II.

International Conference on Communication, Media, Technology and Design

02-04 May 2013
Famagusta North Cyprus

181
REALITY FACT and THE REAL! RE-CREATED BY WOMEN'S MAGAZINES IN TURKEY

Dr. Sinem TUNA
1


Abstract
The definition of the real concept that has been changed in today's postmodern world dates back to the Ancient Period historically. This
concept, which has been tried to be explained by the Sophists in pre-Socratic period, was one of the problems of philosophy until the
Renaissance and has preserved its religious nature. It has begun to be approached at a scientific level with the industrial revolution. From a
sociological perspective, when the presence of the mass media, its power in creating the todays order especially in the 20
th
century are
considered, it is seen that the reality is created again and in accordance with the consumer culture. Within this process and change,
women have been transformed into an object in terms of the roles they play in the society and have been the subject of the reality that is
reconstructed.
The history of the feminist seeds spread by Turkish women goes down until the Westernization efforts after the Tanzimat
(Reforms). The first magazines and newspapers, dealing with the identity of woman that will be discussed in detail in the future, were the
flashlight of womanly enlightenment at the final years of the Ottoman Empire and the Proclamation of the Republic.
In the Turkey of the 21
st
century, the women's magazines, which are parts of popular culture texts, have turned into materials for
the consumer women of the capitalist, monopolistic, commercial and patriarchal structure by deflecting into directions quite different from
the reasons of their existence.
In our study, the women's magazines on the market in our country in 2013 will be discussed on a monthly basis in order to
examine the format and content of these popular culture texts embellished with ads, the re-created real! women will be tried to be defined
and revealed.

The Real Concept
The real has been a concept that has been questioned from the Ancient Period to the present day and that of the content varies according
to the social perception. In general, it is defined as the existence of which is certain
2
. The real is independent of the conscious, is concrete
and objective. According to Hegel, the real is the rational one.
In the period before Plato, the truth had mentioned as a matter of knowledge. In this period, the concept of truth had been used
to meet the real and truth conceptually. On the basis of Sophistic thought, there is person. The Problems related to knowledge and truth
had been discussed within the framework of human existence. According to the Protagoras who was a famous sophist, it is not possible to
know the unchanging truth. The Sophists have used the concept of truth to prove the power of rhetoric. The truth does not connote for the
Sophists.
Plato who revealed the problems of philosophy and who is considered as one of the founders of the philosophy developed the
ideas approach with measure of all things is God thesis. Plato assumes that the ideas are the only reality that can be considered by
suggesting that the ideas are more real than the perceivable things. Aristotle stated in his book of the Metaphysics that investigating the
truth is difficult in a sense and easy in other sense. Human can not exactly get it however cannot stand away from it either.
3

The reality concept is transferred through a divine reality in the philosophy of the Middle Ages. The responses are searched by
comparing the divine reality and the reality of ordinary things. Separation of the human knowledge and divine knowledge has been
revealed. Access to information occurs in two stages: Mental and emotional.
In Modern Ages, many thinkers, in particular John Locke approaches to the knowledge as the knowledge of the reality. Locke
tries to make a distinction between the knowledge of the real and knowledge of the imaginary.
4
Today, the term mostly corresponds to the
view supporting that the physical objects exist independently of the experience.
5

Today's perception of reality has changed with introduction of the mass media into people's lives. The real concept is discussed
in a structure that is re-reviewed and that of the content can be modified. In general, the mass media, in private, the women's magazines
setting the limits of our study caused us to face to the reality created by the culture industry and the popular culture from the divine reality
and the reality of the knowledge. In order to understand this change in Turkey, it is necessary to look at the development line of women's
magazines from past to present.

An Overview of the Development of ohe Womens Magazines in Turkey
Various women's newspapers and magazines entered into the publication life as an indicator of social transformations after the Tanzimat
(Reforms). The richness of these publications having a nature of open school with writings in topics such as science, literature, history,
geography directly or indirectly led to the emergence of the identity of the modern woman and caused the entrance of women having this
nature into the press world of men
6

