INDEX

S.N
O CONTENT PAGE NO
1
Topic to be covered for
supportive learner

I!portant "or!ula for

Nu!erical
#
#
S$ort Ans%er &uestions ' 1
(ar) *
+,-
+
S$ort Ans%er &uestions '. #
(ar)*
/,0
1
2on3 Ans%er &uestions 1,#
4
5ots '5i3$er Order t$in)in3
s)ills*
+,1
-
&6ESTIONS 7AN8 4
Topic to be covered for supportive learner 9,
'*
ATOMS
Schematic arrangement of the Geiger-marasden experiment.
Alpha partical scattering and Rutherford model.
Bhors Postulate (statements only)
nergy le!els in hydrogen atoms
"ine spectra of hydrogen atoms.
Summary gi!en in #.$..R.% text &oo'.
NUCLEI
(sotopes) iso&ars) isotones.
*ass defect.
*ass energy relation.
Binding per nucleon +mass num&er graph.
Potential energy of nucleons + seprations of nucleon graph.
Radio acti!e decay la,.

#- #
.
e
-/t
0alf life )mean life and decay constant and their relation
%
1+2
- log
2
- log
2

Radio acti!e decay
Alpha decay) &eta decay) gamma decay.
#uclear fission and fusion Reaction
'#*
Important Formula for Numerical 9,
1 Nucleus consist of protons and neutrons.
Nucleus of protons in a nucleus :X
A
is ; and nu!ber of neutrons .N <A,;
Radius of Nucleus 9, =< =
0
A
1>#
%$ere =
0
< 1. ? 10
,11
!
# Density of Nuclear Matter 9, D
n
< 10
1-
)3>!
#
4 Einstein s Mass Energy Equivalence Relation is E <!c

1a!u <1u <@#1 (eA

1.Mass Defect <!ass of nucleons in 3iven nucleus B!ass of nucleus
<;!
p
C 'A , ; *!
n
B (
nucleus
4.Ruterford !"oddy formula 9,
'i* Nu!ber of ato!s undecaDed after ti!e t
N<N
0
e
,Et
'i* N>N
0
<F1>G
n
H$ere n < tIT is nu!ber of $alf lives.
-# Relation bet$een alf !life %T& mean life % & and disintegration constant %' &
is
<1>E and T < 0.4@# < 0.4@#>E
/. Displacement (a$s9
'i* "or J ,particle :X
A
:,

K
A,+
C

5e
+
'ii* "or L , particle :X
A
:C1
K
A
C
,1
L
0
C M
'iii* "or 3a!!aB raD :X
A
:X
A
C N
@. In nuclear )ssion a $eavD nucleus brea) into li3$ter nuclei .NearlD 0.1 O !ass is
converted into ener3D .In eac$ Pssion of
@
6
#1
%it$ slo% neutron 00 (eA ener3D is
released .
10 In nuclear fusion t%o li3$ter nuclei co!bine to for! a $eavD and 0.- O !ass is
converted into ener3D .
6NIT<AIII
*T+M" *ND N,-(EI %4&
&uestion ban) for t$e supportin3 learner
AerD S$ort ans%er &uestions 9, '1 (ar)*
&9,1 A!on3 alp$a .beta and 3a!!a radiations .%$ic$ 3et aQected bD electric
Peld R
Ans Alp$a and beta radiations are c$ar3ed .so t$eD are aQected bD electric Peld.
&9, H$at %ill be ratio of t%o nuclei of !ass nu!bers A1 and AR
Ans =adius of nucleus =<=
0
A
1>#
1>#

&9,# Co!pare t$e radii of t%o nuclei nu!bers 1 and - respectivelDR
Ans 1>#

< '1> - *
1>#
< 1>#
&9,+ H$at is t$e nuclear radius of
11
"e if t$at of
-
Al is #.4 fer!iR
Ans Nuclear radius .=< =
0
A
1>#
= A
1>#

'=
"e
>=
Al
* < 'A
"e
>A
A2
*
1>#
< '11> -*
1>#

=
"e
< ' 1># * =
Al
< '1>#* ? #.4 < 4.0 fer!i
&9,1 Assu!in3 t$e nuclei to be sp$erical in s$ape .$o% does t$e surface area of a
nucleus of
!ass nu!ber A1 co!pare %it$ t$at of a nucleus of !ass nu!ber AR
Ans =adius of nucleus of !ass nu!ber A is
=< =
0
A
1>#

Surface area of t$e nucleus . S< + S=

=

'S
1
>S

* < '=
1
>=

*

< 'A
1
>A

*
>#
'1*
&9,4 H$at is t$e ratio of nuclear densities of t$e t%o nuclei $avin3 !ass nu!ber in
t$e ratio 19+R
Ans Nuclear DensitD is independent of !ass nu!ber so ratio of nuclear densitD is
191.
&9,- H$at $appens to t$e neutron to proton ratio after t$e e!ission of J,particleR
Ans Neutron to proton ratio increases after t$e e!ission of J,particle .
&9,/ T%o nuclei $ave !ass nu!ber in t$e ratio of 9 1 . H$at is t$e ratio of t$eir nuclear
densities R
Ans Nuclear densitD in independent of !ass nu!ber .so ratio of nuclear densities is 191
&9,@ H$ic$ $as 3reater ioni:in3 particle 9 J,particle or L,particle .
Ans J,particle $as 3reater ioni:in3 po%er t$an L,particle.
&9,10 H$at is t$e difference bet%een an electron and a L,particleR
Ans L,particle are si!plD verD fast !ovin3 electrons. T$e specific c$ar3e of electron
is $i3$er t$an t$at of L,
particle.
&9,11 H$D do J,particle $ave $i3$ ioni:in3 po%erR
Ans J,particle are $eavier .t$eD !ove slo%lD T so posses lar3e !o!entu! .Due to
t$is propertD t$eD co!e in
contact %it$ lar3e nu!ber of particles T so t$eD possess $i3$ ioni:in3 po%er .
&9,1 A nucleon of !ass nu!ber A . $as a defect U! .Give t$e for!ula .for t$e bindin3
ener3D per nucleon . of
t$is nucleus .
Ans 7.E per nucleon . 7
n
< Total bindin3 ener3D < V!.c

