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Company Confidential
2008 Nokia O2 UK RANKPI RRM overview Features 1
Company Confidential
2008 Nokia
Radio Resource Management
NSN Nokia
O2 UK RANKPI RRM overview Features
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Company Confidential
2008 Nokia O2 UK RANKPI RRM overview Features
Radio Resource Management
Rel99 content
Parameter Split (InitialAndMinAllowedBitrateUL/DL)
Dynamic Link Optimisation
Overload Control (RAS05)
Throughput based optimisation of Packet Scheduler algorithm
Flexible Upgrade for NRT services
Load and Service based handovers
Power balancing
Radio Access Bearer Combinations
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Company Confidential
2008 Nokia O2 UK RANKPI RRM overview Features
Nokia WCDMA Rel99 Packet Scheduler
Nokia Packet Scheduler
2 entities defined: UE specific and Cell specific Packet Scheduler
HC
UE
specific
PS
PS cell #1
PS cell #2
PS cell #n
L3 Signalling
Services
RRC
NBAP
UL Capacity request
Active set info
Cells in the
active set
TFCS and DLSC
negotiation
L2
MAC
DL Capacity request
(UL TFCS, DL TFCS)
(UL TFCS, DL TFCS, DLSC)
UE specific part: Traffic Volume measurement management, Retry incase of congestion,
UE radio access capabilities, throughput measurements
Cell specific part: Cell load information, CR queuing, Channel type selection, Bit rate
allocation, Priority based scheduling, PS interuptiontimer
Common: DyLOand RT-over NRT pre-emption
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Company Confidential
2008 Nokia O2 UK RANKPI RRM overview Features
Nokia Packet Scheduler
Nokia Packet Scheduler consists of many features:
Dynamic Link Optimisation
Tunable Inactivity Timers
Radio interface overload triggerd downgrade
Enhanced Priority based Scheduling
Packet Scheduler retry with lower bitrate in congestion
Packet Scheduler Interuption Timers
RT-over NRT pre-emption (AC)
Throughput based optimisation of Packet Scheduler algorithms
RAN1.5
RAN1.5
RAN1.5
RAS05
RAN04
RAS05
RAS05.1
Flexible Upgrade for non real time (NRT) services
RAS05.1
RAN1.5
Enhanced Overload Control
(RAS05)
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Company Confidential
2008 Nokia O2 UK RANKPI RRM overview Features
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Company Confidential
2008 Nokia O2 UK RANKPI RRM overview Features
Existing Parameter split
InitialAndMinAllowedBitRateDL
InitialAndMinAllowedBitRateUL
Existing Parameter split
WCEL: InitialAndMinAllowedBitRateDL(UL)
WCEL: InitialBitRateDL(UL) WCEL: MinAllowedBitRateDL(UL)
old
new
Range : 8, 16, 32, 64, 128, 256, 384 kbps
Default: 64 kbps
Range : 8, 16, 32, 64, 128, 256, 384 kbps
Default: 8 kbps
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Company Confidential
2008 Nokia O2 UK RANKPI RRM overview Features
Scheduled Bitrate DL [kbps]
128
64
32
0
InitialBitRate (64)
MinAllowedBitRate (32)
No scheduling allowed
Example:
t
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Company Confidential
2008 Nokia O2 UK RANKPI RRM overview Features
Uplink Link Adaptation
Uplink link adaptation supported since RAN1.5
UL TFC selection is standard UE operation as in 3GPP TS 25.133. No support from
RAN required.
TFC selection enables fast link adaptation with 20 ms period.
If the mobile reaches its maximum power, it selects the appropriate transport
format to adjust the data rate automatically.
As soon as the link conditions improve, the data rate increases back up to the
maximum.
DPCCH DPCCH DPCCH DPCCH
384
kbps
DPCCH DPCCH DPCCH DPCCH
384
kbps
128 128
64 64
384
kbps
384
kbps
UE hits max power
data rate
reduced
Conditions improve
data rate increased
back to 384 kbps
20 ms 20 ms 20 ms 20 ms
DPCCH = dedicated physical control channel
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Company Confidential
2008 Nokia O2 UK RANKPI RRM overview Features
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Company Confidential
2008 Nokia O2 UK RANKPI RRM overview Features
Dynamic Link Optimisation
Dynamic Link Optimisation for NRT services
Non real-time service will be downgraded in case the downlink
radio link power reported from WBTS exceeds maximum allowed power
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Company Confidential
2008 Nokia O2 UK RANKPI RRM overview Features
RNC: DLOptimisationUsage
128 kbps coverage
384 kbps coverage
Range : 0 Feature is not activated
1 Feature activated SF step 1
2 Feature activated SF step 2
Default: 1
RRC: RadioBearerReconfigurationapplied
DLO = Dynamic Link Optimisation
Dynamic Link Optimisation for NRT services
time
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Company Confidential
2008 Nokia O2 UK RANKPI RRM overview Features
Ptx
RL
Ptx
ave
Triggering of DyLO
Ptx
max
NBAP: RadioLink MeasurementReport
NBAP: DedicatedMeasurementReport
Sliding Window
WBTS: DLORLAveragingWindow
Range : 1 .. 10 Step1
Default: 0
Sliding Window
Sliding Window
Averaging RL Measurement data from WBTS
Dynamic Link Optimisation for NRT services
Guard Timer after DLO was triggered
Ptx
RL
Ptx
ave
Triggering of DyLO
Ptx
max
Offset
RNC: DLOptimisationPwrOffset
Range : 0 .. 6 dB, Step0.1 dB
Default: 2 dB
RNC: DLOptimisationProhibitTime
Range : 0 .. 120 sec, Step1 sec
Default: 2 sec
no Triggering of DyLO
Triggering of DyLO
Guard Timer
time
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Company Confidential
2008 Nokia O2 UK RANKPI RRM overview Features
NBAP: RadioLink MeasurementReport
NBAP: DedicatedMeasurementReport
Dynamic Link Optimisation for NRT services
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Company Confidential
2008 Nokia O2 UK RANKPI RRM overview Features
time
Ptx
RL
Ptx
ave
Triggering of DyLO
Ptx
max
Offset
NBAP: RadioLink MeasurementReport
no Triggering of DyLO
Triggering of DyLO
NBAP: DedicatedMeasurementReport
Guard Timer
Guard Timer after flexible upgrade was triggered
Flexible Upgrade
Example DyLOscheme 1: PtxDLabsMax 50 dBm, PtxTotalMax 43dBm
WCEL: PtxDLabsMax = 50 dBm
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Company Confidential
2008 Nokia O2 UK RANKPI RRM overview Features
D
L

p
w
r
(
d
B
m
)
PtxTotalMax 43dBm
PtxPrimaryCPICH33dBm
PtxPrimaryCPICH CPICHtoRefRABoffset = 31 dBm
Calculated max RL pwr
Calculated max RL pwr
This is where DyLOtriggers. (If PtxDLabsMax is set high)
max , tx
P
Ptx, threshold
RNC: DLOptimisationPwrOffset
ref tx
P
,
Example DyLOscheme 2: PtxDLabsMax 38 dBm, PtxTotalMax 43dBm
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Company Confidential
2008 Nokia O2 UK RANKPI RRM overview Features
D
L