Appearance of women's rights and freedom in the press world dates back to the Terakki newspaper published by Ali Rashid and
Filip Efendi in 1868. The newspaper also published an annex titled as Muhadderat (newspaper for Women of Islam) once a week. The
major themes can be listed as the recognition of the right to education for women, providing work opportunities, plural marriage and equality
of women and men. The kfezar published by Arife Hanm in 1883-84 is the first magazine published by women. In the first issue of the
magazine, Arife Hanm writes in the foreword: We are a group with long hair, short mind who have been the target of the men with cynical
views, will try to put forward the contrary. We will take steps on the way of working without preferring men over women or women over men
and doing work. The Newspaper for Women was published in eight pages on Mondays and Thursdays, the articles and poetry of women
were included. In this newspaper which is illustrated, fashion articles, sewing, embroidery, various household items, child care courses,
social activities of women, various news from world can be seen as well. The Demet released with the Weekly Magazine for Women
slogan was published under the direction of Celal Sahir, with illustrations of Mesrur zzet and with the contributions of the famous Young
Turks of the period Cenap ahabettin, Hseyin Cahit, Ahmet Samim, Mustafa Namk, Server Cemal, Fazl Ahmet and Selim Srr. The
magazine that gives place to topics such as the famous Ottoman women, lives of women in foreign countries, education problems of
women, facial care and fashion had sixteen pages. In the monthly Mehasin magazine with eighty-six-page in average published by Mehmet
Rauf in 1908, the topics such as household chores or beauty were little addressed, the conferences given to women took more place. In the
articles aimed at improving the living conditions of Muslim women and ending the captivity of women, recognition of the freedom for women
to have a profession were supported.
7

1
stanbul Geliim University, Faculty of Economics Administrative and Social Sciences
2
Aldlbki Gl, Erkan Uzun vd., Felsefe Szl, Ankara, Bilim ve Sanat Yaynlar, 2003, p. 593.
3
Uur Kutay, Gerei ldren Kamera, stanbul, Es Yaynlar, 2009, p. 25.
4
A.g.e., p. 33-34.
5
Aldlbki Gl, Erkan Uzun vd., a.g.e., p.595.
6
Ayegl Yaraman, Resmi Tarihten Kadn Tarihine, stanbul, Balam Yaynclk, 2001, p. 37.
7
A.g.e. , p.38-45.

II. International Conference on Communication, Media, Technology and Design
02-04 May 2013
Famagusta North Cyprus

182
The status of the Ottoman women had been changing completely. In the years following the 1908 Constitutional Monarchy the
intellectual foundations of the women's movement was laid and a large number of women's association was established. Women entered
the working life and reached the eve of shy breakthroughs in the determination of the countrys destiny. At that time, on Thursday April 4,
1913 the daily Kadnlar Dnyas magazine began its publishing life. The publisher was Nuriye Ulviye and the responsible manager was
Emine Seher. About a year after, it is seen that the magazine began to be published on a weekly basis. There has been a significant
increase in number of the ads in weekly issues. The Kadnlar Dnyas magazine has the utmost importance for the Turkish women's
movement since it has been able to continue its publishing life as long as nine years, since its publishing staff was consisting entirely of
women, since the novelty of the topics addressed, since it could become the press organ of all women's organizations not that of any
specific organization.
8

In 1914, The Kadnlar lemi magazine where M. Ekrem was the Director of Editorial and Feriha Kamuran was the Editor-in-Chief
begins its publishing life. In the weekly magazine, the radical approach seen in other magazines does not take place. The magazine has an
household appearance, mainly literary. However, the title of the magazine which published 9 issues was changed into the Osmanl
Kadnlar lemi after the 4
th
issue. The nci which had its first issue published on February 1, 1919, can be counted as a turning point in
women's magazine publishing. The nci, published by Sedat Simavi, now left the theoretical problems such as male-female equality,
evaluation of women's status aside, laid the foundation of todays magazine publishing by choosing the topics that will entertain women.
The nci also has a nature to be a guide providing practical knowledge for Turkish women who need to be successful in family life and now
generally in all aspects of life.
9

Except the publications underlying the women's magazines and newspapers in Turkey, the yine published by Mustafa in
Selanik in 1874-76, the Aile published by Mihran in 1880, the nsaniyet published in 1882-83, the monthly Hanmlar published in the same
year, the weekly Mrvvet published in 1885-86, the Paa Bohas published in 1887-88 in Istanbul, Malmat for Women entered into
publishing life in 1894-96, the Takvim-i Nisa that Ebuziyya Tevfik began to publish in 1889-1990, the Kadn published in Selanik every
fifteen days, the Musavver Kadn published by Nizamettin Hasib in 1910 in Istanbul, the Kadn published every fifteen days in 1911-12, the
Hanmlar lemi which was shown as an example to Muslim women between the years 1913-1918, the Seyyle which published its first
issue on May 22, 1914, the Synet published in 1914 under responsible directorate of Zaime Hayriye, the Kadnlk Hayat where Nigr
Hanm was the Editor-in-Chief in 1915-16, the Bilgi Yurdu I published by Ahmet Edip Bey in 1916, the Gen Kadn published in 1918
where the director was Hatice Refik, the magazine with the same name published in 1918 where the director was Fatma Fuat, the Trk
Kadn published the first issue on May 21, 1918, the Kadnlar Saltanat published by Sedat Simavi in 1910, the Hanm again published by
Sedat Simavi in 1921, Ev Hocas published by Ahmet Edib in 1923 and the Kadn Duygusu published by Nigr Cemal are the documents
which show that the press world was very active from the point of women at the last period of the Ottoman Empire.
10

