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Synchronization and Cell Search Synchronization and Cell Search
Seminar LTE: Der Mobilfunk der Zukunft Seminar LTE: Der Mobilfunk der Zukunft
Fabian Schuh
University Erlangen-Nrnberg
Chair of Mobile Communications
20. January 2010
Outline Outline
1
Motivation
2
Theory of Zado Chu sequences
3
PSS: Primary Synchronization Signal
4
SSS: Secondary Synchronization Signal
5
RS: Cell-specic reference signals
6
Concept: Cell Search procedure
7
Summary
Fabian Schuh Fabian Schuh Synchronization and Cell Search Synchronization and Cell Search 1 / 40 1 / 40
Motivation Motivation
Outline Outline
1
Motivation
2
3
4
5
6
7
Summary
Why synchronize
Synchronous frame structure in time domain
OFDM systems are sensitive to time and frequency
synchronization errors
What else to do
Find the strongest signal
Identify the cell correctly
The full synchronization and cell identication (cell search)
procedure needs to be done as fast as possible.
Revision: Reference signals Revision: Reference signals
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9
radio frame = 10 ms
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13
PSS (Primary Synchronization Signal)
SSS (Secondary Synchronization Signal)
RS (Reference Symbol)
Theory of Zado Chu sequences Theory of Zado Chu sequences
Outline Outline
1
Motivation
2
3
4
5
6
7
Summary
Theory of Zado Chu sequences Theory of Zado Chu sequences Denition of ZC sequences Denition of ZC sequences
Denition of Zado Chu sequences Denition of Zado Chu sequences
Denition
ZC
N,M
[k] =
_
_
_
exp
_
j
Mk
2
N
_
for N integer even
exp
_
j
Mk(k+1)
N
_
for N integer odd
For k = 0, 1, 2, . . . , N 1 and root index M relative prime to N
(No common devider, i.e. M =
N 1). M denotes the sequence

family.
Zado-Chu sequences are also known as generalized chirp-like
sequences.
Theory of Zado Chu sequences Theory of Zado Chu sequences Properties of ZC sequences Properties of ZC sequences
Properties of ZC sequences Properties of ZC sequences
Property 1 A ZC has a constant amplitude. ( limited PAR)
Property 2 ZC sequences of any length have ideal cyclic
Auto-Correlation.
kk
() =
N
ZC
1
n=0
a
k
(n)a
k
(n + ) = ()
Property 3 Two Sequences with M
1
and M
2
have constant cyclic
Cross-Correlation if M
1
is relative prime to M
2
. This
value (i.e.
1
N
ZC
) achieves the minimum
Cross-Correlation for any two sequences with ideal
Auto-Correlation.
Theory of Zado Chu sequences Theory of Zado Chu sequences Example sequence Example sequence
Example sequence Example sequence
0 10 20 30 40 50 60
1,5
1
0,5
0
0,5
1
1,5
L = 63, M = 1
Theory of Zado Chu sequences Theory of Zado Chu sequences Example sequence Example sequence
Example sequence Example sequence
0 10 20 30 40 50 60
1,5
1
0,5
0
0,5
1
1,5
L = 63, M = 1
Theory of Zado Chu sequences Theory of Zado Chu sequences Auto-Correlation Auto-Correlation
Auto-Correlation M = 29 (time oset) Auto-Correlation M = 29 (time oset)
0 10 20 30 40 50 60
1
0
1
L = 63, M = 29
S
e
q
u
e
n
c
e
Oset: 0
60 40 20 0 20 40 60
0
0,5
1
L = 63, M = 29
A
u
t
o
-
C
o
r
r
e
l
a
t
i
o
n
Oset: 0
Theory of Zado Chu sequences Theory of Zado Chu sequences Auto-Correlation Auto-Correlation
Auto-Correlation M = 29 (time oset) Auto-Correlation M = 29 (time oset)
0 10 20 30 40 50 60
1
0
1
L = 63, M = 29
S
e
q
u
e
n
c
e
Oset: 0.5
60 40 20 0 20 40 60
0
0,5
1
L = 63, M = 29
A
u
t
o
-
C
o
r
r
e
l
a
t
i
o
n
Oset: 0.5
Theory of Zado Chu sequences Theory of Zado Chu sequences Fourier Duality Fourier Duality
Fourier Duality Fourier Duality
Fourier Duality
The DFT of a ZC sequence x
u
[k] is a weigthed
cyclicly-shifted ZC sequence X
w
[k] such that
w =
1
u
mod N
ZC
.
