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- - - - ~ - - - - - --
Fundamentalsof
Structural Analysis
Second Edition
Kenneth M. Leet
Professor Emeritus, Northeastern University
Chia-Ming Uang,
Professo1; University ofCalifornia, San Diego'
_ Higher Education
Boston BurrRidge, IL Dubuque, IA Madison, WI NewYork San Francisco SI. Louis
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This book is dedicated to our wives and children and the many
teachers and professional engineers who contributed to our
knowledge ofstructural analysis and behavior.

Kenneth Leet received his Ph.D. in structural engineering from the
Massachusetts Institute of Technology. As a professor of civil engineer-
ing at Northeastern University, he taught graduate and undergraduate
courses in reinforced concrete design, structural analysis, foundations,
plates and shells, and capstone courses on comprehensive engineering
projects for over thirty years. Professor Leet was given an Excellence in
Teaching award at Northeastern University in 1992. He was also a faculty
member for ten years at Drexel University in Philadelphia.
In addition to being the author of the tirst edition of this book on
structural analysis, originally published by Macmillan in 198B, he is the
author of Fundamentals ofReinforced Concrete, published by McGraw-
Hill in 1982 and now in its third edition.
Before teaching, he was employed by the Corps of Army Engineers as
a construction management engineer, by Catalytic Construction Company
as a field engineer, and by several structural engineering firms as a struc-
tural designer. He has also served as a structural conslIltunt to a number of
government agencies and private firms, including the U.S. Depurtment of
Transportation, Procter & Gamble. Teledyne Engineering Services, and
the City of Philadelphia and Boston Bridge Departments.
As a member of the American Arbitration Association, the American
Concrete Institute, the ASCE, and the Boston Society of Civil Engineers,
Professor Leet actively participated in professional societies for many
years.
Chia-Ming Uang is a professor of structural engineering at the Univer-
sity of California, San Diego (UCSD). He received u B.S. degree in civil
engineering from National Taiwan University and M.S. and Ph.D.
degrees in civil engineering from the University of California, Berkeley.
His research areas include seismic analysis and design of steel, compos-
ite, and timber structures.
Professor Uang also coauthored the text Ductile Design of Steel Struc-
tures for McGraw-Hill. He received the UCSD Academic Senate Distin-
guished Teaching Award in 2004. He is also the recipient of the ASCE
Raymond C. Reese Research Prize in 2001 and the Moissei ff Award in
2004.
vii

I
Preface xv
Chapter1 Introduction 3
1.1 OverviewoftheText 3
1.2 TheDesignProcess: Relationship
ofAnalysistoDesign 5
1.3 StrengthandServiceability 7
1.4 HistoricalDevelopmentofStructural
Systems 8
1.5 BasicStructuralElements 11
1.6 AssemblingBasicElements to Form
aStableStructuralSystem 20
L7 AnalyzingbyComputer 23
1.8 PreparationofComputations 24
Summary 25
Chapter2 Design Loads 27
2.1 BuildingandDesignCode 27
2.2 Loads 28
2.3 DeadLoads 28
2.4 LiveLoads 36
2.5 WindLoads 43
2.6 EarthquakeForces 59
2.7 OtherT.oads 64
2.8 LoadCombinations 6S
Summary 66
Chapter3 Statics ofStructures-Reactions 73
3.1 Introduction 73
3.2 Forces 74
3.3 Supports 81
3.4 IdealizingStructures 85
3.5 Free-BodyDiagrams 86
3.6 EquationsofStaticEquilibrium 88
3.7 EquationsofCondition 94
3.8 InfluenceofReactionsonStability
andDeterminacyofStructures 97
ix


X

Contents
3.9 ClassifyingStructures 105
3.10 ComparisonBetweenDeterminate
andIndeterminateStructures 110
Summary 112
Chapter4 Trusses 121
4.1 Introduction 121
4.2 Types ofTrusses 124
4.3 AnalysisofTrusses 125
4.4 MethodofJoints 126
4.5 ZeroBars 130
4.6 MethodofSections 131
4.7 DeterminacyandStability 139
4.8 ComputerAnalysisofTrusses 145
Summary 148
Chapter5 Beams and Frames 163
-,
5.1 Introduction 163
5.2 Scope ofChapter 168
5.3 Equations forShearandMoment 169
5.4 ShearandMomentCurves 176
5.5 PrincipleofSuperposition 194
5.6 SketchingtheDeflectedShape
ofaBeamorFrame 198
5.7 DegreeofIndeterminacy 203
Summary 206
Chapter6 Cables 221
6.1 Introduction 221
6.2 CharacteristicsofCables 222
6.3 VariationofCableForce 223
6.4 AnalysisofaCableSupporting
Gravity(Vertical)Loads 224
6.5 GeneralCableTheorem 225
6.6 EstablishingtheFunicularShape
ofanArch 228
Summary 231
Chapter7 Arches 235
7.1 Introduction 235
7.2 Types ofArches 235
7.3 Three-HingedArches 237
7.4 FunicularShapefor anArchThat
Supports aUniformlyDistributedLoad 239
Summary 244

