HeatTransfer

Sheet#2Conduction_I

1Consideracoldcanneddrinkleftonadinnertable.Wouldyoumodeltheheattransfertothe
drinkasone,two,orthreedimensional?Wouldtheheattransferbesteadyortransient?Also,
whichcoordinatesystemwouldyouusetoanalyzethisheattransferproblem,andwherewould
youplacetheorigin?Explain.

2Consider a round potato being baked inan oven. Would you modelthe heattransferto the
potato as one, two, or threedimensional? Would the heat transfer be steady or transient?
Also,whichcoordinatesystemwouldyouusetosolvethisproblem,andwherewouldyouplace
theorigin?Explain.

3Consideramediuminwhichtheheatconductionequationisgiveninitssimplestformas

(a)Isheattransfersteadyortransient?
(b)Isheattransferone,two,orthreedimensional?
(c)Isthereheatgenerationinthemedium?

4Consideramediuminwhichtheheatconductionequationisgiveninitssimplestformas

(a)Isheattransfersteadyortransient?
(b)Isheattransferone,two,orthreedimensional?
(c)Isthereheatgenerationinthemedium?

5Shownbelowisthe3Dtransientheatconductionequationinsphericalcoordinates.
2
2 2 2 2
1 1 1
sin
sin sin
T T T T
kr k k g C
r r r r r t
u
u | | u u u
| | c c c c c c c | | | |
+ + + =
| | |
c c c c c c c
\ . \ .
\ .

a)Crossouttheterm(s)thatgoawayifheattransferissteady.
b)Underlinetheterm(s)thatgoawayifthereisnointernalheatgeneration.
c)Circletheterm(s)thatgoawayiftemperatureisafunctiononlyofr.

6 Consider onedimensional heat conduction through a large plane wall with no heat
generationthatisperfectlyinsulatedononesideandissubjectedtoconvectionandradiation
on the other side. It is claimed that under steady conditions, the temperature in a plane wall
mustbeuniform(thesameeverywhere).Doyouagreewiththisclaim?Why?

7 It is stated that the temperature in a plane wall with constant thermal conductivity and no
heatgenerationvarieslinearlyduringsteadyonedimensionalheatconduction.Willthisstillbe
thecasewhenthewalllosesheatbyradiationfromitssurfaces?

8Consider a 1.2mhigh and 2mwide glass window whose thickness is 6 mm and thermal
conductivityisk=0.78W/mC.Determinethesteadyrateofheattransferthroughthisglass
windowandthetemperatureofitsinnersurfaceforadayduringwhichtheroomismaintained
at 24C while the temperature of the outdoors is 5C. Take the convection heat transfer
coefficients on the inner and outer surfaces of the window to be h
1
= 10 W/m
2
C and h
2
= 25
W/m
2
C,anddisregardanyheattransferbyradiation.

9 Consider a 1.2mhigh and 2mwide doublepane window consisting of two 3mmthick

layers of glass (k = 0.78 W/mC) separated by a 12mmwide stagnant air space (k= 0.026
W/mC).Determinethesteadyrateofheattransferthroughthisdoublepanewindowandthe
temperatureofitsinnersurfaceforadayduringwhichtheroomismaintainedat24Cwhilethe
temperatureoftheoutdoorsis5C.Taketheconvectionheattransfercoefficientsontheinner
andoutersurfacesofthewindowtobeh
1
=10W/m
2
Candh
2
=25W/m
2
C,anddisregardany
heattransferbyradiation.Answers:114W,19.2C

10 Clothing made of several thin layers of fabric with trapped air in between, often called ski
clothing,iscommonlyusedincoldclimatesbecauseitislight,fashionable,andaveryeffective
thermalinsulator.Soitisnosurprisethatsuchclothinghaslargelyreplacedthickandheavyold
fashionedcoats.Considerajacketmadeoffivelayersof0.1mmthicksyntheticfabric(k=0.13
W/mC) with 1.5mmthick air space (k = 0.026 W/mC) between the layers. Assuming the
innersurfacetemperatureofthejackettobe28Candthesurfaceareatobe1.1m
2
,determine
the rate of heat loss through the jacket when the temperature of the outdoors is 5 C and the
heattransfercoefficientattheoutersurfaceis25W/m
2
C.Whatwouldyourresponsebeifthe
jacketismadeof a singlelayer of0.5mmthicksyntheticfabric? What shouldbethethickness
ofawoolfabric(k=0.035W/mC)ifthepersonistoachievethesamelevelofthermalcomfort
wearingathickwoolcoatinsteadofafivelayerskijacket?

