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1

Laminar flow that starts from a state of rest


in a straight circular tube

R. Shankar Subramanian
Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering
Clarkson University

Here, we consider unsteady laminar flow in a straight circular tube. We shall use a cylindrical
polar coordinate system
( )
, , r z in which z represents the direction of flow, and r and
stand for the radial and angular directions, respectively.













We make the following simplifying assumptions.

1. Incompressible flow: Continuity reduces to 0 = v
2. Newtonian flow with constant viscosity
3. Neglect end effects:
z

0
v
(fully developed flow)
4. Symmetry in (known as axial symmetry): ; 0 v

= =

0
v

The incompressible version of the equation of continuity, in conjunction with assumptions 3 and
4, yields


( )
0
r
rv
r

(1)
Therefore,
r
rv must be constant across the cross-section of the tube. Because it is zero at
0 r = , it must be zero everywhere. This implies that 0
r
v = . Therefore, the flow is
unidirectional and
z
v is the only non-zero velocity component.

R
r
z
P
0

P
L
2
The Navier-Stokes equation, subject to assumptions 1 and 2, can be written in component form
in cylindrical polar coordinates. The components in the r and -directions yield the result that
the dynamic pressure P is uniform in those directions. Therefore, the dynamic pressure can, at
best, depend only on t and z . The component in the z -direction yields the following governing
equation for the velocity
( )
,
z
v t r in the tube.

z z
v v P
r
t z r r r


| |
= +
|

\ .
(2)
By rearranging this equation as


z z
v v P
r
z r r r t



| |
=
|

\ .
(3)
and recognizing that the left side can only depend on t and z , while the right side can only
depend on t and r , we conclude that each can, at best, depend only on t . It can be shown that
the pressure gradient becomes steady rapidly in such a system, so that we can replace
P
z

by its
steady representation
0 L
P P P
L L

= where we have defined
0 L
P P P = .

Therefore, Equation (2) can be rewritten as


z z
v v P
r
t L r r r


| |
= +
|

\ .
(4)
The initial and boundary conditions are written as follows.

Initial Condition:

( )
0, 0
z
v r = (5)
Boundary Conditions:

( )
,0 isfinite
z
v t (6)

(No Slip)
( )
, 0
z
v t R = (7)

Now, we proceed to scale this problem by defining the following dimensionless variables.

( )
( )
2
2
; ; ,
/ 4
z
v t r
T y V T y
R R
PR L

= = =


In the above, is the kinematic viscosity
( )
/ . You may wonder about the choice of the
scale for the velocity, and also about the factor 4 that is introduced in that scale. The velocity
3
scale is obtained by considering the steady problem. In that problem, the characteristic velocity
is of the order
( )
2
/ PR L . The factor 4 is used to make the steady solution appear
especially simple, as you will see a bit later.

Non-dimensionalization leads to


1
4
V V
y
T y y y
| |
= +
|

\ .
(8)

The scaled velocity field satisfies the following initial and boundary conditions.

Initial Condition:

(0, ) 0 V y = (9)

Boundary Conditions:


( )
,0 is finite V T (10)

No Slip:
( ,1) 0 V T = (11)


From the discussion in class, we know that directly applying separation of variables to Equations
(8) to (11) will fail because of the appearance of an inhomogeneity in the governing equation.
Therefore, we first write the solution as the sum of a steady state solution and a transient
solution.


( ) ( ) ( )
, ,
s t
V T y V y V T y = + (12)

The steady solution must satisfy Equation (8) without the time derivative.


1
4 0
s
dV d
y
y dy dy
| |
+ =
|
\ .
(13)
along with the boundary conditions


( )
0 is finite
s
V (14)
and
(1) 0
s
V = (15)

4
We first substitute the solution in Equation (12) into Equations (8) to (11), and make use of the
fact that the steady solution must satisfy Equation (13) and the boundary conditions in Equations
(14) and (15). This yields the following governing equation and initial and boundary conditions
for the transient part of the solution.


1
t t
V V
y
T y y y
| |
=
|

\ .
(16)


( )
(0, )
t s
V y V y = (17)


( )
,0 is finite
t
V T (18)

( ,1) 0
t
V T = (19)

You can see that the consequence of separating the solution into a steady and a transient part is to
yield a homogeneous differential equation for the transient contribution. The boundary
conditions in the y -coordinate are unaffected, and amenable to writing a product class solution.
The initial condition is different from that on the complete velocity field. In fact, it is the
inhomogeneity in this initial condition that produces a non-trivial solution for the transient
problem. We can obtain the steady field by integrating Equation (13) and applying the
boundary conditions. This leads to


( )
2
1
s
V y y = (20)

The solution of Equations (16) through (19) is accomplished by separation of variables. If we
substitute a trial solution of the form
( ) ( ) ( )
,
t
V T y G T y = into Equation (16) we find that
the functions
( )
G T and
( )
y must satisfy the following differential equations.