So, . . .
ZF sequences can be generated directly in frequency domain
without any DFT operation.
A synchronization by correlation may be done in frequency
domain and/or in time domain.
PSS: Primary Synchronization Signal PSS: Primary Synchronization Signal
Outline Outline
1
Motivation
2
3
4
5
6
7
Summary
PSS: Primary Synchronization Signal PSS: Primary Synchronization Signal Introduction Introduction
Introduction Introduction
Time & Frequency Synchronization in LTE
To be synchronized
1
OFDM symbol timing
2
Coarse carrier frequency oset
3
Fine carrier frequency oset
4
LTE frame begin (BOF)
1 and 2 will be estimated in frequency domain using the PSS.
3 and 4 are retrieved from time domain using both PSS and SSS.
PSS: Primary Synchronization Signal PSS: Primary Synchronization Signal Primary Synchronization Signal Primary Synchronization Signal
Primary Synchronization Signal Primary Synchronization Signal
Zado Chu Sequences in LTE
ZC used for Primary Synchronization Signal (PSS) Sequences
Length: 63 (no DC)
ZC-Roots: M = {29, 34, 25}
PSS Sequences mapped to subcarriers
... ... ... ...
... ...
DC
c
31
c
30
c
29
c
28
c
27
c
26
c
3
c
2
c
1
c
0
c
32
c
33
c
34
c
35
c
36
c
59
c
60
c
612
c
62
-1 -2 -3 -4 -5 0 1 2 3 4 5 59 60 -61 -60 -28 -29 -30 -31 -32 28 29 30 31 32
128 Subcarriers
ZC-Sequence:
PSS: Primary Synchronization Signal PSS: Primary Synchronization Signal Correlation results Correlation results
Auto-Correlation M = 29 Auto-Correlation M = 29
60 40 20 0 20 40 60
0
0,5
1
L = 63, M = 29
A
u
t
o
-
C
o
r
r
e
l
a
t
i
o
n
60 40 20 0 20 40 60
0
0,5
1
L = 63, M = 29
A
u
t
o
-
C
o
r
r
e
l
a
t
i
o
n
w
i
t
h
o
u
t
D
C
PSS: Primary Synchronization Signal PSS: Primary Synchronization Signal Time shift and Frequency oset Time shift and Frequency oset
Sensitivity CCF against frequency oset I Sensitivity CCF against frequency oset I
M = 29, N
ZC
= 63
PSS: Primary Synchronization Signal PSS: Primary Synchronization Signal Time shift and Frequency oset Time shift and Frequency oset
Sensitivity CCF against frequency oset II Sensitivity CCF against frequency oset II
M1 = 25, M2 = 29, N
ZC
= 63
PSS: Primary Synchronization Signal PSS: Primary Synchronization Signal Time & Frequency Synchronization procedure Time & Frequency Synchronization procedure
Synchronization procedure I Synchronization procedure I
Synchronization methods
PSS Maximum Likelihood correlation based estimation
Cyclic prex correlation based tracking loop
Synchronization procedure II Synchronization procedure II
A maximum likelihood (ML) detector nds the timing oset m
M
that corresponds to the maximum correlation:
m
M
= arg max
m
_
N1
i=0
Y [i + m]S
M
[i]
2
_
i: time index
m: timing oset
N: PSS time domain signal length
Y [i]: received signal
S
M
[i]: PSS signal with root M
Synchronization procedure III Synchronization procedure III
A cyclic prex correlation based tracking loop autocorrelates the
received signal giving a match on the cyclic prex position.
