S.

24 Spectrum ALL-IN-ONE Journal for Engineering Students, 2013

B.Tech. II-Year II-Sem. ( JNTU-Kakinada )
Code No.: R22042/R10
II B.Tech II Semester Regular Examinations
April - 2012
ELECTROMAGNETIC WAVES AND TRANSMISSION LINES
( Common to ECE, EIE )
Time: 3 Hours Max. Marks: 75
Answer any FIVE Questions
All Questions carry equal marks
- - -
1. (a) Define Gauss law. Apply Gauss law to derive the boundary conditions at a conductor dielectric interface.
(Unit-I, Topic No. 1.4)
(b) Derive an expression for the capacitance of a parallel plate capacitor containing two dielectrics with the
dielectric interface parallel to the conducting plates. [7+8] (Unit-I, Topic No. 1.5)
2. (a) Show that the magnetic field due a finite current element along z-axis at a point P, r distance away along y-axis
is given by H = (1/2 r) (sin
1
sin
2
)
a

. Where I is the current through the conductor,

1
,
2
are the angles
made by the tips of the conductor element at P (Unit-II, Topic No. 2.1)
(b) State Amperes circuital law. Specify the conditions to be met for determining magnetic field strength H, based
on Amperes circuital law. [6+9] (Unit-II, Topic No. 2.1)
3. (a) Derive Maxwells equations in integral form and differential form for time varying fields. (Unit-III, Topic No. 3.3)
(b) Explain how the concept of displacement current was introduced by Maxwell to account for the production of
magnetic field in the empty space. [7+8] (Unit-III, Topic No. 3.2)
4. (a) For a conducting medium derive expressions for and . (Unit-IV, Topic No. 4.2)
(b) Determine the phase velocity of propagation, attenuation constant, phase constant and intrinsic impedance
for a forward travelling wave in a large block of copper at 1 MHz ( = 5.8 10
7
,
r
= 1,
r
= 1). Determine the
distance that the wave must travel to be attenuated by a factor of 100 (40 db). [7+8] (Unit-IV, Topic No. 4.2)
5. Prove that under the condition of no reflection at an interface, the sum of the Brewster angle and the angle of
refraction is 90 degrees for parallel polarization for the case of reflection by a perfect conductor under oblique
incidence, with neat sketches. [15] (Unit-V, Topic No.5.2)
6. (a) Explain about attenuation in parallel-plate wave guides. Also draw attenuation versus frequency characteris-
tics of wave guided between parallel conducting plates. (Unit-VI, Topic No. 6.2)
(b) Explain the significance of TEM wave in a parallel plane guide, and derive an expression for the attenuation
factor for TEM waves. [7+8] (Unit-VI, Topic No. 6.2)
7. (a) Define characteristic impedance and propagation constants of transmission line and obtain lossless condi-
tions. (Unit-VII, Topic No.7.4)
(b) A distortionless line of 80 has = 50 kHz to a load of 140 . The load power is 75 mW. Calculate
(i) Voltage reflection coefficient
(ii) VSWR
(iii) Position of V
Max
, I
min
, V
min
and I
min
. [7+8] (Unit-VIII, Topic No. 8.5)
8. (a) Define the reflection coefficient and derive the expression for input impedance in terms of reflection coefficient.
(Unit-VIII, Topic No. 8.1)
(b) Explain how the input impedance varies with the frequency with sketches. [7+8] (Unit-VIII, Topic No. 8.1)
Se t - 3
S o l u t i o n s
S. 25 Electromagnetic Waves and Transmission Lines (April-2012, Set-3) JNTU-Kakinada
B.Tech. II-Year II-Sem. ( JNTU-Kakinada )
Q1. (a) Define Gauss law. Apply Gauss law to
derive the boundary conditions at a
conductor dielectric interface.
Answer : April-12, Set-3, Q1(a) M[7]
Gauss Law
For answer refer Unit-I, Q13, Topic: Statement, Q29.
(b) Derive an expression for the capaci-
tance of a parallel plate capacitor con-
taining two dielectrics with the dielec-
tric interface parallel to the conducting
plates.
Answer : April-12, Set-3, Q1(b) M[8]
The parallel plate capacitors are as shown in the
figure below,
Plate A
Plate B
H
E
Plate A
Plate B
H
E
Figure
Plate-A, occupying the plane x = d and
Plate-B, occupying the plane x = 0
V = V
o
for plate-A
V = 0 for plate-B

