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UNOPS-KABUL
Engineering section
Design of culvert
10/Aug/2002
R.C.C CULVERT
Data Collected from Project site:
Cross Section of culvert site.
Clear Span
= 7.50m
Wash slope
= 0.029 1n 100 m
Live Load
= Hs20 = 20 m.ton
Assume:
Thickness of Slab
Thickness of wearing coat
Clear Width of culvert
=50cm
=7cm
=5.0m
=210kg/Sqm
=2800kg/Sqm
=2400kg/Sqm
=0.4*210=84kg/Sqm
=0.5*2800=1400kg/Sqm
Design Process:
Hydraulic Calculations:
Fig.1
1-Total wetted cross section area
2-Total wetted perimeter
3-Hydraulic radius
A= 26.265 Sqm
P=24.869m
R=A/P=26.265/24.869=1.056m
V=1/n*S0.5*R2/3
S=Slope of wash bed
n=coefficient of roughness=0.03
V=1/0.03*0.0291/2*1.0562/3=5.88m/sec
5- Discharge:
6- Scour depth:
Q=A*V
Q=26.265*5.88=154.4cum/sec
D.scour=0.475(Q/f)1/3
Where :
f=lacey silt factor=0.9
D. scour=0.475(154.4/0.9)1/3=2.63m below the H.F.L
Max.Scour depth=1.50*D.scour=1.50*2.36=3.94m
7- Average Max.F.L = (1.20+0.74+2.14+2.33+2.33+0.87)/6=1.60m
Therefore:
Scour depth under river bed=3.94-1.60=2.35m
Vertical Clearance above from H.F.L=60cm
Therefore:
Dead load:
fig.2
Self weight of slab
= 0.50*2.40 = 1.20 Ton/m
Weight of wearing coat = 0.07*2.10 = 0.147Ton/m
q = Total dead load = 1.347Ton/m
fig.2
fig.3
B .M. live. load=P*Leff./4
Where:
P=Load on each rear tire of vehicle/E
E=1.22+0.06*Leff.=1.22+0.06*8.10=1.706m
Load on each rear tire of vehicle =7.25 ton
P=7.25/1.706=4.24 ton/m
B.M. live .load= P*Lefc./4= 4.25*8.10/4=8.606 Ton-m
Impact Factor, If =15/Lefc.+38=0.33
Iefc.>0.30 , Therefore: Impact Moment=8.606*0.33=2.64 ton-m
Total B.M.= B.M. Dead load + B.M. live load +B.M. Imp.=11.05+8.606+2.84=22.50 ton-m
r=fs/fc=1400/84=16.70
k=n/n +r=10/10+16.70=0.37
fc=210kg/Sqm<275kg//Sqm therefore: n=10
j=1-k/3=1-0.37/3=0.876
Slab thickness :d min.=(2*T.B.M./fs*k*j*b)1/2=(2*22.50*105/84*0.37*0.876*100)1/2=40.65cm
D real=50-(5-2.50/2)=43.75cm, Where:
Thick. of slab=50cm, Protection. layer=5cm,
Fig.4
Fig.5
Shear Force:
MB=0, RA*8.10-q*8.12/2
Fig.6
MB=0, RA*8.10-7.25*3.85
RA=10.70 ton
Dimension
20
20
20
40
40
40
A
B
C
A
B
C
2.0
2.50
3.00
3.50
0.75
0.20
0.45
0.30
0.20
0.15
0.90
0.30
0.45
0.45
0.30
0.15
1.20
0.45
0.45
0.55
0.45
0.15
1.65
0.65
0.45
0.75
0.65
0.15
2.60
1.06
0.45
0.90
0.85
0.15
Wing Walls:
1-Length of wing wall 1.50-2.0m times the height of abutment:
L=(1.50 or 2.0)H
2- The width of the wing wall at the base should be from 0.35H to 0.40H
where: H is height of wing wall.