p
w
r
(
d
B
m
)
PtxTotalMax 43dBm
PtxPrimaryCPICH33dBm
WCEL: PtxDLabsMax = 38 dBm
Calculated max RL pwr
PtxDLabsMax = 36 dBm
PtxPrimaryCPICH CPICHtoRefRABoffset = 31
dBm
max , tx
P
ref tx
P
,
Ptx, threshold
RNC: DLOptimisationPwrOffset
PtxDLabsMax is reduced from 50dBm to 38dBm
This is where DyLOnow triggers.
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Company Confidential
2008 Nokia O2 UK RANKPI RRM overview Features
Overload Control
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Company Confidential
2008 Nokia O2 UK RANKPI RRM overview Features
IuB
Air Interface
WBTS HW Resources
IuB/AAL2
UL interference
DL transmisson power
WSP capacity (N*) E1 capacity / AAL2
Radio Resources
WBTS HW resources
IuB resources
Capacity Areas in UTRAN
Maximum capacity is available at a time, if all capacity areas
are re-configuredaccordingreal bandwidth requirements
RLC/MAC
Overload Control in Nokia RRM
Different procedures to cope with WCDMA cell overload:
Uplink:
Transport Format Combination Control (TFCC) by RRC Procedures
When the packet scheduler has detected an overload situation in the uplink, it
schedules a subset of the original transport format combinationset (TFCS)
requests the RRC signalling entity of RNC to initiate the transport format combination control (TFCC) procedure.
the RRC signalling entity sends an RRC: TRANSPORT FORMAT COMBINATION CONTROL message to the UE .
Downlink:
Transport Format Combination(TFCC) Subset Method
Enhanced Overload Control by Radio Link Reconfigurations
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Company Confidential
2008 Nokia O2 UK RANKPI RRM overview Features
When the packet scheduler has detected an overload situation in downlink it:
selects Enhanced overload control if it is activated
or
selects TFC Subset method and
schedules a subset of the original transport format combinationset
reconfigures the L2 by sending the transport format combinationsubset to the UE-specific MAC-d
entity of the RNC
UTRAN Overload Control
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Company Confidential
2008 Nokia O2 UK RANKPI RRM overview Features
If load in WCDMA cell is too high, Overload Control can start
downgrading allocated DCH bitrates of UEs
Lower end of downgrade path is InitialAndMinAllowedBitrateUL and
InitialAndMinAllowedBitrateDL bitrate, since PS can not schedule
bitrates below
Once MinAllowedBitrate is allocated but still not enough air interface
capacity available, DCH will be switched to CCH
If UE is performing Compressed Mode, CM will be stopped
Selection of Radio Bearers to be downgraded depends on RNC level
parameter
CrHandlingPolicyUL and CrHandlingPolicyDL :
- see next 2 slides -
UTRAN Overload Control
Selection procedure for Radio Bearers to be downgraded
CrHandlingPolicyUL/DL = 1 ARRIVAL TIME ONLY:
1.) Target Radio Bearers are selected in order of longest allocation time
if more than one bearers with same allocation time identified, select the one with highest
allocated DCH bitrate
2.) Interactive or Background class bearers are switched from DCH to CCH
CrHandlingPolicyUL/DL = 2 ARRIVAL TIME AND BEARER CLASS:
1.) Background Bearers are decreased in order of longest allocation time
if more than one bearers with same allocation time identified, select the one with highest
allocated DCH bitrate
2.) Interactive Bearers are decreased in order of longest allocation time
if more than one bearers with same allocation time identified, select the one with highest
allocated DCH bitrate
3.) Background Bearers are switched from DCH to CCH in order of longest allocation
time
4.) Interactive Bearers are switched from DCH to CCH in order of longest allocation time
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Company Confidential
2008 Nokia O2 UK RANKPI RRM overview Features
UTRAN Overload Control
Selection procedure for Radio Bearers to be downgraded
CrHandlingPolicyUL/DL = 3 ARRIVAL TIME, BEARER CLASS AND THP:
1.) Background Bearers are decreased in order of longest allocation time
if more than one bearers with same allocation time identified, select the one with
highest allocated DCH bitrate
2.) Interactive Bearers are decreased in order of highest THP value set and
longest allocation time
if more than one bearers with same allocation time identified, select the one with
highest allocated DCH bitrate
3.) Background Bearers are switched from DCH to CCH in order of longest
allocation time
4.) Interactive Bearers are switched from DCH to CCH in order of highest THP
value and longest allocation time
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2008 Nokia O2 UK RANKPI RRM overview Features
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Company Confidential
2008 Nokia O2 UK RANKPI RRM overview Features
UTRAN Overload Control
- procedure -
Move to next
lower bit rate
NO
PrxTotalNew >
PrxTarget
&&
PrxTotalChange <
DeltaPrxMaxDown
Estimate PrxTotalNew and
PrxNrtNew
Longest allocation time and
highest bit rate radio bearer
Lower allowed
bit rates
YES
Switch radio
bearer to CCH
or release DCH
NO
More bearers
NO
YES
YES
Decrease loading
end
Cell overload detected
Overload control tries to bring cell load down below PrxTarget
Bearer selection process
Check against MinAllowed Bitrate
..but can also survive in marginal load state if no more bearer
available for downgrade
UTRAN Overload Control
-example: UL, MinAllowedBitrate=128
Cell in overload state
384
384
256
384
256
256
256
256
256
PrxTarget + PrxOffset
PrxTarget
Cell in marginal load state
Cell in normal load state
1.step 2.step; final allocation Overload detected
there are more bearers allocated
in our cell to reduce bitrates
job done
cell load is below PrxTarget

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Company Confidential
2008 Nokia O2 UK RANKPI RRM overview Features
UTRAN procedures and signaling for overload control
Transport Format Combination Control Procedure in DL & UL
TFC parameters (layer 2) generated by AC during call setup
Specific Bitrate combination forbidden during overload situation
Fast reaction on load changes
No signaling overhead since no Layer 3 messages exchanged (layer 2 in-band-signalling)
Re-allocation of previous bitrate after overload situation
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Company Confidential
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TFCC means Transport Format CombinationControl Procedure,
no DCH Downgrade but suspendof higher transport formats.
(DTXoperation)
Overload Control Methods TFCC method in Uplink
BTS RNC-L2 RNC-NBAP RNC-RRC RNC-RRM
BTS provides
periodical cell load
information to RRM
packet scheduling
PS indicates UE about
the modified capacity
and selected UL TFC
subset
NBAP: RADIO RESOURCE INDICATION
UE
Iub Uu
RLC-PDU transportation on DCH
RR_ind
Capacity_modify
RLC-PDU transportation on modified DCH
UE in CELL_DCH state
[DCH] RRC: TRANSPORT FORMAT COMBINATION CONTROL
RRM detects overload
situation in uplink
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Company Confidential
2008 Nokia O2 UK RANKPI RRM overview Features
UE is informed about maximum allowed Bitrate combination
Overload Control Methods TFCC method in DL
BTS RNC-L2 RNC-NBAP RNC-RRC RNC-RRM
BTS provides
periodical cell load
information to RRM
packet scheduling
PS indicates L2 about
the modified capacity
and selected DL TFC
subset
NBAP: RADIO RESOURCE INDICATION
UE
Iub Uu
RLC-PDU transportation on DCH
RR_ind
RLC-PDU transportation on modified DCH
UE in CELL_DCH state
RRM detects overload
situation in downlink
L2 reconfiguration
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Company Confidential
2008 Nokia O2 UK RANKPI RRM overview Features
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Company Confidential
2008 Nokia O2 UK RANKPI RRM overview Features
IuB
Air Interface
WBTS HW Resources
IuB/AAL2
UL interference
DL transmisson power
WSP capacity (N*) E1 capacity / AAL2
Radio Resources
WBTS HW resources
IuB resources
Capacity Areas in UTRAN
What capacity areas are reconfiguredwithTFCC ?
RLC/MAC

