Civil Engineering Department

Fluid Mechanics-II
EXPERIMENT NO: 01
STUDY OF IMPACT OF JET
Theory and Scope:
The stream of fuid mass coming with high velocity out of a nozzle is
called a et! "hen the et is o#structed$ it e%erts a force on the o#struction
&nown as impact of et! The force e%erted #y the et on the o#struction can
#e studied #y application of 'ewton(s second law of motion! i! e! The sum of
e%ternal forces acting on the #ody in any direction is e)ual to the change in
momentum in that direction!
In the present e%periment$ the water et is allowed to stri&e on the
stationary vane and the actual force acting on the vane is measured #y a
digital #alance #y means of lever arm *tted to the #alance and over which
the plate is *%ed! The theoretical force acting on vane is calculated #y
measuring the velocity of et and area of nozzle opening!
A!:
To determine coe+cient of impact , of water stri&ing on stationary
vane under the following conditions-
./ 0et stri&ing on the center of hemispherical vane!
1/ 0et stri&ing on fat vane &ept perpendicular to the direction of et!
Appara"#$:
The apparatus consists of a nozzle$ to which water is supplied to form a
et of water! 2 vertical upward et coming out from the nozzle stri&es the
vane *tted over the nozzle! The fow of water can #e controlled #y a
discharge control valves! The velocity of et can #e varied #y varying the
discharge to the nozzle! The vane is *tted over the lever! The lever is *%ed to
the digital #alance which displays the force e%erted #y the et on vane in ,g!
The whole assem#ly is housed in a M!3! #o% with two sided 4erspe%!
Proced#re:
.! Fi% a re)uired vane 5suppose a fat plate/ to the lever!
1! 2dust the #alancing weight to zero!
6! 3tart the water supply!
7! The et of water through the nozzle will impinge on the vane! The force
due to impact of water will #e acting on the vane in the upward
direction! This force will #e measured #y digital #alance and displayed
384C9E$ Indapur 4age .
Civil Engineering Department
Fluid Mechanics-II
on the screen of digital #alance which is called actual force and should
#e noted!
:! Measure the discharge in the measuring tan&!
;! 2dust the supply valve < ta&e a few more o#servations!
=! >epeat the same procedure for di?erent values!
O%$er&a"on$:
.!
Diameter of nozzle d@ A!AA;: m
1!
>ise of water level in measuring tan& B @ A!A: m
6!
2rea of nozzle a@ 6!6.%.A
-:
m
1
7!
2rea of tan& 5A!6:%A!:A/ 2 @ A!.=: m
1
:!
E)uivalent weight of water C @ DE.A &gFm
6
O%$er&a"on Ta%'e (For F'a" P'a"e):
3r
'
o
2ctual
Force
5Fact/ '
Time
re)uired for
:A mm rise
of water
level in tan&
5t/ sec
Discharg
e G
m
6
Fs
Helocit
y of et
H mFs
Theoretic
al Force
5Fth/ '
Coe+cient
of Impact
I Error
.
1
6
7
:
;
2verage value of Coe+cient of Impact 5,/ for fat pate @ JJJJ
O%$er&a"on Ta%'e (For C#r&ed *ane+ ,-./
0
):
3r
'
o
2ctual
Force
5Fact/ '
Time
re)uired for
:A mm rise
of water
level in tan&
5t/ sec
Discharg
e G
m
6
Fs
Helocit
y of et
H mFs
Theoretic
al Force
5Fth/ '
Coe+cient
of Impact
I Error
.
1
384C9E$ Indapur 4age 1
Civil Engineering Department
Fluid Mechanics-II
6
7
:
;
2verage value of Coe+cient of Impact 5,/ for curved vane @
JJJJ
Ca'c#'a"on$:
A0 For F'a" P'a"e:
.! Discharge5G/-
G
"here$
2 @ 2rea of measuring tan&
h @ >ise of water level in the tan&
t@ Time re)uired for rise of water in the tan&
1! Helocity 5H/-
H
"here$
H @ Helocity of et
G @ Discharge
a @ 2rea of nozzle
6! Theoretical Force5F
th
/-
F
th
@ K % G % H
"here$
K @ Mass density of water @ .AAA ,gFm
6
G @ 2ctual discharge
384C9E$ Indapur 4age 6
Civil Engineering Department
Fluid Mechanics-II
H @ Helocity of et
7! Coe+cient of Impact-
"here$
F
act
@ 2ctual force
F
th
@ Theoreticalforce
:! Error in measurement-
I Error @
10 For C#r&ed *ane:
.! Discharge5G/-
G
"here$
2 @ 2rea of measuring tan&
h @ >ise of water level in the tan&
t@ Time re)uired for rise of water in the tan&
1! Helocity 5H/-
H
"here$
H @ Helocity of et
G @ Discharge
a @ 2rea of nozzle
6! Theoretical Force 5F
th
/-
F
th
@ K % G % H 5.LcosM/
"here$
K @ Mass density of water @ .AAA ,gFm
6
G @ 2ctual discharge
H @ Helocity of et
384C9E$ Indapur 4age 7
Civil Engineering Department
Fluid Mechanics-II
M @ 2ngle made #y tip of et with direction of et @ 7:
A
7! Coe+cient of Impact-
"here$
F
act
@ 2ctual force
F
th
@ Theoretical force
:! Error in measurement-
I Error @
Re$#'":
The Coe+cient of impact N
./ For fat plate @JJJ!!