R.C.C BRIDGE
Selection of Bridge site:
123456-
Suitable foundation
Straight line
Firm and well defined bank
Stream line flow
Minimum width
Right angle crossing
1- For span up to 10 m
: Span/20
2- For span longer than 10 m: Span/12
150
450
600
900
1200
1500
Hydraulic Calculation:
Cross section of bridge site:
Hydraulic calculation for bridge the same as for culvert , (see the hydraulic calculation for culvert)
= 14m
= 5m
= 0.60m
= 0.40m
= 0.80m
= Hs20
= 0.20m
= 0.07m
Design of slab:
Weight of slab
= 0.20*2.40*= 0.48 ton
Weight of wearing coat = 0.07*2.20 = 0.154 ton
Total weight (q)
= 0.48+0.154 = 0.634 ton
B.M. for dead load
Fig.7
B.M. for live load = (0.80*1.64*l+1/16) P20 = (0.80*1.64*1.07+1/16) 7.25 = 0.998 ton-m
Impact factor
B.M. Impact
Total B.M.
As = B.M/fs * j * d
= 1.396 * 105/1400 * 0.86 * 14.20 = 8.16 cm2
Spacing of steel bars in 1m of slab = 100*2.009/8.16 = 24.6 cm say 20 cm c/c
Use # 5 dia 16 mm bars @ 20 cm center to center (As = 10.048 cm2)
Distribution or longitudinal steel bars:
As = (120/(L)0.5 ) /100 = (120/1.070.5)/100 = 1.16 > 0.67
therefore :
= 14+.06 = 14.60 m
Dead load:
Weight of slab on beam
Weight of wearing coat
Self load of beam
= 1.76 M.Ton
B.M = q* span2/8 = 1.76* 14.62/8 = 46.89 Ton-m
Fig.8 & 9
y2 = 3.615
y3 = 1.284
y1/6.59 = 3.76/14.60
y1 = 1.697
= 15/14.60+38 = 0.285
q = 1.76 ton/m
RA = Qmax = 1.76*14.60/2 = 12.848 ton
Fig.10
Shear of live load:
Fig.11
MA = -RB* 14.60+ 7.25*14.60+ 5.38*10.35+ 1.34*6.10 = 0
RB = 11.626
Qmax = RB = 11.626 ton
RA = 2.349 ton
Shear of Impact :
Now determine the distance from where shear steel bars required:
Lx = (V-V/V)*Span/2 = (9.79-9.09/9.09)*14.6/2 = 0.56m = 56 cm
Resultant shear stress:R = 0.50(V+V) B*Lx = 0.50(9.79+9.09) 40* 56 = 21145 kg
R = 21245kg = 21.145 ton
We will use stirrup dia 10 mm in the spacing of 10 cm , in the distance of 56 cm
No of stirrups (Ns) = 56/10 = 5.6 , say 6 stirrups. m = 2 where (m) is number of stirrup
arms.
Shear force to support by stirrups Ts = Ns * m * Qp/ S
where :
Qp = plasticity limit of steel bars = 2500 kg/cm2 , and S=2.2 (coeff. of safety)
Ts = (6*2) *2500/2.2 = 13636.36 kg = 13.636 ton
Shear stress to support by stirrups Vs = m*As.s*Qp/ Spacing*b =2*0.785*2500/10*40= 9.813 kg/cm2
Shear stress to support by main bent steel bars: Tm. bar = 0.80 R-Ts = 0.8*21.145- 13.636= 3.28 ton
Therefore from the table of steel bars strength the dia of 36 mm has strength =18897
kg/cm2 hence no need to bent the main steel bars, however one main bar will be bent up.
Note :
If the depth of the beam exceed 60cm skin reinforcement on both faces ob web or beam in
the form of Longitudinal bars (min 12 mm bars spacing not more than 20 cm should be
provided. Such reinforcement on each face should be at lest 0.05% of cross section area.