11Athinsiliconchipandan8mmthickaluminumsubstrate(k=238W/m.K)areseparatedby
0.02mmthickepoxyjoint.Thechipandsubstrateareeach10mmonaside,andtheirexposed
surfaces are cooled by air, which is at a temperature of 25
o
C and provides a convection
coefficient of 100 W/m
2
.K. If the chip dissipates 10
4
W/m
2
under normal conditions, and the
maximumoperatingtemperatureoftheepoxyis85
o
C,willthisassemblyoperatesafely?

12Willthethermalcontactresistancebegreaterforsmoothorroughplainsurfaces?

13Considertwosurfacespressedagainsteachother.Nowtheairattheinterfaceisevacuated.
Willthethermalcontactresistanceattheinterfaceincreaseordecreaseasaresult?

14A1mmthickcopperplate(k=386W/mC)issandwichedbetweentwo5mmthickepoxy
boards(k=0.26W/mC)thatare15cmby20cminsize.Ifthethermalcontactconductanceon
bothsidesofthecopperplateisestimatedtobe6000W/mC,determinetheerrorinvolvedin
thetotalthermalresistanceoftheplateifthethermalcontactconductancesareignored.

15 Steam at 320C flows in a stainless steel pipe (k = 15 W/mC) whose inner and outer
diameters are 5 cm and 5.5 cm, respectively. The pipe is covered with 3cmthick glass wool
insulation(k=0.038W/mC).Heatislosttothesurroundingsat5Cbynaturalconvectionand
radiation, with a combined natural convection and radiation heat transfer coefficient of 15
W/m
2
C. Taking the heat transfer coefficient inside the pipe to be 80 W/m
2
C, determine the
rate of heat loss from the steam per unit length of the pipe. Also determine the temperature
dropsacrossthepipeshellandtheinsulation.

16 Consider a 2mhigh electric hot water heater that has a diameter of 40 cm and maintains
thehotwaterat55C.Thetankislocatedinasmallroomwhoseaveragetemperatureis27C,
and the heat transfer coefficients on the inner and outer surfaces of the heater are 50 and 12
W/m
2
C, respectively. The tank is placed in another 46cmdiameter sheet metal tank of
negligiblethickness,andthespacebetweenthetwotanksisfilledwithfoaminsulation(k=0.03
W/mC).Thethermalresistancesofthewatertankandtheouterthinsheetmetalshellarevery
small and can be neglected. The price of electricity is $0.08/kWh, and the home owner pays
$280 a year for water heating. Determine the fraction of the hot water energy cost of this
householdthatisduetotheheatlossfromthetank.Hotwatertankinsulationkitsconsistingof
3cmthick fiberglass insulation (k = 0.035 W/m C) large enough to wrap the entire tank are
available in the market for about $30. If such insulation is installed on this water tank by the
home owner himself, how long will it take for this additional insulation to pay for itself?
Answers:17.5percent,1.5years

17Theboilingtemperatureofnitrogenatatmosphericpressureatsealevel(1atmpressure)is
196C. Therefore, nitrogen is commonly used in lowtemperature scientific studies since the
temperatureofliquidnitrogeninatankopentotheatmospherewillremainconstantat196C
until it is depleted. Any heat transfer to the tank will result in the evaporation of some liquid
nitrogen, which has a heat of vaporization of 198 kJ/kg and a density of 810 kg/m3 at 1 atm.
Consider a 3mdiameter spherical tank that is initially filled with liquid nitrogen at 1 atm and
196C.Thetank isexposed to ambientair at 15C, withacombined convectionandradiation
heat transfer coefficient of 35 W/m
2
C. The temperature of the thinshelled spherical tank is
observedtobealmostthesameasthetemperatureofthenitrogeninside.Determinetherate
of evaporation of the liquid nitrogen in the tank as a result of the heat transfer from the
ambientairifthetankis
(a)Notinsulated,(b)Insulatedwith5cmthickfiberglassinsulation(k=0.035W/mC),and
(c) Insulated with 2cmthick superinsulation which has an effective thermal conductivity of
0.00005W/mC.

FIG.P.9 Fig.P.10

FIG.P.14

FIG.P.16

FIG.P.17