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Worked example
In an expedition to determine the depth of a freshwater lake using an ultrasonic ruler, a pulse of
ultrasonic sound is generated and travels to the bottom of the lake and reflected by it. The time taken
by the pulse to travel to the bottom of the lake and return to the ruler is 0.35 s. If the speed of sound
in the freshwater is 1482 ms
-1
, calculate the depth of the lake.
Information : v = 1482 ms
-1
, t = 0.35 s
d = v x
= 1482 x (0.35/2)
= 259.35 m
1.6
. Physics Module Form 5 chapter 1 : Waves GCKL 2011
1-23
1. A thin guitar string is strummed hard. It will
produce a loud and high pitch sound.
The most suitable graph to represent the
above situation is
4
2. Diagram 1.63 shows a submarine
transmitting ultrasonic waves directed at a
big rock on the sea bed. After 10 seconds, the
subimarine detects the reflected wave.
Diagram 1.63
Calculate the distance of the submarine from
the big rock.
[ velocity of ultrasonic wave = 1 560 ms
-1
]
A. 3.9 km D. 31.2 km
B. 7.8 km E. 156.6 km
C. 15.6 km
3. A radar transmits a signal towards an
aeroplane. The velocity if the signal is
3.0 x 10
8
ms
-1
. After 4.0 x 10
-3
s, the radar
detects the reflected signal. What is the
distance of the aeroplane from the radar?
A. 2.4 x 10
6
m C. 6.0 x 10
5
m
B. 1.2 x 10
6
m D. 1.5 x 10
5
m
3. Diagram 1.64 shows a stretched steel wire
which produces a loud sound when the wire
is plucked.
Diagram 1.64
A loud sound means
A. a high speed C. a high frequency
B. a large amplitude D. a large wavelength
4. Which of the following corresponds to the
highest pitch of sound?
5. Two notes are played on a guitar. The second
is louder and has a higher pitch. The second
note is
A higher in amplitude and lower in frequency
B higher in both amplitude in frequency
C lower in amplitude and higher in frequency
D lower in both amplitude and frequency
. Physics Module Form 5 chapter 1 : Waves GCKL 2011
1-24
6. Diagram 1.65 shows an ultrasonic waves
transmitted from a boat to the seabed to
determine the depth, D, of the sea. The speed
of the ultrasonic waves in water is 1 500 ms
-1
.
The echo of the waves is received 2.0 s after
the transmission.
Diagram 1.65
What is the value of D?
A. 375 m D. 3 000 m
B. 750 m E. 6 000 m
C. 1 500 m
7. Diagram 1.65 shows an audio frequency
generator connected to a speaker and placed
near the corner of a wall. Three students, A,B
and C are standing around the next corner.
The generator and speaker can produce sound
with the same speed but different pitch.
. Diagram 1.65
a) State the physical quantity that affects the
pitch of the sound.
Frequency
(a) When a high pitch sound is generated, only
student C can hear the sound clearly. When
a low pitch sound is generated, all the three
students can hear the sound clearly. Explain
this situation.
High pitch sound has high frequency and
short wavelength.
Frequency inversely proportional to
wavelength.
Sound is not diffracted to student A and
B.
Low pitch sound has low frequency and
longer wavelength.
The sound will diffracted better by the
corner and all student can hear the sound
clearly.
(b) The depth of a sea is 90 m. A ship transmits
an ultrasonic wave of frequency 50 kHz to
the seabed and receives an echo 0.12 s later.
Calculate:
i) The speed of the ultrasonic wave in the
water.
d = v x
90 = v x (0.12/2)
V = 1500 ms
-1
(ii) The wavelength of the ultrasonic wave in
the water.
v = f
= v / f
= 1.5x 10
3
5 x 10
4
= 3 x 10
-2
m
8. Diagram 1.66 shows an airport radar
transmitting microwave signals. Microwave
are transmitted to determine the position of
aeroplane.
Diagram 1.66
a) Microwave are a type of electromagnetic
wave.
. Physics Module Form 5 chapter 1 : Waves GCKL 2011
1-25
b) The radar transmits a signal at a velocity of
3.0 x 10
8
ms
-1
towards the aeroplane P and
detects the reflected signal 4.0 x 10
-4
s later.
Calculate the distance of P from the radar
transmitter at that time.
d = vt
2
d = 3.0 x 10
8
(4.0 x 10
-4
)
2
= 60 000 m
c) The radar detects the same signal after
reflection by another aeroplane Q. The
signal from Q arrives later than the signal
from P.
(i) Compare the distance of P and Q from
the radar.
The distance of Q is further from radar
compare to P.
(ii) State how the difference of the distance of
P and Q from the radar is determine any
time.
Determine the shortest distance from P to
radar and from Q to radar.
9. The diagram below shows a fishing boat is
detecting a shoal of fish by using a sonar
system which has a high frequency sound
wave.
.
(a) State the sound wave phenomenon
for detecting the shoal of fish.
Reflection .
(b) Explain why sonar used a high frequency
sound wave.
Ultrasonic waves can transfer more energy
(c) If the time to detect the shoal of fish is 1/15
seconds, calculate the distance of the fishes
from the boat if the speed of the sound waves
in water is 1500 ms
-1
.
d = vt
2
= 1 500 x (1/15)
2
= 50 m
(d) Explain why does the speed of sound
in water is greater than the speed of
sound in air? [2 m]
because water is denser than air. The
molecules are closer in water and it will
travel faster.
