Health and Wellness Agriculture

for UP Los Banos

Antonio C. Laurena, PhD
Research Professor, Institute of Plant Breeding
and
Constancio C. de Guzman, PhD
Professor, Crop Science Cluster
College of Agri culture
University of the Philippi nes Los Banos
Topic Outline
Aggie Crops for Health and Wellness
Rice, Corn, Coconut, Sugarcane and Banana
Fruits and Vegetables
Tuber Crops and Seed Legumes
Specialty Crops for Health and Wellness
Herbs
PharmaCrops and other GM Crops
Source of Natural Products
Summary and Conclusion
Introduction and Background
Definition of Terms
functional foods
nutraceuticals
phytochemicalsand zoochemicals
health supplements
wellness
pharmacogenomicsand nutrigenomics
bioactives
Functional foods foods, that by virtue of the
presence of biologically-active components,
provide a health benefit beyond basic
nutrition. (ILSI, North America).
Nutraceutical any substance that is a food
or a part of a food that provides medical or
health benefits, including the prevention and
treatment of disease.
US Foundation for Innovation in Medicine (1989)
nutrients pharmaceutical
nutraceutical
Rice, Corn and Coconut
Brown rice, rice bran oil and
fermented rice with red yeast
High lysine corn (low glycemicindex)
Virgin coconut oil (VCO)
and monolaurin
Sugarcane and Banana
Sugarcane
-- source of alpha-hydroxyacids (AHAs)
-- source of the phytoalexinpiceatannol
(a stilbene)
Banana
-- complex genome (A and B)
-- table bananas and plantains (cooking type)
-- major source of potassium, tryptophanand
oligofructans
-- polyphenolsand oligofructans
Fruits and Vegetables
Papaya as AntiCancer and Health Drink
Bionormalizer and BioEnzyme
Mangosteenas Health Supplements
(xanthones)
Watermelon
(with High Citrulline)
Bio-Catalyzer
Improved food digestion and
nutrient absorption
Increased egg production in
ducks
Fruits and Vegetables
Vegetables
Ampalayaagainst diabetes
Malunggay vegetable for all seasons
glucosinolatesand bioflavonoids
Other indigenous vegetables
Alugbati, Pako, Saluyot, Katuray
Himbabao,Kulitisand Labong
Polypeptide P
Source: K Becker (2003)
Source: K Becker (2003)
Jed W. Fahey, Sc. D.
Co-Founder of Brassica Protection
Products (BPP)
Moringaoleifera: A Review of the Medical
Evidence for its Nutritional, Therapeutic and
Prophylactic Properties. Part 1.
Funding: Lewis B. and Dorothy Cullman Foundation
American Institute for Cancer Research
National Cancer Institute
Six different phytochemicals in malunggay seeds and leaves
Zija (zee-jah) is a nutritional supplement beverage
with a unique 100% natural blend of five parts of
the Moringaoleiferatree with over 90 naturally
occurring nutritional compounds.
A Healthy Drink
from Malunggay!!!
Moringaoleifera is the most nutrient-rich
plant discovered todatewith 90 substances
essential for proper
nutrition and good
health. Out of the
total 90, 46 are
anti-oxidants
and 36 are
anti-inflammatories.
http://www.zijamoringahealth.com/index.html
Tuber Crops
Purple yams with bioflavonoids
(antioxidant activity)
Sweet potato
beverage/health drink (J apan product)
source of bioactives
Cassava
(substrate for probiotics)
Yacon
(oligofructans)
Seed Legumes
Soybean good sources of nutraceuticals
bioflavonoids, protease inhibitors and
anti-cancer bioactives
Velvetbean good source of L-DOPA
Other seed legumes
winged bean and malunggayseeds
(potential sources of anti-cancer bioactives)
ISOFLAVONES
TRYPSIN
INHIBITORS
BIOACTIVE
PEPTIDES
VITAMINS
MINERALS
PHYTOSTEROLS
SOY
PROTEINS
SOY OIL AND
FATTY ACIDS
LUNASIN
SOY FIBER
SAPONINS
PHYTIC ACID
OTHERS
Specialty Crops for Health and Wellness
Herbs/Sources of Natural Products
Banaba
Lagundi
Specialty Crops for Health and Wellness
Herbs/Source of Natural Products
LuyangDilaw
-- cucurmin
Star Anise
shikimicacid
Specialty Crops for Health and Wellness
PharmaCrops
Tobacco production of proteinaceuticals
Tomato production of anti-HIV oral vaccine
HIV-1 is an RNA virus and during infection stably integrates
an equivalent DNA into the human host genome. It stays
there dormant for a long time until it awakens to wreak havoc
on the human host. The viral protein responsible for the
activation is the Tat protein.
