no.

name of the paper authors mail

Guillermo Alves –
Matías Brum – Mijail
Desigualdad salarial en
Yapor/
aumento: Uruguay 1986 – 2007.
Instituto
1 El rol de los cambios en las guillealves@gmail.com; guillermo@iecon.ccee.edu.uy
de Economía,
características de los
Universidad de la
trabajadores
República.
Uruguay

Vera Chiodi
Paris School of
Economics &
Poverty Action Lab
The existence of Poverty Traps: J-PAL Europe
2 Old Question - New Answer. chiodi@pse.ens.fr
Evidence from Rural Mexico Paris School of
Economics &
Poverty Action Lab
J-PAL Europe

Financial Crisis, Occupational
3 Choice and Credit: Evidence
from Brazil
Gabriel A. Madeira
Assistant Professor
and FIPE Researcher Gabriel Madeira
Department of [gabriel.madeira@g
Economics mail.com]
University of Sao
Paulo
 Assessing Ex Ante the Poverty
and Distributional Impact of the Bilal Habib, Ambar
Global Crisis in a Developing Narayan, Sergio
4 csanchezparamo@worldbank.org [csanchezparamo@worldbank.
Country: A Microsimulation Olivieri and Carolina
Approach with Country Study of Sanchez-Paramo
Bangladesh

The Mismatch between Income Marcos Antonio

and Quality of Life: Silveira
a study on the demographic and Marcelo Sales Marcos Antônio
5 socioeconomic determinants of
Pessoa/ Coutinho da Silveira
the performance of the [marcos.silveira@ipe
objective and subjective quality Instituto de a.gov.br]
of life indicators for Brazilian Pesquisa Econômica
households Aplicada

On The Distributional
Implications of Climate Change: Hanan Jacoby,
6 A Methodological Framework Mariano Rabassa, eskoufias@worldbank.org [eskoufias@worldbank.org]
and Application to Emmanuel Skoufias
Rural India

Hurricanes and labor market: a Eduardo Oreggia

7 difference-in-difference Eduardo Oreggia [eduardo.oreggia@g
approach for Mexico mail.com]
 ¿Quiénes Pertenecen a la Clase
8 Media en el Andres Ham
Gran Buenos Aires?
Efects of Colombia's Social
9 Protection System on Workers'
Choice between Formal and
Informal Employment
Skill Premium in Chile: Testing
10 the Skill Bias Technical Change
Hypothesis in the South
Recent Trends in Income
11
Inequality in Latin America
Leveling the Intra-household
Playing Field:
12 Compensation and
Specialization in Child Labor
Allocation
ham.andres@gmail.com
Adriana Camacho
adcamach@uniandes.edu.co
González
Francisco Gallego pancho.gallego@gmail.com ; fgallego@faceapuc
Leonardo Gasparini
Centro de Estudios
Distributivos,
Laborales y Sociales Leonardo Gasparini
[leonardo@depeco.e
(CEDLAS)
cono.unlp.edu.ar]
Universidad
Nacional de La Plata
Ximena Del Carpio,
xdelcarpio@worldbank.org
Karen Macours
 Humberto Santos
Desigualdad de Ingresos y Ciclo
13 Humberto Santos [humberto.santos@c
Económico: Chile 1960-2008
pce.cl]

Aggregate Economic Shocks and

14 Infant Mortality: New Evidence Marc-Francois Smitz marcsmitz2@live.com
for Middle-Income Countries

Mauricio Jose Serpa

Barros de Moura,
IFC-World Bank
Group and George
15 How Land Title Affects Child Washington Mauricio Moura
Labor ? [MMoura@ifc.org]
University
Rodrigo De Losso da
Silveira Bueno,
EAESP-FGV

Measurement of Educational Cecilia Adrogué

16 Inequalities in the Argentine Cecilia Adrogue [cadrogue@gmail.co
Public System m]

corina paz
Education Gini Coe cient in Corina María Paz
17 [cpaz@herrera.unt.e
Argentina Teran
du.ar]
 Government and Household
Julio Guzman Cox
Responses To Macroeconomics
18 Julio Guzmán [julio.guzman.c@uai.
Shocks: Chile in the 1999
cl]
downturn

Household Characteristics and

Nutrient Intake among
19 Eugenia Orlicki eugeniaorlicki@hotmail.com [eugeniaorlicki@hotmail.com]
Argentinean children

