Chemical Equilibrium

5.1 - Calculate the partial pressure of monoatomic hydrogen in hydrogen

in hydrogen gas at 2000K and 1atm.

Para: ) ( ) (
2
1
2
g H g H

K J S
J H
o
o
/ 35 . 49
217990
298
298
= A
= A


Ento:
035 . 3 31
2
1
314 . 8
2
3
2
1
2
, ) ( ,
= = = A
H P g H P p
C C C


J
C H dT C H H
P
o
P
o o
212824 1702 035 . 3 217990
) 298 2000 (
298
2000
298
298 2000
= =
A + A = A + A = A
}


J
C S dT C S S
P
o
P
o o
57 . 43
298
2000
ln 035 . 3 35 . 49
298
2000
ln
298
2000
298
298 2000
= =
A + A = A + A = A
}


J S T H G 125684 57 . 43 2000 212824
0
2000
0
2000
0
2000
= = A A = A

56 . 7
2000 314 . 8
125684
ln 125684 ln
ln ln ln
) (
2 / 1
) (
2 / 1
) (
2 / 1
2 / 1
) (
2000
2 2
2
2
=

= =
= = = A
g H
H
g H
H
g H
H
H
g H
o
P
P
P
P
RT
P
P
RT
P
P
RT K RT G

atm P
P
P P P
H
g H
H g H g H
0005 . 0 562 . 7
1
ln
1 , 1
) (
2 ) ( 2 ) (
2
= =
~ = +







5.2 - For the reaction : ) ( ) (
2
1
) (
2
S CoO g O s Co = +
T G
o
6 . 19 59850+ = A

where
o
G A is in calories and T is in Kelvin.

a) Calculate the oxygen equilibrium pressure (atm) over Co and CoO at
1000C.

b) What is the uncertainty in the value calculated in part a if the error in
AH
o
term is estimated to be 500 cal?

Soluo:

a) At 1000C, AG
o
=-59850+19.6T=-59850+19.6(1000+273) =
-34899.2cal = -1458.79J/mol

No equilibrio:
atm P
P
J P RT
P
RT K RT G
O
O
O
O
o
12
2 / 1
10 07 . 1
6 . 27 ln
145879 ln
2
1 1
ln ln
2
2
2
2

=
=
= = = = A


b) Incerteza em AH
o
= 500cal/mol = 2090J/mol

Ento a incerteza em AG
o
= 500cal/mol = 2090J/mol

Portanto:
% 6 . 28
P
286 . 1
25 . 0 ln
2090 ln
2
1
2090 ln
2
1
ln
2
1
2 2
'
2
2
'
2
2
'
2
2
'
2
=
A
=
=
=
=
O O
O
O
O
O
O
O O
P P
P
P
P
P
P
RT
P RT P RT








Similarly, uncertainty in AH
o
=- 500cal/mol =- 2090J/mol

% 1 . 22
P
779 . 0
25 . 0 ln
2090 ln
2
1
ln
2
1
2 2
'
2
2
'
2
2
'
2
=
A
=
=
=
O O
O
O
O
O O
P P
P
P
P
P RT P RT



5.3 - Calculate the temperature at which silver oxide (Ag
2
O) begins to
decompose into silver and oxygen upon heating:

a) in pure oxygen at P = 1 atm;
b) in air at P
total
= 1 atm.

DATA mol cal O forAg H
f
/ 7300
2
= A








Assume that AC
p
= 0 for the decomposition reaction.

Solution: (a) Ag
2
O = 1/2O
2
+ 2Ag

30514 / 7300
,
= = A = A mol cal H H
o
AgO f
o

K mol J
S S S S
O Ag O Ag
o
. / 044 . 66 1 . 29 49
2
1
2 . 10 2
2
1
2
298 , 2 298 , 2 298 ,
= + =
A A + A = A

T S T S T H G
o o o o
044 . 66 30514 30514 = A = A A = A

when Ag2O begins to decompose,

Standard Entropy at 298K
[cal/(mol.K)]
Ag
2
O 29.1
O
2
49.0
Ag 10.2

0 ln 044 . 66 30514
0 ln
2
= +
= + A = A
O
o
P RT T ie
J RT G G


a) in pure oxygen at 1 atm, RTlnP
O2
= 0
30514-66.044T = 0
T = 462K

b) in air at P
total
= =1 atm , P
O2
=0.21
ie. 30514- 66.044T + RTln0.21 = 0
T = 386K