Nu!ber of nucleon A
H$ere W is t$e speed of li3$t in vacuu!.
&9,1# T$e bindin3 ener3D per nucleon of t$e t%o nuclei A and 7 are + (eA and / ,
(eA .H$ic$ of acco!panied
bD release of ener3D .H$ic$ of t$e t%o nucleus is !ore stableR
Ans T$e nucleus '7* $avin3 lar3er bindin3 ener3D is !ore stable.
34-15 6our nuclei of an element fuse together to form a hea!ier nucleus .(f the process is accompanied &y release
of energy ),hich of the t,o the parent or the daughter nucleus ,ould ha!e a higher &inding energy +nucleon
7
Ans %he daughter nucleus ,ill ha!e higher &inding energy per nucleon .
34-18 #ame the reaction responsi&le for energy production in the sun
Ans 6usion reaction.
(9)
34-19 :rite a typical nuclear reaction in ,hich a large amount of energy is released in the process of num&er
6ission7
Ans #uclear fission reaction is
;2<
2=8
> .n
1
89Ba
151
> =9?r
;2
> =( .n
1
) > 2..*e@
34-1A :rite any one eBuation representing nuclear fusion reaction7
Ans Buation of fusion reaction
10
2
> 10
2
10
=
> 10
1
>5..*e@
34-1C Gi!e the mass num&er and atomic num&er of elements on the right hand side of the decay process7
C9Ru
22.
Po > 0e
Ans %he complete eBuation representing mass num&er and atomic num&er is gi!e &elo,
C9Ru
22.
C5Po
219
> 2 0e
5
6or polonium D-C5)A -219
6or helium ( J,particle *; < .A <+ .
&9, 1@ State condition for controlled c$ain reaction in a nuclear reactor R
Ans In nuclear Pssion .t%o or t$ree neutron are released per Pssion .If on t$e avera3e
one neutron causes
furt$er . t$e c$ain reaction is said to be controlled .
&9,0 Na!e t$e absorbin3 !aterial used to control t$e reaction rate of neutron in a
nuclear reactorR
Ans Cad!iu! is t$e absorbin3 !aterial for neutrons produced in a nuclear reactor.
&9,1 H$at a percenta3e of a 3iven !ass of a radioactive substance %ill be
undecaDed after four $alf periodsR
Ans Percenta3e of !ass of radioactive substance undecaDed after n<+ $alf Blives
< ' X *
+
? 100O < 100>14 < 4.1O
&9, Hrite t$e nuclear decaD process for nuclide L,decaD of
11
P
#
R
Ans
11
P
#
14
S
#
C ,
1
e
0

C
v 'Antineutrino *
'-*
&9,# DePne t$e ter! activitD of a radio nuclide .Hrite its S.I 6nit .
Ans ActivitD to t$e radionuclide is dePned as t$e rate disinte3ration of 3iven
radioactive sa!ple . It is
proportional to t$e nu!ber of undecaDed radio nuclides in t$at sa!ple.
It is denoted = < . Its S.I unit is 7ecYuarel .
&9,+ If t$e nucleon a nucleus are separated far apart fro! eac$ ot$er.t$e su! of !asses
of all t$ese nucleons is lar3er t$an t$e !ass of t$e nucleus .%$ere does t$is !ass
diQerence co!e fro!R
Ans Accordin3 to !ass Bener3D eYuivalence relation E < !c

. t$is !ass diQerence in

nucleus re!ain in t$e for! bindin3 ener3D . H$en nucleon are separated t$is
bindin3 ener3D of nucleus is converted into !ass.
&91 T$e radioactive isotope D BdecaDs accordin3 to t$e seYuence .
D
J
D
1
L

D

If t$e !ass nu!ber and ato!ic nu!ber of D

are 1-4 and -1 respectivelD .%$at is

t$e
I. (ass nu!ber
II. Ato!ic nu!ber .of DR
Ans T$e seYuence is represented as
:
D
A



J

:,
D
1
A,+ L
:,1
D

A,+
I. Given A,+ < 1-4 !ass nu!ber of D. A <1/0
II. ; ,1 <-1 ato!ic nu!ber of D. ; <-
34-29 :rite t,o characteristic features of nuclear force ,hich distinguish it from $oulom&s force 7
Ans $haracteristic features of #uclear 6orce4
1. #uclear 6orce are short range attracti!e force (range 2 to = fm ) ,hile $oulom&s force has range
upto infinity and may &e attracti!e or repulsi!e.
2. #uclear forces are charge independent forces E ,hile $oulom& force acts only &et,een charged
particle .
(C)
S$ort Ans%er &uestions9, ' . # (ar)s*
&9,1 T$e traZectories .traced bD different [ Bparticles. in Gei3er B(arsden
e?peri!ent %ere observed as s$o%n in t$e
P3ure .
'a*H$at na!es are 3iven to t$e sD!bols \ b] and \^] s$o%n $ere .
'b* H$at can %e saD about t$e value of b for '1* \^]<0
0
'ii* \^]<S radians.


^
b
0 Tar3et nucleus
Ans (a) %he sym&ol F& represents impact parameter and \^] represents t$e scatterin3 an3le .
'b* H$en \^]<0
0
.t$e i!pact para!eter %ill be !a?i!u! and represent t$e ato!ic
si:e .
(c) :hen \^] < S radians .t$e i!pact para!eter \b] %ill be !ini!u! and represent t$e
nuclear si:e .
&9, DePne ioni:ation ener3D .H$at is its value for $Ddro3en ato!R
Ans T$e !ini!u! ener3D reYuired to re!oved an electron fro! ato! to inPnitelD
for a%aD is called t$e ioni:ation ener3D.
T$e ioni:ation ener3D for $Ddro3en ato! is 1#.4 eA.
&9,# Define $alf ,life of a radioactive sa!ple .%$ic$ of t$e follo%in3 radiations 9 J BraDs .L
BraDs and N,raDs
'i* Are similar to G-rays
'ii* Are easily a&sor&ed &y matter
'iii* %ra!el ,ith the greatest speed
'iv* Are similar in nature to cathode rays 7
Ans 0alf Hlife 4 %he half Hlife of a radioacti!e sample is defined as the time in ,hich the mass of sample is left
one half of the original mass.
'i* N,raDs are si!ilar to G-rays
'ii* J BraDs are easilD absorbed bD !atter .
'iii* N,raDs travel %it$ 3reatest speed
'iv* L BraDs are si!ilar to cat$ode raDs .
(;)
34-5 Iefine the term F Acti!ity F of a radioacti!e su&stance .State its S( unit .Gi!e plot of acti!ity of a radioacti!e
species !ersus time. %,o different radioacti!e elements ,ith half li!es %1 and %2 ha!e #1 and #2
(undecayed ) atoms respecti!ely present at a gi!en instant .Ietermine the ratio of their acti!ities at this
instant.
Ans %he acti!ity of a radioacti!e elements at any instant is eBual to its rate of decay at that instant . S.( unit of
acti!ity is BecBuerel . (-1 disintegration +second ). %he plot is sho,n is figure .
Acti!ity R - d# - /# A.
dt
A
A+2
Iecay constant / - loge2+% A+5
. % 2% t
Acti!ity R - ( loge2) #+%
6or t,o elements R1+R 2 - ( #1+#2 ) G ( %2 + %1 )
34-8 %he half Hlife of 9$
15
is 8A.. years. :hat does it mean7 %,o radioacti!e nuclei G and J initially contain an
eBual num&er of atoms .%heir half li!es are 1 hour and 2 hours respecti!ely .$alculate the ratio of their
rates of disintegration after t,o hours7
Ans %he half Hlife of 9$
15
is 8A.. years. (t means that one half of the present num&er of radioacti!e nuclei of
9$
15
,ill remain undecayed after 8A.. years.
#um&er of nuclei J after 2 hour . #x - #. 1
2+1
- #.
2 5
#um&er of nuclei J after 2 hour . #y - #. 1 2+2 - #.
2 2
=adio of rates of disinte3ration
=
?
< No>+ < 1
N
0
>
&9,4 Dra% t$e 3rap$ s$o%in3 t$e variation of bindin3 ener3D per nucleon %it$ t$e !ass
nu!ber .H$at are t$e
!ain inferences fro! t$e 3rap$R E?plain %it$ t$e $elp of t$is plot t$e release of
ener3D in t$e processes
of nuclear Pssion and fusion .
'10*
Ans T$e variation of
bindin3 ener3D per
nucleon versus !ass
nu!ber is s$o%n in
P3ure9,