Florencia Paz
20 LA GRAN RECUPERACIÓN:
Florencia Paz Cazzaniga
¿QUIÉN GANÓ Y POR QUÉ? Cazzaniga [florcitapc@gmail.co
m]

The impact of school choice and

21 public policy on Gregory Elacqua gregory.elacqua@gmail.com; gregory.elacqua@udp.cl
student segregation: Evidence
from Chile

A MEASURE OF QUALITY OF LIFE

RELATED TO HEALTH BEFORE Juan Rafael Vargas
22 Juan Rafael Vargas [jrvargas20@gmail.co
THE SHOCKS ON A VERY OPEN
m]
ECONOMY: COSTA RICA IN 2006
 Perceptions of inequality and Ricardo Nicolas Perez
preferences for redistribution: Ricardo Perez- Truglia
23
Theory and evidence from an Truglia [rtruglia@fas.harvard
experimental survey .edu]

How do crises a ect schooling

24 decisions?
Evidence from changing labor
market opportunities
Lopez Boo, Florencia
Florencia Lopez Boo [FLORENCIAL@iadb.o
rg]

Fernando Borraz
25 Wage inequality: empirical Fernando Borraz [fborraz@bcu.gub.uy
evidence for Uruguay
]

A DYNAMIC MODEL OF
EDUCATION LEVEL CHOICE: WILFREDO LEIVA Wilfredo Maldonado
26
APPLICATION TO BRAZILIAN MALDONADO [wilfredo@ucb.br]
STATES
 Why Don’t We See Poverty
27 Martin Ravallion Mravallion@worldbank.org [Mravallion@worldbank.org]
Convergence?

Determinants of Student Thomas Otter

28 Achievements in Primary Thomas Otter [totter@cotas.com.b
Education in Paraguay o]

Erik Figueiredo
THE DYNAMICS OF THE
29 Erik Figueiredo [eafigueiredo@gmail.
BRAZILIAN INCOME
com]

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 abstract

El incremento de la desigualdad de remuneraciones en el mercado de trabajo es una de las causas

principales del aumento de la desigualdad de ingresos en Uruguay en los últimos veinte años. En el presente
trabajo se estudian sus determinantes, utilizando un enfoque de descomposición en efectos precio,
características y residuos. La metodología es de desarrollo reciente a nivel internacional y no ha sido
aplicada a Uruguay. Se basa en la obtención de distribuciones condicionales de los salarios para un set de
características dadas, mediante la estimación de regresiones cuantílicas, que son luego integradas a lo largo
de las características para obtener distribuciones contrafactuales incondicionales de los salarios. El principal
aporte del estudio es resaltar el efecto concentrador de ciertos cambios en las características de los
trabajadores para explicar el incremento de la desigualdad salarial en Uruguay. Entre estos cambios se
cuentan el incremento de los años de educación, la caída del empleo público o la caída del empleo
manufacturero en beneficio del de servicios.

This paper discusses the economics of poverty traps. In the micro-based literature, the underlying
mechanisms associated with poverty are linked to informational and/or market failures and to indivisibilities
in investment in human capital. These imperfections tend to affect the poor more severely due to their
limited access to financial markets. A poverty trap arises when poor individuals are faced with two distinct
equilibria. This idea rests on the existence of increasing returns to assets. This paper employs a variety of
empirical methods drawing on new evidence from the Mexican program, Oportunidades. Econometric
analysis of asset dynamics over 1997- 2006 identifies a threshold that signals that large numbers of Mexicans
are indeed trapped without a pathway out of poverty. We estimate the dynamic path of asset accumulation
through a local smoothing regression and obtain multiple equilibria. In order explore the heterogeneity
across households, we introduce a measure of the unobserved and intrinsic characteristics of the household
and we redo the estimations. These results remain robust also when we carry parametric (as polinomial and
spline regressions) and other non-parametric estimators (as FAN estimators and partial linear regressions).
Finally, we run quantile regressions and explore an alternative
risk-coping strategy households may employ under risk.

