Pakistan Affairs Notes by Shakeel Babar

Prepared by Ahmed Shakeel Babar (shakeelbabar1@gmail.
com)
1
PAKISTAN AFFAIRS NOTES
Contents
PART 1 REFORMERS & EDUCATIONAL MOVEMENTS.................................................2
EVOLUTION OF MUSLIM NATIONALISM............................................................................2
MUSLIM REFORMERS..............................................................................................................4
EDUCATIONAL MOVEMENTS................................................................................................9
THE IDEOLOGY OF PAKISTAN: TWO-NATION THEORY.............................................16
PART 2 PRE PARTITION HISTORY.......................................................................................22
DECLINE OF MUGHAL RULE...............................................................................................22
SHIMLA DEPUTATION.............................................................................................................26
MUSLIM LEAGUE.....................................................................................................................29
THE LUCKNOW PACT..............................................................................................................33
KHILAFAT MOVEMENT...........................................................................................................41
NEHRU REPORT & QAIDS POINTS....................................................................................46
ALLAMA IQBALS PRESIDENTIAL ADDRESS AT ALLAHABAD.................................58
CONGRESS RULE IN THE PROVINCES............................................................................62
PAKISTAN RESOLUTION........................................................................................................66
CRIPPS MISSION.......................................................................................................................72
CABINET MISSION...................................................................................................................78
PART 3 POST PARTITION PERIOD.......................................................................................87
INITIAL PROBLEMS FACED AFTER THE CREATION OF PAKISTAN.......................87
THE ACHIEVEMENTS OF THE QUAID-E-AZAM............................................................92
CONSTI TUTI ONAL I SSUES.........................................................................................95
CONSTI TUTI ON MAKI NG ( 1 947-56) ..................................................................98
POLITICAL DEVELOPMENTS.............................................................................................101
TRAGEDY OF EAST PAKISTAN..........................................................................................111
GEO-STRATEGIC IMPORTANCE OF PAKISTAN...........................................................117

Prepared by Ahmed Shakeel Babar (shakeelbabar1@gmail.com)
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PART 1 REFORMERS & EDUCATIONAL MOVEMENTS

EVOLUTION OF MUSLIM NATIONALISM
Arab traders honesty
Kiring Noor, the first Indian national to embrace Islam
Sarqafi, Governor of Oman under Hazrat Umer (634 644), invaded sea ports near Bombay
without his permission
SINDH DAR UL ISLAM
Gifts and women from Ceylon
Pirates attack
Al Malik bin Abdul Malik as a Ummayyad Caliph
Hijaj Bin Yousaf
Muhammad Bin Qasim Syrian soldiers Entered from Makran
Raja Dahir killed near Mehran (Indus) in June 712
Rani Bai, Rajas wife, challenged MBQ with 15,000 soldiers and defeated. She burnt herself
MBQ REFORMS
12 Dirham tax
No social caste system
Established Sadru Imam Al ajal for Islamic laws interpretation
Suleman bin Abdul Malik called MBQ back and perished him in 715
SPREAD OF ISALM IN OTHER PARTS OF INDIA
MBQ 712
Mehmud Gahznavi 2
nd
expediter 17 attacks between 1000 to 1026
o Ghaznavid period ended in 1185 with death of Khusru Malik
Ghuri period (1185 1192) expanded to Bengal and Bihar
Dehli Sultanate (1192 1526) Muslim sufis
Mughal era (1526 1857) Muslims sufis
Muslim sufis
o Shaikh Ismail in Ghaznavi period
o Ali Makhdom Hajveri came Lahore in 1035, Bahud Din Zakaria, Shaikh Fareed Dud
Din, Khawaja Bukhtiar Kaki, Nazam Ud Din Olia, Mujadid Alaf Sani, Hazrat Shahi
Wali Ullah , Muin ud Din Chishty
IMPACT OF ISLAM
Cultural Influence
o Caste system
o Urdu and Hindi came into being
o Islamic way of construction
Religious Influence
o Shankarachariya (Organizer of modern Hinduism) influenced by Islam
o Ramananda, Ghuru Nanik and Chaitanya were Hindu prominent leaders influenced
by Islam

HINDU REACTION
3
I. Bagti Movement
Started in 14
th
century
Objective to check the popularity of Islam
No difference between Ram and Raheem, Parn and Quran, Kasshi and Kahba
Bagt Kabir, Ramananda, Guru Nanak and Dadu were prominent leaders

II. Din-E-Ilahi (1582)
Akbar introduced in desire to win the collaboration of Rajput chiefs
Marriages with Hindu girls
Elevation of Hindu to imp positions
Under Din e Elahi
o Worship of sun
o Jizya and pilgrimage tax abolished
o Akbar as shadow of god on earth
o Cow slaughter and Azan prohibited
o No child named as Muhammad
Hazrat Mujadid Alaf Sani opposed Din e Elahi
Muslims lost their hegemony

4
MUSLIM REFORMERS
HAZRAT MUJADID ALAF SANI (June 1564 Dec 1626)
Sheikh Ahmad Sirhindi
Father name Sheikh Abdul Ahad
Went to Delhi at age of 36
Disciple of Khawaja Baqi Billah
Social Conditions during his time
Populace belief in Karamat
Ulema refer to Jurisprudence rather than Quran
Akbars anti Islamic look
Hindu cultural domination
Bakhti Movement
Wahdat al Wajood theory
Mujadids efforts
1. Jehad against Din-i-Ilahi
2. Theory of Wahdat-ul-Sahood
a. Countering Wahdat-ul-Wajood
3. Refusal to prostate society purification
a. Jehangir imprisoned him in Gawaliar for three years
4. Preaching in fort of Gawaliar
5. Preparation of Disciples
6. Maktaba-e-Imam-e-Rabbani
a. Letters to important nobles and leaders
b. Abdur Rahim, Khan e Azam Mirza Aziz, Mufti Sardar Jehan
7. Books
a. Isbat ul Nabuwwat
b. Risla e Nabuwwat
i. Need & importance of Prophethood
c. Maktubat e Imam e Rabbai
d. Toheed e Shaheedi
i. Islamic philosophy
8. Two nation theory
a. First stone of two nation theory first founder of Pakistan
9. Influence over Jehangir Khutba; Cow Slaughter;
Shaikh imprisoned
Asaf Jah, Jehangeers PM Shaikh summoned No prostration jailed
After 3 years of imprisonment, Jehangeer released him giving him 10000 rupees
He stayed 3 years in Jehangeer courts
When seen in the perspective of history, whether accepted by Sufis or not, it is in the
rejection of monism that Sheikhs claim for being the Mujadad of his age. IH Qureshi
Sheikh Ahmad, an individual from Sirhind, rich in knowledge and vigorous in action. I
associated him for few days and found marvelous things in his spiritual life. He will turn
into a light which will illuminate the world. Khawaja Bakhtiar Kaki quoted by S M Ikram
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HAZRAT SHAH WALI ULLAH MOHADITH DELVI (1703 DELHI - 1762)
Father of Modern Muslim India
Real name Qutabuddin
Born at Delhi son of Shah Abdur Rahim (Fatwa e Alamgeeri) scholar of Fiqa and Islamic
jurisprudence
Got knowledge of Fiqah, Ahadith, Tafsir and Hikmat completed study in 15 year of age
Went to Arabia for higher education and came back in July 1732
He taught at Madrasa Rahimia for 12 years
Aim Revive the past glory of Muslims and purify the society inwardly
Conditions
Incapable successor of Aurangzeb
Un-Islamic trends,
Muslim life honour property not secured,
Shia-Suni conflicts,
Marhats and Sikhs challengers
SHAHS EFFORTS
1. Religious work
a. Translation of Holy Quran in Persian 1738
b. Commentary on Hadith collection of Imam Muttah in Arabic and persian
c. Urged Muslims to follow Holy prophet & abandon un-Islamic trends
d. Trained students in different Islamic knowledge
e. Recommended application of Ijtehad
f. Initiated Tatbiq liberal element
g. Balance b/w four schools
h. Removed misunderstanding b/w Shai & Sunni Khilafat-al-Khulafa
2. Political work
a. Marathas were threatening the Muslim empire
b. Wrote letters to seek help from Muslim nobles against Sikhs won over Najib ud
Dola, Shuja ud Daula
c. Ahmad Shah Abdali defeated Sikhs at the Third battle of Panipat in 1761
3. Social work
a. Strongly opposed integration of Islamic culture in
subcontinent
b. Concept of reorientation of Muslim society
i. Basic social justice
ii. Removing social inequalities
iii.
c. Concept of economy
i. Production of wealth
ii. Consumption of wealth
iii. Distribution of wealth
iv. Exchange of wealth
4. Literary work
a. Izalat-al-Akifa
b. Khalifa-al-Khulafa
c. Al-Insaf-fi-Bayan-Sababa-al-Ikhtilaf
d. Master piece of literature 1738
e. Commentary on Hadith Imam Muttah
Sons efforts
Quranic translation in
Urdu by Rafiuddin and
Abdul Qadir
Shah Abdul Aziz waged
J ehad
6
f. Quranic translation in Persian
g. Alfauz-ul-Qabir Fi-Usool-e-Tafseer
h. Hujjat-ul-Balagha about decay, Ijtehad, Mujjad and Ruler

I was informed through Ilham that I would have to undertake this responsibility. The time
has come when every injunction of the Sharia and instruction of Islam should be presented
to the world in a rational manner. Quoted by SM Ikram

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SYED AHMAD SHAHEED BARELVI (1786 1831)
Inheretor of mantle of Shah Abdul Aziz
Birth at Rai Barally in 1786
Father Shah Illam Ullah
Inspired by Shah Abdul Aziz
1810 joined Nawab Ameer Khan as Sawar
1818 wrote Seerat-e-Mustaqeem
Condition
Punjab ruled by Ranjit Singh who mutilated Muslims
NWFP by Sikhs
Objective
Purification of Muslim society and destruction of British power through armed struggle
Establishment of a state based on Islamic principles
Jehad Movement
HQ at Nowshehra in Dec 1826
Battles
1. OKARA 1826
2. HAZRO 1827
3. Yar Muhammad Conspiracy
He joined Mujahideen in Pesh, force arouse to 80,000
Tried to poision Syed Ahmad
Killed by Mujahideen in 1829
4. BATTLE FOR PESHAWAR
Ranjit Singh saved Peshawar and gave to Sultan Muhammad
5. HAZARA II 1830
Sikh were attacked, Sultan M arrested
Declaration of Khilafat (1830)
1. Sultan M pardoned & withdrew from Pesh
BALAKOT BATTLE 1831
1. Sikh attacked, Syed Ahmad killed
Causes of Failure
1. Western generals Vantura and Elite in Ranjits army training & modern war strategy
2. Outdated weapons of Mujahideen
3. Financial sources of Ranjit Singh
4. Misudnderstaning created by Ranjit Singh
5. Ranjit attracted Pathans by bribing who did spy, revolt & slaughtered Mujahideen
6. No support for poors Zakat collection
7. Islamic laws during war compulsory girls & widow marriage
8. Severe punishment
9. Pathans were against Wahabisim
The movement led by Brelvi was a precursor for later Muslim national movements of the
subcontinent. Dr. Sachin Sen

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FARAIZI MOVEMENT
Wide scale ignorance of Muslims resulted in Hindu emergence in 19
th
century.
Haji Shariat Ullah (1781 - 1840)
Left for Arabia in 1799 influenced by MBA Wahab started Faraizi Movement stress on Faraiz -
when back denied concept of Peer-Mureed opposed Zamindar levied taxes Harassed by them
left Najabari Death in Faridpur
Dudu Mian
(Mohsan Ud Din Ahmad) divided Bangal into circles and appointed Khalifa opposed tax of
Durga and land Khas Mehal occupied on his direction established his own state harassed by
Zamindars thorough false charges died in Sep 1824

TITU MIR (1782-1831)
Nisar Ali (Titu Mir) born in Bengal Visited Makkah in 1819 and influenced by Syed Ahmed Barelvi.
On arrival back, he started preaching He made a fort in Narkalberia, asked followers not to give
beard tax (Kishan Rai) Kishan attacked but defeated 183 British army attacked Narkalberia
and killed Titu Mir.

Organization:
1. Security of Peassantory Lathibardar Political branch
2. Social Justice Punchayat Religious branch
Doctrine: 4 steps
1. Tauba
2. Fraiz
3. Tuheed
4. Ustaad Shagir instead of Peer Mureed
5. Dar-ul-Arab
Khalafat System:
1. Ustaad
2. Uprasta Advisor to Ustaad
3. Superintendent Khalifa 10 G K
4. Gaon Khalifa 500 families

9
EDUCATIONAL MOVEMENTS
ALIGARH MOVEMENT
The War of Independence 1857 ended in disaster for the Muslims. The British chose to believe that
the Muslims were responsible for the anti-British uprising; therefore they made them the subject of
ruthless punishments and merciless vengeance. The British had always looked upon the Muslims as
their adversaries because they had ousted them from power. With the rebellion of 1857, this feeling
was intensified and every attempt was made to ruin and suppress the Muslims forever. Their efforts
resulted in the liquidation of the Mughal rule and the Sub-continent came directly under the British
crown.
After dislodging the Muslim rulers from the throne, the new rulers, the British, implemented a new
educational policy with drastic changes. The policy banned Arabic, Persian and religious education
in schools and made English not only the medium of instruction but also the official language in
1835. This spawned a negative attitude amongst the Muslims towards everything modern and
western, and a disinclination to make use of the opportunities available under the new regime. This
tendency, had it continued for long, would have proven disastrous for the Muslim community.
Seeing this atmosphere of despair and despondency, Sir Syed launched his attempts to revive the
spirit of progress within the Muslim community of India. He was convinced that the Muslims in their
attempt to regenerate themselves, had failed to realize the fact that mankind had entered a very
important phase of its existence, i.e., an era of science and learning. He knew that the realization of
the very fact was the source of progress and prosperity for the British. Therefore, modern education
became the pivot of his movement for regeneration of the Indian Muslims. He tried to transform the
Muslim outlook from a medieval one to a modern one.

Sir Syed Ahmad Khan (17 Oct, 1817 27 Mar 1898)
Got knowledge from Farid ud Din (maternal-grandfather Ex Mughal PM)
Got knowledge of Quran, Arabic, Persian, History, Maths and Medicine
Joined govt in 1839 after fathers death in a clerical job 1841 promoted as Sub-Judge
1846 transferred to Delhi Chief judge in 1846 was offered an estate for services rendered to
British during war 1857 but he rejected 1877 member of imperial council 1886 University
of Edinburgh LL.D degree 1888 Knighthood
Educational Aspect of Aligarh Movement
Objective:
1. Modern education for Muslims to compete Hindus
2. Cooperation with the British government

1. Schools
Muradabad (1859)
Ghazipur (1863)
2. Scientific society at Gahazipur (1864)
(to translate modern work from English to urdu and Persian)
1866 Society published Aligarh Gazette (to arouse sentiments of goodwill &
friendship)
Muhammadan Educational Conference
10
Established in 1866 held public meetings, discussed modern education techniques
Nawab Mohsan al Malik, Vaqar ul Malik, Maulana Shibli and Maulana Hali as members
3. Muhammadan Educational Conference
Established in 1866 held public meetings, discussed modern education techniques
Nawab Mohsan al Malik, Vaqar ul Malik, Maulana Shibli and Maulana Hali as members
1869 went to England, studied education system of Oxford & Cambridge
4. Anjuman-i-Taraqi-i-Musalmanan-i-Hind (1870)
to impart modern knowledge to Muslims
5. Muhammadan Anglo-Oriental College
On pattern of Oxford Fund raising committee formed 24
th
May, 1874, MAO High school
established 1877 got status of college western, eastern and Islamic education
1920 status of University
Political Aspects of Aligarh Movement
1. Muslims should avoid active politics
2. Sir Syed wrote Risala-i-Asbab-Baghawqat-i-Hind Causes of WOI 1857
1. Non representation of Indian in legislative councils
2. Conversion of Indian into Christianity
3. Mismanagement of Indian army
4. Ill advised measure of govt
Consequence: Indian membership in Act 1861
3. 1866 Sir Syed formed British India Association at Aligarh to express grievances of
Indians to govt
4. wrote Loyal Muhammadans of India
5. Indian Patriotic Association 1888 forum for those who did not join Congress
6. Muhammadan Political Association 1903 Against Hindu Revivalist movements
a. Arya Smaj Hindustan 1977
b. B G Tilak Cow Slaughter
c. Shudhi -
d. Shangtahn -
Religious Services of Aligarh Movement
1. Wrote Essay on the Life of Muhammad & Rebattle in response to William Muires
objectionable remarks in Life of Muhammad
2. Philosophical commentary Tabaeen-al-Kalam on bible point out similarities
3. Influenced by MBA Wahab and Shah Ismail Shaheed having positive attitude towards
religion
Social services of Aligarh Movement
1. Tahzib-ul-Akhlaq criticized conservative way of life and advised to adopt new trend
2. Established Orphanage houses
3. Founded Anjuman-i-Tariki-i-Urdu protecting Urdu
4. Ahkam-i-Taham-i-Ahle-Kitab Muslims can eat with Christians
Pioneer of two nation theory
Advocate of Hindu Muslim unity
Urdu Hindi controversy 1867 in Banaras, changed his views
Shakespeare dialogue
11
Features of Aligarh
Western & Eastern Education
Islamic Education
Residential College
European and Indian staff
Non-Muslim students
Loyalist Disposition

