Sex Worker Neg Washburn 2K9

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Neg strat.......................................................................................................................................................................................................2
What their AVERT evidence actua! sa!s.................................................................................................................................................."
#atriarch! $nevitabe....................................................................................................................................................................................%
#atriarch! and Sex &orkers.........................................................................................................................................................................'
(erteronor)ativit! Turn..............................................................................................................................................................................*
Sovenc!......................................................................................................................................................................................................+
,egai-e #rostitution....................................................................................................................................................................................9
,egai-e #rostitution..................................................................................................................................................................................1.
,egai-e #rostitution..................................................................................................................................................................................11
,egai-e #rostitution..................................................................................................................................................................................12
,egai-e #rostitution..................................................................................................................................................................................1"
,egai-e #rostitution..................................................................................................................................................................................1%
Sex &orkers and /a0itais)......................................................................................................................................................................1'
/a0 ,ink....................................................................................................................................................................................................1*
/a0 ,ink....................................................................................................................................................................................................1+
State Sovenc!...........................................................................................................................................................................................11
Sovenc!.....................................................................................................................................................Error! Bookmark not defined.
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Sex Worker Neg Washburn 2K9
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Neg strat
There definitely is a lot of evidence that talks about legalizing prostitution because we were originally
going to write a ! for this. "e had trouble finding a net benefit that would be useful apart from
spending. #kim through these cards because a lot of it can be used on case or as a ! if you really want
to. The spending scenario we though of was law enforcement costs$ but the perm probably doesn%t link to
that. & think there are really ' good 'N( strats available.
1. #tates and politics )yes it is clich*$ but all the plan does is give N+,s funding so there is no actual
fed key warrant
'. ap -. & know a lot of people aren%t into the -$ but in this instance re/ecting capitalism actually
does solve the root cause of their problems. !rostitution is the ultimate form of capitalism so it
makes sense to re/ect the system in order to end prostitution.
,ne big hint0 don%t say the word prostitute! They have a - waiting for you to say it$ only refer to them
as se1 workers. &f they try and run it because your cards say prostitute$ point out how dumb it is because
their cards do as well. 2ll of the tags in the file do say se1 worker$ but still be careful in cross e1 to not say
prostitute.
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Sex Worker Neg Washburn 2K9
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"hat their 23E(T evidence actually says
Their 2vert evidence flows neg4by blaming se1 workers for the spread at 5&362&7# it further
stigmatizes them
8raha) !embrey9 &ritter :or AVERT an internationa ($V and A$;S charit!9 2..89 <A$;S and #rostitution=
htt0322&&&.avert.org20rostitution>aids.ht)
Sex &orkers9 aong &ith other )arginaised grou0s such as )en &ho have sex &ith )en and in?ecting drug users9 are
o:ten abeed a @ke! risk grou0@ in the context o: ($V and A$;S. 5ut the debate about sex &orkers6 &ider roe
in the goba A$;S e0ide)ic o:ten 0oarises o0inion. So)e argue that sex &orkers are being &rong! 0ortra!ed as
As0readers6 o: ($V9 &hie others cai) that ($V trans)ission through 0aid sex is Adriving6 the e0ide)ic.
$n truth9 the situation di::ers vast! bet&een di::erent countries and regions. Whie ($V 0revaence is
high a)ongst sex &orkers in so)e areas9 in others it is reative! o&9 and the! see) to 0a! a :air!
)inor roe in the s0read o: ($V. Bor instance9 in )ost 0arts o: Western Euro0e and North A)erica9
($V trans)ission through 0aid sex is not considered to be a )a?or issue. $n other regions9 ho&ever9 notab!
0arts o: Asia9 arge nu)bers o: sex &orkers are iving &ith ($V9 and this is in:uencing the overa 0attern o: the A$;S
e0ide)ic.
The :actors that 0ut sex &orkers at risk aso var! bet&een countries. $n so)e 0aces9 sex &orkers co))on! use drugs and
share needes. The overa0 bet&een sex &ork and in?ecting drug use is inked to gro&ing ($V e0ide)ics in a nu)ber o:
countries9 such as /hina9 $ndonesia9 Ka-akhstan9 Ckraine9 C-bekistan and Vietna).
1
Studies o:ten :ind higher rates o: ($V
in:ection a)ongst sex &orkers &ho in?ect drugs than a)ongst those &ho do not. Bor exa)0e9 in (o /hi 4inh /it!9
Vietna)6s argest cit!9 a 2.." stud! :ound that %9D o: sex &orkers &ho in?ected drugs &ere ($V>0ositive9 co)0ared to 1D
o: those &ho did not use an! drugs.
2
As &e as regiona di::erences bet&een sex &orkers9 the 0icture is :urther burred b! a genera ack o: in:or)ation on this
grou0. Sex &orkers are a )arginaised and o:ten cri)inaised 0o0uation9 and are there:ore ver! di::icut
to track and )onitor.
"
;ue to the ack o: certaint!9 so)e 0eo0e argue that abeing sex &orkers as a Ahigh risk grou06 is not
he0:u9 and is si)0! used an excuse to :urther stig)atise sex &orkers b! those &ho are )ora!
o00osed to their 0ro:ession3
<A0art :ro) the stig)a aread! attached to Esex &orkersF9 societ! has :urther )arginaised the) as
core trans)itters o: the ($V in:ection. $t :ais to understand and recognise that the! are but inks in the
broad net&orks o: heterosexua trans)ission o: ($V. And that the! constitute a co))unit! that bears
and &i continue to bear the greatest i)0act o: the ($V e0ide)ic.= Meena Seshu, SANGRAM (a project
working with sex workers in India)
4
$t is certain! true that sex &orkers are si)0! one 0art o: the &ider net&ork o: ($V trans)ission9 and that Aba)ing6
the) :or the s0read o: ($V is )isguided. Those &ho do ba)e sex &orkers see) to take an Aus and the)6 a00roach
to the issue9 and tak about sex &orkers as i: the! are so)eho& in:erior to other 0o0uation grou0s. Cti)ate!9 &hatever
)ora stance !ou take on sex &ork9 no one deserves to beco)e in:ected &ith ($V.
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Sex Worker Neg Washburn 2K9
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!atriarchy &nevitable
Even feminists admit$ patriarchy is inevitable
Aan /. arlson .%2222:; <The Natura Ba)i! ;i)! Seen through Be)inist E!es= G4A %93%9 Ba 2..+H
htt0322&&&.:irst0rinci0es?ourna.co)20rint.as0xIarticeJ'9+KocJbKt!0eJcbt0
#atriarch! is inevitabe9 as the )ore goo)! o: the :e)inist theorists have ad)itted. S!via Wab!
su))ari-es3 <Wo)en are no onger restricted to the do)estic hearth9 but have the &hoe societ! in &hich to roa) and be
ex0oited.= E"*F #he errors on! in :aiing to recogni-e the rea source o: 0atriarch! and to a00reciate her
rea choice. #aeoanthro0oogists no& kno& that even be:ore the :irst ho)inids on the A:rican savanna had gone bi>
0eda9 these 0ro)ising creatures &ere con?ugaL that is9 the! &ere 0airing o:: in ong ter) bonds9 &here the :e)aes traded
sexua excusivit! :or the 0rovisioning and 0rotection 0rovided b! individua )aes. According to /. M&en ,ove?o!9 these
socia inventions o: )arriage and :atherhoodNnot ex0ansion o: the brain caseN&ere the decisive ste0s in hu)an
evoution9 and the! occurred &e over three )iion !ears ago. E"+F Nothing i)0ortant has changed
since. Wo)en cannot success:u! raise chidren on their o&n. When the! tr! to do so in arge
nu)bers9 the resuts are 0overt!9 vioence9 and )iser! G:or 0roo:9 si)0! visit the average A)erican urban
ghettoH. Wo)en need so)e entit! that &i he0 the) gain :ood9 cothing9 and sheter and that &i contro
the bo!s. There are on! t&o 0ractica o0tions3 either the 0rivate 0atriarch G&ho is9 in the end9 si)0! the conventiona
husbandH9 a :igure &ho is ade0t at bread&inning and ta)ing the adsL or the 0ubic 0atriarch Gi.e.9 the &e:are stateH9 &hich
0rovides :ood sta)0s9 0ubic housing9 and da! care subsidies and eventua! ?ais a arge share o: the bo!s. The :irst choice
is co)0atibe &ith heath9 ha00iness9 &eath creation9 and 0oitica ibert!. The second choice is a sure 0ath to the servie
state.