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Company Confidential
2008 Nokia O2 UK RANKPI RRM overview Features
Enhanced Overload Control
UTRAN Enhanced Overload Control
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Company Confidential
2008 Nokia O2 UK RANKPI RRM overview Features
Overload Control andEnhanced Overload Control can be active in parallel
Interaction between configuration parameters
LoadControlPeriodPS andOverLoaddlnrtGrantedMinAllocT
Selection of radio bearers to be downgraded is similar to overload control
CrHandlingPriorityDL
Enhanced Overload Control (1/3)
In Enhanced overload control method when the packet scheduler has detected the
overload situation in downlink it:
modifies DCH bit rate and spreading factor
reconfigures the L2 by sending the new transport format combination set to the UE
specific MAC-d entity of RNC
RRC entity initiates Radio Bearer Reconfiguration procedure
Note:
If Enhanced Overload Control was triggered and (DL) bitrate was downgraded,
it is not automatically returned to previous bitrate once overload situation is over
New capacity request is needed
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Enhanced Overload Control (2/3)
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WCEL: OCdlNrtDCHgrantedMinAllocT defines whether it is possible to apply
Enhanced overload control
If the DCH has been allocated longer than OCdlNrtDCHgrantedMinAllocT For that
radio bearer the Enhanced overload control methodis available
If the modified DCH allocation time is lower than OCdlNrtDCHgrantedMinAllocT
TFC subset methodis used
Note: this is no transition to Cell_FACH!
(Inactivity Timer value >> Scheduling Period or RRI default value)
Enhanced Overload Control (3/3)
OCdlNrtDCHgrantedMinAllocT
Range and Step: [0..60 sec], default : 60 sec ** recommended value : 10 sec ****
note: if value is 60 sec, enhanced overload control is NOT ACTIVE
This parameter defines the threshold for an NRT DCH allocation time in an enhanced overload control for DL NRT traffic.
If the NRT DCH allocation time is longer than the parameter defines, the DCH bit rate can be decreased and the SF can be increased,
or the DCH can be released to get the CELL load to an acceptable level from the overload situation.
When overload is detected and dedicated channel is modified using TFC subset or
Enhanced overload control method, it takes some time before the decrease in load
(PrxTotal and PtxTotal) as can be seen in RNC from the NBAP: RADIO RESOURCE
INDICATION messages.
This delay may be longer than scheduling period and therefore it is necessary
to wait that load control actions have effected, in order to prevent new
unnecessary load control actions in the next scheduling period
The parameter LoadControlPeriodPS determines the period how often PS can
perform load control actions
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t
AAL2 CAC
Cell overload detected
NBAP: Radio Link Reconfiguration Prepare
NBAP: Radio Link Reconfiguration Ready
NBAP: Radio Link Reconfiguration Commit
AAL2 resource change req
AAL2 resource change resp
RRC: Radio Bearer Reconfiguration
RRC: Radio Bearer Reconfiguration Complete
Start
Ongoing PS call Ongoing PS call
DCH downgrade
UTRAN procedures and signaling for overload control
Radio Link - & Radio Bearer re-configuration procedures in DL
Ongoing PS call
Radio Bearer selection
procedure in Packet Scheduler
OCdlNrtDCHgrantedMinAllocT
DCHs untouched
.. waitingfor updated load
measurements
CAC = ConnectionAdmissionControl
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Company Confidential
2008 Nokia O2 UK RANKPI RRM overview Features
IuB
Air Interface
WBTS HW Resources
IuB/AAL2
UL interference
DL transmisson power
WSP capacity (N*) E1 capacity / AAL2
Radio Resources
WBTS HW resources
IuB resources
Capacity Areas in UTRAN
What capacity areas are reconfiguredwith
Radio Link Reconfigurations ?
RLC/MAC

