European Journal of Scientific Research

ISSN 1450-216X Vol.38 No.4 (2009), pp 583-589

EuroJournals Publishing, Inc. 2009
http://www.eurojournals.com/ejsr.htm

Analysing of Space Structures by Using
Numerical Integration


H.Hashamdar
Department of civil Engineering, University of Malaya, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia

Z.Ibrahim
Department of civil Engineering, University of Malaya, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia


Abstract

The aim of this paper is to provide information on all aspects of analysis of space
structures. Numerical Integration is indirect methods which are often employed for the
solution upon the principle of conservation of energy and the space three-dimensional
dynamic calculation model is commonly used for theoretical and numerical analysis.
Analysis of space structures can provide large uninterrupted covered areas such as sport
center, air craft hanger, railway and airport terminals, shopping center and warehouse.

Introduction
Numerical Integration can develop a nonlinear dynamic analysis theory for analyzing of space
structures under dynamic loading. There are a number of methods for nonlinear static analysis of space
structures. Such as Tottenham [1] and Goncharov[5]. Those carry out theoretical analysis using the
continuous membrane approach. Space structure may also be analyzed as discrete system. In the
discrete systems, tension structures are regarded as assemblies of finite number members connected at
joints or nodes. And also nonlinear equations are set up for the condition of joint equilibrium in term of
the joint displacements from which the equilibrium displacements can be found using an iterative
process. Space structures are first analyzed for static loads and then their dynamic response is checked
to ensure that the design provides sufficient safety and structural serviceability. Basic methods to
determine the equilibrium position of Space Structure for static loads are now well known [3].

Equation of Motion for a System
The equation of motion for a multi degree (MDOF) system can be written as:
M +C (t) + k (t) X=P (t) (2.1)
Where M= mass matrix
C (t) = Damping matrix
K (t) = stiffness matrix
X = Displacement vector
= Velocity vector
= Acceleration vector
P (t) = Load vector
For a single degree of freedom (SDOF) system the equation of motion becomes
m + c (t) + k (t) x=P (t) (2.2)
Where m= mass of the system
c (t) = time varying damping
Analysing of Space Structures by Using Numerical Integration 584
k (t) = time varying stiffness
x = Displacement
= Velocity
= Acceleration
p (t) = time varying Load
The assumption of a constant mass in the case of both SDOF and MDOF system is arbitrary as
it could be represented as a time varying quantity. Since m is a non-zero constant value, both sides of
Eq. (2.2) can be Divided by m, and for
P=
Q=
F=
Eq. (2.2) can be written as:
+ P +QX=F (2.3)
The mathematical solution of Eq. (2.3) depends on the values of P, Q and F. Eq. (2.3) is a linear
differential equation if P and Q are independent of x and remains so even if P and Q are functions of t.
In such cases there are well known methods for solving Eq. (2.3) [4]. The solution normally given in
the form x=f (t) and gives exact values of x for any t. once f (t) is defined x and x can be derived by
differentiation. When P and Q are functions of x, and f is either a function of t or given as a table of
values Eq.(2. 3) becomes non-linear. For such equation the solution cannot be expressed in functional
form and it is necessary to plot or tabulate to solution curve point by point, beginning at (t
0
, x
0
) and
then at selected intervals of t, usually equally spaced, until the solution has been extended to cover the
required range. Note: in this work it is assumed that F is independent of x. Thus the solutions of non-
linear equations require a step-by-step approach and are normally based on the use of interpolation or
finite difference equations [6]. The independent variable t is divided into equal intervals , over the
range of the desired solution. Thus the variables after n and (n+1) intervals are given by t
n
=n. and
t
n+1
=(n+1) respectively.
All the quantities so far defined, such as C(t), c(t), K(t), k(t), X, x, etc. will be designed to a
time t
n
by the subscript n, e.g. C
n,
c
n,
K
n,
k
n
, X
n
, x
n
, etc. and at times t
n+1
by the subscript n+1. At time t
n
it is assumed that the values of all the parameters are known as well as the values for same parameters
at all previous

intervals (n-1),(n-2),..,2,1. At time t
n+1
it is assumed that the values of the variable
parameters are not known and that the purpose of the analysis is to find the value of x
n+1
(in the case of
MDOF system, X
n+1
) and its derivatives which satisfy
m
n+1
+c
n+1 n+1
+k
n+1
x
n+1
=p
n+1
(2.4)

The Incremental Equation of Motion
At time t
n
and time t
n+1
=t
n
+t the condition of dynamic equilibrium requires respectively that:
m
n+
cx
n+
k
n
x
n
=p
n
(2.5)
And
m
n+1
+c
n+1 n+
1+k
n+1
x
n+1
=p
n+1
(2.6)
Since X
n+1
=X
n
+X (2.7)
n+1
=
n
+
n+1
=
n
+
C
n+1 =
C
n
+C
K
n+1 =
K
n
+K