1/ For curved vane @JJJ!!
2raph:
4lot a graph of OF
act
Hs F
th
( for #oth fat plate and curved vane!
Conc'#$on:
2s there is no reaction for the fat plate$ OF
act
@ F
th
( and therefore for fat
the plate$ the graph of OF
act
vs F
th
( passes through the origin at an angle of
7:
A
! For curved vane$ there is a reaction resulting into OF
act
P F
th
( and therefore
the graph of OF
act
vs F
th
( for the curved vane passes through origin ma&ing an
angle greater than 7:
A
!
384C9E$ Indapur 4age :
Civil Engineering Department
Fluid Mechanics-II
EXPERIMENT NO: 03
UNIFORM F4O5 FORMU4AE
Theory and Scope:
The fow is said to #e uniform when the properties of fow remain
unchanged with respect to distance! The main characteristics of uniform fow
are-
.! The depth$ area of fow$ velocity and discharge remain constant at all
cross sections of the channel!
1! The energy line$ the free water surface and #ottom of the channel are
parallel to each other!
Therefore$ the slope of the energy line 3
e
$ the slope of water surface 3
w
and the #ed slope 3
o
are e)ual!
384C9E$ Indapur 4age ;
Civil Engineering Department
Fluid Mechanics-II
Many uniform fow formulae have #een developed to *nd out the mean
velocity of fow for tur#ulent uniform fow in open channel! These are &nown
as Qniform Flow Formulae! The most widely used formulae are the Chezy(s
and Manning(s formulae! For the present e%periment Manning(s Formula is to
#e used!
Manning(s Formula-
H @
"here$
n @ Manning(s roughness coe+cient with dimensions!
> @ Bydraulic radius
3 @ 8ed slope
A!:
To study uniform fow formulae for open channel!
Appara"#$:
2 tilting fume set-up!
De"a'$ o6 Appara"#$:
The apparatus consists of a ;!A m long tilting fume of A!6A m width
and A!7: m depth! The depth of fow is to #e measured with a cali#rated
scale mounted on a trolley!
3crew ac& is *%ed on the downstream end of the fume to adust the
slope! Discharge is to #e measured with the help of ori*cemeter with Cd @
A!;: and 6A!A mm diameter! 2 di?erential manometer is used to measure
pressure head!
Proced#re:
.! 3et the channel at a suita#le positive #ed slope 53
o
/ and measure it!
1! 9pen the inlet valve of water supply and allow the li)uid to fow in the
fume!
6! 2chieve steady and uniform fow in the fume!
7! Measure the depth of fow with the gauging scale!
:! >epeat the procedure width di?erent #ed slopes and di?erent discharges!
384C9E$ Indapur 4age =
Civil Engineering Department
Fluid Mechanics-II
O%er$er&a"on$:
.! "idth of tilting fume$ 8 @ A!6A m
1! Rength of tilting fume$ R@ ;!AA m
6! Coe+cient of discharge of ori*cemeter$ Cd @ A!;:
O%$er&a"on "a%'e:
3r
'o
3lope of the
channel
5dyFd%/
Depth of fow in
channel
y5m/
Manometer >eadings$ m
of water 5.1!.%h/
Discharge
G
m
6
Fs
h
.
h
1
h @
5h
1
-h
.
/
.
1
6
7
:
;
=
E
Ca'c#'a"on Ta%'e:
Discharge$ G @ Cd%a%S1gh
"here$ Cd @ A!;:
a @ 2rea of ori*ce @ A!=A; % .A
-6
m
1
3r
'o
G
m
6
Fs
2
5#%y/
m
1
4
51yL#/
m
H
5GF2/
mFs
>
1F6
3
.F1
C@
n@>
1F6
3
.F
1
H
2vg
value
of n
.