The Ne& Oork Ti)es
!atriarchy is not the root cause of all impacts
/at <aguire o: EVE Mnine9 an onine :e)inist ne&s source Pune 9 2.:= htt0322eve.enviro&eb.org2&hatQis2)ain.ht)
$t assu)es 0atriarch! is the root cause o: a our 0robe)s. Whie the 0atriarcha )indset is certain!
accountabe :or )uch o: hu)ankind@s d!s:unctionait!9 0atriarch! is on! '9... !ears od.
E)erging theories :ro) thinkers ike /heis 8endinning contend that our disocation :ro) nature Gand hence :ro)
oursevesH goes back at east 2.9... !ears ago &hen hu)ans )oved :ro) the gatherer2hunter stage to that o: do)esticating
0ants and ani)as. As such9 &e have co)e to beieve that anthro0ocentris) and s0eciesis)Nthe i)0use to
conRuer and contro natureNare conceivab! a )ore accurate source o: toda!6s 0robe)s than is
0atriarch! 0er se.
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Sex Worker Neg Washburn 2K9
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!atriarchy and #e1 workers
&t is wrong to group blame se1 workers for se1ism4it trivializes the impact on patriarchy in society
E)i -oyama9 director o: the $ntersex $nitiative Ga nationa advocac! grou0H9 .%>2..19 <Resist Sca0egoating o: #rostitution and
/on:ront Rea #robe)s3 8oba /a0itais)9 #atriarch!9 #overt!9 Ex0oitation and Vioence=9
htt0322e)inis).org2readings2su00orthookers.ht)
5ecause &e ive in a #atriarcha societ!9 virtua! ever! industr! is guit! o: incor0orating sexist
ee)ents to so)e degree. Bor exa)0e9 in the )edica :ied9 doctors are dis0ro0ortionate! )ae &hie nurses are
dis0ro0ortionate! :e)ae as a resut o: the 0ervasive institutiona sexis). $n the sa)e sense9 !es9 sex industr! re:ects
the societ!@s sexist structures and attitudes. Mn the other hand9 it is one o: the :e& :ieds &here &o)en
)ake at east as )uch as )en i: not )ore :or the sa)e &ork9 and there is a ot o: :e)ae
co)0anionshi0 and ra00ort a)ong :e)ae sex &orkers. Sca0egoating the sex industr! :or its sexis)
&i triviai-e the :ar reaching i)0act o: the #atriarch! that is 0resent across the board.
5ut According to Statistics...
4ost i: not a statistics used b! anti>0rostitution activists are ske&ed due to their :a&ed )ethodoogies. 5ecause average
or better o:: 0rostitutes rare! ans&er surve!s or are )andated b! court to attend 0rogra)s9 existing studies on 0rostitutes9
es0ecia! those co)0ied b! anti>0rostitution activists9 vast! over re0resent those &ho are indeed in 0articuar! bad
situations due to ho)eessness9 )enta iness9 drug addiction9 abusive 0i)0s9 or an! co)bination thereo: &hie
underre0resenting )ore t!0ica &orkers. Kee0 in )ind that these issues are indeed rea :or so)e 0eo0e9 but be:ore !ou
acce0t these re0orts as ex0eriences o: a t!0ica 0rostitute9 Ruestion the source. ReRuest a co0! o: their origina research and
assess its )ethodoogica vaidit!.
Shoudn@t Sexuait! be Reserved :or Ro)antic Reationshi0sI
Ever!bod! is entited to her or his de:inition o: sexuait!9 and there is nothing &rong &ith hoding the vie& that
sexuait! and ro)ance shoud go hand in hand. (o&ever9 &hen a do)inant grou0 :orces its version o: sexua
ideoog! on the )arginai-ed grou09 it beco)es a sexua o00ression. A co))on exa)0e o: this is
ho)o0hobia. $t is no &onder that ga!9 esbian9 bisexua and trans 0eo0e have historica! been 0ersecuted in so>caed Svice
s&ee0sS aong &ith 0rostitutes9 or that esbians and :e)ae sex &orkers &ere u)0ed together as Ssin:u &o)enS and 0ut in
concentration ca)0s during the Na-i era9 once &e reai-e that the o00ression against sex &orkers is tight!
inked to the o00ression against other sexua )inorities. $t shoud be se: evident &hich side 0rogressive activists
shoud stand on.
&nstitutional se1ism no longer e1ists
3u$ #taff "riter ? #tateline.org$ ;6;6:; G#auine Vu9 Sta:: Writer T Stateine.org9 1212.19 <Three states reconsider
a::ir)ative action= htt0322&&&.stateine.org2ive2detais2stor!Icontent$dJ""21+'H
Weighing in :ro) the 0residentia ca)0aign trai9 Re0ubican Ari-ona Sen. Pohn 4c/ain said he su00orts his state6s anti>
a::ir)ative action baot9 eading to charges o: :i0>:o00ing9 because a decade ago9 4c/ain o00osed a si)iar 0an in the
,egisature. ;e)ocrat Sen. 5arack Mba)a9 &hose :ather is A:rican and )other is &hite9 said he o00oses the )easures9 but
said he does not consider a::ir)ative action a ong>ter) soution. (e suggested that such 0rogra)s shoud eventua! :ocus
on cass9 not race. Ward /onner!9 the initiatives6 author and driving :orce9 said Mba)a6s success is 0roo: that a::ir)ative
action is no onger necessar!. <$t6s beco)ing increasing! di::icut to argue that there is institutiona racis) and
institutiona sexis) given the 0heno)ena success o: Senators Mba)a and G(iar!H /inton9= he said.
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Sex Worker Neg Washburn 2K9
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5erteronormativity Turn
7iscussions of se1 workers make invisible the presence of gay and lesbian se1 workers
Noah ;. @atz 19A8 <Sex Work2Sex Act3 ,a&9 ,abor9 and ;esire in /onstructions o: #rostitution9= Signs9 &inter9 0. 2+99 ?stor9
ei0ses in origina9 P#
Bor the 0ur0oses o: this artice9 0rostitution )ight be 0rovisiona! de:ined as attending to the sexua desires
o: a 0articuar individua Gor individuasH &ith bodi! acts in exchange :or 0a!)ent o: )one!. Such a
de:inition i))ediate! raises severa Ruestions. Birst$ are the actors ?ust an!oneI 4an! :e)inists have been
incined to sa! <no= e)0hatica!9 insisting on 0rostitution as 0aradig)atica! &o)en G0resu)ed
straightH seing to straight )en. This a00roach renders invisibe the :act that a signi:icant nu)ber o:
0rostitutes are esbian or bisexua9 that there is a signi:icant a)ount invoving sex bet&een ga! or
bisexua )en9 and that there is a arge! undocu)ented histor! o: co))ercia sex bet&een &o)en.
