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SOILS AND FOUND^TIONS Vol. 42, No. 2, l3l-1tr1, .pt.

2AO2
Jpncsc Geotcchrica Society
ANALYTICAL CAVITY EXPANSION.CRITICAL STATE MODEL FOR
PIEZOCONE DISSIPATION IN FINE-GRAINED SOILS
Sus,rx E. Bur.lsi) and PAUL W. MAYNE||)
ABSTRACT
After the arrest of cone penetration in clays and silts, excess porewater plessures decay with tim until /:0 and
hydrostatic conditions prevail. A dissipation model is developed and initial porewaler pressures are formulated in
terms of cavily exansion theory alld critical-state components, indicating the deived coefficienl of consolidation (ch)
is a function of stress history (OCR), effective friction (M), and rigidity index (1.), as well as the probe diameter. Both
OCR and 1, are assessed theoretically flom the CPTu results. Thc governing rate of dissiation can be expressed by a
second orde diflerential equation and solved explicitly in closed-form. The frmewok is unique in that both mono-
tonic decay and dilatory response (inilial inclease and then decrase of / r with time) are handled by the approach. The
model results show good comparison with laboratoy data, as well othe currently accepted metlods of ch determin-
ton.
Key words: clays, cone penctration, consolidation, dilatory, dissipation, in-situ, permeability, porc pressules (IGC:
c3 lF4)
INTRODUCTION
ln-situ testing is a proven method for the investigalion
of soil deposits in their natural state, which allows a
direct quantication of soil properties such as shear
strength, stress state, deformability, and hydraulic con-
ductivity. In palticular, the piezocone penelrometer is
vesatile and expedicnt in collecting geotechnicaL data as
it provides three independent and continuous measure-
ments with depth; (l) tip stress, q., (2) sleeve friction,
f,
and (3) pore pressures, a. The standard position for the
polous element is at the shoulder' (designated
h ot uz),
because the measured tip stress (4") must be corrected (4')
for pore pressure effects (Lunne et al., 1997).
During a piezocone penetration test (PCPT or CP'Iu),
the penetromeler is hydlaulicalty pushed from the ground
surface into the deposit at a rate of 2 cm/s, The insertion
process causes dramatic changes in the stress regitne of
the soil and pore fluid in the local vicinity of the probe. In
fne-grained soils, one manifestation is the undrained
loading that gcnerates large excess pore pressures elative
to hydrosttic. If desied, pe'etration can be paused
(usually at each l-rn rod break) in order to perform a dis-
sipation test tlat monitors changes in the pore\ryater pres-
sure as a function of time. The excess pore pressure that is
gencrated in the vicinity of the cone results fi orn a combi-
nation of the physical displacement of soil and fluid dur-
ing the driving of the probc (normal-induced), as well as
from
shear stresses gencrated at the soil-pcnetometer
interface (shear-induced). In fine-grained soils such as
clays and silts, the dissipation of these genelated pore
pressures is a function of their hydraulic conductivity (k)
and can be quite slow.
Consolidation theory establishes a second-order partial
differential equation to describe the dissipation of the ex-
cess pore pressures with respect lo the prevailing
hydrostatic values. Prio solutions to this problem that
have been proposed are based on cavity expansion theory
(Torstensson, 1977), cavity expansion wilh shear-compo-
nent (Randolph and Wrolh, 1979), strain path method
(Batigh and Levadoux, 1986; Teh and Houlsby, l99l), as
well as other approaches reviewed elsewhere (Burns and
Mayne, 1999). The prior solutions addess only nono-
tonic pore pressure decay and therefore are applicable
only to soft to firm lne-grained soils, However, many
stiff oveconsolidated clays and silts and fissured matei-
als exhibit a dilatory response, where the porewater pres-
sures initially increase, and then subsequently decrease
with time (e.g., Lutenegget and Kabir, 1988; Sully and
Campanella, 1994; Lunne et al., 1997; Mayne and Burns,
2000).