1
6
384C9E$ Indapur 4age E
Civil Engineering Department
Fluid Mechanics-II
7
:
;
=
E
2raph$:
.! G vs C
1! G vs n
6! C vs n
Re$#'"$:
.! 2verage value of Chezy(s Constant$ C @ JJ!
1! 2verage value of Manning(s constant$ n @ JJ!
Conc'#$on:
.! Halue of Chezy(s coe+cient increases with increase in discharge!
1! Manning(s coe+cient decreases with increase in discharge!
6! There is inverse relation #etween C and n!
384C9E$ Indapur 4age D
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Fluid Mechanics-II
384C9E$ Indapur 4age .A
Civil Engineering Department
Fluid Mechanics-II
EXPERIMENT NO: 07
*E4OCITY DISTRU1UTION IN OPEN C8ANNE4 F4O5
Theory and Scope:
The velocity distri#ution in a channel is dependent on geometry of the
channel! The velocity of fow 5H/ is zero at the solid #oundaries and gradually
increases with the distance away from the #oundary! The ma%imum velocity
does not occur at the surface #ut occurs at small distance #elow the free
surface! This is mainly due to secondary currents and not due to wind
resistance at the free li)uid surface! The velocity distri#ution depends upon
the aspect ratio 5ratio of depth to width/ of the channel! Thus deeper and
narrower the channel$ more deep is the point of ma%imum velocity!
2 typical velocity pro*le at a section in a plane normal to direction of
fow can #eroughly descri#ed #y a logarithmic distri#ution up to the
ma%imum velocity point! Field o#servation in rivers and canals have shown
that the average velocity at any vertical section occurs at a level of A!;y
o
from the free surface where y
o
is the depth of fow and is ta&en as$
H
avg
@ H
A!1
L H
A!E
1
"here$
H
A!1
is the velocity at a depth of A!1 y
o
and H
A!E
is the velocity at a depth of A!E
y
o
and the surface velocity H
s
is related to average velocity as
H
avg
@ ,H
s
"here$
, @ 2 co-e+cient with a value #etween A!Eto A!D:
Helocity distri#ution along vertical direction in 9pen Channel Flow
384C9E$ Indapur 4age ..
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A!:
To study velocity distri#ution in open channel 5>ectangular/!
Appara"#$:
2 tilting fume set-up!
De"a'$ o6 Appara"#$:
The apparatus consists of a ;!A m long tilting fume of A!6A m width
and A!7: m depth! The depth of fow is to #e measured with a cali#rated
scale mounted on a trolley!
3crew ac& is *%ed on the downstream end of the fume to adust the
slope! Discharge is to #e measured with the help of ori*cemeter with Cd @
A!;: and 6A!A mm diameter! 2 di?erential manometer is used to measure
pressure head!
Proced#re:
.! 3et the channel in horizontal position with the pitot tu#e adustments!
1! 9pen the inlet valve of water supply and allow the fow in the fume! 2llow
the fow to sta#ilize!
6! 3et the pitot tu#e at a certain distance in the horizontal plane from
#oundary of the channel!
7! 8y adusting the pitot tu#e at various levels in the vertical plane$ measure
the various depths of pitot tu#e and respective manometric heads at these
depths to calculate velocities at di?erent levels!
:! >epeat the same procedure of point no! 6 and 7 for various positions of
pitottu#es in horizontal plane!
O%$er&a"on$:
2t T @ JJm 2t T @ J!!m
3r
'
o
Depth
of pitot
tu#e U$
in m
Manometric head$
h in m of water
V @
S1gh
in mFs
3r
'o
Depth of
pitot
tu#e U$
in m
Manometric head$
h in m of water
V @
S1gh
in mFs
h
.
h
1
h@h
.
-
h
1
h
.
h
1
h@h.-
h1
. .
1 1
6 6
7 7
: :
; ;
384C9E$ Indapur 4age .1
Civil Engineering Department
Fluid Mechanics-II
= =
E E
2t T @ JJm 2t T @ J!!m
3r
'
o
Depth
of pitot
tu#e U$
in m
Manometric head$
h in m of water
V @
S1gh
in mFs
3r
'o
Depth of
pitot
tu#e U$
in m
Manometric head$
h in m of water
V @
S1gh
in mFs
h
.
h
1
h@h
.
-
h
1
h
.
h
1
h@h.-
h1
. .
1 1
6 6
7 7
: :
; ;
= =
E E
2t T @ JJm 2t T @ J!!m
3r
'
o
Depth
of pitot
tu#e U$
in m
Manometric head$
h in m of water
V @
S1gh
in mFs
3r
'o
Depth of
pitot
tu#e U$
in m
Manometric head$
h in m of water
V @
S1gh
in mFs
h
.
h
1
h@h
.
-
h
1
h
.
h
1
h@h.-
h1
. .