0
2
2

x
V

0
2
2

dx
V d
Integrating the above equation twice, we get,
V(x) = C
1
x + C
2
[
Q
C
1
and C
2
are constant]
For determining the values of C
1
and C
2
, we have to
use boundary conditions for V.
V = 0 for x = 0
V = V
o
for x = d
0 = C
1
(0) + C
2
C
2
= 0 and
V
o
(x) = C
1
(d) + C
2
V
o
(d) = C
1
(d)
C
1
=
d
d V
o
) (

x
d
V
V
o

for 0 < x < d

We have,
E = V =
x
V

a
x
=
;
o
x
a
d
V

for 0 < x < d
E=
;
o
x
a
d
V

for 0 < x < d

The surface charge densities on the two plates is
given by,
[
s
]
x=0
= [D]
x=0
.a
x
=
x x
a a
d
V

1
]
1

o

1
]
1

x
a
d
V
D
o
Q
[
s
]
x=0
=
d
V
o

[
s
]
x=d
= [D]
x=d
.(a
x
)
=
) ( .
o
x x
a a
d
V

1
]
1

[
s
]
x=d
=
d
V
o

The magnitude of surface charge per unit area on

either plate is,
Q = |
s
| (1)
Q =
d
V
o

By using the relation C = Q/V

o
, we get,
C=
o
o
/
V
d V
Farads C d
SOLUTIONS TO APRIL-2012, SET-3, QP
S. 26 Spectrum ALL-IN-ONE Journal for Engineering Students, 2013
B.Tech. II-Year II-Sem. ( JNTU-Kakinada )
Q2. (a) Show that the magnetic field due a finite current element along z-axis at a point P, r dis-
tance away along y-axis is given by H = (1/2 r) (sin
1
sin
2
)
a

. Where I is the current
through the conductor,
1
,
2
are the angles made by the tips of the conductor element at P
Answer : April-12, Set-3, Q2(a) M[6]
In the given question, the expression of H is misprinted. The correct expression is H =

a
r
I
) sin (sin
4
2 1 .
For answer refer Unit-II, Q7.
(b) State Amperes circuital law. Specify the conditions to be met for determining magnetic
field strength H, based on Amperes circuital law.
Answer : April-12, Set-3, Q2(b) M[9]
For answer refer Unit-II, Q8.
Q3. (a) Derive Maxwells equations in integral form and differential form for time varying fields.
Answer : April-12, Set-3, Q3(a) M[7]
For answer refer Unit-III, Q12, Q14.
(b) Explain how the concept of displacement current was introduced by Maxwell to account for
the production of magnetic field in the empty space.
Answer : April-12, Set-3, Q3(b) M[8]
For answer refer Unit-III, Q10.
Q4. (a) For a conducting medium derive expressions for and .
Answer : April-12, Set-3, Q4(a) M[7]
For answer refer Unit-IV, Q16.
(b) Determine the phase velocity of propagation, attenuation constant, phase constant and intrinsic
impedance for a forward travelling wave in a large block of copper at 1 MHz ( = 5.8 10
7
,

r
= 1,
r
= 1). Determine the distance that the wave must travel to be attenuated by a factor
of 100 (40 dB).
Answer : April-12, Set-3, Q4(b) M[8]
Given that
For a forward-travelling wave in a large block of copper at 1 MHz,
Permittivity,
r
= 1
Permeability,
r
= 1
Conductivity, = 5.8 10
7
Phase velocity of propagation, = ?
Attenuation constant, = ?
Phase constant, = ?
Intrinsic impedance, = ?
Distance, d wave must travel to get attenuated by a factor 100 (40 dB) = ?
The propagation constant of a wave is given as,
= ( ) j j E +
=