(e) Name one application of sonar.
ultra sound.
. Physics Module Form 5 chapter 1 : Waves GCKL 2011
1-26
ANALYSING ELECTROMAGNETIC WAVES.
Describe the
electromagnetic
spectrum.
Electromagnetic spectrum consists of a group of waves with similar and arranged in
increasing frequencies and decreasing wavelengths.
list sources of
electromagnetic
waves
Radio waves : radio and television transmitter
Microwaves : radar transmitter and microwaves oven.
Infrared rays : sun
Visible light : sun, LED, electric bulbs..
Ultraviolet rays : sun, sparks, mercury lamps.....
X-rays : x-ray tubes
Gamma rays : radioactive substance, cosmic rays.
describe the
properties of
electromagnetic
waves
Fill in the box / blank with the correct answer.
Long waves short waves micro waves infra red Ultra violet X rays gamma rays
t
1.
1. Electromagnetic spectrum consist of a group of waves with similar natures.
3. It is arranged in increasing frequencies and decreasing wavelengths .
4. Radio wave have the longest ( longest / shortest ) wavelength and low ( low / high)
frequency waves.
5. Gamma rays have the shortest ( longest / shortest) wavelength and high ( low / high)
frequency waves.
6. Electromagnetic waves consist of combination of oscillating ( interaction / oscillating)
electric and magnetic ( force / magnetic) field perpendicular
7. Electromagnetic wave is a transverse ( transverse / longitudinal ) wave.
1.7
Long waves
gamma
rays
X
rays
short waves
Ultra violet
infrared
micro waves
. Physics Module Form 5 chapter 1 : Waves GCKL 2011
1-27
8. INFRARED RAY MICROWAVES RADIO WAVES VISIBLE LIGHT
ULTRAVIOLET RAYS X-RAY S GAMMA RAY
Longest wavelength ( 10
6
10
-1
m)
Used for broadcasting and communication RADIO WAVES
Carries along wit it audio, video and other
encoded information.
Have shorter wavelength . ( 10
-1
10
-3
m)
Suitable for satellite- based communication systems,
mobile phone networks
Military uses it for spying and surveillance. MICROWAVES
The range of wavelength is between 10
-3
10
-6
m.
Ordinary ovens,grills and toaster use this wave to
cook food.
Can transmit information through the air to operate
televisions and video recorders by remote control.
Also used in night vision devices. INFRARED RAY
Easily detected by human and animal eyes.
Used in photography and can be transmitted through VISIBLE LIGHT
optical fibre
The range of wavelength is between 10
-6
10
-9
m.
Can cause skin to tan and may result in skin cancer.
Can kill living cells,bacteria and germs. ULTRAVIOLET RAYS
The range of wavelength is between 10
-8
10
-12
m.
Widely used in the medical field.
Used to inspect metal castings and welded joints for hidden X-RAY S
faults.
Shortest wavelength in the electromagnetic spectrum.
Used in radiotheraphy to treat cancer
Used sterillisation process GAMMA RAY
Physics Module Form 5 GCKL 2010
28
1. Which of the following statements is true
about electromagnetic waves?
A. They are longitudinal waves.
B. They are waves that require a medium to
travel.
C. The velocity of the waves is influenced by
the wavelength
D. They consist of both magnetic field and
electric field.
2. What is the correct relationship between the
wave length of an electromagnetic radiation
and the energy it carries.
Wave length Energy carried
A. Short High
B. Short Low
C. Long High
D. Long Low
3. Diagram 1.7 shows an electromagnet
spectrum.
Diagram 1.7
The waves at P,Q,R and S are
A B C D
P
Ultraviolet X ray Microwave X ray
Q
X ray Ultraviolet Infrared Microwave
R
Microwave Infrared Ultraviolet x-ray
S
infrared Microwave X ray microwave
4. At an airport, a passengers bag is placed in
the baggage scanner.
The content in the bag are examined by using
A. X-ray C. Ultraviolet ray
B. Gamma rays D. Infrared rays
5. Which is the correct arrangement of
electromagnetic waves in order of increasing
frequency?
A. Infrared rays, Microwaves, Gamma rays,
Ultraviolet rays.
B. Gamma rays,, Ultraviolet rays, Infrared
rays, Microwaves.
C. Microwaves, Infrared rays, Ultraviolet
rays, Gamma rays.
D. Ultraviolet rays, Gamma rays,
Microwaves, Infrared rays.
6. Figure 1.8 (a) shows the x-rays film of a
patient. Figure 1.8 (b) shows the microwave
from the satellite used in communication.
Figure 1.8 (a) Figure 1.8
a) Observe the figures and state two similarities
between the waves.
Both are transverse waves/They transfer
energy from one place to another/
They can travel through vacuum with the
speed of light.
Physics Module Form 5 GCKL 2010
29
b) Which group does these two waves belong to?
Electromagnetic waves
c) Name one other wave that has the same
properties.
Radio waves / gamma rays / ultra violet /
visible light / infra red
d) Microwaves travel at a speed of 3.0 x 10
8
ms
-1
in a
vacuum and have a frequency of 15 x 10
10
Hz.
i) Calculate the wavelength of these
microwaves.
= v/f
=3.0 x 10
8
ms
-1
15 x 10
10
Hz.
= 2.0 x 10
-3
m.