1 1
6 6
7 7
: :
; ;
= =
E E
2raph$:
Draw vertical velocity distri#ution at each section!
Draw horizontal velocity distri#ution at any depth!
Conc'#$on:
VVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVV
VVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVV
384C9E$ Indapur 4age .6
Civil Engineering Department
Fluid Mechanics-II
VVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVV
VVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVV
VVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVV
VVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVV
VVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVV
384C9E$ Indapur 4age .7
Civil Engineering Department
Fluid Mechanics-II
EXPERIMENT NO: 0.
CA4I1RATION OF *ENTURIF4UME
Theory and Scope:
3everal methods are availa#le to measure the discharge fowing
through an open channel for e%ample$ velocity area method$ gauging$
dilution techni)ue$ slope area method$ electromagnetic method etc! Flow
measuring devices li&e weirs$ notches$ fumes can also #e used! It has #een
o#served that #y constricting the fow either #y reducing the width of the
channel or #y raising the #ed or #oth$ reduction in depth of the fow can #e
achieved! The variation in depth can #e used to measure fow in open
channels!
Henturifume is a device which is similar to venturimeter in pipe fow!
Henturifume has a contracted section called as throat$ downstream of which
follows gradually increasing section to restore the stream to its original
width! It is an open channel counterpart of venturimeter$ which is used for
measuring the discharge in open channels! Helocity of fow through the
channel in this case is less than critical velocity and hence a hydraulic ump
or standing wave will not #e formed$ at any section in the ventruifume!
Discharge through it is the function of di?erence #etween depths of fow at
upstream of entrance and at throat!
Discharge through channel 5venturifume/ is given #y-
G
T
@ 58 % U/ % 5# % y/ % S1g5U N y/
S 58 % U/
1
N 5# % y/
1
2@area of cFs of Henturifume at inlet @8 % U
a @ area of cFs of Henturifume at throat @ # % y
U @depth of fow at inlet
y @depth of fow at throat
To account for losses a coe+cient of discharge OCd( is introduced! Its
value ranges from A!D: to A!DD! The actual discharge is calculated with the
help of ori*cemeter *tted on uFs of channel to the delivery pipe!
A!:
384C9E$ Indapur 4age .:
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To *nd out coe+cient of discharge for the ventruifume!
Appara"#$:
2 tilting fume set-up!
De"a'$ o6 Appara"#$:
The apparatus consists of a ;!A m long tilting fume of A!6A m width
and A!7: m depth! The depth of fow is to #e measured with a cali#rated
scale mounted on a trolley!
3crew ac& is *%ed on the downstream end of the fume to adust the
slope! Discharge is to #e measured with the help of ori*cemeter with Cd @
A!;: and 6A!A mm diameter! 2 di?erential manometer is used to measure
pressure head!
Proced#re:
.! 3et the channel in horizontal position!
1! 9pen the inlet valve of water supply and allow water to fow in the fume!
2llow the fow to sta#ilize!
6! Measure the depth of fow at the inlet section of venturifume as OU( and at
the throat section at Oy(!
7! >epeat the step no! 6 for di?erent discharges and calculate respective
theoretical and actual discharges #y given formulae!
:! Calculate respective co-e+cient of discharge OCd( for venturimeter #y
given formula for the various discharges!
O%$er&a"on$:
.! "idth of venturifume at inlet$ 8 @ A!6A m
1! "idth of venturifume at throat$ # @ A!.A m
6! Coe+cient of discharge of ori*cemeter$ Cd @ A!;:
7! Diameter of ori*cemeter$ d @ 6A mm
:! 2rea of ori*cemeter$ a @ A!=A; % .A
-6
m
3r
'o
Depth of
fow at
inlet$
U @ 5Uo-
U
.
/ m
Depth of
fow at
throat$
y @ 5y
o
-y
.
/
m
Manometer
>eadings m of
water
Theoretical
Discharge
G
T
m
6
Fs
2ctual
Discharge
G
2
m
6
Fs
Coe+cient
of
Discharge
h
.
h
1
h @
5h
1
-h
.
/
384C9E$ Indapur 4age .;
Civil Engineering Department
Fluid Mechanics-II
Cd @
.
1
6
7
:
;
=
E
D
.A
Ca'c#'a"on$:
1.2ctual Discharge 5G
2
/-
G
2
@ Cd % a % S1gh
Cd @ coe+cient of discharge of ori*cemeter @ A!;:
a @ 2rea of ori*ce @ A!=A; % .A
-6
m
1
h @ manometer di?erence in m of water
2.Theoretical Discharge 5G
T
/-
G
T
@ 58 % U/ % 5# % y/ % S1g5U N y/
S 58 % U/
1
N 5# % y/
1
"here$
2@area of cFs of Henturifume at inlet @8 % U
a @ area of cFs of Henturifume at throat @ # % y
U @depth of fow at inlet
y @depth of fow at throat
3.Coe+cient of discharge 5Cd/-
Cd @
Re$#'":
The coe+cient of given venturifume$ Cd is found to #eJJ!
