DRILLING TECHNOLOGY SCHOOL

TRAINING DEPARTMENT, IDT

DRILL STRING
1.0 DRILL STEM DEFINATION
The drill stem is defined by the American Petroleum Institute (API) and International
Association of Drilling Contractors (IADC) as all members in the assembly used for the
drilling by the rotary method, from Swivel to bit, including the elly, drill !i!e with tool
"oints, drill collars and various au#iliary e$ui!ment% The drill !i!e section includes
conventional drill !i!e and heavy weight drill !i!e% The bottom hole assembly (&'A) may
contain drill collars, stabili(ers, "ars, reamers, shoc) sub, bit sub etc%
The drill stem serves for fluid !assage from the swivel to bit, im!arts rotary motion to the
bit, allows weight to be set on the bit and lowers *raises the bit in the well% In addition it
!rovides stability to minimi(e vibration and bit bouncing, testing formation through drill
stem o!erations and also !ermits through !i!e evaluation for logs%
1.1 DRILL STRING.
Drill string is defined as the drill !i!e, with attached tool "oints, that is used to transmit the
fluid and rotational !ower from elly to the drill collars and bit%
In the early days of rotary drilling it was difficult to be sure that !i!e, cou!ling and drill
collars of any given manufacturer would match similar !roducts made by another com!any,
but IADC and API has wor)ed together to establish the standards a!!licable to the
industries%
1.2 TOOL JOINTS AND ROTARY SHOULDER CONNECTIONS
In rotary drilling many different designs have been develo!ed for threaded "oint,
used to connect the lengths of the drill !i!es% These fittings are called Tool +oints, because
a tightening tool is a!!lied at this !oint to ma)e , u! or brea) , out the connections% These
Tool +oints are welded to the !i!e by both outer surface and bac) side of the each tool
"oints%
To increase the strength in the re$uired areas, u!setting or thic)ening of drill !i!e
body is done at the ends of !i!e where tool "oints are attached%
In internal u!set (I-), the inside of the !i!e is thic)ened, whereas in e#ternal u!set
(.-), the outside of the !i!e is thic)ened and in internal and e#ternal u!set (I.-) both
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DRILLING TECHNOLOGY SCHOOL
TRAINING DEPARTMENT, IDT

inside and outside of the !i!e are thic)ened% 0odern 1,/*23 4 53 drill !i!e have both
internal and e#ternal u!sets% 'ard facing is o!tional but, if done, doubles the life of tool
"oints%
Tool "oint bo#es have /6 Deg ta!er fitting for /6 Deg (bottlenec)) elevators% Pins usually
have 75 Deg ta!ered shoulders to aid in stabbing the !i!e
DRILL PIPE JOINT
In /896, API ado!ted a new series of rotary , shoulder connections as the standard%
In this style of connection, the si(e designation is the T:; , digit number that refers to the
dimension of !ins% The Si(e designation is called NC, or <=umbered Connection>% The old
I? (Internal ?lush) and ?' (?ull 'ole) are obsolete, although used in some .$uivalent
=umbered connections (=C) are available for most of the old I? and ?' "oints% 'owever
there is no =C , (=umbered Connection) e$uivalent for API @egular connection, which is
still the standard connection used on swivel subs% The only API connection used on 5,/*23
drill !i!e is 5,/*23 ?'%
1.3 MARKING OF TOOL JOINTS
1.3.1 DRILL PIPE
Tool "oints manufactured in confirmation to s!ecification is stam!ed around outside with
the manufactured name (or mar)s), the API monogram, and si(e and style of the
connections%
Examp!"
An =C76 tool "oint, which is interchangeable with a 7,/*23 I? "oints is stam!ed as%
A & C;% =C76 (7,/*2 I?)
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DRILLING TECHNOLOGY SCHOOL
TRAINING DEPARTMENT, IDT

1.3.2 DRILL COLLARS
@otary shoulders connections are furnished in the si(es and styles as shown in table belowA
NUM#ER STYLE CONNECTION
NC2$ 2 3%& IF
NC31 2 '%& IF
NC3& 3 1%2 IF
NC(0 ( FH
NC($ (IF
NC)0 ( 1%2 IF
2.0 INTER CHANGEA#ILITY OF THREAD FORMS
The thread form for =umbered @otary connection B,C%C76@ is interchangeable with B ,
C%C95 flat form% The B , C%C76@ form may be substituted for B , C%C95 flat form on any
si(e of I? connections or any ?' connections%
2.1 INTER CHANGEA#ILITY OF CONNECTIONS
Certain ty!es of =umbered connections are interchangeable with certain others styles of
connections% These connections differ only in threads form, and since the thread forms are
interchangeable so the connections are also interchangeable%
2.2 MARKING ON DRILL COLLARS
Drill collars confirming to this s!ecification is die stam!ed with the manufacturer names or
identifying mar)s, outside diameter, bore, and connection designation%
E*AMPLES
A 9 /*13 collar with 2 /7*/93 bore and =C19 connection is stam!ed as
A & C; (or 0ar))
=C19,92 (1I?) 2 /7*/93
The same mar)ings a!!ly to collar of the same dimensions, but ordered with 13 I?
connection, if the connections are made with the B , C%C76@ thread form%
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DRILLING TECHNOLOGY SCHOOL
TRAINING DEPARTMENT, IDT

3.0 #IT CONNECTION"
@oller cone &it connection
SI+E OF #IT SI+E OF ROTARY CONNECTION
7,7*1 to 1,/*2 inch 2,7*6D @.E%
1,5*6 to 5 inch 2,F*6D @.E%
5,/*6 to F,7*6 inch 7,/*2D @.E%
F,/*2 to 8,7*6 inch 1,/*2D @.E%
8,/*2 to /1,/*2 inch 9,5*6D @.E%
/1,5*6 to /6,/*2 inch F,5*6D @.E%
/6,5*6 inch and larger 6,5*6D @.E%
Similarly in Diamond bits, connections almost remain same in different si(es of &it%
(.0 DRILL STRING AND ITS COMPONENTS
The drill string is very im!ortant !art of the rotary drilling !rocess% It is the connection
between the @otary table and the &it at the bottom%
(.1 PURPOSE
The drill string serves several general !ur!ose as following
Provides a fluid conduit from the @ig to &it
Im!art rotary motion to the drill &it
Allow weight to be set on the &it
Gower and raised the &it in the :ell
In addition, drill string may serve some of the following s!eciali(ed services ,
Provides some stability to the &ottom , hole assembly to minimi(e vibration and
"um!ing of bit%
Allows formation fluids and !ressure through the Drill string%
Permits through,!i!e formation evaluation when logging tools cannot be run in the
o!en hole%
(.2 COMPONENTS" The com!onents of drill string are varied and serve many !ur!oses%
All connections from the swivel through u!!er section of the elly are left,hand threads%
Tor$ue im!arted at the elly ends tends to tighten rather than bac) off section%
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DRILLING TECHNOLOGY SCHOOL
TRAINING DEPARTMENT, IDT

