Chapter 22 Terms:

Crystal Palace
The Crystal palace was a cast-iron and plate-glass (had both become cheap and
abundant) building in Hyde Park in London, England. It housed the Great Exhibition
of 1851, which was the first in a series of Worlds Fair exhibitions of culture and
industry that were to become a popular nineteenth century feature. It ran from May
to October. Britain was dubbed the workshop of the world. This fair was organized
by Henry Cole and Prince Albert, Queen Victorias spouse. They were part of an
organization called the Royal Society for the Encouragement of Arts, Manufactures,
and Commerce as a celebration of modern industrial technology and design. Many
notable figures attended from all over the world, including Charles Darwin, Samuel
Colt, Lewis Carroll, and George Eliot. Companies and countries displayed their
products and juries awarded prizes accordingly. It burned down in 1936. The
Crystal Palace was important because it was symbolic of all the wealth and
industrialization that Great Britain had garnered, and encouraged the rest of the
world to follow.
Spinning Jenny
The Spinning Jenny was an invention created by James Hargreaves in 1765 during
the Industrial Revolution in England. It came to be due to the putting out system and
enclosure. It was a multi-spool spinning frame that reduced the amount of work
needed to produce yarn, with a worker able to work eight or more spools at once.
Later as I got more advanced, that number increased to as much as 120 spools at
once. It was simple and inexpensive, and used in homes within the putting-out
system. It was important because along with Arkwrights water frame, it
revolutionized the textile industry. It made production skyrocket and allowed
people to be able to afford cotton, and made cotton weavers wealthier. It will lead to
factory development.
James Watt
James Watt was a Scottish inventor and mechanical engineer who made
improvements to the Newcomen steam engine. They changes were fundamental to
the changes brought by the Industrial Revolution in Britain and the rest of the
world. Thomas Newcomen invented the Newcomen steam engine in 1712. It was the
first practical device to harness the power of steam to produce mechanical work. In
1769, Watt perfected it by adding a separate condenser, which would in turn reduce
the engines waste of energy. To help ensure the success of his correction outside
the laboratory, he employed skilled workers and partnered with a wealthy English
toymaker, which provided risk capital and a manufacturing plant. This is important
because for the first time, humanity had almost unlimited power at its disposal. He
is important because he showed that to be successful in industry, one must invest
smart, employ skilled tradesmen, and manage efficiently because it was not an easy
or quick process. With this considered, he perfected the steam engine, even though
he didnt invent it. After its fix-up, the steam engine was quickly put to use, draining
mines and made possible the production of even more coal to feed steam engines
elsewhere. It started to replace cotton-spinning mills during the 1780s.
Robert Owen
Robert Owen was a Welsh social reformer and manufacturer who was one of the
founders of utopian socialism and the cooperative movement. His philosophy was
based on three intellectual pillars: 1. No one was responsible for his will and his own
actions because his whole character is formed independently of himself; 2. All
religions are based on the same ridiculous imagination that make man a weak,
imbecile animal; a furious bigot and fanatic; or a miserable hypocrite; 3. Support for
the putting-out system instead of the factory system. In 1816, he began his testify
against child labor in Great Britain. He said employing children under ten was
injurious to the child and not beneficial to the proprietors. He rose the age of
employment in his mills and promoted education for young children. His work
helped lead to the Factory Act of 1833, which limited the hours that children could
work. It also outlawed the employment of children under nine in the textile
industry, forbade the working of children under eighteen at night, and provided for
routine inspections of factories. This act led to the decline of employment in
children, and broke the pattern of whole families working together in the factory. He
is important because he used his reputable status as a successful businessman to
prove the consequences of child labor.
Friedrich Engels
Engels was a German-English industrialist, social scientist, political theorist, and
philosopher. After studying conditions in northern England, Engels, at the time a
young, middle-class German published The Condition of the Working Class in England
in 1844. It was a blistering indictment of the middle classes. He said, I charge the
English middle classes with mass murder, wholesale robbery, and all the other
crimes in the calendar. Karl Marx and later socialists embellished his influential
view of middle-class exploitation and increasing working poverty. He also was a
father of the Marxist theory, alongside Karl Marx himself. He helped him write The
Communist Manifesto in 1848. Marxism is an economic and sociopolitical worldview
and method of socioeconomic inquiry that centers upon a materialist interpretation
of history, a dialectical view of social change, and an analysis and critique of the
development of capitalism. Other works that Engels helped Marx on were Das
Kapital and Theories of Surplus Value. He is important because he was against the
move to industrialize, saying it exploited the middle class and capitalism corrupted
society. He showed that not everyone was for industrialization. Most importantly, he
influenced Karl Marx in his socialist ways.