Ayurvedic Pharmacopoeia of India-All Volume

THE AYURVEDIC PHARMACOPOEIA
OF INDIA
PART- I
VOLUME I
GOVERNMENT OF INDIA
MINISTRY OF HEALTH AND FAMILY WELFARE
DEPARTMENT OF AYUSH
Contents | Monographs | Abbreviations | Appendices
Legal Notices | General Notices
CONTENTS
Legal Notices
General Notices
MONOGRAPHS
Sl. No. Plant Name Botanical Name
Page No.
(as per book)
1 AJAGANDH (Seed) Cleome gynandra Linn 1
2 AJAMOD (Fri!) A"im le"!o"#yllm ($er%&)
F&'&M&e( )en!#
2
* MALA+, (Fre%# Fri! "l") Em-li.a o//i.inali% Gaer!n& 0
0 MALA+, (Dried /ri!) Em-li.a o//i.inali% Gaer!n& 1
1 2AG'ADHA (Fri! "l") Ca%%ia /i%!la Linn 3
4 A2+A (2oo!) Calo!ro"i% "ro.era (Ai!&) 2&)r& 5
3 A2+A (Lea/) Calo!ro"i% "ro.era (Ai!&) 2&)r& 16
5 ASANA (Hear! 7ood) $!ero.ar"% mar%"im 2o(-& 12
8 A9O+A (S!em -ar:) Sara.a a%o.a (2o%.) DC ;illd 10
16 A9'AGANDH (2oo!) ;i!#ania %omni/era Dnal 11
11 A9'ATTHA ()ar:) Fi.% religio%a Linn& 13
12 ATAS, (Seed) Linm %i!a!i%%imm Linn 18
1* AT<)AL (2oo!) A-!ilon indi.m (Linn) S7 26
10 AT<'<= (2oo!) A.on!m #e!ero"#yllm ;all& E(
2oyle
22
11 )A))>LA (S!em -ar:) A.a.ia nilo!i.a (Linn ) ;illd& E( &
Del &S"& <ndi.a ( )en!# ) )renan
20
14 )+?C, (Fri!) $%oralea .oryli/olia Linn 21
13 )<)H,TA+A (Fri!) Terminalia -eleri.a 2o(-& 24
15 )<L'A (Fri! "l") Aegle marmelo% Corr& 23
18 CAND2A9>2A (Seed) Le"idim %a!i@m Linn& 24
26 C<T2A+A (2oo!) $lm-ago Aeylani.al Linn 28
21 DHNBA+A (Fri!) Coriandrm %a!i@m Linn *6
22 DHTA+, (Flo7er) ;ood/ordia /ri!i.o%a (Linn ) +rA *2
2* E2ACDA (2oo!) 2i.in% .ommni% Linn *0
20 GAM)H2, (2oo! -ar:) Gmelina ar-ora 2o(- *4
21 GO+=?2A (2oo!) Tri-l% !erre%!i% Linn *5
24 GO+=?2A (Fri!) Tri-l% !erre%!i% Linn 06
23 G?D>C, (S!em) Tino%"ora .ordi/olia (;illd&) Mier%& 01
25 G?GG?L? (E(da!e) Commi"#ora 7ig#!ii (Arn&) )#and& 0*
28 G?EJ (Seed) A-r% "re.a!ori% Linn& 00
*6 HA2<D2 (2#iAome) Cr.ma longa Linn& 01
*1 HA2,TA+, (Fri!) Terminalia .#e-la 2e!A& 03
*2 H<FG? (OleoGgmGre%in) Ferla /oe!ida 2egel& 08
** JATMHS, (2#iAome) Nardo%!a.#y% Ia!aman%i DC 11
*0 JT,$HALA (Seed) Myri%!i.a /ragran% Ho!!& 1*
*1 +AM$<LLA (Fri!) Mallo!% "#ili""inen%i% MellGArg& 11
*4 +ECAN2A (S!em -ar:) )a#inia @ariega!a )lme 14
*3 +AF+OLA (Fri!) $i"er .-e-a Linn& /& 15
*5 +ACJA+2, (;#ole "lan!) Solanm %ra!!n%e )rm&/& 18
*8 +ANBS2A (Lea/) Aloe -ar-aden%i% Mill 42
06 +A2AEJA (Seed) $ongamia "inna!a (Linn&) Merr& 4*