The Drill string !rimarily consists of elly, Drill !i!e and the bottom,hole assembly
(&'A)% The Drill !i!e section contains conventional Drill !i!es, heavy weight Drill !i!es,
and occasionally a reamer% The &'A contains the following items
Drill collars
Stabili(ers
+ars
@eamers
Shoc) sub
&it sub
&it
5
PACKED BHA
A bit that is not connected to a packed
BHA may drill an oversized hole, produce
Unusual bit wear, and slow ROP
!n "eneral, bits drill #aster and last lon"er
$hen well stabilized
%he term packed BHA re#ers to the #act
%hat the round &'()s with stabs !n the
*ower part o# the &'( assembly are
almost the same O& as the bit
!n addition, the stabs are no more than
+', inch -.+, mm/ smaller in diameter
than the hole
DRILLING TECHNOLOGY SCHOOL
TRAINING DEPARTMENT, IDT

).0 KELLY
elly is the heavy s$uare* he#agonal steel !i!e that, by engaging the rotary drive bushing
by means of elly drive bushing, transmits rotating force through the drill string to bit%
ellys are manufactured with one of two basic configurations , s$uare or he#agonal%
A lot of wear and tear is !roduced on the threads located on the !in end of the elly, which
always faces downwards% To counteract this, a elly saver sub should be used% It !rotects
the lower elly connection from the wear caused by ma)ing or brea)ing the drill !i!e
9
PENDULUM EFFECT
GRAVITY PULLS THE BIT TO THE LOW SIDE
OF THE HOLE, PROVIDING A PENDULUM EFFECT
&i##erent #orces cause the hole to deviate
#rom vertical
&eviation #rom vertical tends to increase
the cost o# the well
*en"th o# pendulum 0 1ection o# &'( strin"
between the bit and the lowest 2 point
tan"ent to the side o# the hole
%he heavier the pendulum, the stron"er is
its tendency to remain vertical
%he lon"er the pendulum, the "reater is the
tendency o# the drill stem to seek a vertical
path
DRILLING TECHNOLOGY SCHOOL
TRAINING DEPARTMENT, IDT

connection each time a "oint is drilled down% Croo)ing or bending of a elly can be well
avoided following good !ractices during handling, trans!ortation and storage% The ma"or
course of elly wear is the rounding off the drive corners% It is com!ounded and hastened
by worn out elly bushing roller assemblies% elly drive surfaces should be lubricated
regularly% It should be ensured to re!lace worn rollers, !ins or bearings%
$.0 DRILL STEM"
$.1 DRILL PIPE
This longest section of the drill string is the drill !i!e% It is a steel tube used to transmit
tor$ue and hydraulic horse !ower at the bit% Drill !i!e comes in standard lengths divided
into ranges, as !er followingA
@ange ,/ , /6 to 22 ft% (obsolete)
@ange ,2 , 2F to 7C ft%
@ange ,7 , 16 to 15 ft%
The most commonly used length is 7C ft% (range,2)% A tool "oint is a s!ecial threaded fitting
that is attached to each end of a length of drill !i!e to allow it to be connected to others to
ma)e u! the drill string%
0ost !resent day seamless drill !i!e falls into one grades ., H, E and S%
GRADE MINIMUM YIELD STRENGTH ,PSI-
. F5,CCC
H 85,CCC
E /C5,CCC
S /75,CCC
During constant use of Drill !i!e wear and tear is caused% As a result classes are given to
drill !i!e to account for wear%
$.1.1 CLASSIFICATION OF DRILL PIPE . TOOL JOINTS
The used drill !i!e should be classified according to its 0a#imum allowable hoo) load for
class , / !remium class !i!e, class ,2, and class ,7% The classification system for used drill
!i!e includes the color code designation to identify the drill !i!e class% The same color
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DRILLING TECHNOLOGY SCHOOL
TRAINING DEPARTMENT, IDT

code is used to identify the tool "oints, whether they are field re!airable, sho! re!airable or
scra!%
CLASS I" :ith a white band% =ominal dimensions of new drill !i!es%
PREMIUM CLASS" :ith two white bands
Calculated area with not more than 2CI uniform wall reduction%
@emaining wall not less than 6CI due to uniform wear%
CLASS II" :ith a yellow band%
@emaining wall not less than 95I of eccentric wear% Calculated area with not more than
2CI uniform wall reduction%
CLASS III" :ith a blue band%
@emaining wall not less than 92%5I due to uniform wear% @emaining wall not less than
55I due to eccentric war% Calculated area with not less than 7F%5I uniform wall
reduction%
CLASS I/" :ith a green band%
@emaining wall less than 92%55I due to uniform wear% @emaining wall less than 55I due
to eccentric wear% Calculated area with greater than 7F%5I wall reduction%
TYPE"
Internal u!set (I-)
.#ternal u!set (.-)
Internal and e#ternal u!set (I.-)
$.1.2 TOOL JOINTS"
IEU (Internal,.#ternal -!set) tool "oint is larger than the !i!e such that tool "oint
I%D% is less than the drill !i!e% The tool "oint ;%D% is larger than the drill !i!e%
Eenerally, I.- connections are the strongest available cou!lings%
IF (Internal flush) tool "oint I%D% is a!!ro#imately the same as the drill !i!e% The ;%D%
is u!set%
IU (Internal -!set) tool "oint I%D% is less than the drill !i!e% Tool "oint ;%D% is
a!!ro#imately same as the !i!e% This ty!e is often termed <slim,hole> !i!e
because of the reduced outer clearance%
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DRILLING TECHNOLOGY SCHOOL
TRAINING DEPARTMENT, IDT