2
0
dG
G
dT
+ = (21)

2
1
0
d d
y
y dy dy


| |
+ =
|
\ .
(22)


The solution of Equation (21) is

2
T
G Ce

= (23)
5
where C is an arbitrary constant of integration. The general solution of Equation (22) can be
obtained by using Frobenius series. For our purposes, we simply use the final result without
going through the solution process.


( ) ( )
1 0 2 0
C J y C Y y = + (24)

where
0
J and
0
Y are known as the Bessel functions of the first and second kinds, respectively,
of order zero. Information about these functions can be obtained from Abramowitz and Stegun
(1965). In general, the Bessel functions
( )
p
J y and
( )
p
Y y of integer order p are the
two linearly independent solutions of Bessels equation


( )
2 2
1
0
d d
y p
y dy dy


| |
+ =
|
\ .
(25)

Here are sample graphs showing the behavior of the functions
0
( ) J x and
1
( ) J x , followed by
( )
0
Y x and
( )
1
Y x .





6


For our purposes, it is important only to note that the functions
( )
p
Y x are singular at 0 x = ,
that is, they approach minus infinity as x approaches zero. This is not compatible with the
boundary condition stated in Equation (18) that
t
V remain finite at 0 y = . Therefore, the
constant
2
C in Equation (24) must be set equal to zero. This leaves us with a product class
solution


( ) ( )
2
0
,
T
t
V T y Be J y

= (26)

where the product of the two arbitrary constants C and
1
C is written as a new constant B. We
know that this solution satisfies the governing differential equation for
( )
,
t
V T y and the
condition that the solution must remain finite at 0 y = . Now, we need to apply the remaining
conditions. The no-slip boundary condition at the wall that leads to Equation (19) can be
satisfied by requiring


( )
0
0 J = (27)

As you can see from the sketch showing the behavior of
0
J , this equation has more than one
root. In fact, it has an infinite number of positive roots that come paired with negative roots of
the same magnitude. It is known that
( ) ( )
0 0
J x J x = so that we can simply use the infinite
set of positive roots, labeled
( )
1,2,3...
n
n = . The first 20 roots of Equation (27), labeled
0,s
j may be found in Table 9.5, page 409, in Abramowitz and Stegun (1965). Youll see that
7
0,20 0,19
j j . Therefore, additional roots can be generated by approximating the interval
between each by .

Corresponding to each root of Equation (27), the product form appearing in Equation (26)with a
multiplicative constant
n
B will satisfy the governing equation and the two boundary conditions
in the y -coordinate. We still need to satisfy the initial condition given in Equation (17). This
can be done by using a sum of all these solutions (recall that in a linear problem, we can use
superposition), which leads us to write the solution in the form


( ) ( )
2
0
1
,
n
T
t n n
n
V T y B e J y

=
=

(28)

All that remains is the determination of the constants
n
B . We can obtain them by applying the
initial condition.


( ) ( ) ( )
0
1
0,
t s n n
n
V y V y B J y

=
= =

(29)

To evaluate the constants, we need to use the following results from Hildebrand (1976). More
general results can be found in Abramowitz and Stegun (1965).


( ) ( )
1
0 0
0
0,
n m
y J y J y dy m n =

(30)

( )
( )
( )
2
1
1
2
0 0
0
provided 0
2
n
n n
J
y J y dy J


(

= =

(31)

( ) ( )
1
p p
p p
d
y J y y J y
dy

( =

(32)

( ) ( ) ( )
1 1
2
p p p
p
J x J x J x
x
+
+ = (33)

The procedure is as follows. Begin with Equation (29) in the form


( ) ( )
0
1
s n n
n
V y B J y

=
=

(34)

8
Multiply both sides by
( )
0 m
yJ y where mis some integer, and integrate with respect to y
from 0 y = to 1. Use Equations (30) and (31) to obtain


( )
( ) ( )
1
0 2
0
1
2
m s m
m
B y V y J y dy
J

=
(


(35)

Evaluate the integral in Equation (35) by splitting it into the sum of two integrals. One of these
can be found immediately by using Equation (32). To find the other, youll need to use
integration by parts in conjunction with Equation (32). The final result, after simplification using
Equation (33), is


( )
3
1
8
m
m m
B
J
= (36)

Substitution of this result after replacing the index m with n permits us to write the complete
solution from Equation (12) as follows.



( )
( )
( )
2
0 2
3
1
1
, 1 8
n
n T
n
n n
J y
V T y y e
J

=
=

(37)

The velocity field, calculated from Equation (37) at a few selected values of T, is displayed
below.




9
References

F.B. Hildebrand, Advanced Calculus for Applications, Prentice-Hall, Englewood Cliffs, 1976.

M. Abramowitz and I.A. Stegun, Handbook of Mathematical Functions, Dover, New York,
1965.

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