384C9E$ Indapur 4age .=
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384C9E$ Indapur 4age .E
Civil Engineering Department
Fluid Mechanics-II
EXPERIMENT NO: 0/
STUDY OF 8YDRAU4IC JUMP AS ENER2Y
DISSIPATOR
Theory and Scope:
In case of fow through open channel$ the Bydraulic 0ump may #e
de*ned as a phenomenon in which the fow passes suddenly from
supercritical state to su#critical state causing a distinct rise 5or ump/ of
water! Due to lot of tur#ulence created at the ump$ considera#le amount of
energy is dissipated! Flow #elow a sluice gate$ fow near the #ottom of the
spillway are some of the e%amples where a hydraulic ump is possi#le! 2t the
toe of spillway the supercritical fow possesses e%cessive &inetic energy
which can #e dissipated #y deli#erately forming a hydraulic ump near the
toe of spillway there#y avoiding any possi#le damage to the foundation of
spillway! 9ther practical applications of hydraulic ump include increase in
the discharge through a sluice$ increase in water depth on apron to reduce
the uplift pressure$ aeration and dechlorination of waste water$ removing of
air poc&ets from water supply pipes$ mi%ing of chemicals in water treatment
plants!
384C9E$ Indapur 4age .D
Civil Engineering Department
Fluid Mechanics-II
The
loss of
energy can #e found out #y applying 8ernoulli(s theorem #etween two
sections one #efore and one after the ump!
E%perimentally the loss of energy can #e determined #y measuring the
supercritical depth y.$ su#critical depth y1 and discharge G fowing through
the channel! 2nalytically the loss of energy can #e o#tained #y applying the
Momentum E)uation along with 8ernoulli(s E)uation and neglecting the loss
of energy due to friction!
In the a#ove formula y
1
can #e o#tained for given values of y
.
and G #y
using the formula$
"here Fr
.
@ Initial Froude num#er @
The energy dissipation WE is usually e%pressed as percentage of
energy E
.
availa#le in the supercritical region i!e! 5WEFE
.
/ %.AA and is called as
relative loss!
A!:
To determine the percentage dissipation of energy 5relative loss/ due to
hydraulic ump #oth e%perimentally and analytically!
Appara"#$:
2 tilting fume set up!
384C9E$ Indapur 4age 1A
Civil Engineering Department
Fluid Mechanics-II
De"a'$ o6 Appara"#$:
The apparatus consists of a ;!A m long tilting fume of A!6A m width
and A!7: m depth! The depth of fow is to #e measured with a cali#rated
scale mounted on a trolley!
3crew ac& is *%ed on the downstream end of the fume to adust the
slope! Discharge is to #e measured with the help of ori*cemeter with Cd @
A!;: and 6A!A mm diameter! 2 di?erential manometer is used to measure
pressure head!
Proced#re:
.! 3et the channel to zero #ed slope! 5i!e! in horizontal position/
1! 9pen the inlet valve of water supply and allow the fow in the fume!
6! Ensure formation of steady Bydraulic 0ump #y adusting the upstream and
downstream gates!
7! Measure depth of fow in supercritical and su#critical regions with the help
of pointer gauge!
:! Measure the discharge in discharge measuring tan&!
;! >epeat the same procedure for di?erent discharges!
O%$er&a"on$:
Manometer >eadings
m of water
2ctual
Discharge
2
.
m
1
2
1
m
1
H
.
mFs
H
1
mFs
H
.
1
1g
H

384C9E$ Indapur 4age 1.
Civil Engineering Department
Fluid Mechanics-II
Depth
#efore
ump
y
.
Depth
after
ump
y
1
G
m
6
Fs
h
.
h
1
h @
5h
1
-h
.
/
Ca'c#'a"on Ta%'e:
3r
'o
E
.
E
1
WE o#s
I loss
o#s
Fr
.
Fr
1
y
1
cal WE cal
I loss
cal
.
1
6
7
:
;
384C9E$ Indapur 4age 11
Civil Engineering Department
Fluid Mechanics-II
=
E
D
.A
..
.1
Ca'c#'a"on$:
2
.
@ A!6y
.
@ m
1
2
1
@ A!6y
1
@ m
1
Discharge 5G/-
G @ Cd % a % S1gh in m
6
Fs
Cd @ coe+cient of discharge of ori*cemeter @ A!;:
a @ 2rea of ori*ce @ A!=A; % .A-6 m
1
h @ manometer di?erence in m of water!