Aligarh Movement after Sir Syeds death
1. 1889 Sir Syed proposed a trustee bill Sir Syed as Sec. of the trust & Syed Mahmud (son)
as joint sec.
2. After Sir Syeds death (1898), Syed Mahmud as Sec. was a weak manager resigned
3. Nawab Mohsin-ul-Mulk as new sec devoted deposited six lac Rs to govt handled the
conflict b/t two groups Sahibzada Aftab Khan (in favor of European staff) & Muhammad
Ali Johar Died in 1907
4. Nwab Vaqar ul Malik took over tussle on European staff arouse Nawab resigned in 1912
health
5. Nwab Muhammad Ishaq Khan deposited 20 lac for status of University 1919- college
student played role in Tehrik e Khilafat

12

TEHRIK-I-DEOBAND (Apr 1866)
Aligarh movement was cooperating with British
Christians working to convert Muslims into Christianity
Apr 1866 Madrasah established at Deoband 2
nd
to Al Azhar Cairo
Founder Haji M. Abid floated the idea Collection of fund Managing committee
Maulana M Qasim , Maulana Fazl ur Rehman, Maulana Zulfiqar, Maulana M Yaqoob
Maulana Shabir A Usmani taught
Maulana M Qasim first principal worked devotedly Madrasah came to known as
Qasim al Uloom I Deoband
Madrasah followed Madrasah I Rahimia (Shah wali Ullahs father) and British education
system
Produced Shah Abdur Rahim, Ashraf Ali Thanvi, Rashid Ahmad Ganghoi, Maulana
Mehmood ul Hassan
Political Services of Deoband
Jamiat Ulama I Islam Thanvi group lead by Ashraf Ali Thanvi, Shabir Ahmad Usmani
Muslim league
Jamiat-ul-Ulema-i-Hind Madni group lead by Maulana Hussain Madani, Mufti Kafayat
Ullah influenced by Abu-ul-Kalam Azad Congress
Educational Services of Deoband
A great religious Madrasah 2
nd
to Al Azhar
Principals Maulana M Qasim (1880) Rashid Ahmad Ganghoi Sheikh ul Hind M.
Mehmood Ul Hassan.
Deoband and Aligarh
Policy towards British
Political role of Muslims
Emphasizing area of education
Rapprochement with Aligarh
Jamiat-ul-Ansar (1906) at Deoband Sahibzada Aftab A Khan attended the meeting
Swap of education religious and western
Jamiat-i-Milia (1920)

13

NADVA-TUL-ULEMA OF LUCKNOW (1894)
Aligarh acquisition of western education
Deoband religious education
Need for balanced school
Committee was formed in 1892 Nadva-tul-Ulema established in 1894 functioned in
1898
Founder Maulana Abdul Ghafoor Shibli Naumani and Mau. Abdul Haq chalked out a
liberal program
Objective
Promoting religious knowledge, moral uplift and social regeneration of Muslims, Work to
remove secretarial differences
British govt opposed the idea (Anthony MacDonal expressed it as a political institute)
Nadva-tul-Ulema & Shibli Nohmani
Shibli influenced by Maulana M Farooq opposing Sir Syed while his father influenced by
Sir Syed
Joined Aligarh as A Prof of Arabic in 1883 Impressed Sir Syed Asset to Aligarh some
serious differences Man of arrogance and sensitive resigned in 1904
Associated with Nadva used his expreince to bring reform gave training in writing (Syed
Suleman Nadvi, Abu-al-Kalam Aza)
Established academyDar-ul-Musanifin
Differences arouse resigned

14

ANJUMAN-I-HIMAYAT-I-ISLAM LAHORE (Sep 1884)
Sikh raj in Punjab Muslims backwardness
250 Muslims established for educational guidance influenced by Aligarh
Founder Khalifa Hameed-ud-Din first president Dr. M Nazir & Munshi Abdur Rehim
Muthi bar atta scheme for funding
Objective
politically Establishing educational institute
Counter Christian missionaries
Orphanage houses
Stable Muslim society
Preserve Muslim culture
Organize Muslims
Educational Services
Established several primary schools on Aligarh pattern 15 schools by 1894
Madrasa tul Muslimin (Islamia High School Sheranwala Gate) in 1889
Islamia College for women Lahore in 1938
Islamia College Railway road, Islamia College civil lines, Islamia College cant, Hamayat I
Islam Law College & Center for adult education Lahore
Political Services
Students of Islamia College Railqway road body guard of the Quaid role in 1940 resolution
MSF led by Hamid Nizami

15

SINDH MADRASAH, KARACHI (1886)
Syed Hasan Afandi (President of Centeral Mohamadan Association of Karachi influenced by
Sir Syed) established Hassan died in 1896 Wali Muhammad took over
1n 1943 Board of the Madrasah decided to rename as Sindh Muslim College
Quaid got education from this institute
ISLAMIA COLLEGE, PESHAWAR
Edward College (1888) was a Christian missionary need for institute for Muslims
Sahibzada Abdul Qayum established Dar-Ul-Uloom-Islamia in 1902
Sahibzada Abdul Qayum established Funding committee in 1912 Dar-ul-Uloom raised to
Islamia College Peshawar
Qaid got education from this institute Sahibzada called Sir Syed of NWFP
Islamia College has major contribution in 1947 referendum

16

THE IDEOLOGY OF PAKISTAN: TWO-NATION THEORY
The ideology of Pakistan stems from the instinct of the Muslim community of South Asia to maintain
their individuality by resisting all attempts by the Hindu society to absorb it. Muslims of South Asia
believe that Islam and Hinduism are not only two religions, but also two social orders that have given
birth to two distinct cultures with no similarities.
The ideology of Pakistan took shape through an evolutionary process. Historical experience
provided the base; with Sir Syed Ahmad Khan began the period of Muslim self-awakening;
Allama Iqbal provided the philosophical explanation; Quaid-i-Azam translated it into a
political reality; and the Constituent Assembly of Pakistan, by passing Objectives Resolution
in March 1949, gave it legal sanction. It was due to the realization of Muslims of South Asia
that they are different from the Hindus that they demanded separate electorates. When they
realized that their future in a 'Democratic India' dominated by Hindu majority was not safe;
they put forward their demand for a separate state.
As early as in the beginning of the 11th century, Al-Biruni observed that Hindus differed from the
Muslims in all matters and habits. He further elaborated his argument by writing that the Hindus
considered Muslims "Mlachha", or impure. And they forbid having any connection with them, be it
intermarriage or any other bond of relationship. They even avoid sitting, eating and drinking with
them, because they feel "polluted".
The Ideology of Pakistan has its roots deep in history. The history of South Asia is largely a
history of rivalry and conflict between the Hindus and Muslims of the region. Both
communities have been living together in the same area since the early 8th century, since the advent
of Islam in India. Yet, the two have failed to develop harmonious relations. In the beginning, one
could find the Muslims and Hindus struggling for supremacy in the battlefield. Starting with the war
between Muhammad bin Qasim and Raja Dahir in 712, armed conflicts between Hindus and
Muslims run in thousands. Clashes between Mahmud of Ghazni and Jaypal, Muhammad Ghuri
and Prithvi Raj, Babur and Rana Sanga and Aurangzeb and Shivaji are cases in point.
When the Hindus of South Asia failed to establish Hindu Padshahi through force, they opted
for back door conspiracies. Bhakti Movement, Akbars diversion.

IDEOLOGY OF PAKISTAN
WHAT IS AN IDEOLOGY?
A political ideology is a system of beliefs that explains and justifies a preferred political
order, either existing or proposed and offers a strategy (Institution, processes, program) for
its attainment.
An ideology offers an interpretation of the past, explanation of the present and a vision of the
future
Ideology is a set of beliefs, values and ideals of a group and a nation. It is deeply ingrained in
the social consciousness of the people.
It is a set of principles, a framework of action and guidance system that gives order and
meaning to life and human action.
17
HOW IDEOLOGY EMERGES
When thinking of a nation or a social group is rejected.
An ideology emerges when people feel strongly that they are being mistreated under an
existing order, when their status is threatened by fundamental changes occurring in the
society, and when the prevailing ideology no longer satisfies them
STEPS OF IDEOLOGY EVOLUTION
o Consciousness
o Analysis of current situation
o Creating new thinking
o Legitimate De-legitimate
o Role of Leadership
IMPORTANCE OF IDEOLOGY
It is a motivating force
It provides a common plate form.
BASIS OF IDEOLOGY OF PAKISTAN
Based on ideals of Islam
Historical experience provided the base; Allama Iqbal gave it a philosophical explanation;
Quaid-i-Azam translated it into a political reality; and the Constituent Assembly of Pakistan,
by passing Objectives Resolution in March 1949, gave it legal sanction.
It was due to the realization of the Muslims of South Asia that they are different from the
Hindus that they demanded separate electorates. However when they realized that their
future in a Democratic India dominated by Hindu majority was not safe, they changed their
demand to a separate state.
Hindu British were exploiting Muslims in India. So Muslims adopted this ideology to save
their identity and culture from total elimination.
TWO NATION THOERY
Two-nation concept was based on Nationhood which was there long before Pak Ideology.
Muslim Traders Attackers Rulers (Qutb Ud Din Abik, Ghaznavi) Sufis (Al Hajveri,
Sheikh Ahmad Serhandi)
Based on fact that Muslims were separate nation having their own culture, civilization,
customs, literature, religion and way of life.
Despite living together for more than one thousand years, they continue to develop different
cultures and traditions. Their eating habits, music, architecture and script, all are poles
apart.
The basis of the Muslim nationhood was neither territorial nor racial or linguistic or ethnic
rather they were a nation because they belonged to the same faith, Islam. They demanded
that the areas where they were in majority should be constituted into a sovereign state,
18
wherein they could order their lives in accordance with the teachings of Holy Quran and
Sunnah of Holy Prophet (PBUH).
The Muslims were put into the backwardness with the help of Hindus. This was one of the
outstanding motivations that paved the way to declare the separate identity of nationalism,
the Muslim nationalism
Due to British and Hindu exploitation they were forced to safe guard their national and
relational identity.
Sir Syed Ahmad Khan is pioneer of two nation theory. The Ali-Garh movement produced
educated leadership who could protect the Muslims rights on the Western political lines.
Two Nation Theory means that Pakistan should be a state where the Muslims should have
an opportunity to live according to their faith and creed established on the Islamic
principals. They should have all the resources at their disposal to enhance Islamic culture
and civilization.
There are two major nations in British India. The Muslims are not a community but a nation
with a distinctive history, heritage, culture, civilization, and future aspirations. (All India
Muslim League)
The Muslims wanted to preserve and protect their distinct identity and advance their
interests in India. They wanted to order their lives in accordance with their ideals and
philosophy of life without being overwhelmed by an unsympathetic majority.
Initially, they demanded safeguards, constitutional guarantees and a federal system of
government with powers to the provinces for protection and advancement of their heritage,
identity and interests. Later, they demanded a separate state when neither the British nor
the Hindu majority community was willing to offer those guarantees and safeguards
EVOLUTION OF PAKISTAN IDEOLOGY
British expansion had more deepening impact on Muslims as The people who were
important in history are no longer important KK Aziz
Urdu Hindi controversy under Congress leadership in 1867 in Banars
Revivalist movements against Muslims Bakhti, Deen e Elahi, Shuddi and Shanghtan
movement
Hindu attitude Partition of Bangal and its repeal
Political experience of Muslims under congress ministries in 1937-39
AIMS AND OBJECTIVE OF THE ESTABLISHMENT OF PAKISTAN
1. Enforcement of sovereignty of Allah Almighty
a. Quaid said We do not demand Pakistan to acquire a piece of land, but we wanted a
homeland where we could introduce Islamic principals
2. Establishment of Islamic democracy
a. Quaid at Sibbi in 1948 It is my firm belief that our salvation lied in following the
golden rules of conduct as given by our great law giver, the prophet of Islam. Let us
lay the foundation our democratic system on Islamic ideals and practices
3. Revival of Muslim image and Identity
4. Protection of Muslim culture and civilization
a. Urdu Hindi controversy
b. Shuddi and Sanghtan Movements
5. Two Nation Theory
19
6. Establishment of a balanced economic system
a. All highly courts and military positions were reserved for Hindus.
b. Agriculture and Industry was dominated by Hindus
c. Islamic system has the benefit for poor as well as rich Zakat, Ushar
PAKISTAN IDEOLOGY AND QUAID E AZAM
He changed the course of history. He was a real charismatic leader possessing a visionary
leadership.
Gave practical shape to the ideology given by Sir Syed and Allama Iqbal
He started his political career in 1906 by joining the Indian National Congress. He was
elected to the Legislative Council in 1909 and in 1913 he also joined the All India Muslim
League (AIML). Now he was member of both the political parties.
Having disagreement with Gandhi on the issue of Swaraj (self-rule), complete freedom from
the British and on using extra-constitutional means, Jinnah resigned from the Congress in
1920.

His early efforts to promote Hindu-Muslim unity were materialized when THE LUCKNOW
PACT (1916) was signed. The Hindus accepted the Muslim demands:
o Separate Electorate
o One-third Seats in Central Legislature
o protection of minority rights
In the Nehru Report, the accepted Muslim rights were ignored. Jinnah retaliated forcefully
by presenting 14 Points in 1929.
1935 onwards Quaid started emphasizing on separate identity of Muslim and a separate
nation. Started mobilizing masses.
1937 there are only two parties in India said Nehro on performance of ML in elctions.
Quaid said Muslims are third party in India
1939 Muslim and Hindu are two nations. We are going to live as a nation and play a role
as a nation.
March 9, 1940 Quaid wrote his only article published in British media namely Time
and Tide. He discussed 1.How Hindu and Muslims are separate nations? 2. What should
be future of India and how Muslims can be accommodated well?
He emphasized on Islam as well as modern democracy, Social economic justice and rights of
minorities.
Pakistan was to be a modern democratic state that derived its ethical foundation from Islam
where the source of guidance and inspiration for constitution making and governance is going
to be Islam
It has been taken for granted mistakenly that Muslims are a minority, and of course we got
used to it for such a long time that these settled notions sometimes difficult to remove. The
20
Muslims are not a minority; the Muslims are a nation by every definition. By all canons of
international law we are a nation. 23
rd
March 1940
India is not a nation, nor a country. It is a sub continent of nationalities, Hindus and
Muslims belong the two major nations. The Hindus and the Muslims belong to two different
religion, philosophies. Social customs and literature. They belong to two different civilizations
which are based mainly on conflicting ideas and conceptions. Their aspect on life and of life
are different. It is quite clear that both derive their inspirations from different sources of
history 23
rd
March 1940
We are a nation with our distinct culture and civilization, language and literature, art and
architecture, sense of values and proportions, legal laws and moral codes, customs and
calendars, history and traditions. In short we have our distinct outlook on life and of life By all
canons of International law we are a separate nation. 1942
The Muslims are nation by every right to establish their homeland 1942
We should base our democracy on the principals and concepts of Islam Feb 1942
Pakistan does not mean freedom and independence only, but the Islamic ideology as well
which has to be preserved. June 1945
I cannot understand a section of people who deliberately want to create a mischief and make
propaganda that the constitution of Pakistan will not be made on the basis of Shariat.
Islamic principals today are as applicable to life as they were 1300 years ago. Jan 25, 1948
Eid Milad Un Nabbi Karachi Bar Association
PAKISTAN IDEOLOGY AND ALLAMA IQBAL
Men like Allama Iqbal are born but in centuries
His first public appearance was in 1899 at the annual session of Anjuman Himayat-i-Islam
in Lahore when he presented the poem, Nala-i-Yatim.
At initial stages Dr Iqbal was a nationalist by ideas and his poetry contained verses like
Tarana-i- Hind.
He wet Europe for higher education in 1905-08. Lived in England and got Phd from Munich
University. He stayed in Hindenburg where he wrote poem Daraye Nekar key kenare.
Represented Muslims in second and third round table conferences in 1931 and 1932.
Gave the famous Allah Abad Address which late on provided base for Lahore resolution.
I am fully convinced that Muslims of India will ultimately have to establish a separate
homeland as they cannot live with Hindu in the United India.
Religion and politics are not distinct from each other
India is a continent of Human beings belonging to different religions. To base a constitution on
the conception of homogenous India is to prepare her for civil war. I, therefore, demand the
formation of a consolidated Muslim state in the best interest of the Muslims of India and Islam.
The formation of consolidated North west Indian state appears to be the final destiny of the
Muslims Allaha Abad Address
21
I would like to see the Punjab, NWFP, Sind, Balochistan amalgamated into a single state as
a self government within the British empire or without. This is the final destiny of the
Muslims of N.W. India. Allaha abad Address
I have been a staunch advocate of putting an end to the religious distinction from the country.
But now I believe that the protection of separate national identity is in the best interest of
Muslims and Hindus. Since the Muslims are a separate nation with their separate cultural
values and religious trends, and they want to have a system of their own linking, they should
be allowed to live under such system Allaha Abad Address

22
PART 2 PRE PARTITION HISTORY

DECLINE OF MUGHAL RULE
The death of Alamgir in 1707 is generally regarded as the beginning of the gradual decline, and
ultimately fall, of the once extensive, prosperous and powerful Mughal Empire. Although it took
nearly 150 years before the House of Babur finally disappeared from the scene, the cracks that had
appeared at Alamgir's death widened.
His son Muazzam, who ruled from 1707 to 1712, succeeded Aurangzeb Alamgir. He took for himself
the title of Bahadur Shah. He ruled for five years and momentarily revived the Mughal Empire. But
the Marhatta's power increased and they became the unchallenged rulers of Deccan. In the province
of Punjab, the Sikhs under Guru Govind Singh became a force to reckon with. One of the reasons
that power centers kept springing up outside Delhi was the frequent change in the succession of
Empires. Nearly 17 kings were crowned during the period spanning from 1707 to 1857.
The weakened Mughal Empire invited havoc in the form of the Persian king Nadir Shah, in 1738-39.
On his orders a general massacre of the citizens of Delhi was carried out, resulting in the death of
30,000 people. Another threat to the Mughal Empire came from the Afghans of Rohilkhand, lying
northeast of Delhi. By the middle of 18th century, the Rohillas became independent of the Mughal
rule. At the same time the Jats also raised their heads against the central rule.
Taking advantage of this chaotic situation, the East India Company began strengthening its military
capabilities. They conspired with Hindu traders and moneylenders against Nawab Sirajuddullah of
Bengal to take over his principality. The Battle of Plassey of 1757 is considered a major
breakthrough for the British in the Sub-continent. It paved the way for the company's rule in Bengal,
and hence the whole of India ultimately came under the company's rule.
In the 19th century, Muslims like Syed Ahmad Brailvi and Shah Ismail carried out Jihad against the
Sikhs, as did Haider Ali and Tipu Sultan in Deccan against the British. However, they failed in their
efforts to stop the downfall of the Muslim rule. The final crunch came after the war of 1857 when the
Mughal rule officially came to an end and India came under the direct rule of the British crown.