This paper prcsents the detailed derivation of a gener-
alized analytical solutior to the partial differential equa-
tion describirg consolidation surrounding a piezocone
penetrometer or driven pile foundation. The modl incor-
porates separale terms for the colnponents of pore prcs-
sule due to normal-induced displacements, as well as
shear-induced stresses. Thcse two cotnonents are
i)
Assislant Professor, Departmcnt of Civil Engineering, 1,.O. Box 400742, Thornton Hall, Chrlortesville, VA 22904-4742, U.S.A.
,i)
Professor, School oI Civil aDd Envronmental Engincerirg, Ceorgia Ir$titute of Tcchnology, A1lrta, CA 30332-0355, U.S.A.
Manuscript
ws received for revierv on December 18, 2001.
Writn discussioDs or tlis paper should be stbmilted beaore Novcnbe' ,, 2002 to the Jpanesc Ceotechnical Sociery, SugyarD Dldg. 4F,
Kanda Awji-cho 2-23, Chiyod-ku, Tokyo l0l-0063, JapD. [Jor requcsl 1lc closing dale may be exteded oc u]olh.
131
1]URNS AND MAYNE
represented simply using cavty expansion thcory and
citical-state explession, respcctively, and are fully corn-
patible with a
Drio enetratiol'
solution used to evaluate
ir]-situ ploles of OCR from PCPT data (Mayne, 1991).
'l'he
result is that both monotoDc and dilatory lesponses
of pore pressure decay can be addressed within the same
framework, thus providing a rational and systematic for-
mulation for assessing the horizontal coemcient o con-
solidation (c,) and permeabiliry (k) of a soil deposit.
PROIILEM FORMULATION
Seveal factors contribute to the pore pressure meas-
uled during a piezocone dissipation tst. In this analysis,
pore pressure will conceptually be divided into thee main
comonenls: hydrostatic, normal stress-induced, and
shear stress-induccd. Figure I shows the componets that
contribute to the pore pressute measured by the piezo-
cone, While the contributiotrs arc
resentcd individually,
it is inol talt to note that only a single magnitude of
pore pressure is measued in the field. It is assumed that
the hydrostatic component wil r'elnain constant over the
time scales chosen fo evaluatiol ir this model, Nor.mal
stress-induced pressures (due to
hysical
displacement)
ar ah'r'ays positive in magnitude and will bc described us-
ing spherical cavity expansion (SCE), and the shear
stress-induced pore pressures, which are positive in uor-
mally- to lightly-overconsolidated soils or negative in
heavily-overconsolidated soils, will be rcpresented using
Modified Cam Clay (MCC).
The zone of soil aflected by physical displaccment due
to the probe is relatively large compared to the radius of
the probe and is a function of the rigidity index of thc
soil. In conlrast, the shear-induced porewater pressures
affect a relatively thin annulus immediately surrounding
the prob body (Fig. 2). Thc radius of influenca for the
nomal-induced pressures was evaluated using spherical
cavily expansion, while the radius of inlue[ce for the
shear-induced prcssurc was determined by rninimizing the
sum of the squared eno|s for thc model evaluation.
Complete details ou fhe development of the fol.mulation
of the initial magnitude of pore pressure during piezo-
cone testing are given clscwhere (Burns, 1997; llurns and
Mayne, 1998); however, a brief summary is given here for
clarity.
Initisl Coditions
The initial collclitions lor pore pressure gcncrated
within the flud due to normal-induced stresses wcre de-
scribed using spherical cavity expa[sion (Torstenssoll,
1977):
4E
z1:

.r" ln;;-,,
+ i;i
Spherical Cavity (l)
wherc s,
--
un<1r'aiued shcar stlcngth,,E=Young,s nodu-
lus, and r,:Poissol's ratio (1or undrajned, v:0.5). Note
that:
Tlme
Tlme
Hydrostallc Pressuro
TIme
lrig. l. Conceplral compocnls of pieoconc Insrlred porc prcssllc
shorvig rcllivc fimes for rclurn to hydrosttic
rcss rc lftr
nuns (1997)l
^nnulus
ofsoil sEo'drs cotrc inflcnced
by slcarsl$'i duccd pore presures Varid
bclccn 2 ald l0 hn ftoD) conc body.
ore pesurc )cs!d
Snhcrical znc olsoil influcnced by noDn strcs-ind(ccd
porcpressures. Rdius orpksiicizcd nc dcrcnnined by
sphcrical cvity cxnorsionl
'\
Fig. 2. Conccptu ,oncs of irflrcncc for norml-lndccd nd strcr.