xi Contents
Chapter8 Live Load Forces: Influence Lines'
forDeterminateStructures
249
8.1 Introduction 249
8.2 InfluenceLines 249
8.3 ConstructionofanInfluence
Line 250
8A TheMiiller-BreslauPrinciple 258
8.5 UseofInfluenceLines
261
8.6 InfluenceLinesforGirdersSupporting
FloorSystems 264
8.7 InfluenceLinesforTrusses 271
8.8 LiveLoadsforHighwayand
RailroadBridges 277
8.9 Increase-DecreaseMethod 280
8.10 AbsoluteMaximumLiveLoad
Moment 285
8.11 MaximumShear 288
Summary 290
Chapter9 DeflectionsofBeams and Frames 301
9.1 Introduction 301
9.2 DoubleIntegrationMethod 301
9.3 Moment-AreaMethod 307
9A ElasticLoadMethod 326
9.5 ConjugateBeamMethod 331
9.6 DesignAidsforBeams 339
Summary 341
Chapter10 Work-Energy Methodsfor
Computing Deflections 353
10.1 Introduction 353
10.2 Work 354
10.3 StrainEnergy 356
lOA DeflectionsbytheWork-Energy
Method(RealWork) 358
10.5 VirtualWork: Trusses 360
10.6 VirtualWork: Beamsand
Frames 376
10.7 FiniteSummation 388
10.8 Bernoulli'sPrincipleofVirtual
Displacements 390
..._10.9 Maxwell-BettiLawofReciprocal
Deflections 393
Summary 396

xii Contents
Chapter11 Analysis ofIndeterminateStructures
by the Flexibility Method 409
11.1 Introduction 409
11.2 ConceptofaRedundant 409
11.3 FundamentalsoftheFlexibility
Method 410
11.4 AlternativeViewoftheFlexibility
Method(Closinga Gap) 414
11.5 AnalysisUsingInternalReleases 423
11.6 SupportSettlements,Temperature
Change, andFabricationErrors 431
11.7 Analysis ofStructureswithSeveral
DegreesofIndeterminacy 435
11.8 BeamonElasticSUPPOlts 443
Summary 446
Chapter 12 Analysis ofIndeterminate Beams
and Frames bytheSlope-Deflection
Method 455
12.1 Introduction 455
12.2 Illustrationofthe Slope-Deflection
Method 455
12.3 Derivationofthe Slope-Deflection
Equation 457
12.4 AnalysisofStructuresbythe
Slope-DeflectionMethod 463
12.5 AnalysisofStructuresThatAreFree
to Sidesway 477
12.6 KinematicIndeterminacy 486
Summary 487
Chapter13 MomentDistribution 497
13.1 Introduction 497
13.2 DevelopmentoftheMoment
DistributionMethod 498
133 SummaryoftheMomentDistribution
MethodwithNoJointTranslation 503
13.4 AnalysisofBeamsbyMoment
Distribution 504
13.5 ModificationofMemberStiffness 511
13.6 AnalysisofFramesThatAreFreeto
Sidesway 526
13.7 AnalysisofanUnbracedFramefor
GeneralLoading 530

Contents xiii
13.8 Analysis ofMultistoryFrames 535
13.9 NonprismaticMembers 537
Summary 546
Chapter14 IndeterminateStructures:
Influence Lines 555
14.1 Introduction 555
14.2 ConstructionofInfluenceLinesUsing
MomentDistribution 556
14.3 Mtiller-Bre.slauPrinciple 559
14.4 QualitativeInfluenceLinesfor
Beams 561
14.5 LiveLoadPatternsto MaximizeForces
inMultistoryBuildings 569
Summary 578
Chapter15 ApproximateAnalysisof
IndeterminateStructures 581
15.1 Introduction 581
15.2 ApproximateAnalysisofaContinuous
BeamforGravityLoad 582
15.3 ApproximateAnalysis ofaRigid
FrameforVerticalLoad 589
15.4 ApproximateAnalysisofa
ContinuousTruss 592
15.5 EstimatingDeflectionsofTrusses 598
15.6 TrusseswithDoubleDiagonals 599
15.7 ApproximateAnalysisofaMultistory
RigidFrameforGravityLoad 602
15.8 Analysis ofUnbracedFramesfor
LateralLoad 610
15.9 PortalMethod 613
15.10 CantileverMethod 620
Summary 625
Chapter16 Introduction totheGeneral
Stiffness Method 633
16.1 Introduction 633
16.2 ComparisonBetweenFlexibilityand
StiffnessMethods 634
16.3 AnalysisofanIndeterminateBeam
by theGeneralStiffnessMethod 639
Summary 651

xiv Contents
Chapter17 MatrixAnalysis ofTrusses bythe
DirectStiffness Method 655
17.1 Introduction 655
17.2 Membera.nd StructureStiffness
Matrices 660
17.3 Construction ofaMemberStiffness
Matrixfor anIndividualTruss Bar 660
17.4 AssemblyoftheStructureStiffness
Matrix 662
17.5 Solution oftheDirectStiffnessMethod 665
17.6 MemberStiffnessMatrix ofan
InclinedTruss Bar 667
17.7 CoordinateTransformationofaMember
StiffnessMatrix 678
Summary 679
Chapter18 MatrixAnalysis of Beamsand Frames
bythe DirectStiffness Method 683
18.1 Introduction 683
18.2 Structure StiffnessMatrix 685
18.3 The::; )': 2Rotational StiffnessMatrix
for aFlexuralMember 686
18.4 The-t X -t MemberStiffness Matrix
inLocal Coordinates 695
18.5 The 6 X 6MemberStiffnessMatrix
inLocalCoordinates 705
18.6 The 6 x 6MemberStiffnessMatrix
in Global Coordinates 713
18.7 AssemblyofaStructureStiffness
Matrix-DirectStiffnessMethod 716
Summary 718
Appendix Review ofBasic MatrixOperations 721
Glossary 73'3
AnswerstoOdd-Numbered Problems' 737
Credits 742
I
Index 743
.l
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