7indin3
Ener3D @
Per /
Nucleon-
'(eA* 4
1

=
D
"e
1
4
0
1
4
6
#
/

N
2i
-
5

+
#

1
0 0 +0 40 /0 10 1+0 140 1/0 00
0 +0
(ass nu!ber
Inferences fro! 3rap$
1 . T$e nuclei $avin3 !ass nu!ber belo% 0 and above 1/0 $ave relativelD s!all
bindin3 ener3D and $ence t$eD are unstable .
. T$e nuclei $avin3 !ass nu!ber 14b and about 14 $ave !a?i!u! bindin3 ener3D
,1./ (eA and so t$eD are not stable.
# So!e nuclei $ave pea)s .e. 3

5e
+
.
4
C
1
.
/
O
14
T t$is indicates t$at t$eses are
relativelD !ore stable t$an t$eir nei3$bours .
E?planation 9 , H$en a $eavD nucleus 'A _ #1 saD * brea) into t%o li3$ter nuclei 'nuclear
Pssion *. t$e bindin3
ener3D per nucleon increase i.e nucleons 3et !ore ti3$tlD bound .T$is i!plies t$at
ener3D %ould be
released in nuclear Pssion .
H$en T%o verD li3$t nuclei 'A ` 10* Zoin to fro! a $eavD nucleus .t$e bindin3 is
ener3D per nucleon of fused $eavier nuclear !ore t$an t$e bindin3 ener3D per
nucleon of li3$ter nuclei .so a3ain ener3D %ould be released in nuclear fusion .
'11*
&9,- Dra% t$e 3rap$ s$o%in3 t$e variation of bindin3 ener3D per nucleon %it$ !ass
nu!bers .Give t$e reason for t$e decrease of bindin3 ener3D per nucleon for nuclei %it$
$i3$er !ass nu!berR
Ans T$e 3rap$ of t$e bindin3 ener3D per nucleon versus !ass nu!ber a is s$o%n in
P3ure .T$e decrease of bindin3 ener3D per nucleon for nuclei %it$ $i3$ !ass nu!ber is
due to increases coulo!bs repulsion bet%een protons inside t$e nucleus .
/.4
/
7
n

(eA

0 14
A
&9,/ Dra% a plot of bindin3 ener3D per nucleon as a function of !ass nu!ber of a lar3er
nu!ber of nuclei . E?plain t$e ener3D release in t$e process of nuclear Pssion fro! t$e
above plot R +r Dra% t$e 3rap$
s$o%in3 t$e variation of bindin3 ener3D per nucleon . E?plain usin3 t$is 3rap$ . %$D $eavD
nuclei cab under3o PssionR
Ans T$e variation of bindin3 ener3D per nucleon versus !ass nu!ber is s$o%n in P3ure.

7indin3
Ener3D @
Per /
Necloun-
'(eA* 4
1
+
#

1
0 0 +0
40 /0 10
1+0 140 1/0
00 0 +0
'(ass nu!ber*
'1*
Reason for eavy nuclei undergoing )ssion 9, T$e bindin3 ener3D curve
indicates t$at bindin3 ener3D for nucleon of $eavD nuclei is less t$an t$at of !iddle
nuclei . ClearlD .a $eavD nucleus brea)s into t%o li3$ter nuclei .t$en bindin3 ener3D
per nucleon %ill increased in t$e process .T$is process is called nuclear Pssion .
T$us $eavD nuclei under3o nuclear Pssion to ac$ieve stabilitD .
&9,@ 5o% does t$e si:e of nucleus depend on its !ass nu!ber R 5ence e?plain %$D t$e
densitD of nuclear !atter in independent of t$e si:e of nucleusR
Ans T$e radius 'si:e* = of nuclear is related to its !ass nu!ber 'A* as
"e
1
4
0
1
4
6
#
/

N
2i
-
5

=<=
0
A
1>#
%$ere =
0
<1.1 ? 10
, 11
!
If ! is t$e avera3e !ass of a nucleon .t$en !ass of nucleus <!A .%$ere A is !ass
nu!ber .
Aolu!e of nucleus < '+>#* S =
#
< '+>#* S =
0
#
A
DensitD of nucleus < (ass > Aolu!e < #! > + S =
0
#

Nuclear densitD is independent of !ass nu!ber .
&9,10 A radio nuclide sa!ple $as N
0
nuclei at t<0 .Its nu!ber of undecaDed nuclei 3et
reduced to N
0
>e

at t< .
H$at does t$e ter! stand for R %rite t$e ter! of . t$e ti!e interval \T] in %$ic$
$alf of t$e ori3inal nu!ber of nuclei of t$is radio nuclei %ould $ave 3ot decaDed R
Ans is t$e !ean life ti!e of radio nuclei T is t$e $alf Blife period of ratio nuclide .t$e
relation is
<1.++ T i.e (ean life period <1.++ ? $alf life period .
&9,11 E?plain %it$ e?a!ple .%$et$er t$e neutron Bproton ratio in a nucleus in
increases or decreases due to L,decaDR
Ans In L,decaD a neutron is converted into a proton .so t$e neutron B proton ratio
decreases .
EYuation of L,decaD is