What is the impact of macroeconomic crises on credit? Are wealthy and poor in- dividuals equally a¤ected
by them? This paper accesses these questions looking at the macroeconomic instability (or crisis) that took
place in Brazil from 1997 to 1999. It veri …es if such instability produced e¤ects on the distribution of income
of entrepreneurs and the probability of entrepreneurship that are consistent with more constrained and
expensive credit. The analysis employs both reduced form and structural econometric techniques. When
entrepreneurs are broadly de…ned as self employed individuals or employers, results for the whole
population does not provide any clear evidence of e¤ects of the crisis on credit availability. However, when
the analysis is restricted to wealthier individuals or entrepreneurs are de …ned as employers, all results
indicate more constrained or more ex-pensive credit. These patherns are consistent with a credit crunch, but
one that a¤ected mostly relatively large businesses and wealthy individuals.
Measuring the poverty and distributional impact of the global crisis for developing countries is not easy,
given the multiple channels of impact and the limited availability of real-time data. Commonly-used
approaches are of limited use in predicting impacts beyond aggregate statistics like poverty rates, for
example in addressing questions like who are being affected and by how much, and who are vulnerable to
falling into poverty if the crisis deepens? This paper develops a simple microsimulation method, modifying
models from existing economic literature, to measure the poverty and distributional impact of
macroeconomic shocks by linking macro projections with pre-crisis household data. The approach is then
applied to Bangladesh to assess the potential impact of the slowdown on poverty and income distribution
across different groups and regions. A validation exercise using past data from Bangladesh finds that the
model generates projections that compare well with actual estimates from household data. The results can
inform the design of crisis monitoring tools and policies in Bangladesh, and also illustrate the kind of analysis
that is possible in other developing countries with similar data availability. This paper is part of a broader
research program to cover, in addition to Bangladesh, Mexico, Egypt, and the Philippines.

This paper uses an ordered logit model to investigate the demographic and
socioeconomic determinants of the performance of a set of partial life quality indicators for Brazilian
households, which are built from the information provided by the 2002- 2003 wave of the Brazilian
Household Budgetary Survey. Very important, many of these indicators have a subjective content as they
measure the degree of the household satisfaction with some important aspects of its living conditions. The
study emphasizes the comparative analysis between the effects of current income and permanent income
on the quality of life indicators. In this aspect, it turns out that the estimated effect of permanent shocks to
current income is stronger than that of temporary shocks. Another relevant result is the limited explanation
power of income and consumption to the indicators performance, notwithstanding their significant
estimated marginal effects. This result is consistent with the international empirical evidence of a mismatch
between objective and subjective life quality indicators, which can be explained to some extent by
differences in expectations and perceived relative income among households. The inclusion of an exhaustive
number of explanatory variables into the model – in addition to income and consumption – increases the
explanatory power, but not to a large enough extent to produce a satisfactory adjustment to the data. This
fact suggests the existence of some type of non-observed heterogeneity explaining a considerable part of
the performance quality of life indicators of the Brazilian households.

Climate change will severely depress productivity in developing country agriculture, a sector upon which
much of the worlds poor depend. Though a large literature attempts to quantify the economic costs to
agriculture as a whole, there has been little, if any, efort to understand how these potential losses will be
distributed across households and how the poor will fare in particular. In this paper, we present a
methodological framework for tracing out the consequences of climate change for poverty and income
distribution in the rural economy. We propose a two step approach, first estimating the impact of climate
on the returns to land and labor, and then constructing, from these returns and household baseline
characteristics, a counterfactual measure of household income (consumption) under alternative climate
change scenarios.

Hurricanes are becoming frequent phenomena in some area of Latin America, and
especially in Mexico, affecting both side of the country. Hurricanes introduce shock to
the local labor markets, and the impact may differ according to the skill level. Using
hurricanes hit as an exogenous shock and with microdata from 32 metropolitan areas in
Mexico, we analyze for different hurricanes impact what is the effect on the returns for
skill levels. Results show that the impact seems to be mostly positive when there is a
first impact and in areas more touristic, while in other areas the effect is not conclusive.
Este trabajo busca caracterizar a la clase media en la ciudad de Buenos Aires siguiendo la
metodología utilizada en Banerjee y Duflo (2007). Esto implica subdividir a la población en clases
según su nivel de consumo. Para este propósito, es idónea la utilización de la Encuesta Nacional de
Gastos de los Hogares (ENGH). El análisis se centra en dos objetivos principales. Primero, caracterizar
profundamente a los hogares e individuos pertenecientes a la clase media del Gran
Buenos Aires (CABA y Conurbano), a partir de los microdatos de la ENGH 1996/1997. En segundo lugar, se
presenta un análisis de la evolución de dicha clase y de su respuesta ante la severa crisis que enfrentó
Argentina entre 2001-2002. Para ello, se hace uso de la ENGH 2004/2005, la cual se dispone para CABA. Los
principales resultados indican que la clase media comprende el 40% de los hogares en la región,
participación que se redujo tras la crisis y causó ajustes en los patrones
de gasto de esas familias.