It is found that there were two kinds of women's magazine published during the period covering the first twenty years of 20th
century. The owner and authors of these were the women only where the owner and the authors of the second were mostly the men. The
demands and perspectives of women were represented in the first group, in the second group the social roles of women was defined by
patriarchal values.
11

With the establishment of the Republic a significant decline in the number of women's magazines has been seen. For example,
only 13 women's magazines were published between the years of 1928-1940. There are two main reasons for this: The first is the
acceptance of the Latin alphabet, which was one of the reforms of the new Republic of Turkey. Secondly, and more importantly, it was
believed then that there is no longer need to struggle for women's equality since they were given the equal rights as men have in the
public sphere such as the job opportunities for women outside the home, voting, etc. As a result of this belief, it is seen that women's
magazines have remained limited in terms of the number as well as the diversity for fifty years. Until the early 1980s, no important feminist
magazine questioning the rights and roles of women in male-dominated society or women's magazine is found. In the early 1980s, there
has been a turning point in women's magazine market in Turkey with the development of the women's movement. Along with the traditional
magazines giving place to classical topics for women the magazines that appeal to modern urban woman shaped by bourgeois liberal
discourse began their publishing life. Some of the women's magazines published in the 1980s include Kadnca, Elele, Rapsodi, Marie Claire
and Vizon. Almost all of the magazines published until 1980s were local. After this period, there has been an increase in the number of both
local and foreign magazines. Amica, Options, Cosmopolitan, Votre Beaut, Prima Donna were among these new magazines. By the 1990s,
a major expansion in women's magazines market has been observed. The commercial women's magazines constituted the largest share of
the cake. There were around 50 commercial women's magazine in the 90s, newspapers and newsletters were included in this number as
well. The largest commercial women's magazines publishers during these years were the Milliyet, Hrriyet, Sabah and Show Media
Groups. Some magazines published by large companies and that were well-known in the 1990s are as follows: Viva, Vizyon, H. Bazaar,
Klips, Fame, Marie Claire.
12


Women's Magazines in Todays Turkey
The face and the priorities of publishing have changed with the introduction of commercial women's magazines in the market after 1980.
This change is reflected to the form and content as well. The woman typing has completely changed in a period of more than 20 years, in
other words the woman concept has been redefined. A transformation has been experienced towards a woman who is part of the system,
unquestioning the truth and most importantly who is providing benefits to the multinational capital in capitalist structure by constantly
consuming from the woman with her own identity, who is independent, intellectual.
In this study we carried out in order to review the todays women's magazines where the image of women created in the 21st
century is re-emphasized on every page in terms of form and content, the ownership structure has been revealed primarily. The distribution
in the existing monopoly structure is as follows:

Table 1: The magazines included in the review and their ownership structures
Turkuvaz Gazete Dergi Basm A..
Harpers BAZAAR ( royalty Hearst Corporation)
Cosmopolitan (royalty Hearst Corporation)
Dinozor Garantili Reklam leri Ltd. ti.
More
Mutlu Dergi Grubu A..
InStyle
Doan Burada Dergi Yaynclk ve Pazarlama A..
ELLE (royalty Hachette Filipacchi Medias Group)

8
A.g.e., p. 45-49.
9
A.g.e., p. 50.
10
Ayegl Yaraman, Resmi Tarihten Kadn Tarihine, p. 51-52.
11
Sheyla Krca Schroeder, Popler Feminizm Trkiye ve Britanyada Kadn Dergileri, stanbul, Balam Yaynclk, 2007, p. 138.
12
A.g.e., p. 138-144.