:
X
A
:CA
K
CA
C
,1
L
0
C M

@0
T$
#+
@1
Pa
#+
C
,1
L
0
C M
Neutron to proton ratio before L,decaD
< '#+ ,@0 * > @0 <1.40
Neutron to proton ratio after L,decaD
< '#+,@1 * > @1 < 1.1-
So Neutron to proton ratio in L decaD decreases
'1#*
&9,1 H$it t$e $elp of an e?a!ple $o% t$e neutron to proton ratio c$an3es durin3 J B
decaD of a nucleus R
Ans 2et us ta)e t$e e?a!ple of J BdecaD of
@
6
#/
. T$e decaD sc$e!e is

@
6
#/

@0
T$
#+
C

J
+
Neutron to proton ratio before J BdecaD < '#/ ,@ * > @ < 1+4 > @ < 1.1@
Neutron to proton ratio after J BdecaD < '#+ B @0 * > @0 < 1++ >@0 < 1.40
T$is s$o%s t$at t$e neutron to proton ratio increases durin3 J BdecaD of a nucleus .
&9,1# Distin3uis$ bet%een isotops and isobars. Give one e?a!ple for eac$ of t$e speciesR
Ans
Isotopes Isobars
T$e nuclides $avin3 t$e
sa!e ato!ic nu!ber ; but
diQerent ato!ic !ass 'A*
are called isotopes
E?a!ples 9

1
5
1
.
1
5

T$e nuclides $avin3 t$e sa!e

ato!ic !ass 'A* but diQerent
ato!ic nu!bers ';* are called
isobars .
E?a!ple 9,
1
5
#
.

5e
#
&9,1+ Group t$e follo%in3 si? nuclides into t$ree pairs 'i* isotones 'ii* isotopes'iii* isobars R

4
C
1
.

5e
#
.
/0
53
1@/
.
1
5
#
.
-@
Au
1@-
.
4
C
1+

Ans Isotones9,
/0
53
1@/
and

-@
Au
1@-
'sa!e nu!ber of neutrons A,; *
Isotopes 9
4
C
1
and
4
C
1+
'sa!e ato!ic nu!ber *
Isobars 9,

5e
#
and
1
5
#
' sa!e !ass nu!ber *
&9,11 In a radioactive decaD as follo%s
A
C1
e
0
A
1
J A

T$e !ass nu!ber and ato!ic nu!ber of A

are 1-4 and -1 respectivelD .%$at are t$e
!ass nu!ber and ato!ic nu!bers of A
1
and A .H$ic$ of t$ese ele!ents are isobarsR
Ans T$e reaction !aD be e?pressed as

:
X
A

;,1
K
A
C
C1
e
0
C M
;,#
K
1
A,+
C

5e
+
' A * 'A
1
*

' A

*
Given ;,# <-1 ; <-+ and ; ,1 <-#
Also A ,+ <1-4 A <1/0
T$us .!ass nu!bers of A
1
and A are 1/0 eac$
'1+*
T$e ato!ic nu!bers of A
1
and A are -# and -+ respectivelD
T$e ele!ents A and A
1
are isobars.
&9,14 A radioactive nucleus A under3oes a series of decaD accordin3 to follo%in3 sc$e!e9
A J A
1
L
,1
A

J A
#
N A
+
T$e !ass nu!ber and ato!ic nu!ber of A are 1/0 and - respectivelD .H$at are t$ese
nu!bers for A
+
R
Ans T$e decaD sc$e!e !aD co!pletelD be represented as

-
A
1/0
J
-0
A
-4
L
,1
-1
A
1-4
J
4@
A
#
1-
N
4@
A
+
1-
ClearlD .!ass nu!ber of A
+
is 1- and ato!ic nu!ber is 4@.
&9,1- A radioactive isotope D decaDs accordin3 to seYuence
D
0
n
1
D
1
J D

If t$e !ass nu!ber of ato!ic nu!ber of D

are 1-4 and -1 respectivelD .Pnd t$e !ass
nu!ber and ato!ic nu!ber of D .A!on3st D.D
1
and D

do %e $ave anD isobars isotopesR

Ans T$e sc$e!e !aD be represented as
;
D
A

0
n
1

;
D
1
A,1
J
;,
D

A,1
Given ;, <-1 and A ,1 <1-4
< ;<-# and A <1/1
T$e !ass nu!ber of D is 1/1 and ato!ic nu!ber -# .clearlD D and D
1
are isotopes.
&9,1/ Kou are 3iven t%o nuclides
#
X
-
and
#
K
+
'ii* Are t$eD isotopes of t$e sa!e ele!ent R H$D R
'iii* H$ic$ one of t$e t%o is li)elD to be !ore stableR
Ans 'i* T$e t%o nuclides are isotopes of t$e sa!e ele!ents because t$eD $ave t$e sa!e
;.
'* T$e nuclide
#
K
+
is !ore stable because is $as less neutron to proton ratio .
&9, 1@ Derive t$e relation N
t
< N
0
e
,Et
Or
6se basic la% of radioactive decaD to s$o% t$at radioactive nuclei follo% an e?ponential
decaD la%R
Or
State t$e la% of radioactive decaD .If N
o
is t$e nu!ber of radioactive nuclei at so!e initial
ti!e t
0
.Pnd out t$e relation to deter!ine t$e nu!ber N present at a subseYuent ti!e
.Dra% a plot of N as a function of ti!e R
'11*
Ans Radioactive decay (a$9,
T$e rate of decaD of radioactive nuclei is directlD proportional to t$e nu!ber of
undecaDed nuclei at t$at ti!e .
E N
H$ere E .is t$e decaD constant . Suppose initiallD t$e nu!ber of ato!s in radioactive
ele!ents is N
0
and t$e nu!ber of ato!s after ti!e t . Accordin3 to =ut$erford and SoddD
la% .
E N %$ere E disinte3ration constant .
E dt
Inte3ration lo3
e
N < E t CC a'1*
H$ere c is a constant of inte3ration . If N
0
is initial nu!ber of radioactive nuclei .t$en at t
< 0.N< N
0
T so
2o3
e
N
0
<0 C C C < lo3
e
N
0
N
0
Substitutin3 t$is eYuation in '1* .%e 3et N
2o3
e
N

