Solution Manual 3

rd
Ed. Metal Forming: Mechanics and Metallurgy
Chapter 1
Determine the principal stresses for the stress state

ij
=
10 3 4
3 5 2
4 2 7
.
Solution: I
1
= 1!"!#=3$% I
$
= &'"!3"!#( !) !* !1+ = &1$+% I
3
= 3" &*, &* &,
&+3 = 11)-
3
. $$
$
&1$+ &11) = . / trial and error solution gi0es &= 13.*.
Factoring out 13.*%
$
&,.)+ ! ).1+ = . Sol0ing-
1
= 13.*%
2
= #.#,"%
3
=
1.1#".
1&$ / "&cm. diameter solid shaft is simultaneously su12ected to an a3ial load of , 45
and a tor6ue of * 5m.
a. Determine the principal stresses at the surface assuming elastic 1eha0ior.
1. Find the largest shear stress.
Solution: a. 7he shear stress% % at a radius% r% is =
s
r89 :here
s
is the

shear

stress at the
surface

9 is the radius of the rod. 7he tor6ue% 7% is gi0en 1y 7 = ;$<tr
$
dr = '$<
s
89(;r
3
dr =
<
s
9
3
8$. Sol0ing for =
s
%
s
= $78'<9
3
( = $'*5(8'<.$"
3
( = 1+ M=a
7he a3ial stress is .,M58'<.$"
$
( = *.# M=a

1
%
$
= *.#8$ > ?'*.#8$(
$
! '1+8$(
$
(@
18$
= 1.$)% &.+$$ M=a
1. the largest shear stress is '1.$$) ! .+$$(8$ = .)$" M=a
/ long thin&:all tu1e% capped on 1oth ends is su12ected to internal pressure. During
elastic loading% does the tu1e length increase% decrease or remain constantA
Solution: Bet y = hoop direction% 3 = a3ial direction% and C = radial direction. .
e
3
= e
$
= '18E([ - (
3
+
1
(@ = '18E(?
$
- '$
$
(@ = '
$
8E('1&$)
Since u D 18$ for metals% e
3
= e
$
is positi0e and the tu1e lengthens.
* / solid $&cm. diameter rod is su12ected to a tensile force of * 45. /n identical
rod is su12ected to a fluid pressure of 3" M=a and then to a tensile force of * 45. Ehich
rod e3periences the largest shear stressA
Solution: 7he shear stresses in 1oth are identical 1ecause a hydrostatic pressure has no
shear component.
1&" Consider a long thin&:all% " cm in diameter tu1e% :ith a :all thic4ness of .$"
mm that is capped on 1oth ends. Find the three principal stresses :hen it is loaded under
a tensile force of * 5 and an internal pressure of $ 4=a.
Solution:
3
= =D8*t ! F8'<Dt( = 1$.$ M=a

y
= =D8$t = $. M=a

y
=
1
1&+ 7hree strain gauges are mounted on the surface of a part. Fauge / is parallel to
the 3&a3is and gauge C is parallel to the y&a3is. 7he third gage% G% is at 3H to gauge /.
Ehen the part is loaded the gauges read
Fauge / 331
&+
Fauge G 3" 31
&+
Fauge C 1 31
&+
a. Find the 0alue of
xy
.
1. Find the principal strains in the plane of the surface.
c. S4etch the MohrIs circle diagram.
Solution: Bet the G gauge 1e on the 3I a3is% the / gauge on the 3&a3is and the C gauge on
the y&a3is.

e
x x
=e
xx
l
2
x x+e
yy
l
2
xy+
xy
l
xx
l
xy
% :here

l
x x
= cose
x
= 3 = J38$ and

l
x y =
cos + = K. Su1stituting the measured strains%
3" = 3'J$83(
$
. 1'18$(
$
!
3y
'J38$('18$(

