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SUFYAN BUTT STATISTICS DEFINITIONS THE RANA ACADEMY

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162.RANDOM EXPERIMENT
An experiment is said to be random, if it provides different results, if it is repeated a large
number of times under identical conditions.
Examples
If a coin is flipped, we do not know in advance whether it will be heads or tails.
If a die is thrown, we do not know the results we will obtain.
163.RANDOM EXPERIMENT HAS PROPERTIES
The experiment can be repeated any number of times.
The experiment always has two or more possible outcomes
The outcome of each repetition is unpredictable.
164.SAMPLE SPACE
A set of all possible outcomes of a random experiment is called a sample space. It is donated
by S.
Examples
The sample space of a coin:
S = {H, T}.
The sample space of a die:
S = {1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6}.
A bag contains blue and red balls. Three balls are drawn successively.
Calculate:
The sample space.
S = {(b,b,b); (b,b,r); (b,r,b); (r,b,b); (b,r,r); (r,b,r); (r,r ,b); (r, r,r)}
165. DETERMINISTIC EXPERIMENTS
With deterministic experiments, the results can be predicted before the experiment is
conducted.
Example
If a stone is dropped from a window, it is know, undoubtedly, that the stone will go down. If
it is throwing up in the air, it is know that it will travel upwards over a certain time interval;
but afterwards will come down.
166.EVENT
Any subset of the sample space is called event.
OR
An event is any subset of the sample.
For Example, when rolling a die, an event would be the outcome of an even number or
obtaining a multiple of 3.
Example
A bag contains blue and red balls. Three balls are drawn successively.
Calculate:
1. The sample space.
S = {(b,b,b); (b,b,r); (b,r,b); (r,b,b); (b,r,r); (r,b,r); (r,r ,b); (r, r,r)}
2. Event A = (draw three balls of the same color).
A = {(b,b,b); (r, r,r)}
167.ELEMENTARY EVENT
An elementary event is every one of the elements which forms the sample space.
For Example,
If a die is thrown, an elementary event would be a 4.
168.SIMPLE EVENT
An event which contains only one sample point of the sample space is called simple event.
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SUFYAN BUTT STATISTICS DEFINITIONS THE RANA ACADEMY
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SUFYAN BUTT STATISTICS DEFINITIONS THE RANA ACADEMY
I.COM PART 2

169.DISJOINT EVENTS
Another name for mutually exclusive events.
170.INDEPENDENT EVENT
If two or more events have no effect on happening and not happening of each other are
independent events.
OR
Two events are independent if the occurrence of one does not affect the probability of the
other occurring.
OR
Two events, A and B are independent if the probability of the succeeding event is not
affected by the outcome of the preceding event.
By rolling a die twice, the results are independent.
171.DEPENDENT EVENT
Two events, A and B are dependent if the probability of the succeeding event is affected by
the outcome of the preceding event.
OR
If two or more events have effect on happening and not happening of each other are called
dependent events.
OR
Two events are dependent if the first event affects the outcome or occurrence of the second
event in a way the probability is changed.
For Example,
Two dependent events would be drawing two cards (one at a time) without returning them to
the deck.
172.COMPOUND EVENT
An event which contains only two or more sample point of the sample space is called
compound event.
OR
A compound event is any subset of the sample space.
For Example,
If a die is thrown, a compound event would be an even number or a multiple of 3.
OR
The complementary event of A is another event that is realized when A is not realized. It is
denoted by or A'.
For Example,
The complementary event of obtaining an even number when rolling a die is
obtaining an odd number.
173.SURE EVENT
The sure event, S, is formed by all possible results of the sample space.
For EXAMPLE, rolling two dice and obtaining a score of less than 13.
174.IMPOSSIBLE EVENT
The impossible event, , does not have an element.
For Example,
Rolling a die and obtaining a score of 7.
175.EQUALLY LIKELY EVENTS
Events which have the same probability of occurring.