*H (.#tra 'ole) tool "oint design !rovides the largest recommended bore through
the internal u!set on drill !i!e% The modified API thread allows large bore
through the !in without loss of strength%
.#tra hole not only means large bore through the tool "oint% It also means the
additional hole which can be drilled with the e#tra hole tool "oint before its service
is limited by wear on the outside diameter%
FH (?ull 'ole) tool "oint im!roves on the regular API tool "oint in that it has a bore
essentially flush with the u!set bore in API internal u!set !i!e% This result in
ma#imum utili(ation of u!set in the welded section%
The basic design of full hole !rovides good internal hydraulic conditions with minimum
;%D% This factor is a !rimary reason for the !o!ularity of this rugged, well,engineered
connection%
'ard facing or hard banding, tool "oint has become a common !ractice in the drilling
industry% To minimi(e tool "oint wear while rotating on abrasive roc), a band of abrasion ,
material is a!!lied to the outside of the bo# tool "oint% This material is to the outside of the
bo# tool "oint% This material is usually sintered tungsten carbide !ractices in a welded
metal matri#% The !roblem that often arises from the use of hard faced tool "oints is
e#cessive wear on the internal diameter of !i!e%
$.1.3 STRENGTH OF DRILL PIPE"
nowledge of following strengths of drill !i!e is re$uired !rior to selection*design%
M010m2m 30!4 567!1869
0inimum yield strength refers to the force needed to stretch or com!ress the drill !i!e until
it is !ermanently distorted%
M010m2m 6!150! 567!1869
0inimum strength in !i!e design refers to the force necessary to !ull the !i!e a!art until it
sna!s%
C:ap5! 567!1869
Colla!se strength refers to the amount of force needed to crush the sides of the !i!e until it
caves in itself%
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DRILLING TECHNOLOGY SCHOOL
TRAINING DEPARTMENT, IDT

T:750:1a 30!4 567!1869
The torsional yield strength of drill !i!e is the amount of twisting force a !i!e can
withstand before twisting off% The torsional strength of the !i!e itself is usually less than
that of the tool "oints e#ce!t when a high strength drill string, e#ce!t when a high strength
drill !i!es are used%
#2756 567!1869
&urst strength of drill !i!e is internal !ressure that can cause a new !i!e burst and s!ring a
lea)%
DRILL PIPE JOINT
/C
A NOTCH OR PIT CONCENTRATES
DRILLING STRESSES
GALLED THREADS
DRILLING TECHNOLOGY SCHOOL
TRAINING DEPARTMENT, IDT

$.2 HEA/Y ;EIGHT DRILL PIPE
It consists of a heavy walled steel tube attached to s!ecial e#tra long tool "oints, which can
be run in com!ression in the same manner as drill collars e#ce!t in large diameter vertical
holes% These are used "ust above the drill collars% The use of ': drill !i!es reduces failures
at the transition (one and to im!rove control over the damaged "oints% The use of heavy
wall drill !i!es reduces the stress level in the "oints and ensures longer life in this hostile
service condition, as it !rovides a graduated change in stiffness between the very limber
drill !i!e above and very stiff drill collars below%
'ence, it is good !ractice to use nine or ten "oints of heavy wall drill !i!e for normal
drilling conditions and twelve to si#teen for rough and large hole conditions%
H!a<3 =!0896 470 p0p! p7:<04!5 697!! ma>:7 ?!1!@065"
/% @educes drilling cost by virtually eliminating drill !i!e failures in the transition (one
(that section of !i!e immediately above the drill collars)%
2% It reduces hoo) load ca!abilities thereby allowing smaller rigs to drill dee!er holes%
7% Cost saving can be achieved by saving tri! time due to ease in handling%
1% Provides substantial savings in directional drilling costs by re!lacing the largest !art of
the drill collar string, reducing down hole drilling tor$ue and decreasing tendencies to
change direction%
O.D. ,I1A9- I.D. ,I1A9- ;!0896 ,?5 % @6.-
7,/*2 2,/*/9 29
1 2,8*/9 26
1,/*2 2,7*1 12
5 7 5C
$.3 DRILL COLLARS
Drill collars are heavy, thic) wall steel !i!es with threaded connections cut on both ends%
A!!ro#imately length of drill collars is 7C ft and they may be s$uared of s!iraled which
hel! in avoiding the differential stic)ing% S!iral groove drill collars reduced the surface
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DRILLING TECHNOLOGY SCHOOL
TRAINING DEPARTMENT, IDT

contact area between the !i!e and the well bore% The collars have a shallow, wide groove
that reduces the contact area by 1C , 5CI while only reducing the !i!e weight by F , /CI%
The lesser contact area reduces the !robability of differential stic)ing%
0inimum collar si(e given by the formulaJ
M010m2m 470 A:a75 OD B 2 ,Ca5018 A:2p018 OD- C #06 OD
$.3.1 FUNCTION OF DRILL COLLARSD
It !rovides weight to the bit for drilling%
It )ee!s the drill !i!e in tension%
It maintains weight to )ee! the drill string from being sub"ected to buc)ling%
It hel!s !rovide the !endulum effect to cause the bit to drill a more nearly vertical hole%
It minimi(es bit stability !roblems from vibrations, wobbling and bouncing etc%
It hel!s su!!ort and stabili(e the bit so that it will drill new hole aligned the hole
already drilled%
S!iral drill collars are used to reduce differential !ressure stic)ing in the hole% They
!rovide a !assage for the drilling fluid to relieve the !ressure differential%
Drill
!i!e
Tension
=eutral !oint
Com!ression
The neutral !oint is usually set to be slightly below the transition (one and must be with in
the drill collar assembly say, two or three drill collars below%
/2
Drill
collar
DRILLING TECHNOLOGY SCHOOL
TRAINING DEPARTMENT, IDT

?or this in design of drill stem, a safety factor of C%6 is used to restrict the neutral !oint with
in the drill collar assembly% The drill string above the neutral !oint is in tension, and the
string below the neutral !oint is in com!ression%
The drill collars are available in many si(es from 7,/*63 to //3 outside diameter and sha!e
such as round, triangular and s!iral grooved% The most common ty!es are round (slic)) and
s!iral grooved%
/7
%341!O4 A4& (O5PR311!O4 O4 &'()s
&UR!46 &R!**!46
IN A DRILL COLLAR CONNECTION,
THE SHOULDERS FORM THE SEAL
BETWEEN THE TWO COLLARS
IF THE SEAL BETWEEN COLLAR SHOULDERS
IS BROKEN,
DRILLING FLUID LEAKS OUT
DRILLING TECHNOLOGY SCHOOL
TRAINING DEPARTMENT, IDT

