa& -oda.
!e !ould simpl. sa. that Hthe gameDs AI pro#ided the opposing managerDs strateg.&H
Information Systems and Technology Research Assignment on Expert System Page 3 of 13
ITTIHAD UNIVERSITY, COLLEGE OF MANAGEMENT AND INFORMATION SYSTEMS
Student Name: Zubaidah Abdul Rehman Al Din
Student ID: 20042080
"urpose o# Expert System
3%pertise is trans"erred "rom the e%pert to the computer/ users can call on the computer "or speci"ic ad#ice/ the computer
maes in"erences and arri#es at a speci"ic conclusion/ and the computer ad#ises the no e%perts (i&e& users, and e%plains/
i" necessar./ the logic behind the ad#ice:
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3%pert s.stems are most #aluable to organi2ations that ha#e a high0le#el o" no!0ho! e%perience and e%pertise that
cannot be easil. trans"erred to other members& -he. are designed to carr. the intelligence and in"ormation "ound in the
intellect o" e%perts and pro#ide this no!ledge to other members o" the organi2ation "or problem0sol#ing purposes&
-.picall./ the problems to be sol#ed are o" the sort that !ould normall. be tacled b. a medical or other pro"essional& Real
e%perts in the problem domain (!hich !ill t.picall. be #er. narro!/ "or instance Hdiagnosing sin in human teenagersH, are
ased to pro#ide Hrules o" thumbH on ho! the. e#aluate the problems/ either e%plicitl. !ith the aid o" e%perienced s.stems
de#elopers/ or sometimes implicitl./ b. getting such e%perts to e#aluate test cases and using computer programs to
e%amine the test data and (in a strictl. limited manner, deri#e rules "rom that& =enerall. e%pert s.stems are used "or
problems "or !hich there is no single HcorrectH solution !hich can be encoded in a con#entional algorithm G one !ould
not !rite an e%pert s.stem to "ind shortest paths through graphs/ or sort data/ as there are simpl. easier !a.s to do these
tass& Simple s.stems use simple true1"alse logic to e#aluate data/ but more sophisticated s.stems are capable o"
per"orming at least some e#aluation taing into account real0!orld uncertainties/ using such methods as "u22. logic& Such
sophistication is di""icult to de#elop and still highl. imper"ect& >ne important "eature o" e%pert s.stems is the !a. the.
(usuall., separate domain speci"ic no!ledge "rom more general purpose reasoning and representation techni$ues& -he
general purpose bit (in the dotted bo% in the "igure, is re"erred to as an e%pert s.stem shell& As !e see in the "igure/ the
shell !ill pro#ide the in"erence engine (and no!ledge representation scheme,/ a user inter"ace/ an e%planation s.stem
and sometimes a no!ledge base editor& =i#en a ne! ind o" problem to sol#e (sa./ car design,/ !e can usuall. "ind a
shell that pro#ides the right sort o" support "or that problem/ so all !e need to do is pro#ide the e%pert no!ledge& -here
are numerous commercial e%pert s.stem shells/ each one appropriate "or a slightl. di""erent range o" problems& (3%pert
Information Systems and Technology Research Assignment on Expert System Page 4 of 13
ITTIHAD UNIVERSITY, COLLEGE OF MANAGEMENT AND INFORMATION SYSTEMS
Student Name: Zubaidah Abdul Rehman Al Din
Student ID: 20042080
s.stems !or in industr. includes both !riting e%pert s.stem shells and !riting e%pert s.stems using shells&, @sing shells
to !rite e%pert s.stems generall. greatl. reduces the cost and time o" de#elopment (compared !ith !riting the e%pert
s.stem "rom scratch,&
Importance o# Expert System
H>ne maFor insight gained "rom
earl. !or in problem sol#ing !as