B lo3
e
N
0
< E t
2o3
e
N

> lo3
e
N
0
< E t
N<N
0
e
bEt
t
T$e 3rap$ is s$o%n in P3.
&9,0 Derive e?pression for avera3e life of a radio nuclei .Give its relations$ip %it$ $alf
life R
Ans All t$e nuclei of a radio active do not decaD si!ultaneouslD T but nature of decaD
process is statistical . i.e it can not be stated %it$ certainlD %$ic$ nucleus %ill decaD
%$en .T$e ti!e of decaD of a nucleus !aD be bet%een 0 and inPnitD . T$e !ean of
lifeti!es of all nuclei of a radioactive ele!ents is called its !ean life .It is denoted bD .
E?pression for (ean 2ife 9,
Accordin3 to =ut$erford BSoddD 2a% .rate of decaD of a radioactive ele!ents
=' t * < < E N
'14*
T$erefore .t$e nu!ber of nuclei decaDin3 in bet%een ti!e t and t C dt is
dN < E Ndt
If N0 is t$e total nu!ber of nuclei at t< 0 . t$en !ean lifeti!e
< Total life ti!e of all t$e nuclei < c t. dN
Total nu!ber of nuclei N
0
Also %e $ave N<N
0
e
bEt

< ct E 'N
0
e
bEt
* dt < E ct e
,Et
dt

N
0
As nuclei decaD indePnitelD . %e !aD replace t$e su!!ation into inte3ration %it$ li!its
fro! t<0 to t< i.e.
< E te
,

Et
dt.
Inte3ratin3 bD parts .%e 3et < 1
E

T$us .



< 1
E

i.e t$e !ean lifeti!e of a radioactive ele!ents is reciprocal of its decaD constant .
=elation 7et%een (ean 2ife and 5alf 2ife .
5alf life T < 0.4@#1
E
(ean life < 1
E
Substitutin3 value of E for! '* in '1* .%e 3et
T < 0.4@#1


&91 DePne $alf life of radioactive substance .Establis$ its relation %it$ t$e decaD
constant R
Or
DePne B life of a radioactive sa!ple .6sin3 e?ponential decaD la% obtain t$e for!ula for
t$e $alf Blife of a radioactive in ter!s of its disinte3ration constant>
'1-*
Ans 5alf,life of a radioactive ele!ents is dePne as t$e ti!e in %$ic$ nu!ber of
radioactive nuclei beco!es $alf of its initial value
E?pression for $alf ti!e 9,ti!e radioactive decaD eYuation is
N < N
0
e
bEt
H$en t < T . N

< N
0
a'1*



N
0
< N
0
e
bEt


Or e
,Et
< 1>

Ta)in3 lo3 of bot$ sides
a.'*
, ET lo3
e
e < lo3
e
1, lo3
e

Or ET < lo3
e

T < lo3
e

E
a.'#*
< .#04 lo3
10
< .#04 X 0.#010
E E
or T < 0.4@#1
a.'+*
E
&9, H$at are J Bparticles R In t$e reaction
;
X
A
JCN 3ive t$e ato!ic nu!ber and
!ass nu!bers of KR
Ans J Bparticles are doublD ioni:ed $eliu! ato!s 'or nuclei of $eliu! * .H$en a
radioactive nuclide e!its an are J Bparticles .its !ass nu!ber is reduced bD + and
ato!ic nu!ber bD T so t$e ato!ic nu!ber of K is ;, and !ass nu!ber 'A, +*.
&9,# E?plain %$D is t$e ener3D distribution of L BraDs continuous>
Ans Durin3 L,decaD .a neutron is converted into a proton %it$ t$e e!ission of a L, particle
%it$ an antineutrino

0
n
1

1
P
1
C
1
L
0
C M
T$e ener3D produced in t$is decaD is s$ared bD L,particle and antineutrino T t$erefore L B
particle !aD $ave varDin3 a!ount of ener3D startin3 fro! :ero to a certain !a?i!u!
value.
'1/*
&9,+ In a nuclear reactor 3ive t$e function of t$e 'i* !oderator 'ii* control rods 'iii* coolant
'iv* $eavD %ater .
In t$e reaction
@
P
#4
a
&
1+1
C
#4
=
b
C #'
0
n
1
*
H$at are t$e values of a and b .
Ans 'i* A !oderator slo%s do%n t$e fast !ovin3 neutrons to convert t$e! to t$er!al
neutrons.
'* Control rods absorb e?cess neutrons to control t$e c$ain reaction .
'#* Coolant transfers $eat fro! t$e core of reactor to surroundin3s.
'+* 5eavD %ater in a reactor is used as a !oderator and coolant.
7D conservation of !ass nu!ber
#4 < 1+1 Cb C#?1 b < @
7D conservation of c$ar3e
@ < a C #4 a < 14
&9,1 H$D is t$e $eavD %ater used as a !oderator in a nuclear reactor R
Ans T$e basic principal of !ec$anics is t$at !o!entu! transfer is !a?i!u! %$en t$e
!ass of collidin3 particle and tar3et are eYual . 5eavD %ater $as ne3li3ible absorption
cross Bsection for neutron and its !ass is s!all T so $eavD !olecules do not absorb fast
neutrons Tbut si!plD slo% t$e!.
&9,4 Dra% a 3rap$ s$o%in3 t$e variation of potential ener3D bet%een a pair of nucleon as
a function of t$eir separation .Indicate t$e re3ions in %$ic$ t$e nucleus force is 'i*
attractive 'ii* repulsiveR
Ans Part A7 represent repulsive force and part 7CD represents attractive force .
C 100 (eA
=epulsive
0
,100(eA AttrA Attractive
r 'f!*
&9,- H$D is t$e !ass of a nucleus al%aDs less t$an t$e su! of t$e !asses of
constituents . neutrons and protonsR
If t$e total nu!ber of neutrons and protons in a nuclear reaction is conserved $o% t$en is
t$e ener3D absorbed or evolved in t$e reaction R E?plain R
'1@*
*ns H$en nucleon co!bine to for! nucleus . so!e !ass is converted into bindin3
ener3D in accordance %it$ !ass ener3D eYuivalence relation VE<V!.c

.5ence .t$e !ass of

a nucleus is less t$an t$at of nucleons.
.
nd
/art01 In fact t$e nu!ber of protons and nu!ber of neutron are t$e sa!e before
and after a nuclear reaction .but t$e bindin3 ener3ies of nuclei present before and after a
nuclear reaction are diQerent .T$is diQerent is called t$e !ass defect 'V(*.
V( <F;!
p
C'A,;*!
n
G B(
Einstein]s !ass ener3D relation .E <!c