Dduccd porc
Drcssurc
dmingc surro nding co c pcnctrorcter
whee
undt a
r984)
wl'ere
critic
solida
t-c.
pressi
Th(
stress.
lion o
miled
where
radius
shss(
plasti(
Mo
inducr
POre I
a con
soil ir
water
ence t
where
mean
Carn
(
ed by
This y
The ill
usir]g r
sumed
POrew
to zer
allectc
aflecl
of thc
of the
zole
\
cent tl
lo sltc
at thc
CAVITY I]XPANSION-CII]]C,L S'I'ATI] MODEL t3:
] lfler
,ti
'-,,ii:rur
linearly to zero through 1lc width of thc dcLer'tined shear
(2) zoe.
'l'hc
final equation used to calculate the measued ex
cess pore plessurc (,,,) at timc zero is (Maync, l99l):
af 1=0
4l M /OcR\'11
r"'=
t
LdJ.
'
(
'
J]'"''
I /ocR\
l
+i.Lr_l
,
/1,,,.
rvhee t. = hydrostatic pore pressure. When all excess
ore
pressure has dissipated:
tu : uo (9)
The evaluation of rigidity index (.I.) has been long-con-
sidered problematic in the intcrpretation of dissipation
tests (e.g., Schnaid et al. 1999). In the initial formulation
of the model, the magnitude of 1. was obtaired through a
model fit 10 the data (Burns and Mayne, 1998). Howcvr,
it is possible to calculate the rigidity iudex dilectly by
representing the cone tip stress (q,) ill telms of cavity ex-
pansion, In a prior development, the OCR can be fomu-
latcd in tems of net cone tip lesislance, q,
-
"" (Maync,
1991, Eq. (5)), as well in terms of the ellctive ti
rosistance,
4,-,
(Mayne, 1991, Eq, (17)) and then
solved to produce rigidity index in the lollowing formula-
tion:
I /1.5 \ lo,-o.^\ |
r,-exni(v 2.e2s)
\"
',)-2.e2s)
(r0)
The value of the rigidity index used in he model evalua-
tions was calculated according to Eq. (10). It is recom-
mended that a high-quality penetrometer with accurate
calibratio[s be used for data collection (Lunne et al.,
1997) and that the above expression not be applied in
highly-structured clays or silts.
Boundary Conditions
The boundary conditions for the problem assumed that
there was no incease in excess po|e pressure outside the
sphe|ical cavity plastic zone (u:O) a[d that thc cone
body was an impermeable boundary.
A N,4,LYTICAI, SOLUTION
Pore pressure due to the insertion of the cone was as-
sumed to dissipate ilt radial, ratler lhan spherical, direc-
tion away from the penetrometer accolding to cylindrical
cavity expansion:
u 2u c,, lu
,t-ct, r,. ;
Radial Consolidarion (II)
whele a:pore pressure, r':radius, 1=time, and cr,:
coefnciclt of collsolidation.
'I.his
formulation is applica-
ble for <r< where :cone ladius (r"n,,") aud :
radius of the plasticizcd zone (6r",ri.). The solution to Eq.
(ll) followed the method as dcscibed in Carslaw and
Jaeger (1959) and Randolph and Wrotl (1979). Assum-
ing a solution of the fonn:
whcre
4 = rigidity index of tl'e soil. Using MCC, the
undraincd
shear stlength can be represented as (Wroth,
r984):
M /OCR\,
""-
"
{ ; l";
(3)
'\'/
wlere d":effective overbuden stress, M:slope of the
critical state Iine=(6 sin
d'/3
sin
6'),
OCR=overcon-
solidatiol latio, ,4=lhe plastic volumetric strain ratio:
I
G /C.
whee
C: the swelling indcx and C. = the com-
prcssion index.
