Inflammation of the mucous lining of any of the structures in the mouth, which may involve

the cheeks, gums, tongue, lips, and roof or floorof the mouth. The word "stomatitis" literally
means inflammation of the mouth. The inflammation can be caused by conditions in the mou
thitself, such as poor oral
hygiene, poorly fitted dentures, or from mouth burns from hot food or drinks, or by condition
s that affect the entirebody, such as medications, allergic reactions, or infections.
Description
Stomatitis is an inflammation of the lining of any of the soft-
tissue structures of the mouth. Stomatitis is usually a painful condition,associated with redne
ss, swelling, and occasional bleeding from the affected area. Bad
breath (halitosis) may also accompany thecondition. Stomatitis affects all age groups, from t
he infant to the elderly.
Causes and symptoms
A number of factors can cause stomatitis; it is a fairly common problem in the general adult
population in North America. Poorly fitted oralappliances, cheek biting, or jagged teeth can
persistently irritate the oral structures. Chronic mouth breathing due to plugged nasal airways
can cause dryness of the mouth tissues, which in turn leads to irritation. Drinking beverages t
hat are too hot can burn the mouth, leading toirritation and pain. Diseases, such as herpetic in
fections (the common
cold sore), gonorrhea, measles, leukemia, AIDS, and lack of vitaminC can present with oral s
igns. Other systemic diseases associated with stomatitis include inflammatory bowel disease
(IBD) and Behet'ssyndrome, an inflammatory multisystem disorder of unknown cause.
Aphthous stomatitis, also known as recurrent aphthous ulcers (RAU) or canker
sores, is a specific type of stomatitis that presents withshallow, painful ulcers that are usually
located on the lips, cheeks, gums, or roof or floor of the mouth. These ulcers can range from
pinpointsize to up to 1 in (2.5 cm) or more in diameter. Though the causes of canker sores ar
e unknown, nutritional deficiencies, especially ofvitamin B
12
, folate, or iron is suspected. Ge
neralized or contact stomatitis can result from excessive use of alcohol, spices, hot food, orto
bacco products. Sensitivity to mouthwashes, toothpastes, and lipstick can irritate the lining of
the mouth. Exposure to heavy metals, suchas mercury, lead, or bismuth can cause stomatitis.
Thrush, a fungal infection, is a type of stomatitis.
Diagnosis
Diagnosis of stomatitis can be difficult. A patient's history may disclose a dietary deficiency,
a systemic disease, or contact with materialscausing an allergic reaction. A physical
examination is done to evaluate the oral lesions and other skin problems. Blood tests may be
doneto determine if any infection is present. Scrapings of the lining of the mouth may be sent
to the laboratory for microscopic evaluation, orcultures of the mouth may be done to determ
ine if an infectious agent may be the cause of the problem.
Treatment
The treatment of stomatitis is based on the problem causing it. Local cleansing and good oral
hygiene are fundamental. Sharp-
edged foodssuch as peanuts, tacos, and potato chips should be avoided. A soft-
bristled toothbrush should be used, and the teeth and gums should bebrushed carefully; the p
atient should avoid banging the toothbrush into the gums. Local factors, such as ill-
fitting dental appliances or sharpteeth, can be corrected by a dentist. An infectious cause can
usually be treated with medication. Systemic problems, such as AIDS,leukemia, and anemia
are treated by the appropriate medical specialist. Minor mouth burns from hot beverages or h
ot foods will usuallyresolve on their own in a week or so. Chronic problems with aphthous st
omatitis are treated by first correcting any vitamin B
12
, iron, or folatedeficiencies. If those th
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erapies are unsuccessful, medication can be prescribed which can be applied to each aphthou
s ulcer with a cotton-
tipped applicator. This therapy is successful with a limited number of patients. More recently
, low-
power treatment with a carbon dioxidelaser has been found to relieve the discomfort of recur
rent aphthae. Major outbreaks of aphthous stomatitis can be treated with tetracyclineantibioti
cs or corticosteroids. Valacyclovir has been shown to be effective in treating stomatitis cause
d by herpesviruses.
Patients may also be given topical anesthetics (usually a 2% lidocaine gel) to relieve pain an
d a protective paste (Orabase) or a coatingagent like Kaopectate to protect eroded areas from
further irritation from dentures, braces, or teeth.
Alternative treatment
Alternate treatment of stomatitis mainly involves prevention of the problem. Patients with su
ch dental appliances as dentures should visittheir dentist on a regular basis. Patients with syst
emic diseases or chronic medical problems need to ask their health care provider whattypes o
f oral problems they can expect from their particular disease. These patients must also contac
t their medical clinic at the first sign ofproblems. Common sense needs to be exercised when
consuming hot foods or drinks. Use of tobacco products should be discouraged.Alcohol shou
ld be used in moderation. Mouthwashes and toothpastes known to the patient to cause proble
ms should be avoided.
Botanical medicine can assist in resolving stomatitis. One herb, calendula (Calendula officin
alis), in tincture form (an alcohol-
based herbalextract) and diluted for a mouth rinse, can be quite effective in treating aphthous
stomatitis and other manifestations of stomatitis.
More recently, a group of researchers in Brazil have reported that an extract made from the l
eaves of Trichilia glabra, a plant found in SouthAmerica, is effective in killing several virus
es that cause stomatitis.
Prognosis
The prognosis for the resolution of stomatitis is based on the cause of the problem. Many loc
al factors can be modified, treated, or avoided.Infectious causes of stomatitis can usually be
managed with medication, or, if the problem is being caused by a certain drug, by changingt
he offending agent.
Prevention
Stomatitis caused by local irritants can be prevented by good oral hygiene, regular dental che
ckups, and good dietary habits. Problems withstomatitis caused by systemic disease can be m
inimized by good oral hygiene and closely following the medical therapy prescribed by thepa
tient's health care provider.
Resources
Books
Beers, Mark H., MD, and Robert Berkow, MD., editors. "Disorders of the Oral Region." In T
he Merck Manual of Diagnosis and Therapy.Whitehouse Station, NJ: Merck Research Labor
atories, 2004.
Periodicals
Cella, M., D. A. Riva, F. C. Coulombie, and S. E. Mersich. "Virucidal Activity Presence in T
richilia glabra Leaves." Revista Argentina demicrobiologia 36 (July-September 2004): 136-
138.
Miller, C. S., L. L. Cunningham, J. E. Lindroth, and S. A. Avdiushko. "The Efficacy of Vala
The syndrome is called periodic fever associated with
aphthous stomatitis, pharyngitis and cervical adenitis
-- or PFAPA -- and is characterized by monthly flare-
ups of fever, accompanied by sore throat, swollen
glands and mouth lesions.
NIH researchers identify cause and new treatment for
common recurrent ... by National Institutes of Health:
News and Events
Wet mounts were necessary to detect 72 gallinae
infections in house finches because classical clinical
presentation, such as caseous stomatitisor ingluvitis,
occurred in <25% of cases.
J Zoo Wild Med.: Clinical signs and histopathologic
findings ... by Anderson, N.L.; Johnson, C.K.; Fender,
S. / Journal of Avian Medicine and Surgery
Syndrome of periodic fever, pharyngitis, and
aphthous stomatitis.
Periodic fever accompanied by aphthous stomatitis,
pharyngitis and ... by Zengin, Aysel; Kilic, Sara
Sebnem / The Journal of Current Pediatrics
More results