Can e?press t$is !ass diQerent in ter! ener3D as VE
b
< V(c

.
T$is s$o% t$at if a certain nu!ber of neutron and protons are brou3$t to3et$er to fro! a
nucleus of a certain c$ar3e and !ass . an ener3D VE
b
%ill be released in t$e process .T$e
ener3D VE
b
is called t$e bindin3 ener3D of t$e nucleus .If %e separate a nucleus into its
nucleons %e %ould $ave to transfer a total ener3D eYual to VE
b
.to t$e particles .
&9,/ Dra% a 3rap$ s$o%in3 t$e variation of bindin3 ener3D per nucleon of li3$ter nuclei is
s!all .In diQerent nuclei .E?plain .%it$ t$e $elp of t$is 3rap$ .t$e release of ener3D bD t$e
process of nuclear fusion R
Ans T$e variation of bindin3 ener3D per nucleon verus !ass nu!ber is s$o%n in P3ure.

7indin3
Ener3D @
Per /
Necloun-
'(eA* 4
1
+
#

1
0 0 +0
40 /0 10
1+0 140 1/0
00 0 +0
'(ass nu!ber*
'0*
Energy released during nuclear fusion 01 7indin3 ener3D per nucleon of li3$ter is
s!all .In order to attain $i3$ bindin3 ener3D per nucleon . li3$ter nuclei fuse to3et$er to
for! a $eavier nucleus releasin3 an enor!ous a!ount of ener3D .T$is is converted fro!
!ass defected in t$e process in accordin3 %it$ Einstein \ s !ass ener3D eYuivalence
relation 'E<V(c

*.
&9, @ S$o% t$at t$e decaD rate \=] of a sa!ple of a radionuclide is related to t$e nu!ber
of radioactive nuclei \N] at t$e sa!e instant bD t$e e?pression = <N
Ans "ro! =ut$erford and soddD la%
N<N
0
e
,
Et

DecaD rate = < ,dN < , N
0
', E*e
,Et
"e
1
4
0
1
4
6
#
/

N
2i
-
5

dt
usin3 '1* .%e 3et
=< EN
&9,#0 'a*Dra% t$e ener3D level dia3ra! s$o%in3 t$e e!ission of L,particle follo%ed bD N,
raDs bD a
-
40
Co nucleusR
'b*Plot t$e distribution of )inetic ener3D of L,particle and state %$D t$e ener3D
spectru! is continuous R
Ans 'a* T$e ener3D level dia3ra! is s$o%n in P3ure. 'a*
'b* Plot of distribution is s$o%n in P3. 'b*.
-
Co
40
b, Nu!ber
Of L,particles
per unit ener3D
E
r
< 1.1- (eA
E
r
< 1.## (ev
8inetic ener3D
Of L,particles

/
40
Ni
'a*Ener3D level dia3ra! 'b* Ener3D
distribution of L Bparticles
T$e ener3D spectru! of L,particle is continuous because an antineutrino is si!ultaneouslD
e!itted in L, decaDs T t$e total released in L, decaDs is s$ared L, particle and t$e
antineutrino so t$at !o!ent of sDste! !aD re!ain conserved .
'1*
2on3 Ans%er &uestions9,
&9,1 . Dra% s sc$e!atic arran3e!ent of Gei3er B(arsden e?peri!ent for studDin3 J,
particle scattin3 bD a t$in foil of 3old . Describe briedD .bD dra%in3 traZectories of t$e
scattered J,particle .$o% t$is studD can be used to esti!ate t$e si:e of t$e nucleus R
Or
Describe BGei3er (arsden e?peri!ent . H$at are its observation and conclusionsR
Ans At t$e su33estion of =ut$erford .in 1@11 .5. Gei3er and E. (arsden perfor!ed an
i!portant e?peri!ent called Gei3er B(arsden e?peri!ent 'or =ut$erford \s scatterin3
* .It consists of .
2# "ources of 31particle9, T$e radioactive source poloniu! e!its $i3$ ener3etic alp$a
'J,*particles .T$ere for .poloniu! is used as a source of J,particle .T$is source is
placed in an enclosure containin3 a $ole and a fe% slits A
1.
A

a.. etc. are placed in

front of t$e $ole .T$is arran3e!ent provides a fine of J,particles.
.# Tin gold foil 01 It is a 3old foil e t$ic)ness nearlD 10
,4
! . J,particle are scattered bD
t$is foil .T$e foil ta)en is t$in to avoid !ultiple scattin3 of J,particle .i.e to ensure
t$at J,particle be deflected bD a sin3le collision %it$ a 3old ato!s.
4# "cintillation counter 01 7D t$is t$e nu!ber of J,particle scattin3 in a 3iven
direction !aD be counted .T$e entire apparatus is placed in a vacuu! c$a!ber to
prevent anD ener3D loss of J,particle due to t$eir collisions %it$ air !olecules .
Metod 0 1 H$en J,particle bea! falls on 3old foil .t$e J,particle are scattered due
to collision %it$ 3old ato!s .T$is scattin3 ta)es place in all possible direction .T$e
nu!ber of a particles scatted in anD direction is counted bD scintillation counter.
+bservation and -onclusions0,
%2& (ost of J,particle pass t$rou3$ t$e 3old foil undeflected .T$is i!plies t$at f
!ost part of t$e ato! is $ollo%.
%.& J,particle are scattered t$rou3$ all an3les .So!e J,particles 'nearlD 1 in
000* . suQer scattin3 t$ou3$ an3les !ore t$an @0
0
.%$ile a still s!aller nu!ber
'nearlD 1 in /000* retrace t$eir pat$ .T$is i!plies t$at %$en fast !ovin3 positivelD
c$ar3ed J,particle co!e near 3old . co!e near 3old ato!. t$en a fe% of t$e!
e?perience suc$ a stron3 repulsive force t$at t$eD turn bac) .On t$is basis
=ut$erford concluded t$at %$ole of positive c$ar3er of ato!s is concentrated in a
s!all central core .called t$e nucleus .
T$e distance of closest approac$ of J,particle 3ives t$e esti!ate of nuclear si:e .If
;e is c$ar3e of nucleus E
)
)inetic ener3D of J,particle e c$ar3e on a particle t$e
si:e of nucleus r
0
is 3ive n bD
Note ' "or "i3. please refer N.C.E.=.T Te?t boo)*