the importance o" domain0speci"ic
no!ledge& A doctor/ "or e%ample/
is not e""ecti#e at diagnosing illness
solel. because she possesses
some innate general problem0
sol#ing sillC she is e""ecti#e
because she no!s a lot about
medicine& Similarl./ a geologist is
e""ecti#e at disco#ering mineral deposits because he is able to appl. a good deal o" theoretical and empirical no!ledge
about geolog. to the problem at hand&
3%pert no!ledge is a combination o" a theoretical understanding o" the problem and a collection o" heuristic problem0
sol#ing rules that e%perience has sho!n to be e""ecti#e in the domain& 3%pert s.stems are constructed b. obtaining this
no!ledge "rom a human e%pert and coding it into a "orm that a computer ma. appl. to similar problems& -his reliance on
the no!ledge o" a human domain e%pert "or the s.stemDs problem sol#ing strategies is a maFor "eature o" e%pert
s.stems&H
-he importance o" e%pert s.stems are:
7anagerial decision maing becomes more comple%
Increasing "oreign and domestic competition
9hanging en#ironment1go#ernment policies
:orld shrining' and time compressed'
-echnolog. ad#ancement
A model in an 3%pert online is ideali2ation o" real situation !hich permits to e%periment on a scale !hile obtaining
reasonable #alid results as the essence o":
Information Systems and Technology Research Assignment on Expert System Page of 13
ITTIHAD UNIVERSITY, COLLEGE OF MANAGEMENT AND INFORMATION SYSTEMS
Student Name: Zubaidah Abdul Rehman Al Din
Student ID: 20042080
:hat0i"
Simulation
Ad hoc anal.sis
7onitoring o" business operations
In"ormation access and $uer.
It !ill t.picall. in#ol#e:
*, Database retrie#al and a report0!riting "acilit.
2, A relational database
J, Spreadsheet pacages
4, -able0handling pacages
K, >ther data process acti#ities
a& <ogical >perations
b& Arithmetic >perations
c& 9onditional 3%pressions
L, =raphical and picture operations
Another ad#antage o" e%pert s.stems o#er traditional methods o" programming is that the. allo! the use o" con"idences&
:hen a human reasons he does not al!a.s conclude things !ith *00M con"idence& ;e might sa./ HI" )rit2 is green/ then
he is probabl. a "rogH (a"ter all/ he might be a chameleon,& -his t.pe o" reasoning can be imitated b. using numeric #alues
called con"idences&
)or e%ample/ i" it is no!n that )rit2 is green/ it might be concluded !ith 0&8K con"idences that he is a "rogC or/ i" it is no!n
that he is a "rog/ it might be concluded !ith 0&+K 9on"idence that he hops& -hese numbers are similar in nature to
probabilities/ but the. are not the same& -he. are meant to imitate the con"idences humans use in reasoning rather than
to "ollo! the mathematical de"initions used in calculating probabilities&
-he "ollo!ing general points about e%pert s.stems and their architecture ha#e been illustrated:
*& -he se$uence o" steps taen to reach a conclusion is d.namicall. s.nthesi2ed !ith each ne! case& It is not e%plicitl.
programmed !hen the s.stem is built&
2& 3%pert s.stems can process multiple #alues "or an. problem parameter& -his permits more than one line o" reasoning to
be pursued and the results o" incomplete (not "ull. determined, reasoning to be presented&
J& 5roblem sol#ing is accomplished b. appl.ing speci"ic no!ledge rather than speci"ic techni$ue&
Information Systems and Technology Research Assignment on Expert System Page ! of 13
ITTIHAD UNIVERSITY, COLLEGE OF MANAGEMENT AND INFORMATION SYSTEMS
Student Name: Zubaidah Abdul Rehman Al Din
