Teacher Excellence 1

Running Head: TEACHER EXCELLENCE: GENERAL AND DEAF EDUCATION

Teacher Excellence in General and Deaf Educai!n
Caherine "an#$% &ald!$a 'ae Uni(er$i)
Dece*+er ,-% ,--.
Teacher Excellence ,
The /r!fe$$i!nal lieraure !n 0ha i *ean$ ! +e a 1a$er Teacher !f excellence !f deaf
and hard !f hearing $uden$ i$ n! a$ exen$i(e a$ he re$earch !ulining he needed
characeri$ic$ !f an effeci(e eacher in general educai!n2 'aler 3,--14 $ae$ in hi$ re$earch
ha 5g!!d eaching% i urn$ !u% i$ uni(er$al6 3/2 11742 Thu$% +) c!*+ining and re(ie0ing he
re$earch !n +!h excellen eaching !f general educai!n and deaf educai!n 3+u f!cu$ing !n he
laer4% a de$cri/i!n !f a 1a$er Teacher !f he deaf can +e f!r*ulaed2
Thi$ recen re$earch i$ *!$l) f!cu$ed !n h!0 ! +eer $er(e he $uden2 Nece$$ar)
characeri$ic$ !f he eacher include aiude% +eha(i!r% $#ill$ in in$ruci!n% and g!!d
c!**unicai!n2 The$e creae he *!$ effeci(e $#ill$ ha can +e u$ed ! $er(e he $uden
in$ide and !u$ide he cla$$r!!* 0heher he) are deaf% hard !f hearing% !r hearing2
The +r!ader a//r!ach ! 0ha i a#e$ ! +e an effeci(e eacher !f general educai!n
$uden$ i$ a#en +) 'aler 3,--14 a$ he idenifie$ $ixeen characeri$ic$ !r +eha(i!r$ ha all
grea eacher$ /!$$e$$2 The$e rai$ include: 3a4 ha(e /ri!r #n!0ledge !f )!ur $uden$8 alen$%
/ri!r ex/erience% and need$9 3+4 creae a $afe en(ir!n*en 0here learning i$ e*!i!nal%
inellecual% and /$)ch!l!gical9 3c4 ha(e /a$$i!n f!r he *aerial and f!r eaching9 3d4 ell
$uden$ he in$ruci!nal g!al$ and !+:eci(e$9 3d4 ha(e he a+ili) ! c!**unicae c!*/lex
idea$ +) +rea#ing he* d!0n and *a#ing he* under$anda+le9 3e4 ac#n!0ledge ha )!u d!n8
#n!0 e(er)hing and ha eacher$ d! *a#e *i$a#e$9 3f4 #n!0 )!ur$elf $! ha )!u can #n!0
)!ur $uden$ *!re h!r!ughl)9 3g4 re/ea he i*/!ran /ar$ during in$ruci!n9 3h4 a$# g!!d
;ue$i!n$9 3i4 each $uden$ n! !nl) he righ an$0er$ +u h!0 ! hin#9 3:4 ha(e g!!d li$ening
$#ill$9 3#4 #n!0 0ha ! li$en f!r fr!* )!ur $uden$9 3l4 enc!urage $uden ineraci!n9 3*4
under$and ha e(er) $uden learn$ differenl) and ada/ acc!rdingl)9 and 3n4 de(el!/ a ru$ing%
$!lid relai!n$hi/ 0ih he $uden$ 3'aler% ,--142
Teacher Excellence <
In her aricle% "righ!n 3,--,4 rec!gni=e$ he gr!0ing challenge !f i*/le*ening he +e$
/racice$ 0hile c!n$idering he gr!0ing f!cu$ !n final a$$e$$*en $c!re$2 'he /!in$ !u ha
+e$ /racice$% c!*+ined 0ih e$ /racice$% can exi$ !geher9 i a#e$ deer*inai!n fr!* he
eacher and $u//!r fr!* he ad*ini$rai!n2 T! acc!*/li$h hi$ +alance !f e$ing and
in$ruci!n% a 0i$e eacher *u$ c!n$ider he $andard$ and u$e he$e e$$enial ele*en$ ! $ha/e
heir in$ruci!nal uni 3"righ!n% ,--,42 In !rder ! #ee/ he $andard$ and he in$ruci!nal
!+:eci(e$ in line% "afu*! 3,--.4 0rie$ ha i a#e$ !rgani=ai!n2 T! +e an effeci(e eacher%
he>$he *u$ +e !rgani=ed 0ih high?;uali) le$$!n /lan$ and ha(e efficien i*e *anage*en
$#ill$ 3"afu*!% ,--.42
Acc!rding ! A)l!r 3,--<4 and !her re$earch re$ul$% c!**unicai!n i$ an e$$enial
ele*en !f eaching and a criical $#ill f!r an excellen eacher2 Thr!ugh he C!**unicai!n$
Funci!n$ @ue$i!nnaire 3CF@4% A)l!r 3,--<4 idenifie$ eigh c!**unicai!n $#ill$ 0hich
include% 3a4 conversational skill% he a+ili) ! iniiae and *ainain en:!)a+le c!n(er$ai!n$9 3+4
referential skill% he a+ili) ! c!n(e) inf!r*ai!n clearl) and c!nci$el)9 3c4 ego supportive skill%
he a+ili) ! *a#e a /er$!n feel g!!d a+!u he*$el(e$% heir g!al$% and heir idea$9 3d4
comforting skill% he a+ili) ! hel/ a /er$!n in i*e$ !f e*!i!nal di$re$$9 3e4 conflict
management skill% he a+ili) ! reach *uuall) $ai$f)ing $!lui!n$ ! c!nflic$9 3f4 persuasive
skill% he a+ili) ! change a /er$!n8$ aiude$% +elief$% and>!r +eha(i!r$9 3g4 narrative skill% he
a+ili) ! enerain hr!ugh $!r)elling9 and 3h4 regulative skill% he a+ili) ! hel/ $!*e!ne
reali=e heir *i$a#e$ and c!rrec he*2 In hi$ re$earch $ud)% he $uden$ 0ere al$! a$#ed !