The maximum likelihood estimates the timing oset.
m
M
= arg max
m
{2|(m)| (m)}
(m) =
m+L+1
k=m
r(k)r
(k + N) (Correlation)
(m) =
m+L+1
k=m
|r(k)|
2
+ |r(k + N)|
2
(Energy)
The cyclic prex based method remains uneected by the presence
of high CFO.
SSS: Secondary Synchronization Signal SSS: Secondary Synchronization Signal
Outline Outline
1
Motivation
2
3
4
5
6
7
Summary
SSS: Secondary Synchronization Signal SSS: Secondary Synchronization Signal Introduction Introduction
Introduction Introduction
Sector and Cell Search
When a terminal powers on in a cellular system, it needs
to perform cell search to acquire its frequency reference,
frame timing, and the fast Fourier transform (FFT)
symbol timing with the (best) cell, and also to identify
the cell-ID.
Cell Area
Omni Cell
Cell Area
Site (3 sectors)
3 sector Site
SSS: Secondary Synchronization Signal SSS: Secondary Synchronization Signal Individual Cell Information Individual Cell Information
Individual Cell Information Individual Cell Information
sector-ID N
s
Each sector can be identied using the PSS. One
physical cell consists of three sectors.
group-ID N
g
A numerical classication. 168 are dened by 3GPP.
cell-ID N
c
Identication of the best possible serving cell.
Required for extracting the reference signal. Is
dened as N
c
= 3N
g
+ N
s
and thus depends on
sector-ID and group-ID.
SSS: Secondary Synchronization Signal SSS: Secondary Synchronization Signal Secondary Synchronization Signal Secondary Synchronization Signal
Secondary Synchronization Signal I Secondary Synchronization Signal I
Interleaved PN Sequences
Based on two maximum-length sequences (pseudo number)
Generated by linear feedback shift register
Two sequences s
0
and s
1
with length 31
Both sequences depend on m
0
and m
1
m
0
and m
1
identify the group-ID N
g
(from 0 to 167)
Interleaved in frequency domain
Secondary Synchronization Signal II Secondary Synchronization Signal II
Interleaving:
...
...
...
...
s
0
(
n
)
s
1
(
n
)
I
n
t
e
r
l
e
a
v
e
d
P
N
s
e
q
u
e
n
c
e
Secondary Synchronization Signal III Secondary Synchronization Signal III
First scrambling
Interleaved PN sequences are scrambled
Base scramble code: c[n]
Construct c
0
[n] and c
1
[n] as cyclic shifted versions of c[n]
Shift value depends on the sector-ID N
s
Second scrambling
Construct z
m
0
1
[n] and z
m
1
1
[n] (cyclic shifts of c[n])
Shifts depend on group-ID N
g
Scrambling only in odd entries of the S-SCH to enable
detection of beginning of radio frame
Secondary Synchronization Signal IV Secondary Synchronization Signal IV
Secondary Synchronization Signal
d[2n] =
_
s
m
0
0
[n]c
0
[n] in subframe 0
s
m
1
1
[n]c
0
[n] in subframe 5
d[2n + 1] =
_
s
m
1
1
[n]c
1
[n]z
m
0
1
[n] in subframe 0
s
m
0
0
[n]c
1
[n]z
m
1
1
[n] in subframe 5
Note
The S-SCH is dierent for each subframe index (0 or 5).