Student ID: 20042080
-his is a e. idea in e%pert s.stems technolog.& It re"lects the belie" that human e%perts do not process their no!ledge
di""erentl. "rom others/ but the. do possess di""erent no!ledge& :ith this philosoph./ !hen one "inds that their e%pert
s.stem does not produce the desired results/ !or begins to e%pand the no!ledge base/ not to re0program the
procedures& -he user inter"ace and the procedure inter"ace are t!o important "unctions in the in"ormation collection
process&
Details
In terms o" 3%pert S.stems the business "unctional areas ha#e been
and are continuing to be built "or applications as:
)inance
Accounting
7areting
9ontracting
9onstruction 7anagement
Strategic 7anagement
3%pert s.stems e%ercise in"ormation technolog. to ac$uire and utili2e human e%pertise& It can be bee'i(i$l "or
organi2ations that ha#e clear obFecti#es/ rules and procedures& 3%pert s.stems can:
5ro#ide consistent ans!ers "or repetiti#e decisions/ processes and tass
;old and maintain signi"icant le#els o" in"ormation
Reduce emplo.ee training costs
9entrali2e the decision maing process
9reate e""iciencies and reduce time needed to sol#e problems
9ombine multiple human e%pert intelligences
Reduce the amount o" human errors
=i#e strategic and comparati#e ad#antages creating entr. barriers to competitors
Re#ie! transactions that human e%perts ma. o#erloo
Although signi"icantl. ad#antageous to man. entities/ limit$tios o" e%pert s.stems ma. arise through:
-he lac o" human common sense needed in some decision maings
-he creati#e responses human e%perts can respond to in unusual circumstances
Domain e%perts not al!a.s being able to e%plain their logic and reasoning
-he challenges o" automating comple% processes
-he lac o" "le%ibilit. and abilit. to adapt to changing en#ironments
Not being able to recogni2e !hen no ans!er is a#ailable
5rominent 3%pert S.stems:
)amous Application *, Dendral anal.se mass spectra
)amous Application 2, Dipmeter Ad#isor anal.sis o" data gathered during oil e%ploration
Information Systems and Technology Research Assignment on Expert System Page " of 13
ITTIHAD UNIVERSITY, COLLEGE OF MANAGEMENT AND INFORMATION SYSTEMS
Student Name: Zubaidah Abdul Rehman Al Din
Student ID: 20042080
)amous Application J, 7.cin diagnose in"ectious blood diseases and recommend antibiotics (b. Stan"ord @ni#ersit.,
)amous Application 4, 9AD@93@S (e%pert s.stem, blood0borne in"ectious bacteria
)amous Application K, R* (e%pert s.stem,149on order processing
)amous Application L, 5rolog programming language
)amous Application I, 9<I5S programming language
)amous Application 8, Ness: A 9<I5S engine implemented in Na#a
)amous Application +, Ne%pert 3arl. general0purpose commercial bac!ards0chaining product
)amous Application *0, AR- programming language
-.pes o" 3%pert S.stems and their >rgani2ations:
ES 1) An 3%pert S.stem in -a%ation: -he -a% 5a.er Ser#ice Assistant/ Internal Re#enue Ser#ice/ Washington D. C.
Its 5er"ormance tass are:
(i, @nderstand and clari". the ta%pa.erOs $uestion&
(ii, 9lassi". $uestion&
(iii, Re"er $uestion&
(i#, Access ta% in"ormation "rom ta% publications&
(#, Recall ta% in"ormation "rom memor.&
(#i, 7atch ta% la! in"ormation to the ta%pa.erOs situation&
(#ii, Ans!er $uestion&
(#iii, 3%plain ans!er&
(i%, 3nsure the ans!er is understood&
(%, 5ro#ide general in"ormation&
(%i, Re"er ta%pa.er to appropriate IRS publications and order publications&
?ene"its:
Aualit. o" Ser#ice
5ublic Image
Assistor 3""ecti#eness
;igher 5roducti#it.