Disease Progression of HIV
Gene Gun Technique Gene Gun Technique
DNA coated
golden particles
Gene gun
Cell division
A plant cell with
the new gene
Transgenic plant
Plant cell
Cells DNA
Marni Cuenomade a synthetic Tat
gene and transferred it to tomato
using the gene gun.
The transgenic tomato was able to
express the Tat gene derived from
HIV-1.
Tomato extracts injected at mouse
skin (intradermal) cause both the
humoral and cellular immune
responses.
Transient expression and immunogenicityof HIV-1 Tat
fusion protein in tomato (Lycopersicon esculentum Mill.)
Marni E. Cueno, YurinaHibi, KatsuoKaramatsu, Yasuhiro Yasutomi,
Antonio C. Laurena and Takashi Okamoto
Paper submitted to Transgenic Research (2010?)
Extracellular secretion of transiently expressed HIV-1
Tat-Gus fusion protein affects cytokininmetabolism in
stunted tomato calli/plantlets
Marni E. Cueno, YurinaHibi, Antonio C. Laurenaand Takashi Okamoto
Paper submitted to Nature Biotech (???)
"Containment of herbicide resistance through
Genetic engineering of the chloroplast genome
Nature Biotechnology, April 1998, 16:345-348.
"Engineering CytoplasmicMale Sterility via the
Chloroplast Genome by Expression of
-Ketothiolase Plant Physiology, J uly 2005,
138:1232-1246.
http://pegasus.cc.ucf.edu/~daniell/
Chlorogen'sproprietary chloroplast transformation
technology (CTT) facilitates hyper-expression of
recombinant proteins in tobacco chloroplasts.
CTTis based on the inherent nature of chloroplasts
to hyper-express genes during plant leaf development.
Each plant cell contains approximately 100
chloroplasts, each of which can have up to 100 copies
of the total plant genome (all the genes within the plant
and the proteins they produce). Therefore, a single cell
can produce up to 10,000 copies of a specific protein,
as opposed to only one or two in the single cell nucleus.
The chloroplast has the capability to assemble complex
proteins such as monoclonal antibodies and human cell
regulators. Therefore, CTThas potential to be a most
efficient method of producing important therapeutic
proteins in plants.
http://www.chlorogen.com/technology.htm
Prof. Robert Birch
GM sugarcane Sugarbooster
This produce isomaltulosewithout affecting
sucrose yield resulting in a two-fold increase
in total sugar yield in the harvested juice.
The sucrose isomerasegene from Pantoea
dispersa was inserted into sugarcane
Q117 N3.2 N3.2H
Sugarcane plants were 16 months old with 59 internodes
in the third vegetative generation.
GM sugarcane
Ref. Wu L and RG Birch.2007. Doubled sugar content in sugarcane plants
modified to produce a sucrose isomer. Plant Biotech J 5:109-117
Why Isomaltulose?
10x the value of sucrose
Low glycemicindex
Anti-acariogenic
Potential raw material
for other chemicals
Can the Philippines develop its
own GM sugarcane?
Multiple genes, simple traits
6 Genes: fatty acid ACP thioesterase
acyl carrier protein
acetyl CoA carboxylase
Sources: coconut
Trait: modification of FAs
Strategy: over expression
antisense
Present Status:
A lot of coconut genes
but no available
reliable tissue culture
regeneration system
THE FRENCH PARADOX
The French Paradox was
the term coined for the fact
that there was low incidence
of heart disease among the
French people, who ate a
relatively high fat diet.
The active ingredient in red wine with the
French Paradox attributes was ascribed
to resveratrol.
