Exam 4 Study Guide

Chapter 6
1. Energy, heat, work. The system and the surroundings. The sign conventions for heat and work.
Exothermic and endothermic processes.
Examples.
1) Heat flows from the surroundings to the system (positive or negative sign?).
2) Heat is positive. Is the process endothermic?
3) Gas expands. Is work positive or negative?
2. Calculating energy change when heat flows and work is done (= q + w)
Example
4) Calculate E if the system does the work and the heat is absorbed. q=15 J, w = -20 J.
3. Calculating work when gas is expanded or compressed. W = - PV.
Example.
5) One mole of an ideal gas is expanded from a volume of 1.00 liter to a volume of 4.90 liters
against a constant external pressure of 1.00 atm and constant temperature. How much work (in
Latm) is performed on the surroundings?
4. Heat capacity. Specific heat capacity. Molar heat capacity. Calculating heat flow (absorbed or
released) H = m x s x T
Example.
6) A 18.3 g piece of aluminum (which has a specific heat capacity of 0.89 J/Cg) is heated to
82.4C and dropped into a calorimeter containing water (specific heat capacity of water is 4.18
J/gC) initially at 22.3C. The final temperature of the water is 25.8C. Calculate the mass of
water in the calorimeter.
5. Constant volume calorimetry and constant pressure calorimetry. Calorimeter constant (C).
Calculating H using a calorimeter constant = C x T
Example
7) Calculate the energy of combustion for one mole of methane if 10.0 grams of methane
burned in a bomb calorimeter changed the temperature by 10.8C. Calorimeter heat capacity is
26.8 kJ/C.
6. Enthalpy change for a chemical reaction.
Example
8) CO(g) + 1/2 O
2
(g) CO
2
(g), H = - 394 kJ
How much heat is released when a) 1.5 moles of CO reacts with oxygen? b) 14.0 grams of CO
reacts with oxygen?
7. Hesss law. Using Hesss law to compute enthalpy changes for reactions. Manipulating chemical
equations. Examples in your textbook, #69-74 , p.278-279
8. Enthalpy of formation.
9. Standard state.
10. Calculating heat of reaction using standard enthalpies of formation. Examples #80 83, p.279

Chapter 11
11. Raoults law. Calculating vapor pressure for solutions.
12. Ideal solution.
Example
9) A solution is made by adding 0.100 mole of ethyl ether to 0.473 mole of ethyl alcohol. If the
vapor pressure of ethyl ether and ethyl alcohol at 20C are 375 torr and 20.0 torr, respectively,
a) What is the vapor pressure of the solution at 20C (assuming ideal behavior) ?
b) What is the vapor pressure of ethyl alcohol over a solution?
13. Freezing point depression. Calculation molar mass using freezing point depression.
Example.
10) A 6.54-gram sample of a compound is dissolved in 250. grams of benzene. The freezing point
of this solution is 1.02C below that of pure benzene. What is the molar mass of this compound?
(Note: K
f
for benzene = 5.12C/m.)
14. Boiling point elevation.
Example.
11) Determine the change in boiling point for 280.2 g of carbon disulfide (Kb = 2.34C kg/mol) if
35.0 g of a nonvolatile, nonionizing compound is dissolved in it. The molar mass of the
compound is 70.0 g/mol and the boiling point of the pure carbon disulfide is 46.2C.
15. Osmotic pressure.
Example.
12) Determine the osmotic pressure of a solution that contains 0.034 g of a hydrocarbon solute
(molar mass = 340 g/mol) dissolved in benzene to make a 350-mL solution. The temperature is
20.0C.
16. Electrolyte solutions. Actual number of moles in solution and how it affects osmotic pressure.

Answers
1) Positive
2) Yes
3) Negative
4) -5 J
5) -3.9 Latm
6) 63 g
7) -463 kJ/mol
8) a) 591 kJ b) -197 kJ
9) a) 82.0 torr b) 16.5 torr
10) 131 g/mol
11) 4.18 C
12) 5.2 torr