5eteronormativity is horrible. reductionist.
Pen Bacon9 ;e0art)ent o: ,anguage9 Rensseear #o!technic $nstitute9 19A;9 Word Engishes9 Vou)e 1+9 No. 29 0. 2'*9 P#
$ a) not arguing against a :or)s o: cosureNbut rather :or an a&areness o: a tendenc! to&ard seeing cosure as a given9 and
desirabe goa. $n our cuture9 there is a tendenc! to&ard heterosexuait!Nand there is nothing &rong &ith
heterosexuait!9 but there is so)ething ver! &rong &ith heteronor)ativit!N&ith assu)ing
heterosexuait! as a given9 and ?udging a sexuait! according to that standard. Mur rhetorica histor!
carries &ith it a si)iar biasNa reductionist biasNthat encourages us to ?udge a rhetorica acts b! their
abiit! to <0ersuade.= $ &oud ike us to consider the 0ossibiit! that &e )ight use other standards to assess the use:uness
o: rhetorica acts.
+ay and Besbian Biberation -ey to 5uman Biberation
#eter Tatchell$ ga! author and activist9 $NTER,$NK9 4a!2Pune 19;A$. htt0322&&&.0etertatche.net2)ascuinit!2ga!
D2.iberation.ht)9 P#
,esbian and ga! iberation is there:ore not an issue &hich is 0eri0hera. $t is9 indeed absoute! centra to
revoutionar! change and hu)an iberation in genera. Without the success:u construction o: a cut o:
heterosexua )ascuinit! and )ass o: aggressive )ae egos9 neither sexua9 cass9 racia9 s0ecies9 nor
i)0eriaist o00ression are 0ossibe. A these di::erent :or)s o: o00ression de0end on t&o :actors :or
their continued )aintenance. Birst9 on s0eci:ic econo)ic and 0oitica structures. And second9 on a
signi:icant 0ro0ortion o: the 0o0uation9 )ain! heterosexua )en9 being sociaised into the acce0tance
o: harsh )ascuine vaues &hich invove the egiti)isation o: aggression and the su00ression o:
genteness and e)otion.
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Sex Worker Neg Washburn 2K9
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#olvency
!lan annot #olve the Brutality of that se1 workers suffer
4onica ,%onnor and 8rainne 5ealy 2..9 <The ,inks 5et&een #rostitution and Sex Tra::icking3 A 5rie:ing (andbook9=
/ATW9 htt0322action.&eb.ca2ho)e2cat&2attach2handbook.0d:9 P#
The )ethods that enabe one hu)an being to ensave another are re)arkab! si)iar. The accounts o:
hostages9 0oitica 0risoners and survivors o: torture and incarceration :ro) ever! corner o: the gobe
have an uncann! sa)eness. The )ethods and techniRues o: vioence are si)iar to those that are used
to sub?ugate &o)en in 0rostitution9 in 0ornogra0h! and in the ho)e. The! incude 3 s!ste)atic and
re0etitive in:iction o: 0s!choogica trau)aL organised techniRues o: dise)0o&er)ent and
disconnectionL constant induce)ent o: :ear b! inconsistent and un0redictabe bursts o: vioenceL
threats to :a)i! and othersL convincing the victi) that the 0er0etrator is o)ni0otent and destro!ing
the victi)6s sense o: autono)!. G(er)an9 1992H
!lan cannot solve because prostitution sustains social ineDuality of 2BB women
Scott 2nderson 2.:' Ethics9 The Cniversit! o: /hicago9 Pu!9
htt0322&&&.?ournas.uchicago.edu.0rox!1.c.)su.edu32.%+2ET2?ourna2issues2v112n%2112%2%2112%2%.ht)9 P#
the third 0ank o: the institutiona criticis) o: 0rostitution hods that 0rostitution 0a!s a ke! roe in
sustaining the socia ineRuait! o: &o)en. $t does so b! de:ining &o)en in genera as sexua ob?ects9
avaiabe to an! )an &ho desires the). Mne o: the )ost obvious :acts about 0rostitution in our societ!9 !et 0erha0s
the hardest to take into account9 is the degree to &hich 0rostitution and 0rostitutes attract our interest and serve as a
sti)uus :or tak9 ?okes9 stories9 ga-esNin short9 as a source o: our co))on titiation. 5ut the stereot!0es that are
con?ured b! our co))on consciousness 0rovide i)ages not ?ust o: 0rostitutes but o: &o)en )ore
generay.1' #oitica theorist /aroe #ate)an connects this de)onstrative e::ect o: 0rostitution to the histor! o: &o)en@s
o00ression3 SWhen &o)en@s bodies are on sae as co))odities in the ca0itaist )arket9 the ter)s o: the
origina EsexuaF contract cannot be :orgottenL the a& o: )ae sex>right is 0ubic! a::ir)ed9 and )en
gain 0ubic ackno&edg)ent as &o)en@s sexua )astersNthat is &hat@s &rong &ith 0rostitution.S1*
#rostitution thus su00orts a 0ernicious stereot!0e o: &hat &o)en are :or and rein:orces our societ!@s
tendenc! to vie& &o)en :irst and :ore)ost in sexua ter)s.
#tatus Euo #olves ) places like 2dult &ndustry <edical 5ealth are Foundation provide services to all
se1 workers that seek them
2&<$ No 7ate !rovided G<About Ai)=9 htt0322&&&.ai)>)ed.org2about2H
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Sex Worker Neg Washburn 2K9
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The Adut $ndustr! 4edica GA$4H (eath /are Boundation is a non>0ro:it cor0oration :or)ed to care :or the
0h!sica and e)otiona needs o: sex &orkers and 0eo0e &ho &ork in the adut entertain)ent industr! through
our ($V and ST; testing and treat)ent9 our counseing services and our su00ort grou0 0rogra)s. We
are ha00! to be serving the sex &orker co))unit! and our goa is to 0rovide heath care :or the bod!9
)ind9 e)otion and s0irit9 as &e as to take a eadershi0 0osition in 0ro)oting sa:e and res0onsibe
sexua behavior9 not on! :or the adut entertain)ent industr!9 but :or ever!one.A$4 &as co>:ounded in 1991 b! the
egendar! ;r. Sharon 4itche9 a egendar! 0orn star &ho has a00eared in over 29... :i)s9 and &ho has &on ever! a&ard
that the adut entertain)ent industr! o::ers9 incuding the 1999 Adut Video Ne&s highest honor SThe S0ecia Achieve)ent
A&ardS :or her co))it)ent to A$4 and the ongoing crises in the adut business. SRare!9S &rites #au Bishbein9 #ubisher
o: AVN9 Shave &e seen so)eone so dedicated9 se:ess and hard &orking... a :or a co))on good. Oour &ork has been an
ins0iration to ever!one.SA$4 &as created b! 4iss 4itche and co>:ounder internist ;r. Steven Oork. ;r. Oork is 4edica
;irector o: A$4 and a trusted 0h!sician &ho is high! regarded throughout the industr!.$n addition to ($V>reated
services9 A$4 aso 0rovides condo)s9 testing and treat)ent :or other sexua! trans)itted diseases9
0a0 s)ears9 0s!chiatric assess)ent9 drug and acoho counseing9 cos)etic surger! in:or)ation9
chiro0ractic heaing and su00ort grou0s such as a Reationshi0s 8rou09 Abuse Survivors 8rou09
Wo)en o: #orn and other s0ecia educationa &orksho0s.Since &e o0ened our doors in 19919 A$4 has 0rovided
training as /he)ica ;e0endenc! /ounseors Gcerti:ied7H :or t&o :or)er sex &orkers and certi:ied 0heboto)! tech training
:or ten sex &orkers that are no& &orking :or A$4 or the co))unit! at arge. A$4 continues to educate sex&orkers and
o::ers a schoarshi0 0rogra) :or those &ho are read! to transition out o: sex &ork.