E
)
< 1 ' ;e * 'e*

+S
0
r
0

r
0
< 1 ;e

+S
0
E
)
Calculation s$o% t$at t$e si:e of nucleus is of t$e order of 10
,1+
!. %$ile si:e of
ato!s is of t$e order of 10
,10
!T t$erefore t$e si:e of nucleus is about 10
,1+
>10
,10
<
1>10.000 ti!es t$e si:e of ato!
'#* T$e ne3ative c$ares 'electrons* do not induence t$e scatterin3 process. T$is
i!plies t$at nearlD %$ole !ass of ato! is concentrated in nucleus.
'*
&9, State t$e la%s of a radioactive decaD .Deduce t$e relation N<N
0
e
,Et
. s)etc$ a 3rap$
illustrate radioactive decaD .dePne $alf Blife R
Ans Ruterford and "oddy s (a$s of Radioactivity 9,
=ut$erford and SoddD in 1@0 .studied spontaneous disinte3ration of radioactive
nuclei . and on t$e basis of e?peri!ental observation t$eD ca!e to t$e follo%in3
conclusions 9
'i* =adioactive is a nuclear p$eno!enon and cannot be accelerated or related bD
anD p$Dsical or c$e!ical process.
'ii* T$e nuclei of radioactive substances continue to decaD spontaneouslD and
rando!lD .it is not certain %$ic$ nucleus %ill decaD at %$at ti!e . In t$e
process of disinte3ration J , L particles are e!itted alon3 %it$ N,raDs .t$us ne%
radioactive ele!ents are for!ed %$ic$ $ave entirelD ne% c$e!ical and
radioactive properties .
'iii* T$e rate of disinte3ration depends upon t$e ele!ents and for a particular
radioactive ele!ents t$e rate of disinte3ration is directlD proportional to t$e
nu!ber of undecaDed nuclei 'or !ass * of t$e sa!ple present .
Derivation of Formula 9,
Suppose in initiallD t$e nu!ber of ato!s in radioactive ele!ents is N
0
and n
t$e nu!ber of ato!s after ti!e t.
After ti!e t. let dN be t$e nu!ber of ato!s %$ic$ disinte3rate in a s$ort
interval dt . t$en rate of disinte3ration %ill be dN .t$is is also called t$e
activitD of t$e substance >ele!ent.
dt
Accordin3 to =ut$erford BSoddD la%

+r

H$ere E is a constant .called decaD constant or disinte3ration constant of t$e ele!ents .its
unit is s
,1
. Ne3ative si3n s$o%s t$at t$e rate of disinte3ration decreases %it$ increase of
ti!e ."or a 3iven ele!ents > substance E is a constant and is different ele!ents .eYuation
'1* !aD be re%ritten as

Inte3ration lo3e N <,Et CC
H$ere C is a constant of inte3ration
At t < 0 . N < N0
lo3
e
N
0
< C C C < lo3
e
N
0
EYuation '* 3ives lo3
e
N < , Et C lo3
e
N
0
Or lo3
e
N B lo3
e
N
0
< , Et
Or lo3
e
N>N
0
< , Et
'0*
Or N> N
0
e,Et
Or N< N
0
e,Et

Accordin3 to t$is eYuation . t$e nu!ber of undecaDed ato!s >nuclei of a 3iven radioactive
ele!ent decrease e?ponentiallD %it$ ti!e ' i.e !ore rapidlD at Prst and slo%lD
after%ards .*
De)nition of 5alf !(ife
T$us $alf Blife of a radioactive ele!ents !aD be dePne as t$e ti!e in %$ic$ nu!ber of
undecaDed ato!s 'nuclei * of t$at radioactive ele!ents falls to $alf of its initial value .
&9,# DePne t$e ter! 9 $alf Blife period and decaD constant of a radioactive sa!ple .Derive
of relation bet%een t$ese ter!sR
*ns 5alf 1 life /eriod 9 T$e $alf Blife period of an ele!ents is dePned as t$e %$ic$ t$e
nu!ber of radioactive nuclei decaD to $alf of t$is its initial value.
Decay -onstant 01 T$e decaD constant of a radioactive ele!ents is dePne as t$e reciprocal
of ti!e in %$ic$ t$e nu!ber of undecaDed nuclei of t$at radioactive ele!ents falls to 1>e ti!es of
is of its initial value.
Relation bet$een alf ! life and decay -onstant 01 T$e radioactive decaD eYuation is
N< N
0
e
,
Et
H$en t < T. N < N
0
>
N
0
e

,Et


Or e
,ET
< X
Ta)in3 lo3 of bot$ sides
ET lo3
e
e < lo3
e

or ET < lo3
e

E
T < lo3
e

E
< .#04lo3
10

< .#04 X 0.#010

E E
or T < 0.4@#1
E
'#*
&9,+ State t$ree properties of nuclear forces .S$o% t$at t$e densitD of nuclear !atter is
independent of !ass nu!ber A.
Ans 'i* Nuclear forces are t$e stron3est attractive forces.
'ii* Nuclear forces are s$ort ran3ed upto 10
,11
!.
'iii* Nuclear forces are c$ar3e independent .
Density of nuclear matter 9 2et !ass nu!ber of an ele!ents be A a!u.
DensitD .pn < !ass < A X 1.44 X 10
,-
)3
Aolu!e + S=
#
#
=adius of nucleus =<=0A
1>#
< 1. X 10
,11
A
1>#
!eter
P
n
< A X 1.44 X 10
,-
)3 g 10
1-
)3 >!
#
' Order of !a3nitudes *
+># S X '1. ? 10
,11
A
1>#
*
T$is is independent of nu!ber A.
'+*
5+T" %5iger +rder Tin6ing "6ills &
&9,1 Calculate t$e ratio of ener3ies of p$otons produced due to transition of electron of
$Ddro3en ato!s fro! its
'i* Seconds per!itted ener3D level to t$e Prst level .and
'ii* 5i3$est per!itted ener3D level to t$e second per!itted level .
"ol Ener3D of electron in per!itted level
E
n
< , =$c
N

'i* H$en an electron Zu!p fro! second to t$e per!itted ener3D level .
ener3D of p$otons < E

,1 < =$c ' 1>1

B X

* < #>+ =$c

'*H$en an electron Zu!ps fro! t$e per!itted level 'n<* to t$e second per!itted level
'n<*
E ' 1>