,
_

+
9 6 7 7 6
10
36
1
10 2 10 8 . 5 10 4 10 2 j j
=
) 10 386 . 4 ( ) 10 794 . 45 (
4 7
j
= 571 . 1 457940000 =
2
571 . 1
. 457940000
= 21399.533 0.785
= 1.513 10
4
+ j 1.513 10
4
From the value of , and values can be derived as,
Np/m 10 153 . 1
4
and rad/m 10 513 . 1
4

S. 27 Electromagnetic Waves and Transmission Lines (April-2012, Set-3) JNTU-Kakinada
B.Tech. II-Year II-Sem. ( JNTU-Kakinada )
The phase velocity of propagation is given by
=

=
4
6
10 513 . 1
10 2

415.3 m/s
The intrinsic impedance is given by,
=
E j
j
+

= 9 6 7
7 6
10
36
9
10 2 10 8 . 5
10 4 10 2

+

j
j
= 3.68 10
4

45 ... (1)
Since, from equation (1) intrinsic impedance is
derived as,

4
3.689 10

From equation (1),

45 indicates that the phase

shifts between the electric and magnetic field.
The electric and magnetic fields are attenuated by
factor e
z
after travelling a distance d. Therefore, if a wave
is attenuated by factor 100 (40 dB) then the distance it must
travel is given by,
e
d
=
100
1
d = ln 100
d=
4
10 153 . 1
100 ln

=
4
10 153 . 1
605 . 4

4
3.99 10 m d

or 0.4 mm d
Q5. Prove that under the condition of no
reflection at an interface, the sum of the
Brewster angle and the angle of refraction
is 90 degrees for parallel polarization for the
case of reflection by a perfect conductor
under oblique incidence, with neat sketches.
April-12, Set-3, Q5 M[15]
Answer :
It is given that in parallel polarization, incident angle
called brewster angle exists and therefore all the incident
waves are transmitted without reflection i.e., = 0.
The angle of incidence that permits complete
transmission of the energy is called brewster angle. The
brewster angles are of two types. They are
(i) Brewster angle of the water-air
Bwa

(ii) Brewster angle of the air-water

Baw

x
z
Baw
y
(
1
, )
(
2
, )
wa
B

x
z
Baw
y
(
1
, )
(
2
, )
wa
B

(i) The brewster angle of the water-air is given as,

Bwa
= tan
1

,
_

1
2
Here, assuming the water is lossless,

Bwa
= tan
1

,
_

0
0
81
[
Q
Dielectric constant
1
= 81
0
]

Bwa
= tan
1

,
_

9
1

Bwa
= 6.34
(ii) The brewster angle of the air-water is given as,

Baw
= tan
1

,
_

2
1
Here, assuming the water is lossless,

Baw
= tan
1

,
_

0
0
81
[ Q dielectric constant,
1
= 81
0
]
= tan
1
(9)

Baw
= 83.66
The sum of two brewster angles is given as,

Bwa
+
Baw
= 6.34 + 83.66 = 90
+ 90
Baw Bwa
It is clear from the above result that the sum of the
brewster angle (water-air interface) plus that of (air-water) is
equal to 90.
S. 28 Spectrum ALL-IN-ONE Journal for Engineering Students, 2013
B.Tech. II-Year II-Sem. ( JNTU-Kakinada )
Q6. (a) Explain about attenuation in parallel-
plate waveguides. Also draw attenua-
tion versus frequency characteristics of
wave guided between parallel conduct-
ing plates.
Answer : April-12, Set-3, Q6(a) M[7]
For answer refer Unit-VI, Q14.
(b) Explain the significance of TEM wave
in a parallel plane guide, and derive
an expression for the attenuation factor
for TEM waves.
Answer : April-12, Set-3, Q6(b) M[8]
For answer refer Unit-VI, Q15.
Q7. (a) Define characteristic impedance and
propagation constants of transmission
line and obtain lossless conditions.
Answer : April-12, Set-3, Q7(a) M[7]
For answer refer Unit-VII, Q15.
(b) A distortionless line of 80 has a = 50 KHz
to a load of 140 . The load power is 75 mW.
Calculate,
(i) Voltage reflection coefficient
(ii) VSWR
(iii) Position of V
Max
, I
min
, V
min
and I
min
.
Answer : April-12, Set-3, Q7(b) M[8]
Given that,
For a lossless line
Characteristic impedance, Z
0
= 80
Load impedance, Z
L
= 140
Load power, P
L
= 75 mW
Signal frequency, = 50 kHz
(i) Voltage Reflection Coefficient
Voltage reflection coefficient is given by,
K =
0
0
Z Z
Z Z
L
L
+