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Sex Worker Neg Washburn 2K9
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Begalize !rostitution
4ark Biberator9 editor2&riter :or The ,iberator9 12>1>2..=9 <,egai-ed #rostitution
Reguating the Mdest #ro:ession= htt0322iberator.net2artices20rostitution.ht)Ubene:its
/urrent! )ost ever!&here in the Cnited States9 our ega s!ste) 0enai-es 0rostitutes and their custo)ers :or
&hat the! do as consenting aduts. 4one! is sti s0ent on a& en:orce)ent e::orts to catch 0rostitutes
and their custo)ers. Mnce caught9 ?ustice de0art)ents have to 0rocess these 0eo0e through ver! ex0ensive s!ste)s.
What are the end resutsI #oice 0ersonne and courtroo)s are overburdened &ith these cases9 having itte
or no i)0act on 0rostitution. The 0rostitutes and their custo)ers 0a! their :ines and are back to the
streets in no ti)e in a revoving door 0rocess. /atch and reease )a! &ork :or recreationa :ishing but
it has no deterring a::ect on 0rostitution.
4aking 0rostitution ega &i ao& the act to be )anaged instead o: ignored. #i)0s and organi-ed cri)e
:igures9 &ho reguar! treat their &orkers on subhu)an eves9 &oud no onger contro &o)en. $n so)e countries9
0rostitute rings bu! and se &o)en on the back )arket9 :orce their &o)en to co)0! through vioence and create
unheath! &orking conditions. When 0rostitutes o0erate inde0endent! and in secret9 )an! ti)es the! beco)e abused b!
their o&n custo)ers.
,egai-ing 0rostitution &oud 0revent underground 0rostitution that occurs toda!. When )en &ant to 0a!
:or sex9 the! :ind 0rostitutes. These 0eo0e &ork in )assage 0arors9 escort services9 stri0 bars and )odeing agencies or
sti &ork corners as traditiona street&akers. There are egiti)ate 0arors9 dating services9 bars and agencies but o: the
hundreds that exist &ithin ne&s0a0er cassi:ied advertise)ents and tee0hone directories9 there are a arge nu)ber that
0rovide sexua services. A routine search through 8ooge@s $nternet ne&s engine :or @0rostitution@ routine! reveas
connections bet&een 0rostitution and these :asetto agencies G8ooge9 2..%H.
$t is esti)ated that 1..9... to " )iion teens are near! invisib! 0rostituted 0er !ear in the Cnited
States GWaker9 2..2H. $: &e ao& 0rostitution to re)ain hidden :ro) vie& and basica! invisibe to
the a& as it is toda!9 &e ao& a nu)ber o: teens to be s&e0t u0 into 0rostitution ever! !ear . When adut
&o)en decide to exchange )one! :or sex9 it is a 0ersona choice o0en to the) under the 0hioso0h! o: a :ree9 de)ocratic
societ!. When troubed )inors &ho do not !et have the socia surviva skis decide to 0rostitute9 the! are o:ten )ani0uated
b! o00ortunists &ho ex0oit these teens9 t!0ica! eading to horri:ic ends. ,egai-ing 0rostitution &i he0 0revent these
instances through reguation.
,egai-ed9 reguated 0rostitution has )an! bene:its. Encounters can ha00en &ithin controed
environ)ents that bring about sa:et! :or both the custo)ers and the 0rostitutes. #rostitutes &oud no onger
be strong>ar)ed b! 0i)0s or organi-ed cri)e rings. Cnderage 0rostitution &oud be curtaied. There &oud aso be heath>
sa:et! i)0rove)ents.
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Sex Worker Neg Washburn 2K9
1.
Begalize !rostitution
The Federal +overnment does not have the right to regulate an individual%s se1 life
4ark Biberator9 editor2&riter :or The ,iberator9 12>1>2..=9 <,egai-ed #rostitution
Reguating the Mdest #ro:ession= htt0322iberator.net2artices20rostitution.ht)Ubene:its
$n these cases9 the issue o: )orait! aside9 it can be 0ain! seen ho& each 0oitica vie& contains strong
ee)ents su00orting egai-ation. 4aintaining the status Ruo has the C.S. thro&ing tax doars a&a! b!
s0ending it on a& en:orce)ent9 cri)ina ?ustice and 0risons. The C.S. heathcare s!ste) is current!
reactionar! at bestL it 0assive! handes ST;s a:ter the! occur instead o: instituting )echanis)s to 0revent the) :ro)
ha00ening in the :irst 0ace. #oitica 0hioso0h! has not changed :ro) i))aturit! and cings to a 0rohibitor! )ode :ro)
the 192.s9 even though it &as 0roven to be devastating to its citi-ens Esee The E::ects o: #rohibition aboveF.
The best &a! to understand the current state o: a::airs concerning 0rostitution is to entertain an anaog!. #retend
govern)ent is a business. #oiticians &oud be the )anagers and 0rostitution &oud be a certain 0rocedure the co)0an!
had to )anage. Woud a success:u business ignore a 0rocedure &hen it 0er:or)ed 0oor!I Woud it ao& a 0oor 0rocedure
to continue or &oud a success:u business instead rethink its 0osition and i)0rove itI A success:u co)0anies )ust
evove over ti)e i: the! are to sta! in business and exce. Bortunate!9 the C.S. /onstitution ao&s its citi-ens to vie&
govern)ent ike a d!na)ic business because it is a &ork in 0rogress. ,a&s can change and ada0t to )eet the de)ands o: a
)odern civii-ation. $t is a :ar better strateg! than ho0ing it &i go a&a! and cean u0 itse:.
Where are the i)its :or t&o consenting aduts in 0rivac!I (o& govern)ent is sha0ed to hande that
Ruestion &i decide ho& &o)en@s rights9 socia 0rogra)s9 0ubic heathcare9 the sa:et! o: !outh and
0ossib! the genera sa:et! o: citi-ens are vaued. $: )ora obstaces 0revent citi-ens :ro) obtaining a
govern)ent that he0s its 0eo0e &hie 0reserving :reedo)s9 then a 0aradig) shi:t )ust be considered.
A )ove)ent a&a! :ro) vaues that are har):u is di::icut on! i: one decides to cing to outdated9
se:>destructive traditions.
#oiticians shoud be care:u ho& the! address the 0hioso0hica i)its o: adut 0rivac!. A nu)ber o:
0eo0e beieve govern)ent shoud have no right deciding ho& aduts conduct their sexua ives9 even
&hen an exchange o: )one! is invoved. #ubic debate has aread! addressed a &o)en@s rights issue that is connected to a
si)iar :reedo).