The zonc of irlfluence that is aflected by the normal
stress-induced component duril1g peltetration is a func-
tion of the rigidity index of the soil, and was also dcter-
mincd from spherical cavity e\pansion:
r,
_,
u, \4)
r
wherc
4:radius
of the plasticized zone and r;:cone
radius. Exccss porewatcr pressute due to normal induced
slrcsses was assumed to decay linearly to zero within the
plasticized zone.
Modited Cam Clay was used to dcscribc the shar-
induced pore pressure. Developmcnt of shear-induced
pore pressures in undrained loading was evaluated usiltg
a constant
Z'
stress path for isotropically consolidated
soil in Cambridge q-p' space.'fhe shear-irduced pore
water stress (u,t"^,) ca then be expressed as the difler-
ence between the initial and final effectivc mean stresses:
Au,\"^: o[- oi (5)
where o:the initial eflective normal stress nd :
mean ellcctive stress at failure, According to Modifred
Cam Clay, the final meaD effective stress can be represent-
ed by the following:
/ocR \'1
oi
:oll
-.,
]
This yields:
[ /ocR\1
,t,c =oJoil-l
. ll
tt
L
\
I
/l
The initial porewaler
ressure distribution was calculated
using cavity expansion and the porewater pressure was as-
sumed to increase only within the plasti zone; excess
porewater prssure outside the plaslic zone was set equal
to zero. Detemination of the width of the soil zonc
affected by shear stress is not as staightfol.wad as that
affected by normal stress, In this fornulation, the widtl
of the shcar zote was deternincd by mininizing the sum
of the squaled errors fo he model evaluation. The shear
zone widlh was deterniDed to be approximately teD per-
cent thc radius of the probe. The xcess por.c pressure due
to shear stress was set equal to thc maximum ntagnitude
at the cone/soil interl'ace, and was assumed to decay
(8)
(6)
134 BURNS AND MAYND
u:re."\ (12)
yields;
d2t, I du
r'' , Orl'a'u-
0 (ll)
which is Bessel's Equation of zero order. The solution to
Eq. (t3) is of the form (Abramowitz and Sregun, t964):
a(r): Alo@r) t BYo@r) (14)
where
and
yo
are Bessel functions of the firs[ and sc-
ond kind, respectively and I and -B are constants. UsiIIg
the frrst boundary condition which states that thee is no
excess pore pressure geneated outsde the plasticized
zone (r,,0,,.
= r.o,,"1!
r3r)
to evaluate the constants ,4 and ,B
(at r= rDr",,,", u=0) yields:
a(r):Jo(ar)Yokrrru) ./(oro1"u)Y6(ar) (t5)
Using the second boundary conditiort which states that
the cone is an impermeable boundary (at r= r,",", (a
lr)
:0)
yields;
"Io(cv",.) I
(or-*)
%(arnr^,r"),I
(or**)
= 0 (16)
In order to evaluate (!, the root of the previous equatiot
This equation accout'ts for the pore pcssure increase
due to the physical displacernent induced by the penetra-
tion of the core. Next, the original consolidation equa-
tion is again solyed usilg the boundary and initial condi-
tions for the shear'-induced pore pressure. Because the
orignal equation is a linear equation, the solutions for all
sels of initial conditions and boundary conditions can
then be summed,
Assumiug a shear zone of radius r': r,,.n. and by the
same reasoning as befoe with the followiug boundary
conditions (at /:r.,h"^,, u:0 and at r=r""on", ul6:'
with the following initial condition (at /:0):
must be taken; however, this equation has an inlnite
number of roots, The solution will be the sum of all possi-
ble solutions, but evaluation of the frst 50 roots yielded
sumcient accuracy (Randolph and Wrorh, 1979).