The Mughal Empire reached its greatest extent in the time of Aurangzeb Alamgir, but it collapsed
with dramatic suddenness within a few decades after his death. The Mughal Empire owes its decline
and ultimate downfall to a combination of factors; firstly Aurangzeb's religious policy is regarded as a
cause for the decline of the Mughal Empire as it led to disunity among the people. Although the
policy did lead to weakening of the empire but the major cause of decline was the lack of worthy and
competent successors after him. The character of Mughal kings had deteriorated over a period of
time. The successive rulers after Aurangzeb were weak and lacked the character, motivation and
commitment to rule the empire strongly. They had become ease loving and cowardly. They totally
disregarded their state duties and were unable to detain the declining empire from its fall.
The absence of any definite law of accession was another important factor. The war of successions
not only led to bitterness, bloodshed, and loss of money and prestige of the empire over a period of
time, but to its eventual fall. The degeneration of the rulers had also led to the moral degeneration of
the nobility. Under the early Mughals, the nobles performed useful functions and distinguished
themselves both in war and peace. But the elite under the later Mughals was more interested in
worldly pursuit and self-enhancement. The nobles who had once been talented men with integrity,
honesty, and loyalty, turned selfish and deceitful. Growth of hostile and rival clique in the court also
undermined the strength of the government. Widespread corruption in the administration started
and taking bribes became common.
23
One of the most potent causes of the fall of the Mughal Empire was the deterioration and
demoralization of the army. The military had not only become inefficient but also lacked in training,
discipline and cohesion. The army was out-dated in regard to equipment. It consisted of contingents
maintained by various nobles, which was the main source of Army's weakness. As the weakening of
the nobles occurred, so did the army. This was because of the soldiers, instead of identifying and
uniting as Mughal Indians, identified themselves with different ethnic groups like Persian, Afghans
and Central Asians. The Mughals had no navy and only maintained small ships that were no match
for the well-equipped ships of the foreign traders. It was this weakness that the French and the
British used to their advantage, and were eventually able to establish their control over India.
Another factor contributing to the decline was the financial position of the Mughals, which had
become deplorable. The war of successions, rebellions and luxurious style of living had depleted the
once enormous treasury and had led to financial bankruptcy. During the time of Aurangzeb, the
Mughal Empire had expanded to reach its maximum size. This vast area had become impossible for
one ruler to control and govern from one center. It was during the later Mughals that Deccan,
Bengal, Bihar and Orrisa declared their independence. The raids by Nadir Shah, and repeated
invasions of Ahmad Shah Abdali, resulted in further weakening of the empire. The already weakened
empire faced further encroachment by the British and the French, which proved to be the last nail in
the already drowning empire's coffin. The British and French, who had initially come as traders, took
full advantage of the weakening empire and soon became masters of the whole of India.

CAUSES OF THE FALL OF MUGHAL EMPIRE
1. Weak Successors of Aurangzeb
a. All merry making and unable, except Bahadar Shah
b. Left work to their Wazirs
2. Vastness of the Empire
a. Aurangzeb empire practically impossible
b. Afghanistan to Asaam, Kashmir to Maysor
c. Lack of effective means of communication
3. Absence of a Definite Law of Succession
a. Akbar was only unopposed among 20 rulers
b. "The sword was the grand arbiter of right and every son was prepared to try his
fortune against his brothers." Erskine
4. Deterioration of Morality of Mughal Emperors
a. Fond of wine and women
5. Degeneration of Nobility
a. Degeneration into sects and costs Iranian, Toranian and Indian
6. Deterioration of Army
a. Abundance of wealth and comfort
b. Loss of confidence
c. Demoralization
7. Corrupt Administration
a. Ministers, nobels and officers accepted bribes
8. Stoppage of Adventures from Persia, Afghanistan and Turkistan
a. This provided a change for Army to be lazy
9. Invasions of Nadir Shah and Ahmed Shah Abdali
a. Nadir Shah 1739 (looted for 57 days)
b. Ahmad Shah Abdali 1754 67 (5 times)
10. Aurangzeb's Policy in Deccan
24
a. Golkonda and Bijapur served as a check to Maraths before conquest
11. Absence of Naval Power
a. British and Portuguese had strong naval power
12. Intellectual Bankruptcy
a. 17
th
& 18
th
century European saw industrial revolution
b. Mughals did not pay attention
13. Plight of the Common People and Peasants
a. Bad economic conditions led to discontentment
14. Rise of Marathas
a. Emergence of Maraths in 17
th
century
b. 18
th
century they extended their influence to Delhi
15. Rise of Sikhs
a. During the reign of Jahandar Shah (1712 13) and Farrukhsiyar (1713 19)
16. Rise of Hindus of Rajputana
a. Rajput of Mewar and Marwar distressed by Aurangzeb
17. Outdated war equipment and tactics
a. Failed to keep pace with modern developments
b. Lack of modern weapons led the failure of battle of Plassy and Buxer
18. Advent of English East India Company
a. Got trade access in Aurangzebs reign
i. Portuguese - suppressed by Aurangzeb
ii. British

WAR OF INDEPENDENCE
By 1845, the British Empire had expanded from Bengal to Sindh, and all that remained free was
Punjab. The Sikhs were ruling over Punjab and after the Second Sikh War in 1848, the British
gained control over the Indus. The Koh-i-Noor diamond that Ranjit Singh had worn in his headdress
now became a part of the crown jewels at Westminster.
The War of Independence broke out in January and March 1857. The British army had recruited
local Indians in their forces. These soldiers were issued cartridges greased with fat from tabooed
animals. The soldiers refused to use these cartridges. In 1857, starting with an uprising in Meerut,
soldiers in the British Army in Bengal launched a full-scale mutiny against the British. This mutiny
spread swiftly across the Sub-continent. Initially, the Indian soldiers were able to push back the
British forces. The British army was driven out of Delhi and the Indian soldiers took control of the
city. Bahadur Shah Zafar, the last Mughal King, was compelled to lead the freedom fighters. In
Bahadur Shah Zafar, the rebels found a symbol of freedom, but a mere symbol was all he was.
Wanting to spend his days writing poetry, the man was in no way even a remnant of the glory of his
forefathers. He proclaimed himself the Emperor of the whole of India. The civilians, citizens and
other dignitaries took oath of allegiance to the Emperor. The Emperor issued his own coin and
appointed his sons to key posts.
The initial success of the freedom fighters gave a boost to the War of Independence. The Indian army
captured the important towns of Haryana, Bihar and Mahdya Pardesh. However, the British forces at
Meerut and Ambala put up a resolute resistance to the royal army and held them back for several
months. The British proved to be a formidable foe with their superior weapons and better strategy.
The freedom fighters badly lacked in adequate resources and their planning proved to be extremely
brittle. The royal forces were finally defeated. The British army entered Delhi and the Mughal
emperor Bahadur Shah Zafar went into hiding.
The British quickly regained control of Delhi. They ransacked and destroyed the city. They took
revenge in the most gruesome manner by killing innocent people indiscriminately. A wide scale
massacre of the inhabitants of Delhi was carried out to avenge the killings of the British soldiers. The
25
Mughal emperor was captured from his sanctuary, the tomb of Emperor Humayun. The emperor's
sons were slaughtered in cold blood. Their bodies were beheaded and their heads were presented to
the aging emperor in prison. Bahadur Shah was imprisoned in Rangoon, Myanmar, where he
breathed his last.
After the War of Independence in 1857, the British government assumed sovereignty over the lands
of the British East India Company. The British control over the Sub-continent grew in the next 50
years and culminated in the British Raj. Queen Victoria's Indian realm continued to expand, until
Hunza, the remote kingdom bordering China, fell into British hands in 1891, bringing the expansion
to its zenith.
The British delineated the frontier separating British India from Afghanistan in 1893. The resulting
Durand Line cut straight through the tribal area of the Pathans. The British left the tribal areas to
govern themselves under the supervision of British political agents.
The British thus became masters of India, where for nearly 800 years Muslims had ruled. However,
their attitude towards the Muslims was that of antipathy. According to Hunter, a prominent
historian, "The Muslims of India are, and have been for many years, a source of chronic danger to
the British power in India". The British attributed the war of 1857 to the Muslims alone. As a result,
property belonging to Muslims was confiscated and they were denied employment opportunities
everywhere in the army, revenue department, and judiciary.
The British administrators deliberately followed a discriminatory policy against the Muslims, even in
filling minor jobs. Advertisements inviting applications for government jobs specifically mentioned
that Muslims would not be appointed. Hunter admits that the exclusion of the Muslims was so
complete that in the government offices of Calcutta they could not accept a post higher than that of a
porter, messenger, filler of inkpots and mender of pens.
By a series of revenue and financial measures, the British smashed the political and social position
of the Muslims. In the province of Bombay, the government appointed "Inam Commission" to inquire
into the land grants of the Muslim times. The Commission took away 20,000 estates from the
Muslims and thus ruined many families and institutions of the community.
The Company's commercial policy eliminated the Muslims from internal and foreign trade. When the
Europeans came to the Sub-continent, the Muslim merchants lost much of their commerce with
foreign countries. But they maintained their hold on internal trade and their commercial activities
extended to the Persian Gulf and the coastal territories of the Arabian Sea. During the Company's
rule, the Muslim traders were pushed out of this area as well by the competition of the Company's
traders who enjoyed many special concessions.
The newly introduced English system of education had many drawbacks for the Muslims, mainly
because it made no provisions for religious education. As a result, they stayed away from it. Thus,
within a few years of loss of political power, the Muslims lost all avenues of employment, were
dispossessed of their estates and deprived of the benefits of education. A highly cultured community
turned into a backward and poor people. In their place British-educated Hindus began to occupy
positions in governments offices formerly held by the Muslims.

26
SHIMLA DEPUTATION

27

28

29
MUSLIM LEAGUE

30

Goal of ML
To protect religious and cultural identity of the Muslims of India
The founding session chaired by Nawab Waqar ul Malik
Seconded by Maulana Zaffar Ali Khan and Hakeem Ajmal Khan
Change in Strategy 1913
Causes
1. Annulment of Bengal partition
31
2. Balkan war (Italy-Turkey)
3. Libya Italy war
4. Demolition of a Mosque at Khanpur
5. Realization by both parties to achieve their same goal
6. Role of Quaid
Updated Strategy
1. Self-government under the crown
2. Good relations and cooperation with any organization working for same cause

32

33
THE LUCKNOW PACT

34

35

4. Central and provincial government would be bound by the resolutions passed by
their respective legislative councils unless there were vetoed by the GG. In the event
of such a veto if the resolutions again passed after an interval of not less than one
year, they would be put into effect notwithstanding the veto.
36

37

38
WEAK POINTS:

39

40

41
KHILAFAT MOVEMENT

*** Background:
The Lucknow pact showed that it was possible for middle-class, English-educated Muslims and Hindus to
arrive at an amicable settlement on Hindu-Muslim constitutional and political problems. This unity
reached its climax during the Khilafat and the Non-Cooperation Movements.

1. Rowlett Act April 1919
a. Report by Sydney Rowlatt to counter terrorists
b. Features
i. Accused have to prove himself not guilty
ii. No legal assistance to accused
iii. No right to appeal
iv. Prosecution can produce witness of a dead person
c. Quaid resigned from Central Legislative Assembly

2. Jallianwala Bagh Tragedy
a. Gandhi entrance in Punjab banned
b. Protest on April 13, 1919 in Amritsar
c. Gen. Dyre ordered fire killed 379, injured 1200 in 10 minutes
d. Britian imposed Martial Law in Amritsar, Lahore, Gujrat
e. Hunter committee recommended forcibly retirement of Gen. Dyr
Introduction:
Religio-political movement
Extra territorial attachments based on Islam
First movement which involved common man
Showed Islam is mobilization force
Goals:
1. Ottuman empire should be kept intact
2. Territorial solidarity
3. Control of holy places
Muslim Media:
1. Zamindar Zafar Ali Khan
2. Comrade & Hamdard Maulana M Ali Johar
3. Al-Hilal Maulana Abul Kalam Azad
Urging Force
1. Concept of Muslim Ummah
2. Emotional attachments with institution of Khilafat
Why Cooperation
1. To be one force against British
42
2. Rowlett Act 1919
3. Jawalianwala Garden Tragedy Apr 1919
Events:
1. Khilafat Day Oct 27, 1919
2. Khilafat Committee formed by Hakim Ajmal Khan & Dr. M A Ansari July 1919
a. I. Khilafat Conference Delhi Gandi & Nehru participated Nov 1919
i. No participation in victory celebrations
ii. Boycott of British goods
iii. Non cooperation (on later stage)
b. II. Khilafat Conference Amritsar Dec 1919
i. Ali brothers came directly after being released.
ii. M A Ansari delegation to Viceroy Jan 1920
iii. Maulana M Ali Johar delegation to Lord George
1. Non-Cooperation Movement May 1920 (Dec 1920 by Congress)
by Mahatama Gandi
a. 3 Hindu groups
i. Cooperation on condition of No Cow Slaughter
ii. Muslims would seek help from Afghanistan
iii. Unconditional help to Muslims
b. Program of Movement announced 4 stages
i. Titles awarded given up & Educational institutes
boycotted
ii. Resignations of civil governments servants
iii. Police and military to be quitted (later on )
iv. Refusal to pay taxes & Civil disobedience
2. Treaty of Sevres Aug 1920
3. III. Khilafat Conference Karachi July 1920
a. Loyality to Turksih Sultan
b. Welcomed Attaturks efforts for expulsion of foreign forces
4. Nagpur Session of Congress Dec 1920
a. Working Committee approved Non-Cooperation movement
b. Jinnah opposed and left the congress
5. Hijrat Movement 1920 1921
a. Abul Kalam Azad and other Ulema declared India Darul Herb
b. 18,000 Muslims migrated
c. Initially Afghan welcomed but later on closed the borders
d. Huge casualties of migrants occurred, some went to Russia
6. End of Movement
a. Moplah revolt Aug 1921
i. Muslim tribe revolted against Hindu landlords
b. Chora Chori (UP) Feb 1922
i. 21 constables and 1 sub inspector were set on fire
ii. Gandhi called of the movement on Feb 05, 1922
c. Developments in Turkey
i. Mustafa Kamal appointed as Chief of the state by Grand National Assembly
ii. Kamal Pasha won back Symarna from Greeks
iii. Goarge govt collapsed
iv. Treaty of Laussane singed
v. Khilafat Abolished Mar 1924
43

44

First visit of the commission Feb Mar 1928
Second visit of the commission Oct 1928 mar 1929
Report published May 1930
45

46
NEHRU REPORT & QAIDS POINTS

47

48

49

50

51

52

53
QUAIDS 14 POINTS

54

55

56

57

Nehru Report
Political background
Simon commission appointed in
November 1927. No Indians in
it.
Resentment in India
Constitutional suggestions in
air
Congress committee
Moti Lal Nehru as head,
Jawahar Lal Nehru as
Secretary, 2 Muslims
Nehru Report
1. Parliamentary form of
government (dominion)
2. Residuary powers vested in
centre
3. No separate electorate
4. No weightage to minorities
5. Reservation of seats in low
Muslim population provinces
only
6. 1/4 Muslims in central
legislature
7. Hindi as lingua franca official
language
Muslim reaction
This is the parting of ways.
Jinnah
Muslim Press in India
Quaids 14 Points
Province: (5)
1. Residuary powers vested in centre
2. Provincial autonomy
3. Sind to be separated from Bombay
4. Reforms in NWFP and Baluchistan
5. No change in central constitution
without consent of provinces
Muslims: (6)
6. Separate electorate
7. 1/3 Muslims in central legislature
8. Muslims share in services and local
bodies
9. Safeguard to Muslim culture and
religion
10. 1/3 members in each cabinet
11. No territorial redistribution in
Punjab, Bengal and NWFP to effect
Muslims
Minorities: (3)
12. Effective representation of minorities
13. Religious liberty
14. 3/4 of a communitys votes to
change laws effecting them
Importance of 14 points
The importance of these points can
be judged by the fact that these
points were presented in the Round
Table Conference of 1930.
As a result, these points became
the demands of the Muslims and
greatly influenced the Muslims
thinking for the next two decades
till the establishment of Pakistan in
1947.
58

ALLAMA IQBALS PRESIDENTIAL ADDRESS AT ALLAHABAD
Important points:
1. Decline of Muslim Ummah in general and Muslims of India in particular
2. Islam is a complete code of life. And Muslims are a nation.
3. There is no harmony between Muslims and Hindus in India.
4. A separate homeland for the Muslims of India comprising of Punjab, sindh, Balochistan
and NWFP.
a. He Said I would like to see the Punjab, North-West Frontier Provinces, Sindh and
Balochistan into a single State. Self-Government within the British Empireor without
the British Empire. The formation of the consolidated North-West Indian Muslim State
appears to be the final destiny of the Muslims, at least of the North-West India.
b. Two Nation Theory
4. Suggestions for the constitution. (He was against the central legislative assembly and wanted
assembly of representative of federal States).
5. Muslim Representation in the British Indian Assembly shall be 1/3
rd
.
Hindu Reaction:
An editorial in daily Partab, Lahore wrote about Allama Muhammad Iqbal that he is a
dangerous Muslim of North Western India.
In Daily Inqalab, Lahore a Hindu Columnist wrote Iqbal Wanted to snatch the
country of Hindus from them and to give it to the Muslims.
Muslims supported his ideas. News papers like Daily Hindu and Daily hamdam supported him
and propagated his message and ideas through the Subcontinent.
Iqbal earned the title of Dreamer of Pakistan for Himself.