rae he c!**unicai!n $#ill$ in !rder !f i*/!rance2 All +u he c!*f!ring $#ill li$ed a+!(e
0a$ included in he raing +ecau$e he $uden$ did n! feel ha $#ill 0a$ a+$!luel) nece$$ar) f!r
eaching2 The re$uling !rder 0a$ referenial% eg! $u//!ri(e% regulai(e% c!n(er$ai!nal% c!nflic
Teacher Excellence A
*anage*en% narrai(e% and /er$ua$i(e2 Thr!ugh efficien c!**unicai!n% relai!n$hi/$ are
f!r*ed% and 0hen u$ed and +uil u/!n +) he faciliai!n !f he eacher% *an) grea hing$ can
ha//en in he cla$$r!!* 3A)l!r% ,--<42
Thr!ugh her re$earch% A)l!r 3,--<4 rec!gni=e$ ha effeci(e eacher$ care a+!u heir
$uden$8 feeling$% $elf?i*age% g!al$ and e*!i!nal $a+ili)2 Bhen hi$ !ccur$% $uden$ re/!r
*!re c!gnii(e and affeci(e learning2 There are 0! di*en$i!n$ !f a eacher>$uden
relai!n$hi/ idenified: c!nen and relai!nal2 Thi$ auh!r n!e$ ha eacher$ $h!uld under$and
ha he c!nen and relai!nal di*en$i!n$ !f he relai!n$hi/ 0ih heir $uden$ are
inerde/enden% $ri(ing !ff !ne an!her2 Tha fac can +e u$ed ! heir ad(anage in eaching and
faciliaing ineraci!n$ in !rder ! *axi*i=e !n learning !//!runiie$ 3A)l!r% ,--<42 A he end
!f he da)% he a$$e$$*en$ and rec!rd$ di$/la) he /r!gre$$2
A$$e$$*en$ can +e re/!red and u$ed ! +enefi all /arie$ in(!l(ed% 3eacher% $uden%
and /aren4% +u he eacher *u$ #n!0 h!0 ! u$e he* in ha *anner 3An!n)*!u$% ,--,42
The an!n)*!u$ auh!r !f an aricle in Scholastic Early Childhood Today $ae$% 5Effeci(e
eaching !f )!ung children +egin$ 0ih h!ughful% a//reciai(e% $)$e*aic !+$er(ai!n and
d!cu*enai!n !f each child8$ uni;ue ;ualiie$% $rengh$% and need$6 3An!n)*!u$% ,--,% /2 1.42
Acc!rding ! hi$ $a*e auh!r% here are $/ecific a$$e$$*en $#ill$ ha 0ell?/re/ared eacher
$h!uld ha(e2 The) include: 3a4 +eing a+le ! c!**unicae he re$ul$ ! /aren$9 3+4 #n!0ing a
0ide range !f a$$e$$*en !!l$ and a//r!ache$ ! align 0ih educai!nal g!al$9 3c4 creaing
!//!runiie$ ! !+$er(e +!h f!r*all) and inf!r*all) e$/eciall) 0ih infan$ and !ddler9 3d4
ha(ing he a+ili) ! c!nduc% iner/re% and reflec !n he a$$e$$*en9 3e4 /!$$e$$ing he
#n!0ledge !f definii!n$ and :arg!n9 3f4 ha(ing he a+ili) ! /!in !u and li*i e$ 0ea#ne$$e$
Teacher Excellence .
and li*iai!n$9 and 3g4 under$anding and /racicing re$/!n$i+le a$$e$$*en echni;ue$%
ehicall) gr!unded% c!lla+!rai(e% and guided +) /r!fe$$i!nal $andard$ 3An!n)*!u$% ,--,42
N!0 ha he re$earch a+!u excellen eacher$ in general 0a$ di$cu$$ed a+!(e% he
re$earch !n he +eha(i!r$% $#ill$% and aiude$ !f excellen eacher$ !f he deaf and hard !f
hearing 0ill +e di$cu$$ed h!r!ughl) $! ha he /ur/!$e !f he /a/er can +e fulfilled 0hich i$ !
/u all re$earch !geher in !rder ! di$/la) 0ha reall) c!n$iue$ a *a$er eacher !f $uden$
0h! are deaf and hard !f hearing2
E(en *!re $! han in general educai!n% he *!de and effeci(ene$$ !f c!**unicai!n
ha$ al0a)$ +een a !/ic !f de+ae and c!ncern in he field !f deaf educai!n2 The $ign $#ill$ !f
he eacher ha(e +een he *a:!r fac!r in deer*ining he effeci(ene$$ !f c!**unicai!n in he
cla$$r!!*% +u he recen re$earch $a)$ differenl)2 Acc!rding ! '*ih and Ra*$e) 3,--A4%
L!ng% e2 al 31CCC4% and 1a)er% A#a*a$u% and 'e0ar 3,--,4% effeci(e c!**unicai!n and
in$ruci!n i$ n! $!lel) de/enden !n he eacher8$ $ign $#ill$ raher he *anner in 0hich he)
u$e he language a$ a 5lingui$ic re$!urce in cla$$r!!* di$c!ur$e6 31a)er% A#a*a$u% D 'e0ar%
,--,% /2 AE74 ! enc!urage $uden /arici/ai!n2 N! !nl) d! he !(erall $ign $#ill$ !f he
eacher +ear lile 0eigh% he eacher8$ hearing $au$ ha$ lile effec a$ 0ell2 The re$ul$ !f he
re$earch d!ne +) R!+er$!n and 'er0a#a 3,---4 $h!0 ha alh!ugh he deaf $uden$ a$$!ciaed
*!re effeci(e +eha(i!r$ ! he deaf eacher% he acual achie(e*en le(el !f $uden$ i$ n!