u
:
D
B,,I
-
Yo(a,r) Jo(c"*,i")
+ Yo(o"4,r^'.)"Io(a")l (17)
Using the initial condition imposed by spherical cavity ex-
pansion to calculate the ore
pressures due to octahedral
normal stress (at t=0):
. /."',"19
!r\
-4s"ln
I""'-' I
(18)
\fJ
yields the solution for u=fQ and t) isl
u:l B,e
o";
-
I,o(cvn r),,/o (a" rrr*ri"
)

%(o,,r"u.,,") o(o,r)l (19)
where Br Lo B" have the following form;
+"
J'rln
(^'"r1"
)l%(.v,rn,,.,,,
)-/o(d ttt- Jotcttptu,r.. )yo*.trlldr
Bt-
J,
r[
%(or 4,r"-r.)./o(rrr
)
-
/o(or rpr*ri") Io(o )]'d
(20)
J"(l
-
(0.sOCR),{
)r -
.( I
-
{0.5OCR ), )r,r,"^,
(r-*
-
r.*,)
yields;
u:
D
A,,e-"nt,I_
yo(,r)Jt
(^r,**)
n=l
+ Yo(
lj^r.t
"^,)Jo("r)l
where,4r to,4,, have the form:
(21)
(22\
(23)
The individual soutions can then b summed and solved for a summation of n: I to 50 to yield the complete solution:
u
:
D
D,.e'
^1'
=
%(v"r)"/o(o"r*,")
+ r0(d"/d*,i.)(.l"r)l
+

A"e-"t|'- Ya(,,r)Jo(,,r,t",)+
yUJ.re**)J(B,r)l
(24)
Equation (24) repesellts the analytical soluLion that
governs tle ladial consolidation of porewater surrouud-
ing an impermcable probe. This is tle equatiol that was
used in the model eyaluation of the coemienl of consoli-
.
['ft""t
*"i]":i;iq Qlo-c+)lrqfrvotf,r"n"^,)t,{,r)-ro(,rr,*,)yo(,r)tdt
AI:
l.
r
lY6( B t,a) J6(
B.t
r)
-
Jo(
ll"h*)Yo( ll)l2dr
Teh i
*'l
datior
RESL
For
forma
respor
soft n
Cowd
Engla
efec
Table
The
Figs. I
sipti(
ry disr
cially
pole1!
dated
cal mr
palior
propo
stiff cl
resultr
patior
tle ge
The
conso
niued
apl)ro
pecial
lcrcllf
da tior
(18)
iy cx-
redral
(19)
rlrite
possi-
ielded
(r7\
(22)
(20)
(21)
(23)
ution:
(24)
rt was
'nsoli-
CAVTIY EXPANSION-CRITICAf, S'I'1\1'I] MOD]iI-
Tl,lc l. Sile drl nd inDul parmcttrs for nodel evnlutiorr
Rio SaraDui, Brzil Onsy, Norway Cowdcn, U.K Mdingey, U.l(
Dplb (n,
".
(kP)
" (kt'a)
o,. (kPa)
ocR
w" (%)
LL
r, (kPa)
q, (kPa)
a? (kPa)
L
Piczoclcment dat
Tlis study
c' (mrn'?/s)
Lb mesured
c,,
(mm'?/s)
^-"t
80.6
26.3
106.9
l^62
lt8
103
55
25
l
245
173
270.3
0.99
0.38
0.23-0,51
18.5
159.4
I 14.5
2t3.9
t.4
60
75
36
34
49
754
505
123.8
1.17
0.08
0.44,0.79*r
0.10,0.22+
95.0
283.4
378.4
3.4
l5
32
l6
24
t40
2150
1200
245.2
0.94
0.2s
0.05-0.l9*
t t.2
90.0
t22.8
212.8
26
3l
'78
48
26
t8J
3300
200
4.2
I,O
0.005
0.03 0.08$
0.22 Nol pplicble Not l)plicable
Lacasse and Lunne (1982) Lunne et a. (1985) Coop and Wrorh (1989)
Lehane and Jardine (1994) Lunnc et al. (1986)
*
Dta collected by Robertsorr et al. (1992) ir a review ol methods of coemcjent of consolidtjon
rcdiclion
fron dissjalioD testing
t*
Rcsults from horizontal oedornetcr tc,r
I o x.".*" I

_|. ! 270.9
I
{
-\*.
lRlo
Arapul
lDopth
.8.2 m
125
mm plozocone
,
.
o.so
1fo
Tch nd Ilou)sby (1991)
c (m,n'?^) 0.66
lfereDce Schnaid et al. (1997)
dation.