5.4 - One step in the manufacture of specially purified nitrogen is the
removal of small amounts of residual oxygen by passing the gas over
copper gauze at approximately 500C. The following reaction takes place:
) ( ) (
2
1
) ( 2
2 2
s O Cu g O s Cu +

a)Assuming that equilibrium is reached in this process, calculate the
amount of oxygen present in the purified nitrogen;
b) What would be the effect of raising the temperature to 800C? Or
lowering it to 300C? What is the reason for using 500C?
c) What would be the effect of increasing the gas pressure?

For
) ( ) (
2
1
) ( 2
2 2
s O Cu g O s Cu +
, AG
o
(in calories ) is 39850+15.06T.

Solution: (a) When the equilibrium is reached,
0 P ln
2
1
ln
2
= A = + A = A
O
o o
RT G J RT G G
RT
T
P
O
2
1
) 06 . 15 39850 ( 18 . 4
ln
2
+
=

T = 500C = 773K
atm P
P
O
O
26
2
2
10 14 . 1
69 . 36
773 314 . 8
2
1
) 773 06 . 15 39850 ( 18 . 4
ln

=
=

+
=

(a) at T=300C=573K,

Although the equilibrium P
O2
is very low, kinetically the reaction is
not favoured and reaction speed is very slow. So 300C is not suitable
at

At T=800C=1073K, lnP
O2
=-22.2, P
O2
=2.2810
-10
atm.

b) At 800C, if the equilibrium is reached, nitrogen can be of high
purity level. However, at this high temperature , particles of Cu will
weld together to reduce effective work surface. So it is not suitable to
use this high temperature in purification either.

c) The equilibrium oxygen pressure remains the same when the total
pressure increases, which means a higher purity level of N
2
.



5.5. The solubility of hydrogen(P
H2
= 1 atm ) in liquid copper at 1200C
7.34cm3(STP) per 100g of copper. Hydrogen in copper exists in
monatomic form.

(a) Write the chemical equation for the dissolution of H
2
in copper;
(b) What level of vacuum(atm) must be drown over a copper melt at
1200C to reduce its hydrogen content to 0.1 cm3 (STP) per 100g?
(c) A 100g melt of copper at 1200C contains 0.5 cm3(STP) of H
2
. Argon is
bubbled through the melt slowly so that each bubble equilibrates with the
melt. How much argon must be bubbled through the melt to reduce the H
2
content to 0.1 cm3(STP) per 100g ?

Note: STP means standard temperature and pressure(298K and 1 atm).

Solution:

(a) H
2(g)
= 2H

(b) | |
2
1
2
2
1
H a
P K H =

| | gCu cm H atm P
H
100 / 34 . 7 , 1
3
2
= =

2
1
a
K is a constant,
Pa atm P
H
H P
P
P
H
P
H
H
H
H
H H
8 . 18 10130 56 . 18 00019 . 0 ) (
0136 . 0
34 . 7
1 . 0
] [
]' [
) (
) (
] [ ] [
'
2
2 / 1
2 2 / 1 '
2
2 / 1 '
2
'
2 / 1
2
= = =
= = = =


(c ) The amount of H2 needed to be brought out by Ar is:
mol
RT
V P
n
6
6
10 6 . 1
298 314 . 8
10 ) 1 . 0 5 . 0 ( 10130

=
A
=


This amount of H2 is in equilibrium with the melt in the bubble, ie.
The partial pressure of H2 in the bubbles is 18.8Pa.

L m P
nRT V P
H
bubble H
15 . 2 00215 . 0 8 . 18 / 10 05 . 4
10 05 . 4
3 2 '
2
2 '
2
= = =
= =

2.15L Ar is needed to be bubbled into the melt.



5.6 - The following equilibrium data have been determined for the
reaction:







a)Plot the data using appropriate axes and find AH
o
, K and AG
o
at
1000K;
b)Will an atmosphere of 15%CO
2
, 5%CO, and 80%N
2
N2 oxidize
nickel at 1000K?