$.3.2 ;EIGHT ON #IT"
The amount of weight re$uired on the bit de!ends on the )ind of formation being drilled,
the diameter of hole, the )ind of bit, and the tendency of bit deviate vertical and other
variables% The weight of the drill collars de!ends u!on the ;D and ID%
Drill collars weigh less in drilling mud than air because of the buoyancy of the mud% The
heavier the mud greater the buoyancy effect% .#tra collars added to counter this effect%
$.3.3 HOLDING THE DRILL PIPE STRAIGHT.
Drill collars weight must be calculated to include enough in reserve so that the drill !i!e is
never sub"ected to the buc)ling% It bend and become sub"ected to increase in metal fatigue
failure, further more body of the drill !i!e wears ra!idly due abrasion on the wall of the
hole%
If the drill !i!e weight is ade$uate to su!!ly the load on the bit, with enough weight over
that amount to )ee! the drill !i!e from buc)ling, the string of drill !i!e remains relatively
straight as it is rotated%
$.3.( PRO/IDE PENDULUM EFFECT"
Pendulum effect may be defined as the tendency of the drill stem , bit, drill collar, drill
!i!e, and elly to hang to the vertical !osition due to the force of gravity% The heavier the
!endulum greater is the force needed to cause the drill stem to deviate from vertical% If the
drill stem is sus!ended in any !osition other than vertical, the force of gravity tend to !ull it
toward vertical, the bit and the drill collar trend to lie on the low side of the hole and see)
to drill a !ath more nearly vertical%
$.3.) STA#ILI+ING THE #IT"
Garge, s$uare collars or stabili(ers immediately above the bit stabili(e the drill stem in the
hole and cause the bit to drill a rifle,bore e#tension of the well in s!ite of the force that tend
/1

DRILLING TECHNOLOGY SCHOOL
TRAINING DEPARTMENT, IDT

to deviate the hole% Pac)ed hole assembles s$uare drill collars or stabili(ers guide the bit to
drill true e#tension of the !reviously drilled hole% The term !ac)ed hole refer to the fact
that the s$uare drill collars or stabili(ers in the lower !art of the assembly are only /*63
smaller in diameter than the hole%
It is observed that to much of the change in the cross sectional area from large collars to the
drill !i!e or from the one si(e of drill collars to a much smaller si(e will cause accelerated
connection fatigue damage of the string%
Therefore it is necessary to use a ta!ered string when large collars are used%
$.( DRILL COLLAR MAKE UP TOREUE"
Drill collar ma)e u! tor$ue is the biggest single factor affecting the life and !erformance of
drill collars% Im!ro!er tor$ue will cause ra!id fatigue damage and !remature failure of the
drill collar connections%
;n a new drill collar "oint thread fits tightly but there is s!ace through which mud can flow%
The shoulders fit tightly to )ee! mud from s$uirting out and the connection must be tight
enough so that the shoulders will not se!arate when the drill collars are under load or when
being whi!!ed around in the hole or when !assing through a croo)ed hole section%
$.(.1 PROPER ROTARY TA#LE #USHINGS AND DRILL COLLARS
:ithout the !ro!er rotary table bushings, drill collars may be too large to !ass through the
table% A!!ro#imately the largest si(es that can be run through an API standard master
bushing are 8,/*23 to /C3 ;D drill collars%
$.(.2 DRILL COLLAR SLIPS AND SAFETY CLAMPS
/5
!in
bo#
channel
Shoulder
(only seal)
DRILLING TECHNOLOGY SCHOOL
TRAINING DEPARTMENT, IDT

S!ecial drill collar sli!s are re$uired when using larger drill collars% If the sli! recesses are
machined on them, larger si(e drill collars can be run with the sli!s%
If the drill collars do not have sli! recesses or worn out a safety clam! will be re$uired%
$.(.3 SPECIAL FEATURES"
The following s!ecial features are most common and !lay most im!ortant role in increasing
connection life%
a) S67!55 7!0!@ @!a627!5"
Small drill collars, drill !i!es and heavy weight drill !i!es are fle#ible enough to bend due
to relatively smaller ;D% &ut drill collars with 53 and more are not fle#ible enough and
thus bend in "oint which ma)e the connection vulnerable% Avoiding shar! changes in
geometry can reduce stress concentration% The same !rinci!le is a!!lied to thread
connection which causes redistribution of stresses away from most critical areas i%e% first
and last engaged thread of connection, which has resulted in increase of fatigue resistance
of connection%
API recommended stress relief feature by under cutting roots of first and last engaged
threads in bo# and !in% It also recommends removal of shar! radius between shoulder and
nec) of !in%
b) C:4 =:7F018 :@ 697!a45 7::65 a14 567!55 7!0!@ 87::<!.
Drill collar bending stresses created during down hole rotation are concentrated in thread
roots and stress relief grooves% Due to this, material fibers are always sub"ected to constant
alternate tension and com!ression which creates fatigue crac)s% So to im!rove fatigue
resistance the drill collar thread roots and stress relief groove are a!!lied with !ermanent
com!ressive stresses by means of hydraulic rollers of same contour as that of that !rofile%
This is )nown as cold wor)ing% This also smoothens out minor surface defects and
increases fatigue strength of steel%
c) L:= 6:7G2! @aA!"
/9
DRILLING TECHNOLOGY SCHOOL
TRAINING DEPARTMENT, IDT

Gow tor$ue face feature was designed to decrease the ma)e u! tor$ue re$uired and to
increase the bearing stress on the shoulder% This is achieved by machining the bo# counter
bore to a larger diameter thereby reducing the com!ressive stress area of bo# member%
Although the low tor$ue face feature can not increase the shoulder load due to limiting
tensile stress area of the !in but the seal ability of the connection can be im!roved by
reduction in ma)e u! tor$ue re$uirement%
d) Ga 7!5056a1A! A:a6018"
Eall resistance coating is !rotection against galling in rotary shouldered connection
including shoulders and minor irregularities caused by machining% These coatings consist
of two general ty!esA
/% Plating with a sacrificial soft metal such as co!!er%
2% Surface conversion with a !hos!atising !rocess (iron, (inc or manganese)
The gall resistance coating also !rovide roughened surface which holds lubricant better%
$.) DRILL STEM AU*ILIARIES
Barious au#iliary tools are used with the drill stem, including drill stem subs, Stabili(ers,
@eamers, Pi!e wi!ers and the !rotectors%
$.).1 K!3 5a<!7 52?
The elly saver sub is used to minimi(e wear of the threads on the elly% It is often called
elly sub% A rubber !rotector is used on the elly sub to reduce the wear on the elly and
the to! of the casing%
;ther )inds of sub are Crossover sub, Drill collar sub, and &it sub%
$.).2 R!am!7 a14 56a?00H!75
@eamer and stabili(er are usually made u! in the assembly of the drill collars to stabili(e
the bit and to ma)e &'A stiffer% @eamers sometimes em!loyed to enlarge an under gauge
hole%
$.).3 D70 567018 52?5
A sub is also called a substitute is a short threaded !iece of !i!e used to connect !arts of the
drilling assembly for various reasons%
$.).( /0?7a60:1 4amp!1!7
/F
DRILLING TECHNOLOGY SCHOOL
TRAINING DEPARTMENT, IDT