por favor ver paper por que no se puede copiar abstract

por favor ver paper por que no se puede copiar abstract

This paper documents patterns and recent developments on income inequality in Latin America (LA). New
comparative international evidence confirms that LA is a region of high inequality, although maybe not the
highest in the world. Income inequality has fallen in the 2000s, suggesting a turning point from the
substantial increases of the 1980s and 1990s. The fall in inequality is significant and widespread, but it does
not seem to be based on strong fundamentals.

This paper analyzes changes in the allocation of child labor within the household in reaction to exogenous
shocks created by a social program in Nicaragua. The paper shows that households that randomly received a
conditional cash transfer compensated for some of the intra-household
differences, as they reduce child labor more for older boys who used to work more and for boys that were
further behind in school. The results also show that households that randomly received a productive
investment grant targeted at women, in addition to the basic conditional cash transfer benefits, show an
increased specialization of older girls in nonagricultural and domestic work, but no overall increase in girls’
child labor. The findings suggest that time allocation and specialization patterns in child labor within the
household are important factors to understand the impact of a social program.
La relación entre las variables macroeconómicas y la distribución del ingreso ha sido ampliamente estudiada
alrededor del mundo (Shultz (1969); Metcalf (1969); Beach (1977); Blinder y Esaki (1978); Buse (1982); Blank
y Blinder (1985); Nolan (1989); Blejer y Guerrero (1990); Bjorklund (1991); Silber y Zilberfarb (1994); Jantti
(1994) y Mocan (1995,1999)). Dichas investigaciones difieren principalmente en los datos y la especificación
utilizada, pero en términos generales han consistido en estimar regresiones entre la fracción del ingreso
total que posee cada quintil, o medidas agregadas de desigualdad como por ejemplo el Coeficiente de Gini, y
un conjunto de variables independientes que miden los ciclos económicos, principalmente la tasa de
desempleo y la inflación.

We provide country-specific estimates of the effect of macroeconomic shocks on infant mortality for a
sample of mainly middle-income countries. In most countries, infant mortality appears to be procyclical or
acyclical. Only when shocks to GDP are very deep, 15 percent or larger, are they consistently associated with
higher mortality.

Secure property rights are considered a key determinant of economic development. However, evaluation of
the causal effects of land titling is a difficult task. Since 2004, the Brazilian government, through a program
called "Papel Passado", has issued titles to more than over 85,000 families and has the goal to reach
750,000. Another topic in public policy, that is crucial for developing economies is child labor force
participation. In Brazil, about 5.4 million children and teenagers between 5 and 17 years old are working full
time. This paper examines the direct impact of securing a property title on child labor force participation. In
order to isolate the causal role of ownership security, this study uses a comparison between two close and
similar communities in the City of Osasco case (a town with 650,000 people in the São Paulo metropolitan
area). The key point of this case is that some units participate in the program and others do not. One of
them, Jardim Canaã, received land titles in 2007; the other, Jardim DR, given fiscal constraints, will not be
part of the program until 2012, and for that reason became the control group. Estimates, generated using
difference-in-difference econometric technique suggest that titling results in a substantial decrease in child
labor force participation for the families that received the title compared with the others. This findings are
relevant for future policy tools for dealing with informality and how it affects economic growth.

This paper is focused on the quantification of the educational inequality at the public elementary level in
Argentina using different measures to study the subject. As motivation, we start by presenting the
coefficient of variation of the quality of the schools which is not irrelevant since it is between 0.10 and 0.25
when 0.10 is generally used as a benchmark. The Theil index is then offered to provide a decomposition of
the inequality found, since it allows separating the inequality between and within the provinces, the
governmental units ordered to finance primary education; the results obtained show that more than 84% of
inequality is due to differences within the jurisdictions. Last but not least, regression based measures and
the concentration index are used to search for unfair situations, by analyzing the relationship existing
between the educational quality and factors socially considered unacceptable. In this sense, the results
showed that in most cases there is a positive association which indicates the lack of equality of educational
opportunities.

