Fuels and Lubricants

Dr. Mrs. Shantha Egodage

Dr. Ms. Manisha Gunasekara
Module Code - CH 3510/CH 2042
Credits 2.5
Lectures 2 hrs/week
Lab 3/2 hrs/week
Learning Objectives
To introduce fundaments of fuel science and petroleum
technology
To introduce tribology, its applications and importance to the
industry
Lectures
Properties of fuels
density, viscosity, vapour pressure, boiling points and distillation
curves, burning of hydrocarbons
Petroleum science
distillation, cracking, reforming, alkylation, isomerization,
polymerization, hydro treating, desalting, sweetening
Wood
combustion, gasification), coal - classification, properties,
liquefaction, properties of peat
Tribology
functions of lubricants, mechanism s and lubrication, types and
properties of lubricants
Nuclear reactions
fission, fusion, binding energy, nuclear energy
Practicals
Aniline Point of a Petroleum Fraction
Flash & Fire point of a petroleum Fraction
True Boiling Point Curve of Petroleum Fraction
Proximate Analysis of Coal
Engler and Saybolt Universal Viscosities of a Petroleum Fraction
Specific Gravity of petroleum products
Viscosity Index
Water and Sediment Content of Crude oil
Boys gas calorimeter
Crude Oil/Petroleum
is a fossil fuel
is formed by the decay of animal and vegetable matter
present as a gas, liquid or solid
layers from the surface of the earth become denser and harder as the
depth increases
gas and oil are trapped in a porous layer of limestone or sand
between two impervious layers
In general, the layer at the bottom is the thickest, density of thick oil
is about 0.98 g/cc
Formation of crude oil ; type of well - Anticline
Oil Wells
Fault
Salt dome or salt plug
Factors affect the composition of an oil well
depth of a well
760 to 4880 m
> 4900 m, crude oil is unstable, get converted to light HCs.
Max. @ 2500 to 2900 m
geothermal gradient
temperature to which the organic matter in the sediment
has been subjected to
65 to 150
0
C
>250
0
C, HCs are not formed from organic matter
Age or maturity of the deposit
The composition of crude oil
viscous liquid , yellow to black in color
has gas, water and solids
Series of Hydrocarbons
Saturated
a. Paraffins or alkanes C
n
H
2n+2
b. Naphthenes or cyclo-paraffins C
n
H
2n
Partially saturated
c. Aromatics C
n
H
2n-6
n6
Unsaturated
d. Olefins or alkenes C
n
H
2n
e. Acetylenes or alkynes C
n
H
2n
95% Hydrocabons
Large no. of compounds containing up to 70 carbon atoms
Paraffins, naphthenes, aromatics and their hybrids
n-butane Iso-butane
Molecular formula C
4
H
10
C
4
H
10
Molecular weight 58.124 58.124
Structural formula
Boiling point (
0
F) at I atm 31.10 10.90
Vapour pressure at 100
0
F (psi) 51.6 72.2
Specific gravity of liquid 60
0
F /60
0
F 0.5844 0.5631
Specific heat (Btu / lb
0
F) 0.5636 0.5695
(J/kg.K) 2.360x10
3
2.384 x10
3
Table 1: A comparison of the properties of n-butane and iso-butane.
Paraffins
Cyclic compounds
Monocyclo paraffins
Bicyclo paraffins
Tricyclo parafinns
Aromatic compounds
Mononuclear (benzene)
Dinuclear (naphthene)
Trinuclear
Anthracene Phenanthracene
5% Non-hydrocarbons
Oxygen, nitrogen and sulfur compounds
naphthenic acids
pyrolle
mercaptans
Organo-metallic compounds in solutions
Inorganic salts in colloidal suspension
Hydrogen sulfide H-S-H Cyclic sulfides Alkyl sulfates
Mercaptans H-S-R
Methyl mercaptan H-S-CH
3
Thiofene Sulfone
Benzyl mercaptan H-S-C
6
H
5
Benzothiofene Sulfonic acid
Sulfides R-S-R
Methyl sulphide CH
3
-S-CH
3
Disulfides R-S-S-R Dibenzothiofene Sulfoxide
Methyl disulphide CH
3
-S-S-CH
3
Sulfur compounds(0.04 up to 7.5%)
Difficulties Odur, Corrosion, and Poor explosion character
Oxygen compounds (<2%)
Organic acids
aliphatic carboxylic acids
naphthenic acids (monocyclic, bicyclic)
Phenolic compounds
Esters, Anhydrides, Lactones
Nitrogen compounds (0.1 to 0.9%)
Stable to heat and do not decompose
Basic
Alkyl substituted quinolines and pyrodines
Non-basic
Derivatives of indoles, pyroles, carbazoles
Nitrogen metal complexes
Metallic compounds
Inorganic water soluble salts
Chlorides and sulfates of Na, K, Mg and Ca
Oil soluble organometallic compounds
metallic soap
Zn, Ti, Ca, Mg (emulsion stabilizers)
V, Ni (to smaller extent Fe, Co)
complexes
nitrogen metal complexes in the form of
porphyrin
Colloidal suspensions
Paraffinic naphthenic mixed
10 13
highly naphthenic mixed base highly paraffinic
Oil Identification
(i) Base of the crude oil
Determination methods
a. Watson characterization factor -
60
60
3

B
w
T
k K in T
T
k
B
B
w
,
216 . 1
16 . 15
16 . 15
3

w
k
w
k
MeABP = (MABP+CABP)/2
MABP- Molal average boiling point
CABP- Cubic average boiling point
x
r
Molal fraction of component r
T
BPr
- Boiling point of component r
F at water of volume equal of mass
F at mateial of volume any of mass
0
0
60
60
60
60

B
T
is the mean average boiling point in Rankine (1
0
R=
0
F+460)
r P
B
n
r
r
T x MABP

1
3
3
1
r
Bp
n
r
r
T x CABP

b. Correlation index
8 . 456 7 . 473
552 . 87
60
60

B
T
CI
c. Aniline point (
0
P
a
)
0
P
a
naphthenic >
0
P
a
paraffinic
(ii) Sulfur content
(iii) Distillation curve
360
% distilled
T
0
C
1 atm
1
2
I
2
I
1
F
1
F
2