, 1> * <=$c
+
=atio E
,1
< #=$c >+ < # T =atio < #91

E =$c >+ 1
&9, So!e scientists $ave predicted t$at a 3lobal nuclear %ar on eart$ %ould be
follo%ed bD \nuclear %inter.] H$at %ould cause nuclear %inter R
Ans T$e radioactive e!itted fro! radioactive substances after t$e nuclear %ar %ill $an3
in t$e at!osp$ere and obstruct t$e solar radiations to co!e on eart$ .t$is %ill cause
t$e nuclear %inter.
&9,# T$e !ass nu!ber of L,particles is $i3$er t$an t$e !ass of electrons obtained bD
ot$er !eans %$ere as L,particles are also electrons .%$D R
Ans T$e speed of L,particles is verD $i3$ %$ile speed of electrons obtained bD ot$er
!eans is s!all $ence t$e !ass of L,particles accordin3 to Einstein \s eYuation .
! < !
0

Is $i3$er t$an ordinarD electron !ass !
0
.
'1*
&9, + State %$et$er t$e follo%in3 state!ent is true or false 9
f L,particles are t$ose electrons %$ic$ are orbitin3 around t$e nucleus .h
Ans T$e state!ents is false T because L,particles are e!itted fro! nucleus due to
disinte3ration of a neutron into a protons accordin3 to eYuation

0
n
1
1
5
1
C
1
L
0
C M
&9,1 H$ic$ is easier to re!ove 9 orbital electron fro! an ato! or a nucleon fro! a
nucleus R
Ans It is easier to re!ove an orbital electron fro! an ato! .t$e reason is t$e bindin3
ener3D of orbital electron is a fe% electron Bvolts %$ile t$at of nucleon in a nucleus is
Yuite lar3e 'nearlD / (eA *. T$is !ean t$at t$e re!oval of an orbital electron
reYuires fe% electron volt ener3D %$ile t$e re!oval of a nucleon fro! a nucleus reYuire
nearlD / (eA ener3D.
&9,4 A 3eneral i!pression e?ist t$at !ass Bener3D interconversion ta)es place in
nuclear reaction and never in c$e!ical reactions .t$is is strictlD spea)in3 . incorrect
.E?plainR
Ans (ass Bener3D interconversion actuallD ta)es place in all reaction Bc$e!ical and
nuclear .7ut in a c$e!ical reaction t$e eQect is about 10
,4
ti!es less t$an in a nuclear
reaction .$ence .in a c$e!ical reaction t$e c$an3es in !asses of initial reactants and
Pnal products are s!all t$at t$eD cannot be observed .
&9,- State t$e process ta)in3 place in t$e follo%in3 situations9
'i* H$en a slo% neutron 3oes suicientlD close to a 6
#1
nucleus .
'ii* H$en a neutron 3oes suicientlD close to a proton.
Ans 'i* H$en a slo% neutron approac$es a 6
#1
nucleus .t$e Pssion of 6
#1
into li3$ter
nuclei ta)es place %it$ t$e e!ission of or # neutron and enor!ous ener3D .
'ii* "usion of neutron and proton to for! deuteron .
T$us .t$e Prst one is nuclear Pssion process and
t$e second one is nuclear fusion process.
&9,/ Neutrons can be slo%ed do%n even bD ordinarD %ater $as $Ddro3en nuclei '
1
5
1
*
$avin3 !ass eYual to al!ost t$at of neutron .T$en %$D $eavD $Ddro3en is used for t$is
purpose in a reactorR
Ans 5Ddro3en nuclei in ordinarD %ater $as 3reater absorption capture for neutrons i.e
$Ddro3en nuclei '
1
5
1
* $ave t$e tendencD to absorb neutron rat$er t$an to slo% t$e!.
T$e eYuation is
1
5
1
C
0
n
1

1
5

C N . On t$e ot$er $and $eavD $Ddro3en nuclei

$ave ne3li3ible absorption capture for neutrons T t$eD slo% t$e! s$arin3 ener3D
fro! t$e! .
&9, @ E?plain $o% radioactive nuclei can e!it L,particles even t$rou3$ ato!ic nuclei do
not contain t$ese particles . 5ence e?plain %$D t$e !ass nu!ber of radioactive
nuclide does not c$an3e durin3 L,decaD .
Ans =adioactive nuclei do not contain electron ' L,particles *. but L,particles are
for!ed due to conversion of a neutron into proton accordin3 to eYuation
0
n
1
1
P
1
C ,
1
L
0
C M
T$e L,particles so for!ed is e!itted
at once .In t$is process one neutron is covered into one proton T so t$at t$e nu!ber of
nucleon of nucleons in t$e nucleus re!ain unc$an3ed T$ence !ass nu!ber of t$e
nucleus does not c$an3e durin3 L,deacD.
'4*
7,E"TI+N" 8*N901
1. Ira, a la&elled diagram of Geiger H *arsden experiment on scattering of K particles.
0o, is the siLe of the nucleus estimated in this experiment.
2. :hich particles constitute the nucleus.
=. Iistinguish &et,een mass num&er and atomic num&er.
5. H$at are isotopes7 Gi!e one example.
8. :hat are isotopes7 Gi!e one example.
9. :hat are iso&ars7 Gi!e example.
A. 0o, is the radius of a nucleus related to its mass num&er7
C. :hat is the ratio of the radii of t,o nuclei of mass num&ers A1 and A2 7
;. 0o, does the nuclear density depend on the siLe of the nucleus7
1.. :ho disco!ered neutrons7 :rite the nuclear reaction.
11. (s free neutron sta&le7
12. :hat is natural radioacti!ity7
1=. Arrange K) M and N rays in order of increasing ioniLing po,er.
15. :hat is the practical unit of rate of decay (acti!ity)7
18. :hat are radioisotopes7
14. A radioactive nucleus under3oes a series of decaDs accordin3 to t$e seYuence
(f the mass num&er and atomic num&er of A
=
are 1A2 and 9;) respecti!ely) ,hat are the mass
num&er and atomic num&er of A7
1A. :rite the important properties of neutrons.
1C. :hat do you mean &y alpha decay7
1;. :hat is &eta decay7
2.. :rite the eBuation of &eta decay of a neutron.
21. :hat are gamma rays7
22. Iefine one roentgen.
2=. :hich part of the atom is responsi&le for radioacti!ity7
25. Arrange alpha. &eta and gamma rays in the decreasing order of their penetrating po,er
28. 6or ,hich of the nuclear radiations a) 1= or a) the path is not affected &y an electric
field and ,hy7
29. (n a !a3netic Peld) the radius of the circular path of M particles is more than the that
of the path of K particles. :hy7
:uided by ; Mr#/#"#Ra$at %/:T /ysics&