=
80 140
80 140
+

=
220
60
= 0.2727 < 0
Voltage reflection coefficient, K = 0.2727 0
(ii) Voltage Standing Wave Ratio (VSWR)
Voltage standing wave ratio is given by,
VSWR =
| | 1
| | 1
K
K

+
=
| 2727 . 0 | 1
| 2727 . 0 | 1

+
749 . 1 VSWR
(iii) Position of V
max
, I
max
, V
min
and I
min
The positions of V
max
and V
min
are given by following
equations,
(V
max
)
position
=
1
]
1

n
2 2
, n = 0, 1, 2 ...... ... (1)
(V
min
)
position
=

4
[ (2n + 1)] n = 0, 1, 2 ... (2)
The first V
max
position from the load end and can be
calculated by substituting n = 0 in equation (1), we get,
i.e., (V
max
)
p
= 1
]
1

0
2
0
2
[ Q = 0]
Therefore, the first V
max
and I
min
position will be
located at the load end only.
The first V
min
position from the load end and can be
calculated by substituting n = 0 in equation (2), we get,
i.e, (V
min
)
p
=
] ) 1 ) 0 ( 2 ( 0 [
4
+ +

4

=
4

In order to obtain the value of (V

min
)
p
, has to be
calculated . So, is calculated as,
S. 29 Electromagnetic Waves and Transmission Lines (April-2012, Set-3) JNTU-Kakinada
B.Tech. II-Year II-Sem. ( JNTU-Kakinada )
=
c

=
3
8
10 50
10 3

m 10 6 . 0
4

Therefore, the (V
min
)
p
is given as,
(V
min
)
p
=
4
0.6 10
4

4
min
( ) 0.15 10 m
p
V
Q8. (a) Define the reflection coefficient and derive the expression for input impedance in terms of
reflection coefficient.
Answer : April-12, Set-3, Q8(a) M[7]
For answer refer Unit-VIII, Q1.
(b) Explain how the input impedance varies with the frequency with sketches.
Answer : April-12, Set-3, Q8(b) M[8]
For answer refer Unit-VIII, Q2.
0.72
5
y
0
0.68
4
y
0
0.04
4
y
1
0.67
3
y
0
0.01
3
y
1
0.03
3
y
2
0.58
2
y
0
0.99
2
y
1
0.08
2
y
2
0.11
2
y
3
1.54
y0
0.96
y1
1.05
y2
1.13
y3
1.24
y4
19.95
21.51
22.47
23.52
24.65
25.89
10
15
20
25
30
35
5
y
4
y
3
y
2
y y y x
0.72
5
y
0
0.68
4
y
0
0.04
4
y
1
0.67
3
y
0
0.01
3
y
1
0.03
3
y
2
0.58
2
y
0
0.99
2
y
1
0.08
2
y
2
0.11
2
y
3
1.54
y0
0.96
y1
1.05
y2
1.13
y3
1.24
y4
19.95
21.51
22.47
23.52
24.65
25.89
10
15
20
25
30
35
5
y
4
y
3
y
2
y y y x
From the forward difference table,
y
10
= f(x
0
) = y
0
= 1.54

2
y
10
=
2
f(x
0
) =
2
y
0
= 0.58

3
y
10
=
3
f(x
0
) =
3
y
0
= 0.67

5
y
10
=
5
f(x
0
) =
5
y
0
= 0.72