II. International Conference on Communication, Media, Technology and Design
02-04 May 2013
Famagusta North Cyprus

183
Seninle
Formsante
GD Gazete Dergi Sanayi ve Ticaret A..
Marie Claire (copyright Marie Claire Album S.A.)
Om Yaynclk Reklamclk letiim Hizmetleri San. Ve Tic. Ltd. ti. Ltd.
LOFFICIEL
ALL

It is seen that the largest share among the 10 magazines studied belongs to the Doan Media Group.
As of 2013, although it seems that it is in the control of the editors, the Doan Group continuing its leading position in the market
determines the content and advertising policy of the magazines with its monopolistic structure. This situation applies to other publishers'
groups as well.

Table 2: Titles from the magazines studied
The journey to the essence of fashion
Which aesthetic for which age
Object of desire: Accessories
Street styles
Celebrities and their lives
Remove 5 years from your face with make-up
The fashion of hiding abdomen
Sexy hair style
Include detox into your life
Stars of the wardrobe: 8 pieces every woman should have
Refresh your image, make-up, home

When a break-down is made to determine to what topics do these women's magazines give priority, the primary subject appears to be
related with beauty and the methods that provide beautifying. Another topic of priority is about the suggestions in order to meet men's
sexual desire.
13
After that, information about the places to visit, live takes place. Especially information about shopping of the beauty
products, clothing, accessories and jewelry takes the large part in magazines. It is observed that the articles regarding to the health issues
related to woman's body take a limited place in magazines. Cultural events such as cinema, theater, concerts, exhibitions and book have
even more limited place. Review of this content and priorities shows a clear target audience where specific matters fell outside the agenda
in terms of social cross-section and location.
The women of rural constituting a a significant part of Turkish society seem to be entirely excluded from the magazines. Neither
the way of life nor the occupation priorities of the women of Turkish rural section takes place in the magazines in any way. When the
occupations of women living in the cities are taken into consideration, it is certainly seen that the magazines do not give place to the matters
related with neither the Professional women nor the housewives. As the magazines do not give place to the problems and solutions that an
employed woman will face as a manager, the women working as workers or employees are not even mentioned at all.
According to Engels, the private space of women is kept limited with the household chores in capitalist order. As long as they are
excluded from production it is not possible for them to be equal to men. Women's liberation is possible by their participation into production
at a large extent. According to Beauvoir while women are marginalizing, men are enjoying the excessive privileges.
14

The woman of the magazines
15
is a bourgeois, continuously in beautification efforts and consuming for this purpose. She
consumes clothing, swimwear, shoes and beauty products, since this beauty will be used to meet men's sexual demand, the methods that
will ensure successful sexual intercourse takes a large place in the magazines as well. However, the articles regarding to the continuity and
family life that will provide the meaningful living together with the opposite sex are not included.
From this perspective, the women's magazines published in our country today cannot be identified as real women's magazines.
A structure that is very different from the magazines that has served to the function of woman, from the phases of magazine addressing the
traditional functions and health of the woman in the world and in our society to the phases of feminist magazines aimed the modern woman
liberating and pursuing equity is in question. Today's women's magazines now recommend a lifestyle proposed by the international
capitalism to their consumer readers whom they find as a part of this instead of responding to the wishes of the woman biological
existence. This fact that Mattelart has examined in detail has developed by the spread of the third-wave marketing model that began in
USA in the mid-1980s to Europe gradually and its transformation into a global model. In this model, the developers and in particular the
advertisers create detailed target audience based on income groups in society by putting the traditional class discriminations aside and
create secret lifestyles based on their needs. An advertisement attack based on the field has been dominating after 1980 which is named

13
Women's magazines see women as only the property of men, in a male-dominated culture. Kate Ellis finds the criticism brought to the
popular culture approach that is developed as a result of that the masculine culture that sees women as the property of men by the feminist
approach insufficient as well and the third approach is the social history approach (this approach)it will explain how mass media has
helped the consumers to interpret the realities of their lives in a engaging fashion by linking this fantasy created by means of mass media to
the historical environment that it is created and consumed.
Kate Ellis, Gimme Shelter: Feminism, Fantasy, And Womens Popular Fiction, American Media and Mass Culture, (edt.) Donald Lazere,
California, University of California Press, 1987, p. 217.
14
Dilek maner (ed.), Feminizm ve Yeni Ynelimler, Medya ve Kadn, Ankara, Ebabil Yaynlar, 2006, p. 29-31.
15
In her Article titled as Sexuality, representation and the mass media, Van Zoonen examines the definition of woman after asking the
questions if the characteristics what makes men as men are the hormones, beards, interest in the sports games, clothing or being powerful
in the society, on the phase that the woman concept has reached and asks the questions of the uterus, hair style, love for children, skirts, or
the lowest rate; examines the effects of mass media in questioning our sexual identities indirectly and interpreting the usual and real, after
specifying that the mass media and the ads play a very important role in emphasizing these distinctions and making them seem natural.
Van Zoonen, citing the Madonna's dilemma proposes a third concept between the real, representation or image by referring to Baudrillard.
This is a simulation or in Baudrillard's words a simula. Following Baudrillard, if there is not the reality itself, the images themselves become
the real (or as she calls them hyper-real).
Liesbet Van Zoonen, Gender, Representation, and the Media, Questioning the Media A Critical Introduction, (edt.) John Downing, Ali
Mohammadi, Annabella Sreberny-Mohammadi, USA, SAGE Publications, 1995, p. 311-327.