affeced +) he hearing $au$ !f he eacher2
'eering again a0a) fr!* he eacher8$ $ign $#ill$% Luc#ner and H!0ell 3,--,4 di$cu$$
he i*/!rance !f he eacher8$ iner/er$!nal c!**unicai!n $#ill$2 The) +elie(e ha i i$ *!$
crucial ! ha(e he a+ili) ! c!**unicae 0ih he fa*ilie$ !f he $uden$ and 0ih !her
/r!fe$$i!nal$2
Teacher Excellence 7
A$ $aed +) 1a)er% A#a*a$u% and 'e0ar 3,--,4% here i$ a hre$h!ld le(el !f $ign
/r!ficienc) needed f!r *eaningful dial!gue ! !ccur% +u he) al$! $a) he !(erall ;uali) and
effeci(ene$$ !f he ineraci!n i$ a +eer 0a) ! *ea$ure effeci(e eacher c!**unicai!n2
Ineraci!n i$ *ade and *ediaed hr!ugh he u$e !f language F $ign$ and !her !!l$ !f
c!**unicai!n% and 1a)er% A#a*a$u% and 'e0ar 3,--,4 na*e hi$ )/e !f /ur/!$eful%
educai!nal ineraci!n dialogic inquiry2 Dial!gic in;uir) i$ c!n$ruced +) hree under$anding$
he eacher *u$ ha(e2 1a)er% A#a*a$u% and 'e0ar 3,--,4 li$ he$e under$anding$ a$ he
f!ll!0ing: 3a4 5learning i$ a $!cial% ineraci(e ener/ri$e in 0hich he eacher and he learner
inerde/endenl) c!?c!n$ruc *eaning% 3+4 hi$ :!in *eaning *a#ing i$ *ediaed hr!ugh
language% hr!ugh cla$$r!!* c!n(er$ai!n$ ha !ccur 0ihin he c!nex !f *eaningful%
/ur/!$eful aci(i)9 and 3c4 he ineraci!n i$ de/enden !n he a+ili) !f he eacher ! 0!r# in a
c!ningenl) re$/!n$i(e *anner 0ih he $uden6 3/2 AEG42 Thi$ auh!r g!e$ !n ! $a) ha
eacher$ 0h! are c!*f!ra+le in heir *anner !f c!**unicai!n 0ill +e *!re e;ui//ed !
c!**unicae effeci(el) 0ih heir $uden$ 31a)er% A#a*a$u% D 'e0ar% ,--,42
A$ *eni!ned a+!(e% $ign $#ill$ are n! he /ri*ar) f!cu$ 0ihin recen re$earch !
de$cri+e excellen eacher$% +u he) are $ill c!n$idered an i*/!ran /ar !f 0ha de$cri+e$ a
*a$er eacher !f he deaf and hard !f hearing2 Al$! $aed a+!(e% ineraci!n$ are he /ri*ar)
*ean$ !f learning% and L!ng% e2 al 31CCC4 c!rrelae he $ucce$$ !f he ineraci!n ! eacher$ 0ih
higher?le(el $#ill$ in +!h ex/re$$i(e and rece/i(e $ign language2 A*erican 'ign Language
3A'L4 i$ !ne !/i!n f!r u$e in he cla$$r!!* ha i$ enc!uraged +) $!*e re$earcher$2 '*ih and
Ra*$e) 3,--A4 f!und in hi$ re$earch $!*e +enefi$ !f fluen A'L u$e in he cla$$r!!*2 Bhen
c!*/aring eacher$ u$ing differen *!de$ !f $ign language during in$ruci!n and $!r)elling% he
f!und ha he eacher u$ing A'L elicied *!re /arici/ai!n fr!* he $uden$ hr!ugh ;ue$i!n
Teacher Excellence G
a$#ing% cla$$ifier /redicae$% r!le?/la)ing% and he full range !f A'L *!r/h!l!g)2 5Fluen $igner$
can $*!!h !u r!ugh $/!$ and en$ure c!herence in he di$c!ur$e6 3'*ih D Ra*$e)% ,--A% /2
.742
'ince he f!cu$ !f he re$earch i$ *!re !n h!0 he eacher affec$ he $uden% he
$uden$8 !/ini!n$ !f he eacher8$ c!**unicai!n $#ill$ 0ere re$earched and re/!red in he
aricle +) L!ng% e2 al 31CCC42 'uden raing !f c!**unicai!n ea$e 0a$ higher f!r eacher$ 0ih
higher $c!re$ !n heir 'ign C!**unicai!n Hr!ficienc) Iner(ie0 $uch a$ 'u/eri!r hr!ugh
Iner*ediae Hlu$ raher han l!0er $c!re$ !f Iner*ediae hr!ugh N!(ice 3L!ng% e2 al% 1CCC42
L!ng% e2 al 31CCC4 al$! f!und ha $uden$ fel if he) under$!!d heir eacher% heir eacher
c!uld under$and he*2 T! full) /arici/ae and learn a$ aci(e% engaged learner$% deaf and hard
!f hearing $uden$ need ! feel a ea$e in c!**unicaing 0ih heir eacher and !her $uden$
hr!ugh c!*f!ra+le% reci/r!cal c!**unicai!n2 Thr!ugh hi$ effeci(e c!**unicai!n
exchange% eacher>$uden ineraci!n$ !ccur a$ a +ridge ! learning 3L!ng% e2 al% 1CCC42
The i*/!rance !f cla$$r!!* di$c!ur$e i$ $een hr!ugh!u a l! !f he re$earch2 There are
/!$ii(e !ccurrence$ ha re$ul fr!* *eaningful di$c!ur$e $uch a$% learning ! *a#e *eaning
and $en$e !f he 0!rld ar!und he* and he de(el!/*en !f hin#ing $#ill$ 31a)er% A#a*a$u% D
'e0ar% ,--,42 T! faciliae he cla$$r!!* di$c!ur$e% here are *an) $#ill$ and +eha(i!r$ ha
he eacher *u$ /!$$e$$ and u$e2 '*ih% A#a*a$u% and 'e0ar 3,--A4 +elie(e ha he
cla$$r!!* a*!$/here *u$ +e flexi+le and free% and ! acc!*/li$h hi$% ex/erienced eacher$
0ill exhi+i le$$?c!nr!lling +eha(i!r$ 0ih a relaxed aiude 0hile *ainaining c!nr!l and
$h!0ing an a+ili) ! head !ff /r!+le*$2 The) di$c!(ered here i$ a high negai(e c!rrelai!n !
he a*!un !f c!nr!l a#en +) he eacher ! he a*!un !f c!*/lex language u$ed +) he
Teacher Excellence E
$uden$2 Al$!% ha(ing inade;uae and n!n?fluen language $#ill$ 0ill /!$e a /r!+le* !