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Sex Worker Neg Washburn 2K9
11
Begalize !rostitution
Begalized$ regulated prostitution reduces 5&362&7# and increases life e1pectancy
4ark Biberator9 editor2&riter :or The ,iberator9 12>1>2..=9 <,egai-ed #rostitution
Reguating the Mdest #ro:ession= htt0322iberator.net2artices20rostitution.ht)Ubene:its
We recogni-e the genera eve o: co)0assion and technoogica abiit! o: a countr! in 0art b! its abiit! to 0rovide
heathcare to its citi-ens. ,a&s9 societa trends9 and heathcare distribution aso deter)ine ho& a countr! &i react to these
variabes. $n Tabe 2 beo&9 &e &i :ind data on ($V2A$;S rates and i:e ex0ectanc! eves :or various countries.
The Cnited States is tied at :irst 0ace &ith the C.K. &hen it co)es to the nu)ber o: 0eo0e 0er ca0ita &ho ive &ith
($V2A$;S. $n $srae9 &here 0rostitution is ega9 the! su::er :ro) near! an eighth o: the C.S.@s nu)ber. The C.K. aside9
ega 0rostitution does not a00ear to have a negative i)0act on the s0read o: ($V2A$;S. $n :act9 there is
evidence Esee Health-Safety Issues aboveF to su00ort the 0ositive e::ects o: egai-ing 0rostitution on the
s0read o: ($V2A$;S.
The C.S. is nu)ber one on the ist :or nu)ber o: 0eo0e d!ing o: ($V2A$;S. There are )an! reasons to
ex0ain this :act even though the C.K. has an eRua nu)ber o: 0eo0e in:ected &ith ($V2A$;S iving in the countr!9 but
none o: those reasons have to do &ith the egai-ation o: 0rostitution. $t )a! be a bit 0er0exing to 0rohibitionists
&hen a countr! &ith egai-ed 0rostitution9 ike /anada9 has a seventh o: the nu)ber o: ($V2A$;S
in:ections as the C.S.
When ooking at )ean i:e ex0ectanc! b! countr!9 the resut is ess than s0ecia. There a00ears to be no causa reation
bet&een i:e ex0ectanc! and 0rostitution a&s. (o&ever9 the six countries that have higher i:e ex0ectancies do
have ega :or)s o: 0rostitution9 )aking it cear that 0rostitution does not negative! a::ect ongevit!.
There is a strong rationae :or egai-ing 0rostitution b! reguating the industr!9 thereb! )onitoring sex
&orkers and conseRuent! the cients the! serve. Ao&ing 0rostitution to re)ain invisibe on! 0er0etuates the
s0read o: so)eti)es>dead! sexua! trans)itted diseases. A contain)ent )ode based on )anaging the
0robe) is better than an aboitionist )ode based on ignoring it9 ho0ing it one da! goes a&a! a b! itse:.
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Sex Worker Neg Washburn 2K9
12
Begalize !rostitution
Begalized$ regulated prostitution will lower crime rates )The Netherlands prove
4ark Biberator9 editor2&riter :or The ,iberator9 12>1>2..=9 <,egai-ed #rostitution
Reguating the Mdest #ro:ession= htt0322iberator.net2artices20rostitution.ht)Ubene:its
8iven the three broad categories above G/ri)e9 (eathcare9 Socia conditionsH9 the countries having ega 0rostitution en?o!
)an! bene:its the Cnited States does not. /ri)e is higher &ithin the C.S.9 des0ite severe a&s9 intense
0rosecution rates and a high nu)ber o: i)0rison)ents. #eo0e in:ected &ith ($V2A$;S are higher9 as is the
nu)ber o: ($V2A$;S deaths in the C.S. Even suicide rates and divorce rates are dis0ro0ortionate! high in the C.S.9 too.
C0on a cose exa)ination o: the Netherands reveas interesting :indings. A)sterda) is the ca0ito o: the Netherands
and is internationa! kno&n :or its redight district. /ritics to 0rostitution )ight be stunned to earn that
the Netherands has the east nu)ber o: )urders and ra0es. $t 0rosecutes a considerabe a)ount o:
cri)inas but has a o& nu)ber o: 0risoners. $t does not su::er :ro) an ($V2A$;S e0ide)ic9 ike the C.S.
and the C.K.9 and has the second o&est suicide rate isted. This ne&s &i itera! sto0 critics G&ho are o0en to
reasonH in their tracks &hen the! are con:ronted &ith such in:or)ation.
A scienti:ic stud! )a! be abe to 0rove a causa reationshi0 bet&een egai-ed9 reguated 0rostitution
and the bene:its o: o&er cri)e9 better heathcare9 o&er suicide rates and o&er divorce rates. (o&ever9
this 0ositiona 0a0er sho&s be!ond a doubt that egai-ation o: 0rostitution certain! does not create an environ)ent
causing critica countr! indicators to &ane. There:ore9 there exists a strong 0robabiit! o: countering teenage
0rostitution and he0ing &o)en eave 0rostitution through s0ecia! targeted socia 0rogra)s9 a at no
risk. $t is ike! there &i be i)0rove)ents :or the nation as a &hoe9 since a citi-ens are i))easurab! tied to the arger
co))unit!.
ritics of legalization need to reconsider their position
4ark Biberator9 editor2&riter :or The ,iberator9 12>1>2..=9 <,egai-ed #rostitution
Reguating the Mdest #ro:ession= htt0322iberator.net2artices20rostitution.ht)Ubene:its
The critics o: egai-ed 0rostitution insist sex :or )one! is &rong because it is har):u to 0rostitutes.
The! cai) 0rostitutes are victi)s o: 0h!sica abuse and :reRuent! su::er :ro) ho)eessness9 acohois) and de0endenc!
on other drugs. These critics re0ort that 0rostitutes have o:ten been sexua! and2or 0h!sica! abused &hie gro&ing u0.
What critics do not re0ort is a 0an to he0 these &orkers. Their rationae is a status Ruo )ode9 &hich does
absoute! nothing to he0 these &o)en. $nstead o: )anaging the 0robe) through the )edica and socia
interventions acco)0anied b! reguation o: the industr!9 critics o: egai-ed 0rostitution &oud rather ado0t
0rohibition and cod abandon)ent.
When critics )ention neighborhood sa:et!9 the! do not o::er )eaning:u aternatives. Their 0an is to heighten 0oice
0atros9 encourage undercover sting o0erations9 and sti::en 0enaties. We have seen the resuts o: 0rohibition in the 192.s
Esee The E::ects o: #rohibition aboveFL it drives the industr! :urther underground9 )aking it harder to sto0 the
s0read o: ($V2A$;S G4cEro!9 1999H and various other sexua! trans)itted diseases in a co))unit!.
$: critics o: 0rostitution &anted to tru! he0 0rostitutes and the neighborhoods &here 0rostitution
occurs9 the! &oud reconsider their 0osition. #rohibitionists retain their vie& as a resut o: )ora codes9 not
because o: unbiased scienti:ic stud!. Research sho&s the )an! bene:its o: egai-ation. Ao&ing
0rohibitionist 0ro0aganda to drive a&s and the &a! civi iberties are vie&ed &i guarantee3 drug
de0endenc! &i not be abated9 0h!sica abuse &i continue9 and ST;s &i s0read. 4ost i)0ortant9 the
&o)en &ho need he0 &i continue their ives on the sa)e har):u 0aths.