RESULTS AND DISCUSSION
Four sites are utilized to illustrate the mode's per-
formance for bolh monotonic aud dilatory porewale'
resposes: (a) soft plastic clay in Rio Sarapui, Brazil, (b)
soft marine clay at Onsy, Norway, (c) stiff clay till ir
Cowden, UK, and (d) frssured London clay at Madingley,
England. Model input parameters, soil properties, and
reference sources for each of these sites are given in
Table l
The results of the model's evaluation are given in
Figs. 3 through 6. In general, the shape of each of the dis-
sipation curves is properly evaluated, even for the dilato-
ry dissipation behavio observed in stiff clays. lt is cspe-
cially encouraging to observe the large drawdown in
porewaler pressure generaled in the hcavily ovcrconsoli-
datcd clay at the Madingley site. While pcvious theoreli-
cal models have accurately predicted pore pressure dissi-
pation in soft clays, only empirical methods have been
proposed to evaluate the dilatory dissipation behavior in
stiff ctays (Sully ef al., 1999). Examination of the nodel
esults shows good agreement with the shape of the dissi-
palion curves, but small variaces with the magnitudc of
lhe generatcd cxccss pore prcssuc.
The magnitudes of the model^evaluated coemcients of
consolidation agree quite well witl the labolatory detr-
mined values (Table l). All of the coefcierts are within
approximately 20% of the labolatory values, which is es-
pccially siguificant considering rhe testing dimculties in-
hcrent
in the determination of the coemcient of co[soli-
dliotr
ill tl'e laboratory.
I to 100 1000 10000 100000
Tlm (soc)
Iig.3. Modcl cvluation of rio srapui soff cly dissiptiou tcst
r80
140
P rzo
g
r0o
880
880
d40
20
0
500
400
g 3oo
e
o 2OO
100
0
rrr l:l
g::U
loopth
.
18.6 m
I
-lc". o.o4 mm'z/s l-
t\
1
fig. 4.
10 100 1000 too00 100000
Tlm (3c)
Modcl cvhrlion ot onsoy soft chy dissit)$lion lcsl
136 BURNS AND MAYNI:
lMadtotov I
lo"pu'lrr.z,n l-
-'1ch
- o.oog mmls
l-
\
T
/l
!_
.'..
I ro 100 1000 10f)00 100000
Tlmo (3c)
Irig. 5. Modcl crralion of lndinglcy stifi clay dissiprlio tcst
400
360
e soo

zso
5 2oo
S rso
I
roo
3oo
o
-50
I
soo
; 600

4oo
t
zoo
0
I l0 100 1000 t0000 100000
rlms (3sc)
[ig. 6. Model evalalio of cowdn sliff cly dissiDlion fcsl
The c, values determined usilg the new model were
compared to the results of the melhod presented by Teh
and Houlsby (TH) (1991). The Teh aud Houlsby (1991)
solution uscs thc strain path method (Baligh and Levad-
oux, 1986) with cquilibrium corrections detcrmined using
large strain f,nite element analysis to determinc tle ilitial
magnitude of pore pressule genelated during cone
penetration, Consolidation analysis is performed after
the peuetration of tl'e cone is halted using the uncoupled
Terzaghi-Rendulic metlod. Ilecause the TH nctl'od was
not developed for use in evaluation of dilatory porc pres-
sre response, te colnparison was madc for thc two dis-
siption curves (Onsy and Rio Sarapi) cxhibitiug
monotonic pore pressure decay only (Table l). The TH
melhod is withir the range fol laboatory neasured data
for the Onsy site, while the crrent model slightly under-
prcdicts the magnitude. In contrast, the TH method over-
predicts the magnitude of c. measured at the Rio Sarapui
site, while the current modcl estimate falls within the
middle of lhe range of the laboratory determired data.
Discrepancies beLween the two mcthods of ch detetmina-
tion are due to dilferences in the initial formulalion of thc
magnitude of pore pressure generated. The TH (1991) is a
sohisticated analysis that modes thc strain paths of the
soil clelncnls, while tlle currert model relies on the rela-
tively simple cavity expansiou model.
