PROF MAHESH TANDON

MANAGING DIRECTOR
TANDON CONSULTANTS PVT LTD
DISTINGUISHED VISITING PROFESSOR IIT KANPUR, IIT ROORKEE
PRESIDENT, Indian Concrete Institute
BY
INTERNATIONAL WORKSHOP ON INNOVATIVE BRIDGE DECK TECHNOLOGIES,
WINNIPEG, CANADA
14 15 APRIL 2005
WHAT IS AN INTEGRAL BRIDGE?
WHAT IS AN INTEGRAL BRIDGE?
A CONCRETE BRIDGE IN WHICH
BEARINGS ARE ELIMINATED
EXPANSION JOINTS ARE EITHER ELIMINATED OR
PROVIDED AT LONG DISTANCES
THE SUB-STRUCTURE AND SUPERSTRUCTURE ARE
MADE MONOLITHIC !!
WHY AN INTEGRAL BRIDGE?
WHY AN INTEGRAL BRIDGE?
(ADVANTAGES)
DURABILITY
BEARINGS AND EXPANSION J OINTS ARE WEAKEST
LINK IN THE CHAIN OF DURABILITY AND
MAINTENANCE.
ENHANCED SEISMIC PERFORMANCE
BEARINGS ARE FRAGILE AND BRITTLE ELEMENTS OF THE
BRIDGE. THEIR FAILURE CAN RESULT IN UNSEATING OF
THE SUPERSTRUCTURE.
EXPANSION J OINTS INVARIABLY GET DAMAGED DURING
SIGNIFICANT GROUND SHAKING.
SURAJBARI OLD BRIDGE:
METTALIC BEARINGS DESTROYED
SURAJBARI NEW BRIDGE SUPERSTRUCTURE SHIFTED
IN THE TRANSVERSE DIRECTION
SURAJBARI NEW BRIDGE
EXPANSION JOINT
DAMAGED DUE TO
EXCESSIVE MOVEMENT
PADSHAHI BAGH
PADSHAHI BAGH (J & K) : DAMAGED PIER CAP,
BEARINGS & SUPERSTRUCTURE
TERRORI ST ACTI ON
SURAJBARI NEW BRIDGE
GIRDER SHIFTED IN THE LONG DIRECTION WITH LOSS OF CONTACT DURING SHAKING.
SUBSTRUCTURE & FOUNDN GOT SAVED BECAUSE ELASLOMERIC BEARING ACTED AS
A CRUDE SIESMIC ISOLATION DEVICE.
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WHY FEW
INTEGRAL BRIDGES?
WHY FEW
INTEGRAL BRIDGES?
WHY SUCH FEW INTEGRAL BRIDGES?
WHY SUCH FEW INTEGRAL BRIDGES?
THE DOUBTS & WORRIES
SUPERSTRUCTURE LENGTH CHANGES DUE TO:
-AMBIENT TEMPERATURE VARIATION
-SHRINKAGE OF CONCRETE
WHAT IS REQUIRED
LOGICAL OUTCOME
-CRACKS !!! THEY ARE NOBODYS FAVOURITE
CONSTRUCTION SEQUENCE & METHODOLOGY
CAN OBVIATE PART OF PROBLEM
-FLEXIBILITY OF PIER-FOUNDATION SYSTEM IN
LONGITUDINAL DIRECTION
-TALL OR TWIN LEAF PIERS SHOULD BE POSSIBLE
IN MANY CASES
PRESENT STATUS
INTEGRAL BRIDGES ARE NOW BEING ADOPTED MORE OFTEN
FOR SHORT HEIGHT PIERS ALSO
CREEP EFFECTS
CONCRETE STRAINS
VERSUS AGE & DURATION
OF LOADING.