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1"
Begalize !rostitution
The Gnited #tates must abandon their prohibitionist view on prostitution ) prohibition of alcohol and the
legalization of abortions prove
4ark Biberator9 editor2&riter :or The ,iberator9 12>1>2..=9 <,egai-ed #rostitution
Reguating the Mdest #ro:ession= htt0322iberator.net2artices20rostitution.ht)Ubene:its
Sexua reations are handed di::erent! in countries around the &ord. 4ost countries encourage varied :or)s o:
)onoga)!9 others 0o!g!n!. Even in the case o: )onoga)!9 there are nu)erous countries that i)0ose no restrictions on
0rostitution9 unike a )a?orit! o: the co))unities &ithin the Cnited States.
$n order to discover i: egai-ation is 0ro0er9 one has to :irst :a)iiari-e onese: &ith the C.S.
0rohibition o: acoho in the 192.s and the egai-ation o: abortion in the 19+.s. The i)0e)entation o:
0rohibition &as a resut o: an aboitionist 0hioso0h! and caused great har) to the countr! through ost
taxes9 increased cri)e rates and higher suicide rates. Si)iar!9 &hen the C.S. abandoned its
aboitionist stand on abortion9 the countr! bene:ited :ro) :e&er deaths :ro) botched back ae!
abortions. This 0roved 0rohibitionist thinking to be baseess and actua! detri)enta to co))unities.
There are )an! bene:its to egai-ed 0rostitution. The bene:its incude G1H ao&ing a& en:orce)ent
agencies to res0ond to )ore i)0ortant cri)es9 G2H :reeing ?ustice s!ste)s :ro) nuisance cases9 G"H
he0ing &o)en &ho are tra00ed b! 0rostitution9 and G%H 0reventing teens :ro) being ensnared into
0rostitution.
When data :ro) countries that ban 0rostitution is co)0ared &ith data :ro) countries that do not9 )an! starting discoveries
can be observed. /ountries &ithout anti>0rostitution a&s have ess )urders9 ess ra0es9 and 0rosecute2i)0rison ess 0eo0e.
($V2A$;S is ess o: a 0robe)L suicide rates are o&er as are divorce rates9 too.
/ritics o: the egai-ation o: 0rostitution o::er no aternative to a troubeso)e 0robe). These 0eo0e
&oud rather ado0t the status Ruo )ode9 &hich virtua! abandons o&er strata9 o& socio>econo)ic
0rostitutes. $nstead o: )anaging the 0robe)9 these critics vie& the continued do&n&ard s0ira o: this subgrou0 as
acce0tabe.
The critics o: egai-ed 0rostitution rest co):ortab! &ithin reative! ne& )ora codes. The reigions that
no& re?ect 0rostitution once used to )anage it. (o&ever9 even though reigionists 0ubic! denounce 0rostitution9 too )an!
h!0ocritica! entertain ike services and co))it aduter!. The /athoic /hurch has covered u0 institutiona 0edo0hiia at
the ex0ense o: de)eaning reigious vaues and the ives o: those &ho as0ire to :oo& the).
Enightened 0eo0e &ithin civii-ed societies 0ride the)seves on the contributions )ade to others &ho are ess :ortunate.
,o& strata 0rostitutes cear! rest &ithin the do)ain o: the ess :ortunate9 but the countries &ho cing
to anti>0rostitution a&s choose to abandon these 0eo0e and thereb! negative! a::ect the cri)e9
heath9 and genera sa:et! o: those nations. Mne )ust reconsider &hether or not those countries are tru! civii-ed.
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Sex Worker Neg Washburn 2K9
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Begalize !rostitution
&n order for se1 workers to gain fair rights stereotypes must be broken down
E)i -oyama9 director o: the $ntersex $nitiative Ga nationa advocac! grou0H9 .%>2..19 <Resist Sca0egoating o: #rostitution and
/on:ront Rea #robe)s3 8oba /a0itais)9 #atriarch!9 #overt!9 Ex0oitation and Vioence=9
htt0322e)inis).org2readings2su00orthookers.ht)
True9 but not because &e trade sex :or )one!. As 0ointed out above9 it is because &e ack the institutiona 0o&er
to de:end ourseves and our rights as &orkers. Bor exa)0e9 the a&s against 0ro:ession can be used b! 0oice
o::icers and abusive )anagers20i)0s as a everage to harass us and vioate us. Mur e)0o&er)ent as &orkers and as &o)en
&i )ake it )ore and )ore di::icut :or the) to )istreat us. Cnsa:e &orking conditions and abusive )anage)ent are abor
issue.
What about #eo0e &ho have been Borced into #rostitutionI
Mur goa is to e)0o&er ever!bod! &ho &orks in the sex industr! regardess o: ho& &e entered the
:ied. As the 0rostitutes@ rights )ove)ent gains )ore recognition and gro&s )ore 0o&er:u9 it &i beco)e harder and
harder :or 0i)0s to coerce &o)en to be in 0rostitution against their &i because &e &i not toerate that. $t &as the
abor )ove)ent that :orced the govern)ent to enact stricter chid abor a&s9 occu0ationa sa:et! a&s9
eight hour &ork da!s9 and )an! other 0rotection )echanis)s :or a &orkers. #rostitutes@ rights
)ove)ent &i achieve the sa)e i)0act on ourseves and our :eo& &orkers that the rest o: the abor
)ove)ent did on other &orkers.
Weren@t #rostitutes Sexua! Abused as /hidrenI
8iven the e0ide)ic o: chid sexua abuse in the Cnited States9 it is no sur0rising that )an! 0rostitutes
have been abused as chidren9 ?ust ike )an! non>0rostitutes have aso been abused. Mn the other hand9
there are 0ent! o: 0rostitutes as &e as non>0rostitutes &ho &ere not abused as chidren. We as the
societ! need to )ove be!ond stereot!0es and take the e0ide)ic o: chid sexua abuse serious! rather
than using it as a too to o00ress a &hoe cass o: &orkers.
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#e1 workers and apitalism
#e1 workers suffer like other workers within this capitalistic society
E)i -oyama9 director o: the $ntersex $nitiative Ga nationa advocac! grou0H9 .%>2..19 <Resist Sca0egoating o: #rostitution and
/on:ront Rea #robe)s3 8oba /a0itais)9 #atriarch!9 #overt!9 Ex0oitation and Vioence=9
htt0322e)inis).org2readings2su00orthookers.ht)
#rostitutes@ rights )ove)ent is a )ove)ent b! 0rostitutes and our aies to i)0rove and contro the
condition o: our abor as &e as our status &ithin the societ!. $t is an integra 0art o: the greater :e)inist
)ove)ent as &e as the abor )ove)ent. Even though a&s have been 0assed to 0rotect other &o)en :ro) sexua assaut9
do)estic vioence9 etc. and other &orkers :ro) un:air abor 0ractice9 unsa:e or hostie &orking environ)ent9 etc.9 &e are
sti vunerabe in )an! &a!s. We de)and9 ?ust ike other &o)en and &orkers have9 that our rights to sa:et!9 dignit!9 and
res0ect that a 0eo0e deserve.
;o Wo)en /hoose to 5eco)e #rostitutesI
,ike )an! other &orkers in a ca0itaist societ!9 our o0tions are i)ited b! )an! :actors9 incuding
0overt!9 sexis)9 racis)9 ho)o0hobia9 etc. 5ut to the degree )an! &orkers choose their occu0ation9 )an!
0rostitutes do choose ours. To the degree )an! &orkers are :orced into an occu0ation that the! do not &ant to enter9
)an! 0rostitutes are :orced into 0rostitution. Mne o: the goas o: the 0rostitutes@ rights )ove)ent is to e)0o&er
ever!bod! &ho &orks in the sex industr! regardess o: ho& &e entered this :ied9 creating )an! o0tions :or ourseves9 both
inside and outside o: the industr!.