3y
= '*8J38$(L3"&?3'1'J38$(
$
!1'18$(
$
@M = $%3) '31
&+
(
1. e
1
%e
$
= 'e
3
!e
y
(8$> ?'e
3
&e
y
($ !
3y
$@
18$
8$ = '3!1(8$ > ?'3&1(
$
!
$3)
$
@
18$
8$ .e
1
= 3"3'31
&+
(% e
$
= *#'31
&+
(% e
3
= .
c(
x
y
1 2
x
2=60

/2
Find the principal stresses in the part of pro1lem 1&+ if the elastic modulus of the part is
$" F=a and =oissonsIs ratio is .$).
Solution: e
3
= = '18E(? & '
1
!
$
(@%
1
=
$
e
1
= '18E('
1
&
1
(-
1
= Ee
1
8'1&( = $"31
)
'3"331
&+
(8'1&.$)
$
( = #) M=a
Sho: that the true strain after elongation may 1e e3pressed as

=ln(
1
1r
) :here r is the
reduction of area.

=ln(
1
1r
).
Solution: r = '/
o
&/
1
(8/
o
=1 . /
1
8/
o
= 1 . B
o
8B
1
. = ln?18'1&r(@
/ thin sheet of steel% 1&mm thic4% is 1ent as descri1ed in E3ample 1&11. /ssuming that E
= is $" F=a and = .$)% = $. m and that the neutral a3is doesnIt shift.
a. Find the state of stress on most of the outer surface.
1. Find the state of stress at the edge of the outer surface.
$
Solution: a. Su1stituting E = $"31
)
% t = .1% = $. and = .$) into

x
=
Et
2(1
2
)
and

y
=
Et
2(1
2
)
%
3
= "+ M=a% %
y
= 1+.$ M=a
1. 5o:
y
= % so

y
=
Et
2
= "1 M=a
1&1 For an aluminum sheet% under plane stress loading
3
= .3 and
y
= .1.
/ssuming that E = is +, F=a and = .3% find
C
.
Solution: e
y
= '18E('
y
&
y
(% e
3
= '18E('
3
. e
y
.
2

3
(. Sol0ing for
3
%

3
= ?E8'1&
2
(@e
y !
e
y
(. Similarly%
y
= ?E8'1&
2
(@'e
y !
e
3
(. Su1stituting into
e
C
= '18E('&
y
&
y
( = '& 8E('E8'1&
2
(?e
y !
e
y
! e
y !
e
3
( = ?&(1+)/8'1&
2
(@'e
y !
e
y
( =
.$)'&1.$)8.)1+('.*( = &.1+3

1&11 / piece of steel is elastically loaded under principal stresses%
1
= 3 M=a%
$
=
$" M=a and
3
= &$ M=a. /ssuming that E = is $" F=a and = .$) find the stored
elastic energy per 0olume.
Solution: : = '18$('
1
e
1
!
$
e
$
!
3
e
3
(. Su1stituting e
1
= '18E(?
1
& (
$
!
3
(@%
e
$
= '18E(?
$
& (
3
!
1
(@ and e
3
= '18E(?
3
& (
1
!
$
(@%
: = 18'$E(?
1
$
!
$
$
!
3
$
& $(
$

3
!
3

1
!
1

$
(@ =
'18'$3$"31
)
(?3
$
!$"
$
! $
$
.'$3.$)('&$3$" . 33$" ! $"!3(@31
1$
=
*N8m
3
1.1$ / sla1 of metal is su12ected to plane&strain deformation 'e
$
=( such
that
1
= * 4si and
3
= . /ssume that the loading is elastic and
that E = is $" F=a and = .$) '5ote the mi3ed units.( Find
a. the three normal strains.
1. the strain energy per 0olume.
Solution: : = '18$('
1
e
1
!
$
e
$
!
3
e
3
( = '18$('
1
e
1
! ! ( =
1
e
1
8$