59

ROUND TABLE CONFERENCES [1930-33]
*** Introduction:
Lord Irwin invited the leaders of political parties of India.
Objective: To formulate future constitution of India in the light of suggestions given by the Indian
Leaders.
Civil Disobedience Movement (April 1930):
It was launched by Gandhi because at that point he demanded implementation of Nehru
report in Toto.
The civil disobedience movement was declared illegal and Gandhi was arrested.

First Round Table Conference:
(12 November 1930 to 19
th
January 1931)
Muslim Leaders: following Muslim leaders participated.
Quaid-e-Azam.
Sir Agha Khan
Muhammad Ali Jauhur.
Maulvi Fazl Haq.
Sir Muhammad Shafi
Important decision made in conference:
1. Approval of federal system for India (Executive will be responsible to legislature).
2. Fully representative government, responsible to provincial and federal legislature will be
made. (Note: In Nehru report Hindu Wanted Strong Central Govt. while Muslims demanded
for loose federation in Jinnahs 14 Points).
3. The princely states will also be supported.
4. Saprus proposal of dominion status and abolition of diarchy in the provinces.
Deadlock: Deadlock occurred on the distribution of subjects in the federal system
Gandhi Irwin Pact:
From 17-19 February 1931 talks were held between Gandhi and Irwin.
An agreement was signed on 5
th
March 1931 between Gandhi and Irwin.
Why these Talks were held and Agreement was signed?
Because of the failure of civil disobedience movement.
Governments desire for congress participation in round table as congress was absent in first
round table conference.
60
Salient features of Gandhi Irwin Pact:
1. The congress will call of civil disobedience.
2. The congress will attend second round table conference.
3. The government will withdraw all cases against congress and release prisoners.
The pact shows that the British government was anxious to bring the congress to round table
conference. It was triumph of the congress and Indian Nationalism.

Second Round Table Conference
( 7 September 1931to 1
st
December 1931)
Gandhi was the sole representative of All India National Congress
Allama Iqbal participated in 2
nd
round table conference because of the death of Maulana
Muhammad Ali Jauhur.
Allama Iqbal in his speech said in 2
nd
round table conference.
Two committees were formed i.e.
1. Conference on federal structure.
2. Conference on Minorities.
Gandhis showed stubborn attitude to secure India as one nation. Gandhi claimed that he
represented all India and dismissed all other Indian delegates as non-representatives.
Hindu Muslim relations embittered.
Communal problems Remained Unsolved
Quaid-e-Azam did not participate in second Round table conference and decided to remain aloof
from the Indian politics and to practice as a professional lawyer in England.
Communal Awards, August16, 1932.
Because of the deadlock over communal issues British government announced communal
awards.
Communal representation of Muslims:
o Jinnahs demand for 1/3
rd
of the British seats in central legislature was accepted.
o Sindh was awarded the status of separate province.
o Principle of Wieghtage was applied (Muslim lost majority in Punjab, Sikh got advantage
in Punjab, Europeans got advantage in Bengal because of principle of Wieghtage).
Communal Scheme for Non Muslim:
o Award declared untouchables as a minority and thus the Hindus depressed classes
were given a number of special seats. And as result
o Separate electorates for scheduled class Hindus were approved.
Hindu Reaction:
61
Gandhi took fast until death on account of accepting scheduled class Hindus as separate
nation and giving them right of separate electorate. Dr. Ambedkar, leader of untouchable made an
agreement to withdraw from the right of separate electorate under Poona Pact. Gandhi ended his
fast.
Third Round Table Conference/ Joint Select committee
(17th November to 25
th
December 1932)
Quaid-e-Azam did not participate.
Sir Agha khan participated.
In third round table conference reports of various communities were scrutinized.
It was decided to setup a federal legislature in India consisting of elected representatives of
the British India and of the representatives of the state to be nominated by respective ruler.
The report of three round table conferences was published in a white paper in 1933 and later on it
was discussed in the British parliament. As a resulted a bill was drafted which was approved and
became Indian Act of 1935.

62
CONGRESS RULE IN THE PROVINCES
Elections 1937
Muslim League manifesto (i) 1935 Act is unworkable; (ii) ML would get maximum benefit out of it.
The manifesto was same but two things; Urdu Language and separate electorates.
The manifestos show that there was not unbridgeable gape. Yet, there was no such a will.
The League manifesto was clearly an offer for cooperation. Had the congress accepted the
offer, the whole constitutional scene would have been different. IH Qureshi
Provincial elections:
Congress 706 out of 1771 seats (26/58 Muslim seats, so only 5% of Muslims)
Muslim League 102 out of 482 Muslim seats (26% Muslim votes)
CONGRESS RULE
Congress refused to formed ministries till July 1937 on the basis of GGs discretionary powers in
Muslims favor.
The period of less than two and a half years, from July 1939 to October 1939, when congress
ministries ruled eight of the eleven Indian provinces was extremely crucial in the history of Hindu
Muslim relations.
A. Refusal to Form Coalition Government
The Election results had strengthened this hope, for congress had not bothered to contest more than
a small number fraction of Muslim seats and not won even a majority of that. Therefore, everyone
looked forward to the formation of congress league coalition in all Hindu Majority provinces. The
refusal of the Congress to cooperate belied all such hopes.
In J ul
y
1937, Con
g
ress formed
g
overnments in 6 provinces. In NWFP, Khudai Khidmat
g
ar and
Con
g
ress formed a coalition
g
overnment. In the Muslim majorit
y
provinces, the Muslim Lea
g
ue
could not form the
g
overnments. The Muslim Lea
g
ue desired to be in
g
overnment in the U.P. but
the Con
g
ress consented to a conditional support:
1. Dissolve AIML Parliamentar
y
Board
2. AIML members not to function as a separate
g
roup
3. AIML members to express all
e
giance to the Con
g
ress
Definitel
y
the above-mentioned terms were a device to subvert the existence of the Muslim Lea
g
ue.
Therefore, no a
g
reement was possible on this issue.
Nehru told Chaudhary Khaliq uz Zaman in May 1937, The Hindu Muslim question is confined
to a few Muslim intellectuals, landlords and capitalists who were cooking up a problem
which did not in fact exist in the mind of the masses.
Nehrus mistake lay in his attempt at killing Muslim nationalism with ridicule. Later
events were to show the folly of his attitude, for it created nothing but bitterness and bad
blood. IH Qureshi
B. The Muslim Mass Contact Movement:
63
Along with its refusal to share power with the Muslim League the Congress pursued anti-Muslim
League policy in another direction as well. Its power among masses should be weakened and
finally broken. Thus began the ambitious but short lived campaign.
This philosophy was followed by Nehrus statement that, power was now crystallized in only
two opposing ranks Congress for Indian nationalism and British for imperialism. Other
parties do not count.
Comment:
Maulvi Abdul Hakeem, Punjab Moderate Muslims Association, warned Muslims against this and
called it conversion of Muslims.
C. Dictatorship of the Congress
The outstanding constitutional feature of the congress provincial government of the 1937-39 was
that they did not conform to the kind of parliamentary govt envisaged in the Act. The congress
provinces were not autonomous.
Congress ministers were not allowed to act independently
Sir Banirjee says, Gandhi was a dictator by proxy, he did not rule directly but he was
accepted as religious obligation.
D. Policies of the Con
g
ress Governments: (July 1937-Nov. 1939)
First a l Con
g
ress
g
overnments in the provinces launched anti-Muslim drive basical
y
to exclude
the ML and other Muslim or
g
anizations from the
g
overnment makin
g
process. The Con
g
ress leaders
had come to know that the ML had got roots in the masses. The
y
started Muslim Mass Contact

movement to defame the ML in their favour. The
y
were makin
g
cultural and educational policies
that promoted the Hindu culture and s
y
mbols in the name of Indian culture. The
y
introduced
Banda-Mataram anthem from Annandmath in the institutions and offices etc. The Hindi lan
g
ua
g
e
was
g
iven top most importance in their policies. Wardha Educational Scheme was to convert
Muslims into Hindus throu
g
h primar
y
educational literature. Projection of Hindu heroes like
Gandhi and distortion of Muslim histor
y
became their moral creed. The
y
folowed the polic
y
of
discrimination in services or new recruitment for jobs.
In the UP, the provincial government had directed the local administration to consult the local
congress leaders.
The Con
g
ress ministries adopted overal ne
g
ative and cruel atitude, especial
y
towards the Muslim
activists. This unjust treatment compeled the Muslims to be disciplined in ever
y
sphere of life.
Muslim Response:
The Muslims were we l l aware of the theocratic inclination of the Hindu people. The
y
arran
g
ed a
close monitorin
g
of the
g
overnment. The
y
publicized their policies and raised the issues. The
mobilization of Muslims on these matters re
q
uired keen probe to colect the ori
g
i nal facts of the
Hindu atrocities.
64
1. The Pirpur Report:
On March 28, 1938, the Council of ML appointed an ei
g
ht-member commitee under the
presidentship of Raja S
y
ed Muhammad Mehdi of Pirpur that presented its report on, November 15,
1938. It tried to dig out the cruelties of the Con
g
ress ministries in seven provinces. The report took
up the Con
g
ress support to the rival Muslim or
g
anizations, intimidation and threats to the pro-
Muslim Lea
g
ue people.
2. The Sharif Report, March 1939
The ML deputed Mr. Shareef with members to investi
g
ate the injustices under the dictatorial rule of
the Hindus. This report mainl
y
colected the facts, concentratin
g
on i l treatment of the
g
overnment
with the Muslims in Bihar.
3. The Fazl-ul- Haq Report: (December 1939)
A. K. Fazl-ul-Ha
q
published a pamphlet entitled Muslim Sufferin
g
s Under the Rule of Con
g
ress and
made man
y
alarmin
g
revelations e.
g
. forbiddin
g
of Azan, atacks in mos
q
ues, nois
y
processions of the
Hindu scoundrels, forbiddin
g
of the cow-slau
g
hter etc. This pamphlet responded the indictments
by the Con
g
ress on the Muslims.
A l l the reports described the Con
g
ress
g
overnment as an atempt to create Hindu Raj
that
wanted to overwhelm the Muslim culture and their identit
y
. It was a ri
g
orous threat to the Muslims

interests.
Muslim Lea
g
ue Activism:
The Muslim Lea
g
ue hi
g
hli
g
hted the issues and mobilized the Muslims to counter them ade
q
uatel
y
.
I t reor
g
anized the Muslim communit
y
to cope with the situation. The ML arran
g
ed its session at
Lucknow in October 1937. Man
y
prominent leaders like Fazlul Haq participated in the session while
Sikander Ha
y
at and Saadulah announced their support to the ML.
The Muslim leaders shed a sharp criticism on the Con
g
ress policies. The
y
protested a
g
ainst the
reduction of status of Urdu and other Muslim related issues. The
y
created realization, amon
g
st the
Muslims, of what can happen under the Con
g
ress rule and ur
g
ed for serious thinkin
g
about the
future political and constitutional arran
g
ements. The
y
unearthed the real objectives of the Con
g
ress
and ur
g
ed the need of unit
y
amon
g
the Muslims under the banner of Muslim Lea
g
ue.
The Second World War (September 1939) proved blessin
g
for the Muslims in a sense that the
Con
g
ress Ministries resi
g
ned in November 1939. The Muslims observed Day of Deliverance on
December 22, 1939.
Reorganization of Muslim League:
The ML redefined its position durin
g
the World War II. The
y
expressed their enthusiasm that no
constitution to be enforced without the consent of the Muslims. The
y
eradicated their
or
g
anizational weaknesses and refined their objectives keepin
g
the experiences of the Con
g
ress
ministries.
Intellectual Commentary on Congress Rule and its impact
65
Short term effect of these policies:
1. It weakened the capacity of responsible government. In democracy it is public opinion
which rules but in congress ministries it was vice versa.
2. Provincial autonomy was nullified by the rule of the High command
3. Totalitarian policies of congress made it impossible to negotiate. Totalitarianism produced
arrogance which is opposed to give and take spirit.
Long term effects:
1. More aware minorities
The rise of congress, to power made the Muslims feel for the first time what it was to be in a
minority. They had become acutely aware of the rising tide of Hindu rule, and that produced a
consolidation of political opinion and organization in India. Lothian in Asiatic Review
The Congress was the Indian counterpart of Nazi party in Germany. Bonarjee, A Christian
2. Constitutional safeguards: a non-entity
The congress rule taught the minorities that administrative or even constitutional safeguards are no
effective protection against an attitude of mind in the numerically dominant party which treats all
other sections of opinion as politically-defeated antagonists. I H Qureshi
3. Strengthened Muslim Leagues power among masses
The more aggressive became the tone of congress the greater grew the confidence of Muslim League.
ML countered every argument of the congress;
To the congress argument of communalism narrating the hardships under congress
secular rule
Congresss pledge to protect minorities ML pointed to futility of constitutional safeguards
Democracy and freedom greater Muslim apprehension about Hindu domination

4. Paved the way towards separation
Slowly but relentlessly the congress was forcing the Muslim of India into separation. IH Qureshi
5. Communal Tensions
I foresaw that the result of the present congress party policy will be class bitterness, communal war
and strengthening of the imperialistic hold as a consequence. Quaid

66
PAKISTAN RESOLUTION

67

68

69

70

71

72
CRIPPS MISSION

73

74

75

76

77

78
CABINET MISSION

79

80

81
82

83

84

85
86

87
PART 3 POST PARTITION PERIOD
INITIAL PROBLEMS FACED AFTER THE CREATION OF PAKISTAN
INTRODUCTION:
Nehru told General Sir Frank Messervy in 1945, his deliberate plan would be to allow
Jinnah to have his Pakistan, end gradually makes things so impossible economically and otherwise
for Pakistan that they have to come on their banded knees and asked to be allowed back to India.
1. RADCLIFF AWARD (AUGUST 16, 1947):
Background
Representatives of Punjab Boundary Commission
Pakistan India
Justice Din Muhammad Justice Maher Chand Muhajan
Justice Muhammad Munir Justice Tej Singh
Representatives Bengal Boundary Commission
Pakistan India
Justice Abu Saleh Justice C. C. Biswas
Muhammad Ikram Justice B.K Mukarjee
Justice S.A Rehman
Sir Cyril Radcliff was appointed as the chairman of both the boundary commissions. Both India and
Pakistan were agreed to accept the decision of Radcliff in case of deadlock. As expected the
representatives of India and Pakistan were unable to reach on an agreement and Radcliff announced
his own decisions on 16th August 1947.
Analysis of the Boundary Award
The award was partial, unjust and unfair to Pakistan
Radcliff Award Handed over Some of the Muslim Majority Areas that were Contiguous to the
Boundary of Pakistan to India: These areas included.
o Sub-district of Ajnala in Amritsar district
o Sub-district of Nakadar and Jullundur in Jullundur district
o Sub-district of Ferozepur and Zira in Ferozepur district
o Sub-district of Batala and Gurdaspur in Gurdaspur district
88
Radcliff award, allotted sixty-two percent of the area of undivided Punjab to India, with fifty-five
percent of the population.

Radcliff Award Paved the Way for the Accession of Kashmir with India: Gurdaspur was a
district contiguous to Pakistan. Out of its four Sub-District Gurdaspur, Batala and shakergarh
were the Muslim majority and Pathankot was a non-Muslim majority sub-district. At the time of
partition the only rail and road communication between India and Kashmir was possible through
the district of Gurdaspur, if Radcliff had only awarded the Hindu majority sub-district of
Pathankot to India still it would not have had access to the state of Kashmir; by assigning two
Muslim majority sub-district of Baal and Gurdaspur Radcliff provided India a link with Kashmir.
In 1948 India entered its forces in Kashmir through Gurdaspur and annexed the state to
India.