10
Fig 12
11
Dscour = 0.473(Q/f)1/3
f
0.40
0.60
0.85
1.25
1.50
1.00
2.00
Size of particles mm
0.052
0.120
0.233
0.505
0.725
0.323
1.290
When the width of stream abstracted by abutment or pier than the scour depth :
Dscour = D (W/Labst.)2/3 , where: W is normal width of river and Labst. is length of
abstracted water way.
Dscour .max.= (1.50 to 2.0) D scour
Design Example:
Data:
Solution:
Normal scour depth
= 0.473(Q/f)1/3 = 0.473(300/0.85)1/3 = 3.34 m.
Max. Scour depth
= 1.5 * 3.34 = 5.01 m below the average height of flood level.
(see scour depth calculation in culvert).
Dead load from supper struture:
12
= 15 ton
= 62.02 ton
= 62.02/5 = 12.404 ton/m
Fig.13
Width of abutment in foundation = 250 cm , Height of abutment
Top width of abutment
= 120 cm
= 300 cm
a. Force due to attractive effort = 0.20 * HS20 load = 0.20 * 20 = 4.0 ton
Force per meter length of abutment = 4.0 /5 = 0.80 ton
b. Force due to temperature variation = 0.15 * total load per meter width of
abutment = 0.15 * 12.404 = 1.861 ton.
Total longitudinal forces = 0.80 + 1.861 = 2.66 ton, this force act at the bearing level.
Earth pressure :
2
P=
w * h2( cos * sin ( ))
= 1.80*4.4 (cos 108.16 * sin(108.16-40)
1/2
1/2
( sin ( + )) + ( sin (+) * sin (-) (sin(108.16+20))1/2 + sin (40+20)1/2 * sin(40)1/2
P = 3.086 ton/m
Horizontal component of (P) = 3.086 * Cos(108.16-90) = 2.932 ton/m
Vertical component of (P) = 3.086 Sin(108.16-90) = 0.962 ton/m
Height above base of center of pressure = 0.42 * 4.40 = 1.85m
Fig14
13
Force
symbol
w1
w2
w3
w4
w5
ws.s
Pearth.v.
Total
ver.Force
3.96
5.808
4.29
0.616
13.75
12.404
0.962
41.79
Arm (m)
0.30
0.90
1.63
0.35
1.25
0.35
1.20+2.60/3=2.5
Stab.Moment
ton-m
1.188
5.227
7.007
0.215
17.187
4.341
2.405
37.57
Force Symbol
Sf
Pearth H.
Total Force
2.66
2.932
5.592
Arm (m)
3.0
1.85
Overturning .M.
7.98
5.424
13.404
Overturning:
S.Foverturning = Stab.Moment/Overturning Moment = 37.57/13.404 = 2.80 >
1.50 O.K
Sliding:
S.Fsliding = V.Forces * f / H.Forces = 41.70 * 0.60 / 5.592 = 4.47
S.F sliding = 4.47 >> 1.4 Hence abutment is safe against sliding .
Check location of Resultant :
14
Fig15
Fig 16
15
: 18 m
: 4.39m
: 94.38
: 97.33
: 2.50 m
: Camel with load
: 32 ton/sqm
: 15 cm
Design process:
Height (depth) of beam : (span/15 to 20) for light load : 18/15 = 1.20 m
Width of the beam
: 2/5 * depth = 2/5 * 1.20 = 0.48 m, assume 0.40 m
Slab design :
Dead load :
Dead load of slab : 0.15 * 2400 = 360 kg/m
Live load :
Weight of camel with load : 160 ser = 160 * 7 = 1,120 kg
Live load = 1120/1.5 = 746.70 kg/m2 , Live load = 750 kg/m2
Where: (1.5 m) distance between two legs of camel.