01 +A2A',2A (Lea/) Nerim indi.m Mill 40
02 +A2+AJA9KFG< (Gall) $i%!a.ia .#inen%i% )rgo 44
0* +2$SA (Seed) Go%%y"im #er-a.em Linn& 43
00 +A9E2? (2#iAome) S.ir"% :y%oor 2o(-& 45
01 +ETA+, (2oo!) $andan% !e.!ori% %oland&
e(&$ar:in%on
48
04 +HAD<2A (Hear! 7ood) A.a.ia .a!e.# (Linn&/&) ;illd& 36
03 +<2TAT<+TA (;#ole "lan!) S7er!ia .#ira!a ).#&GHam 31
05 +K=CAJ,2A+A (Fri!) Carm .ar@i Linn 3*
08 +?LATTHA (Seed) 'igna nLi.la!a (Linn&) ;al"& 31
16 +?=JHA (2oo!) Sa%%rea la""a C)& Clar:e 34
11 +?JAJA (S!em -ar:) Holarr#ena an!idy%en!eri.a (2o!#)
A&DC
35
12 LA'AFGA (Flo7er )d) SyAygim aroma!i.m (Linn&) Merr
M&$erry&
56
1* LODH2A (S!em -ar:) Sym"lo.o% ra.emo%a 2o(-& 52
10 MADANA (Fri!) Merom"#i% %"ino%a (T#n-) +eay 50
11 M<92EB (Fri!) Foeni.lm @lgare Mill 54
14 NBAG2ODHA (S!em -ar:) Fi.% -engalen%i% Linn 55
13 $=CA)HEDA (2#iAome) )ergenia .ilia!a (Ha7 ) S!ern-& 86
15 $JH (2oo!) Ci%%am"elo% "areira Linn 82
18 $>GA (Seed) Are.a .a!e.# Linn& 80
46 $?NA2NA' (2A+TA) (;#ole
"lan!)
)oer#a@ia di//%a Linn 81
41 SA$TA$A2CA (S!em -ar:) Al%!onia %.#olari% (Linn)2&)r& 83
42 9AJ, (2#iAome) Hedy.#im %"i.a!m Ham &
E(&Smi!#
88
4* SN?H, (S!em) E"#or-ia nerii/olia Linn 166
40 S>+=MA<L (Fri!) Ele!!aria .ardamo6mm (Linn&)
2&)r&
161
41 9?CJH, (2#iAome) Ningi-er o//i.inale 2o(-& 16*
44 S'A2CA$AT2, (Lea/) Ca%%ia ang%!i/olia 'a#l& 161
43 9'ETAJ,2A+A (Fri!) Cminm .yminm Linn 164
45 9'ETA S2<' (2oo!) Hemide%m% indi.% (Linn&) 2&)r& 163
48 TAGA2A (2#iAome) 'aleriana 7alli.#ii DC 168
36 TMALA+, (2oo!O S!em P Lea/) $#yllan!#% /ra!ern% ;e-%!& 111
31 T'A+ ()ar:) Cinnamimm Aeylani.m )lme 11*
32 T'A+$AT2A (Lea/) Cinnamomm !amala ().#G 111
Ham)Nee% P E-erm&
3* ?D?M)A2A ()ar:) Fi.% ra.emo%a Linn 113
30 ?$A+?EC<+ (Seed) Nigella %a!i@a Linn 118
31 'A2?CA (S!em -ar:) Cara!ae@a nr@ala ).#GHam& 126
34 'S (Lea/) Ad#a!oda @ai.a Nee% 122
33 '<DAFGA (Fri!)) Em-elia ri-e% )rm&/& 12*
35 '<JAB (Lea/) Canna-i% %a!i@a Linn 121
38 BA=J, (S!em P2oo!) Gly.yrr#iAa gla-ra Linn 123
56 BA'N, (Fri!) Tra.#y%"ermm ammi (Linn&)
S"rage e( Trril&
128
LEGAL NOT<CES
In India there are laws dealing with drugs that are the subject of monographs
which follow. hese monographs should be read subject to the restrictions imposed
b! these laws wherever the! are applicable.
It is e"pedient that en#uir! be made in each case in order to ensure that the
provisions of the law are being complied with.