II. International Conference on Communication, Media, Technology and Design
02-04 May 2013
Famagusta North Cyprus

184
as the lifestyle researches by American advertising companies, called as investigating the socio-cultural currents by French advertising
companies.
16

Today's women's magazines are the marketers of the secret life style with the product offerings and brand priorities they have
brought. In fact, it is not a very high priority if those involved in this lifestyle are men or women. As a matter of fact, today's men's magazines
take part as the brand addicted consumer figures of the same lifestyle just as the women's magazines.
As Butler and Lacan have determined in their work regarding to the men's magazines of the West where they cited, gender is not
only a biological fact. The sexual behavior patterns are formed by the social and cultural structures.
17

The magazines give wide coverage to the outstanding urban places where the prettier and dressed women will go. These places
are the symbolic excellence temples that are accepted as inevitable and of priority to be consumed in the lifestyle proposed by the
magazine. Coffee shops, bistros, restaurants, exhibitions and concerts of famous people taeke part in the magazine as the parts of elite
and expensive lifestyle. Thus, women's magazines address the woman of the bourgeois lifestyle who has anything to do with the
productivity, who is a mean of consumption.
In our country full of social and individual problems, the woman of the magazines does not seem to have any problems.
18
Even
only the approaches of the magazines subjects are examined, it is always about the pink consumer women world. In all content, including
the advertisements, Turkish women are beautiful, perfect, stylish and well-groomed. The approaches on these issues always include
positive expressions. Magazines reflect the modern and perfect woman of an elite urban life. However, the concepts of modernization and
perfection are the consumer fetishism that are against traditional ways of life and that suggest artificial liberation. With a pertinent
determination, Benjamin considers this as the damage of the halo on the art products.
19
With this content structure the magazines aim at a
target audience with very narrow range. Due to low rate and number of literacy in our country, the women's magazines among the
magazines which are already in distress face the shrinking number of readers. The concrete results generated by the fact are the reader
population living in cities and that is at a specific upper income level. The results generated by the formed narrow spectrum in terms of
source of income is the high rate of advertising based on high advertising rates and of international branded products. An interesting
contradiction here is the problem faced by the advertiser-advertisement-reader balance in the women's magazines. The basic rule is that
the magazines with high number of readers can get a great number of advertisements. However for a magazine with low number of
readers it is not possible to survive with advertising revenues.
Advertisements do not only provide survival of low selling magazines, with their contents triggering consumption they transform
women into a individuals that are passive, obedient, dependent, weak and whose subject position is taken from their hands. However, the
women are not aware of the situation they are in.
20


Conclusion
If the magazines of a small number of non-governmental organizations, and cultural and artistic institutions that can survive for a
very short time and that can be printed on a low number due to limited possibilities are put aside, the womens magazines we have
discussed in our study are seen to be mostly consisting of Turkish editions of foreign magazines undertaken by a limited number of press
monopoly.
By their nature, the language, format and content of these do not meet the rural and the urban structure of Turkish society, neither
do the traditional or modern womans functions and requirements. However, the magazines receive a high rate of advertisements and the
circulation-advertisement rate becomes invalid here as we have mentioned before. If the causes of the fact is reviewed, the low quantity of
the number of readers seem to have lost its significance since on one hand a consumptive, brand based woman of the consumerist society
is targeted. On the other hand, within the monopoly structure of media monopolies and due to the relations brought by the monopoly
between the means, low or non-continuous advertising revenue of the women's" magazines can be balanced within the holding structures
in a long period of time. This feature constitutes one of the reasons why the women's magazines out of the holding structure cannot
withstand the competitive conditions and are short-lived.
Thus, when the stage reached in the field of women's magazines in our country is examined, it is seen that the global lifestyle
offers of multinational capital also reflects to the Turkish society. As a result, a means of consumption model isolated from the real woman
identity and her priority requirements, where the biological and social values are not reflected, which is alienated is being offered to Turkish
women through these magazines.
With slogans such as You will find everything and more you need to feel good, We hope you feel the enthusiasm of the spring
too, women are pleased with, amused, hypnotized and imprisoned in an escape system by being suspended from daily life with
imaginative games.