cyclovir in Preventing Recurrent Herpes SimplexVirus Infections Associated with Dental Pr
ocedures." Journal of the American Dental Association 135 (September 2004): 1311-1318.
Mirowski, Ginat W., DMD, MD, and Christy L. Nebesio. "Aphthous Stomatitis." eMedicine
September 24, 2004.http://www.emedicine.com/derm/topic486.htm.
Sciubba, James J., DMD, PhD. "Denture Stomatitis." eMedicine June 11, 2002. http://www.e
medicine.com/derm/topic642.htm.
Shulman, J. D., M. M. Beach, and F. Rivera-
Hidalgo. "The Prevalence of Oral Mucosal Lesions in U.S. Adults: Data from the Third Nati
onalHealth and Nutrition Examination Survey, 1988
1994." Journal of the American Dental Association 135 (September 2004): 1279-1286.
Wohlschlaeger, A. "Prevention and Treatment of Mucositis: A Guide for Nurses." Journal of
Pediatric Oncology Nursing 21 (September-October 2004): 281-287.
Organizations
American Dental Association. 211 E. Chicago Ave., Chicago, IL 60611. (312) 440-
2500. http://www.ada.org.
American Medical Association. 515 N. State St., Chicago, IL 60612. (312) 464-
5000. http://www.ama-assn.org.
Key terms
Aphthous stomatitis
A specific type of stomatitis presenting with shallow, painful ulcers. Also known as canker s
ores.
Stomatitis Inflammation of the lining of the mouth, gums, or tongue.
Thrush A form of stomatitis caused by Candida fungi and characterized by cream-
colored or bluish patches on the tongue, mouth, orpharynx.
Gale Encyclopedia of Medicine. Copyright 2008 The Gale Group, Inc. All rights reserved.