NOTE THAT STRAIN IS GIVEN AS A
DIMENSIONLESS RATIO BETWEEN
THE ACTUAL STRAIN AND THE
REFERENCE STRAIN OF A 28-DAY
OLD CONCRETE SUBJECTED TO
SHORT TERM LOAD
DODAN NALAH BRIDGE (H.P.) : FRONTAL VIEW
LARGE EARTH PRESSURES ON HIGH EMBANKMENTS
KLIA STRAIGHT BOTTOM VIEW
K.L. INTERNATIONAL AIRPORT
WIDE DECK WITH FLAT SOFFIT ON SINGLE COLUMN
PIER INTEGRAL WITH
DECK
K.L. INTERNATIONAL AIRPORT BRIDGES :
WIDE DECK WITH FLAT SOFFIT ON SINGLE COLUMN
(TYPICAL SPAN 25.0m)
PIER INTEGRAL WITH DECK
KLIA CURVED BOTTOM VIEW
K.L. INTERNATIONAL AIRPORT
CURVED BRIDGE
PIER INTEGRAL WITH
DECK
ABUTMENT WALL
INTEGRAL WITH DECK
WELL DESIGNED STRUCTURES DISSIPATE SEISMIC
ENERGY BY INELASTIC DEFORMATIONS IN LOCALISED
ZONES OF SELECTED MEMBERS
Potential location of plastic hinges
PRELIMINARY DESIGN PARAMETERS
USED FOR
INTEGRAL BRIDGE IN DELHI:
1. Temperature variation 35deg C
2. Shrinkage..15deg C (equiv)
3. Stiffness based on Cracked moment of inertia 0.7 Igross
4. Concrete Modulus...0.5 Eci
5. Flexibility at foundation.soil-structure interaction
EXPANSION JOINT
EXPANSION JOINT
WING
WALL
FOR DELHI METRO. THE CURVED FLYOVER HAS 70
SKEW AND HAS NO BEARINGS OR EXPANSION JOINTS
ON PIERS / ABUTMENTS .
LENGTH : 115m
FLYOVER USING INTEGRAL BRIDGE CONCEPT
DELHI METRO:
GT ROAD FLYOVER
Length 115 m
DECK IS INTERGRAL WITH
ABUTMENTS & PIERS
DOWELS TO
SUPERSTRUCTURE
ABUTMENT
PIER
DELHI METRO: GT ROAD FLYOVER
STRUCTURAL IDEALISATION IN PLAN
DELHI METRO: GT ROAD FLYOVER
ISOMETRIC VIEW OF STRUCTURAL IDEALISATION
KALKAIJI FLYOVER: INTEGRAL CONSTRUCTION
HIGH DURABILITY, LOW MAINTENANCE,
INCREASED SAFETY
Length between exp jts ~ 150m
KALKAIJI FLYOVER: INTEGRAL CONSTRUCTION
HIGH DURABILITY, LOW MAINTENANCE
INCREASED SAFETY
MODEL FOR LONGITUDINAL ANALYSIS
LONGITUDINAL MEMBER REPRESENTING DECK SLAB
PIERS
K
m
K
v
K
h
FOR TEMP, SHRINK.,
DIFF. SETTLEM
FOR OTHER
ACTIONS
K
h=
Horizontal Spring Constant 14993 t/m 17699 t/m
K
v=
Vertical Spring Constant 92160 t/m 156500 t/m
K
m=
Rotational Spring Constant 13316 t/m degree 18939 tm/deg
Ec =Modulus of Elasticity 1.675 x10
6
t/m
2
3.35 x10
6
t/m
2
Icr= Cracked Moment of Inertia 0.7 Ig m4
Ig =Gross moment of inertia 0.7 Ig m4
MOMENT DIAGRAM
DEFLECTION DIAGRAM
LINE OF SYMMETRY OF STRUCTURE & LOADING
20. 0 m 22. 5 m 30. 0 m
40. 0 m
20. 0 m
22. 5 m 30. 0 m
Max defl= 21 mm
Max moment = - 3284 tm
TOTAL LENGTH OF BRIDGE = 190 m
DEAD LOAD EFFECTS
LIVE LOAD EFFECTS
LOAD POSITIONS
MOMENT DIAGRAM
70 R Wheeled
7 AXLES
7 AXLES
7 AXLES
Max moment = - 588 tm
MOMENT DIAGRAM
DEFLECTION DIAGRAM
SEISMIC FORCE
Max moment = - 232 tm
Max defl= 5 mm
Feq=0.05*1.0*1. 5 g=0. 075g ( IRC : 6)
SEISMIC EFFECTS IN LONGITUDINAL DIRECTION
TEMPERATURE (FALL) & SHRINKAGE EFFECTS
30 deg C sh strain= 2*10^-4 equiv 17.1deg
C
DEFLECTION DIAGRAM
MOMENT DIAGRAM
NEUTRAL POINT / LINE OF
SYMMETRY OF STRUCTURE
Max moment = - 1313 tm
Max defl= 48 mm
MOMENT DIAGRAM
DEFLECTION DIAGRAM
Max moment = - 31 tm
Max defl= 1 mm
20% of 1st train 70 R Wheeled = 20 t
10% of 2nd,3rd,4th train = 40 t
t o t a l =60 t ~ 0. 316 t/m
BRAKING EFFECTS
applied as udl = 0.316 t/m
DIFFERENTIAL SETTLEMENT EFFECTS