Solution: (a)
)
1
( ln
T
d
R
H
K d
o
a
A
=

Plot T K
a
/ 1 ~ ln
T(C) K10
-3

663 4.535
716 3.323
754 2.554
793 2.037
852 1.577
) ( ) ( ) ( ) (
2
g CO s Ni g CO s NiO + +
0.88 0.90 0.92 0.94 0.96 0.98 1.00 1.02 1.04 1.06 1.08
7.2
7.4
7.6
7.8
8.0
8.2
8.4
8.6
lnK
a
=2.01+6003(1/T)
l
n
K
a
1/T, 10
-3
Kduishu
Linear Fit of Data1_Kduishu
.
J R H
R
H
dT
K d
o
o
a
49909 6003 6003
ln
= = A =
A
=

At T=1000K, lnK
a
=8.01, K
a
= 3010

kJ J K RT G
a
o
6 . 66 66600 01 . 8 1000 314 . 8 ln
1000
= = = = A

(b)
a
a
a
o
K J
K
J
RT J RT K RT J RT G G
< = =
= + = + A = A
3
% 5
% 15
ln ln ln ln


So the atmosphere will oxidize Ni.


5.7 - At 1 atm pressure and 1750C, 100 g of iron dissolve 35cm3 (STP) of
nitrogen. Under the same conditions, 100 g of iron dissolves 35 cm3 of
hydrogen. Argon is insoluble in molten iron. How much gas will 100 g of
iron dissolve at 1750C and 760 mm pressure under an atmosphere that
consists of:

(a) 50% nitrogen and 50% hydrogen?
(b) 50% argon and 50% hydrogen?
(c) 33% nitrogen, 33 hydrogen, and 34 argon?

Solution:

N
2
=2N, H
2
= 2H
| |
2
1
2
2
1
, N N a
P K N = | | ,
2
1
2
2
1
, H H a
P K H =

For N2 dissolving: 2 / 1 '
2
'
2 / 1
2
) (
] [ ] [
N N
P
N
P
N
=

For H2 dissolving 2 / 1 '
2
'
2 / 1
2
) (
] [ ] [
H H
P
H
P
H
=


a)For dissolving N2, P
N2
= 1 atm, [N]=35cm
3
/100g melt,

melt g cm
P
N P
N
N
N
100 / 75 . 24 ) 5 . 0 ( 35
] [ ) (
] [
3 2 / 1
2 / 1
2
2 / 1 '
2
= = =

similarly: [H]

=24.75cm
3
/100g melt
total gas : [H]'[N]' = 49.5 cm
3
/100g melt

b) [H]' =24.75 cm
3
/100g melt

c)[H]'[N]' = [N](0.33)
1/2
/1+[H](0.33)
1/2
/1=20.10+20.10 =
40.2cm
3
/100g melt























5.8 - Solid silicon in contact with solid silicon dioxide is to be heated
to a temperature of 1100 K in a vaccum furnace. The two solid phases
are not soluble in each other, but is known that silicon and silicon
dioxide can react to form gaseous silicon monoxide. For the reaction:


the Gibbs free energy change (J) is.


(a) Calculate the equilibrium pressure of SiO gas at 1100K;
(b) For the reaction above, calculate AH
o
and AS
o
at 1100K;
(c) Using the Ellingham chart (Figure 5.7), estimate the pressure of
oxygen (O
2
) in equilibrium with the materials in the furnace.

a)
SiO SiO
o
P RT P RT K RT G ln 2 ln ln
2
= = = A
At 1100K,
AG
o
=667000+25.0TlnT-510T
= 667000+25.01100ln1100-5101100
=667000+192584-561000
=298584
-2RTlnP
SiO
=298584
lnP
SiO
=-16.32
P
SiO
= 8.110
-8
(atm)

b)AG
o
=667000+25.0TlnT-510T =-RTlnK

T H
T
R R
H
T d
R
H
T d T
R R
dT
R RT
K d
T
R RT
K
o
o
o
25 667000
25
667000
) / 1 ( ) / 1 ( )
25 667000
( )
T
25 667000
ln
510 ln
25 667000
ln
2
= A
+ =
A

A
= +

= =
=

T = 1100K, AH
o
= 639500J
K J
T
G H
S
o o
o
/ 9 . 334
1100
298584 667000
=

=
A A
= A


(c ) P
O2
=10
-30
atm




) ( 2 ) (
2
g SiO SiO s Si +
T T T G
o
510 ln 0 . 25 667000 + = A

5.9 - What is the pressure of uranium (gas) in equilibrium with
uranium dicarbide