It is also )nown as shoc) sub, are em!loyed in the drill collar assembly to com!ensate for
the bounce and vibration of the drill stem as bit rotates%
$.).) P0p! =0p!7
A !i!e wi!er is a rubber ring that fits around the !i!e and cleans mud off as the !i!e comes
out of the hole% It also !revents "un) from falling in to the hole during tri!!ing out%
$.).$ M24 ?:x
The mud bo# is a case that closes around the tool "oint of wet !i!e coming out of the hole
and hel!s to )ee! mud from s!lashing over the crew and derric) floor by directing the mud
bac) into the mud !its%
$.).' T97!a4 p7:6!A6:75
Thread !rotectors are used on drill !i!e and drill collars to !rotect threads and shoulders
from damage%
$.).& #!6605 p7:6!A6:7
These are mounted on the drill !i!es a!!ro#imately one meter above the !in end% These are
used to !revent tool "oints from rubbing against the casing%
$.).I L0@6018 52?
Gifting subs are not !art of drill stem but are usually made of into a stand of drill collars to
!rovide a shoulder so that the drill collars can be !ic)ed u! by the elevators and set bac)%
All sub threads should be !rotected with a clean thread !rotector% Subs on the rig should be
!ro!erly rac)ed and )e!t on the rig floor%
'. DRILL PIPE CARE"
'.1 K!!p p0p! 01 6!150:1.
It is necessary to avoid deliberately running drill !i!e in com!ression% This raises stress
level and leads to early failures%
To )ee! !i!e in tension, use enough drill collars to give the desired weight on bit after
allowing for the buoyant effect of the drilling fluid%
'.2 K!!p 50p5 a14 ?2590185 01 8::4 59ap!.
/6
DRILLING TECHNOLOGY SCHOOL
TRAINING DEPARTMENT, IDT

Crushing of drill !i!e in the sli! area is a common e#!erience% It could be !revented with
through maintenance of sli!s and master bushings and careful !i!e handling%
'.3 A<:04 5670F018 :@ p01 :1 ?:x 59:24!7
.nds of !in must not stri)e the bo#% If shoulder is damaged, the seal would be destroyed,
lea)age and washout may occur%
'.( A<:04 67a15<!75! 5Aa75
Circumferential notches can ma)e even a new drill !i!e to fail% To !revent such damage,
the !i!e should never be allowed to turn in the sli!s% &rea)out tong must be used to ensure
there is no sli!!age%
'.) D: 1:6 721 A7::F!4 p0p!
Croo)ed !i!e undergoes bending stress when rotated in the hole% Pi!e, which does not roll
reasonably straight on the rac), should be discarded or straightened at once%
'.$ Aa7! 427018 67a15p:76a60:1 a14 21:a4018
&efore unloading be sure thread !rotectors are in !lace% Stac) !i!es off ground to minimi(e
moisture and dirt% Place su!!orts !ro!erly so that the !i!es do not bend%
'.' I15p!A6 69:7:2893
Pro!er ins!ection is re$uired !rior to lower any !i!e in the bore hole%
P7:p!7 9a14018 p7aA60A!5 01A24!"
i) Do not sto! downward motion of the drill !i!e with the sli!s
ii) Do not let the sli! ride the !i!e
iii) Do not use sli! designed for one si(e of !i!e on a different si(e of !i!e% This
will soon deform the sli!s% The damaged sli!s will damage the !i!e%
T:: >:016 @a027!
i) Drill collar failures usually ta)e !lace in the threaded connections due to reverse
bending stress%
ii) The drill !i!e wall is much thinner than the tool "oint and can easily bend
whereas in drill collar most of the bending ta)es !lace in the threaded
connection%
R!a5:15 @:7 @a027!
/8
DRILLING TECHNOLOGY SCHOOL
TRAINING DEPARTMENT, IDT

i) Im!ro!er tightening
ii) Im!ro!er ma)ing u! !rocedure
iii) Swelling of bo#
iv) Thinning out of thread
v) &ending strength ratio not with in range (/%8C,7%2C)
vi) Gac) of !eriodical ins!ection of !i!e%
&.0 P7:p!7 9a14018 :@ 62?2a7
&.1 Ha14018 :@ 470 p0p!5"
:hile loading drill !i!es for trans!ortation on trailer, all the bo# end or !in end
should be )e!t on the same side of the trailer%
The first tier of the drill !i!es should be stac)ed at least /23 high from the ground to
ensure good ventilation%
Pi!e su!!orts should be !ro!erly s!aced to !revent bending of drill !i!es%
Drill !i!es should be stac)ed in such a way at rig site that the bo# ends are facing
the rig floor%
:ooden stri!s be used as se!arators between successive layers of drill !i!es so that
no weight rests on the cou!ling% -se at least 7 s!acing stri!s%
@emove rubber !rotectors while storing drill !i!es% Corrosion may form
circumferential groove on !i!e body if rubber !rotectors are left on%
A!!ly !rotective coating on !i!e surface to !revent corrosion%
Thread !rotectors must be screwed on to both, bo# and !i!e ends of drill !i!e while
handling%
The !in and bo# threads should be lubricated with drill !i!e thread com!ound
before mounting the !rotectors%
Always use recommended thread com!ound (com!ound containing 1C,9CI finely
!owdered (inc by weight are recommended by IADC 4 API)%
All drill !i!es should be mar)ed and recorded% IPin and bo# threads and shoulders
of tool "oints should be thoroughly cleaned before the "oint is made u!%
2C
DRILLING TECHNOLOGY SCHOOL
TRAINING DEPARTMENT, IDT