CONCLUSIONS
A hybrid cavty expanson-Modified Cam clay model is
follnulated ro leprcsent porewater pressure decay during
and after peuetration of
enetromclers,
piles, and probes
in fine-grained soils. Thc approach is c4pable of
representing monotonic decay of excess porewater pres-
sures with time, as well as dilatoy responses that have
been associated with overconsolidated and fissured
materials. Th horizontal coefficient of consolidation (cr,)
and rate of pore pressure dissipation is shown to be de-
pendcnt upon th overconsolidation ratio (OCR), eflec-
tive friction angle (d'), rigidity index (1,.), probe di-
ameter, and size of the soil-probe interface shear zone.
Model evaluations of the horizonlal coemcient agec with
laboratory detcrmined data within 200/6. Through con-
sideration of the cone tip stess (,) during penetation,
the formulation also provides a direct assessment of the
rigidity index.
ACKNOWLEDGMENTS
Tl]e aulhors gratefully acknowledge the support of the
proglam directors, Dr. Mehmet T. Tuny and Dr. Pris-
cilla P. Nelson at the National Science Foundation
(Crat No. MSS 9257642) through which this project was
funded. Additional support from program director Dr.
Clifford J. Astill at the National Science Foundatiot
(Crant No. 9984206) ts also gratefully acknowledgcd,
NOTATIONS
,= YouDg's modulus:26(l + r).
c=shcar modulus.
/.
--
risidity
jndex--
Ch,*".
./0=Bessel funclion ol rhe lrsr kind of oder 0.
Jr
=
Bessel function of the first kind of order L
M:dopc of thc crjlical srte liDc=(6sjn
'X3
sin
')
in tria)iil
compression.
OCR
-
overconsolidioD rario =
(ol,,).
y0=Bessel
funclion of the secoud kiud of order 0.
yr
= llessel function of the second kiDd of order L
.[=coemcicnt of consolidalion ir the hori?ontal dircctioD.
- radius.
r,,- radius of cone or probc.
= radius of plsticized zone.
,:hd,:radius of shca zolc.
,r,, :
uDdraincd shcar strcDgth,
/"=initil limc.
/loo=trmc al wlicl excess pore prcssurc=0 (cnd of prinry consoli-
dation).
/.- hydrosltic por pressure-
/r:ore pressuc mcasurcd on the facc ol a conc
enctrorDcter.
//2= pore press re measured behird the t of cone penetromcler.
h- porc prcssur'c Dlesurcd behind Lhe slccvc of a cone pcnetrome-
l/,n
=nleasred l)ole
pressulc.
.iI=excess orc ressufe= /./,,
-
l/o.
/r,,,-pore pressurc gcrcraLed D excess of hydrostatic.
,l /nn
-cxccss
pore plessure duc 1() changcs iD mean octahedrl roflDl
.:lr,=excess pore pressurc due to changes in lneaD octahdral shcar
'-
cflccrive srrcss friction aflglc.
A=
REFE
1200
'1000
ni
I "_Tm
\
Dopth.'17.2 m I
ch .0.2
mrn'?/s
I
tg,
\
\*
) Abr
cal
2) Bal
d
72',1
3) Bur
zali
Enl
4) Bur
DOr
5) Cr
) Lac
we
2,t
7) Lel'
ior
8) Lur
(l9r
,eI
9) I-ur
CAVITY I]XPANSION'CIITICAI-
STATE MODEL 137
)dcl is
luling
lro[es
le of
pres-
:have
;sured
rn (c,
)
be de-
ef]ec-
le di-
zone.
c with
I COn-
atiort,
of the
of the
. Pris-
lation
:t was
)r Dr.
latiolt
ed.
1=DIaric
volunclric strin ratio.
/oo'
=
charlge
6...drat norml stress
oi
- rcconsolidrioD stress.
o,o
= tolal
overburdcn strcss.
i-
cflective ovcrbnrden srress.
/ou=change
in ocrhedral shear slress.
= shcar stress.
r,m*
= shear strengrh.
v=Poisson's ratio,
RI,ll'ERENCES
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^n
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^.n
anlylical solution
for the consolidation round a driven Dile,
Int. J. for Nutercal
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:onsoli-
normal

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