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SUFYAN BUTT STATISTICS DEFINITIONS THE RANA ACADEMY
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SUFYAN BUTT STATISTICS DEFINITIONS THE RANA ACADEMY
I.COM PART 2

176.COMPLEMENT OF AN EVENT
All the events in the sample space except the given events
177.DISJOINT OR MUTUALLY EXCLUSIVE EVENTS
Two events, A and B, are disjointed or mutually exclusive when they dont have an
element in common.
If outcome A is to obtain an even number from a die and B is to obtain a multiple of
5, A and B are mutually exclusive events.
178.MUTUALLY NON-EXCLUSIVE EVENTS:
Two events A and B are said to be mutually non exclusive events if both the events A and B
have at least one common outcome between them.
The events A and B cannot prevent the occurrence of one another so from here we can say
that the events A and B have something common in them.
For Example,
In the case of rolling a die the event of getting an odd-face and the event of getting less
than 4 are not mutually exclusive and they are also known as compatible event.
The event of getting an odd-face and the event of getting less than 4 occur when we get
either 1 or 3.
Let X is denoted as event of getting an odd-face and
Y is denoted as event of getting less than 4
The events of getting an odd number (X) = {1, 3, and 5}
The events of getting less than 4 (Y) = {1, 2, 3}
Between the events X and Y the common outcomes are 1 and 3
179.MUTUALLY EXCLUSIVE EVENTS
When two or more events cannot occur together, these are called mutually exclusive events.
E.g. Walk and drive, Married and Single
180.EQUALLY LIKELY EVENTS
If two or more events have same chance to occur, these are called equally likely events.
181.SAMPLE POINT
The elements of sample space are called sample points.
182.BINOMIAL EXPERIMENT
An experiment with a fixed number of independent trials. Each trial can only have two
outcomes, or outcomes which can be reduced to two outcomes. The probability of each
outcome must remain constant from trial to trial.
183.DEFINE BI-MODAL DISTRIBUTION
Bimodal Distribution is distribution that is continuous with two peaks, and normally it occurs
when two processes are mixed. It is also a statistical distribution that has two modes, and this
denotes a mixing of two populations.
184.BINOMIAL DISTRIBUTION
The outcomes of a binomial experiment with their corresponding probabilities.
185.MULTINOMIAL DISTRIBUTION
A probability distribution resulting from an experiment with a fixed number of independent
trials. Each trial has two or more mutually exclusive outcomes. The probability of each
outcome must remain constant from trial to trial.
186.POISSON DISTRIBUTION
A probability distribution used when a density of items is distributed over a period of time.
The sample size needs to be large and the probability of success to be small.


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SUFYAN BUTT STATISTICS DEFINITIONS THE RANA ACADEMY
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SUFYAN BUTT STATISTICS DEFINITIONS THE RANA ACADEMY
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187.HYPERGEOMETRIC DISTRIBUTION
A probability distribution of a variable with two outcomes when sampling is done without
replacement.
188.RANDOM VARIABLE
A variable whose values are determined by the outcomes of a random experiment is called a
random variable.
189.DEFINE SET
A collection of things|(object or numbers, etc).Each member is called an elements
of the set
There should be one of each member (all member are unique).here is a set of clothing
items.
Another Example :( 1, 2, 3, 4) is the set of counting numbers less than 5.
190.SUBSETS AND THE POWER SET
A collection of some of the elements of a set A is called a subset of A. We say that A is a
subset of B if and only if every element of A is also an element of B. If there are a finite
number n of elements in a set, then there are a total of 2
n
subsets of A. This collection of all of
the subsets of A is a set that is called the power set of A
191.VENN DIAGRAM
A diagram using circles to represent sets, with the position and overlap of the circles
Indicating the relationships between the sets.
192. WHAT IS A CLASSICAL PROBABILITY
Classical probability is the frequency of an event occurs divided by total number of possible
outcomes. This can only be used when all events are equally likely.
193.EMPIRICAL PROBABILITY
Empirical probability of event A is the limit as n goes to infinity of (m/n) where m is the
number of times that A is satisfied in the experiment and n is the number of times you run the
experiment. Basically, it is the probability you will observe the event given that you run an
infinite number of experiments like tossing a die an infinite number of times and seeing how
often you get a "6".
194.SUBJETIVE PROBABILITY
Subjective probability is your belief of what the probability is. If someone believes that the
probability of getting heads is 0.6 then this is a subjective probability.
195.NOT MUTUALLY EXCLUSIVE EVENTS
When two events can happen at the same time.
When you find a non-mutually exclusive event, two non-mutually exclusive propositions
are propositions that logically can be true at the same time. Another term for non-mutually
exclusive events is compatible. The equation for finding non-mutually exclusive events is
P (A or B) = P (A) +P (B)-P (A or B)