Enhanced Priority Based Scheduling


Swapping Interference Capacity
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2008 Nokia O2 UK RANKPI RRM overview Features
Enhanced Priority Based Scheduling
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Company Confidential
2008 Nokia O2 UK RANKPI RRM overview Features
RT traffic
NRT RB 1
NRT RB 2
time
bit rate
Reconfiguration of RB1
Reconfiguration of RB1
Capacity request RB2
Capacity request RB2
Timers to prevent
reconfigurations for short
allocations
-> no unnecessary signaling
Timers to prevent
reconfigurations for short
allocations
-> no unnecessary signaling
New user requests capacity in
congestion
Triggeredin case of congestion
UL interference / DL power / downlink spreading code
BTS HW (WSP)
Iub AAL2 transmission congestion
Enhanced Priority Based Scheduling
Uplink
Decrease loading Increase loading
Bit rate allocation algorithm
PrxTotal < PrxTarget NO YES
PrxTotal <
PrxTarget + PrxOffset YES
Allocate bit rates
end
NO
Calculate PrxAllowed
Priority scheduling
Downlink
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2008 Nokia O2 UK RANKPI RRM overview Features
PBS feature is used in marginal load area
New Bit Rate allocations
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Company Confidential
2008 Nokia O2 UK RANKPI RRM overview Features
New bit rate allocations in case of interference congestion
If RAB is requestinginitial and minimumallowed bit rate, it will be
scheduled and the one downgraded gets the rest of the capacity
If RAB is requestinghighest possible bit rate, the one downgradedgets
initial and minimumallowed bit rate and the new user gets the rest of the
capacity
New bit rate allocations in case of spreadingcode, BTS HW or IubAAL2
transmission congestion
For the RAB requesting capacity, initial and minimumallowedbit rate will
be scheduled
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2008 Nokia O2 UK RANKPI RRM overview Features
Enhanced Priority Based Scheduling
- example -
bitrate
Selection of Radio Bearer to be downgraded
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Company Confidential
2008 Nokia O2 UK RANKPI RRM overview Features
Interference congestion:
1. First according to bearer class and traffic handling priority. Background class
bearers have lowest priority
2. RAB which radio link specific pathloss is highest has lowest priority. Highest
pathloss has radio link which average DL RL Tx power is nearest to the its
absolute maximum
3. RAB which DCH bit rate is highest has lowest priority.
4. RAB which DCH allocation time is longest has lowest priority.
Downlink spreading code, BTS HW or IubAAL2 transmission congestion:
1. First according to bearer class and traffic handling priority. Background class
bearers have lowest priority.
2. RAB which DCH bit rate is highest has lowest priority.
3. RAB which DCH allocation time is longest has lowest priority.
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AAL2 CAC
Congestion detected
NBAP: Radio Link Reconfiguration Prepare
NBAP: Radio Link Reconfiguration Ready
NBAP: Radio Link Reconfiguration Commit
AAL2 resource change req
AAL2 resource change resp
RRC: Radio Bearer Reconfiguration
RRC: Radio Bearer Reconfiguration Complete
t
CAC = ConnectionAdmissionControl
Start Minimum Allocation Timer
RRC: Measurement Report (e4a new Capacity Request)
PBS decision in RNC (PS)
New PS call
request
Ongoing PS call
Higher RAB
priority
DCH downgrade
NBAP: Radio Link Reconfiguration Prepare
NBAP: Radio Link Reconfiguration Ready
AAL2 resource change req
AAL2 resource change resp
NBAP: Radio Link Reconfiguration Commit
RRC: Radio Bearer Reconfiguration
RRC: Radio Bearer Reconfiguration Complete
InitialAndMinAllowedBitrat
e allocated
UTRAN procedures and signaling for Priority based scheduling
Radio Link - & Radio Bearer re-configuration procedures in DL
taking away capacity..
providing gained capacity
to new user
EPBS Parameters
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CrHandlingPolicyUL
Defines the criteria which are taken into account when the capacity
requests are arranged for DCH scheduling
default value: 2 range: 1 (arrival time only), 2 (arrival time and bearer
class), 3 (arrival time, bearer class and traffic handling priority)
CrHandlingPolicyDL
Defines the criteria which are taken into account when the capacity
requests are arranged for DCH scheduling
default value: 2 range: 1 (arrival time only), 2 (arrival time and bearer
class), 3 (arrival time, bearer class and traffic handling priority)
Processing of a Capacity Request
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Company Confidential
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Enhanced Priority Based Scheduling and Overload Control
- Parameters (I)
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Company Confidential
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RNC: PBSpolicy (Priority Based Scheduling Policy)
The parameter defines a Priority basedscheduling policy. The following settings
alternatives can be set:
(1) : Priority basedschedulingnot active.
(2): Higher Priority
The RAB of the incomingCapacity Request must have a higher priority thanthe RAB of the DCH to
be downgradedor released.
(3): Higher or Equal Priority
The RAB of the incomingCapacity Request must have a higher or Equal priority thanthe RAB of
the DCH to be downgradedor released.
(4) Higher or Equal Priority (not THP 1)
The RAB of the incomingCapacity Request must have a higher or Equal priority thanthe RAB of
the DCH to be downgradedor released. However, the DCH of the RABs withTHP=1 are not
touched.
THP = Traffic Handling Priority
Enhanced Priority Based Scheduling and Overload Control
- Parameters (II)
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(5) Any priority
The RAB of the incoming Capacity Request can have even (or an equal or
lower) than the RAB of the DCH to be downgraded or released.
(6) Any priority (not THP 1)
The RAB of the incoming Capacity Request can have even (or an equal or
lower) than the RAB of the DCH to be downgraded or released. However, the
DCH of the RABs with THP=1 are not touched.
Range and step: [1..6], step 1
Default value: 1 (Priority based scheduling not enabled)
THP = Traffic Handling Priority
Enhanced Priority Based Scheduling and Overload Control
- Parameters (III)
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RNC level:
FactorMinPBSInterval (Factor to determine minimum
PBS interval)
After a DCH downgrade due to PBS, the minimumallocation time is
determined by mulitplying the value of the parameter
PBSgrantedMinDCHallocT with this factor.
Range and step: [0..1], step 0.1
Default value: 0.2
THP = Traffic Handling Priority
Enhanced Priority Based Scheduling and Overload Control
- Parameters (IV)
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WCEL level:
PBSgrantedMinDCHallocTequalP:
This parameter defines the minimumallocation time granted for
an NRT DCH in PBS, when the priority of the RAB of this NRT DCH is
equal than the priority of the RAB of the incoming Capacity
Request.
If the NRT DCH allocation time is longer than this parameter
specifies, the bitrate of the NRT DCH can be downgraded or it can
be released to get free capacity for an equal-priority NRT-RAB that
requests a DCH. The priority order is is evaluated by comparing
traffic class and traffic handling priority (THP) of the RABs.
Range and step: [0..60s], step 1 s
Default value: 20s
THP = Traffic Handling Priority
Enhanced Priority Based Scheduling and Overload Control
- Parameters (V)
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WCEL level:
PBSgrantedMinDCHallocThigherP:
This parameter defines the minimumallocation time granted for
an NRT DCH in PBS, when the priority of the RAB of this NRT DCH is
higher than the priority of the RAB of the incoming Capacity
Request.
If the NRT DCH allocation time is longer than this parameter
specifies, the bitrate of the NRT DCH can be downgraded or it can
be released to get free capacity for an lower-priority NRT-RAB that
requests a DCH. The priority order is is evaluated by comparing
traffic class and traffic handling priority (THP) of the RABs.
Range and step: [0..60s], step 1 s
Default value: 30s
THP = Traffic Handling Priority
Enhanced Priority Based Scheduling and Overload Control
- Parameters (VI)
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WCEL level:
PBSgrantedMinDCHallocTlowerP:
This parameter defines the minimumallocation time granted for
an NRT DCH in PBS, when the priority of the RAB of this NRT DCH is
lower to the priority of the RAB of the incoming Capacity Request.
If the NRT DCH allocation time is longer than this parameter
specifies, the bitrate of the NRT DCH can be downgraded or it can
be released to get free capacity for an higher-priority NRT-RAB that
requests a DCH. The priority order is is evaluated by comparing
traffic class and traffic handling priority (THP) of the RABs.
Range and step: [0..60s], step 1 s
Default value: 15s
THP = Traffic Handling Priority
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RT over NRT pre-emption
.. actually a Admission Control feature
Releasing / Reconfiguring Resources
RT over NRT pre-emption
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A RAB which is able to trigger pre-emption can cause release (RAN1.5) or
reconfiguration(RAS05) of NRT DCH of lower priority RAB, which is vulnerable
for the pre-emption if RAN resources are congested
Actually release of DCH of NRT RAB (channel type switching fromCELL_DCH to
CELL_FACH) is not a pre-emption procedure, because NRT RAB is not released
The following RAN resources can be congested and trigger pre-emption
Radio interface resources
uplink interference
downlink power
downlink channelisationcodes
BTS resources (WSP)
Iubtransmission resources
Iur transmission resources
Iutransmission resources
RNC resources (RLC, MAC)
release of existingresources if
congestionoccurs
re-attempt of huntingof
resources if congestionoccurs
Releasing / Reconfiguring Resources
RT over NRT pre-emption
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Any RT RAB may cause pre-emption of NRT DCH
NRT DCH to be releasedor reconfiguredis the one withhighest bit rate
and lowest priority
Releasingof DCH of NRT RAB does not cause release of RAB
vulnerable for pre-emption not neededfor NRT RABs
RT RAB, which has RAB based indication vulnerable for pre-
emption and lower Allocation/Retention Priority may be released
RT RAB to be releasedis the one withhighest bit rate and lowest
priority
Allocation/Retention Priority
3GPP TS 25.413UTRAN Iu interface RANAP signalling
Allocation/Retention Priority
3GPP TS 25.413UTRAN Iu interface RANAP signalling
Priority Level
Priority Level
Pre-emption Capability
Pre-emption Capability
Pre-emption Vulnerability
Pre-emption Vulnerability
Queuing Allowed
Queuing Allowed
015
spare (0), highest (1), ...
lowest (14), no priority (15)
015
spare (0), highest (1), ...
lowest (14), no priority (15)
shall not trigger pre-emption or
may trigger pre-emption
shall not trigger pre-emption or
may trigger pre-emption
not pre-emptable or
pre-emptable
not pre-emptable or
pre-emptable
queuing not allowed or
queuing allowed
queuing not allowed or
queuing allowed
3GPP TS 23.107
QoS Concept and Architecture
specifies only priority levels
1, 2, 3
Specifies the relative importance
compared to other Radio Access
Bearers for allocation and retention
of the Radio access bearer
Subscription parameter - not
negotiated from the mobile
terminal
Applicable for all traffic classes
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Throughput based optimisation of Packet Scheduler algorithms
Throughput based optimisationof PS algorithm
Feature working in parallel with good old inactivity timers
For Interactive / Background non-GBR services
Reducing capacity loss
Sometimes bottlenecks in IP networks->
average throughput changing over time
low utilization of resources
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threshold 1
threshold 2
Throughput based optimisationof PS algorithm
Activation of the feature using bitstring:
Feature can be on or off seperately for
Interactive and Backgroundservice classes taking into account
Traffic Handling Priority (THP) from QoS parameters:
RNC: PSOpThroUsage default: 0 0 0 0 (by default feature is off for non-GBR services)
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Background class
Interactive classe THP = 2
Interactive classe THP = 3
Interactive class THP = 1
RANAP: RABassignmentRequest
(traffic class, THP included)
Throughput based optimisationof PS algorithm
Concept
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L2 MAC
throughput
[kbps]
MAC-d
entity
TTI Transmission Time Interval
Upper downgrade
threshold
Lower downgrade
threshold
Release threshold
t
e.g. 384 kbps DCH is downgraded to 256 kbps
e.g. 128 kbps DCH is downgraded to 64 kbps
DCH is released FACH allocated
avg. L2 throughput
Sliding measurement window
Parameters introduced to control the downgrade/release of DCH
Throughput based optimisation of PS algorithm
TTI
Different measurement window sizes can be defined for Upper, Lower or Release
threshold:
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TTI Transmission Time Interval
TTI
(64kbps)
= 40 ms
TTI
(384kbps)
= 10 ms
Range and Step: 500 ms .. 10000 ms, 500 ms
Default: 2000 ms
Note: Value 0 means that throughput measurements
are not activated.
RNC: DCHUtilUpperAveWinBitRate
RNC: DCHUtilLowerAveWinBitRate
Range and Step: 500 ms .. 10000 ms, 500 ms
Default: 1000 ms -common for all bitrates-
RNC: DCHUtilRelAveWin
Downlink measurements: all transmitted bits are measured
Uplink measurements: all correctly received bits are measured
Throughput based optimisationof PS algorithm
Example for upper downgrade trigger
MAC-d
entity
L2 MAC throughput [kbps] / DCH Bitrate [kbps]
Upgrade requests are rejected
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384
Upper
downgrade
threshold
t
RNC: DCHUtilUpperDowngradeThrBitRate
256
RNC: DCHUtilBelowDowngradeThr
Range and Step: 0, 2, 4, 6, 8, 10, 12, 14, 16, 18, 20 %
Default: 6 %
240.64 kbps = 256 kbps * ( 1 0.06 )
= UpperDowngradeBitrate * ( 1 DCHUtilUpperDowngradeThr) Upper Threshold
RNC: DCHUtilLowerDowngradeThrBitRate
RNC: DCHUtilReleaseDowngradeThrBitRate
TimetoTrigger
L2->L3: DCHUtil is low
Lower
downgrade
threshold
or
+ TrafficVolumePendingTimeUL/DL started
Measurement Window
(one parameter setting per supported Bitrate)
Throughput based optimisationof PS algorithm
Time to Trigger
RNC: DCHUtilUpperTimeToTriggerBitrate (one parameter setting per supported Bitrate)
Range and Step: 0..20000 ms, 200 ms
Default: 32 kbps: 4000ms, 64 kbps: 4000ms, 128 kbps: 4000 ms, 256 kbps: 4000 ms, 384 kbps: 4 000 ms
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RNC: DCHUtilLowerTimeToTriggerBitrate (one parameter setting per supported Bitrate)
Range and Step: 0..10000 ms, 200 ms
Default: 32 kbps: 1400ms, 64 kbps: 1400ms, 128 kbps: 1400 ms, 256 kbps: 1400 ms, 384 kbps: 1400 ms
Time to Trigger is used to delay the sending of MAC-d utilization information from L2 -> L3
Throughput based optimisationof PS algorithm
Guard Timer
After DCH downgrade a guard timer is started during that time it is not allowed to
