Flood Hazard and Mitigation Flood Hazard and Mitigation

Md Mizanur Rahman, Ph.D., PDF Ph.D., PDF Md Mizanur Rahman, Ph.D., PDF Ph.D., PDF
Bangladesh Water Development Board, Bangladesh Water Development Board,
Ministry of Water Resources Ministry of Water Resources
What is Flood?
Discharge exceeds the capacity of water Discharge exceeds the capacity of water
body, like a river, body, like a river, lakes, lakes, or or pond pond of water at of water at
or near the point where the rain fall and or near the point where the rain fall and
then proceeds to inundate the surrounding then proceeds to inundate the surrounding then proceeds to inundate the surrounding then proceeds to inundate the surrounding
areas to damage the life and socio areas to damage the life and socio
economic infrastructures is the flood. economic infrastructures is the flood.
RAINFALL
POTENTIAL EVAPORATION
MODEL/
EQUATION
PARAMETERS/
ASSUMPTIONS
RUNOFF COMPONENTS
EVAPORATION
RECHARGE
Rainfall Runoff Model
Evapo-transpiration
Water Level
Run-Off
Iterception and
Surface Retention
Types of Flood
According to Duration of the Traveling According to Duration of the Traveling
Long Time Traveling flood Long Time Traveling flood Long Time Traveling flood Long Time Traveling flood
Short Time Traveling flood Short Time Traveling flood
Long Traveling flood Long Traveling flood
More travel time, Follows river systems, Events (Rainfall and
Snow melt) may be occurred outside the Flood area
Example:
1. Ganges carries water from Himalayan of Uttarakhand: Snow
melting and heavy rainfall in Himalayan will affect in Bihar and melting and heavy rainfall in Himalayan will affect in Bihar and
then Bangladesh
2. Brahmaputra starts from Manosh Sarawar in Tibet and
passes through China, Arunachal, Assam and then
Bangladesh
3. Bihar Arunachal Assam and Bangladesh are getting flooding
RIVER FLOOD RIVER FLOOD
Continued
More travel time, follows tide and current, events
(eartquake in the sea) may be outside the affected
area
Example:
Long Traveling flood Long Traveling flood
Example:
Earthquake occurred in Sumatra, Indonesia. High sea wave
hits Sri Lanka.
TSUNAMI
Indonesia
Short Traveling Flood Short Traveling Flood
Less travel time, may not follow river, events (heavy
rainfall) may occurred within or nearby catchment
area)
Example: hilly area may get heavy rainfall and the Example: hilly area may get heavy rainfall and the Example: hilly area may get heavy rainfall and the Example: hilly area may get heavy rainfall and the
runoff may affect the plain land immediately after runoff may affect the plain land immediately after
steep hilly terrain. steep hilly terrain.
FLASH FLOODS FLASH FLOODS
Continued
Short Traveling Flood Short Traveling Flood
Less travel time, not follow river, events (heavy
rainfall) may occurred in urban area
Example: Heavy rainfall starts in the paved areas, Example: Heavy rainfall starts in the paved areas,
when drainage capacity failed then because of over when drainage capacity failed then because of over when drainage capacity failed then because of over when drainage capacity failed then because of over
flow surface runoff occurred. flow surface runoff occurred.
URBAN FLOOD URBAN FLOOD
Continued
Short Traveling Flood Short Traveling Flood
Very less travel time, may not follow river, events
(failure of water retention structures) are occurred
within or nearby affected area)
Example: Water retention structures to retain water Example: Water retention structures to retain water Example: Water retention structures to retain water Example: Water retention structures to retain water
in a reservoir or in a water body may fail and create in a reservoir or in a water body may fail and create
catastrophic disaster in the downstream of the catastrophic disaster in the downstream of the
structure or water body structure or water body
Dam Break Floods and Dam Break Floods and
Glacier Lake Outburst Flood (GLOF) Glacier Lake Outburst Flood (GLOF)
Continued
Short Traveling Flood Short Traveling Flood
Very less travel time, may not follow tide and current,
events (eartquake or depression in the sea) are
occurred within or nearby affected area
Example: Earthquake in at Sumatra Indonesia and Example: Earthquake in at Sumatra Indonesia and
depression in Bay of Bengal may create high wave depression in Bay of Bengal may create high wave depression in Bay of Bengal may create high wave depression in Bay of Bengal may create high wave
and affect the nearby coastal area. and affect the nearby coastal area.
Tsunami and Tsunami and
Tidal storm floods Tidal storm floods
According to location of the events According to location of the events
Tidal Storm Flood (Surge and Cyclone) Tidal Storm Flood (Surge and Cyclone)
Coast Areas Coast Areas
Tsunami (Earthquake in the Sea) Tsunami (Earthquake in the Sea)-- Islands Islands
and Coast and Coast
Types of Flood
and Coast and Coast
Arroyos Flood (DAM Break and Arroyos Flood (DAM Break and Glacier Glacier
Lake Outburst) Lake Outburst)-- Mountain Areas Mountain Areas
River Flood ( Flood in the flood plain) River Flood ( Flood in the flood plain)
Plain Land Plain Land
Rain fed flood (Rural and Urban area) Rain fed flood (Rural and Urban area)--
Urban Area Urban Area
Flash Flood Flash Flood (Hilly areas) (Hilly areas)
Flood Hazard
Flood hazard is the potential risk to life
and potential damage to property resulting and potential damage to property resulting
from flooding.