Revision: Reference signals Revision: Reference signals
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9
radio frame = 10 ms
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13
PSS (Primary Synchronization Signal)
SSS (Secondary Synchronization Signal)
RS (Reference Symbol)
RS: Cell-specic reference signals RS: Cell-specic reference signals
Outline Outline
1
Motivation
2
3
4
5
6
7
Summary
RS: Cell-specic reference signals RS: Cell-specic reference signals
Cell-specic reference signals Cell-specic reference signals
Cell-specic reference signal P[n]
Complex-valued sequence P[n]
use of a Gold sequence length 31
Initial value c
init
of the Gold generated
c
init
depends on the cell-ID
P[n] =
1
2
(1 2 c[2n]) + j
1
2
(1 2 c[2n + 1])
c
init
= 2
10
(7 (n
s
+ 1) + l + 1) (2 N
c
+ 1) + 2 N
c
+ N
CP
N
c
is the cell-ID
n resource element index
n
s
to be the slot-index
N
CP
= 0 if extended CP, else 0
Concept: Cell Search procedure Concept: Cell Search procedure
Outline Outline
1
Motivation
2
3
4
5
6
7
Summary
Synchronization
Primary Signal
detection
Secondary Signal
detection
Cell
Conrmation
Synchronization
N
o
c
e
l
l
-
I
D
c
o
n
r
m
a
t
i
o
n
a
f
t
e
r
s
e
v
e
r
a
l
s
u
b
f
r
a
m
e
s
N
o
c
e
l
l
-
I
D
a
f
t
e
r
s
e
v
e
r
a
l
i
t
e
r
a
t
i
o
n
s
Symbol timing
CFO (fractional)
Sector-ID
Group-ID Cell-ID
CFO (integer), BOF
Successfull Synchronization
and cell search
Synchronization
Cross-Correlate received signal with
the three possible PSS sequences
Choose the strongest sector by
maximizing the correlation results
The time relative position of the
correlation peak gives the time
oset to the radio frame begin
(with uncertainty between rst and sixth
subframe)
Synchronization
Primary Signal
detection
Secondary Signal
detection
Cell
Conrmation
Primary Signal
detection
N
o
c
e
l
l
-
I
D
c
o
n
r
m
a
t
i
o
n
a
f
t
e
r
s
e
v
e
r
a
l
s
u
b
f
r
a
m
e
s
N
o
c
e
l
l
-
I
D
a
f
t
e
r
s
e
v
e
r
a
l
i
t
e
r
a
t
i
o
n
s
Symbol timing
CFO (fractional)
Sector-ID
Group-ID Cell-ID
CFO (integer), BOF
and cell search
Primary Signal detection
The knowledge of the right ZC
sequences indicates the sector-ID:
N
s
= arg max
i
_
[n]
_
Synchronization
Primary Signal
detection
Secondary Signal
detection
Cell
Conrmation
Secondary Signal
detection
N
o
c
e
l
l
-
I
D
c
o
n
r
m
a
t
i
o
n
a
f
t
e
r
s
e
v
e
r
a
l
s
u
b
f
r
a
m
e
s
N
o
c
e
l
l
-
I
D
a
f
t
e
r
s
e
v
e
r
a
l
i
t
e
r
a
t
i
o
n
s
Symbol timing
CFO (fractional)
Sector-ID
Group-ID Cell-ID
CFO (integer), BOF
and cell search
Secondary Signal detection
Group-ID can be jointly estimated
with the integer CFO and the
subframe index (0 or 5)
Exploit the shifts of s
0
[n] and s
1
[n]
(respectively m
0
and m
1
)
The group-ID N
g
can be identied
through m
0
and m
1
Cell-ID gets: N
c
= 3N
g
+ N
s
Synchronization
Primary Signal
detection
Secondary Signal
detection
Cell
Conrmation
Cell
Conrmation
N
o
c
e
l
l
-
I
D
c
o
n
r
m
a
t
i
o
n
a
f
t
e
r
s
e
v
e
r
a
l
s
u
b
f
r
a
m
e
s
N
o
c
e
l
l
-
I
D
a
f
t
e
r
s
e
v
e
r
a
l
i
t
e
r
a
t
i
o
n
s
Symbol timing
CFO (fractional)
Sector-ID
Group-ID Cell-ID
CFO (integer), BOF
and cell search
Cell Conrmation
Calculate the estimated Reference
Signal
Verify the cell-ID by a
Cross-Correlation with the received
cell-specic Reference Signal
Cross-Corrleation in the frequency
domain
If peaks in correlation arise
Synchronization and Cell search
successful
Summary Summary
Outline Outline
1
Motivation
2
3
4
5
6
7
Summary
Summary Summary
Summary Summary
Summary
Zado-Chu Sequences with ideal cyclic auto-correlation
Fourier Duality of Zado-Chu Sequences
Primary Synchronization Signal and ZC-Mapping
Secondary Synchronization Signal with Interleaving and
Scrambling
Concept procedure for LTE synchronization
Literature Literature
Outline Outline
1
Motivation
2
3
4
5
6
7
Summary
Literature I Literature I
[FZH62] Frank, R. ; Zado, S. ; Heimiller, R.:
Phase shift pulse codes with good periodic correlation
properties (Corresp.).