further downgrade the DCH bitrate due to L2 throughput measurements
RNC: DCHUtilMeasGuardTime
Range and Step: 0..30 sec ; 1 sec
Default: 6 sec
DCH Bitrate [kbps]
384
256
[..]
Guard Timer applied
t
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Throughput based optimisationof PS algorithm
Release Threshold
L2 MAC throughput [kbps] /
DCH Bitrate [kbps]
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t
[..]
Range and Step: 0..8000 bps; 32 Bit
Default: 256 bps
RNC: DCHUtilRelThrDL
RNC: DCHUtilRelThrUL
RNC: DCHUtilRelTimeToTrigger
e.g. 32
TimetoTrigger
Range and Step: 0..10000 ms, 200 ms
Default: 200 ms
DCH
FACH
MAC-d
entity
L2->L3: Release request
+ TrafficVolumePendingTimeUL/DL started
Measurement Window
Release
threshold
Upgrade requests are rejected
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Throughput based optimisation of Packet Scheduler algorithms
Test results from Nokia Test Network (NTN) in Espoo
Testcase: Throughput Based Optimisation off
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1. Initial bitrate 64
2. Max bitrate 384
1
2
3. To Cell FACH
3
384
384
Inactivity time for 384
is 2s => CELL_FACH
64
UDP data
These red lines
shows RRC
signalling like RB
reconfiguations/c
omplete and
measurement
reports/control
DL
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1 2
3 4 5
1. Initial bitrate 64
2. Max bitrate 384
3. Downgrade UL to 8
4. Downgrade 256
5. Downgrade to 128
6. To Cell FACH
6
256 also SF 8
Upper Averaging window=2s
Upper time to trigger=4s
Lower Averaging window=2
Lower time to trigger=1.4
DCHutilGuardtime=6s
UL downgrade from 64
to 8 is ~ 7sec after
initial. Downgrade is
happening due the
lower measurement
but DCHutilguardtime
(6s) is delaying
downgrade
UL Downgrade ~7s
DL Downgrade ~7s DL Downgrade ~7s
DL
Testcase: Throughput Based Optimisation on
Default parameter settings
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1. Initial bitrate 64
2. Max bitrate 384
4. Downgrade to 256
5. Downgrade to 128
6. To Cell FACH
1
2 3 4 5 6
Upper Averaging window=1s
Upper time to trigger=2s
Lower Averaging window=1s
Lower time to trigger=0.8
DCHutilGuardtime=2s
3. Downgrade UL to 8
UL Downgrade ~5s
DL Downgrade ~4s DL Downgrade ~4s
DL
Testcase: Throughput Based Optimisation on
Fast parameter settings
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1. Initial bitrate 64
2. Max bitrate 384
4. Downgrade to 256
5. Downgrade to 128
6. To Cell FACH
1 2
3
4
5
6
Upper/lover Averaging window=4s/4s
Upper/lower time to trigger=8s/2.8s
DCHutilGuardtime=6s
UL is downgraded to 8
UL Downgrade ~8s
DL Downgrade ~13 s
DL Downgrade ~13s
UL downgrade
from 64 to 8 is ~
8s after initial.
Downgrade is
happening due
the lower
measurements
3. Downgrade UL to 8
DL
Testcase: Throughput Based Optimisation on
Slow parameter settings
RB distribution with different test cases
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02.77
30.25
02.78
07.08
07.08
14.57
03.19
04.44
04.45
19.50
02.85
13.07
13.09
03.27
0%
20%
40%
60%
80%
100%
Thput "Off" Thput_Set 1
default
Thput_Set 2
"fast"
Thput_Set 3
"slow"
128
256
384
64
Picture below shows distribution of RBs during download with 4
different parameter set
Set2 fast show most optimal use of resources with UDP.
* Times are calculated between RB
Reconfiguration complete
Messages
When Throughput based
optimisation is off, there is RB
upgrade from initial (64) to maximum
(384) but no downgrades
Throughput based optimisationof PS algorithm
Example
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How downgrading Bitrates can be analysedwith counters
M1005 Dedicated NBAP procedure
Changing user bitrates with RL Reconfiguration
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NBAP: Radio Link Reconfiguration Prepare
NBAP: Radio Link Reconfiguration Ready
NBAP: Radio Link Reconfiguration Commit
AAL2 resource change req
AAL2 resource change resp
RRC: Radio Bearer Reconfiguration
RRC: Radio Bearer Reconfiguration Complete
DCH downgrade
AAL2 CAC
M1005C133 RL RECONF SYNCH FOR DCH MOD DUE TO DYN LINK OPT ON SRNC
M1005C142 RL RECONF SYNCH FOR DCH MOD ON SRNC DUE TO CM
M1005C153 RL RECONF PREP SYNCH FOR DCH DEL DUE TO PRIORITY BASEDSCHEDULING
M1005C154 RL RECONF PREP SYNCH FOR DCH DELETION DUE TO PRE-EMPTION
M1005C156 RL RECONF PREP SYNCH FOR DCH DEL DUE ENHANCED OVERLOADCONTROL
M1005C158 RL RECONF PREP SYNCH FOR DCH MOD DUE PBS DOWNGRADING
M1005C159 RL RECONF PREP SYNCH FOR DCH MOD DUE PRE-EMPTION DOWNGRADING
M1005C239 RL RECONF PREP SYNCH FOR DCH MOD DUE THROUGHPUT BASEDOPTIMISATION
M1005C240 RL RECONF PREP SYNCH FOR DCH DEL DUE THROUGHPUT BASED OPTIMISATION
Feature trigger
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Flexible upgrade of the NRT DCH data rate
Flexible Upgrade for NRT DCH Bitrates
Flexible upgrade of NRT DCH bit rate enables bit rate upgrades from all
bit rate levels
Upgrade is triggered based on UE or RNC internal capacity request and high
throughput measurements in UL and DL
Maximized end-user throughput and optimal utilization of radio, WBTS HW
and IuBtransmission resources
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NRT PS
bit
rate
time
Example on UE level
Bit rate is upgraded
when resources
becomes available
NRT PS
NRT PS
AMR
NRT PS user 1
bit
rate
time
NRT PS user 2
bit
rate
time
bit
rate
time
NRT PS user 3
DCH scheduling
Example on cell level
Bit rate is upgraded
when resources
becomes available
RNC: FlexUpgrUsage [0,1] default: 0 feature = off
Flexible Upgrade for NRT DCH Bitrates
Transport Channel
Traffic Volume
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t
TrafVolThresholdDLHighBitRate /
TrafVolThresholdULHighBitRate
Default: (one parameter value per Bitrate)
Reporting Event
Reporting Event
RNC: TrafVolThresholdDLHighBitRate
RNC: TrafVolThresholdULHighBitRate
Range:
8, 16, 32, 64, 128, 256, 512, 1024, 2048, 3072, 4096, 6144, 8192, 12288, 16384, 24576 Bytes
Flexible Upgrade for NRT DCH Bitrates
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TVM = Traffic Volume Measurements
Flexible Upgrade for NRT DCH Bitrates
Dynamic Link Optimisation
(DyLO) trigged
UE was put into a metal box
DCH Bitrate
[kbps]
FTP testing in germannetwork
(inhouse)
Nrnberg(Nov. 2006)
Filesize 1MB from Nokia server
located somewhere in internet
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Lightweight flexible Upgrade feature
triggers DCH Bitrate back to max Bitrate
384
128
32
Flexible Upgrade for NRT DCH Bitrates
DCH Bitrate [kbps] / L2 MAC throughput [kbps]
Traffic Volume [Bytes]
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256
TimetoTrigger
Measurement Window
384
128
64
[..]
32
128
1024
2048
4096
RNC: DCHUtilHighBelowNRTDataRateThr
Range and Step: 0..30 % , 2 %
Default: 6%
(128 kbps 128kbps * 6%) ~ 120 kbps
512
RNC: DCHUtilHighAveWin
Range and Step: 500..10000 ms , 500 ms
Default: 1000 ms
Note:
If value = 0, no throughput measurements active
RNC: DCHUtilHighTimeToTrigger
Range and Step: 0..10000 ms , 200 ms
Default: 200 ms
Capacity Request in RNC MAC layer
MAC-d
entity
Maximum Bit Rate
High Bitrate detected
Flexible Upgrade of NRT DCH data rate
Flexible upgrade of NRT DCH data rate
enables averaging of radio link
measurements.
Separate operator controlled
parameters for measurements used
for:
Power change estimation in bit rate
upgrade.
Dynamic link optimisation.
By averaging, the sensitivity of the
algorithms can be controlled:
Adaptation to the changes in
application throughput and radio
conditions.
Avoiding unnecessary up- and
downgrades.
Optimisedthroughput and
resource utilisation
10
15
20
25
30
35
40
45
0 100 200 300 400 500 600 700 800
Time (seconds)
D
o
w
n
l
i
n
k