Reduced -raining <e#els
Increased 9ompliance
5romptness o" Ser#ice
Reduced <e#els o" )rustration and 9on"usion
ES 2) 7odeling and Reasoning: Integrating Decision Support !ith 3%pert S.stems/ 3%ecucom S.stems 9orporation/ Austin
Its 5er"ormance tass are:
(i, Representation o" scheme that re$uires little additional learning on the part o" a user&
(ii, Immediate access to e%isting models and data&
(iii, An e%tensi#e arra. o" built0in "inancial and arithmetic "unctions&
(i#, )acilities "or e%ploring the rami"ications o" changes in logic and "acts&
Information Systems and Technology Research Assignment on Expert System Page # of 13
ITTIHAD UNIVERSITY, COLLEGE OF MANAGEMENT AND INFORMATION SYSTEMS
Student Name: Zubaidah Abdul Rehman Al Din
Student ID: 20042080
>thers done automaticall.:
a& =enerate a command "ile&
b& Acti#ate the DSS in such a !a. that it e%ecutes the command "ile&
c& 9apture the output produced b. DSS a"ter the command "ile has been run&
d& Determine !hether it should generate and run additional command "iles based on the output&
?ene"its:
3as. to learn the built language and combines numerical capabilities !ith s.mbolic reasoning&
Ad#antage o" simulation tools "or user pro#ided b. DSS&
Decision Support !ith 3%pert S.stems Diagram Sample:

ES 3) 3%pert S.stems and Decision Support S.stems in Auditing/ @ni#ersit. o" Southern 9ali"ornia/ Los Angeles
Its 5er"ormance maFor tass are:
Information Systems and Technology Research Assignment on Expert System Page $ of 13
ITTIHAD UNIVERSITY, COLLEGE OF MANAGEMENT AND INFORMATION SYSTEMS
Student Name: Zubaidah Abdul Rehman Al Din
Student ID: 20042080
(i, 3lectronic data processing auditing&
(ii, 3%ternal auditing&
(iii, =o#ernmental auditing&
(i#, Internal auditing&
?ene"its:
Audit planning and tracing&
Automatic sample selection "rom main"rame data&
Identi"ies patterns in sample data&
>n0line $uestionnaire "or polic. testing and speci"ic regulation&
5ro#ides e%planations o" $uestions&
Records internal auditor comments during the audit&
Displa.s polic. documents on0line&
=enerates !or papers&
5rints branch e%ception reports&
ES 4) An 3%pert S.stem "or )inancial Anal.sis/ @ni#ersit. o" North 9arolina/ Chapel Hill
Its 5er"ormance tass are:
(i, -o identi". and e%plain "inancial P operational problems be"ore the. become critical&
(ii, -o e%amine reports "or accounting errors b. comparison o" budgets/ b. use o" ratio anal.sis/ and b.
testing the reasonableness o" selected "inancial data #is0Q0#is related operational data&
(iii, -o re#ie! "inancial data !ith an e.e to disco#ering the potential "or management or emplo.ee "raud or
the"t&
(i#, -o prepare "orecasts o" sales/ e%penses/ and other account categories that are necessar. "or e""ecti#e
budgeting and "or management decision maing&
%ata Analysis Insights %ecision
Information Systems and Technology Research Assignment on Expert System Page 1& of
13
ITTIHAD UNIVERSITY, COLLEGE OF MANAGEMENT AND INFORMATION SYSTEMS
Student Name: Zubaidah Abdul Rehman Al Din
Student ID: 20042080
>ther e%amples o" 3%pert S.stems:
I) -he )inancial Statement Anal.2er/ Arthur Andersen and 9o&/ Chicago
II) -he De#elopment o" an 3%pert S.stem that estimates casualt. insurance loss reser#es/ =eorge 7ason @ni#ersit./ Faira!
III) 3%pert S.stems in ;ealth Insurance/ ?lue 9ross/ Western "enns#l$ania
I%) 3%pert S.stems in 7areting and Sales/ Applied 3%pert S.stems (A534, Inc& and Ad#anced S.stems Inc&/ Waltha&
%) An 3%pert S.stem 0 @S 3nerg. In"ormation Administration "or Aualit. Assurance and Statistical Sur#e. Support
%I) 3%pert S.stems "or 9risis 7anagement: -he ;it 5roFect/ @ni#ersit. o" North -e%as/ Denton
%II) An 3%pert S.stem De#elopment 7ethodolog. as Applied to 5roFect 7anagement/ @ni#ersit. o" 7iami' Coral (a)les
$onclusion
-he collection o" computer so"t!are and hard!are components that ha#e been properl. selected/ designed/ de#eloped/
combined and con"igured in order to deli#er a ser#ice that emulates in an e""ecti#e and reliable manner the reasoning
process o" domain e%perts o#er the :eb&'
' A standard gi#es credibilit. to our industr.
' :e deal !ith deep linguistic technolog.'/ so !e canOt de#elop man. languages/ a standard can help us to
sell1bu.' products to1"rom other countriesO competitors
-he technologies and methods to de#elop and deplo. decision support s.stems in planning and management ha#e
matured considerabl. o#er the past "our .ears& ;o!e#er/ certain aspects o" this "ield are changing rapidl. e#en no!& )or
e%ample/ the possibilit. o" $uicl. accessing and processing large/ spatiall. distributed databases o#er high0speed/ readil.