stomatitis /sto ma ti tis/ (stomah-
titis) pl. stomatitides Generalized inflammation of the oral mucosa.

angular stomatitis perlche.
aphthous stomatitis recurrent aphthous s.
gangrenous stomatitis see noma.
herpetic stomatitis an acute infection of the oral mucosa with vesicle formation, due to the
herpes simplex virus.
mycotic stomatitis thrush.
recurrent aphthous stomatitis a recurrent stomatitis of unknown etiology characterized by
the appearance of small ulcers on the oralmucosa, covered by a grayish exudate and surround
ed by a bright red halo; they heal without scarring in 7 to 14 days.
ulcerative stomatitis stomatitis with shallow ulcers on the cheeks, tongue, and lips.
Vincent's stomatitis necrotizing ulcerative gingivitis.

Dorland's Medical Dictionary for Health Consumers. 2007 by Saunders, an imprint of Elsevier, Inc. All rights
reserved.

sto ma ti tis (st m -t t s)
n.
Inflammation of the mucous membrane of the mouth.
The American Heritage Medical Dictionary Copyright 2007, 2004 by Houghton Mifflin Company. Published
by Houghton Mifflin Company. All rights reserved.

stomatitis
[stmttis]
Etymology: Gk, stoma + itis, inflammation
any inflammatory condition of the mouth. It may result from infection by bacteria, viruses, o
r fungi; from exposure to certain chemicals ordrugs; from vitamin deficiency; or from a syste
mic inflammatory disease. Kinds of stomatitis
include aphthous stomatitis,pseudomembranous stomatitis, thrush, and Vincent's infecti
on. See also candidiasis.
Mosby's Medical Dictionary, 8th edition. 2009, Elsevier.

stomatitis [stomah-titis] (pl. stomatitides)
inflammation of the mucosa of the mouth; it may be caused by any of numerous diseases of t
he mouth or it may accompany another disease.Both GINGIVITIS and GLOSSITIS are forms of s
tomatitis.
CAUSES. The causes of stomatitis vary widely, from a mild local irritant to a vitamin deficien
cy or infection by a possibly dangerous disease-
producing organism. Inflammation may arise from actual injury to the inside of the mouth, a
s from cheek-
biting, jagged teeth, tartaraccumulations, and badly fitting dentures. Irritating substances, inc
luding alcohol, and tobacco, may also cause stomatitis. Other causesare infectious bacteria, s
uch as streptococci and gonococci or those causing necrotizing
ulcerative STOMATITIS, DIPHTHERIA, and TUBERCULOSIS;the fungus causing THRUSH; or the v
iruses causing HERPES
SIMPLEX and MEASLES. Extreme vitamin deficiencies can result in mouthinflammation, as ca
n certain blood disorders. Poisoning with heavy metals, such as LEAD or MERCURY, can also
cause stomatitis.
SYMPTOMS. There is generally swelling and redness of the tissues of the mouth, which may b
ecome quite sore, particularly during eating. Themouth may have an unpleasant odor. In som
e types of stomatitis the mouth becomes dry, but in others there is excessive salivation.Ulcer
ations may appear, and, in extreme cases, gangrene (gangrenous stomatitis).

Other forms of stomatitis may occasionally cause more severe symptoms, including chills, fe
ver, and headache. Sometimes bleeding orwhite patches in the mouth can be seen. In thrush,
the symptoms themselves may be slight (white spots in the mouth resembling milkcurds) but
the disease may give rise to serious infections elsewhere in the body. In some cases, stomatit
is causes inflammation of theparotid glands.