The Decision of the Punjab Boundary Commission Caused the Canal Water Dispute
between India and Pakistan: Three rivers namely Indus, Jhelum and Chenab enter in Punjab
from Kashmir whereas two rivers Ravi and Sutlej enter from Indian held Punjab. Radcliff drew
the boundary line in such a way that it cut across the river and canals; making India and
Pakistan upper and lower beneficiaries. Radcliff also handed over the Ferozepur (Sutlij) and
Madupur (Ravi) head works to India.By giving the control over the river Ravi and Sutlej to India,
Radcliff put the economical life of Pakistan in danger. It was not merely a theoretical possibility;
it was proved by Indic by cutting off the water supply on 31st March 1948.

City of Calcutta Handed Over to India: Firstly large population of Calcutta consisted of
schedule east Hindus that were with Muslim League. Secondly East Pakistan was separate
from West Pakistan by more than one thousand miles and for the communication point of
view the port of Calcutta was very important for Pakistan. Thirdly East Bengal produced the
bulk of raw jute but mostly the jute factories were situated in Calcutta.

Boundary Award and Mountbatten's influence? On August 8, Mountbatten's private secretary
sent a letter with a preliminary description of the Punjab boundary to Evan Jenkins, the
governor of Punjab. This draft showed the Ferozepur area and its headworks going to Pakistan.
When the final award was released, Ferozepur was assigned to India. Infuriated Pakistanis were
sure that Nehru and Mountbatten had pressured Radcliff to change his line

Announcement of the Award was Delayed: The Award was to be announced on August 12,
1947 but it was mysteriously delayed till August 16, 1947.
Repercussion!
India and Pakistan had no boundaries for the first two days of their existence.
In some places both -Indian and Pakistani flags were raised.
89
In some border regions whose destiny was uncertain Indian and Pakistani citizens were in
the dilemma of not knowing which country they were in even on August 15.
In some cases officials sent to work in territories that later became port of India or
Pakistani. Many administrators joined the last-minute flow of refugees themselves,
disrupting administrative system by leaving their posts empty.
Why?
To avoid spoiling the joyous celebration of independence by announcing news that would
undoubtedly distress' both India and Pakistan.
To overlook the British responsibility for the disorder that inevitably would follow the
announcement.

2. ACCESSION OF THE PRINCELY STATES:
Kashmir :
Area of 84,471 square miles, 77% muslims, 4 million population in 1944. The most
important state was Kashmir naturally connected with Pakistan. Its ruler was Hindu while
population was Muslim. The population inclined towards Pakistan but the Hindu ruler declared to
join India. The Kashmiri people revolt against the ruler in Poonch area and soon it became
widespread. The ruler sought Indian support. India demanded accession. On October 27, 1947
Indian troops landed in Srinagar. The people continued their struggle for independence and India
promised to finally settle the matter with reference to the people under the UN Resolutions.
Hyderabad :
Hyderabad was one of the richest Hindu Majority state covering 82000 sq miles of area, 260
million Revenue. Surrounded by Indian Territory. The state was situated in the south of India. Their
rulers were Muslim who were called Nizam. Nizam wanted to maintain independent status for his
state but as being Muslim he had desire to accede with Pakistan if ever need arose. Due to the
important position of the state, Mountbatten the first governor general of India put pressure on
Nizam to accede with India but Nizam refused to do so. On September 13, 1948 just two days after
the death of Quaid-e-Azam Indian forces entered in Hyderabad and occupied it forcibly. Pakistan
submitted a complaint in UNO against the illegal action of India which is still pending.

Junagadh:
Junagadh was a small Hindu majority state covering 3337 sq miles of the area. It situated
300 miles down to the coast of Karachi Indian coast of Kathiawar. The Muslim rulers ruled the state.
After independence the request for the accession with Pakistan by its rulers was accepted by the
Quaid-e-Azam. Indian government reacted sharply and an economic blockade of the state of
Junagardh was imposed that resulted in food shortage. By the end of October 1947 the rulers of the
state of Junagadh were forced to leave the state. On 9th November 1947 the Indian army occupied
the state. Pakistan took that matter in UNO where it is still pending.
90
3. REFUGEES AND ACCOMMODATION PROBLEM:

Hindus were angry over the division of the Subcontinent whereas Sikhs were unhappy over
the loss of their religious places. Sikhs and Hindu armed with deadly weapons slaughter the man
woman and even the small children. Condition in East Punjab was worse than anywhere else where
rulers of the states of Alwar, Kapurthala, Patiala and Bharatpure played the most inhuman role in
that human tragedy.
Due to the communal violence millions of Indian Muslims leaving there property started
migrating towards Pakistan. Apart from communal violence another reason for the migration of
Muslims was their desire to live in a newly established Islamic state.
The arrival of refugees created problem for both the countries but the issue was more
serious in the nascent state of Pakistan that was already facing no of problems. It was estimated that
only West Pakistani received 5.5 million refugees and one sixth of the entire population of West
Pakistan consisted of refugees. It caused economic and administrative problems, as Pakistan did
not have sufficient resources to provide food, shelter and medical aid to the growing no of refugees.
Quaid-e-Azam moved his headquarter to Lahore to give special attention to this problem.
Quaid-e-Azam relief fund was also created in which rich people were asked to donate. Temporary
relief camps were also established.
4. CANAL WATER DISPUTE:
It had its origin in Radcliff Award which drew the boundary India and Pakistan in way that it cut
across the rivers and canal making India the upper beneficiary and Pakistan the lower beneficiary, It
also handed over the control over two important head works over river Ravi (Madhupure Head
works) and Sutlej (Ferozpure Head works) to India. India proved it by stopping the flow of water in
March 1948.
Dispute was finally settled when an agreement called Indus Basin treaty. The treaty was
signed between Ayub Khan the president of Pakistan and Nehru the Indian Prime Minister on
September 19, 1962. According to that agreement India was allocated the use of two Eastern Rivers
namely Ravi and Sutlej whereas three western Rivers Indus, Jehlum and Canab were given to
Pakistan. To overcome the shortage of water World Bank, India and other friendly countries provided
Pakistan financial assistance to construct two dams, five barrages and seven link canals.
5. DIVISION OF ASSETS:
Military Assets:
It was announced on July I, 1947 that Indian army assets would also be divided in ratio 65
to 35 in India's favour it was with reference of the communal balance present in the British Indian
Army. Field Martial Auchinleck was appointed as incharge of the distribution of military assets.
Whatever Pakistan received was nothing but scrap and out of order machines, broken weapons,
unserviceable artillery and aircraft. There were 16 ordnance factories and all were located in
India. Pakistan was given 60 million rupees towards its share in the ordnance factories. Later an
ordnance factory was established in Wah. Pakistan received six Armour divisions to India's
91
fourteen, eight artillery divisions to India's forty and eight infantry divisions to India's twenty
one. Pakistan also received Staff College in Quetta and Service Corps College at Kakul, which
latter became the Pakistan military Academy.
Division of financial assets:
At the time of division there was cash balance of 4 billion rupees in the reserve Bank of
India Pakistan was to get 750 million however after the protest of Pakistan, India agreed to pay 200
million rupees. As the war between India and Pakistan had started on the issue of Kashmir India
again stopped the rest of the amount by saying that Pakistan could use it to buy arms. After the
protest from Pakistan and the threat of hunger strike by Gandhi, Nehru was forced to pay another
500 million rupees. However the remaining 50 million rupees are still not paid.
6. ISSUE OF NATIONAL LANGUAGE:
Immediately after the establishment of Pakistan language controversy was started between East and
West Pakistan when the members of the Constituent Assembly belonged to East Pakistan demanded
that instead of Urdu, Bengali should be made national language of Pakistan. Liaqat Ali Khan then
the Prime Minister of Pakistan refused to accept the demand, which created resentment among East
Pakistan. Refusal of the demand ultimately transformed into a political movement. In March 1948
while addressing at Dhaka, Quaid-e-Azam declared, Urdu and Urdu alone would be the national
language of Pakistan". Advice of Quaid-e-Azam temporarily took the heart out of language movement
but the issue was not settled. It exploded latter after the death of Quaid-e-Azam.
7. ISSUE OF PAKHTOONISTAN:
At the time of partition N.W.F.P was controlled by the "red shirts" the ally of Congress. The Khan
Brothers, Dr Khan Sahib and Abdul Ghaffar Khan, were their leaders. Despite the 1947
referendum in which the people of the region voted to join Pakistan, the leaders of the" red shirts"
demanded union with Afghanistan or complete regional autonomy. The Afghan Government also
supported the issue by saying that the "Pakhtoons" or pathans living in both Afghanistan and
Pakistan belong to the same race and the "Pakhtoons" of Pakistan wanted to be the part of the union
with Afghanistan called "Pakhtoonistan".

8. DEATH OF QUAID-E-AZAM:
Despite of all the problems, Pakistan continued to march under the dynamic leadership of Quaid-
e-Azam. Nobody can deny that in the early year predominant leadership of Quaid-e-Azam was a
source of strength for Pakistan. Quaid-e-Azam died on 11th September 1948. After the death of
Quaid-e-Azam though there were great leaders too, but unfortunately none of them was of the caliber
of Quaid-e-Azam.

92
THE ACHIEVEMENTS OF THE QUAID-E-AZAM
Jinnah played an important role in establishing the new country in the world community. He lived
only for a year after the creation of Pakistan but even then he did what an ordinary man can not
achieve in whole life. In August 1947 few people expected Pakistan to survive as an independent
nation and many Indian Politicians actually worked to make that survival even more difficult. Yet
Thanks to his unflagging efforts Pakistan not only survived, but prospered.
JINNAH AS A LEADER:
Quaid-e-Azam Muhammad Ali Jinnah Held the post of Governor General. This Was intended to be a
ceremonial position with few duties. The Governor-General was to be a figurehead acting as an
inspiration to nation. The Quaid-e-Azam, however, took the role of chief executive in the new
government. He chaired cabinet meetings and was the president of the constituent assembly. Jinnah
struggled hard for establishing Pakistan on sound footing in all respect. He proved to the world that
he is a real leader who has shown guidance to million Muslims of subcontinent.
BUILDING AND STRENGTHENING THE NATION:
The Quaid immediately set about dealing with those problems that Pakistan Faced after partition.
1. He stressed the need for everyone in Pakistan to work together to creat the nation. He said
people should not think of themselves as fpr example, Punjabi, or Bengali. Instead they
should think, feel and act as Pakistanis and be proud of it. He toured all the areas of
Pakistan to get across the message that Everyone of us should think feel and act as a
Pakistani and we should be proud of being Pakistani alone.
2. Quaid-e-Azam was as opposed to religious intolerance as he was to provincialism and
racialism. Even after the movement of refugees Pakistan had millions of non Muslims and
India had millions of Muslims. The Quaid called himself the PROTECTOR GENERAL of
religious minorities and his advice was often sought by the non-Muslims. He was determined
that Pakistan should be seen as a land of tolerance and said that Islamic ideas about justice
and equality demanded that any non Muslims who chose to remain in Pakistan should be
treated fairly, not prosecuted.
3. To help the newly arrived refugees he set up a relief fund to rehabilitate them as quickly as
possible. The people were quick to response with donation in cash and kind.
4. To emphasize rule of Pakistan in the world community, the Quaid secured the membership
of the country into the United Nations organization (UNO) in September 1947. This helped it
gain recognition and support among the other nation of the world.

BUILDING A GOVERNMENT:
The Quaid-e-Azam knew that there was a great deal of work to be done in establishing a
governmental and administrative framework for Pakistan. No Problem Could be solved Unless
the country had an administration that could take decisions about the problem and make sure
that those decisions were carried out.
93
1. Liaqat Ali Khan was appointed Prime Minister, and a cabinet was formed. A
Constituent Assembly was set up. One of its tasks was to begin framing constitution for
the new Pakistan.
2. Karachi became the capital of Pakistan and the central secretariat was set up to run
the country. Those people with government experience who chose to move from India to
Pakistan were brought to Karachi on special trains and airplanes.
3. The civil services were recognized. In order to run the administration smoothly the civil
service rules were drafted.
4. The Quaid was determined that government officials should have the right attitude to
their work. He informed them that they had to remember that they were the servants of
the people, not the rulers of the country. It was therefore essential that they worked with
national spirit. This was particularly important because the officials found that they had
no office equipment, no furniture, and very little stationery. For many years the
Pakistani civil service worked under extremely difficult conditions.
Building an Economy:
1. As Pakistan was denied its full share of the wealth of the old british India and their
was much work to do in converting Pakistan from an almost completely agricultural
country to one with the degree of industrial development. An important step on this path
came 1
st
July 1948 when the Quaid established the State bank of Pakistan, to help
develop the economy.
2. In 1948 Jinnahs Industrial policy statement made it clear that he, and the
government, saw that it was important to set up industries in Pakistan, as quickly as
possible.
3. The Quaid also reached a compromise with India in the Canal Water Dispute which
ensured that Pakistans agriculture would not be denied precious water supplies. He
also helped persuade the Indian government to hand over the agreed share of financial
asserts from pre-partition India.

ESTABLISHING NATIONAL SECURITY:
Although Pakistan had been given poor military equipment and it lacked senior cadre officer for the
army, the Quaid worked to ensure that the new country was able to defend itself.
1. The Pakistan Army needed more officer and the gaps were filled by offering temporary
commissions and using British officers. He was determined that the army should know that
its role was to be the servant of people and warned it that you do not make national policy.
The Quaid did not want to see Pakistan become a military dictatorship.
2. Although Pakistans Army was ill equipped, the Quaid was not afraid to use it, and the army
saw its first action in Kashmir. Despite being outnumbered and having inferior arms and
ammunition, it stood up well and held its own in fighting.
94
CONCLUSION:
The Quaid died on 11 September 1948. Despite his failing health he had worked tirelessly to
establish his new country. By the time of his death a new government and administration had been
taken to unite the diverse people into single Pakistani nation and the steps made in developing
Pakistans economy. Equally significant was that by the end of 1948 the first fighting had taken
place against troops from Pakistans great rival, India. As the English newspaper, the times wrote
shortly after his death: No succeeding Governor General can quite fill his place as FATHER OF
NATION such was the greatness of Quaid.
HAD THERE BEEN NO QUAID, THERE WOULD HAVE BRRN NO PAKISTAN:

95
CONSTI TUTI ONAL I SSUES
Constitution is a set of basic principles and framework for
g
overnance and exercise of political
power and le
g
al authorit
y
. It clarifies the scope of power, relationship amon
g
various institutions
within the
g
overnment and societ
y
. It has precedence over ordinar
y
laws and cannot be chan
g
ed
like ordinar
y
laws. The Government of India Act (1935) was modified and promul
g
ated in the
newl
y
state of Pakistan. The elected members in the 1946 elections made the first Constituent
Assembl
y
that faced
g
rievous circumstances.
Major Issues
The major issues, the first constituent assembl
y
faced, were about:
1. Federalism
2. Representation
3. Separate or Joint Electorate
4. The National Lan
g
ua
g
e Issue
5. Parliamentar
y
or Presidential s
y
stem
6. The Islamic or Secular State
1. Federalism
There was consensus on federalism but yet there were man
y
issues to be setled. The main was
that Pakistan consisted of two territorial parts, East Pakistan (with more population, less territor
y

but administrativel
y
one unit) and West Pakistan (administrativel
y
4 units). Federalism is meant
to accommodate such kind of diversit
y
maintainin
g
the unit
y
of the state or countr
y
.
2. Division o f power:
It was the most difficult
q
uestion that how the power would be divided between Centre
and the Provinces. The herita
g
e of British rule
g
ave the tradition of a Stron
g
Centre. But the
provinces were demandin
g
more Autonomy and Provincial R i
g
hts.
In the Interim Constitution and the 1956 Constitution tradition of stron
g
centre continued.
3. Representation
Representation a t the federal level was another conflictin
g
issue because East Pakistan and
West Pakistan were different in population and size. On the other hand there was diversit
y
in
Western part of Pakistan. The provinces of West Pakistan were also different in population and
size. A l of them were sensitive to their representation and provincial autonom
y
.
To have a Standard Formula for the representation of units and population the Constituent
Assembl
y
(CA) formed a Basic Principle Commitee (BPC) on March 12, 1949. The primar
y
task of
this commitee was to frame a set of basic principles for the future constitution of Pakistan.

a. First BPC Report:
96
This commitee presented its first report on 28
th
September 1950. Accordin
g
to this report two
houses of the parliament were proposed. The lower house was to be elected on the basis of
POPULATION and the upper house was to be elected on the basis of e
q
ual representation for a l
the provinces of Pakistan namel
y
East Ben
g
al, West Punjab, Sindh, NWFP and Baluchistan.
E
q
ual powers were proposed for the both Houses. No mention of National Lan
g
ua
g
e was made. East
Ben
g
a l opposed this report and Lia
q
a t Ali Khan withdrew it.