Fig 17
Total load (q) = Dead load + Live load = 360 + 750 = 1,110 kg/m2
Leffect. = 1.70 * 1.05 = 1.785m
B.Mmax. = q * Leff.2/8 = 1,110 * 1.7852/8 = 442 kg-m
Area of Steel in one meter of span = As= B.M/fs* J*d = 442 *102/1400 * 0.876 * 15 = 442*102/18396
As = 2.403 cm2
Hence provide # 5 dia 8mm @ 20cm center to center (As = 2.51cm2 > 2.41cm2)
Design of beam:
16
Fig 18
17
Clear span
: 23 m
Width of bridge
:5m
Foot path
: 0.40 m
Concrete M-200
fc
: 2100 kg/cm2
fy
: 2800 kg/cm2
Live load
: Hs20
The abutments of bridge are already existing .
Fig19
DESING OF RCC SLAB:
a. Dead Load
Dead load of slab
Dead of asphalt
Total dead load (q)
18
Dead load:
Wt of (I) beam +Wt of diaphragms +Wt of angle Iron Wt of RCC slab =
(0.90*0.02*7.85) +(0.04*0.30*7.85)2 + (12*0.0054)/23 + (0.60*0.01*7.85) +
+(0.15*0.017*7.85)2 + 1.56*0.20*2.4 + 0.07 *2.20 = 1.30 ton/m2
Mdead load = q*L2/8 = 1.30*24.202/8 = 95.17 ton-m
Fig.20
Load from the rear tire = 7.25*0.935= 6.78 ton/Sqm
Load from the front tire = 1.81*0.935 = 1.692ton/Sqm
Ra*24.20 = 1.692*15.62 +6.78*11.37 + 1.692*7.12 = 195.044/24.20 = 8.06 ton
Mmax = 8.06*12.83 6.78*4.25 = 74.595 ton-m
Impact factor = 15/24.20 = 0.241
19
Fig 21
Moment Of Inertia or Second Moment :
A. Moment of Inertia of steel about the x1 Axis:
20
Fig22
Coefficient of Strength :
OK
OK
Design of fillet welding ( Design of suitable welded connection between the web and the Flange):
Size of Plate Girder : h = 90 cm , Flange size: wide= 30 cm , T= 4cm
Clear Span of bridge : 23 m
Design Process :
Horizontal shear per cm length of plate girder :
Q1 = F/I *(A*Y) , F = F1*Span/2
F1 = (Dead load + Live load) per (m)length
of girder
F1 = 1.30 + 6.78 = 8.08 ton/m, F = 8080*23/2 = 92,920 kg
Ix1 = 651.980 cm4,
Y(center of gravity) = 49 cm,
A*Y = 120*49 = 5,880 cm3
A = 30*4 =120cm
Continuous weld :
21
S = 1cm
Fig23
22
SUSPENSION BRIDGE
Data :
Data collected fro bridge site:
Clear span of bridge
Snow load
Live load
:270 Feet
: 25 lbs/ft2
: 30 lbs/ft2
7. Guard Rails
: (3inch*5inch/144)* 6foot * 1
: (2" * 4"/144)* 3'-6"*4
: (1.5"/12) *1'* 4'*3.5
: (2"*3"/144)* 4'*2
: (2"*3"/144)* 4'-6"*2
: (2"*3"/144)* 5'-6"* 4
: (2"*3"/144)*3'-6"*2
TOTAL
= 0.625 cuft
= 0.778 cuft
= 1.75 cuft
= 0.333 cuft
= 0.375 cuft
= 0.91 cuft
= 0.292 cuft
= 5.0694 Cuft
Weight of wood
: 50 lbs/cuft
Total weight of wood : 50*5.07 = 253.50 Lbs
Weight per running Foot of Bridge = 253.50 lbs/3.5 = 72.43 lbs/ft
Fig 24
Calculation the length of suspenders :
Suspenders are provided at (L1 = 3'-6") intervals .
Dip = Span/15 = 270/15 = 18 feet
23
Where : d = dip
L = Span of bridge
24
Fig 25
25
Using :
Vertical Thrust :
Tension in cable :
Number of cables required for entire bridge = 162,212/32656.25 = 4.967 for both side
of bridge.