$sn@t #rostitution a :or) o: Saver!I
S#rostitutionS is a &ord that describes the t!0e o: &ork9 ike S)anu:acturingS or S:ar)ing.S Mn the
other hand9 Ssaver!S describes the condition under &hich the &ork is 0er:or)ed and ex0oited
regardess o: the t!0e o: &ork invoved. ;uring the A)erican Saver!9 )ost saves &ere :orced to 0er:or) either
:ar) &ork or do)estic &ork9 but it &as not the t!0e o: &ork 0er se that &as inhu)aneL rather9 it &as the condition under
&hich their &ork &as 0er:or)ed that &as.
Even toda!9 severe! ex0oitative &orking conditions exist in )an! di::erent :ieds. T&o o: the
conte)0orar! exa)0es are o::shore s&eatsho0s ran b! arge C.S. cor0orations9 and the C.S. :ar)s
&here undocu)ented )igrant &orkers &ork. 5ut nobod! is caing :or the aboition o: gar)ent industr!
or agricuture atogetherL instead9 &e are right:u! caing :or the better9 )ore hu)ane and ?ust
treat)ent o: a &orkers. Wh! shoud it be an! di::erent :or the sex industr!I
$sn@t #rostitution $nherent! M00ressiveI
Not an! )ore so than other ines o: &ork in a goba ca0itaist s!ste). $: 0rostitutes &ere )ore vunerabe to
ex0oitation than other &orkers toda!9 it is because &e9 ike o::shore s&eatsho0 &orkers and )igrant
:ar)&orkers9 ack the institutiona 0o&er to de:end our rights as &orkers. To sa! that 0rostitution is
Sinherent!S o00ressive &oud absove the &rongdoers o: their res0onsibiities9 and there:ore is
uti)ate! reactionar!.

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1*
ap Bink
This reduction of all life to raw materials has devastating conseDuences4the penetration of the law of
value into the totality of social e1istence makes mass e1termination an inevitability as all life which is no
longer sufficiently productive must be eliminated in order to ensure the Hsmooth functioningI of the
capitalist machine4this instrumental rationality will be used to /ustify the destruction of all life on earth
&nternationalist !erspective '- G</a0itais) and 8enocide9= card :ro) $nternationaist #ers0ective S0ring 2...9 Accessed at
htt0322&&&.geocities.co)2&agesavex2ca0andgen.ht)H
The rea do)ination o: ca0ita is characteri-ed b! the 0enetration o: the a& o: vaue into ever!
seg)ent o: socia existence. As 8eorg ,ukVcs 0ut it in his (istor! and /ass /onsciousness9 this )eans that the
co))odit! ceases to be Sone :or) a)ong )an! reguating the )etabois) o: hu)an societ!9S to
beco)e its Suniversa structuring 0rinci0e.S Bro) its origina ocus at the 0oint o: 0roduction9 in the
ca0itaist :actor!9 &hich is the ha)ark o: the :or)a do)ination o: ca0ita9 the a& o: vaue has s!ste)atica!
s0read its tentaces to incor0orate not ?ust the 0roduction o: co))odities9 but their circuation and
consu)0tion. 4oreover9 the a& o: vaue aso 0enetrates and then co)es to 0reside over the s0heres o:
the 0oitica and ideoogica9 incuding science and technoog! the)seves. This atter occurs not ?ust
through the trans:or)ation o: the :ruits o: technoog! and science into co))odities9 not ?ust through the trans:or)ation o:
technoogica and scienti:ic research itse: Gand the institutions in &hich it takes 0aceH into co))odities9 but aso9 and
es0ecia!9 through &hat ,ukVcs designates as the in:itration o: thought itse: b! the 0ure! technica9 the
ver! Ruanti:ication o: rationait!9 the instru)entai-ation o: reasonL and9 $ &oud argue9 the reduction o:
a beings Gincuding hu)an beingsH to )ere ob?ects o: )ani0uation and contro. As ,ukVcs coud cear!
see even in the age o: Ta!oris)9 Sthis rationa )echanisation extends right into the &orker@s Wsou@.S $n short9
it a::ects not on! his out&ard behavior9 but her ver! interna9 0s!choogica9 )akeu0. The 0heno)enon
o: rei:ication9 inherent in the co))odit!>:or)9 and its tendentia 0enetration into the &hoe o: socia existence9 &hich
,ukVcs &as one o: the :irst to ana!-e9 is a ha)ark o: the rea do)ination o: ca0ita3 S$ts basis is that a reation
bet&een 0eo0e takes on the character o: a thing and thus acRuires a W0hanto) ob?ectivit!@9 an
autono)! that see)s so strict! rationa and a>e)bracing as to concea ever! trace o: its :unda)enta
nature3 the reation bet&een 0eo0e.S Rei:ication9 the see)ing trans:or)ation o: socia reations into reations
bet&een things9 has as one o: its outco)es &hat the 8er)an>Pe&ish thinker (.8.Ader designated as Sthe
ad)inistered )anS E;er ver&atete 4enschF. Bor Ader9 &hen hu)an beings are ad)inistered9 the! are
treated as things9 thereb! cearing the &a! :or their re)ova or ei)ination b! genocide. The outco)e
o: such a 0rocess can be seen in the bureaucractic ad)inistration o: the Bina Soution9 in &hich the
organi-ation o: genocide &as the res0onsibiit! o: desk kiers ike Ado: Eich)ann &ho coud -eaous!
ad)inister a s!ste) o: )ass )urder &hie dis0a!ing no 0articuar hatred :or his victi)s9 no great
ideoogica 0assion :or his 0ro?ect9 and no sense that those &ho &ent to the gas cha)bers &ere hu)an
beings and not things. The :eatures o: the desk kier9 in the 0erson o: Eich)ann9 have been cear! deineated b!
(annah Arendt. (e is the high>eve :unctionar! in a vast bureaucratic organi-ation &ho does his kiing
:ro) behind a desk9 :ro) &hich he rationa! 0ans and organi-es )ass )urderL treating it as si)0! a
technica task9 no di::erent than the 0robe) o: trans0orting scra0 )eta. The desk kier is the
Ruintessentia bureaucrat :unctioning according to the i)0eratives o: the death>&ord. As a hu)an
t!0e9 the desk kier9 that e)bodi)ent o: the triu)0h o: instru)enta reason9 has beco)e a vita 0art o:
the state a00aratus o: ate ca0itais). (ere9 the ,ukVcsian conce0t o: rei:ication9 the Aderian conce0t o: the
ad)inistered )an9 and the Arendtian 0ortrait o: the desk kier9 can be ?oined to 4artin (eidegger@s conce0t o: das 8este9
en:ra)ing9 in &hich ever!thing rea9 a beings9 incuding hu)ans9 are treated as so )uch 5estand9 standing>reserve or ra&
)ateria9 to be )ani0uated at &i. This reduction o: hu)ans to a ra& )ateria is the antecha)ber to a &ord
in &hich the! can beco)e so )an! &aste 0roducts to be discarded or turned into ashes in the gas
cha)bers o: Ausch&it- or at ground -ero at (iroshi)a. Whie the rei:ication &hich attains its cu)inating 0oint
in the rea do)ination o: ca0ita )a! contain &ithin itse: the 0ossibiit! o: )ass )urder and its death>&ord9 it does not in
and o: itse: ex0ain the actua uneashing o: the genocida 0otentia &hich9 because o: it9 is no& :ir)! ensconced &ithin
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Sex Worker Neg Washburn 2K9
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Ecard continuesF
the interstices o: the ca0itaist )ode o: 0roduction. To con:ront that issue9 $ &ant to eucidate t&o conce0ts &hich9 &hie not
direct! inked b! their authors to the un:oding o: the ca0itaist a& o: vaue9 can be re:unctioned to :orge such a ink9 and
have aread! been e::ective! &ieded in the e::ort to ex0ain genocide3 the conce0t o: the obsoescence o: )an E;ie
AntiRuiertheit des 4enschenF9 articuated b! the 8er)an>Pe&ish 0hioso0her 8Xnther Anders9 and the conce0t o: bio>
0oitics9 articuated b! 4iche Boucaut.Bor Anders9 the :irst industria revoution introduced the )achine &ith
its o&n source o: 0o&er as a )eans o: 0roduction9 &hie the second industria revoution sa& the
extension o: co))odit! 0roduction to the &hoe o: societ!9 and the subordination o: )an to the
)achine. According to Anders9 the third industria revoution9 in the e0och o: &hich hu)anit! no& ives9 has )ade
hu)ans obsoete9 0re0aring the &a! :or their re0ace)ent b! )achines9 and the end o: histor! GEnd-eitH. Bor Anders9 the
(oocaust )arked the :irst atte)0t at the s!ste)atic exter)ination o: a &hoe grou0 o: 0eo0e b!