DATA: At 2263K, for UC
2
is 82,000 cal/mol

Vapor pressure of pure uranium is:



Solution:


) ( 2 ) ( ) ( s s g
UC C U = +

vapor pressure of uranium:



the vapor pressure is lower than the one determined by chemical
reaction. It is the one in equilibrium with dicarbide.
















o
f
G A
) (
100000
33 . 25 ) , ( ln K in T
T
uranium atm P =
J mol cal G
o
f
342760 / 82000 = = A
) ( 10 2 . 1 ln
342760 ln
ln )
1
ln( ln
8
) (
) (
) (
) (
2 ,
atm P
P RT
P RT
P
RT K RT G
g u
g u
g u
g u
o
UC f

=
=
= = = A
) ( 10 6 . 0
89 . 18
2263
100000
35 . 25
100000
33 . 25 ) , ( ln
8
) (
) (
atm P
T
uranium atm P
g u
g u

=
= = =


5.10 - The direct reduction of iron oxide by hydrogen maybe
represented by the following equation:

O H Fe H O Fe
2 2 3 2
3 2 3 + = +

What is the enthalpy change, in joules, for the reaction? Is it
exothermic or endothermic?

T G O H O H
T G O Fe O Fe
o
o
8 . 54 246000
2
1
0 . 254 810250
2
3
2
2 2 2
3 2 2
+ = A +
+ = A +


Solution:
T G O H O H
T G O Fe O Fe
o
o
8 . 54 246000 ) 2 (
2
1
0 . 254 810250 ) 1 (
2
3
2
2 2 2 2
1 3 2 2
+ = A +
+ = A +

o
G O H Fe H O Fe
3 2 2 3 2
) 3 ( 3 2 3 A + = +
| |
J H
T
T T G G G
o
o o o
72250
6 . 89 72250
) 0 . 254 810250 ( 8 . 54 24600 3 3
3
1 2 3
= A
+ =
+ + = A A = A


The reaction is an endothermic one.


















5.11 - Calcium carbonate decomposes into calcium oxide and carbon
dioxide according to the reaction

2 3
CO CaO CaCO +

DATA for the pressure of carbon dioxide in equilibrium with CaO and
CaCO
3
:





a) What is the heat effect (AH) of the decomposition of one mole of
CaCO
3
? Is the reaction endothermic or exothermic?

(b) At what temperature will the equilibrium pressure of CO
2
equal
one atmosphere?

Solution:

(a)

J H
R
H
T T R
H
P
P
T
d
R
H
P d
P K
T
d
R
H
K d
o
o
o
CO
CO
o
CO
CO
o
166528
1030
1
921
1
1 . 0
01 . 0
ln
1 1
ln
1
ln
,
1
ln
1 2 1 , 2
2 , 2
2
2
= A
|
.
|

\
|

A
=
|
|
.
|

\
|

A
=
|
.
|

\
| A
=
= |
.
|

\
| A
=


the reaction is endothermic

b) P
CO2
=1atm

K T
T R
H
o
1168
)
1030
1 1
(
1 . 0
1
ln
=

A
=

At 1168K, the equilibrium pressure of CO
2
equals one atmosphere.

Temperature (K) Pressure (atm)
1030 0.10
921 0.01

5.12 - In the carbothermic reduction of magnesium oxide, briquettes
of MgO and and carbon are heated at high temperature in a vacuum
furnace to form magnesium (gas) and carbon monoxide(gas).
(a) write the chemical reaction for the process;
(b) What can you say abou the relationship between the pressure of
magnesium gas and the pressure of carbon monoxide?
(c) Calculate the temperature at which the sum of the pressures of
Mg(gas) and CO reaches on atmosphere. With T in Kelvin, the free
energies of formation, in calories, of the relevant compounds are:

T G CO
T G MgO
o
f
o
f
2 . 20 28000
7 . 48 174000
= A
+ = A


(a). The reaction is: ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( g Mg g CO s C s MgO + +
(b).
) 7 . 68 146000 ( ) ln( ln
9 . 68 146000
) ( ) (
, ,
T P P RT K RT G
T G G G
g Mg g CO
o
o
MgO f
o
CO f
o
= = = A
= A A = A

Mg CO
P P =


(c) P
total
= 1 atm, P
CO
= 0.5 atm, P
Mg
=0.5 atm
18 . 4 ) 7 . 68 146000 ( ) 5 . 0 5 . 0 ln( = T RT
T = 2037 K



















5.13 - Metallic silicon is to be heated to 1000C. To prevent the
formation of silicon dioxide (SiO
2
), it is proposed that a hydrogen
atmosphere be used. Water vapor, which is present as an impurity in
the hydrogen, can oxidize the silicon.