T
r
a
n
s
m
i
t

P
o
w
e
r

(
d
B
m
)
No averaging, DLO is
triggered
Averaged, DLO is not
triggered
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Load and Service based Handover
Load and Service Based Handover Procedure
Load based
handover
Load based
handover
Service
based
handover
Service
based
handover
Constant monitoring of loading
HO
triggers
Periodical checking
Selection of
connections to
be handed
over
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Measurements
Execute
handovers
Handover
decision
Service Based Handover Procedure
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Service based handover frequency (WCEL):
ServHOPeriodInterFreq [0..120sec], step 1s, default: 30 sec; 0= off
ServHOPeriodInterRAT [0..120sec], step 1s, default: 30 sec; 0= off
Service based handover frequency (WCEL):
ServHOPeriodInterFreq [0..120sec], step 1s, default: 30 sec; 0= off
ServHOPeriodInterRAT [0..120sec], step 1s, default: 30 sec; 0= off
Max number of RRC connections per service based handover phase (WCEL):
ServHONumbUEinterFreq [1..255], step 1, default: 16
ServHONumbUEinterRAT [1..255], step 1, default: 16
Max number of RRC connections per service based handover phase (WCEL):
ServHONumbUEinterFreq [1..255], step 1, default: 16
ServHONumbUEinterRAT [1..255], step 1, default: 16
WCDMA cell
HO candidates
Maximum number of UE in Load based HO procedure
The number of connections to be handed over due to load
reasons is set by RNC configuration parameters (WCEL)
LHOnumbUEinterFreq
This parameter defines the number of UEs that are simultaneously in a
load-based inter-frequency handover procedure.
Range and Step: 0..32, step 1
Default : 0
Note: 0 means Load based HO for inter-frequency (f2, f3) is disabled.
LHOnumbUEinterRAT
This parameter defines the number of UEs that are
simultaneously in a load-based inter-RAT handover
procedure.
Range and Step: 0..32, step 1
Default : 0
Note: 0 means Load based HO for inter-system (GSM) is disabled.
RNC configuration parameter
(WCEL) defines how many UEs can be
simultaneously in the compressed
mode in certain cell due to service or
load based handover procedures
MaxNumberUEcmSLHO
Range and Step: 0..32, step 1
Default: 6
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Load and Service based Handovers
Service Types subject for Load and Service HO
Each service type can be enabled for load/service/load and service/none.
This is operator specific setting according layer and handover strategy.
RNC level parameters:
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Range:
None (0),
Load HO (1),
Service HO (2),
Service and Load (3)
Default: None (0)
SLHOUseConvCSSpeech
SLHOUseConvCSTData
SLHOUseConvPSRTData
SLHOUseConvPSSpeech
SLHOUseBackgroundPSNRTData
SLHOUseInteractivePSNRTData
SLHOUseStreamCSNTData
SLHOUseStreamPSRTData
System priority table in RNC defines preferedsystem or hierachical
WCDMA layer
If Iu interface service priority information is not available, RNC
based service priority handover profile table is used instead
In addition it defines preferred target hierarchal cell layer inside
WCDMA system and that information can also be used to improve
information received in the Service Handover IE
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Service type
Service type
Conversational, CS speech
Conversational, CS speech
Conversational, CS-T data
Conversational, CS-T data
Conversational, PS speech
Conversational, PS speech
Conversational, PS RT data
Conversational, PS RT data
Streaming, CS-NT data
Streaming, CS-NT data
Streaming, PS RT data
Streaming, PS RT data
Interactive, PS NRT data
Interactive, PS NRT data
Background, PS NRT data
Background, PS NRT data
Preferred system/layer
Preferred system/layer
GSM
GSM
WCDMA
WCDMA
WCDMA
WCDMA
WCDMA
WCDMA
WCDMA macro
WCDMA macro
WCDMA macro
WCDMA macro
WCDMA micro
WCDMA micro
Not defined
Not defined
RNC level parameters:
SLHOprofileConvCSspeech
SLHOprofileConvCSTdata
SLHOprofileConvPSspeech
SLHOprofileConvPSRTdata
SLHOprofileStreamCSNTdata
SLHOprofileStreamPSRTdata
SLHOprofileInteractivePSNRTdata
SLHOprofileBackgroundPSNRTdata
Load and Service based Handovers
Load of the source cell
(GSM or WCDMA)
Powerful handover enhancement for
load and service sharing
Powerful handover enhancement for Powerful handover enhancement for
l load oad and and s service ervice s sharing haring
100%
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Loadand Service based
handovers according to
service priorities
Effective integration of GSM
and WCDMA
WCDMA layer management
P
e
r
c
e
n
t
a
g
e

c
o
m
p
a
r
e
d

t
o

t
h
e

t
a
r
g
e
t
e
d

l
o
a
d
80%
Example of service priority table in RNC
Service
Preferred
system/layer
Conv. CS speech
Conv. CS transparent data
Conv. PS speech
Conv. PS RT data
GSM
GSM
WCDMA, macro
WCDMA, micro
Streaming CS non-transp. GSM
Streaming PS RT data WCDMA, micro
Interactive PS NRT data WCDMA, micro
Background PS NRT data WCDMA, micro
only Service based
handovers
0%
T
o
t
a
l