1
= *4si'+.,)M=a84si( = $#+ M=a
= e
$
= '18E(?
$
&
1
@%
$
=
1
= .$)3$#+ = , M=a
e
1
= '18E('
1
&
$
( ='18$"31
3
(?$#+&.$)',(@ = .1$1
: = '$#+31
+
('.1$1(8$ = 1+# 4N8m
3
Chapter $
a( If the principal stresses on a material :ith a yield stress in shear of $ M=a are
2
=
1#" M=a and
1
= 3" M=a.% :hat is the stress%
3%
at yielding according to the 7resca
criterionA
1( If the stresses in 'a( :ere compressi0e% :hat tensile stress
3
must 1e applied to cause
yielding according to the 7resca criterionA
Solution: a(
1
&
3
= $4%
3
= $4 .
1
= * & 3" = " M=a.
3
1(
3
= $4 .
1
= * . '3"( = " M=a
Consider a +&cm diameter tu1e :ith 1&mm thic4 :all :ith closed ends made from a metal
:ith a tensile yield strength of $" M=a. /fter applying a compressi0e load of $ 5 to
the ends. Ehat internal pressure is re6uired to cause yielding according to a( the 7resca
criterion. 1( the 0on Mises criterionA
Solution: a( 7he ratio of the tu1e diameter to :all thic4ness is 0ery large% so it can 1e treated as a thin
:all tu1e. 7he stress caused 1y the pressure can 1e found 1y 3& and y& direction force 1alances.
From pressure%
3
= =d8'$t( = += and
y
= =d8'*t( = 3=. 7he stress caused 1y the a3ial load is
y
=
F8'dt( = &$58?<'.+('.1(@= &1.+ M=a% so the total stress%
y
= 3= &1.+ M=a
a(
3
= += =
ma3
is the largest stress%
y
= 3= &1.+ M=a and
z
= . 7here are t:o
possi1ilities :hich must 1e chec4ed.
i. If
C
D
y
%
C
=
min
% yielding :ill occur :hen +=& = O% or ==O8+ =$"8+ = .*1+ M=a
ii. If
y
D
C
%
y
=
min
% and yielding :ill occur :hen
+=&'3=&1.+( = O% or 3= = O ! 1.+% = = 'O!1.+(83 = 3".+83 = 1.11,# M=a
Oielding :ill occur :hen the smaller of the t:o 0alues is reached% and therefore the smaller one is
appropriate. = = .*1" M=a
1( Su1stituting into e6. $&# 'in M=a(%
$'$"(
$
= ?+=&'3= &1.+(@
$
!?'3= &1.+(&@
$
! ?&+=@
$
1$" = "*=
$
! $$*% p = .*3+ M=a
$&3 Consider a ." m&diameter cylindrical pressure 0essel :ith hemispherical ends
made from a metal for :hich k = " M=a. If no section of the pressure 0essel is to yield
under an internal pressure of 3" M=a% :hat is the minimum :all thic4ness according to a(
the 7resca criterionA 1( the 0on Mises criterionA
Solution: / force 1alance in the hemispherical ends gi0es
3
' =
y
( = =D8'*t(.
/ force 1alance in the cylindrical section gi0es
3
= =D8'$t(.
y
= =D8'*t( so this section
has the greatest stress.
a.
ma3
&
min
= $4% =D8$t . = $4% t = =D8'*4( = 3"'."(8'*3"( = ,.#" mm
1. '
3
8$ & (
$
! ' &
3
(
$
! '
3
&
3
8$(
$
= +4
$
% '38$(
3
$
= +4
$
%
3
= $4 = =D8'$t(% t = =D8
'*4( :hich is identical to part a. t = ,.#" mm

=2(
x
2
+
y
2
)/3
$&* / thin&:all tu1e is su12ected to com1ined tensile and torsional loading. Find the
relationship 1et:een the a3ial stress% % the shear stress% % and the tensile yield strength%
Y% to cause yielding according to a( the 7resca criterion% 1( the 0on Mises criterion.
Solution: a(

1
,
2
=/2(/2)
2
+
2
If

/2(/2)
2
+
2
P %
min
= % so the
7resca criterion predicts yielding :hen

/2(/2)
2
+
2
=Y
. If

/2(/2)
2
+
2
D
%
min
=

(/2)
2
+
2
% so the 7resca criterion predicts yielding :hen

2(/2)
2
+
2
1( L$?