What do we know about inequality in educational attainment across Argentina's provinces?

To answer this question we present the Education Gini coe cient for the ve-year period 2002-
2007. We also applied a decomposition analysis that captures gender gap's contribution to
overall educational inequality. Using microdata, we document the following main results. First,
educational Gini has declined in almost all provinces. Second, although there are no important
di erences in average years of schooling across provinces, high disparities exist with respect to
education Gini. Buenos Aires City shows an advantage position, especially in relation to the
Northeast region of the country, and particularly Posadas city.
This paper descriptively examines the private coping mechanisms and the government policy responses
adopted in Chile during the downturn that began in 1998-1999. The crisis arose as a result of several
external shocks. However, there is evidence that the adjustment policy response to the crisis exacerbated
the effects of the 1998 external shocks. The inability to achieve a balanced mix of monetary and fiscal
policies, in conjunction with some inflexibility in labor markets, resulted in a costly adjustment, with high and
persistent unemployment. However, fiscal discipline and the strong public institutions developed before the
crisis alleviated the impact of the downturn in comparison to the other affected countries in the LAC region.
The increase in the labor force participation of household members (other than the head) appears to be one
of the private coping mechanisms used during the crisis. The government adopted a mix of direct and
indirect mployment programs that are still operative. There are some institutional factors and
administrative limitations that influenced the particular response adopted. Although the recovery of
employment has become evident and the economic situation has notably improved, the government has
maintained and even increased employment programs during 2004-2005. This expands the discussion
towards the ideal design of public employment programs for Chile, in the context of a permanent safety net
policy.

To examine nutrient intake among Argentinean children, we used OLS and quantile regression -a method
suited for characterizing the entire distribution of intake. The dietary data were obtained from the National
Survey on Nutrition and Health (2005). The results suggest that the OLS method gives an incomplete picture
of the responsiveness of the nutrition intake because for key household characteristics such as income,
education of household head, household size and food assistance program participation, the marginal
effects at the tails of the intake distribution of some nutrients are often quite different from those at the
mean. This has important implications for targeting nutrition promotion programs and expenditures.

El objetivo de este trabajo es identificar las características de aquellos hogares argentinos que permitieron
que su bienestar mejore más que el promedio de la sociedad en el proceso de expansión macroeconómico
acaecido entre 2003 y 2007. A partir de datos de panel provenientes de la Encuesta Permanente de Hogares
para el período bajo estudio, encontramos que aquellos hogares con una mayor proporción de miembros
ocupados, cuyo jefe de hogar es mujer, joven y empleado permanentemente en el sector privado y están
situados en la Patagonia pudieron aprovechar mejor las oportunidades que les brindó la macroeconomía.

ver paper, no hay abstract

The Costa Rican economy is on the intermediate level within the countries included in the comparison
below. It is hoped the results could bring about interest among the policy-makers and other agents related
to national health system, in order to deepen and broaden their action to reach public policies geared
toward health and welfare improvements. The situation of the poor people is a major concern.
Furthermore, it should help explaining the behavior of health perception held by Costa Ricans and their
differences by age and gender.
Do individuals have biased perceptions of inequality, and systematically perceive that they are poorer or
richer than they actually are? Does this potential bias affect attitudes towards edistributive policies? Could
information about their real position in the income distribution modify these attitudes? We study the
relationship between perceptions of inequality, based on the subjective evaluation of an individual’s position
in the income distribution, her real position in the distribution, and her preferences for redistribution. While
previous studies have concentrated either on the presence of biases in subjective evaluations of relative
well-being, or on inequality and preferences for redistribution, the contribution of this paper is to bridge the
two issues by studying the relationship between these biases and preferences for redistribution. The paper
presents a theoretical model that explains how systematic biases in the self-perception of income rankings
can arise. The theoretical model suggests that poor (rich) people tend to overestimate (underestimate) their
relative income and underestimate (overestimate) social welfare, and that such misperceptions translate
into biases in preferences for redistribution. Finally, we present some results from the Survey on Inequality
Perceptions and Redistribution, which was designed specifically to test the implications of this model.