i
n
t
e
r
f
e
r
e
n
c
e
N
R
T

r
e
j
e
c
t
i
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n

r
a
t
e
S
p
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e
a
d
i
n
g

c
o
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e

u
s
a
g
e
H
W

/

l
o
g
i
c
a
l

r
e
s
o
u
r
c
e

u
s
a
g
e
Downlink
T
o
t
a
l

p
o
w
e
r
N
R
T

r
e
j
e
c
t
i
o
n

r
a
t
e
Triggers set by operator
Hard blocking
ratio of
- BTS/WSP
- AAL2
- RLC/MAC/DSP
Hard blocking
ratio of
- BTS/WSP
- AAL2
- RLC/MAC/DSP
Triggering of Load based Handovers
Uplink
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NRT PS
capacity
request
rejection
rate
After one of the
reasons are fullfilled
cell is in the
load based
handover state
DL
spreading
code usage
HW / logical
resource
usage
Total UL/DL
power
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Triggering of Load based Handovers
Trigger Reasons
Air Interface Interference and Power
LHOPwrOffsetUL = - 1.5 dB relative to PrxTarget
PrxTotal > PrxTarget + LHOPwrOffsetUL
PtxTotal > PtxTarget + LHOPwrOffsetDL
LHOPwrOffsetDL = - 0.7 dB relative to PtxTarget
Headroom for CM triggering must be considered also
RNC checks based on RRI interval:
Range and Step: [-10..0 dB] ,0. 1dB
Default value: - 0.7 dB
Range and Step: [-30..0 dB] ,0. 1dB
Default value: - 1.5 dB
Non-GBR Capacity Request Rejection Rate
Triggering of Load based Handovers
Trigger Reasons
Measurement Report (e4a) Capacity
Request
RNC internal Capacity Request (MAC layer)
CapaReqRejRateUL =
RejectedRequestsCellUL
(AllCapacityRequestsCellUL + LHONRTTrafficBaseLoad )
CapaReqRejRateDL =
RejectedRequestsCellDL
(AllCapacityRequestsCellDL + LHONRTTrafficBaseLoad)
RNC checks based on 1 sec intervals:
CapaReqRejRateUL > LHOCapaRejRateUL and CapaReqRejRateDL > LHOCapaRejRateDL
Range and Step: [0..100 %] , 1%
Default value: 70 %
Range and Step: [0..100 %] , 1%
Default value: 70 %
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LHONRTTrafficBaseLoad= 10
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Triggering of Load based Handovers
Trigger Reasons
C0 (0)=(1)
C 1 (0)=(1,1)
C1 (1)=(1,-1)
C2(0)=(1,1,1,1)
C2 (1)=(1,1,-1,-1)
C2 (2)=(1,-1,1,-1)
C2 (3)=(1,-1,-1,1)
C3 (0)=()
C3 (1)=()
C3 (2)=()
C3 (3)=()
C3 (4)=()
C3 (5)=()
C3 (6)=()
C3 (7)=()
Code Order
0 (SF 1)
Code Order
1 (SF 2)
Code Order 2
(SF 4)
Code Order
3 (SF 8)
Downlink Spreading Codes are lacking in a WCDMA cell
ReservationRateSC(SF128) =
ReservedSC
NumbAvailableSC
100 *
ReservationRate(SF128) > LHOCResRateSC
Range and Step: [0..100%] , 1%
Default value: 80%
RNC checks based on RRI interval:
Triggering of Load based Handovers
Trigger Reasons
Shortage of HW resources: WBTS WSP capacity, IuB AAL2, RLC/MAC, DSP
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IuBAAL2 capacity WSP capacity RLC/MAC, DSP
> LHOHardBlockingRatio
NumberOfSamplesHardBlocking
(AllSamplesHWhuntDuringMeasPeriod + LHOHardBlockingBaseLoad)
100 *
Range and Step: [0..100%] , 1%
Default value: 50%
Note: HW or logical resource reservation rate can be detected only when congestion is faced. A load-based handover
state is triggered due to HW or logical resource congestion in the cell when a quotient of the number of samples
indicating cell specific hard blocking and all samples added with the base load during the measurement
period exceeds the threshold.
Processing of measurement results indicating load
Load based Handover state for any cell is triggered if load exceeds load thresholds
Each load trigger reason can be switched onor off separately; one reason triggered is enough
to put the cell in Load based Handover state; state is over if all trigger reasons are below threshold
t
1. Sliding window to average
measurement samples when starting
load based HO state
Load based HO state
triggers ON
Load based HO state "ON" indication
shall be broadcasted in this point
2. Hysteresis time
Load based HOs are started if load (measured in the window 1.)
rises above the threshold and stays there for the hysteresis time
3. Sliding window to average
measurement samples when
stopping load based HO state
Load HOs
Activation of new load based
HOs stopped
4. Timer which delays
broadcasting of load based HO
state "OFF" indication
Load based HO state "OFF" indication
shall be broadcasted in this point
Load based HO
state triggers OFF
1.
2.
3.
1.
3.
4.
3.
In Load based Handover state, RNC runs RRC (UE) selection process for off-loading WCDMA cell
Averaging period for starting Load based Handover state is longer than for stopping
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Load based handover
Load based handover
Service based handover
Service based handover
1. connections which SRNC is this RNC
1. connections which SRNC is this RNC
1. connections which SRNC is this RNC
1. connections which SRNC is this RNC
2. connections which are not yet
performing handover measurements
2. connections which are not yet
performing handover measurements
2. connections which are not yet
performing handover measurements
2. connections which are not yet
performing handover measurements
3. connections without previous service
based handover attempts in this cell
within a certain period
3. connections without previous service
based handover attempts in this cell
within a certain period
3. connections without previous load
based handover attempts in this cell
within a certain period
3. connections without previous load
based handover attempts in this cell
within a certain period
4. Multiservice connections without
contradictions in the service priority
definitions (target system can not be
GSM/GPRS for CS+PS)
4. Multiservice connections without
contradictions in the service priority
definitions (target system can not be
GSM/GPRS for CS+PS)
4. NRT connections which allocation has
lasted longer than the specified period
- LHOminNrtDchAllocTime (RNC)
4. NRT connections which allocation has
lasted longer than the specified period
- LHOminNrtDchAllocTime (RNC)
5. Multiservice connections without
contradictions in the service priority
definitions (target system can not be
GSM/GPRS for CS+PS)
5. Multiservice connections without
contradictions in the service priority
definitions (target system can not be
GSM/GPRS for CS+PS)
6. connections which are not in preferred
RAT or WCDMA hierarcial cell layer
6. connections which are not in preferred
RAT or WCDMA hierarcial cell layer
7. connections which cause
highest load in the cell
7. connections which cause
highest load in the cell
8. connections which does not
require compressed mode
8. connections which does not
require compressed mode
9. Free selection
9. Free selection
6. connections which does not
require compressed mode
6. connections which does not
require compressed mode
7. Free selection
7. Free selection
5. connections which are not in preferred
RAT or WCDMA hierarcial cell layer
5. connections which are not in preferred
RAT or WCDMA hierarcial cell layer
Selection of RRC connections for load and service based HO
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Special case: pure NRT traffic bearer
To avoid unnecessary load based HO attempts for NRT services, packet
service must be in Cell_DCHstate for a given time otherwise NRT LHO is
not possible.
Only connections in Cell_DCHcan be subject for LHO.
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URA_PCH
CELL_DCH CELL_FACH
CELL_PCH
UTRA RRC Connected Mode
Idle Mode
URA_PCH
CELL_DCH
CELL_FACH
CELL_PCH
RNC: LHOMinNrtAllocTime
Range: 1 .. 60 sec, Step 1sec
Default: 20 sec
Execution of Service and Load based HO
Please note: NCHO stands for Non-Critical Handover like Service based or Load based Handovers
Specific CPICH EcNoand CPICH RSCP can be set for Service and/or Load based HO:
The parameter determines the minimum level required of CPICH Ec/No (RSCP) that the
average measurement result of the best inter-frequency neighbour cell must
exceed before the non-critical reason inter-frequency handover
is possible. Non-critical handovers are, for example, service and UE capability type
handovers. Service and load based handover make use of this parameter.
AdjiMinEcNoNCHO / AdjiMinRscpNCHO
Range and Step: -24..o dB, step 0.5 / Range and Step: -115..-25 dBm,
step 0.5
Default: -14 dB Default: -95 dBm
WCDMA f1
WCDMA f2
loaded layer
free layer
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In case a attempt e.g. to GSM is not successful (no resources inBSS), RNC removes
target cell from neighbor list for a while and (after new trigger) let measure the UE
new, modified GSM neighbor list:
WCDMA f1
GSM
GSM
2nd best cell is tried next
AdjgPenaltyTimeNCHO(inter RAT case)
AdjiPenaltyTimeNCHO(inter-frequency case)
Range and Step: 0..60 sec, step 1sec
Default: 10 sec
best cell
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Thank You !

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