Transmission

Gearbox
Preface
This training module introduces the concept of gearbox.
The training module is part of a series of modules
designed for the Transmission Basic Training Program.
This module should be studied right after the modules:
General Information and Clutch.
While studying this module, you will have the
opportunity to learn the gearbox functions, its main
components as well as how these components
work individually or within the gearbox assembly.
Contedo
General Information 3
Types of gearboxes 4
Manual gearbox - main models 5
Types of gearboxes 6
Clutch bell housing 7
Basic gearbox 8
Basic gearbox - input shaft and main shaft 9
Basic gearbox - intermediate shaft and
reverse shaft 10
Basic gearbox - selector forks and oil pump 11
Range gear 12
High range (A) 13
Range gear operation 14
Split gear 15
Split gear operation 16
Split gear - high gear 17
Split gear - low 19
Manual gearbox - synchronisation of components 21
Synchronising operation 22
Synchronisation devices operation 23
Gearbox external components 24
Manual gear shift 25
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General Information
A gearbox is a transmission component responsible for the control of the torque changes in a
vehicle. The torque is altered according to the selected gear in the gearbox.
In the absence of a gearbox in a vehicle, that is, if the engine were connected directly to the
driven wheels, the vehicle speed would not exceed 8 km/h. this because the torque variations
would be insignificant.
Summary
The gearbox control the torque ratios in a vehicle. The higher the torque, the lower the gear. The
higher the speed, the higher the gear.
Summary
The gearbox control the torque shifts in a vehicle. The higher the torque, the lower the gear. The
higher the speed, the higher the gear.
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Types of gearboxes
In the last few of years, transmission development has been focused towards gearboxes.
The aim has been to improve the vehicles driving characteristics and simplify the drivers job.
A series of gearbox models have been developed that adapt themselves to vehicles depending
on the tasks to be accomplished by the vehicle.
Gearboxes are basically divided into three types:
Manual gearbox (1): gear shifting is carried out by the driver.
Automatic gearbox (2): gear shifting is fully automatic with the help of information from sensors
in the gearbox control unit and other control units in the vehicle.
Semi-automatic gearbox (3): the driver selects the gear and an electronic system controls gear
shifting.
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Manual gearbox - main models
Volvo manual gearboxes may be found in the following models:
R1400/R1700 (1)
SR1700/1900 (2)
VT2014/2514 (3)
R1400 and R1700 (1) gearboxes are provided with 9 gears, 8 front gears and 1 reverse gear. (8
forward speeds + 2 reverse speed). The 8 highest speeds are synchronised but the 2 reverse
speeds are not synchronised.
SR1400 and SR1700 (2) gearboxes are provided with 14 gears (12 forward speeds + 2 crawling
speeds + 4 reverse speeds). The 12 highest speeds synchronised, the 4 reverse gears and the
2 crawling speeds are not synchronised.
VT2014/2514 (3) gearboxes are provided with 14 gears like SR gearboxes.
* S means that the gearbox is equipped with a split gear mounted in the front of the basic speed
box.
* R means that the gearbox contains a high and a low shift, and that it is directly connected to
the basic gearbox output.
* VT VOLVO transmission
* 20 or 25 - maximum gearbox torque, 2050 Nm or 2450 Nm.
* 14 number of gears in the gearbox
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Manual gearbox - main parts
This gearbox is basically divided into four parts:
Clutch bell housing (C) - this housing connects the gearbox to the engine and protects the
clutch.
Split gear (S) - the split gear splits the gears and makes it possible to use high and low gears.
Basic gearbox (B) - the basic gearbox contains basic gears, reduced gears and reverse gears.
Range gear (R) - the range gear consists of a planetary gear set that double the number of
gears in the basic gearbox (B).
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Clutch bell housing
The clutch bell housing connects the gearbox to the engine.
It also protects the clutch.
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Basic gearbox
The basic gearbox contains the gears and shafts that permit gear shifting.
The main shafts are:
- input shaft (1)
- main shaft (2)
- intermediate shaft (3)
- reverse shaft (4)
The gears are positioned on the shafts. There are five gears with synchronised gearshifts, plus
the reduced gear and the non-synchronised reverse gear.
Note: The reduced gear is also known as CRAWL.
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Basic gearbox - input shaft and main shaft
Input shaft (1)
Also called as primary shaft, the input shaft is responsible for transferring torque from the engine
to the gearbox.
The torque is transferred through the clutch disc.
This shaft is supported by roller bearings in the clutch bell housing.
Main shaft (2)
The main shaft carries the five gears with synchronised gearshifts. These gears operate freely
through needle bearings and roller bearings.
This shaft is supported on the input shaft and on the basic gearbox housing by roller bearings.
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Basic gearbox - intermediate shaft and reverse shaft
Intermediate shaft (1)
Also called as secondary shaft, the intermediate shaft contains fixed gears only, that is, all gears
are pressed onto the shaft and always turn at the shaft speed.
The secondary shaft receives the torque transferred from the input shaft and it is supported on
the clutch bell housing and on the gearbox rear housing.
Reverse shaft (2)
The reverse gear is installed on that shaft.
The reverse gear is positioned between its driving gear, located in the main shaft, and a takeoff
gear, installed in the intermediate shaft.
The purpose of the reverse gear is to change the direction of revolution of the main shaft and _
output shaft.
When the reverse gear changes the direction of revolution of the main shaft, this reverse force is
transferred through the output shaft to the drive wheels and the vehicle moves backward.