References
Bat Uur, Conceptualizing Male Objectification: Presentation of The New Male Images in Advertisements of Turkish Male Magazines with
the Samples of Males Fragrance, Yeditepe niversitesi letiim Fakltesi letiim almalar Dergisi, Fall 2005.
Bker Seil, Aye (Eziler) Kran, Televizyon Reklamlarnda Kadna Ynelik iddet, iddetin Nesnesi Kadn, Istanbul, Alan Yaynclk, 1999.
Ellis Kate, Gimme Shelter: Feminism, Fantasy, And Womens Popular Fiction, American Media and Mass Culture, (edt.) Donald Lazere,
California, University of California Press, 1987.
Gaines Jane, Women and Representation: Can We Enjoy Alternative Pleasure?, American Media and Mass Culture, (edt.) Donald
Lazere, California, University of California Press, 1987.
Gl Aldlbki, Erkan Uzun vd., Felsefe Szl, Ankara, Bilim ve Sanat Yaynlar, 2003.
maner Dilek (ed.), Feminizm ve Yeni Ynelimler, Medya ve Kadn, Ankara, Ebabil Yaynlar, 2006.
Kutay Uur, Gerei ldren Kamera, Istanbul, Es Yaynlar, 2009

16
Armand Mattelart, Think Tanks: The bestiary of lifestyle culture, Advertising International, (trans.) Michael Chanan, New York,
Routledge, 1991, p. 160-173.
17
Uur Bat, Conceptualizing Male Objectification: Presentation of The New Male Images in Advertisements of Turkish Male Magazines
With the Samples of Males Fragrance, Yeditepe niversitesi letiim Fakltesi letiim almalar Dergisi, Gz 2005, p. 170.
18
Gaines who looked at the reflections of this trouble-free woman in movies such as Flashdance, in series and in books such as
Harlequine examines the assumption of the possibility of a new woman sexualitys or new ways of pleasures creation in this kinds of
woman typecasting, however concludes that all todays woman lifestyle models are the way of pleasure forms that have been put into the
service of male-dominated culture.
Jane Gaines, Women and Representation: Can We Enjoy Alternative Pleasure?, American Media and Mass Culture, (edt.) Donald
Lazere, California, University of California Press, 1987, p. 367.
19
nsal Oskay, Walter Benjaminde Tarih, Kltr ve Fantazya, Estetize Edilmi Yaam, Sanattan Savaa ve Siyasete Alman Faizminin
Kuramlar, (presented by) nsal Oskay, stanbul, Der Yaynlar, 1995, p. 152.
20
Seil Bker, Aye (Eziler) Kran, Televizyon Reklamlarnda Kadna Ynelik iddet, iddetin Nesnesi Kadn, stanbul, Alan Yaynclk,
1999, p.137.

II. International Conference on Communication, Media, Technology and Design
02-04 May 2013
Famagusta North Cyprus

185
Mattelart Armand, Think Tanks: The bestiary of lifestyle culture, Advertising International, (trans.) Michael Chanan, New York, Routledge,
1991.
Oskay nsal, Walter Benjaminde Tarih, Kltr ve Fantazya, Estetize Edilmi Yaam, Sanattan Savaa ve Siyasete Alman Faizminin
Kuramlar, (presented by) nsal Oskay, Istanbul, Der Yaynlar, 1995.
Schroeder Sheyla Krca, Popler Feminizm Trkiye ve Britanyada Kadn Dergileri, Istanbul, Balam Yaynclk, 2007.
Van Zoonen Liesbet, Gender, Representation, and the Media, Questioning the Media A Critical Introduction, (edt.) John Downing, Ali
Mohammadi, Annabella Sreberny-Mohammadi, USA, SAGE Publications,1995.
Yaraman Ayegl, Resmi Tarihten Kadn Tarihine, Istanbul, Balam Yaynclk, 2001.