(a) Write the chemical equation for the oxidation of silicon to dioxide
by water vapor;
(b) Using the accompanying data, where AG
o
is in joules, determine
the equilibrium constant fro the reaction at 1000C (1273K);
(c) What is the maximum content of water in the hydrogen (ppm) that
is permitted if the oxidation at 1000C is to be prevented ?
(d) Check the answer to part c on the Ellingham diagram (Figure 5.7)

DATA
T G s SiO O Si
T G g O H g O g H
o
o
174 902000 ) (
8 . 54 246000 ) ( ) (
2
1
) (
2 2
2 2 2
+ = A = +
+ = A +


Solution:
(a) ) ( 2 ) ( ) ( 2 ) (
2 2 2
g H s SiO g O H s Si + +


(b)
T G s SiO O Si
T G g O H g O g H
o
o
174 902000 ) 2 ( ) (
8 . 54 246000 ) 1 ( ) ( ) (
2
1
) (
) 2 ( 2 2
) 1 ( 2 2 2
+ = A = +
+ = A +

o
G g H s SiO g O H s Si
3 2 2 2
) 3 ( ) ( 2 ) ( ) ( 2 ) ( A + +



13
3
1 2 3
10 9 . 2
31
1273 314 . 8
1273 4 . 64 410000
ln , 1273
4 . 64 410000 ln
4 . 64 410000
2 ) 8 . 54 246000 ( 174 902000 2
=
=

+
= =
+ = = A
+ =
+ + = A A = A
K
K K T At
T K RT G
T
T T G G G
o
o o o


(c)

ppm
P
P
P
P
P
P
K
g H
g O H
g O H
g H
g O H
g H
186 . 0 10 186 . 0
10 38 . 5
1
10 38 . 5
10 9 . 2
6
6
) ( 2
) ( 2
6
) ( 2
) ( 2
13
2
) ( 2
) ( 2
= =

=
=
=
(
(

5.14 - Solid barium oxide(BaO) is to be prepared by the
decomposition of the mineral witherite (BaCO
3
) in a furnace open to
the atmosphere (P = 1 atm).

a) Write the equation of the decomposition (witherite and BaO are
immiscible).
b) Based on the accompanying data, what is the heat effect of the
decomposition of the witherite(J/mol). Specify whether heat is to be
added (endothermic) or evolved (exothermic).
c )How high must the temperature be raised to raise the carbon
dioxide pressure above the mineral to one atmosphere?

DATA








Solution:

(a) ) ( ) ( ) (
2 3
g CO s BaO s BaCO +

(b) AC
P
= 0

kJ kcal
H H H H
o
BaCO f
o
BaO f
o
CO f
52 . 267 64 ) 219 ( 133 94
) 298 ( 3 , ) 298 ( , ) 298 ( 2 ,
= = =
A A + A = A

the reaction is endothermic

(c ) At 298K,

o
T
o
T
o
T
o o
o
o o o
o
CaCO f
o
CaO f
o
CO f
o
S T H G
K mol J
T
G H
S
S T H G
kJ kcal
G G G G
A A = A
=

=
A A
= A
A A = A
= = + =
A A + A = A
. / 168
298
) 36 . 217 52 . 267 (
36 . 217 52 272 126 94
298 298
298
298 298 298
298 , 3 , 298 , , 298 , 2 , 298

when P
CO2
=1 atm,
Thermodynamic Properties [KCAL/(g.mol)]

o
f
G
) 298 (
A
o
f
H
) 298 (
A
CO
2
-94 -94
BaO -126 -133
BaCO
3
-272 -291
(Assuming that C
P,CO2
+ C
P, BaO
= C
P,BaCO3
)



K T
T ie G
o
T
1592
168 2675201 , 0
=
= = A

5.15 - As the Elligham diagram indicated, Mg has a very stable oxide.
Therefore Mg metal can be obtained from the oxide ore by a two-step
process. First the oxide is converted to a chloride. In the second step
the chloride is converted to metal Mg by passing H
2
gas over liquid
MgCl2 at 1200C. The reaction in this last step is:

) ( 2 ) ( ) ( ) (
2 2
g HCl g Mg g H l MgCl + +

a) Calculate the equilibrium pressure of H2(g), Mg(g) and HCl(g) if
the total pressure is maintained constant at 1 atm.

b)Calculate the maximum vapor pressure of H2O that can be tolerated
in the hydrogen without causing the oxidation of the Mg vapor.