/2(/2)
2
+
2
@
$
!?

2(/2)
2
+
2
@
$
M
18$
= J$O!
*
Consider a plane&strain compression test :ith a compressi0e load% F
y
% a strip :idth% w% an
indenter :idth% b% and a strip thic4ness% t. Qsing the 0on Mises criterion% find:
a(

as a function of
y
.
1(

as a function of
y
.
c( an e3pression for the :or4 per 0olume in terms of
y
and
y
.
d( an e3pression in the form of
y
= f(K,
y
,n) assuming

=K
n
.
Solution: a. If
C
= %
y
= & e
3

=2(
x
2
+
y
2
)/3= = 1.1"*
y
1.
3
= %
C
= &'18$(
y
-

=(1/2)[(
y

y
/2)
2
+(
y
/20)
2
+(0
y
)
2
]=
y
81.1"*
c. : = ;
y
d
y
d.

y
=4/3=4/3K
n
=4/3K(4/3)
y
)
n
= '*83(
n!18$
e
y
$&+ 7he follo:ing yield criterion has 1een proposed: ROielding :ill occur :hen the sum
of the t:o largest shear stresses reaches a critical 0alue. R Stated mathematically
(
1
-
3
) + (
1
-
$
) = C if (
1
-
$
) > (
$
-
3
) or (
$
-
3
) + (
1
-
$
) = C if (
1
-
$
)
(
$
-
3
) :here
1
>
$
>
3
, C = 2Y and Y = tensile yield strength.
a( Is this criterion satisfactory for an isotropic solid :here O is insensiti0e to pressureA
Nustify your ans:er.
1( =lot the
C
= yield locus. S4etch the 7resca yield locus on the same plot
c( Ehere
C
= % find the 0alues of
3
and
y
for
i. plane strain%
C
= % :ith
3
>
ii. a3isymmetric flo: :ith
y
=
C
=
3
8$ and
3
>
Solution: a( Yes. The value of the left hand sides are not affected if each principal stress is increased
the same amount.
b) First find the constant C. Consider an x-direction tension test. At yielding,
x
=
1
= Y,

y
=
z
=
2
=
3
= 0. 7herefore (
1
-
2
)> (
2
-
3
) so criterion I applies% and C = (
1
-

3
) + (
1
-
2
) = 2Y. 7herefore C = 2Y.
Ee can also thin4 a1out an 3&direction compression test. /t yielding%
x
=
3
= -Y,
y
=
z
=

2
=
3
= 0. 7herefore (
2
-
3
)>(
1
-
2
)> so criterion II applies% and C = (
1
-
3
) + (
2
-
3
( = &'&$O( or again C = $O.
5o: consider se0eral loading paths:
In region A,
x
=
1
,
y
=
2
,
z
=
3
= 0 and
x
>2
y
so (
1
-
3
) >(
1
-
2
)
7herefore criterion I, (
x
- 0) + (
x
-
y
) = $O, or
x
= Y +
y
/2
In region B,
x
=
1
,
y
=
2
,
z
=
3
= 0 1ut
x
<2
y
so (
1
-
3
)<(
1
-
2
)
7herefore criterion II, (
x
- 0) + (
y
- 0) = 2Y, or
x
= 2Y -
y
In region C,