*ainaining hi$ )/e !f cla$$r!!* a*!$/here 3'*ih% A#a*a$u% D 'e0ar% ,--A42
In regard$ ! c!**unicai!n in di$c!ur$e% '*ih% A#a*a$u% and 'e0ar 3,--A4 $ae
$e(eral $raegie$ and $#ill$ ha excellen eacher /!$$e$$2 The$e $raegie$ are he f!ll!0ing: 3a4
enc!urage furher c!**en$ 0hile +!!$ing $uden c!nfidence and exending ineraci!n9 3+4
de(el!/ increa$ed $en$ii(i) ! $uden$8 /erce/i!n$ !f he ;uali) !f c!**unicai!n in cla$$9
3c4 gi(e greaer aeni!n ! (ariai!n$ in c!**unicai!n need$ !f he $uden$9 and 3d4 /u
greaer eff!r in! de(el!/ing eaching $raegie$ f!r effeci(e ineraci(e c!**unicai!n2
T! +e c!n$idered a *a$er eacher !f he deaf% here are al$! eaching +eha(i!r$ and
$raegie$ ha are enc!uraged% if n! ex/eced% relaing ! c!**unicai!n in in$ruci!n2 1a)er%
A#a*a$u% and 'e0ar 3,--A4 enc!urage he c!n$ruci(i$ eaching a//r!ach +ecau$e i uili=e$
c!**unicai!n u$ing $)*+!l$ and $ign$ ! all!0 indi(idual$ ! e(enuall) +ec!*e inde/enden
in regulaing heir !0n language and +eha(i!r$2 In$ruci!nal c!n(er$ai!n$ can +e u$ed in he
cla$$r!!* ! 5$u//!r% guide% and a$$i$ he learner in achie(ing fuller /arici/ai!n and
under$anding6 31a)er% A#a*a$u% D 'e0ar% ,--,% /2 AEG42 Green$/an 3,--<4 del(e$ a lile
dee/er and 0ih *!re $/ecifici) +) $aing he i*/!rance !f u$ing *uli/le channel$ !
c!**unicae 0ih he child during in$ruci!n% including *uch (i$ual $u//!r2 1a)er% A#a*a$u%
and 'e0ar 3,--,4 de$cri+e !her exe*/lar) /racice$ ! faciliae language and c!**unicai!n
0hich include% +u are n! li*ied !% 3a4 a#ing he learner$8 +e$ ae*/ a$ he $aring /lace9 3+4
in(iing $ugge$i!n$ and !/ini!n$9 3c4 re;ue$ing ex/lanai!n$% clarificai!n$% :u$ificai!n$% and
a*/lificai!n$9 3d4 enc!uraging learner$ ! a#e ri$#$ and ex/re$$ heir !0n /!in$ !f (ie09 and
3e4 $ha/ing in$ruci!n in! *eaningful and /ur/!$eful language aci(i) 31a)er% A#a*a$u% D
'e0ar% ,--,42 1a)er% A#a*a$u% and 'e0ar 3,--,4 $u* u/ exe*/lar) eacher
Teacher Excellence C
c!**unicai(e /racice in in$ruci!n and di$c!ur$e $aing% 5Teacher$ 0h! are re$/!n$i(e !
heir $uden$% and engaged in :!in *eaning?*a#ing% are c!n$anl) $reching ! reach he
learner8$ c!gnii(e and lingui$ic gr!und6 3/2 AEC42
The f!cu$ !f he re$earch d!ne +) R!+er$!n% e al2 3,--A4 i$ *ea$uring he effeci(ene$$
!f eacher$ !f he deaf and hard !f hearing u$ing 0! +r!ad caeg!rie$: teacher ;uali)% he
characeri$ic$ and $#ill$ he) +ring ! he cla$$r!!*% and teaching ;uali)% h!0 he) each !nce
he) are in he cla$$r!!*2 '!*e !f he characeri$ic$ and $#ill$ ha enc!*/a$$ eacher ;uali)
are /re/arai!n% /r!/er a$$e$$*en?daa c!lleci!n% #n!0ledge !f c!nen% a+ili) ! /r!(ide
e(idence !f /edag!gical #n!0ledge% and de*!n$rai!n ha heir in$ruci!n acuall) ha$ an
effec !n $uden learning 3R!+er$!n% e al2 ,--A42 Acc!rding ! R!+er$!n% e al2 3,--A4% he
*a:!r indicai!n !f excellen eaching ;uali) i$ he /re$ence !f acade*ic re$/!nding 0hich ha$
+een /!$ii(el) c!rrelaed 0ih achie(e*en !n $andardi=ed e$$2 Acade*ic re$/!nding i$
defined a$ 5he aci(e and a//r!/riae $uden +eha(i!r$ ha are *ade in direc re$/!n$e ! an
acade*ic a$#% eacher c!**and% !r eacher /r!*/6 3R!+er$!n% e al2 ,--A% /2 A-742