Types of Flood Hazard
Primary Hazard Direct Damage
Secondary Hazard Indirect Damage Secondary Hazard Indirect Damage
Tertiary Hazard Long Term Damage
Primary Hazards
Physical damage
crops,
roads and railways, bridges, transports, airport,
houses, school, business centers, industries,
sewer systems, canals,
religious places, tourism, religious places, tourism,
forest, wildlife,
Continued
Primary Hazards
Casualties
Human life and
Livestock.
Continued
Primary Hazards
Health damages
epidemics and
waterborne diseases waterborne diseases
Continued
Primary Hazards
Displacement
sediments and rocks (some times such
large objects as automobiles),
houses and bridges.
Continued
Primary Hazards
Soil Erosion
river bank,
levees and buildings levees and buildings
Secondary Hazards
Disruption of services
drinking water supplies and sewerage system
gas and electrical service.
Continued
Secondary Hazards
Famine and disease
transportation systems disrupted and crop
damages: resulting in shortages of food
famine, malnutrition and disease famine, malnutrition and disease
Continued
Secondary Hazards
Loss of institutional resources
Institutional damages of school and colleges
Institutional and instrumental damage in hospital and
dispensaries dispensaries
Tertiary Hazards
Environmental effects
Shifting of the river channels
Coarse sand deposition on the
agricultural land (non-productivity)
Alluvial deposition on the agricultural Alluvial deposition on the agricultural
land (productivity).
Continued
Tertiary Hazards
Livelihood
Jobs may be lost due to the disruption of
services, destruction of industries and
business, etc. business, etc.
Although jobs may be gained to help
rebuild or repair flood damage
Continued
Tertiary Hazards
Price escalation due increase of
taxes,
duties,
insurances insurances
Continued
Tertiary Hazards
Biodiversity
Destruction of wildlife habitat
Fish migration
Loss of plant species Loss of plant species
Flood Hazard Mitigation
Flood hazard mitigation is the measures
against the floods to reduce the sufferings
and damages of properties as well lives and damages of properties as well lives
Types of Measures
for mitigation
Structural measures
Non-structural measures
Structural measures
1. Protection of flood intrusion
embankment
polder
dam dam
barrage
regulator
sluice
Continued
Structural measures
2. Improvement of flood flow drainage
Dredging of channels
River training
Flood flow zoning Flood flow zoning
Flood risk mapping
Continued
Structural measures
3. Adaptation Mechanism
Constructing flood shelters,
Raising home stead,
Increasing height of roads and Increasing height of roads and
railway lines
Introducing flood proof agriculture
Continued
Non Structural measures
1. Forecasting and early warning
Detection of onset Flood
Development warning message
Dissemination of warning message Dissemination of warning message
to the decision makers
Continued
Flood Detection: Flood Detection:
Forecasting Models Forecasting Models
Hydrologic Models
Simplified Models for rapid assessment
Less data requirement
Mostly aggregated parameters were used Mostly aggregated parameters were used
Hydraulic Models
Complex Models for greater accuracy
Highly data demanding
Suitable for distributed watershed modeling
environment
Hydrologic Processes in Flood Forecasting
Rainfall
Rainfall Excess
Interception
Infiltration
Depression Storage
Losses
Catchment Data
Overland flows
Channel flows
Hydrologic / Hydraulic routing
Surcharge ?
No Flood
No Yes
Flooding
Vulnerability
Analysis
Flood Forecasting and Warning System
Indian Data
WMO
JRC
WARPO
Radio
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BMD
River stage
Rainfall
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D a t a
Dissemination
to the public
Internet Internet
FFWC Radio Tower
FFWC Satellite dish
24, 48, 72 hr
forecasts
water level
flood extent
maps
thana
inundation
maps
Telephone
Fax
Fax Modem
Modem
Television
Bulletine
GIS data layers
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SPARRSO
Sattelite images
BMD
Weather forecast
Synoptic charts
Boundary estimation
Rainfal,
Water level
Data Entry & Processing Modelling & Mapping
Dissemination
to various agencies
Flood Warning Dissemination
Weekly Dry Season
Bulletin
Daily Flood Bulletin
Annual Flood Report
Special Report Monthly Flood Special Report Monthly Flood
Report
Mode of Dissemination
E-Mail
Fax
Wireless Messenger
WWW
Non Structural measures
2. Response to the flood
Preparedness for fighting
Involvement of community
Evacuation of potential victims Evacuation of potential victims
Relief distribution among the victims
Medical support
Rehabilitation of flood victims
Continued
Protection of vital infrastructure
Evacuated Flood Victims
Flood victims for relief and rescue
Non Structural measures
2. Flood Damage Assessment
Assessment of infrastructural loss
Mobilizing resources for
reconstruction and rehabilitation reconstruction and rehabilitation
Flood Management Cycle
Preparedness
Prediction and Warning
Prevention and Mitigation
Resource Inventory
Evacuation Planning
Flood Forecasting
Early Warning System
Response
Relief
Recovery and Rehabilitation
Inundation Analysis
Damage Assessment
Prioritizing the affected regions
Search and rescue
Delivery of relief supplies
Infrastructure Planning
Rehabilitating to low flood prone region
Flood
Event
Vulnerability Analysis
Spatial Extent of Flood Inundation
The spatial extent of the flood inundation is useful in
identifying the vulnerable regions
Flood Inundation depth Flood Inundation depth
Useful for damage assessment and identification of
safe zones
Flow velocity
A significant parameter during high flows in steep
slopes for risk assessment
Thanks for your attention and
for further query: for further query:
mizanurbd2004@gmail.com