y
=
1
,
x
=
2
,
z
=
3
= 0 1ut
y
<2
x
so (
1
-
3
)<(
1
-
2
)
7herefore criterion II, (
y
- 0) + (
x
- 0) = 2Y, or
y
= 2Y -
x
In region D,
y
=
1
,
x
=
2
,
z
=
3
= 0 and
y
>2
x
so (
1
-
2
) >(
2
-
3
)
7herefore criterion I, (
y
- 0) + (
y
-
x
) = 2Y, or
y
= Y +
x
/2
"
In region E,
x
=
1
,
y
=
3
,
z
=
2
= 0 and (
1
-
2
) >(
2
-
3
)
7herefore criterion I, (
x
- 0) + (
x
-
y
) = 2Y, or
x
= Y +
y
/2
In region f,
x
=
1
,
y
=
3
,
z
=
2
= 0 so (
1
-
2
) >(
2
-
3
)
7herefore criterion I, (
x
- 0) + (
x
-
y
) = 2Y, or
x
= Y +
y
/2
=lotting these in the appropriate regions% and using symmetry to construct the left hand half
!) i. For plane strain (
y
= 0) and
x
> 0, 7he normal to the locus is at the corner 1et:een
A and B regions. Goth
x
= Y +
y
/2 and
x
= 2Y -
y
must 1e satisfied. Sol0ing
simultaneously%
x
= ("/3)Y 1ut
y
= (2/3)Y
##. Axisymmetric flow with
y
=
z
= -(1/2)
x
:ith
x
> 0, is satisfied e0ery:here in
9egion I, so
x
= Y +
y
/2, :ith (2/3)Y $
x
$ ("/3)
$&# Consider the stress states

15 3 0
3 10 0
0 0 5
and

10 3 0
3 5 0
0 0 0
.
a( Find
m
for each.
1( Find the de0iatoric stress in the normal directions for each
c( Ehat is the sum of the de0iatoric stresses for eachA
Solution: a( '1" ! 1 ! "(83 = 1 and '1 ! " ! (83 = "
1( 1" . 1 = "% 1&1 = " . 1 = &" and 1&" = "% "&" = % &" = &"
c( 7he sum of the de0iatoric stresses 1oth = .
$&, / thin :all tu1e :ith closed ends is made from steel :ith a yield strength of $"
M=a. 7he tu1e is $ m. long :ith a :all thic4ness of $ mm. and a diameter of , cm. In
ser0ice it :ill e3perience an a3ial load of , 45 and a tor6ue of $.# 5m. Ehat is the
+
ma3imum internal pressure it can :ithstand :ithout yielding according to a( the 7resca
criterion% 1( the 0on Mises criterionA
Solution: D8t = * so this can 1e regarded as a thin&:all tu1e. For this solution% stresses
:ill 1e e3pressed in 4si.
F8/ = $8'<dt( = $8'<333."( = *.$** 4si
7 = '<dt('d8$(- = $78'<d
$
t( = $3$.8'<3
$
."( = $.,$) 4si

3
= =d8'$t(%
y
= =d8'*t( ! *.$** =
x
8$ ! /% :here / = *.$** 4si
a) For Mises, substituting
z
=
xy
=
yz
=
zx
= 0 into the yield criterion, Eq. (2-12)
2Y
2
= (
y
-
z
)
2
+ (
z
-
x
)
2
+ (
x
-
y
)
2
+ +t
3y
$

2Y
2
=
y
$
+
x
2
+ (
x

y
)
2
+ 6
xy
2
= 2[
y
2

x

y
+
x
2
] + 6
xy
2

O
2
=
y
2

3

y
+
x
2
+ 3
3y
2

Su1stituting
y
=
3
8$ ! /%
S
3
8$ ! /TU
$
& S
3
8$ ! /TU
3
!! 3
3y
$
& O
$
=

3
$
'18* &18$ ! 1( !
3
'/ & /( ! '/
$
! 3
3y
$
& O
$
( =
'38*(
3
$
! '/
$
! 3
3y
$
& O
$
( =

3
$
! G = :here G = '*83('/
$
! 3
3y
$
& O
$
(
Substituting G = '*83('*.$**
$
! 33$.,$)T
$
& $
$
( = &$.),

3
$
= $.),%
3
= *".,%
3
= =d8'$(%
= = '$8d(s
3
= *".,'$3."83( = 1."$, 4si
b) For Tresca, we must find the principal stresses.