1a)er% A#a*a$u% and 'e0ar 3,--,4 and Green$/an 3,--<4 di$cu$$ in heir re$earch he
effec !f he en(ir!n*en and a*!$/here ha he eacher creae$2 Educai!n i$ a 5c!lla+!rai(e
ener/ri$e in 0hich he eacher a#e$ a leader$hi/ r!le6 31a)er% A#a*a$u% D 'e0ar% ,--,% /2
AE74 in creaing and /r!(iding an a*!$/here 0here $uden$ learn fr!* each !her and fr!* he
eacher 0hile engaging in :!in aci(i)% and heref!re9 he a*!$/here *u$ +e ru$ing% flexi+le%
and c!nr!lled +) he eacher2 The re$ul$ fr!* he $ud) d!ne +) Green$/an 3,--<4 di$/la) ha
he eacher *u$ creae a nururing% $u//!ri(e en(ir!n*en 0here all children $h!uld +enefi
f!cu$ing !n +eing /aien and under$anding each !her2
Teacher Excellence 1-
'!*e re$earcher$ $ud) he aiude$ ha he eacher$ +ring 0ih he* in! he cla$$r!!*
and in$ruci!n and f!und ha he) ha(e a +ig r!le in he effeci(ene$$ !f heir eaching and
$uden !uc!*e$2 Luc#ner and 1uir 3,--14 f!und ha excellen eacher$ ha(e high
ex/ecai!n$ f!r heir $uden$ and are n! $cared ! challenge he* in $iuai!n$ 0here he)
*igh fail2 The) $aed ha 0hen hi$ !ccur$ he $uden$ 0ill !+ain *!re $#ill$ in dealing 0ih
he hearing 0!rld and ha(e *!re ea$e in ineracing 0ih heir hearing /eer$2 Afer iner(ie0ing
deaf and hard !f hearing $uden$ 0h! 0ere c!n$idered $ucce$$ful% he $a*e $ud) +) Luc#ner
and 1uir 3,--14 rec!rded ha $ucce$$ful deaf and hard !f hearing $uden$ are a0are and
a//reciai(e !f he hel/% $u//!r% and high ex/ecai!n$ !f heir eacher$2
B!!l$e)% Harri$!n% and Gardner 3,--A4 $ae in heir re$earch ha f!r deaf $uden$ ! +e
a he $a*e acade*ic le(el a$ heir hearing /eer$% eacher +eha(i!r$ *u$ accelerae learning2
The f!ll!0ing re$earch 0ill di$cu$$ he $#ill$ and +eha(i!r$ ha acc!*/li$h hi$ a$#% $aring
0ih Luc#ner and Carer 3,--142 Luc#ner and Carer 3,--14 did a $ud) ! find !u he
c!*/eencie$ needed ! each deaf and hard !f hearing $uden$2 The !/ en c!*/eencie$
f!und 0ih he highe$ *ean $c!re$ ended u/ +eing general eaching echni;ue$ in$ead !f
f!cu$ing !n an) $/ecific di$a+ili) area2 The) are a$ f!ll!0$: 314 Techni;ue$ f!r *!dif)ing
in$ruci!nal *eh!d$ and *aerial$ f!r $uden$ 0ih a (arie) !f $/ecial need$9 3,4 A//r!ache$
! creae /!$ii(e learning en(ir!n*en$ f!r indi(idual$ 0ih a (arie) !f $/ecial need$9 3<4 Teach
$uden$ ! u$e hin#ing% /r!+le* $!l(ing% and !her c!gnii(e $raegie$ ! *ee heir indi(idual
need$9 3A4 E$a+li$h a c!n$i$en cla$$r!!* r!uine f!r $uden$9 3.4 De$ign learning
en(ir!n*en$ ha are *uli?$en$!r) and ha enc!urage aci(e /arici/ai!n +) learner$ in a
(arie) !f gr!u/ and indi(idual learning aci(iie$9 374 Hr!(ide !//!runiie$ f!r he learner !
de(el!/ +a$ic c!nce/$ hr!ugh /arici/ai!n in *eaningful and *!i(aing real?life ex/erience$9
Teacher Excellence 11
3G4 Inegrae acade*ic in$ruci!n% affeci(e educai!n% and +eha(i!r *anage*en f!r indi(idual
$uden$ and gr!u/$ !f $uden$9 3E4 De(el!/ effeci(e +eha(i!r $u//!r /lan$9 3C4 Hr!(ide
!//!runiie$ f!r he learner ! aci(el) ex/l!re and ex/erience c!**!n !+:ec$ ha learner$
0ih (i$i!n and hearing learn a+!u incidenall)9 and 31-4 Hel/ /aren$ and !her /r!fe$$i!nal$ !
