Introduction

This leaet sets out the library's recommendations for

referencing using the Harvard method. Some lecturers
may require you to use a different method or style.

Accurate and consistent referencing is essential in all
academic work. Whenever you quote from, use or are
inuenced by the work of someone else, you must
acknowledge this. You should acknowledge the sources of
your information in two places
in the main body of your text
in a reference list or bibliography at the end of your work

Referencing should enable a reader of your work to nd your
sources. You are strongly advised to make detailed records of
all the sources you use.

Citing sources in your text
Referring to someone elses work or ideas in the main body of
the text of your work is known as 'citing'. Cite by giving both
the authors family name (usually their last name) and the
year of the source in brackets.
If the authors name occurs naturally in the sentence, give
only the year in brackets.
Include page numbers, if available, for direct quotations or
references to a particular part of the source..
For two or three authors, give the family names of all the
authors.
For more than three authors, give the family name of the rst
author only, followed by et al.
Not all sources have individuals as authors. An organisation,
company or institution can be the author and is known as the
corporate author.
Gibbs (2009) believes that
Gibbs (2009, p14) states that "traditional "
(Hill and Peterson 2010)
Madigan et al. (2009) discuss the
(British Airways 2011)
In a recent study (Gibbs 2009) it is argued
If you cannot identify the author, cite by the title.
If you cannot identify the year of the source, replace the
year with (no date).
Your citations should enable a reader of your work to nd
the full references in your reference list or bibliography.

Reference lists and bibliographies
At the end of your work, there should be a reference list or
bibliography. A reference list contains references for each
source you have quoted or referred to in the body of your
text. A bibliography is similar but also includes any other
sources used in your research.

References in a reference list or bibliography are arranged in
one alphabetical sequence, by name of author or corporate
author. If there is no author, list the source by title.

The family name and full given name(s) of any authors
should be used if available. When only initials are given, use
the family name and initial(s). For sources with one, two or
three authors, give the names of all of them. If there are more
than three, you should use the rst author's name followed
by et al.

When referencing electronic sources, show the format as
[online] and include the URL (web address). Electronic
sources can be changed at any time, so give the date you last
accessed them.

The following examples show how references should be laid out.

Books
You should include the author(s), year, title, edition (other
than rst edition), place of publication and publisher. You
will usually nd the relevant information on the books title
page and back of the title page.
BROWN, Carol V., et al. (2009). Managing information
technology. 6th ed., Upper Saddle River, Pearson Education.
CHAPPELL, David and WILLIS, Andrew (2005). The
architect in practice. 9th ed., Oxford, Blackwell.
The Dictionary of biology (2004) denes ...
Collins (no date) explains ...
database. The URL for the particular article may not stay the
same on return visits.
If the journal or magazine is electronic, there may be no
page numbers or the numbering may not be by volume and
issue. Give as much information as you can.
For newspaper articles, give the date of the newspaper
instead of the volume and issue.

Web pages
Include the author(s), year, title, [online], date you last
accessed the web page and the URL.
Web pages do not always have individual authors. You can
use the corporate author.
If you cannot identify an author or corporate author,
reference the web page by title.
CHARAVARYAMATH, Chandrashekhar and SINGH, Baljit
(2006). Pulmonary effects of exposure to pig barn air.
[online]. Journal of occupational medicine and toxicology,
1:10. Article from Biomed Central last accessed 26 January
2012 at: http://www.occup-med.com/
REITZIG, Markus (2004). Strategic management of
intellectual property. [online]. MIT Sloan management
review, 45 45 45 45 (3), 35-40. Article from Business Source Premier
last accessed 18 February 2012 at: http://
web.ebscohost.com/
NATIONAL OSTEOPOROSIS FOUNDATION (2011). Bone
basics. [online]. Last accessed 24 April 2012 at: http://
www.nof.org/aboutosteoporosis/bonebasics
TOIBIN, Colm (2006). Pure evil. [online]. The Guardian, 3
June. Last accessed 13 March 2012 at: http://
www.guardian.co.uk/
CRICK, Bernard (2011). George Orwell: voice of a long
generation. [online]. Last accessed 3 May 2012 at: http://
www.bbc.co.uk/history/british/britain_wwtwo/
orwell_01.shtml
Big Lottery Fund. (2012). [online]. Last accessed 30 April
2012 at: http://www.biglotteryfund.org.uk/
If a book has an editor, show this by putting (ed.) after their
name. If there is more than one editor, put (eds.).

Electronic books
Include author(s), year, title, [online], edition (other than rst
edition), place of publication, publisher, information
database or website, last date accessed and the URL.

Journal, magazine and newspaper articles
To reference a journal or magazine article, include author(s),
year, title of article, journal/magazine title (in full), volume
number, issue number and page numbers.
For newspaper articles, give the date of the newspaper
instead of the volume and issue.
This information can be obtained from the cover and rst
pages of the journal, magazine or newspaper.

Electronic journal, magazine and newspaper
articles
Include author(s), year, title of article, [online], journal title,
volume, issue number and page number(s), information
database or website, date you last accessed the article and
the URL. If the article is from a database, use the URL for the
CROUCH, David, JACKSON, Rhona and THOMPSON, Felix
(eds.) (2005). The media and the tourist imagination:
converging cultures. London, Routledge.
ATRILL, Peter (2012). Financial management for decision
makers. [online]. 6th ed., Harlow, Financial Times Prentice
Hall. Book from Dawsonera last accessed 13 June 2012 at:
http://www.dawsonera.com/
GRUBER, Jonathan and FRAKES, Michael (2006). Does
falling smoking lead to rising obesity? Journal of health
economics, 25 25 25 25 (2), 183-197.
DAVIS, Simon (2004). Project management in local and
central government: an interim view. Project manager
today, XVI XVI XVI XVI (5), 4-5.
DAVEY, Jenny (2000). Does free internet access really exist?
Sunday Times, 23 April, 7.
Online recordings of TV, radio and lm
For an online recording from TV or radio, include the
programme title, part title if applicable, broadcast year,
[online], broadcast channel, broadcast date, location, date
last accessed and the URL.
For an online recorded feature lm, provide lm title, year of
release, [online], director, broadcast channel, broadcast date,
location, date last accessed and URL.

More examples
For examples of how to reference and cite other sources such
as conferences, government publications, images, DVDs and
social media, see the Guide to Referencing and Citations on
the Help on referencing web pages on the Library Gateway..

Referencing software
You can use RefWorks bibliographic software to create a
database of your references by importing the details of your
sources. Citations and reference lists can then be produced
in Microsoft Word.

There is also a tool in Microsoft Word which you can use to
enter the details of your sources and create citations and
bibliographies.

Help
More information is available on the Help on Referencing
web pages on the Library Gateway
libguides.shu.ac.uk/referencing
Changeling. (2008). [online]. Directed by Clint Eastwood.
Sky Movies Premier. 7 November 2009. Video from
shuplayer last accessed 28 June 2013 at: http://
shuplayer.shu.ac.uk/
Panorama. Wikileaks: the secret story. (2011). [online].
BBC1. 14 February. Video from shuplayer last accessed 17
May 2013 at: http://shuplayer.shu.ac.uk/
0
8
/
2
0
1
3