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Basic gearbox - selector forks and oil pump
Besides shafts and gears, the basic gearbox also contains selector forks and the oil pump.
Selector forks (1)
Selector forks are responsible for the movement of the coupling sleeves on the main shaft so
that different gears are engaged.
Selector forks receive the selector motion through the selector shafts.
They are installed with the help of retainers that, together, make up the selector unit.
Oil pump (2)
Larger gearboxes are lubricated through the use of an oil pump that forces the oil to all the
gearbox lubrication points.
The oil pump is fastened to the inside of the gearbox. It is driven by a gear connected to the
intermediate shaft, via the reverse gear.
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Range gear
The gearbox is supplemented with a double speed range gear:
- High range
- Low range
Using the range gear doubles the gearbox basic gears, as required by modern trucks.
The range gear consists of a planetary system that transfer torque from the main shaft directly
to the driving gears:
1. planetary gear
2. ring gear
3. coupling ring
4. sun gear
5. planetary carriers
Gear shifting in the range gear is carried out through a pneumatic cylinder (6).
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High range (A)
When the ring gear (1) is locked to the planetary gear carrier by a coupling ring (2), the entire
planetary rear rotates.
Torque coming from the basic gearbox goes directly through the planetary gear.
This means the gearbox operates in high gears.
Low range (B)
The ring gear (3) is locked in the gearbox housing and forces the planetary gears to turn
between the ring gear (3) and the sun gear (4).
The planetary gear carrier (5) turns on the same direction of the sun gear but _ a lower speed.
This means that the torque coming from the basic gearbox is transferred through the planetary
gears and operates with low gears.
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Range gear operation
A switch located on the gear lever knob operates the range gear.
To select the low range, push the switch down (1). It affect 1st and 3rd gears.
To select the high range, push the switch up (2). It affect 4th and 6th gears.
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Split gear
The purpose of the split gear is to split the gears in the gearbox.
Thus, both the first gear and the other gears have a low and a high gear.
CONCLUSION
Gearboxes with both the split gear and the range gear like SR and VT gearboxes have 12
synchronised gears, two crawling speed gears and four non-synchronised reverse gears.
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Split gear operation
Like the range gear, a switch located on the gear lever knob operates the split gear.
Note:
The split gear switch is not the same one as the range gear switch.
To select the high gears put the switch on H (High).
To select the low gears put the switch on L (Low).
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Split gear - high gear
Switching to H (High) on the gear lever knob activates a relay valve (2).
The relay valve (2) is positioned in such a way that permits the passage of compressed air to a
pneumatic cylinder (3).
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Split gear - high gear (continuation)
When the clutch pedal is depressed, the split gear operating valve (1) sends the air to the
pneumatic cylinder (2).
The air displaces the cylinder piston to engages the high gears.
Then, the operating valve shaft in the split gear (1) actuates a switch and lights up a lamp in the
panel indicating to the driver the high gear is selected.
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Split gear - low
Switching to L (Low) on the gear lever knob (1) activates a relay valve (2).
The relay valve (2) is positioned in such a way that permits the passage of compressed air to a
pneumatic cylinder (3).
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Split gear - low (continuation)
When the clutch pedal is depressed, the split gear operating valve (1) sends the air to the
pneumatic cylinder (2).
The air displaces the cylinder piston to engages the low gears.
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Manual gearbox - synchronisation of components
The purpose of the synchronisation is to facilitate gearshifts by adapting the speed between the
main shaft and intermediate shaft during the shifts.
The gearbox is equipped with many synchronisation devices:
1. coupling sleeve
2. coupling ring
3. gear
4. synchronizer ring
5. engaging body
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Synchronising operation
The engaging body is connected to the main shaft through splines. The coupling sleeve is
geared around the engaging body. The purpose of this sleeve is to displace the engaging body
towards the synchroniser ring and connect it to the coupling ring.
The synchroniser ring is pressed between the engaging body and the coupling ring by the
coupling sleeve. The resulting friction in the synchroniser ring matches the speed of the
engaging body and the coupling sleeve. Upon reaching the same speed, the coupling sleeve
meshes _ with the coupling ring.
In this position, the gear is fully engaged to the main shaft through the engaging body and can
transmit the torque from the engine to the driven wheels through the output shaft.
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Synchronisation devices operation
The synchronisation set operates as follows:
The synchroniser ring (4) is pressed between the engaging body (5) and the coupling ring (2) by
the coupling sleeve (1).
The resulting friction in the synchroniser ring matches the speed of the engaging body to the
coupling sleeve.
Upon reaching the same speed, the coupling sleeve engages it self with the coupling ring.
In this position, the gear (3) is fully engaged to the main shaft through the engaging body and can
transfer the torque from the engine to the driven wheels through the output shaft.
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Gearbox external components
The gearbox is provided with a series of external components to avoid damage to the gearbox
and facilitate the shifting of gears.
These components vary according to the gearbox model.
Basically, gearboxes are composed of:
1. an inhibitor valve
2. relief valves
3. relay valves
4. solenoid valves
5. an inhibitor valve
6. electrical contacts
7. a sensor
8. a control cylinder
A more detailed description of these components will be reviewed in specific modules on
gearboxes.
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Manual gear shift
Manual gearshift is operated by a gear lever (1).
The gear lever (1) is supported on a guide bearer (2).
When the gear lever is moved (1), the motion is transferred to the selector-shaft housing (5) with
the help of a driving bar (3) and the control arm (4).
The control arm is connected to the side control shaft (6) in the selector-shaft housing (2).
The selector-shaft housing (2), in turn, operates the gearbox shafts.