Chemical Structure of Resveratrol
Resveratrol
(trans-3,5,4-trihydroxystilbene)
Phytoalexin antimicrobial compound
Other attributes inhibits lipid peroxidation,
scavenges free radicals, alters eicosanoid
metabolism, inhibits platelet aggregation,
anti-inflammatory activity, modulates lipid
metabolism, and anti-cancer activity
CHS RS
Biosynthesis of Resveratrol
RS GENE from peanut
KNOWN RS GENE
cys
169
3
AHRES-1 EXON 1 INTRON 1 CATALYTIC SITE AHRES-2
EXON 2
5
MISSING LINK
5
3
Resveratrol Synthase Gene
AHRES-2
AHRES-INT
Entomopathogenic bacterial chitinase
Serratia marcescens Bizio
Strain LPC BIOTECH 1748 (11 Sm)
-- Gram-negative bacterium belonging to the
family Enterobacteriaceae
-- an enteric insect pathogen
-- one of the most efficient bacteria for chitin
degradation
-- produce up to 5 different chitinolytic enzymes
upon induction with chitin
2.1 kb
chitinase gene
Partial DNA sequence
of the chitinase gene
(T7 orientation)
ccctttaccc tgactaaaac ttgcgctcga
cgccctccgt gaaggatatc tgccgaatcc
gcccttatcc tctcggaata aaggaatcag
ttatgcgcaa atttaataaa ccgctgtgcg
ctgttgatcg ggcacgctgt gtaccgcggg
aaggtcgacg cccgggcaag ccgaccatcg
cctggggcaa caccaagttc gccatcgttg
aattgaccag gcggctaccg cttataataa
A full length novel chitinase gene was isolated
from a local strain of Serratia marcescens.
Unlike the genome, the proteome is dynamic.
Extensive modulation of protein expression
and function at multiple levels
Post-translational modification makes protein
more diverse and complex
Proteolysis for processing and/or cleavage of
proteins into new fragments with often
unique bioactivities
Proteases account for a significant
proportion of the total genome
In the human genome, 2% of all human genes
are proteases and protease inhibitors.
The potential for generating a vast array of
proteolyticallycleaved peptides with diverse
bioactivities (yet to be discovered)
The greatest number of cryptic peptides dis-
covered so far is derived via cleavage of
extracellular matrix and milk proteins
Bioactive peptides with a biological activity in
addition to the nutritional value
specific protein fragments that have a positive
impact on body functions or conditions and
may ultimately influence health
Korhonen and Pihlanto, 2006
Cryptome was proposed to represent the cryptic
subset of peptides residing within the proteome.
Crypteins were defined as cryptic peptides with
varying bioactivities liberated from the parent
protein via proteolyticcleavage
Food proteins as a potential source of
bioactive peptides
Autelitano et al, 2005 Drug Discovery Today
Cryptome Pharmaceuticals
Melbourne, Australia
Hypo-
cholesterolemic
Anti-
microbial
Anti-
microbial
2.antagonist Anti-
thrombotic
Cyto-
modulatory
Anti-
appetizing
1.agonist Anti-
oxidative
Immuno-
modulating
Mineral-
binding
Opioid Anti-
hypertensive
Cardiovascular Nervous Gastrointestinal Immune
Types of Peptide Bioactivity
Food proteins as a potential source of
bioactive peptides
Animal proteins Plant proteins
Milk
Eggs
Meat
Plasma
Gelatin
Fish
Soybean
Sunflower
Rapeseed
Cereals
Other legumes
Moringa
ISOFLAVONES
TRYPSIN
INHIBITORS
BIOACTIVE
PEPTIDES
VITAMINS
MINERALS
PHYTOSTEROLS
SOY
PROTEINS
SOY OIL AND
FATTY ACIDS
LUNASIN
SOY FIBER
SAPONINS
PHYTIC ACID
OTHERS
Maruyama and others
2003
immuno-modulatory trypsin soy protein
isolate
Allison and others
2003
anti-obesity
none
soy protein
isolate/flakes
Yoshikawa and others
2000
hypocholesterolemic
none
soybean
glycinin
Wu and others 2000/
Kodera and Nio2002
hypotensive alcalaseenzyme/
Protein D3
defatted soy
meal/soy protein
Kim and others 2000 anti-cancer thermolase defatted soy
protein
Pena-Ramos and
Xiong2002
antioxidant pepsin, papain
and chymotrypsin
soy protein
isolate
References Activity Preparation Source
Bioactive Peptides from Soybean Protein
Lunasinis a small subunit of the
2S albumin in soybean
Regulatory networks affected by genes
upregulatedby lunasin
Historical Background
A dividing mammalian cell
showing the separation of
the daughter chromosomes.