Stomatitis resulting from certain diseases presents special identifying symptoms. Syphilitic st
omatitis produces painful ulcers in the mouth;in scarlet fever the tongue first has a strawberr
y color, which then deepens to a raspberry hue; in measles, Koplik's SPOTS appear.
TREATMENT AND PREVENTION. The treatment varies according to the cause. When the infla
mmation is caused by anemia, vitamin deficiency, orany infection of the body, both the unde
rlying disease and the stomatitis are treated. Antibiotics often are effective against the infecti
on andprevent its spreading to the parotid glands. Severe stomatitis can be a side effect of ch
emotherapy and radiation to the head and neck astreatment for cancer. Measures to alleviate t
he inflammation and promote healing include increasing fluid intake and using artificial saliv
a tominimize dryness and help buffer acidity in the mouth, avoiding liquids and foods that ar
e chemically irritating or extremely hot, and frequentand consistent MOUTH CARE.



With proper care, many cases of stomatitis can be prevented. Cleanliness is essential, especia
lly of the mouth, teeth, dentures, andfeeding utensils. Infants may acquire mouth infection fr
om the mother's oral flora, dirty bottles, or the mother's nipples. In the case of aprolonged fe
ver or of any severe general illness, dryness of the mouth should be avoided by ingestion of i
ncreased amounts of fluids.
angular stomatitis superficial erosions and fissuring at the angles of the mouth; it may occu
r in RIBOFLAVIN deficiency and in PELLAGRA orresult from overclosure of the jaws in denture
wearers. Called also perlche.
aphthous stomatitis recurrent aphthous stomatitis.
denture stomatitis inflammation of the oral mucosa seen in some patients with new denture
s or with old, ill-
fitting ones, caused by Candidaalbicans; characterized by redness, swelling, and pain of muc
osa that is in contact with the denture. Called also chronic atrophicCANDIDIASIS and denture
sore mouth.
gangrenous stomatitis see NOMA.
herpetic stomatitis herpes simplex involving the oral mucosa and lips, characterized by the
formation of yellowish vesicles that rupture andproduce ragged painful ulcers covered by a g
ray membrane and surrounded by an erythematous halo.
stomatitis medicamentosa stomatitis due to an allergic reaction to drugs ingested, absorbed
through the skin or mucosa, or given byhypodermic injection. Principal symptoms include v
esicles, erosion, ulcers, erythema, purpura, angioedema, burning, and itching.
recurrent aphthous stomatitis a recurrent disease of unknown etiology, characterized by on
e or more small round or oval ulcer(s) on theoral mucosa, covered by a grayish fibrinous exu
date and surrounded by a bright red halo. The lesions usually persist for 7 to 14 days andthen
heal without scarring. Called also aphthae, aphthous stomatitis, and canker sore.
Miller-Keane Encyclopedia and Dictionary of Medicine, Nursing, and Allied Health, Seventh Edition. 2003 by
Saunders, an imprint of Elsevier, Inc. All rights reserved.