H
.
@ GF2
.
in mFs
H
1
@ GF2
1
in mFs
E
.
@ 5y
.
LH
.
1
F1g/ --------in m
E
1
@ 5y
1
LH
1
1
F1g/ -----------5in m/
WE o#served @ E
.
-E
1
------------5in m/
I loss o#served @ 5WE o#servedFE
.
/ % .AA
Fr
.
@ H
.
FSgy
.
Fr
1
@ H
1
FSgy
1
384C9E$ Indapur 4age 16
Civil Engineering Department
Fluid Mechanics-II
y
1
5calculated/ @ y
1
F1 % 5-.LSEFr
.
1
/
E
1
5calculated/ @ 5y
1
LH
1
1
F1g/
WE 5calculated/ @ E
.
-E
1
5calculated/
I loss 5calculated/ @ 5WE calculatedFE
.
/ % .AA
2raph:
.! 4lot graph of percentage loss o#served against initial Froude num#er
1! 4lot graph of percentage loss calculated against initial Froude num#er
Conc'#$on:
.! The percentage loss of energy increases with increase in initial Froude
num#er!
1! The type of Bydraulic 0ump is VVVVVVVVVVVVas the Froude 'o! is in
#etweenVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVV
EXPERIMENT NO: 09
PE4TON 58EE4 TUR1INE
Theory and Scope:
4elton wheel is an impulse tur#ine used to utilize high head of water
for electricity generation! 2ll the availa#le pressure head is converted into
&inetic energy #y means of sphere and nozzle arrangement! The et of water
from the nozzle then stri&es the #uc&et of the 4elton wheel runner! The
#uc&ets are in the shape of semi ellipsoidal cups$ oined at middle portion
384C9E$ Indapur 4age 17
Civil Engineering Department
Fluid Mechanics-II
with &nife-edge! The et stri&es the &nife-edge #uc&ets with least resistance
and shoc&! Then the et glides along the path of the cup$ and the et is
defected through .;A
A
to .EA
A
! "hile passing along the #uc&ets$ water is
defected causing a change in momentum of the water et and hence an
impulsive force is supplied to the cups! 2s a result$ the cups attached to the
runner moves$ rotating the shaft! The speci*c speed of the 4elton wheel
varies from .A to :A!
The 4elton wheel is supplied with water under high pressure #y
centrifugal pump! 2 gate valve is used to control the fow rate of the tur#ine!
The venture meter with pressure gauge is used to measure the fow rate of
the water in the pipe! The nozzle opening is controlled #y operating the
sphere wheel at the entrance of the tur#ine!
The tur#ine is loaded with #rea& drum type dynamometer with the help of
dead weights! The inlet head is measured with the help of pressure gauge
mounted near to entrance of the tur#ine! The speed of the tur#ine is
measured with tachometer!
A!:
To study the characteristics of a 4elton "heel Tur#ine
Appara"#$:
The e%perimental setup consists of following parts-
.! 3ump Tan&!
1! 4elton "heel tur#ine!
6! 8ra&e drum!
7! Henturi meter!
:! 4ump!
Proced#re:
.! Close the delivery valve and #all valve connecting the pressure gauge to
the venturimeter!
1! 2dd minimum load on the drum and start the pump!
384C9E$ Indapur 4age 1:
Civil Engineering Department
Fluid Mechanics-II
6! 2fter the motor is running at normal speed$ open the delivery valve!
7! 9pen the valve to the pressure gauge and that of cooling water for the
#ra&e drum
:! Measure the tur#ine rpm #y using hand tachometer!
;! Ta&e all readings!
=! 2dd the additional load and repeat the e%periment for the other loads #y
maintaining the constant head!
E! >epeat the readings #y maintaining constant speed!
D! 2fter completing the e%periments close the gate valve and the switch!
O%$er&a"on$:
A0 Pe'"on :hee':
.! 4elton wheel tur#ine 54ower 9utput/- . &" 5ma%/
1! Motor- : Bp$ high speed centrifugal motor!
6! 8ra&e drum diameter- A!6A m!
7! >ope diameter- A!A.: m
:! E?ective radius of #rea& drum 5>/-DF1 @ A!.;: m!