b. Second BPC Report:
BPC presented its final report on 22
nd
December 1952. Accordin
g
to this report two Houses of the
Parliament wil enjo
y
the e
q
ual status and powers. It proposed e
q
ual representation to East and
West win
g
.
This report also faced reaction in both the win
g
s of Pakistan. The principle of parit
y
was not
appreciated in both East Pakistan and Punjab.
c. Muhammad Al i Bo
g
ra Formula:
Muhammad Ali Bo
g
ra immediatel
y
after assumin
g
the office of the Prime Minister presented a
formula to resolve the deadlock in constitution makin
g
. Accordin
g
to this formula Pakistan would
have a bicameral le
g
islature. In upper house there would be EQUAL representation to each of
five units. In lower house population wi l be represented. In this way more representation was
g
iven to East Pakistan.
Both win
g
s would have e
q
ual stren
g
th in joint sessions of the two houses.
:: Reaction to Bo
g
ra Formula
I t was welcomed in both parts of the countr
y
. The principle of parit
y
and representation of the
population was appreciated. I t also solved the problem of national lan
g
ua
g
e by su
gg
estin
g
Urdu
and Ben
g
ali both as national lan
g
ua
g
e.
:: One Unit o f West Pakistan October 1955
One Unit of West Pakistan was established on 14
th
October 1955. The provinces of Punjab,
Sindh, NWFP and Baluchistan would be amal
g
amated in one unit to establish parit
y
between the
two parts of the countr
y
.
4. Separate or Joint Electorate
Separate electorate was adopted on the demand of Muslims in 1909 by the British Government.
But the minorities did not favour this after independence. Reli
g
ious elements supported this as a
part of herita
g
e.
East: decided for Joint Electorate.
West: Separate electorate.
97
1957: Joint Electorate was adopted for a l Pakistan by the National Assembl
y
.
5. The National Lan
g
ua
g
e Issue
Pre-independence: Muslim elite a l over India adopted Urdu. In 1948 Jinnah declared that Urdu
would be the national lan
g
ua
g
e but provinces could use their lan
g
ua
g
es.
Opposition a
g
ainst Urdu was there in East Ben
g
al. This became more pronounced after the death
of Jinnah as controversies erupted on constitution makin
g
. Lan
g
ua
g
e Movement started in East
Pakistan Februar
y
, 1952.
There was a complaint about anti Ben
g
ali lan
g
ua
g
e atitude of the federal
g
overnment. Two-
lan
g
ua
g
e formula was adopted in 1954. Since 1973 Urdu was adopted as national lan
g
ua
g
e alon
g

with the support for development of re
g
ional lan
g
ua
g
es.
6. Parliamentary or Presidential
There was a consensus for parliamentar
y
s
y
stem. But there was a limited demand for presidential
s
y
stem. Supporters of Presidential s
y
stem became dominant after the 1958 militar
y
takeover. The
1962 Constitution was a Presidential constitution.
6: The Islamic or Secular State
From the ver
y
be
g
innin
g
of Pakistan Movement there was an a
g
reement that the state wi l have
close relationship with Islam. Muslims defined their national identit
y
with reference to Islam and
its herita
g
e. Some opposition came from the Con
g
ress members of the Constituent Assembl
y
, and
a few secularists.
There was a BROAD AGREEMENT that the state wil identif
y
itself with Islam. The Constituent
Assembl
y
took time to define the precise relationship between the state and Islam.

98
CONSTI TUTI ON MAKI NG ( 1 947- 56)
Constitution is a basic document in the handlin
g
of domestic affairs. I t sets out the framework for
g
overnance and exercise of power. I t
g
ives
g
uidin
g
lines of relationships amon
g
the federatin
g
units.
Law makin
g
is alwa
y
s within its limits.
The modified Government of India Act (1935) became the Interim Constitution of Pakistan in
1947. The Constituent Assembl
y
(CA) was
g
iven the task of framin
g
the Constitution. The first
meetin
g
of the CA was held on Au
g
ust 11, 1947 a t Karachi. In the lecture 17 we have discussed
the constitutional issues that the CA had to deal with, mainl
y
6 major issues. Now we wi l discuss
the sta
g
es of constitution makin
g
.
The process be
g
an with the passin
g
of the Objectives Resolution (Lecture 16) in which the Islamic
and democratic values were adopted as
g
rounds for the future constitution. The Basic Principles
Commitee (BPC) consistin
g
of 24 members was made to work for the constitutional powers. The
various sub-commitees on Federal and provincial powers, Franchise, Judiciar
y
, and Fundamental
Ri
g
hts started workin
g
. Board of Talimat-i-Islamia was also set up to seek advice on the reli
g
ious
maters.
First BPC Report, 1950
1: The Objectives Resolution to be included in the Constitution as the directive principles.
2: Le
g
islature: Two houses of the parliament.
Upper: (House of Units) E
q
ual representation for the units
Lower: (House of People) On the basis of Population. Both the Houses would enjo
y
the e
q
ual
powers.
3: The Head of State elected by joint session would be for five
y
ears (Two terms onl
y
).
President had discretionar
y
and emer
g
enc
y
, appointment and other powers. President was
not answerable to an
y
one, mi
g
ht be a Muslim or non-Muslim, would be assisted by the
Prime Minister (PM) and Cabinet that would be answerable to the CA. Parliament may
impeach him by 2/3 majorit
y
. He was
g
iven the power to abro
g
ate the constitution.
4: Cabinet responsible to both the Houses.
5: No mention of national lan
g
ua
g
e
Criticism:
This report was severel
y
criticized throu
g
hout the countr
y
. It could not satisf
y
both the win
g
s, East
and West. The reli
g
ious
g
roup objected that the report contained nothin
g
about Islamisation. On
the
q
uestion of representation, the East Pakistan (EP) protested that their majorit
y
had been denied
by the Report. The
y
remarked that the
y
were thrown into a permanent minorit
y
. The population of
EP was sli
g
htl
y
lar
g
er than that of the West Pakistan (WP) but i t was treated as the s ma l provinces
because both the Houses were
g
iven e
q
ual powers. So the domination of WP was intolerable for the
East win
g
.
The lan
g
ua
g
e issue proved subversive to the national solidarit
y
. The Eastern Pakistanis condemned
the proposal that made Urdu as official lan
g
ua
g
e.
99
Second BPC Report, 1952
1. Head of State would be Muslim and no chan
g
e in powers.
2. E
q
ual representation to East and West win
g
s:
a. UH (Upper House) 60, 60 LH 200, 200
3. More powers were
g
iven to Lower House. Cabinet was made responsible to Lower House.
4. I t was promised that law makin
g
would be in accordance with ISLAM. No law would be
made in violation of Islamic principles.
5. Advisor
y
Board of five Islamic scholars was founded.
6. Silent on national lan
g
ua
g
e.
Criticism:
The politicians particularl
y
from the Punjab deplored the Report because formation of the UH on
the basis of representation was not acceptable. It was declared a
g
ainst the principle of federation.
The WP favoured e
q
ualit
y
onl
y
for Upper House. The political crisis removed Prime Minister
Nazimuddin and atention diverted from the core issue.
Third Report: Muhammad Al i Formula October 1953
The proposals were revised in the li
g
ht of the criticism and decided:
Upper House: E
q
ual representation to a l five units
Lower House: More representation to Eastern part
While in joint session, both win
g
s had e
q
ual representation:
East Pak West Pak
Upper House 10 40
Lower House 165 135
------------------------------
Joint Session 175 175
Decision by majorit
y
but i t must include 30 percent members from each zone.
Criticism:
It su
gg
ested some difficult process but mostl
y
it was widel
y
acceptable. Two lan
g
ua
g
es, Urdu and
Ben
g
ali, were approved as official lan
g
ua
g
es that injured the national unit
y
as Quaid-i-Azam had
wished Urdu as national lan
g
ua
g
e.
This is important that after the Formula, the work be
g
an on constitution draftin
g
because the
deadlock was over.
CA Dissolution
100
In October 1954, GG (Governor General) dissolved the CA that was chalen
g
ed in the Sindh court
by Maulvi Tamizuddin. The court declared the dissolution ile
g
a l but the Federal Court upheld the
GG action but asked for setin
g
up an elected CA.
2nd Constituent Assembly, June-July 1955
Ghulam Muhammad caled a Convention on May 10, 1955. A l its members were to be elected
indirectl
y
(by the provincial assemblies). In this wa
y
, the 2nd CA came into existence.
One Unit Scheme, October 1955
The presence of different provinces in the WP had complicated the issue of the WP representation
in the CA. It was handled by unitin
g
a l the WP units into ONE (One Unit, October 30, 1955). Now
both the parts had become two units and could be addressed e
q
u a l
y
.
Constitution-makin
g

One Unit scheme helped the task of constitution makin
g
to accomplish successful
y
. The previous
commitees report helped the new Assembl
y
that completed its work and presented in the 2nd CA
on Januar
y
9, 1956. It, with certain amendments, was approved on Januar
y
29, 1956 and
enforced on March 23. With this Pakistan had become an Islamic Republic.

101
POLITICAL DEVELOPMENTS
1: First Eleven Years (1947-58)
Pakistan won independence under extremel
y
difficult conditions. The next task was setin
g
up of a
new state.
There was no administrative structure. Riots, refu
g
ee
s problem and economic pressures were

chalen
g
in
g
for the new state.
Ne
g
ative attitude from Indian
g
overnment and war on Kashmir created problems in relations with
India.
The Government of India Act 1935 was adopted as the first Interim Constitution. Quaid-i-Azam
Mohammad Ali Jinnah became the first Governor General (GG) of Pakistan and Lia
q
uat Ali Khan,
the first Prime Minister (PM).
1.
Governor Generals:
M. A. Jinnah Au
g
ust Sept. 1947-Sept. 1948
2. Kh. Nazimuddin Sept. 1948-Oct 1951
3. Ghulam Mohammad Oct. 1951-Oct. 1955
4. Iskander Mirza Oct. 1955-March 1956
1. President:
Iskander Mirza
March 1956-Oct. 1958
1.
Prime Ministers:
Lia
q
uat Ali Khan Au
g
ust 1947-Oct 1951
2. Kh. Nazimuddin Oct. 1951-April 1953
3. Muhammad Ali Bo
g
ra

(i)
(ii)
April 1953-Oct 1954 Oct.
1954-Au
g
ust 1955
4. Ch. Muhammad Ali Au
g
ust 1 955-Sept 1956
5. H.S. Suhraward
y
Sept. 1956-Oct 1957
6. I.I. Chundri
g
ar Oct. 1957-Dec 1957
7. Firoz Khan Noon Dec. 1957-Oct. 1958

Major Issues

Constitution-makin
g

Elections a t the provincial level
o Punjab, NWFP 1951
102
o Sindh 1953
o East Ben
g
a l 1954
1s t Constituent Assembl
y
(CA) was dissolved and 2nd CA was constituted in
1955.
One Unit Scheme October 1955
Economic mana
g
ement, A
g
riculture, Industrialization and Education was a
q
uestion
dealt in 1s t Five Year Plan.
Political Instabilit
y
was there. Weak and short-lived
g
overnments shattered the whole
political s
y
stem.
Decline of Political Parties created bad name for politicians.
Instabilit
y
was also there a t the provincial level.

2: Second Phase (1958-69)

Martial Law remained imposed from October 1958 to June 1962. Constitutional Rule was
restored on June 1962 and remained t i l l the 2nd Martial Law on March 1969.
A
y
ub Khan took over as Chief Martial Law Administrator (CMLA) and the President. He got himself
elected throu
g
h referendum in 1960 and re-elected in Januar
y
1965 throu
g
h presidential elections.
Important Policy Measures
Important Polic
y
Measures taken by the A
y
ub
g
overnment were:
Administrative Reforms which included removal of unwanted officials, some
1662 in number.
Restrictions on political activities. Political leaders were stopped from takin
g

part in politics for 6
y
ears on the char
g
e of corruption and other char
g
es under the
law named EBDO.
Economic plannin
g
was done for industrial development and
g
reen
Revolution. Educational Reforms
Constitution was introduced.
Downfall o f Ayub Khan:
Indo-Pakistan war started and a t the end of war Tashkand Pact was si
g
ned with India. People
were not satisfied with this pact. The
y
also resented the election results of 1965. Fruits of economic
development were not distributed a t masses level. Wealth of nation was concentrated in a few
hands. This brou
g
ht people to a
g
itation and public demand resulted in resi
g
nation of the president.
AYUB ML AND MILITARY INTERVENTION (Oct 7, 1958 Jun 8, 1962 Nov
1968)
Oct 1957, Iskandar Mirza dismissed Suharwardy appointed I.I Chandrigar as PM
103
On December 16, 1957, Malik Feroz Khan Noon took over the office of Prime Minister from
Chundrigar. President Iskander Mirza was distressed by the alliance of Suhrawardy and Noon.
ML imposed on Oct 07, 1958. Ayub started his ML with wide support in the masses
A proper constitution was needed
Land reforms to eliminate landlords authority
Refugees rehabilitation
Educational and legal reforms
Capital to be reconstructed
Independence foreign policy
AFTER TAKING OVER
Many commissions were set up
Smugglers and black marketer were rounded up
1. Elective Bodies Disqualification Order (EBDO)
2. Public Ordinance Disqualification Order
Economic Development
Pushed industrialization program
Significant increase in per capita income
Well professional five-year plans
Land/ Agrarian Reforms
Absentee lords exploited the poor
1. Land Reform Commission Oct 1958
a. Reduction of land ceiling irrigated land to 500 acres and irrigated to 1000 acres
b. Resumed land to offer to existing tenants
2. Consolidation policy to exchange fragmented policy
3. Mangal, Tarbela and Warsak dam established
4. Extensive programs of tube wells
5. Easy loans through Agricultural Development Corporation and Agricultural Bank
Industrial Reforms
Gradual Liberalization of economy
o Price mechanism
o Incentive to traders
Investment procedure simplified
A bonus voucher scheme
o Exporter of certain goods given import license equivalent to 30% of exports
NIT established
RCD Iran, Pakistan, Turkey established
Constitutional / Political Reforms
104
1959 Basic Democracy system of local self government
1

BASIC DEMOCRACIES ORDER 1959
Functions
1. Administrative
2. Developmental
3. Local Self Government
4. Constitutional
BD Organizations (4 tiers)
1. Union Councils
a. Composition 10 member elected by 10 constituencies of 1000 people each & Five
nominated members with a paid secretary
b. Functions maintenance of roads, sanitation, water supply, local disputes
c. Finance UC could levy taxes & Ad hoc govt grant
2. Tehsil Councils / Thana Council
a. Composition all the chairmen of UC and TC & officials and non officials nominated
by DC headed by Sub divisional Officer or Tehsildar
b. Functions coordination and discussion forum
c. Finance No taxation power, Gov,t adhoc grant (Municipal Committees could levy
taxes)
3. District Councils
a. Composition half elected members (by chairmen UC) and half nominated (service
provider dept.) DC as a chairman
b. Function coordination between service providers, coordination, develop schemes,
review of progress, policy making
c. Finance levy taxes land, professional & Adhoc grants
4. Divisional Councils
a. Composition elected members from MCs & elected from District councils, other half
nominated
b. Functions coordination, review progress
c. Finance no finance needed, ad hoc grant
5. Muncipal Corporations
a. Only for big cities like Lahore and Karachi
Constitutional Changes
1962 Constitution
2

Change of Capital
3

Social Reforms
Family Law ordinance 1961
1
Presidentsaid,DemocracyinPakistanshouldbeofatypethatbestsuitsthegeniusofthepeople.
2
PromulgatedonJune8,1962
3
FederalCommissiononCapital
105
o Polygamy prohibited or in special circumstance with approval of first wife
o To give divorce one must go through reconciliatory process of UCs
Family planning policy
o Population control
o Family Planning centers
Rehabilitation of Refugees
o 9 million refuges
o Appointed Gen. M Azam Khan as Rehabilitation Ministers
Education reforms
Commission recommended
o 3 years degree program
o Primary education free
o Middle compulsory
Students agitated
Govt withdrew 3 year degree program
Indo Pak war 1965
Run of Kuch
Kashmir
Tashkent Decleration (Jan 1966)
DOWNFALL OF AYUB
Economic policies
o Widening the gap (disparity)
o Diverting resources of east Pakistan
o Sharp rise in Population growth
o People demanded equal distribution of resources
East Pak not happy on 1962 Constitution
Preference of east Pak by international development institutions
No health care and sanitation
Labour union protests (Mar 1969)
Tashkent declaration
EBDO
4

Ayub family flagrant indulgence in corruption
5

ZA Bhutto launched PPP in Nov 1967
(1969-71)

4
CompletionofbanonDec31
st
,1966,politiciansstartedagitating
5
BothsonsleftArmyandestablishedbusinesscompanies
106
A
y
ub Khan handed over power to Arm
y
Chief Yah
y
a Khan. He imposed Martial Law and 1962
Constitution was abro
g
ated. He took some immediate steps:
Removal of officers 303
Provinces Revived: March 30, 1970
Abolition of Parit
y

Le
g
a l Framework Order (LFO) as interim law issued in March 1970 which provided basic
principles for:
Constitution makin
g

Rules and re
g
ulations for elections
Seats in the assemblies
National Assembl
y
313 (300 plus 13 women seats)
o For East Pak 162 plus 7
o West Pak 138 plus 6
General Elections
General Elections were held in December 1970. Election Results were:
Awami Lea
g
ue 160
g
eneral seats
Pakistan People
s Part
y
81
g
eneral seats
Transfer of power became a major problem. Failure of dialo
g
ue for transfer of Power amon
g
three top
leaders led to confrontation and militar
y
action on March 25, 1971. I t ultimatel
y
resulted in Civil
war and alienation of East Pakistan.
India pla
y
ed a ver
y
ne
g
ative role. I t attacked on East Pakistan and India-Pakistan war started
which ended with the separation of East Pakistan.