industria )eans9 o0ening the &a! :or the extension o: the 0rocess o: exter)ination to virtua! the
&hoe o: the hu)an s0eciesL a stage &hich he designates as S0ost>civii-ed cannibais)S
E0ost-iviisatorischen Kannibais)usF9 in &hich the &ord is Sover)annedS9 and in &hich (iroshi)a )arks the 0oint at
&hich Shu)anit! as a &hoe is ei)inatabeSEtYtbarF. Anders@s 0hioso0h! o: technoog! is unabashed! 0essi)istic9
eaving virtua! no roo) :or 4arxist ho0e Gco))unist revoutionH. Nonetheess9 his vision o: a tota! rei:ied &ord9 and
technoog! as the sub?ect o: histor!9 cu)inating in an End-eit9 corres0onds to one side o: the diaectic o: sociais) or
barbaris) &hich 0resides over the 0resent e0och. 4oreover9 Anders@s conce0t o: an over)anned &ord can be
:ruit:u! inked to the i))anent tendenc! o: the a& o: vaue to generate an ever higher organic
co)0osition o: ca0ita9 cu)inating in the 0resent stage o: auto)ation9 robotics9 co)0uters9 and
in:or)ation technoog!9 on the bases o: &hich ever arger )asses o: iving abor are e?ected :ro) the
0rocess o: 0roduction9 and9 indeed9 :ro) the c!ce o: accu)uation as a &hoe9 ceasing to be >> even
0otentia! >> a 0roductive :orce9 a source o: exchange>vaue9 in order to beco)e an insu0erabe burden
:or ca0ita9 a dead &eight9 &hich9 so ong as it ives and breathes9 threatens its 0ro:itabiit!. This
Sobsoescence o: )anS can at the eve o: tota ca0ita thereb! create the necessit! :or )ass )urderL
inserting the industria exter)ination o: &hoe grou0s o: 0eo0e into the ver! ogic o: ca0ita3 genocide
as the a0otheosis o: instru)enta reason7 Reason trans)ogri:ied into the nihiistic engine o: destruction
&hich sha0es the ate ca0itaist &ord.
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Sex Worker Neg Washburn 2K9
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#tate #olvency
! Te1t0 The fifty state governments of the Gnited #tates federal government and all relevant territories
should give all necessary resources to non.governmental organizations for the provision of social services
to se1 workers in the Gnited #tates.
#tate action leads to more effective federal action than the plan by spurring grassroots$ ongressional$
and international initiative
;!an +olden AA G;!an9 P.;. /andidate9 Cniversit! o: /ai:ornia Schoo o: ,a&9 <The #oitics o: /arbon ;ioxide E)issions
Reductions= Z C/,A Pourna o: Environ)enta ,a& K #oic!9 0. exisH
State egisatures aso 0rovide a :oru) to raise issues and change 0erce0tions. State environ)enta 0oic!
:reRuent! in:uences /ongress. State action increases the :easibiit! o: :edera action because3
:a)iiarit! aids the 0oitica 0rocess9 egisators understand the 0oitics in ter)s o: inco)e9 consu)0tion and their
regiona interests9 ad)inistrative agencies kno& ho& to ad)inistrate and )a! esti)ate i)0acts9 interest grou0s kno&
&here the! stand9 and 0ractica ex0erience can guide egisative dra:ting. Such grassroots action )a!
aso sti)uate su00ort a)ong the 0o0uous b! encouraging 0eo0e to take 0ersona res0onsibiit! :or the
environ)ent. Action at the state eve )a! aso s0ur )ore in:or)ed :edera action9 &hich in turn coud
s0ur internationa action.
#tates an solve modeling ) T2NF proves
Foy$ !5. 7 in !oli #ci$ Notre 7ame $ '::=
G22.'9 Bo!9 Pose0h9 SA00!ing the Ne& Bederais) o: 199* 8overnors and We:are Re:or)S htt0322etd.nd.edu2ET;>
db2theses2avaiabe2etd>12.*2..'1%'"'.2unrestricted2Bo!PP122..'.0d:H
Mn the issue o: de0endenc!9 states aso &ere abe to assert the)seves into the :ore:ront o: egisative
discussion at the nationa eve. 8overnor To))! Tho)0son issued one o: the nation6s eariest and )ost
co)0rehensive &e:are re:or) 0ackages :or the state o: Wisconsin. Kno&n as <Wisconsin Works9= or W>29 Tho)0son6s
&e:are initiative not on! 0ro0osed a nu)ber o: 0rogra))atic and ad)inistrative changes in his
state6s &e:are s!ste)9 but aso struck a bo& at one o: the )ost controversia ee)ents o: &e:are
under AB;/ Z guaranteed entite)ent to aid.2" Athough the 0assage and i)0e)entation o: W>2 did not :u!
re0ace AB;/ in Wisconsin unti Se0te)ber 199+9 #resident /inton &as aread! o::ering his su00ort :or the 0rogra) in
4a! 199*. Mn Pune *9 199*9 the C.S. (ouse o: Re0resentatives voted to su00ort (.R. "'*29 authori-ing Wisconsin to
i)0e)ent its Works 0rogra) on a state&ide9 tria basis. This 0rogra) &as to act as a de)onstration o: the
abiit! o: the states to deveo0 and run their o&n &e:are s!ste)s in &a!s that &oud better )eet the
needs o: their citi-ens. 5! e)0hasi-ing &ork 0rogra)s as an aternative to guaranteed entite)ent to aid9 8overnor
Tho)0son &as atte)0ting to resove the controvers! surrounding &e:are de0endenc!. (is e::orts to innovate &e:are
in his state acted as both an exa)0e and a cata!st :or :edera re:or)s9 and he0ed to thrust governors into a
stronger roe as 0rogra) designers and i)0e)enters :or socia &e:are 0oicies in their states. $t &as due to Tho)0son6s
initiative and success that he0ed to 0ro0e governors into a )ore direct eadershi0 0osition in regards
to &e:are re:or)9 and his exa)0e &as soon to be :oo&ed b! governors across the countr! a:ter the
0assage o: TANB re0aced the ong standing guarantee o: aid 0rogra)s o: AB;/.
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