;! Banger weight- . &g
=! 'ormal speed- .AAA >4M
E! 'um#er of #uc&ets- .; 'os
D! >ated supply head- 7A m
10 D$char;e Mea$#re!en" Un" (*en"#r!e"er):
.! 3ize of venturimeter- :A mm
1! 2rea of venturimeter- .!D;6 % .A
-6
m
1
6! Throat Diameter- 1D!;A mm
7! Throat area- ;AE=1%.A
-7
m
1
:! Henturimeter Constant- , @ ..!.E%.A
-6
384C9E$ Indapur 4age 1;
Civil Engineering Department
Fluid Mechanics-II
3r
'o
4ressure
Xauge
>eading
BY
,gFcm
1
Total Bead
B
5BY%.A/
m
Manometer
>eadings
m of Bg
3peed
'
>4M
3pring
8alance
>eading
"
.
,g
3pring
8alance
>eading
"
1
,g
"eight of
Banger L
>ope
"
o
,g
h. h1 h
.
1
6
7
:
;
=
E
D
.A
O%$er&a"on "a%'e<1(For Con$"an" 8ead):
O%$er&a"on "a%'e<3(For Con$"an" 8ead):
Sr
No
Manometric
Head
h
m of Hg
Total
Head
H
m of
Water
Discharge
Q
m
3
/s
Efective
Weight
W
Kg
Input
Power
(I)
Watts
Output
Power
(O)
Watts
Efciency

%
Unit
Discharge
Qu
M
3
/s
Unit
Power
Pu
Watts
Unit
Speed
Nu
RPM
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
384C9E$ Indapur 4age 1=
Civil Engineering Department
Fluid Mechanics-II
O%$er&a"on "a%'e<3(For Con$"an" Speed):
3r
'o
4ressure
Xauge
>eading
BY
,gFcm
1
Total Bead
B
5BY%.A/
m
Manometer
>eadings
m of Bg
3peed
'
>4M
3pring
8alance
>eading
"
.
,g
3pring
8alance
>eading
"
1
,g
"eight of
Banger L
>ope
"
o
,g
h. h1 h
.
1
6
7
:
;
=
E
D
.A
O%$er&a"on "a%'e<3(For Con$"an" 8ead):
Sr
No
Manometric
Head
h
m of Hg
Total
Head
H
m of
Water
Discharge
Q
m
3
/s
Efective
Weight
W
Kg
Input
Power
(I)
Watts
Output
Power
(O)
Watts
Efciency

%
Unit
Discharge
Qu
M
3
/s
Unit
Power
Pu
Watts
Unit
Speed
Nu
RPM
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
384C9E$ Indapur 4age 1E
Civil Engineering Department
Fluid Mechanics-II
Ca'c#'a"on$:
.! Discharge 5G/ m
6
Fs-
G @ ,Sh
"here$ , @ ..!.E % .A
-6
1! Input 4ower 5I/ "atts-
I @ g % G % B
"here$
B @ Total Bead 5. ,gFcm
1
@ .A m of water/
6! 9utput 4ower 59/ "atts-
9 @ 1Z'T % D!E.
;A
"here$
' @ 3peci*c 3peed
T @ " % >
"@ E?ective loadFweight$ ,g
> @ E?ective radius of #rea& drum 5A!.;:m/!
7! Efficiency5[/ I-
[ @ %.AA
:! Qnit Discharge5Gu/-
Gu @
;! Qnit 4ower54u/-
4u @ 9
B
6F1
=! Qnit 3peed5'u/-
'u @
2raph:
For Constant Bead- plot three graphs of 'u Hs4u$ 'u HsGu$ 'uHs [ on one
graph paper only!
For Constant Discharge- plot two graphs of GuHs4u$ GuHs [ on one graph
paper only!
Conc'#$on:
384C9E$ Indapur 4age 1D
Civil Engineering Department
Fluid Mechanics-II
384C9E$ Indapur 4age 6A
Civil Engineering Department
Fluid Mechanics-II
384C9E$ Indapur 4age 6.
Civil Engineering Department
Fluid Mechanics-II
EXPERIMENT NO: 0=
Cen"r6#;a' P#!p
Theory:
2 centrifugal pump consists of essentially an impeller rotating inside
the casing! The impeller has a num#er of curved vanes! Due to the
centrifugal head impressed #y the rotation of impeller$ the water enters at
the center and fows outward to the periphery! It is then collected in a
gradually increasing passage in the casing &nown as volute cham#er which
serves to convert part of the velocity head multistage centrifugal pumps
having two or more impellers in series will have to #e used!
During operation the centrifugal pump is normally re)uired to the run
at constant speed$ which is its design speed! Bence set of characteristics
o#tained under designed speed is &nown as operating characteristics! The
curve predicts performance of pump if it is run at any other discharge!
A!:
To study characteristics of centrifugal pump!