1%$
= '
3
!
y
(8$ > '18$(?'
3
&
y
(
$
! *
3y
$
@
18$

Su1stituting
y
=
3
8$ !/%

1%$
= '38*(
3
! /8$ > '18$(?'
3
8$ & /(
$
! *
3y
$
@
18$
= '38*(
3
! /8$ > '18$(?
3
$
8* & /s

! /
$
!
*
3y
$
@
18$

1
= '38*(
3
! /8$ ! '18$(?
3
$
8* & /
3
! /
$
! *
3y
$
@
18$

$
= '38*(
3
! /8$ & '18$(?
3
$
8* & /
3
! /
$
! *
3y
$
@
18$

7here are t:o possi1ilities:
$
P % and
$
D .
1st assume that s
$
P . 7hen
1
& = O%
'38*(
3
! /8$ ! '18$(?
3
$
8* & /
3
! /
$
! *
3y
$
@
18$
= O
'38*(
3
! /8$ ! '18$(?
3
$
8* & /
3
! /
$
! *
3y
$
@
18$
= O
'38*(
3
! *.$**8$ ! '18$(?
3
$
8* & *.$**
3
! *.$**
$
! *3$.,$)T
$
@
18$
= *
'38$(
3
! *.$** ! ?
3
$
8* & *.$**
3
! *).,""@
18$
= ,
?
3
$
8* & *.$**
3
! *).,""@
18$
= #".#"+ &'38$(
3
$

3
$
8* & *.$**
3
! *).,""@ = ?#".#"+ &'38$(
3
@
$
= "#3,.) &$$#.$+
3
!$.$"
3
$
#

3
$
?.$" & $.$"@ ! ?&*.$** !$$#.$+@s
3
! *).,"" & "#3,.) =
$
3
$
&$$3.3s
3
! "+,) = -
3
= L$$3.3 > ?$$3.3
$
&*3$3 "+,)@
18$
M8'$3$( =
"".," > 1+.*)%

3
= #$.3* or 3).3+% 7he smaller 0alue is correct
7hen = = '$t8d(
3
= 3).3+'$3."83( = 1.31$ 4si
5o: :e must chec4 to see :hether
$
P . Su1stituting / = *.$**% = $.,$) and
3
= 3).3+ into

$
= '38*(
3
! /8$ & '18$(?
3
$
8* & /
3
! /
$
! *
3y
$
@
18$

$
= '38*(33).3+ ! *.$**8$ & '18$(?3).3+
$
8* & *.$**33).3+

! *.$**
$
!
*3$.,$)
$
@
18$
= 31.*,. 7herefore the solution for
$
P is appropriate.
$&) Calculate the ratio of

/
max
for a( pure shear. 1( unia3ial tension% and c( plane
strain tension. /ssume the 0on Mises criterion.
Solution:
a(
1
= %
$
= 0%
3
= &%

= L?
$
! '$)
$
+
$
@8$M
18$
%

8 = J3
1(

8 = $
c(
1
= %
$
= 8$%
3
= %

= L?'8$(
$
!
$
!'8$(
$
@8$M
18$
%

8 = J'38$(

/ material yields under a 1ia3ial stress state%
3
= &'18$(
1
%
$
= .
a( /ssuming the 0on Mises criterion% find d
1
8 d
$.