Therefore : We Take (3) Cables of (1) inch on each side.
See annex No 1(cable table)
Design of Anchor block for Main cable :
Fig 26
Span/4 = 270/4 = 67.50 Feet,
= 14.930 = 140 ,55', 53"
Fig 27
TA = T * Sin 14.9310 = 162.212 * Sin 14.9310 = 41.795 kips
TB = T * Cos 14.9310 = 162.212 * Cos 14.931 = 156.735 kips
F=R
F = Force of Sliding
Assuming that the total tension in cable can cause sliding and is increased by 50%
Therefore :
F = 162.212 * 1.50 = 243.318 kips
26
V= 2890 kips
Transom :
Bearer :
Planks :
Post :
Backstay:
Diagonal :
Guard Rail :
= 7.59460
Say. = 7.60
Horizontal Thrust :
Vertical Thrust :
27
Using: Locally made inch diameter cable 19 wires strands each of 0.2 inch diameter.
Extra high strength grade with breaking strength = 58,300 lbs
F.O.S = 2
= 0.6
R= 65.50 kips
Fig 28
Volume of Anchor block required for wind cable = Wt of block/Unit Wt of block =
= 65.5/0.15 = 437 cft
Size of Anchor block for wind cable = 9' x 9' x 6'
Bearing Pressure = Wt of Block/Contact Area = 65.50/9*9 = 0.81 k/ft 2 < 2.24 K/ft2
Hence O.K.
Design of Suspender for win-guy cable :
Load on one Suspender = Load from Wooden Deck + Snow Load + Live load =
= 72.43 * 3.5/2 + 87.5 * 3.5/2 + 105 * 3.5/2 = 463.63 lbs
Using :
28
= 14.930
Fig 29
Design of combine footing :
Load on the top of column = 71.40 kips
Load on footing = Load on column + Self load of column
Load on Footing =71.40 + (18*24/12 * 30/12) 0.15=71.40 + 13.50 = 84.90 Say 85.00
Total load on Footing = 85 + 85 = 170 kips
Self weight of Footing = 10% of the total load = 170* 0.10 = 17.00 kips
TOTAL LOAD ON FOOTING : 170.0 + 17.0 187.00 kips
Area of the base of footing slab : 187/1.90 = 104 Sft
Where : 1.90 k/sft is allowable soil pressure.
Area Required :
A = 9' * 12' =108 sft > 104 sft
Net upward pressure of the soil = 170/9 *12 = 1.574 k/sft
The arrangement of the columns with their respective position shall be as shown in
Figure.
Fig 30
The load per foot run of the footing = 9 * 1.574 = 14.167 k/ft
29
Fig 31
Bending Moment :
Bending Moment at column A & B = 14.167 * 3.252/2 = 74.189 k-ft
The Max. bending Moment will be in the center of both columns at the distance of
Distance = 3.25 + 2.75 = 6 ft from either ends.
Max. B. Moment = 85 *2.75 14.167 *62/2 = 233.75 255.006 = -21.256 k-ft
Fig 32
Depth of the foundation :
A. From punching shear consideration:
Total punching force around the perimeter of column (A) :
=Load on footing Upward load * b * L = 85.0- 1.574 * 2 ft * 2.5 ft = 77.13 kips
Where : b and L are the dimension of column : b= 24inch = 2ft & L = 30 inch = 2.5 ft
Let (d) be the depth of the footing under the column.
Total resisting force against punching : 4*b*d*S p
Where : b = One dimension of column
d = Effective depth required
Sp = Punching shear stress and its for 1:2:4 mix is 150 psi (10 kg/cm 2)
Total force resisting punching = 4*24*0.15*d kips
77.13 = 4*24*0.15*d
d = 77.13/14.4 = 5.36 inch
30
Fig 33
31
32
33