Appara"#$:
.! Centrifugal 4ump test rig$
1! Tachometer$
6! 3topwatch$
7! Energy meter
De"a'$ o6 Appara"#$:
The test pump is a single stage centrifugal pump of size .\% .\ 51: mm
T 1: mm/! It is coupled to a . Bp capacity single phase D!C! motor! 2n
energy meter and a stopwatch are provided to measure the input to the
motor and a collecting tan& to measure the actual discharge! 2 pressure
gauge and vacuum gauges are *tted in the delivery and suction pipe lines to
measure the pressure!
No"e:
.! 3ince the centrifugal pump is not self-priming$ the pump must #e *lled
with water 5priming/ #efore starting! For this reason$ water should not
#e allowed to drain o? and thus a foot-valve is provided!
1! The suction side is .\ Dia and the delivery side is .\ Dia! 2n
energymeter is provided to measure the input to the motor and a
collecting tan& to measure the discharge! 2 pressure gauge and
384C9E$ Indapur 4age 61
Civil Engineering Department
Fluid Mechanics-II
vacuum gauge are *tted in the delivery and suction sides to measure
the head!
Spec>ca"on$:
.! Type- C!I!>! ma&e . Bp$ single phase$ centrifugal pump!
1! Ma%imum head- 6A m!
6! Energy meter constant- 61AA impF&"hr
:! Throat diameter- 1: mm
;! Dimensions of measuring tan&- :A cm T 6: cm!
=! Motor e+ciency- EA I
Proced#re:
.! 4rime the pump with water if re)uired!
1! Close the delivery valve 5Discharge Control valve/ completely!
6! 3tart the motor and note the reading of suction head$ pressure head and
time re)uired for collecting .A cm of water and also time re)uired for :
#lin&s!
7! 'ote the various readings mentioned #elow-
a! The pressure gauge reading$ 2
#! The vacuum gauge reading$ *
c! Time for : pulses in the energy meter #y means of stopwatch
d! Time for :A mm rise of water level in the collecting tan& #y means of
stop watch!
e! The level di?erence #etween the pressure and vacuum gauge$ X
:! Ta&e at least 7 to : sets of reading varying the head from ma%imum at
shut o? to minimum where valve is fully open! This can #e done #y throttling
the delivery valve!
O%$er&a"on$:
.!
2rea of measuring Tan& 52/ @ :AA%6:A mm
1
1!
Energy meter constant 5'/ @ 61AA pulsesF," Br
6!
Revel di?erence #etween vacuum gauge and pressure gauge@ 1AA
mm
O%$er&a"on Ta%'e:
3r
'o
3peed of
4ump
4ressure
Xauge
>eading5X/
,gFcm1
Hacuum
Xauge
>eading5H/
,gFcm1
Time re)uired
for : pulses of
energy
meter5T/ 3ec
Time re)uired
for :A mm rise
of water level 5t/
384C9E$ Indapur 4age 66
Civil Engineering Department
Fluid Mechanics-II
.
1
6
7
:
;
=
O%$er&a"on Ta%'e:
3r
'o
2ctual
Discharg
e 5G/
m
6
Fs
Total Bead 5B/
mtr of water
9utput 4ower
of 4ump 54o/
"atts
Input 4ower of
4ump 54i/
"atts
E+ciency of
4ump 5[/ I
.
1
6
7
:
;
=
Ca'c#'a"on$:
.! 2ctual Discharge5G/-
G
"here$
2 @ 2rea of measuring tan&
h @ >ise of water level in the tan& @ A!A: m
T @ Time re)uired for rise of water in the tan&
1! Total Baead 5B/-
B @ X L H L T
"here$
X @ 4ressure gauge reading
H @ Hacuum gauge reading
384C9E$ Indapur 4age 67
Civil Engineering Department
Fluid Mechanics-II
T @ Revel di?erence @ A!1 m
6! 9utput 4ower of 4ump 54o/-
4o @ C % G % B
"here$
C @ Qnit weight of water @ DE.A
G @ 2ctual discharge
B @ Total head
7! Input 4ower 54i/-
4i@
"here$
' @ Energy meter constant
T @ Time re)uired for :
pulses
:! Efficiency of pump 5[/-
[ @ % .AA
2raph$:
Draw the characteristic graphs-
.! 2ctual discharge Hs Total head
1! 2ctual discharge Hs E+ciency
6! 2ctual discharge Hs Input power
7! 2ctual discharge Hs 9utput power
Re$#'":
Thus the performance characteristics of centrifugal pump was studied
and the ma%imum e+ciency was found to #e VVVVVVVVV
384C9E$ Indapur 4age 6:
Civil Engineering Department
Fluid Mechanics-II
384C9E$ Indapur 4age 6;
Civil Engineering Department
Fluid Mechanics-II
384C9E$ Indapur 4age 6=