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  • Nucleic Acids and Cell Organelles

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    Jackie Swift Funtanilla
    23 vizualizări19 pagini
    Nucleic acids are essential biological macromolecules that contain genetic information. There are two main types: DNA contains instructions for replication, protein synthesis, and RNA synthesis, and is the genetic material passed from parents to offspring. RNA is involved in DNA replication and forms messenger RNA. A cell is the basic unit of life. Cells were first observed by Robert Hooke and later cell theory was developed stating that all living things are composed of cells. Cells have the ability to metabolize, reproduce, and respond to stimuli. Eukaryotic cells have membrane-bound organelles including the nucleus which contains DNA. The eukaryotic cell consists of a cell membrane, cytoplasm containing organelles like mitochondria

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    Dna, Rna, Cell

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    Nucleic acids are essential biological macromolecules that contain genetic information. There are two main types: DNA contains instructions for replication, protein synthesis, and RNA synthesis, and is the genetic material passed from parents to offspring. RNA is involved in DNA replication and forms messenger RNA. A cell is the basic unit of life. Cells were first observed by Robert Hooke and later cell theory was developed stating that all living things are composed of cells. Cells have the ability to metabolize, reproduce, and respond to stimuli. Eukaryotic cells have membrane-bound organelles including the nucleus which contains DNA. The eukaryotic cell consists of a cell membrane, cytoplasm containing organelles like mitochondria

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    © All Rights Reserved
    Descărcați ca PDF, TXT sau citiți online pe Scribd
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    23 vizualizări19 pagini

    Nucleic Acids and Cell Organelles

    Încărcat de

    Jackie Swift Funtanilla
    Nucleic acids are essential biological macromolecules that contain genetic information. There are two main types: DNA contains instructions for replication, protein synthesis, and RNA synthesis, and is the genetic material passed from parents to offspring. RNA is involved in DNA replication and forms messenger RNA. A cell is the basic unit of life. Cells were first observed by Robert Hooke and later cell theory was developed stating that all living things are composed of cells. Cells have the ability to metabolize, reproduce, and respond to stimuli. Eukaryotic cells have membrane-bound organelles including the nucleus which contains DNA. The eukaryotic cell consists of a cell membrane, cytoplasm containing organelles like mitochondria

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    © All Rights Reserved
    Descărcați ca PDF, TXT sau citiți online pe Scribd
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    din 19

    Nucleic Acid

    Discovered by Friedrich Miescher



    Considered as informational polymers that are
    essential for life

    Polymeric macromolecules or biological
    molecules

    Nucleic Acid
    Nucleotide
    Monomer
    Made up of 3 components:
    Codon: a group of three nucleotides

    Phosphate group
    Nitrogenous base
    Pentose/ 5-carbon sugar
    Two Types of Nucleic Acid
    1. DNA
    (Deoxyribose Nucleic Acid)
    Provides direction for
    replication
    Control protein
    synthesis & direct RNA
    synthesis
    Genetic material
    inherited from parent
    Two Types of Nucleic Acid
    2. RNA
    (Ribonucleic Acid)
    Involved in the
    replication of DNA
    Forms messenger RNA
    (mRNA)

    Cell
    [Latin] cella. little boxes
    Robert Hooke
    first to observe and describe cells in cork and leaf

    Matthias Jakob Schleiden
    Cell Theory: all organisms are composed of cells

    Theodore Schwann
    Similarity and difference of animal cells and plant
    cells

    Cell Characteristics
    Metabolism
    Cells can independently take and convert energy
    as well as eliminate wastes
    Reproduction
    Asexual or sexual reproduction to produce
    daughter cells
    Responsiveness
    Ability to adapt to external and internal stimuli


    Cell Characteristics
    Cell Surface Membrane
    Lipid bilayer to filter incoming and outgoing
    substances
    Plant cells: also has additional layer of cell wall

    Functionally Independent Structures
    Organelles
    Specialized parts of the cells enabling cell processes
    Can be bound in a membrane of their own
    Organizational Cell Types
    Types:
    1. Prokaryotic
    Oldest living organisms
    No complex with histone proteins
    Structured simply
    2. Eukaryotic
    With membrane-bound organelles
    Has different regions: cell membrane,
    cytoplasm and nucleus
    Parts of Eukaryotic Cell
    Cell membrane plasma membrane
    Boundary of cells
    Serves as protective layer; semi-permeable
    Regulator of flow of materials in and out of cells
    Parts of Eukaryotic Cell
    Cytoplasm
    Cytosol: gel-like portion inside the cell where most
    metabolic reactions occur
    Subparts:
    1. Mitochondria
    Powerhouse of the cell
    2. Golgi apparatus
    Packaging and transport of macromolecules to designated
    organelles
    3. Centrioles
    Determinant for cell division orientation
    Parts of Eukaryotic Cell
    4. Endoplasmic Reticulum
    For metabolic purposed
    Rough ER: flat; protein synthesis
    Smooth ER: tubular; lipid metabolism
    5. Lysosomes
    Intracellular digestion
    6. Microbodies
    Degradative enzymes for cell cleaning
    7. Cytoskeleton
    Provides structure and movement
    Microfilaments, intermediate filaments, microtubules
    Parts of Eukaryotic Cell
    8. Ribosomes
    Protein synthesis
    9. Cilia, Flagella
    locomotion
    10.Vacuoles
    Waste management, storage
    11.*Plastids*
    Chloroplast: photosynthetic
    Chromoplast: pigmentation
    Amyloplast: storage
    Leucoplast: non-pigmented
    Parts of Eukaryotic Cell
    Consists of two membranes
    Nuclear envelope serves as opening for cell
    communication
    Nucleoli carrier of multiple DNA information
    Storage of DNA
    Ribosomal RNA combines with proteins after
    DNA transcription to form ribosome and move
    to cytoplasm

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