After cleaning the tool "oint chec) for the following,
a) Threads must be free from any foreign material%
b) Threads must not be damaged%
c) Tool "oint shoulder should be free from any cut mar) or wash out%
If new drill !i!es are to be used for first time, threads should be cleaned with
suitable solvent and soft bristle brush%
The tool "oint should be )e!t as close to the rotary sli! as !ossible during ma)e u!
or brea) out%
Always use both tongs while ma)ing u! or brea)ing out drill !i!es%
Always ma)e u! tool "oints with a!!ro!riate recommended tor$ue%
Down ward motion of the drill !i!e must be sto!!ed with the bra)es and not the
sli!s%
In every third tri! wor)ing "oints of drill !i!es stands must be changed to facilitate
the chec)ing of non, wor)ing "oint threads%
Set bac) area should be cleaned before stac)ing the drill !i!e stands in
fingers%
0ount thread !rotectors while laying down drill !i!e on cat wal), )ee! cat wal)
clear%
Threads and shoulders of the bo# and !in of a dry connection should be carefully
chec)ed%
Do not over load the trailer while trans!orting the drill !i!e%
Do not !lace the drill !i!es directly on ground while stac)ing%
:hile stac)ing drill !i!es at the ground, the height of the stac) should not be more
than /C feet%
Do not load, trans!ort or store drill !i!es with out thread !rotectors%
Do not use s!ecially made API modified com!ound for casing and tubing on drill
!i!e tool "oints%
2/
DRILLING TECHNOLOGY SCHOOL
TRAINING DEPARTMENT, IDT

Chec) for any notch (i%e% sli! mar), s!inning chain mar)s, tong mar)s and cuts etc)
on !i!e body %If any circumferential or transverse notch is found on !i!e body, do
not use the drill !i!e%
Chec) for any longitudinal crac)s on tool "oint body because of heat
crac)ing% Do not use the drill !i!e if such !arallel longitudinal crac)s are !resent%
Do not run damaged connections in the hole%
Do not thin, thread com!ound for ease of a!!lication%
Do not allow the !in end to stri)e the bo# shoulder while ma)ing connection%
Do not s!in !i!e too fast% If "oint wobbles and bends, high s!eed can burn threads%
Do not use tongs on !i!e body%
Do not use rotary for ma)ing u! and brea)ing out drill !i!es%
Do not let the sli!s ride the !i!e, this may damage the sli!s and may create other
com!lications%
Do not use sli!s designed for one s!ecific si(e of !i!e on any other si(e of !i!e%
Do not use wrench or other shar! edged tool to "ac) drill !i!e stand in !osition on
set bac) !latform%
&.2 Ha14018 :@ 470 A:a75
Thread !rotectors should be used and screwed fully on both !in and bo# ends when
handling drill collars%
-se cast steel !rotectors on !in and bo# end of drill collars while !ic)ing u! from
catwal) to derric) floor%
Chec) that sli!s and elevator for handling the drill collars are of !ro!er si(e%
A safety clam! should be invariably used while ma)ing u! or brea)ing drill collars%
&efore ma)e u! clean the threads thoroughly, chec) for any burrs or damage and
lubricate !ro!erly%
Always use a good thread com!ound %Thread com!ound should contain 9CI finely
!owdered metallic lead or 1C,9CIfinely !owdered (inc%
22
DRILLING TECHNOLOGY SCHOOL
TRAINING DEPARTMENT, IDT

If lift subs are used, its !in threads should be cleaned, chec)ed and lubricated on
each tri!%
A new "oint should be carefully lubricated, made u!, brea) out, re,lubricated and
made u! again on initial ma)e u!%
Always use chain tong for initial tightening of drill collars%
A tor$ue gauge should be used on tong line to measure the ma)e u! tor$ue%
Always ma)e u! drill collars to a!!ro!riate recommended tor$ue%
;n every third tri! drill collar stand should be !ulled out in such a way that non,
wor)ing "oints become the wor)ing "oints%
;n each tri! rotate to! two stands of drill collars to wor) in drill collar string below
so that null !oint may not remain on the same "oint%
0a)e close visual ins!ection of every non,wor)ing "oint while !ulling out%
Do not use rotary for ma)ing u! or brea)ing out of drill collar connection%
Do not over tor$ue or under tor$ue a drill collar connection during ma)e u!%
Insufficient tor$ue or too much tor$ue both may cause !roblems%
Do not "er) the line for a!!lying !ull for ma)e u!J give a long steady !ull to the
tong line%
&.3 Ha14018 :@ K!3"
Always use new drive bushing roller assemblies with new ellys%
The rollers of drive bushing assemblies must be ad"usted for minimum clearance, if
!ossible%
Drive assemblies should be re!laced !eriodically to ensure minimum clearance
from wear%
Always use a elly saver sub% It !rotects the lower thread connections from
e#cessive wear%
Gubricate the drive surfaces so that elly slides freely through the drive bushings%
Bisual ins!ection at regular intervals should be made to chec) the wear of drive
bushings and elly corners%
27
DRILLING TECHNOLOGY SCHOOL
TRAINING DEPARTMENT, IDT

Do not move or trans!ort elly without scabbard% It !rovides the su!!ort to limber
elly%
Do not use bend or croo)ed ellys% &end in ellys results in ra!id wear of elly
and drive rollers%
Do not weld on the drive corners of elly for rebuilding the worn ellys%
I. TOOL JOINT CARE"
I.1 S6!p5 6: p7!<!16 697!a4 4ama8!"
I.1.1 M010m0H! =:??018 !@@!A6.
A tool "oint is said to be wobble if there is any movement between surfaces of the matching
bo# and !in% :obble can be caused by im!ro!erly mated shoulders, low ma)e u! tor$ue%
If the "oint is allowed to wobble to even a short time, the threads and shoulders of both bo#
and !in are damaged from la!!ing% If the wobble is allowed to continue, failure and a
subse$uent fishing "ob may result%
I.1.2 A<:04 ?a4 56a??018 p7aA60A!5
&ad stabbing !ractices can be lead to failure% Pins have ta!ered threads to aid in stabbing
the bo#, and these may be stretched or flattened by clumsy handling%
I.1.3 U5! ma6A9018 59:24!75 a14 697!a45.
-sing bo#es and !ins with different si(ed shoulders can !roduce fins, which are thin, shar!
ridges around the bo# or !in shoulders% .nsure shoulders and threads of drill collars and
tool "oint match for a connection%
I.1.( U5! A:77!A6 maF! 2p 6:7G2!.
Too little tor$ue on the "oint can be use wobbling and lea)y conditions and allow additional
down hole ma)e u! tor$ue% Too much tor$ue can cause the threads on the tool "oint to nec)
down (narrow) by stretching the !in% This condition can reach the "oint where the !in will
brea) away%
I.2 ADDITIONAL TOOL JOINTS CARE AND HANDLING
I.2.1 C!a1018
/% Pin and bo# thread and shoulders should be thoroughly cleaned in !re!aration to
adding them to the string%
21
DRILLING TECHNOLOGY SCHOOL
TRAINING DEPARTMENT, IDT