This paper examines the e ect of labor market opportunities on schooling-employment decisions in 12 urban
areas in Argentina over 12 years, emphasizing the recession/crisis years 1998-2002. The efects of
macroeconomic swings on schooling decisions are examined with a focus on whether the income or
substitution e ect dominates as macroeconomic conditions change. I demonstrate that over \typical" years
deteriorating job rates increase the probability of attending school and ecrease the probability of combining
work and school, particularly for boys. After controlling for household and individual characteristics I nd that
the probability of being in school for secondary school children was about 6 percentage points higher in
2002 than in 1998 (before the recession started). In fact, a 10percent decrease in the job rate alone has
been responsible for a 5.4 percentage point rise in the probability of school attendance since 2000. This
substitution e ect becomes positive in 2002. These estimates allow for the fact that a new Federal Education
Law (FEL) in 1996 extended mandatory education to 10 years and might have a ected schooling outcomes.

Since the end of the nineties, like in most of the Latin American Countries, Uruguay has observed a trend
toward inequality. In order to explain the increasing inequality, prior research focused on several topics like
trade openness and market labor policies (like minimum wage reduction or a tax reform) in the last decade.
We analyze the impact of the increase in the minimum wage for the period 2004-2005 (in where the
minimum wage increase 82% in real terms) on the wage distribution by applying the DiNardo, Fortín and
Lemieux semi-parametric approach. We do not find significant effect of the increase of the minimum wage.
The counterfactual distribution, that is, the wage distribution if no increase in the minimum wage is
observed is similar to the actual one. To analyze whether exist “employment effect” we follow the
procedure suggested by Stewart (2004) and Stewart and Swaffield (2006), which consists of a difference-in-
difference estimator based on propensity score matching. We find a negative employment effect form males
living outside of the capital Montevideo.

An empirical analysis of the education/wage curve in the Brazilian states shows the S-shape of that function.
When introducing that function in a dynamic programming problem of school choice, a non-concave
problem arises and we find multiplicity of stationary state equilibria. Some of them are unstable but others
present local stability. This may explain the persistence of several education levels in the long run of the
economy. We also analyze the sensitivity of these stationary states to changes in the cost of education. We
do this to evaluate the impact of changes in the wage structure of public educational policies.
We are not seeing faster progress against poverty amongst the poorest developing countries. Yet this is
implied by widely accepted “stylized facts” about the development process. The paper tries to explain what
is missing from those stylized facts. Consistently with models of economic growth incorporating borrowing
constraints, the analysis of a new data set for 100 developing countries reveals an adverse effect on
consumption growth of high initial poverty incidence at a given initial mean. A high incidence of poverty also
entails a lower subsequent rate of progress against poverty at any given growth rate (and poor countries
tend to experience less steep increases in poverty during recessions). Thus, for many poor countries, the
growth advantage of starting out with a low mean (“conditional convergence”) is lost due to their high
poverty rates. The size of the middle class—measured by developing-country, not Western, standards—
appears to be an important channel linking current poverty to subsequent growth and poverty reduction.
However, high current inequality is only a handicap if it entails a high incidence of poverty relative to mean
consumption.

This paper addresses the question: Why and how does an education system fail to provide its students with
quality education? In order to get answers, schools are one of the first places to look for. In Paraguay
education quality is not constrained by the amount of expenditure because the country is spending a larger
share of GDP than other Latin American countries and teachers’ salary levels or expenditure per student are
also over the Latin American average. However, qualifications of teachers, their performance in classroom,
quality of textbooks and materials and motivational aspects of pupil seem to set up a mix which drives to
poor educational quality. We propose to estimate the impact of the different vectors on schooling
achievements (Glewwe and Kremer, 2005) as a whole and in a second approach via quantile estimations
(quantiles of levels of achievements). Quantile regressions will indicate whether each explanatory variable’s
changes along the score’s distribution or not. Learning achievement indexes can be ranked by school
stratification. If we do so, we are able to analyze to what extent the differentiation by schools and by socio-
economic sectors contribute to score’s inequality. To do that, we use an inequality measure, traditionally
used to measure income inequality. Regarding inequality we find that improving the impact of our selected
variables would have a positive effect on scores and additionally reduce inequality if this happens for low
income quantiles but not for higher ones.

This paper aims to measure the degree of income mobility in Brazil in the 1987-2005 period. To achieve that,
we consider the axiomatic mobility approach and the dynamic tool suggested by Aebi et al. (1999). The
transition probability matrix calculations and the mobility index indicate that Brazil has low intragenerational
income mobility, suggesting that Brazilian social structure is relatively rigid.
referee