In: IRE Transactions on Information Theory 8 (1962),
Oktober, Nr. 6, S. 381382.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/TIT.1962.1057786.
DOI 10.1109/TIT.1962.1057786
[Koc] Koch, Prof. W.:
LTE-Downlink Physical Layer for FDD
Literature II Literature II
[LH07] Li, C.-P. ; Huang, W.-C.:
A Constructive Representation for the Fourier Dual of
the ZadoChu Sequences.
53 (2007), November, Nr. 11, S. 42214224.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/TIT.2007.907336.
DOI 10.1109/TIT.2007.907336
[MGEJ
+
09] Manolakis, K. ; Gutierrez Estevez, D. M. ; Jungnickel,
V. ; Xu, Wen ; Drewes, C.:
A Closed Concept for Synchronization and Cell Search
in 3GPP LTE Systems.
In: Proc. IEEE Wireless Communications and
Networking Conference WCNC 2009, 2009, S. 16
Literature III Literature III
[Myu08] Myung, Hyung G.:
Technical Overview of 3GPP LTE.
http://hgmyung.googlepages.com/3gppLTE.pdf.
Version: May 2008
[Pop92] Popovic, B. M.:
Generalized chirp-like polyphase sequences with
optimum correlation properties.
38 (1992), Nr. 4, S. 14061409.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/18.144727.
DOI 10.1109/18.144727.
ISSN 00189448
Literature IV Literature IV
[SHRC09] Shim, Myung J. ; Han, Jung S. ; Roh, Hee J. ; Choi,
Hyung J.:
A frequency synchronization method for 3GPP LTE
OFDMA system in TDD mode.
In: Proc. 9th International Symposium on
Communications and Information Technology ISCIT
2009, 2009, S. 864868
[STB09] Sesia, Stefania ; Touk, Issam ; Baker, Matthew:
LTE, The UMTS Long Term Evolution: From Theory
to Practice.
Wiley Publishing, 2009.
ISBN 0470697164, 9780470697160
Literature V Literature V
[TZ07] Tsai, Yingming ; Zhang, Guodong:
Time and Frequency Synchronization for 3GPP Long
Term Evolution Systems.
In: Proc. VTC2007-Spring Vehicular Technology
Conference IEEE 65th, 2007.
ISSN 15502252, S. 17271731
[TZGO07] Tsai, Yingming ; Zhang, Guodong ; Grieco, D. ;
Ozluturk, F.:
Cell search in 3GPP long term evolution systems.
2 (2007), Nr. 2, S. 2329.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/MVT.2007.912929.
DOI 10.1109/MVT.2007.912929.
ISSN 15566072
Questions? Questions?
Thank you for your attention.
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Synchronization and Cell Search Synchronization and Cell Search

N 1). M denotes the sequence

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