Eq.(2.6) may be written as
m
n
+

c
n

n
+

k
n
x
n
+R
2
= R
1
(2.8)
585 H.Hashamdar and Z.Ibrahim

Basic Assumption and Step-by Step Integration of Equation of Motion
The basic assumption for solution of Eq. (2.8) is that the acceleration varies linearly during each time
increment. Velocity and displacement at any time t during the time step, when t=0 at time t
n
and t=t at
time t
n+1.
Evaluation this expression at the end of the time interval when t=t, Leads to the following
expressions for the incremental velocity and displacement:

=
n
t+ t (2.10a)
x=
n
t+
n
t
2
+ t
2
(2.10b)
In general it has been found to be convenient to use the incremental displacement as the basic
variable and hence the x and x in terms of x. rearranging Eq. (2.10a) and (2.10b) yields [7].
= x - -
n
-3
n
(2.11a)
= x -
n
- -
n
(2.11b)
Substitution of Eq. (2.11) into Eq. (2.8) and assuming k and c remain constant during the time
interval leads to:
(m x+ x +k
n)
x = m(
n
+ ) + C
n (

n
+ - ) +R
1
(2.12)
Numerical integration method splits the stiffness and damping as indicated below:
1
2
2
1
8 2

+ =
L L
n
K
t
C
t
M X
(2.13)

+
+

=
n n
n
n X
t
X X X
4
2
1
2
1
(2.14)
( ) [ ]

+
+

+
=
+
+

+
+ n n
n
L U
n
L U
n
P P
t
X
t
C C
t
M
X K
t
C
t
M
X
1
2
2
1
2
1
2
1
16 2 4
8 2
.
(2.15)

+ = +

+
2
1
2
1
4
n n
n
n X X
t
X X (2.16)

+ = +

+
+ 1
2
1
2
1
1
4
n n
n
n X X
t
X X
(2.17)


Numerical Experimentation
The systems under investigation, shown schematically in Fig. 1, are continuous systems that have
infinite degrees of freedom. Although the treatment of a system as a continuum gives exact results, the
analytical methods available for dealing with continuous systems are limited to a narrow selection of
problems. However, different methods can be used to approximate a continuous system. A simple
method involves replacing the distributed mass or inertia of the system by a finite number of lumped
Analysing of Space Structures by Using Numerical Integration 586
masses or rigid bodies. The analytical method is used to experiment with mathematical models. The
mathematical chosen was a 7*5 flat net with Endcaster of freedom [8].

Figure 1: 7*5 Flat net



In this case, explicit is specified and also 3D stress on family of mesh is selected. Geometric
linear and quadratic is recognized.

Figure 2: Effect of load on flat net



The percentage differences between the theoretical and numerical testing results did not in any
case exceed 10%.this is thought to be acceptable. The damping matrix for the proposed theory is
calculated separately and its calculation does not affect the formulation of the theory in present form. It
was possible to use an orthogonal damping matrix in which the damping ratio could be varied in the
different mode [9], [10].
587 H.Hashamdar and Z.Ibrahim

Figure 3: 7*5 flat net, mode1



A mode shape describes the expected curvature (or displacement) of a surface vibrating at a
particular mode.

Figure 4: 7*5 flat net, mode2



Figure 5: 7*5 flat net, mode 3


Analysing of Space Structures by Using Numerical Integration 588
Figure 6: compare between two Numerical Integration



1. Newton-Raphson method (linear)
2. Newton-Raphson method(nonlinear)
3. Trujillo algorithm method(linear)
4. Trujillo algorithm method(nonlinear)


Conclusions and Result
The propose method was found to be stable for time steps equal to less or less than half the smallest
periodic time of the system. In this paper has shown the stability of Numerical Integration methods to
reduce the number of iterations. The nonlinearity of the energy function makes the use of this method
converge more rapidly to the neighborhood of the solution such as Newton-Raphson.


Nomenclature
A
k
matrix defined in eqn. (2.37)
B
k
matrix defined in eqn. (2.37)
f(x) function to be minimized
g(x) gradient vector
H(x) Hessian matrix of second partial derivatives
I identity matrix
n number of iterations where <
P
k
vector defined by x
k
x
k_ 1

q
k
Vector defined by g (x
k
) g ( x
k_ 1
)
S
ij
elements of S
k

S
k
matrix approximating H-
t
k
scalar minimizing y( t
k
)
x argument vector
x* minimum point
Y(t
k
) function equal to f(x
k
-t
k
, S
k
,g(x
k
))
Greek symbols
Scale factor

Factor in newmarks method

Factor in newmarks method

589 H.Hashamdar and Z.Ibrahim

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