DATA







Solution:
(a)
o
G g HCl g Mg g H l MgCl
1 2 2
) 1 ( ) ( 2 ) ( ) ( ) ( A + +
Mg(g)+Cl
2
(g) = MgCl (l) (2) AG
o
2
425484 J

H
2
(g) + Cl
2
(g) = 2HCl(g) (3) AG
o
3
207856 J
J G G G
o o o
217628 425484 207856
2 3 1
= + = A A = A
) ( ) ( ) ( 2
7
) ( 2
) (
2
) ( 2
) (
2
) ( 2
) (
2
) ( 2
) (
2
1
2 , 1
10 27 . 5
78 . 17 ln
217628
ln 1473 314 . 8 ln ln
) (
) (
) ( ) (
g Mg HCl HCl g Mg g H
g H
g Mg
g H
g Mg
g H
g Mg
g H
g Mg
o
P P P P P
P
P P
P
P P
P
P P
P
P P
RT K RT G
g HCl
g HCl
g HCl g HCl
= = + +
=
=
= = = A

let P
Mg(g)
=x, P
HCl
= 2x, P
H2
= 1-3x
Reaction AG
o
at 1200C

Mg(g)+Cl
2
(g) = MgCl (l) 425484 J
H
2
(g) + Cl
2
(g) = 2HCl(g) 207856 J
Mg(g) +1/2O
2
(g) = MgO(s) 437185 J
H2 (g) + 1/2O
2
(g) = H2O(g) 165280J


) ( 10 6 . 1
10 27 . 5
) 2 (
3 1
3
7
2
atm x
x x
x

~
=

Mg(g) + H2O(g) = MgO(s)+ H2 (g) (4) AG
o
4
Mg(g) +1/2O
2
(g) = MgO(s) (5) AG
o
5
437185 J
H2 (g) + 1/2O
2
(g) = H2O(g) (6) AG
o
6
165280J
J G G G
o o o
271905 ) 165280 ( 437185
6 5 4
= = A A = A
) ( 10 28 . 2
2 . 22 ln
2 . 22
10 6 . 1
10 6 . 1
2 . 22 ln
271905
ln 1473 314 . 8 ln ln
10
) ( 2
) ( 2
3
) ( 2
3
) ( ) ( 2
) ( 2
) ( ) ( 2
) ( 2
) ( ) ( 2
) ( 2
4
atm P
P
P
P P
P
P P
P
P P
P
RT K RT G
g O H
g O H
g O H
g Mg g O H
g H
g Mg g O H
g H
g Mg g O H
g H o

=
=
=

=
= = = A




























5.16 - A common reaction for the gasification of coal is:
) ( ) ( ) ( ) (
2 2
g CO g H s C g O H + +

a) Write the equilibrium constant for this reaction and compute its
value at 1100K;
b) If the total gas pressure is kept constant at 10 atm, calculate the
fraction of H2O that reacts;
c) If the reaction temperature is increased, will the fraction of water
reacted increase or decrease? Explain your answer. Use the data in
Table 5.1.

Solution: ) ( ) ( ) ( ) (
2 2
g CO g H s C g O H + +

a)
) ( 2
) ( 2 ) (
g HO
g H g CO
P
P P
K =
J
G G G
O H f CO f
o
21676 ) 1100 81 . 54 246740 ( 1100 65 . 87 111710
2 , ,
= + =
A A = A

97 . 9 3 . 2 ln ln = = = A K K K RT G
o


b)
atm x
x
x
K
atm x P atm x P atm x P let
g O H g CO g H
14 . 4
97 . 9
2 1
) 2 10 ( , ,
2
) ( 2 ) ( ) ( 2
=
=

=
= = =



c) if the temperature is increased, the fraction of water reacted will
increase since the equilibria constant increases with increasing
temperature.