2% Connections should be thoroughly dried after cleaning so that the thread com!ound
will !ro!erly adhere to the surface%
I.2.2 I15p!A60:1

/% After cleaning, ins!ect thread and shoulders carefully% Damaged connections
should never be run in the hole%
2% Test each bo# and !in shoulder with a shoulder dressing tool test ring% -se the
benchmar) to ma)e sure that no tool "oint shoulder has been dressed beyond
recommended limits%
7% Chec) the !lastic coating in the !in bore under the last engaged thread as a first
chec) on !in stretch%
I.3 P0AF018 2p 69! D70 S67018
/% Thread !rotectors will !revent most of the tool "oint damage which occurs in
moving and rac)ing% Threads and shoulders of both bo#es and !ins should be
!rotected from damage when drill string is !ic)ed u! or laid down%
2% Do not !ermit threads or shoulders to stri)e steel on wal) or ram!% :ood
s!linters from the wal) can be !ac)ed so tightly into the threads that they are very
difficult to remove%
7% A clean thread !rotector made u! hand tight should be used in this o!eration%
I.( T97!a4 C:mp:2145
/% @otary shouldered connections are sub"ected to high unit stresses in normal
service% A good thread com!ound, !ro!erly a!!lied, should !revent or minimi(e
galling in all but the most severe service and it should also hel! to minimi(e
ma)e,u! while drilling%
2% Thread com!ounds should not be thinned for ease of a!!lication% Dilution will
reduce the !ercentage of the metallic constituent which may ma)e the com!ound
inade$uate to !revent galling%
25
DRILLING TECHNOLOGY SCHOOL
TRAINING DEPARTMENT, IDT

7% ?or best results, thread com!ound should be a!!lied to threads and shoulders
which are clean and dry% The !resence of many cleaning fluids can dilute the
com!ound and )ee! it from adhering !ro!erly to the surfaces it is to !rotect%
I.) #7!aF018 I1 N!= T:: J:0165
The s!ecific recommendations concerning cleaning, ins!ection, ma)e,u!,
handling, etc%, are e#tremely im!ortant throughout the life of tool "oints% In addition,
there are e#tremely im!ortant factors to consider during the brea),in !eriod of new
"oints% Therefore, the initial ma)eu! and first few tri!s are the most critical time and
e#tra care is essential to give longer trouble,free service%
The following ste!s should be s!ecifically observed on new "ointsA
/% Berify recommended ma)eu! tor$ue%
2% Chec) condition and*or accuracy of all ma)eu! e$ui!ment and gauges, including
saver sub condition%
7% ;bserve all threads and shoulders for handling damageJ re!air as necessary%
1% Coat all threads and shoulders liberally with thread com!ound%
5% ;n initial ma)eu!, and for several tri!s thereafter, stab carefully, ma)eu! slowly,
and tong to full ma)eu! using both sets of tongs%
9% :atch for e#cess resistance during ma)eu! and brea)out% Ealling, cross
threading, and crest to crest ma)eu! can cause e#cess resistance during ma)eu!%
Ealling or down hole ma)eu! can cause high brea)out tor$ues% &rea)out tor$ues
over 8CI of ma)eu! is warning flags%
F% Alternate brea)s on every tri! and continue to stab carefully, ma)eu! slowly, and
tong to full ma)eu! using both sets of tongs%
6% Avoid high tor$ue situations with new tool "oints until they have received a good
brea)ing in%
10.0 TRANSPORTATION
10.1 T72AF T7a15p:76a60:1
API tubular goods in general and threads in !articular, re$uire careful handling in
trans!ortation and storage as well as during drilling o!erations%
29
DRILLING TECHNOLOGY SCHOOL
TRAINING DEPARTMENT, IDT

The following !recautions should be ta)en for truc) trans!ortationA
/% Goad !i!e on bolsters and tie down with suitable chain at the bolsters% In hauling long
!i!e, an additional chain should be !rovided in the middle%
2% Goad with either all the !in ends or all of the bo# ends of the tool "oints to the same end
of the truc)%
7% Care should be ta)en to !revent chafing of tool "oint shoulders on ad"acent "oints% Pro!er
s!acing !ractices should be observed to !revent chafing of drill !i!e by hard banding on
tool "oints%
1% Do not overload truc), boat, or barge with cargo to the !oint where there is any danger
that load cannot be delivered to its destination without unloading%
5% After load has been hauled a short distance, retighten load binding chains loosened as a
result of load settling%
10.2 O@@59:7! S!7<0A! /!55!5
The following are suggestions for loading and securing drill !i!e and casing on offshore
vessels%
/% Thread !rotectors must be installed on both ends of !i!e, !rior to commencement of
loading o!erations%
2% Pi!e is to be !laced on wooden stringers which are s!aced at a!!ro#imately /C foot
intervals and shimmed to the same hori(ontal !lane%
7% :ooden stri!s are !laced so as to se!arate each layer of !i!eJ stri!s should be lined u! on
a vertical !lane with the dec) stringers%
1% Tubular should be secured to the dec) or hull of the vessel by the use of load binding
cables or chains attached at structurally ade$uate !oints% The number and si(e of such cable
or chains is usually determined by the boat ca!tain according to e#!ected sea conditions%
Pro!erly si(ed steam boat ratchets or turnbuc)les are used to maintain !ro!er chain or cable
tension% .ach layer of !i!e should be bloc)ed unless vertical stanchions are !rovided%
2F
DRILLING TECHNOLOGY SCHOOL
TRAINING DEPARTMENT, IDT

5% S!ecial !recautions are needed in loading and unloading !i!e at offshore well sites% In
rough seas, !i!e loads that are to be handled by cranes must be )e!t at a minimum in the
interest of safety and controlling the movement of swinging loads%
9% 0ovement of !i!e between drilling tenders and derric) floor on offshore !latforms
!resents !roblems in handling and individual conditions dictate that close su!ervision is
needed to devise and regulate !ro!er means for this o!eration% :hen !ossible, trolley lines,
whirley cranes, and other means for controlled descent of !i!e in lowering it from the
derric) floor to the tender is necessary to !revent severe damage to drill string%
10.3 Ha14018
The following !recautions should be observed in handling !i!eA
/% &efore unloading, ma)e sure that the thread !rotectors are tightly in !lace% -se slings to
load !i!e%
26
DRILLING TECHNOLOGY SCHOOL
TRAINING DEPARTMENT, IDT