Benito O. de Lumen/Professor
Department of Nutritional Science
and Toxicology
College of Natural Resources
UnivCalif Berkeley
The discovery of the anti-cancer peptide
lunasinby Prof. de Lumen owes a lot to
Maria Jamela R. Revilleza
Alfredo Galvez
44 82% hydrolyzed soy protein
38 84.2-88.2% isolated soy protein
28 60-76% soy protein concentrate
14 ND soy powder
12 50% soy flour
13 50% soy flakes
14 48% soy flour
Lunasin content of commercially
available soy proteins
Sample protein mg/g flour
Source: De Mejia and others (2004)
Multiple Uses of Moringa
Human food Functional food
Pharmaceutical/
nutraceuticals
Water
Treatment
Animal/fish
feed
Medicinal
Plants
Other Alternative
or New Uses
MalunggayBeyond Nutrition:
Functional Food Promoting Wellness
Antibiotic Activity Against Helicobacter pylori
H. pylori is a bacterium discovered in the mid-1980s.
It is an omnipresent human pathogen prevalent in the
poorest of poor populations worldwide.
It is a major cause of gastritis, gastric and duodenal
ulcers and a major risk factor for gastric cancer.
H. pylori is susceptible to some compounds present
in Moringaoleifera.
Further clinical studies are being done to validate
this findings.
An anti-microbial peptide (AMP) was isolated,
purified and characterized from the seeds of
Moringaoleifera.
This cationic 10 kDa peptide has bactericidal
activity against Escherichia coli, Pseudomonas
aeruginosa and Streptococcus pyogenes.
Reference: Suarez et al. 2005. Structure-function charac-
terizationand optimization of a plant-derived antibacterial
peptide. Antimicrobial Agents and Chemotherapy
49:3847-3858.
Bioactive Proteins/Peptides
in Malunggay
We have cloned lunasinhomologs
in two other plants:
Winged bean Psophocarpus tetragonolobus
Malunggay Moringa oleifera
We are interested in the gene structure of
lunasin-like genes in winged bean and
malunggayand their biological role in
seed development.
Application of Biomarkers
Measure symptoms of lifestyle-
related diseases (cancer, diabetes,
Atherosclerosis, etc.)
Development of novel type of
functional foods adapted for
individual health condition
urine,
blood
ingestion
Tailor-made
Disease Prevention
Antibody chips
Add sample
(saliva, urine or blood)
Add secondary antibody
(enzyme-labeled)
Chemiluminescence
detection
Analysis
How do we select appropriate markers?
A strategy is the combined use of accumulated
knowledge in genomics and DNA/protein chip
technology.
Prof. Toshihiko Osawa
Graduate School of Bio-
Agricultural Sciences
Nagoya University, J apan
Animal Products for Health and Wellness
Milk, Meat and Eggs
PUFAs
Bioactive peptides
as products of
proteolysis
Shark Cartilage
as Anti-Cancer
Cryptome was proposed to represent the cryptic
subset of peptides residing within the proteome.
Crypteins were defined as cryptic peptides with
varying bioactivities liberated from the parent
protein via proteolyticcleavage
Food proteins as a potential source of
bioactive peptides
Summary
Agricultural and specialty crops have broad
and/or specific diversity of biochemicalsas
nutrients and nutraceuticals
Some of these crops have already been exploited
fully or to a limited extent on a commercial scale
by individual countries
Plant genetic engineering will play a very important
role in the development of crops with enhanced
nutrition and health-promoting properties.
Peptides and proteins in agricultural and specialty
crops are rich sources of bioactive substances.
Recommendations
TheCollege of Agriculture should initiate an
integrated program for agriculture towards
health and wellness.
Such a program can focus on a very limited
number of crops based on available human
resources, funding and existing infrastructure.
CA may need to link up with other colleges
such as the CAS, government agencies and
the private sector.
International Initiatives by the Asian Vegetables
Research and Development Center (AVRDC)
Nutritional security, diet diversification,
and human health
To assess, improve, and promote the nutritional
and nutraceutical values of indigenous vegetables
(IVs) and to assist their adoption by resource-
poor communities.
VISION
U
Under the 3-year Medium Term Plan (2007-2009):
An Indigenous Vegetable Field Day at the Bicol
Integrated Agricultural Research Center (BIARC),
organized by DA-BAR
and AVRDC-The
World Vegetable
Center in Pili,
Camarines Sur on
March 28, 2007.
Field Day on Indigenous Vegetables at the Department
of Agriculture -Eastern Visayas Integrated Agricultural
Research Center (DA-EVIARC) on October 25, 2006 in
Babatngon, Leyte.
Field Day on Indigenous Vegetables at the Department
of Agriculture Northern Mindanao Integrated Agricultural
Research Center (DA-NOMIARC) on September 1921,
2006 in Bukidnon.
The Institute of Plant Breeding (IPB)
Crop Science Cluster
4031
Let food be thy medicine
and medicine be thy food
Hippocrates 2500 BC