under$and he i*/ac !f (ari!u$ di$a+iliie$ !n learning and ex/erience 3Luc#ner D Carer%
,--142 Luc#ner c!*/!$ed an!her $ud) 0ih H!0ell in ,--, li$ing !her nece$$ar) $#ill$ and
#n!0ledge2 The) $a) ha he eacher$ !f he deaf and hard !f hearing $uden$ *u$ +e
#n!0ledgea+le a+!u and $#illed 0ih echn!l!gie$ $uch a$ hearing aid$% c!chlear i*/lan$% and
F1 $)$e*$% and +e a+le ! /r!(ide r!u+le$h!!ing and audi!r) raining if needed 3Luc#ner D
H!0ell% ,--,42 C!lla+!rai!n $#ill$ are al$! di$cu$$ed in regard$ ! +eing a+le ! 0!r# in a
*ulidi$ci/linar) ea* and underla) he de$ign and i*/le*enai!n !f he Indi(iduali=ed
Educai!n Hlan 3IEH4 3Luc#ner D H!0ell% ,--,42
Luc#ner and H!0ell 3,--,4 al$! re/!r ha here i$ a gr!0ing increa$e in he nu*+er and
need !f iineran eacher$ and a decrea$e in he nu*+er !f $elf?c!nained cla$$r!!* eacher$% and
heref!re9 di$cu$$ $!*e $/ecific $#ill$ ha *a#e an iineran eacher effeci(e2 The) *u$ ha(e
excellen $#ill$ in c!n$uling 0ih /aren$ and eacher$ and c!!rdinaing he IEH2 The) al$! need
*a$er #n!0ledge !f he general educai!n curriculu*% hearing aid and F1 $)$e*$% and he u$e
!f direc in$ruci!n2 A$ $aed in he re$earch% !ne !f he *!$ i*/!ran characeri$ic$ ha an
iineran eacher need$ i$ flexi+ili) 3Luc#ner D H!0ell% ,--,42
"riefl) *eni!ned a+!(e% 0! *a:!r +eha(i!r$ ha are e*/ha$i=ed in he re$earch i$
gi(ing $u//!r and c!lla+!raing 0ih fa*ilie$ and /r!fe$$i!nal$2 In a $ud) d!ne +) Luc#ner
and 1uir 3,--14% he) included in heir aricle $e(eral ;u!e$ he) recei(ed fr!* iner(ie0ing
/aren$ in regard$ ! he $ucce$$ !f heir children2 1an) !f he /aren$ $aed ha he) ari+ue
Teacher Excellence 1,
*!$ !f heir child8$ $ucce$$ ! hi$>her eacher c!lla+!raing 0ih he* and +eing heir $!urce !f
$u//!r and u/daed inf!r*ai!n !n $er(ice$% eaching% and echn!l!g) 3Luc#ner D 1uir% ,--142
1eni!ned in he $ud) d!ne +) Luc#ner and H!0ell 3,--,4% he $u//!r fr!* ad*ini$rai!n i$
al$! nece$$ar)2 1a$er eacher$ $h!uld n! ha(e ! d! i al!ne2 Bhen he) ha(e he $u//!r% he
eacher$ $h!uld +e a0are !f i and #n!0 0hen and h!0 ! u$e i ! figh f!r he child8$ need$
3Luc#ner D H!0ell% ,--,42
In ,--<% 'aur and Ra$*u$$en did a $ud) c!n$rucing he ar !f *en!ring deaf and hard
!f hearing $uden$2 The) $ae ha 5*en!ring g!e$ +e)!nd 0ha i$ he n!r* in he u$ual
educai!n r!le$6 3'aur D Ra$*u$$en% ,--<% /2 ,--42 Acc!rding ! he auh!r$% here are 0!
*ain a$/ec$ !f *en!ring in 0hich he eacher f!$er$ achie(e*en and gr!0h in he $uden2
The 0! a$/ec$ are $u//!r and challenge2 The $ucce$$ !f he *en!ring /r!ce$$ de/end$ !n he
*en!r de(el!/ing a /er$!nal ru$ing relai!n$hi/ 0ih he *enee 0here here *u$ +e a fine
+alance +e0een $u//!r and challenge $! ha change and inde/endence can !ccur2 'aur and
Ra$*u$$en 3,--<4 0rie ha criical e(en$ can ha(e a /!$ii(e !r negai(e affec !n a $uden2
The eacher a$ *en!r need$ ! +e a+le ! rec!gni=e% anal)=e% and a#e ad(anage !f he* +)
+eing inf!r*ed !f he /!enial /!0er !f he e(en$2 The r!le$ ha an excellen *en!r eacher
fill$ are +eing a li$ener !f he $uden$% a guide% an iner/reer !f ex/erience$ $! ha he effec i$
gr!0h and under$anding% and a /er$!n ! /ull in re$!urce$ ! hel/ $!l(e criical i$$ue$ 3'aur D
Ra$*u$$en% ,--<42 Bhen a criical ex/erience !ccur$ and all !f he$e r!le$ and +eha(i!r$ are
d!ne /r!/erl)% he re$ul $h!uld +e ha 5he indi(idual gr!0$ and *ainain$ hi$>her inegri) +)
inc!r/!raing +!h inernal feed+ac# and feed+ac# fr!* he en(ir!n*en creaing a ne0% $a+le
/er$!nal $rucure6 3'aur D Ra$*u$$en% ,--<% /2 ,-G42
Teacher Excellence 1<
Thr!ugh!u he re$earch !n he +e$ in$ruci!nal /racice$ u$ed +) *a$er eacher$ !f
deaf and hard !f hearing $uden$% here are 0! *ain area$ di$cu$$ed: general $raegie$ and
characer educai!n 0ih criical hin#ing and (alue$ clarificai!n2 Acc!rding ! B!!l$e)%
Harri$!n% and Gardner 3,--A4% eacher$ !f he deaf and hard !f hearing need ! inc!r/!rae
curren re$earch?+a$ed $raegie$2 If n!% he in$ruci!nal de*and$ /laced !n he $uden 0ill n!