-se !ro!er handling !rocedures when loading drill !i!e utili(ing hoo)s, slings, etc%
2% Do not unload !i!e by dro!!ing% Avoid rough handling which might ding or dent the
body of the !i!e% ;ut,of roundness will reduce colla!se strength greatly%
7% :hen roiling down s)ids !ull !i!e !arallel to the stac) and do not allow !i!e to gather
momentum or to stri)e ends because, even with !rotectors in !lace, there is danger of
damaging the threads%
1% Sto! each length before it reaches !receding lengthJ then !ush together by hand%
10.( S6:7a8!
The following !recautions are recommended for !i!e storageA
A% Do not !ile !i!e directly on ground, rails, steel or concrete floors% The first tier of !i!e
should be no less than /2 inches from the ground to )ee! moisture and dirt away from !i!e%
&% Pi!e should rest on su!!orts !ro!erly s!aced to !revent bending of the !i!e or damage
to the threads% The stringers should lie in the same !lane and be reasonably level, and
should be su!!orted by !iers ade$uate to carry the full stac) without settling%
C% Provide wooden stri!s as se!arators between successive layers of !i!e so that no weight
rests on the tool "oint% -se at least three s!acing stri!s%
D% Place s!acing stri!s at right angles to !i!e and directly above the lower stri!s and
su!!orts to !revent bending of the !i!e%
11.0 P0p! @a027!
Tool "oints of drill !i!e re!resent the area of greatest stress concentration%
Different ty!es of failure areA
a) ?atigue failure
b) Tool "oint failure
11.1 Fa6082! @a027!
The ma"or stresses on a drill string that is rotating during drilling areA
a) &ending
b) Torsion
c) Tension
?atigue is the most common cause of failure in drill !i!e%
11.1.1 T=056 :@@
28
DRILLING TECHNOLOGY SCHOOL
TRAINING DEPARTMENT, IDT

It is the mechanical failure of the !i!e in torsion caused sim!ly by over stressing the !i!e%
11.1.2 ;a59 :26
A fatigue crac) initiated in the !i!e in the transverse direction allowing drilling fluid to
!enetrate the wall and cutting out a hole is called a wash out%
11.1.3 T!150:1 @a027!
This is a more common ty!e of failure% The failure occurs when the !i!e is !ulled beyond
the tensile strength limit%
Pure tension failure is easily distinguished by the nec)ing down of the wall at the !oint of
failure% The ;D of the !i!e near the fracture will be reduced
Substantially% The design of drill stem for static tensile load re$uires sufficient strength
in the to!most "oint of each si(e, weight, grade and class of drill !i!e to su!!ort the
buoyed weight of all hanging load below it%
11.2 T3p!5 :@ @a6082! @a027!
a) Pure fatigue
b) =otch fatigue
c) Corrosion fatigue
11.2.1 P27! @a6082!
Drill !i!e is sub"ected to tension, com!ression, bending and torsion% Tension and bending are
the most critical of these% The factor in drill !i!e fatigue is cyclic bending when the !i!e is
rotated in a hole that has a change in direction%
11.2.2 N:6A9 @a6082!
a) Tong mar)s
These are long, dee! and shar! notches%
The a!!lication of the tongs to the body of drill !i!e instead of tool "oint leads to shar!
notches%
7C
DRILLING TECHNOLOGY SCHOOL
TRAINING DEPARTMENT, IDT

b) Sli! mar)s
Drill !i!e sli!s cause damage to the drill !i!e, causing higher stress concentration causing
!remature failure%
c) Down hole notching by "un)
0etal "un)s !resent in the well bore may lead to cut mar)s on the !i!e body, while the drill
string is in rotation%
d) Eroove caused by rubber !rotector
@ubber !rotectors fi#ed on the body of the drill !i!e cause groove formation on the body of
the drill !i!e% Pro!er care needs to be ta)en to avoid failure%
0ost fatigue failure occurs within three to four feet from each end of a "oint of drill !i!e%
11.2.3 C:77:50:1 @a6082!
Corrosion fatigue in corrosive environment is a common cause of drill string failure%
'2S sources areA
Inflow of sour formation fluids into the bore hole%
Thermal degradation of certain drilling fluid additives%
Acidi(ing o!eration
//%7 D70 567018 @a027! 01 H2S !1<07:1m!16
11.3.1 Corrosion
'2S forms wea) acid with water that attac)s the drill string materials%
Corrosion rates de!end on P' of drilling fluid% Gower the P' higher is the rate of
corrosion%
@emoval of metal due to corrosion lowers the overall strength of the drill string
materials%
Corrosion !its and crac)s enhance stress concentrations that reduce the life of the
materials%
11.3.2 Em?7066!m!16
'ydrogen embrittlement is a !henomenon by which ductile steel fails in brittle manner in
an environment containing nascent or free hydrogen%
=ascent hydrogen is ca!able of traveling freely into the crystalline structure "oint%
7/
DRILLING TECHNOLOGY SCHOOL
TRAINING DEPARTMENT, IDT

//%1 R!m!40a m!a527! 6: A9!AF H2S !xp:527! 6: m!6a
11.(.1 C:167:018 drilling fluid !arameters byA
i) 0aintaining high P' (K/C%5) of drilling fluid%
ii) 0aintaining sufficient mud weight to avoid entry of formation fluid into the
well bore
iii) Avoiding use of additives that degrade at higher tem!erature
11.(.2 Controlling rate of hydrogen generation if '2S has entered the system%
This can be achieved by
a) -sing !lastic coating string tubular%
b) 0aintaining high P'(K/2) to sustain rate of hydrogen generation
c) Changing over to oil base mud
d) Introducing corrosion inhibitors in the drilling fluid%
e) Avoiding use of sour water or sour crude in mud system%
11.(.3 #3 5!!A6018 ma6!70a5 @:7 25018 01 H2S !1<07:1m!16
a) Luenched and tem!ered material a!!ears to be slightly more resistant to hydrogen
embrittlement than normali(ed or annealed materials%
b) Steel is widely !rone to hydrogen embrittlement%
c) Corrosion resistant materials li)e stainless steel, aluminum, nic)el base, chromium
etc are commonly used in hydrogen embrittlement environment%
In addition to all above several things can cause an acceleration of fatigue damage as
belowA
i) @unning drill !i!e in com!ression
ii) Too much change in cross section
iii) Drilling through dog leg
iv) Croo)ed drill !i!e
72