stomatitis (stm ttis),
n inflammation of the soft tissues of the oral cavity occurring as a result of mechanical, chem
ical, thermal, bacterial, viral, electrical, orradiation injury or reactions to allergens or as seco
ndary manifestations of systemic disease.
stomatitis, acute herpetic,
n (acute herpetic gingivostomatitis), the manifestations of clinically apparent primary herpes
simplex characterized by regionallymphadenopathy, sore throat, and high temperature, follo
wed by localized itching and burning, with the formation of small vesicles ofan erythematou
s base that give way to plaques and then painful herpetic ulcers. The gingivae are swollen an
d erythematous, and theybleed easily. Manifestations subside in 7 to 10 days, and recovery u
sually occurs within 2 weeks.
stomatitis, aphthous (aphthae, canker sore),
n refers to recurrent ulcers of the oral cavity that are limited to nonkeratinized mucosa and ar
e thought to be immune related.
stomatitis, arsenical
n oral manifestation of arsenic poisoning. The oral mucosa is dry, red, and painful. Ulceratio
n, purpura, and mobility of teeth also mayoccur.
stomatitis, Atabrine
n.pr a stomatitis considered by some to be associated with the use of the antimalarial and ant
helmintic drug quinacrine hydrochloride(Atabrine) and characterized by oral changes simulat
ing lichen planus.
stomatitis, bismuth,
n a stomatitis resulting from systemic use of bismuth compounds over prolonged periods. Su
lfides of bismuth are deposited in thegingival tissue, resulting in bluish-
black pigmentation known as a bismuth line. Oral manifestations of bismuth poisoning inclu
degingivostomatitis similar to that of Vincent's infection, a blue-
black line on the inner aspect of the gingival sulcus or pigmentation ofthe buccal mucosa, a s
ore tongue, metallic taste, and a burning sensation of the oral cavity.
stomatitis, epidemic,
n See disease, hand, foot, and oral cavity.
stomatitis, epizootic,
n See disease, hand, foot, and oral cavity.
stomatitis, gangrenous (cancrum oris, noma),
n See noma.
stomatitis, gonococcal,
n an inflammation of the oral mucosa caused by gonococci.
stomatitis, herpetic,
n 1. the oral manifestation of primary herpes simplex infection. The term also is used by som
e for herpetiform ulcers considered to beoral manifestations of secondary or recurrent herpes
simplex. See also ulcer, aphthous, recurrent.
2. inflammation of the oral mucosa caused by herpesvirus. See also gingivostomatitis, herpet
ic.
stomatitis, iodine,
n See iodism.
stomatitis, lead,
n an oral manifestation of lead poisoning. Included are a bluish line along the free gingival m
argin, pigmentation of the mucosa incontact with the teeth, metallic taste, excessive salivatio
n, and swelling of the salivary glands.
stomatitis medicamentosa
n an allergic response of the oral mucosa to a systemically administered drug. Possible manif
estations include asthma, skin rashes,urticaria, pruritus, leukopenia, lymph-
adenopathy, thrombocytopenic purpura, and oral lesions (erythema, ulcerative lesions, vesicl
es,bullae, and angioneurotic edema).
stomatitis, membranous,
n an inflammation of the oral cavity, accompanied by the formation of a pseudomembrane.
stomatitis, mercurial,
n an oral manifestation of mercury poisoning, consisting of hypersalivation, metallic taste, ul
ceration and necrosis of the gingivae witha tendency to spread posteriorly and to the buccal
mucosa and palate, glossodynia, and periodontitis with loosening of the teeth insevere cases
of chronic intoxication.
stomatitis, mycotic,
n an infection of the oral mucosa by a fungus, most commonly
C. albicans, which produces moniliasis (thrush). See also moniliasis.
stomatitis, nicotinic,
n an inflammation of the palatal minor salivary ducts caused by irritation by tobacco smoke
or hot fluids and characterized by raisedsmall palatal lesions with red centers and white bord
ers. The palatal mucosa usually has a generalized keratosis accompanying thesmaller lesions.
Also called
stomatitis nicotina.

Nicotinic stomatitis.
stomatitis, recurrent,
n recurrent manifestation of herpes simplex involving the lips and labial and buccalmucosa (f
ever blisters, cold sores). Episodes may result from fever, sunlight,menses, trauma, and gastr
ointestinal upset. Lesions begin as clear vesicles with anerythematous base that give way to u
lcers and superficial crusts if the outersurfaces of the lips and skin are involved.
stomatitis, uremic,
n an oral manifestation of uremia, consisting of varying degrees of erythema,exudation, ulcer
ation, pseudomembrane formation, foul breath, and burningsensations. See also gingivitis,
nephritic.
stomatitis venenata
n an inflammation of the oral mucosa as the result of contact allergy. The most common caus
ative agents are volatile oils, iodides,dentifrices, mouthwashes, denture powders, and topical
anesthetics. Possible manifestations include erythema, angioneuroticedema, burning sensatio
ns, ulcerations, and vesicles.
Mosby's Dental Dictionary, 2nd edition. 2008 Elsevier, Inc. All rights reserved.

stomatitis
inflammation of the mucosa of the mouth. It may be caused by one of many diseases of the
mouth or it may accompany anotherdisease. Both gingivitis (inflammation of the gums) and
glossitis (inflammation of the tongue) are forms of stomatitis as are palatitis (orlampas in hor
ses) and cheilitis (inflammation of lips). The specific identification of stomatitis is an import
ant part of a clinical examinationin a food animal because of the need to identify the highly i
nfectious vesicular diseases and bluetongue.