1( Ehat is the ratio of

max
/Y
at yieldingA
Solution: d
1
8d
$
= ?
1
& '
$
!
3
(8$@8?
$
& '
3
!
1
(8$@ =
?
1
& '0&
1
8$(8$@8? & '&
1
8$ &
1
(8$@ = '"8*(8'38*( = "83
$&11 / material is su12ected to stresses in the ratio%
1
%
$
= .3
1
and
3
= &."
1
.
Find the ratio of
1
8Y at yielding using the a( 7resca and 1( 0on Mises criteria.
Solution: a( For 7resca%
1
'&."
1
( = O%
1
O= $83
1( For 0on Mises% L?'.3!."(
$
! '&." . 1(
$
! '1&.3(
$
@8$M
18$

1
= O%
1
O= .##
$&1$ / proposed yield criterion is that yielding :ill occur :hen the diameter of the
largest MohrIs circle plus half the diameter of the second largest MohrIs circle reaches a
critical 0alue. =lot the yield locus in
1
0s.
$
in
3
= space.
Solution: Di0ide stress space into regions :ith different conditions for yielding.
7o e0aluate C% consider an 3&direction tension test. /t yielding
3
= O%
y
= %
7he diameters of the t:o largest MohrIs circle are O. O = O8$ = C. C = 38$O
,
x
y
x + (1/2)(x-y) = (3/2)Y
y + (1/2)(y-x) = (3/2)Y
(x+y)+(1/2)x = (3/2)Y
(x+y)+(1/2)(-y) = (3/2)Y
x + (2/3)y =Y
x - (1/3)y =Y
x + (1/2)(y) = (3/2)Y
(2/3)x + (1/3)(y) = Y
y - (1/3)x =Y
y + (1/2)(x) = (3/2)Y
(2/3)y + (1/3)(x) = Y
(2/3)x + y =Y
$.13 Ma4e plot of
1
0ersus
$
for a constant le0el of

= .1 according to
a. 0on Mises.
1. 7resca.
Solution: 7a4ing

=
1
[(4/3)(1++
2
)]
1/2
so

1
=[(4/3)(1++
2
)]
1/2
and

2
=
1
for 0on Mises and

2
=
for 7resca%%

1
/
and

2
/
can 1e calculated for 0arious
0alues of .

2
/

1
/

2
/
Tresca
von Mises
1
0
1
-1

1
10 -10
10
CV/=7E9 3
Ehen a 1rass tensile specimen% initially ."" in. in diameter% is tested% the ma3imum
load of 1"% l1s :as recorded at an elongation of *W. Ehat :ould the load 1e on an
identical tensile specimen :hen the elongation is $WA
Solution: n =
ma3 load
= ln'1!e
ma3 load
( = ln'1.*( = .3+".

ma3 load
= s
ma3 load
'1!e
ma3 load
( = '1$%(8.$('1.*( = ,*31
3
. Gut also
ma3 load
=
X'.3+"(
.3+"
= .+)3$X. E6uating and sol0ing for X% X = ,*31
3
8.+)3$ = 1$1%.
/t $W elongation%

= ln'1.$( = .1,$3. = 1$1%'.1,$3(
.3+"
= +"%. s =
+"%81.$ = "*%1,. F = "*%'.$( = 1.
, l1s.
)
3&$ During a tension test the tensile strength :as found to 1e 3* M=a. 7his :as
recorded at an elongation of 3W. Determine n and K if the appro3imation

=K
n

applies.
Solution: n =
ma3 load
= ln'1!e
ma3 load
( = ln'1.3( = .$+$.

ma3 load
= s
ma3 load
'1!e
ma3 load
( = 3*'1.3( = **$ M=a. Gut also
ma3 load
= X'..$+$(
.$+$
=
.#*X. X = **$8.#* = +$# M=a.
Y
3.3 Sho: that the plastic :or4 per 0olume is