0arran he exi$ence !f $ufficien acade*ic /r!gre$$ +ecau$e $uden$ learn +eer and +eha(e
+eer in he /re$ence !f effeci(e in$ruci!n and engaging aci(iie$ 3B!!l$e)% Harri$!n% D
Gardner% ,--A42 The$e $a*e hree auh!r$ f!und in heir $ud) ha $uden le(el$ !f acade*ic
re$/!nding are direcl) relaed ! he in$ruci!nal /racice$ u$ed +) eacher$ in he cla$$r!!*2
The$e are +r!ugh a+!u +) ineraci!n and aci(e $uden engage*en 3B!!l$e)% Harri$!n% D
Gardner% ,--A42 Luc#ner and 1uir 3,--14 $a) ha !ne f!r* !f efficien in$ruci!n u$ed +)
excellen eacher$ include$ /re?eaching and /!$?eaching a$ a *ean$ ! h!ld $uden$
acc!una+le% +u a he $a*e i*e% *a#ing $ure he) ha(e $ufficien ex/!$ure ! ha 0hich he)
are +eing held acc!una+le2 In heir $ud)% '*ih and Ra*$e) 3,--A4% li$ !her in$ruci!nal
$raegie$ *a$er eacher$ u$e2 The) include $ufficien 0ai i*e and /er$i$en ;ue$i!ning
leading ! $uden under$anding !f he accurac) !r inaccurac) !f heir re$/!n$e2
Luc#ner and 1uir 3,--14 $ae ha eacher$ *u$ +e a0are he) are /re/aring $uden$
f!r life afer $ch!!l a$ 0ell a$ hel/ing he* ge hr!ugh $ch!!l2 Ba)$ ! /re/are he* f!r life
afer $ch!!l include adding characer educai!n 0ih (alue$ clarificai!n in! in$ruci!n and
/r!*!ing criical hin#ing $#ill$2 In he $ud) d!ne +) Ea$er+r!!#$ and 'chee= 3,--A4% he)
f!und ha 5he de(el!/*en !f criical hin#ing $#ill$ *u$ +ec!*e cenral ! he in$ruci!n !f
$uden$ 0ih hearing l!$$ if educa!r$ are ! ex/ec he* ! $!r hr!ugh he inf!r*ai!n
a(alanche /re$ened +!h in$ide and !u$ide he $ch!!l 0all$6 3/2 ,7,42 T! each characer and
Teacher Excellence 1A
(alue$% eacher$ *u$ gi(e he $uden$ he !//!runi) ! e(aluae deci$i!n$% +e a *!del !f he
characer (alue$ hr!ugh!u he da) and during in$ruci!n% and all!0 he $uden$ ! /r!ce$$ he
inf!r*ai!n ! ge /er$!nal *eaning !u !f i2 Nel$!n 3,--.4 and Luc#ner and 1uir 3,--14 +!h
di$cu$$ in heir re$earch $ud) ha *a$er eacher$ are a0are !f he i*/!rance !f $uden$
ac;uiring $elf?deer*inai!n and $elf?ad(!cac) $#ill$2 ") ac;uiring he$e $#ill$ hr!ugh
characer educai!n% he eacher can hel/ he $uden$ graduall) +ec!*e le$$ de/enden !n he
eacher2 Nel$!n 3,--.4 f!und ha he +elief !f eacher$ ha heir $uden$ 0!uld n! +enefi fr!*
$elf?deer*inai!n $#ill$ i$ he *!$ fre;uenl) idenified +arrier ! $uden$ ac;uiring h!$e *u$
needed $#ill$2
There i$ a gr!0ing /!/ulai!n !f deaf and hard !f hearing $uden$ ha are educaed in a
general educai!n cla$$r!!* #n!0n a$ inclu$i!n2 Re$earcher$ ha(e d!ne $udie$ ! find he *!$
effeci(e eacher characeri$ic$ in addii!n ! he characeri$ic$ alread) di$cu$$ed ha are
needed ! $ucce$$full) each hi$ /!/ulai!n !f $uden$2
A(ra*idi$ and N!r0ich 3,--,4 re/!red !n he effec$ !f eacher aiude$ !n he $ucce$$
!f deaf and hard !f hearing $uden$ in an inclu$i(e $eing2 The) $a) ha he eacher8$
acce/ance !f he /!lic) !f inclu$i!n i$ li#el) ! affec heir c!**i*en ! i*/le*ening i%
heref!re9 he $ucce$$ !f inclu$i(e /racice$ i$ de/enden in /ar u/!n he eacher8$ +elief$ and
aiude$2 The$e aiude$ !0ard inclu$i!n are u$uall) $r!ngl) influenced +) he naure and
$e(eri) !f he di$a+ili)2 Ad*ini$rai!n and !her$ 0h! are *!re di$an fr!* he cla$$r!!*
ha(e a *!re /!$ii(e aiude !0ard inclu$i!n han he eacher$ d! 3A(ra*idi$ D N!r0ich%
,--,42
Ieefe% 1!!re% and Duff 3,--A4 di$cu$$ he f!ur *a:!r characeri$ic$ ha excellen
eacher$ *u$ ha(e in !rder f!r c!lla+!rai(e !r c!?eaching ! $ucce$$full) !ccur in a general
Teacher Excellence 1.
educai!n $eing ha include$ a $uden 0ih a hearing l!$$ !r !her di$a+iliie$2 The re$ul !f
heir $ud) idenifie$ he f!ur 5In!0$ !f C!lla+!rai(e Teaching26 Fir$% #n!0 )!ur$elf 0hich i$
rec!gni=ing )!ur $rengh$ and 0ea#ne$$e$ and ad*iing an) /rec!ncei(ed n!i!n$2 'ec!nd%
#n!0 )!ur /arner +ecau$e +ef!re 0! eacher$ can /lan an effeci(e in$ruci!nal /lan f!r heir
$uden$% he) need ! #n!0 each !her8$ /reference$ and $)le$2 Third% #n!0 )!ur $uden$2 ")
#n!0ing )!ur $uden$% line$ !f c!**unicai!n +e0een he eacher and he $uden can +e
!/ened2 And% la$l)% #n!0 )!ur $uff2 The eacher ha$ ! #n!0 he c!nen h!r!ughl) in !rder !