Information Systems and Technology Research Assignment on Expert System Page 11 of
13
ITTIHAD UNIVERSITY, COLLEGE OF MANAGEMENT AND INFORMATION SYSTEMS
Student Name: Zubaidah Abdul Rehman Al Din
Student ID: 20042080
accessible net!ors o""ers a tremendous impro#ement in the !a. that these s.stems are de#eloped and the e""ecti#eness
!ith !hich the. are used&
-he gro!ing acceptance o" graphical/ user "riendl. operating s.stems and so"t!are has opened the door "or more
decision maers to tae an acti#e role in the use o" these s.stems& -his trend should continue and !ill liel. bring more
"ocus on the "ormulation o" support s.stems !hich are responsi#e to the needs o" the decision maers rather than the
modelers and de#elopers&
-he architecture o" the ne%t generation o" e%pert s.stems pro#ides "or "ull integration o" e%pert s.stem !ith e%ternal
s.stems and data bases& Although all researchers are addressing most o" the technological limitations o" earl. e%pert
s.stems/ companies are still !aiting "or so"t!are standards and de#elopment methodologies&
Re#erences: internet lins/ presentations online/ boos and other use"ul boos
Internet <ins:
!!!&!a#erle.&go#&u1planning1dinpp
!!!&dottede.es&com1demo1parsol
http:11hale."orum&com1inde%&php1topic/8I&0&html
http:11!!!&ericdigests&org1pre0+2201e%pert&htm
http:11!!!&pcai&com1!eb1aiRin"o1e%pertRs.stems&html
http:11!!!&aaai&org1AI-opics1html1e%pert&html
http:11!!!&cee&h!&ac&u1Salison1aiJnotes1chapter2RK&html
http:11!!!&!tec&org1lo.ola1b1c*Rs*&htm
http:11!!!&h"&uio&no1iah1"orsning1sarc1iah1lithic1e%ps.s&html
http:11!!!&!ebopedia&com1-3R71e1e%pertRs.stem&html
>nline 5resentations:
http:11!!!&cs&.or&ac&u1hci1AD8IS3S1documents1Doas&ppt
!!!&parsol&go#&u1documents1es!RslidesR218&M203%pertM20S.stemM20andM20)astM20-rac&ppt
http:11!!!&acct&tamu&edu1smith1boos1aisboo1aisch0K&ppt
http:11godel&stan"ord&edu1old1muri17@RIR:ilinsR7a.RJ0&ppt
http:11!!!&cee&h!&ac&u1Slachlan1dbislectures1lectures1e%pert&ppt
http:11!!!&ait&unl&edu1siau1*++I1mgmt4KI1lecture*&ppt
Information Systems and Technology Research Assignment on Expert System Page 12 of
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ITTIHAD UNIVERSITY, COLLEGE OF MANAGEMENT AND INFORMATION SYSTEMS
Student Name: Zubaidah Abdul Rehman Al Din
Student ID: 20042080
?oos:
Names Igni2io/ Introduction to 3%pert S.stems (*++*,/ IS?N 000I0+0+I8K0K
Noseph 9& =iarratano/ =ar. Rile. 3%pert S.stems/ 5rinciples and 5rogramming (200K,/ IS?N 00KJ40J844I0*
5eter Nacson Introduction to 3%pert S.stems (*++8,/ IS?N 0020*08IL8L08
Dimitris N& 9hora"as/ Appl.ing 3%pert S.stems in ?usiness (*+8I,/ IS?N 000I00*08800J
Na. <iebo!it2/ 3%pert S.stems "or ?usiness and 7anagement (*++0,/ IS?N 00*J02+L4L80L
%t&er Use#ul Boos
Structuring 3%pert S.stems: Domain/ Design/ and De#elopment b. Na. <iebo!it2 and Daniel A& DeSal#o
7anaging Arti"icial Intelligence and 3%pert S.stems b. Na. <iebo!it2 and Daniel A& DeSal#o
Information Systems and Technology Research Assignment on Expert System Page 13 of
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