1
/(n+1)
for a metal stretched in tension
to

1 if

=k
n
.
Solution: : = ;
1
d
1
= ;4
1
n
d
1
= 4
1
n!1
8'n!1( = 4
1

1
n
8'n!1( =

1
/(n+1)
3.* For plane&strain compression 'Figure 3.11(
a. E3press the incremental :or4 per 0olume% d:% in terms of

and

d and
compare it :ith d: =
1
d
1
!
$
d
$
!
3
d
3
.
1. If

=k
n
% e3press the compressi0e stress% as a function of
1
% K and n.
Solution: a. Eith
y
= and
3
= % d: =
3
d
C
.
y
=
C
8$%
3
=%

= L?'
y
&
C
(
$
!'
C
.
3
(
$
!'
3
.
y
(
$
@8$M
18$
= L?'&
C
8$(
$
!'&
C
(
$
! '&
C
8$(
$
@8$M
18$
=
'38*(
C

de=[(2/3)(d
x
2
+d
y
2
+d
z
2
)]
1/2
={(2/3)[(d
x
)
2
+0+d
z
2
]}
1/2
= '*83(
18$
d
C

d = '38*(
C
'*83(
18$
d
C
= '
C
d
C
1.

z
=(4/3)
1/2
=(4/3)
1/2
k
n
=(4/3)
1/2
k(4/3)
n/2

n
= '*83(
'n!1(8$
e
n
.
3." 7he follo:ing data :ere o1tained from a tension test:
Boad Min. 5ec4 true true corrected
dia. radius strain stress true stress
'45( 'mm( 'mm( (MPa)

(MPa)
,.+) Z
$#. ,.13 Z .133 "$ "$
3*." #.+$ Z
*.+ +.,+ Z
3,.3 "."" 1.3
$).$ 3.,1 1.,
a. Compute the missing 0alues
1. =lot 1oth and

0s. on a logarithmic scale and determine K and n.

c. Calculate the strain energy per 0olume :hen = .3".
Solution: a(
Boad Min. 5ec4 true true a89 corrected
dia. radius strain stress true stress
'45( 'mm( 'mm( (MPa)

(MPa)
,.+) Z
$#. ,.13 Z .133 "$ "$
1
3*." #.+$ Z .$+3 #"* +"*
*.+ +.,+ Z .*#3 1)) 1))
3,.3 "."" 1.3 .)#, 1#1# .$+ 1+31
$).$ 3.,1 1., 1.+" $"+1 1.+ $1
3.+ Consider a steel plate :ith a yield strength of * 4si% OoungIs modulus of 331
+

psi and a =oissonIs ratio of .3 loaded under 1alanced 1ia3ial tension. Ehat is the
0olume change% [8[% 2ust 1efore yieldingA
Solution: /t yielding
1
=
$
= *% psi%
3
= . e
1
= e
$
= '18E(?
1
.
1
@% e
3
= '18E(?&
$
1
@- 080 = e
1
! e
$
! e
3
= '
1
8E(?$&.* @ = .1#31
&3
.
3.# 7he strain&hardening of a certain alloy is 1etter appro3imated 1y
= /?1&&e3p'&G(@ than 1y

=k
n
. Determine the true strain at nec4ing in terms of /
and G.
Solution: = /?1&&e3p'&G(@ =d8d = /Ge3p'&G(- / = /'G!1(e3p'&G(- =
ln'1!G(8G
3&, E3press the tensile strength% in terms of / and G for the material in =ro1lem 3&#.
Solution:

ma3 load
= /L1\e3p?&G(ln'1!G(8G)]M = /?1!'1!G(@ = /'$!G(-
7ensile strength =
ma3 load
e3p') =/'$!G(e3p?ln'1!G(8G@ = /'$!G('1!G(
18G

3&) / metal sheet undergoing plane&strain tensile deformation is loaded to a tensile
stress of 3 M=a. Ehat is the ma2or strain if the effecti0e stress&strain relationship is

=650(0.015+)
0.22
M=aA
Solution:
=J'*83(

=+"'.1"!

(
.$$
-

=?J'38*('3(8+" &.1"@
18.$$
= .1""- = J'*83(

=
.1#)
11