each i effeci(el) 3Ieefe% 1!!re% D Duff% ,--A42
Luc#ner and 1uir 3,--,4 $ae ha EAJ !f deaf and hard !f hearing $uden$ are in a
general educai!n cla$$r!!*% heref!re9 hr!ugh heir re$earch% he) c!n$ruced a li$ !f en
fac!r$ f!r /r!*!ing $ucce$$ in general educai!n ha eacher$ $h!uld +e a0are !f% enc!uraging%
and ad(ancing2 The en fac!r$ are /arenal in(!l(e*en% $elf?deer*inai!n% exracurricular
aci(iie$% friend$hi/$ and $!cial $#ill$% $elf?ad(!cac) $#ill$% c!lla+!rai!n and c!**unicai!n
0ih general educai!n eacher$% /re?each>each>/!$?each c!nen and (!ca+ular) +eing learned
in he general educai!n cla$$r!!*% c!lla+!rai!n 0ih earl) idenificai!n and earl) iner(eni!n
$er(ice /r!(ider$% reading% and high ex/ecai!n$ 3Luc#ner D 1uir% ,--,42
Thu$% +) f!cu$ing !n he $uden and h!0 ! +e$ creae an en(ir!n*en !f learning and
$ucce$$% here are *an) di*en$i!n$ idenified ha creae he *a$er eacher !f he deaf2 ")
re(ie0ing he lieraure% i i$ e(iden ha a *a$er eacher !f deaf and hard !f hearing $uden$
*u$ ha(e all he $#ill$% +eha(i!r$% and aiude$ !f an excellen general educai!n eacher al!ng
0ih e(er)hing ha enc!*/a$$e$ an excellen eacher !f he deaf2
Teacher Excellence 17
B!r#$ Cied
An!n)*!u$2 3,--,42 A$$e$$*en: Harnering 0ih /aren$2 Scholastic Early Childhood Today%
17(1)% 1.?172
A(ra*idi$% E2 D N!r0ich% "2 3,--,42 Teacher$8 aiude$ !0ard$ inegrai!n>inclu$i!n: a re(ie0
!f he lieraure2 European Journal of Special eeds Education% 17(!)% 1,C?1AG2
A)l!r% "2 3,--<42 The i*/ac !f $ex% gender% and c!gnii(e c!*/lexi) !n he /ercei(ed
i*/!rance !f eacher c!**unicai!n $#ill$2 Communication Studies% "#(#)% AC7?.-C2
"afu*!% 12 E2 3,--.42 O/erai!n !rgani=ai!n2 Teaching $re %&'% ()(1)% 1-?1,2
"righ!n% C2 12 3,--,42 'raddling he fence: I*/le*ening +e$ /racice$ in an age !f
acc!una+ili)2 *ifted Child Today% !"(()% <-?<<2
Ea$er+r!!#$% '2 R2 D 'chee=% N2 A2 3,--A42 A//l)ing criical hin#ing $#ill$ ! characer
educai!n and (alue$ clarificai!n 0ih $uden$ 0h! are deaf !r hard !f hearing2
+merican +nnals of the ,eaf% 1#-(()% ,..?,7<2
Green$/an% '2 I2 3,--<42 B!r#ing 0ih he hearing i*/aired child2 Scholastic Early Childhood
Today% 17(7)% ,-?,12
Ieefe% E2 "2% 1!!re% &2% D Duff% F2 3,--A42 The f!ur 5#n!0$6 !f c!lla+!rai(e eaching2
Teaching E.ceptional Children% ()(")/ <7?A,2
L!ng% G2% 'in$!n% 12% Iell)% R2R2% D Liu% K2 31CCC42 The relai!n$hi/ +e0een eacher $ign $#ill$
and $uden e(aluai!n$ !f eacher ca/a+ili)2 +merican +nnals of the ,eaf% 1##(")% <.A?
<7A2
Luc#ner% L2L2 D H!0ell L2 3,--,42 'ugge$i!n$ f!r /re/aring iineran eacher$: A ;ualiai(e
anal)$i$2 +merican +nnals of the ,eaf% 1#7(()% .A?712
Teacher Excellence 1G
Luc#ner% L2L2 D 1uir% '2 3,--142 'ucce$$ful $uden$ 0h! are deaf in general educai!n $eing$2
+merican +nnals of the ,eaf% 1#)(")% A<.?AA72
Luc#ner% L2L2 D 1uir% '2 3,--,42 'ugge$i!n$ f!r hel/ing $uden$ 0h! are deaf $ucceed in
general educai!n $eing$2 Communication ,isorders 0uarterly% !#(1)% ,<?<-2
Luc#ner% L2 L2 D Carer% I2 3,--142 E$$enial c!*/eencie$ f!r eaching $uden$ 0ih hearing
l!$$ and addii!nal di$a+iliie$2 +merican +nnals of the ,eaf% 1#)(1)% G?1.2
1a)er% C2% A#a*a$u% C2 T2% D 'e0ar% D2 3,--,42 A *!del f!r effeci(e /racice: dial!gic
in;uir) 0ih $uden$ 0h! are deaf2 E.ceptional Children% )'(#)% AE.?.-,2
Nel$!n% "2 3,--.42 Creaing /!$ii(e !uc!*e$ f!r deaf+lind )!uh and )!ung adul$: A /er$!nal
fuure$ /lanning ran$ii!n *!del2 1e2vie3% ()(#)% 1G<?1E-2
R!+er$!n% L2% B!!$le)% 12L2% 'ea+r!!#$% L2% D Billia*$% G2 3,--A42 Daa?Dri(en a$$e$$*en !f
eacher candidae$ during heir inern$hi/$ in deaf educai!n2 +merican +nnals of the
,eaf% 1AE3.4% A-<?A1,2
R!+er$!n% L2 D 'er0a#a% T2 '2 3,---42 'uden /erce/i!n$ and in$ruci!nal effeci(ene$$ !f
deaf and hearing eacher$2 +merican +nnals of the ,eaf% 1#"(()% ,.7?,7,2
'aler% C2 3,--142 Aeni!n% cla$$MMM: 17 0a)$ ! +e a $*arer eacher2 4ast Company% "(% 11A?
1,72
'aur% R2 D Ra$*u$$en% '2 3,--<42 "uerfl) /!0er in he ar !f *en!ring deaf and hard !f
hearing c!llege $uden$2 5entoring and Tutoring% 11(!)% 1C.?,-C2
'*ih% D2 H2 D Ra*$e)% C2 L2 3,--A42 Cla$$r!!* di$c!ur$e /racice$ !f a deaf eacher u$ing
A*erican 'ign Language2 Sign 6anguage Studies% "(1)% <C?7,2
B!!l$e)% 12L2% Harri$!n% T2L2% D Gardner III% R2 3,--A42 A /reli*inar) exa*inai!n !f
in$ruci!nal arrange*en$% eaching +eha(i!r$% le(el$ !f acade*ic re$/!nding !f deaf
Teacher Excellence 1E
*iddle $ch!!l $uden$ in hree differen educai!nal $eing$2 Education and Treatment
of Children% !7(()% ,7<?,GC2