angular stomatitis
superficial erosions and fissuring at the angles (commissures) of the mouth.
catarrhal stomatitis
diffuse erythema of lips, tongue, cheeks; causes some discomfort and unwillingness to eat.
contagious pustular stomatitis
see horsepox.
erosive stomatitis
see erosive stomatitis.
erosive-ulcerative stomatitis
advanced stage of stomatitis characterized by multiple erosions and deeper ulcers; complete
anorexia results.
mycotic stomatitis
see mycotic stomatitis.
necrotic stomatitis of calves
see oral necrobacillosis.
papular stomatitis
see bovine papular stomatitis.
stomatitis-pneumoenteritis complex
see peste des petits ruminants.
proliferative stomatitis
a very rare disease of cattle said to be caused by a filterable agent and recorded only in assoc
iation with such conditions aschlorinated naphthalene poisoning. The lesions are papular and
may also occur on the teats.
vesicular stomatitis
stomatitis characterized by vesicular lesions which soon rupture to leave denuded areas whic
h become infected, necrotic, evenulcerative. See also vesicular stomatitis, vesicular exanthe
ma of swine, swine vesicular disease, foot-and-mouth disease.
Saunders Comprehensive Veterinary Dictionary, 3 ed. 2007 Elsevier, Inc. All rights reserved

stomatitis
Acute necrotizing ulcerative gingivitis; stomatitis, see there, aka trench mouth. See Herpetic
stomatitis.
McGraw-Hill Concise Dictionary of Modern Medicine. 2002 by The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc.

sto ma ti tis (st'm-t'tis),
Inflammation of the mucous membrane of the mouth.
[stomat- + G. -itis, inflammation]
Farlex Partner Medical Dictionary Farlex 2012

sto ma ti tis (st'm-t'tis)
Inflammation of the mucous membrane of the mouth; characterized by small ulcers covered
by a grayish exudate and surrounded by alonger red halo. It may be caused by mechanical or
chemical trauma; may be classified as primary (i.e., aphthous stomatitis) orsecondary.
[stomat- + G. -itis, inflammation]
Medical Dictionary for the Health Professions and Nursing Farlex 2012

sto ma ti tis (st'm-t'tis)
Inflammation of mucous membrane of mouth.
[stomat- + G. -itis, inflammation]
Medical Dictionary for the Dental Professions Farlex 2012

Patient discussion about stomatitis.
Q. aphthous stomatitis can someone please explain me what it is? and what is the best way
to treat it?
A. A canker sore (aphthous stomatitis) is an illness that causes small ulcers to appear in the
mouth, usually inside the lips, on thecheeks, or on the tongue. What causes aphthous stomatit
is (canker sores)?
The exact cause of this disease is not known. There are many factors that are thought to be in
volved with the development of cankersores, including:

Weakened immune system
Certain allergies may cause the lesions to appear, such as:
Coffee
Chocolate
Cheese
Nuts
Citrus fruits
Potatoes
Stress
Viruses and bacteria

The following are the most common symptoms of aphthous stomatitis. However, each child
may experience symptoms differently.Symptoms may include:
Ulcers in the mouth, usually inside the lips, on the cheeks, or on the tongue
Ulcers that are covered with a yellow layer and have a red base
For the full article:
http://www.cincinnatichildrens.org/health/info/oral/diagnose/aphthous-
stomatitis.htm Hope this helps.


Read more or ask a question about stomatitis
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5-fluorouracil
5-FU
acute herpetic
stomatitis
Adrucil
Alagar virus
Alocasia
aluminum
potassium sulfate
The syndrome is called periodic fever
associated with aphthousstomatitis,
pharyngitis and cervical adenitis -- or
PFAPA -- and is characterized by monthly
flare-ups of fever, accompanied by sore
throat, swollen glands and mouth lesions.
NIH researchers identify cause and new
treatment for common recurrent
... by National Institutes of Health: News
stomach pump
Stomach Stapling
stomach tooth
stomach tube
stomach virus
stomach wall
stomach-partitioning
gastrojejunostomy
stomachache
stomas
stomas, stomata
stomas, stomata
stomas, stomata
stomat(o)-
stomat-
stomat-
stomata
stomata
amlexanox
Amoracia rusticans
angular stomatitis
aphtha
aphthae
aphthous
aphthous fever
aphthous stomatitis
Arisaema
arsenic stomatitis
arsenical stomatitis
atabrine stomatitis

and Events
Wet mounts were necessary to detect 72
gallinae infections in house finches because
classical clinical presentation, such as
caseousstomatitis or ingluvitis, occurred in
<25% of cases.
J Zoo Wild Med.: Clinical signs and
histopathologic findings ... byAnderson,
N.L.; Johnson, C.K.; Fender, S. / Journal of
Avian Medicine and Surgery
Syndrome of periodic fever, pharyngitis,
and aphthous stomatitis.
Periodic fever accompanied by aphthous
stomatitis, pharyngitis and ...by Zengin,
Aysel; Kilic, Sara Sebnem / The Journal of
Current Pediatrics
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