MOMENT DIAGRAM
DEFLECTION DIAGRAM
Max moment = 146 tm
Forced defl = 8 mm
INTEGRAL BRIDGE WITH PRECAST
PRETENSIONED GIRDER (UNDER DEVELOPMENT)
INTEGRAL BRIDGE WITH
PRECAST PRETENSIONED
GIRDER (UNDER DEVELOPMENT)
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4000
7
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4000
2050 2050
600
300
6
0
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300
4000
1200
6
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2
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2050
4000
600
300
300
100
2050
6
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1200
7
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2
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3200
4550
3200
2050
5
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3200
2050
9
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3200
2050
4550
2050
5
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9
0
0
SECTION NEAR PIER
RUNNING SECTION
EXPANSION
JOINT
EXPANSION
JOINT
DECK
PIER
RAFT
FOUNDN
SPRINGS REPRESENTING COMPACTED SOIL
STRUCTURAL IDEALISATION FOR ANALYSIS
(80m LENGTH BETWEEN EXPNASION JOINTS)
MOMENT DIAGRAM
DEFLECTION DIAGRAM
DEAD LOAD EFFECTS
POSITION OF AXLES MODERN ROLLING STOCK
MOMENT DIAGRAM
DEFLECTION DIAGRAM
LIVE LOAD EFFECTS
MOMENT DIAGRAM
DEFLECTION DIAGRAM
SEISMIC EFFECTS IN LONGITUDINAL DIRECTION
MOMENT DIAGRAM
DEFLECTION DIAGRAM
TEMPERATURE & SHRINKAGE EFFECTS
(80m LENGTH BETWEEN EXPNASION JOINTS)
CONCLUSIONS
CONCLUSIONS
INTEGRAL BRIDGE CONCEPT PROPOSED FOR
RITHALA-BARWALA VIADUCT
1. IMPROVED DURABILITY
2. REDUCED DIFFERENTIAL SETTLEMENT EFFECTS
3. REDUCED INSPECTION AND MAINTENANCE
4. ENHANCED SEISMIC PERFORMANCE
UNSEATING OF SUPERSTRUCTURE AVOIDED
HIGH DUCTILITY INTRODUCED
HIGH REDUNDANCY INTRODUCED
5. REDUCED COSTS
THIS IS THE END
(NOT OF THE WORLD, HOPEFULLY !)
OLD SURAJBARI BRIDGE:
STILL OUT OF COMMISSION
MACCHU BRIDGE SUPERSTRUCTURE HAS
POUNDED THE DIRT WALL
Courtesy NICEE
BRIDGE BETWEEN SURAJBARI & BHACHAU - VIOLENT
SHAKING HAS RESULTED IN PIER HEAD BEING DAMAGED
DUE TO POUNDING OF DECK SHOWN ON LEFT SIDE
SURAJBARI NEW
BRIDGE
TYPICAL
SUPERSTRUCTURE
DAMAGE, THE TWO
ADJOINING SPANS
HAVE COLLIDED
SURAJBARI NEW BRIDGE
PERMANENT SHEAR DEFORMATION IN EARINGS IN LONGITUDINAL DIRECTION.
IRC 83 (PART II) DOES NOT CATER TO REQMTS OF SEISMIC ISOLATION DEVICES
DELHI METRO RAIL CORPORATION
RITHALA BARWALA ELEVATED VIADUCT
PIER DOWELS TO
SUPERSTRUCTURE
ABUTMENT
DOWELS TO
SUPERSTRUCTURE
SHUTTERING FOR
SUPERSTRUCTURE
DELHI METRO: GT ROAD FLYOVER
Length 115 m
DECK IS INTEGRAL WITH ABUTMENTS & PIERS
ANALYSIS OF BRIDGE - MOTI NAGAR / KLIA
LONGITUDINAL MEMBER
REPRESENTING DECK SLAB
PIERS
CROSS DIAPHRAGM
OVER PIERS
K
m K
h
K
v
K
h=
Horizontal Spring Constant (9747 t/m)
K
v=
Vertical Spring Constant (78250 t/m)
K
m=
Rotational Spring Constant (11500 t/m)
Ec =Modulus of Elasticity (3.35x10
6
t/m
2
Icr= Cracked Moment of Inertia (m
4
)
= 0.7 times the gross moment of inertia
MODEL FOR TRANSVERSE ANALYSIS
DODAN NALLAH ARCH BRIDGE
GAD OF FLYOVER AT MOTI NAGAR INTERSECTION