POLITICAL DEVELOPMENTS 1972-1977:

Z. A. Bhuto assumed power on December 20, 1971. First he became President of Pakistan and
also the first civilian Chief Marshal Law Administrator.
Major Policies
The first task was the Constitution makin
g
. In 1972 Interim Constitution was adopted and then the
Parliament of Pakistan unanimousl
y
adopted 1973 Constitution.
The major polic
y
of Mr. Bhuto was Nationalization. His
g
overnment nationalized:
107
Key industries like Iron & Steel, Basic metals, heav
y
en
g
ineerin
g
, heav
y

electrical, Motor Vehicles & Tractors, Heav
y
& Basic Chemicals, Petro-
Chemicals, Cement, Gas, Oi l Refiner
y
etc.
Life Insurance in 1972
Banks in 1974
Schools and Cole
g
es in 1972. New Universit
y
Ordinance was issued in 1973.
Mana
g
in
g
and sub-a
g
encies were abolished.
Labour Policy
A new Labour Polic
y
was announced in which more ri
g
hts and concessions were
g
iven to the
workin
g
classes.
Health Policy
Under new Health Polic
y
cheap medicine and facilities were promised to the masses.
Administrative Reforms
Administrative Reforms were introduced to eradicate corruption in the countr
y
. Hundreds of civil
servants were removed on the char
g
e of corruption.
Problems o f Reforms:
Reforms were
g
ood in outlook but as their results were not accordin
g
to the expectations of the
masses. Discontentment took the place of initial optimism.
1977 Elections and A
g
itation:
As a result of elections of 1977 PPP won the elections. But joint opposition blamed a mass ri
gg
in
g
in
the election results. The
y
demanded fresh elections. Bhuto i ni ti al
y
was stubborn but later showed
inclination to compromise but histor
y
has taken a U-turn. As he refused to ne
g
otiate the elected
majorit
y
part
y
in 1971, now opposition refused to compromise and took the case to the streets.
Urban shopkeepers, businessmen, students, women and even the inteli
g
entsia joined hands a
g
ainst
the
g
overnment. The result was the third Martial Law and end of democrac
y
.

ISLAMIC SYMBOLISM DURING BHUTO RULE
1. Islamic provisions in Cons 1973
2. Ahmadis declared non Muslim in 1974
3. OIC summit 1974
4. Red cross to red crescent
5. Holy Quran in Hotels
6. Ministry of religious affairs established
7. Sponsored international conference on the life of Hazrat Muhammad (SAW)
8. Visits of Imam e Kahba and Madina
9. Friday declared as weekly holiday
108

POLITICAL DEVELOPMENTS 1977-1985:
Chief of Arm
y
Staff General Mohammad Zia-ul-Ha
q
took over and imposed Martial Law. He
suspended constitution. I t was the lon
g
est militar
y
Rule in the histor
y
of Pakistan. To justif
y
his
rule Zia-ul-Ha
q
presented his A
g
enda about:
Effective Administration
Islam isation
Return to Democrac
y

Major Policies:
Zia-ul-Ha
q
promised Elections first within 90 da
y
s, and then extended this period after the reforms.
These reforms included:
Accountabilit
y
of the ousted re
g
ime;
Restrictions imposed on political activities and press.
Islamisation:
In his way of Islamisation of the s
y
stem he introduced man
y
steps for for
g
in
g
cooperation of some
Islamic
g
roups.
He also introduced Constitutional and le
g
al chan
g
es to emphasis on Islamic values in the societ
y
. He
established:
Shariat benches established in 1979;
Federal Shariat Court was established in 1981;
Introduced Islamic Punishments;
Amputation of hands, Stonin
g
to death and lashin
g
etc;
Interest free bankin
g
initiated in 1981 on the principle of profit & loss sharin
g
;
Zakat deducted on savin
g
accounts & investments;
Ushar was imposed on a
g
ricultural produce in 1983;
New education Polic
y
with Islamic character of s
y
labus alon
g
with Pakistan Studies and
Islamiat compulsor
y
for a l the classes up to
g
raduation.
Islamisation of Mass media;
Pra
y
ers break was introduced in offices, and Mohaalah Salat Commitees were formed to
observe the compliance of Pra
y
er Ordinance;
Pakistan Bat-ul-Mal was established.
Return to democracy
In order to return to democrac
y
Zia-ul-Ha
q
took the folowin
g
measure:
109
Local Bodies elections, 1979.
Referendum was held to elect Zia-ul-Ha
q
as president for next five
y
ears on December
1984.
Then he held elections on non-part
y
basis on Februar
y
1985.
New National Assembl
y
(NA) was formed and a Civilian
g
overnment was instaled.
Revival of the Constitution Order March 1985 with most controversial 8th Constitutional
Amendment was introduced.
Withdrawal of martial law, Dec 30, 1985.
1985-1999 Civilian Rule
Democrac
y
was restored but no civilian
g
overnment could complete its tenure of five
y
ears and
became the victim of 58-2B of 8th amendment by virtue of that President can dissolve NA and
dismiss the elected
g
overnment.
1. Junejo March 1985-Ma
y
1988
2. Benazir Bhuto November 1988-Au
g
1990
3. Nawaz Sharif October 1990-Jul
y
1993
4. Benazir Bhuto October 1993-November 1996
5. Nawaz Sharif Februar
y
1997-October 1999
Interim Prime Ministers appointed for holdin
g
fair elections were
1. Ghulam Mustafa Jatoi: Au
g
ust-November 1990
2. Bulkh Sher Mazari: April-Ma
y
1993
3. Dr. Moeen Qureshi: Jul
y
-October 1993
4. Malik Meraj Khalid: November 1996-Februar
y
1997
Civilian
g
overnment adopted policies for the welfare and beterment of the people but their effects
were compromised due to several reasons:
Problem of keepin
g
coalitions intact;
Weak political parties, which weakened the
g
overnment;
Greater confrontation;
Complaints of corruption and misuse of state resources.
1999-2002:
In 1999 a
g
ain Militar
y
Rule was imposed a
g
ainst the civilian
g
overnment
s attempt to concentrate
power in the office of Prime Minister. Nawaz
g
overnment introduced political and constitutional
chan
g
es to have a complete control on a l branches of the
g
overnment.
Nawaz
g
overnment
s attempt to remove the Arm

y
Chief, while he was out of the countr
y
and
returnin
g
from his visit to Sri Lanka, proved counterproductive. General Musharraf took over as
the Chief Executive of the countr
y
and suspended the constitution. Martial law was not declared. No
militar
y
courts were established. Political and press freedoms remained intact.
Political Priorities:
110
General Musharraf announced his Political Priorities:
1. Rebuild national confidence and morale;
2. Stren
g
thenin
g
federation;
3. Remove inter provincial disharmon
y
;
4. Revival of the econom
y
and restoration of investor
s confidence;
5. Improvin
g
Law and order situation and dispensation of Justice;
6. Depoliticise the state institutions and devolution of power;
7. Swift and across the board accountabilit
y
.
General Musharraf desi
g
ned the folowin
g
policies to achieve these
g
oals:
Accountabilit
y
and return of looted wealth of the state;
Revival of the econom
y
throu
g
h increasin
g
Forei
g
n exchan
g
reducin
g
International
debt burden throu
g
h reschedulin
g
;
Povert
y
Reduction and social uplift.
General Musharraf introduced New Local Bodies S
y
stem, delegation of the power to the district
government
In the process of Return to Democrac
y
he held:
Referendum, April 2002.
Introduced Le
g
a l Framework Order (LFO) 2002
Held General Elections of National And Provincial Assemblies Oct 2002.

111
TRAGEDY OF EAST PAKISTAN

The separation of East Pakistan was a great setback to Pakistan. By 1970, sentiments for national
unity had weakened in East Pakistan to the extent that constant conflict between the two Wings
dramatically erupted into mass civil disorder. This tragically resulted in the brutal and violent
amputation of Pakistan's Eastern Wing.
The physical separation of a thousand miles between the two wings without a common border, and
being surrounded by Indian territory and influences, led to constant political, economic and social
conflicts between the two wings; embittering relations bringing the country on the verge of collapse.
As a result of the separation of its Eastern Wing, Pakistan's international credit was depleted and the
military, being its most powerful institution, suffered a lot. To some, the very concept of Pakistan as
the homeland for the Muslims in Southeast Asia no longer appeared valid.
Trouble started right at the inception of Pakistan in 1947. Almost immediately, East Pakistan
claimed that as their population (55 percent as compared to 45 percent in the West) was greater,
they were in a majority. Democratically, the Federal Capital, therefore, should have been in Dhaka
and not in Karachi.
Since Karachi was the seat of the National Government; ministers, government officials and
industrialists exerted immense influence on national and regional affairs, which brought them many
benefits. But the East Pakistanis were unable to extract the same kind of advantages, as they were a
thousand miles away from the Capital. Moreover, the Capital initially attracted wealthy
industrialists, businessmen, administrators, doctors and other professionals who had fled from
India.
The location of the Capital, it was said, created great economic imbalance, uneven distribution of
national wealth and privileges, and better jobs for the people of West Pakistan, because they were
able to sway decisions in their own favor.
Secondly, Bengalis resented the vast sums of foreign exchange earned from the sale of jute from
East, which were being spent on defense. They questioned how the expenditure for the Kashmir
cause would be justified, when it could otherwise have been productively used to build dams and
barriers to control floods, eradicate poverty and illiteracy, and supply food and shelter for the ever-
growing population in East Pakistan.
Thirdly, the people of the East believed that it was sheer regional prejudice that all white-collar jobs
were taken by West Pakistanis.
Many mistakes were made early in the short history of Pakistan. There lived in East Pakistan about
15 million Hindus who, with the help of their fellow West Bengali Indians from across the border,
were able to exploit East-West differences that emerged as a result of these mistakes. Grievances
were exaggerated to foster anti-West Pakistani feelings that eventually created Bengali Nationalism
and separatist tendencies. Bengali political leaders went around depicting the Central Government
and West Pakistan as hostile exploiters. However, no effective efforts were made by the Government
to check these anti-national trends.
Awami League, formed in 1951, was headed by Sheikh Mujib-ur-Rahman. He had always been an
ardent Bengali nationalist. He began to attract popular support from Bengalis in East Pakistan. He
put forward his Six Points that demanded more autonomy for the Provinces in general, and East
Pakistan in particular. He was arrested in April 1966, and soon released, only to be rearrested and
imprisoned in June the same year. He languished in prison until February 1969.
112
Being deeply aware of the explosive political situation in the country, the then Chief Martial Law
Administrator, Yahya Khan, set in motion moves to transfer power to the elected representatives of
the people, and announced that the general elections would be held on October 5, 1970.
In all his election speeches, Sheikh Mujib-ur-Rahman reiterated his demand for implementation of
his Six Points and provincial autonomy plans.
The 1970 elections were postponed from October to December due to heavy floods that caused
immense destruction and havoc in East Pakistan. The sheer enormity of the disaster attracted
worldwide attention. This gave Sheikh Mujib-ur-Rahman a golden opportunity to have an
international audience for his anti-West Pakistan feelings, which he accused of brutal callousness.
The Awami League gained much sympathy and benefit out of this suffering, and Sheikh Mujib-ur-
Rahman and his people were portrayed on the international scene as victims of West Pakistan's
indifference.
In the general elections held in December 1970, the Awami League achieved an overwhelming
victory. They captured 167 seats, the highest number in East Pakistan and overall. In the West, the
Pakistan Peoples Party had won 85 seats. The way was now
open to draw up a new Constitution.
The Awami League, now overwhelmingly victors, stood firm on
its Six Points plan and refused to compromise on that issue.
The Peoples Party in the West maintained that the Six Points
Program did not really permit a genuine federation. It was in
fact a unique constitutional proposal that proposed a federation
that had power only over defense and foreign policy.
Efforts were made to start a constitutional dialogue and narrow
the differences between the two Wings, but all in vain. Mujib-ur-
Rahman's adamant stand in support of his Six Points, and his
proposal that East Pakistan should have a sovereign status
independent of Pakistan, further aggravated the situation.
Mujib-ur-Rahman launched a non-cooperation movement. The
civil administration was totally paralyzed. All government and
educational institutions were closed. People were asked not to
pay any taxes. The transport system came to a standstill.
Factories and shops were shut. All government activities
between both the Wings ceased. The Awami League setup a
parallel government. Gangs of local Awami League freedom
fighters, known as Mukti Bahini, led violent demonstrations and
howled racial and anti-West Pakistan slogans, inciting the
people to more violence.
Amidst these disturbances, Genaral Yahya decided to convene
the National Assembly in March 1971. But Sheikh Mujib-ur-
Rahman unexpectedly put forward other demands such as the
immediate lifting of Martial Law and power transfer to the
elected representatives of the people, prior to the National
Assembly session.
Unfortunately, on March 23, the Republic Day of Pakistan, the
Awami League declared "Resistance Day" and Bangladesh flags
flew all over the Province. There was a great massacre. East
Pakistan had reached a point of no return. To quash the armed
rebellion of Awami League militants, the Pakistan Army struck
Six points of Mujeeb-ur-
Rehman
First enunciated on February 12,
1966, the six points are as below:
1. The Constitution should provide
for a Federation of Pakistan in the
true sense on the basis of the
Lahore Resolution and for a
parliamentary form of government
based on the supremacy of a
directly elected legislature on the
basis of universal adult franchise.
2. The Federal Government shall
deal with only two subjects;
Defense and Foreign Affairs. All
residuary subjects will be vested in
the federating states.
3. There should be either two
separate, freely convertible
currencies for the two Wings, or one
currency with two separate reserve
banks to prevent inter-Wing flight of
capital.
4. The power of taxation and
revenue collection shall be vested in
the federating units. The Federal
Government will receive a share to
meet its financial obligations.
5. End Economic disparities
between the two Wings through a
series of economic, fiscal, and legal
reforms.
113
its first blow on March 27, 1971. Yahya Khan chose to use force to bring law and order in the
country.
In the meantime, India exploited Pakistan's dilemma to the full. It sought to wring full propaganda
and strategic value for itself out of the Bengali suffering and misery. India launched an attack on
East Pakistan on November 22, 1971. The use of modern Soviet missiles, geographical separation by
a thousand miles lying across the hostile Indian territory, and the collusion of Mukti Bahini and the
Indian Army, made Pakistan's military defeat in the East almost certain.
On December 10, 1971, the first feeler for surrender in East Pakistan was conveyed to the United
Nations. On December 17, 1971, a formal surrender was submitted and accepted. Forty five
thousand troops and an almost equal number of civilians of West Pakistan were taken as prisoners
of war.

The Hamood-ur-Rahman Commission Report [1971]
In December 1971, within a week of replacing General Yahya as the President, Bhutto formed a
commission headed by the Chief Justice of the Supreme Court, Justice Hamood-ur-Rahman. The
Commission's responsibility was to ascertain the facts of the 1971 debacle. The commission
interviewed 213 persons including General Yahya, Z. A. Bhutto, Chief of Air Force, Chief of Navy,
senior commanders, and various political leaders. It submitted its first report in July 1972.
Originally there were 12 copies of the Report. These were all destroyed; expect the one that was
handed over to Z. A. Bhutto. Neither Bhutto, nor the Army which took over in 1977, made the Report
public. Though the Report remained classified, its contents were presumably learned from various
writings and memoirs of the military officers narrating their side of the story of what the Hamood-ur-
Rahman Inquiry Commission had to say. The report recommended public trials of the concerned
officers responsible for the 1971 debacle.
The inquiry was reopened in 1974. The Commission again interviewed 73 bureaucrats and top
military officers and submitted its supplementary report in November 1974. It was this
supplementary report that was presumably published by an Indian magazine in August 2000, and
afterwards allowed to be published in the Pakistani press. Publicizing of the Report by the Indian
media was not a surprise since it had come out at a time when there was international pressure
mounting on India to resolve the Kashmir dispute. Immense human rights violations were being
reported by international organizations such as Amnesty International and Asia Watch with
reference to the role of Indian Security Forces in the Indian-held Kashmir. The publication of the
Report was seen in Pakistan as an attempt by India to divert the world attention from its inhumane
and unjustified actions in Kashmir.
Volume I of the main report dealt with political background, international relations, and military
aspects of the events of 1971. Volume I of the supplementary report discussed political events of
1971, military aspect, surrender in East Pakistan and the moral aspect.
A large number of West Pakistanis and Biharis who were able to escape from East Pakistan told the
Commission awful tales of the atrocities at the hands of the Awami League militants. It was revealed
that many families of West Pakistani Officers and other ranks serving with East Bengal Units were
subjected to inhuman treatment. Their erstwhile Bengali colleagues had butchered a large number of
West Pakistani Officers.
As the tales of slaughter reached West Pakistani soldiers of other Units, they reacted violently, and in
the process of restoring the authority of the Central Government, committed severe excesses on the
local Bengali population. The Report's findings accuse the Army of carrying out senseless and
114
wanton arson, killings in the countryside, killing of intellectuals and professionals and burying them
in mass graves, killing of Bengali Officers and soldiers on the pretence of quelling their rebellion,
killing East Pakistani civilian officers, businessmen and industrialists, raping a large number of East
Pakistani women as a deliberate act of revenge, retaliation and torture, and deliberate killing of
members of the Hindu minority.
Having dealt with the claim of General Niazi that he had no legal option but to surrender, the
Commission proceeded to consider whether it was necessary for General Niazi to surrender, and
whether he was justified in surrendering at that particular juncture, for most of the messages that
emanated from the General Head Quarters were studiously ambiguous and designed. Secondly,
General Farman Ali had suggested to him that instead of ordering surrender en masse, he should
leave it to each Divisional Commander to surrender or not, according to his own circumstances. It
was pointed out in the Report, that despite the assurances given by the Chief of Staff of the Indian
Army and the terms of surrender, the killing of loyal East Pakistani population, West Pakistani
civilians, and civil armed forces by the Mukti Bahini started in full swing soon after Army's
surrender.
It was maintained in the Report that the defeat suffered by the armed forces was not a result of
military factors alone, but had been brought about as the cumulative result of political,
international, moral and military factors. The political developments that took place between 1947
and 1971, including the effects of the two Martial Law periods, hastened the process of political and
emotional isolation of East Pakistan from West Pakistan.
The dismemberment of Pakistan was also accelerated by the role played by the two major political
parties, Awami League and the Pakistan Peoples Party, in bringing about a situation that resulted in
postponement of the National Assembly session, scheduled to be held at Dhaka on the March 3,
1971. The events occurring between March 1 and 25, 1971, when the Awami League had seized
power from the Government, resulting in the military action of March 25, 1971, were deplorable. The
Commission also touched upon the negotiations, which General Yahya Khan was pretending to hold
during this period with Sheikh Mujib-ur-Rahman on the one hand, and political leaders from West
Pakistan on the other. Although he never formally declared these negotiations to have failed, yet he
secretly left Dhaka on the evening of March 25, 1971, leaving instructions behind for military action
to be initiated as soon his plane landed at Karachi.
The Commission declared that military action could not have been substitute for a political
settlement, which was feasible once law and order had been restored within a matter of few weeks
after the military action. No serious effort was made to start a political dialogue with the elected
representatives of the people of East Pakistan. Instead fraudulent and useless measures were
adopted. The use of excessive force during the military action had only served to alienate the
sympathies of the people of East Pakistan. The arbitrary methods adopted by the Martial Law
Administration in dealing with respectable citizens of East Pakistan and their sudden
disappearances made the situation worse. The attitude of the Army authorities towards the Hindu
minority also resulted in a large-scale exodus to India.
Although General Yahya Khan was not totally unaware of the avowed intention of India to
dismember Pakistan, he didn't realize the need for early political settlement with the political leaders
of East Pakistan. There was wastage of considerable time during which the Indians mounted their
training program for the Mukti Bahini and freely started guerillas raids into the Pakistan territory.
Pakistan Army was almost unable to prevent infiltration of Mukti Bahini and Indian agents all along
the borders of East Pakistan. In the presence of these two factors, the Pakistan Army was obviously
fighting a losing battle from the very start.
There had been a large exodus of people from East Pakistan to India, as a result of the military
action. The results of Indian efforts to propagate this refugee problem on an international level
cannot be undermined. The Indian propaganda was so forceful that all endeavors made by the
military regime in Pakistan to defuse the situation proved to be futile and left the world unimpressed.
The mutual assistance treaty signed between India and the U. S. S. R. in August 1971 further
aggravated the situation.
115
No rational explanation was available as to why General Yahya did not take the dispute to the
Security Council immediately after the Indian invasion of East Pakistan on November 21, 1971. Nor
was it possible to explain his refusal to accept the first Russian resolution, if indeed the situation in
East Pakistan had become so critical that surrender was inevitable. The Army High Command did
not carry out any in-depth study of the effect of these new factors, nor did it pay any attention to the
growing disparity in war preparedness and capability between the armed forces of Pakistan and India
as a result of the Indo-Soviet Treaty of August 1971.
The traditional concept of defense adopted by the Pakistan Army that the defense of East Pakistan
lays in West Pakistan was never implemented in a determined and effective manner. The concept
remained valid, and if ever there was need to invoke this concept, it was on November 21, 1971,
when Indian troops crossed the East Pakistan borders in naked aggression. Unfortunately, the delay
in opening the Western front and the half-hearted and hesitant manner in which it was ultimately
opened only helped in precipitating the catastrophe in East Pakistan. Besides, the detailed narrative
of events, as given in the supplementary report, clearly shows that the planning was hopelessly
defective. There was neither any plan at all for the defense of Dhaka, nor any concerted effort to stem
the enemy onslaught with a Division or a Brigade battle at any stage. It was only when the General
found himself gradually being surrounded by the enemy which had successfully reached Faridpur,
Khulna, Daudkandi and Chandpur (the shortest route to Dhaka), that he began to make frantic
efforts to get the troops back for the defense of Dhaka.
The Report maintained that there was no actual order to surrender. In view of the desperate picture
painted by the Commander Eastern Command, higher authorities gave him permission to surrender
if he, in his judgment, thought it necessary. General Niazi could have opted not to surrender if he
thought that he had the capability of defending Dhaka. On his own estimate, he had 26,400 men to
hold out for another two weeks. The enemy would have taken a week to build up its forces and
another week to reduce the fortress of Dhaka. But evidence showed that he had already lost the will
to fight after December 7, 1971, when his major fortresses at Jessore and Brahmanbari had fallen.
Detailed accounts of witnesses given to the Commission indicate that Lt-General Niazi had suffered a
complete moral collapse during the closing phases of the war.
It had been concluded that apart from the political, international and military factors, an important
cause for defeat of the Pakistan Army was the lack of moral character and courage in the senior
Army Commanders. The process of moral degeneration among the senior ranks of the armed forces
was set in motion by their involvement in Martial Law duties in 1958. These tendencies were
intensified when General Yahya Khan imposed Martial Law in the country once again in March 1969.
A large number of senior army officers had not only indulged in large-scale acquisition of lands and
houses and other commercial activities, but had also adopted highly immoral and lewd ways of life,
which seriously affected their professional capabilities and their qualities of leadership. It appears
that they had lost the will to fight and the ability to take vital and critical decisions required for the
successful prosecution of the war. These remarks particularly applied to General Yahya Khan, his
close associates, General Abdul Hamid Khan, Major General Khuda Dad Khan and Lt-General A. A.
K. Niazi, apart from certain other officers. The Commission recommended that these grave
allegations be dealt with seriously.
The surrender in East Pakistan had been a tragic blow to the nation and had caused, not only
dismemberment of Pakistan, but also shattered the image of Pakistan Army as an efficient and
excellent fighting force. In the end it was hoped in the Report that the Nation would learn the
necessary lessons from these tragic events, and that effective and early action will be taken in the
light of the conclusions reached.
The Hamood-ur-Rahman Commission Report is a valuable document. It was prepared with the
explicit purpose of not repeating the various mistakes committed by the Army, General Yahya Khan
and Z. A. Bhutto, which resulted in the separation of East Pakistan. Writings and memoirs disclose
that apart from its inquiry into the 1971 crisis, it also makes thoughtful recommendations about the
defense of the country as a whole.

116
The Simla Agreement [1972]
After the 1971 war, India held prisoner around 93,000 Pakistani troops and civilians. In Pakistan
there was a growing demand to get these prisoners released with the result that a Summit
Conference between Pakistani President, Zulfiqar Ali Bhutto and the Indian leader, Mrs. Gandhi, was
held at Simla from June 28 to July 2, 1972. The two countries reached an agreement on July 2. The
agreement contained the elements of an earlier Indian draft, but the wording was considerably
modified. In particular the clause referring to the ceasefire line in Kashmir was rephrased as to make
it acceptable to Pakistan.
The broad features of this pact included that the principle and purpose of the charter of United
Nations would govern the relations between the two countries. The two countries resolved to settle
their differences by peaceful means through bilateral negotiations. The foremost conditions for
understanding, good neighborly relations, and stable and lasting peace were laid that no country
would interfere with the other country's internal matters on the basis of mutual respect for peace,
security, territorial sovereignty, mutual friendship and equality.
It was reiterated again in the agreement that efforts would be made to put an end, as far as possible,
to all such disputes and differences that have been the cause of dissension between the two
countries for the last 25 years. Both governments also agreed to take all steps within their power to
prevent hostile propaganda directed against each other.
In order to progressively restore and normalize relations between the two countries, it was agreed
that steps would be taken to resume communications, postal service, and promote and facilitate
travel by sea, land and air. Trade and cooperation in economic and other agreed fields would also be
resumed.
In order to initiate the process of durable peace, both the governments agreed that Indian and
Pakistani forces would be withdrawn to their sides of the international border. The control line
between Jammu and Kashmir would be the same as was on December 17, 1971. Both the countries
would respect the international border and the withdrawal of the armies would be completed within
30 days of the implementation of the agreement.
Leaders of both the countries agreed at Simla to meet again at a mutually agreed time so that
representatives of both the countries could discuss more arrangements for durable peace, including
matters relating to prisoners of war, local prisoners, final settlement of Jammu and Kashmir dispute
and diplomatic relations. As a consequence of the clauses pertaining to the withdrawal of forces,
Indian troops withdrew from the 5,139 sq. miles of Pakistani territory in Punjab and Sindh it had
occupied during the war. Similarly, Pakistani troops withdrew from 69 sq. miles of territory in
Punjab and Rajasthan. In Kashmir, India retained 480 sq. miles and Pakistan 52 sq. miles.
Pakistan ratified the Simla Agreement on July 15 and India on August 3, after which the agreement
came into effect on August 4, 1972

117
GEO-STRATEGIC IMPORTANCE OF PAKISTAN.

1. Intro & Meaning
2. Stephen Quote
3. Geographic importance
a. Junction
b. China
c. Cars
d. Afghanistan
e. Economic Blocs
f. Gas pipelines
g. Mountains
4. Political importance
a. US intersts security and business
b. Current political situation of the area
5. Conclusion
Geo strategic means the importance of a country or a region as by virtue of its geographical
location. Geo political is defined as, stressing the influence of geographic factors on the state power,
international conduct and advantages it derives from its location.
Stephen Cohn describes this importance
While history has been unkind to Pakistan, its geography has been its greatest
benefit. It has resource rich area in the north-west, people rich in the north-east.
Pakistan is a junction of South Asia, West Asia and Central Asia, a way from resource efficient
countries to resource deficient countries. The world is facing energy crisis and terrorism. Pakistan
is a route for transportation, and a front line state against terrorism.

Geographical Importance:
Bridge between South Asia and South West Asia; Iran and Afghanistan are energy abundant while
India and China are lacking of.
China finds way to Indian ocean and Arabian Sea through Korakaram. China with its fastest
economic growth rate of 10%; is developing its southern provinces because its own port is 4500 km
away from Sinkiang but Gawader is 2500 km away.
Pakistan offers to CARs the shortest route of 2600 km as compared to Iran (4500 km) or Turkey
(5000 km).
land locked Afganistan now at the phase of Reconstruction, finds its ways through Pakistan..

Economic Blocs: SAARC, ASEAN, ECO. A link between them. Gawader port with its deep waters
attracts the trade ships of China, CARs and South East Asian Countries
Gas pipelines:
1. IPI: Iran is struggling to export its surplus gas and oil to eastern countries. Pakistan would
get 400 million dollar annually if IPI gets success.
2. Qatar Pakistan and Turkmenistan Pipeline project: highlights the position.
118
3. TAPI:
Mountain Ranges: Himalayas, Hindu Kush in the North are plentiful in providing water and natural
resources.

Political importance:
US interests in the regions to contain the Growing China, nuclear Iran, terrorist Afghanistan, and to
benefit from the market of India. Security and Business are two main US interests in the region
while Pakistan is playing a front line role against terrorism.
Today the political scenario of the region is tinged with pre emption policy and US invasion of Iraq
and Afghanistan, Irans nuclear program, Indias geopolitical muscles(new strategic deal with US) to
gain the hegemony and to counter the The Rise of China which has earned all the qualities to
change unipolar world into Bipolar world. In all these issues, Pakistan is directly or indirectly
involved, especially after Al Qaeda operations.
The American think tanks have repeatedly accepted that war against terror could never be won
without the help of Pakistan. Pakistan has rigorously fought, and ongoing military operation in
Wazirstan is also targeting the suspected Taliban in the bordering area.
Main threats to Pakistan:
1. Balochistan and Wazirstan conflicts are posing threats to any economic project like IPI gas
pipeline.
2. Negative role of India, US, Iran in this conflict ridden area.
3. Kashmir is flash point, accelerating nuclear race in the South Asia.
4. Instable governments in Pakistan have contributed in weakening the strong position.
Gwadar is located on the southwestern coast of Pakistan, close to the important Straits of Hormuz,
through which more than 13 million bpd of oil passes. It is strategically located between three
increasingly important regions of the world: the oil-rich Middle East, heavily populated South Asia
and the economically emerging and resource-rich Central Asia.

119

To the Chinese, Gwadar spells bad economics (constructed with $200 mn, now GOP is
trasnfering cargo from Karachi to Gwadar at $40 per ton extra charges - Forex Pak. $ 2bn
needed to connect it with Pak industrial cities and $30 million per kilometer to China
Gilgit Baltistan Bulliten), premature geostrategic confrontation with the United States
and the prospect of becoming the target of a burgeoning local insurgency that just might
be receiving covert support from Washington and New Delhi.

(Geo-Strategic and Economic Importance of Gwader Port)
Background (Sino-Pak):
Pakistan recognized China in 1951 and 1961 voted for restoration of Communist Chinas
rights in the UN. Sino Indian war 1962 culminated in close friendship; in 1963 an
agreement on border was signed. Pakistan, during peak days of cold war (1970), facilitated
visit of Henry Kissinger (US Foreign Secretary) to China. This led to Nixons visit to China
which eased the rising tension between them.
Initially Pak-Chinas strategic partnership was driven by the mutual need to counter the
Soviet Union and India. China supported Pakistan in its wars against India with military
and economic assistance. China assisted in developing Pakistans Nuclear Program,
enhanced trade and investment.
Recent Developments:
Treaty of Friendship and Cooperation signed in 2005 Neither party will join any
alliance which infringes upon the sovereignty, security ant territorial integrity.
China role in SCO and pak membership
Trade: $ 6 bn in 2010 whereas likely to rise $ 10 bn by 2015
China invested $13 bn in Gwadar
Geo-Political Importance Of Gawadar
1. Dubai is the hub of business not only for Gulf but also for rest of the world including
Europe, United States, Africa, China and Central Asian States, simultaneously. The gulf
region is facing many political conflicts at the moment and huge disturbances in the
current administrative structure are expected in the coming years. In such a scenario, a
substitute of Dubai is essential to be located before the crisis hits the finances of millions.
The substitute shall be a nearest point probably, to ensure continuous supply line of oil from
Gulf to the outer world. Fortunately, Gawadar proves to be the nearest and infact more
cost-effective substitute of Dubai, from many aspects.
2. China is emerging as a super economic power of the world in the recent years. Despite
occupying a huge area of world's land, it doesn't have any port of hot waters, which can be
used the whole year. Gawadar port is only on a distance of 2500 km from China and the
port is working for the whole year because of the hot waters here.
3. The central Asian states, after the independence from USSR, are trying to develop their
economies. These states are land locked and Karachi was expected to provide them the
services through Afghanistan. For the purpose, a highway from Peshawar to Karachi was
constructed but due to Afghan crisis, this line couldn't be established. The Afghan situation
120
is till not clear, so, Gawadar being near to Iranian border will provide port facilities to
Central Asia as well.
Gwader- Strategic and Economic Interests of China:
Arrival of US troops in Afghanistan- doorstep of China that it agreed to construct Gwader
port in 2002 and funded $ 198 million, with 450 workers and technical assistance, while
Pakistan shared $ 50 million for phase 1.
Benefit to China: So Beijing will get considerable influence in the Persian Gulf, entrance to
the Arabian Sea and Indian Ocean, while closely monitor US naval activity and US Indian
maritime cooperation. The port will enable China to monitor its energy shipments (60%
of its oil need) from the Persian Gulf, and energy imports from Central Asia. Having no blue
water navy, China feels defenseless in the Persian Gulf. President Mushrafs statement,
when needed the Chinese Navy could be in Gwader to give befitting replies to every
one.
US, Iran, India: A report by Pentagon entitled Energy Features in Asia states that Beijing
has set up electronic spy posts at Gwader to monitor ship traffic. The Chinese presence in
the Arabian Sea heightens Indias feeling of encirclement by China. Iran fears that the
development of the port will undermine the value of its own ports as outlets to Central Asias
exports.
Benefits for Pakistan:
1. The port will help integrate Pakistan into the Chinese economy by import and export
through overland links that stretch across the Korakorum Highway.
2. Gwader would inhibit Indias ability to blockade Pakistan and permit China to supply
Pakistan by land and sea during war time.
3. The Gwader area is rich in fisheries and the 600 km coastal line will boost fish export.
Importance of Gawadar
1. Gwader lying to close to the oil rich Gulf States- could be a potential source of off-shore
gas and oil reserves.
2. Gwader as a trade Hub will enable the transfer of Central Asias vast energy to world
markets, earning Pakistan transit charges and to investment.
3. Afghanistan will become beneficiaries for international trade to get trasit fee to Central
Asia.
4. The oil supply during Iraq-Iran and Iraq-Kowait war was stopped; Gawadar is a best solution
5. Cargo handling capacity of 100,000 tons

Conclusion
Finally, Pakistan would have to work the completion of necessary infrastructure to support
these plans; it needs effective diplomacy, economic stability with improved Center-
Province relationship. Balochistan continues to be crippled by violence with Baloch
nationals protesting against the construction of the port supported by Indian elements.

Pakistan Affairs Notes by Shakeel Babar

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Prepared by Ahmed Shakeel Babar (shakeelbabar1@gmail.

Prepared by Ahmed Shakeel Babar (shakeelbabar1@gmail.com)

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