In general$ the %rugs & Cosmetics Act$ '()* +subse#uentl! amended in '(,)
and '(-./$ the %angerous %rugs Act$ '(0* and the 1oisons Act$ '('( and the rules
framed thereunder should be consulted.
2nder the %rugs & Cosmetics Act$ the A!urvedic 1harmacopoeia of India
+A.1.I./$ 1art3I$ 4ol. I$ is the boo5 of standards for single drugs included therein and
the standards prescribed in the A!urvedic 1harmacopoeia of India$ 1art3I$ 4ol. I
would be official. If considered necessar! these standards can be amended and the
Chairman of the A!urvedic 1harmacopoeia Committee authorised to issue such
amendments. 6henever such amendments are issued the A!urvedic
1harmacopoeia of India$ 1art3I$ 4ol. I$ would be deemed to have been amended
accordingl!.
GENE2AL NOT<CES
Title - The title of the book is Ayurvedic Pharmacopoeia of
Name of the Drugs - The name given on the top of each monograph of the drug is in
Sanskrit as mentioned in the Ayurvedic classics and/or in the Ayurvedic Formulary of
India Part-I and Part-II !ill be considered official" These names have been arranged in
#nglish alphabetical order" The $atin name %ta&onomical nomenclature' of each drug as
found in authentic scientific literature has been provided in the monograph in the
introductory paragraph" The official name !ill be the main title of the drug and its
scientific name !ill also be considered as legal name"
Introductory Para - #ach monograph begins !ith an introductory paragraph indicating
the part scientific name of the drug in $atin !ith short description about its habit
distribution and method of collection if any"
Synonyms - Synonyms of each drug appearing in each monograph in Sanskrit #nglish
(indi )rdu and other Indian regional languages have been mentioned as found in the
classical te&ts Ayurvedic Formulary of India Part-I and Part-II as procured from the
e&perts scholars of Ayurveda and officials in the field from different states"
Italics - Italic type has been used for scientific name of the drug appearing in the
introductory paragraph of each monograph as also for chemicals and reagents
substances or processes described in Appendi&"
Odour and Taste - *herever a specific odour has been found it has been mentioned
but the description as +odourless, or +no odour, has in many cases been avoided in the
description as large numbers of drugs have got no specific odour" The odour- is
e&amined by directly smelling ./ g of the po!dered drug contained in a package or
freshly po!dered" If the odour is discernible the sample is rapidly transferred to an open
container and re-e&amined after 0/ minutes" If the odour persists to be discernible it is
described as having odour"
The Taste- of a drug is e&amined by taking a small 1uantity of 2/ mesh po!der
by a tip of moist glass rod and applying it on tongue previously rinsed !ith !ater" This
may not be done in case if poisonous drugs indicated in monograph"
Mesh Number - *herever the po!dering of the drug has been re1uired the sieve 3esh
4umber 2/- has been used" This !ill not apply for drugs containing much oily substance"
Weights and Measures - The metric system of !eights and measures is employed"
*eights are given in multiples or fractions of a gramme %g' or of a milligram %mg'" Fluid
measures are given in multiples or fractions of millilitre %ml'"
*hen the term drop- is used the measurement is to be made by means of a
tube !hich delivers in .5 drops 0 gram of distilled !ater at 0/
o
6"
3etric measures are re1uired by the Pharmacopoeia to be graduated at .5
o
6 and
all measurements involved in the analytical operations of the Pharmacopoeia are
intended unless other!ise stated to be made at that temperature"
Identity, Purity and Strength - )nder the heading Identification- tests are provided
as an aid to identification and are described in their respective monographs"
The term Foreign 3atter- is used to designate any matter !hich does not form
part of the drug as defined in the monograph" 7egetable drugs used as such or in
formulations should be duly identified and authenticated and be free from insects
pests fungi micro-organisms pesticides and other animal matter including animal
e&creta be !ithin the permitted and specified limits for lead arsenic and heavy metals
and sho! no abnormal odour colour sliminess mould or other evidence of
deterioration"
The 1uantitative tests e"g" total ash acid-insoluble ash !ater-soluble ash
alcohol-soluble e&tractive !ater- soluble e&tractive ether-soluble e&tractive moisture
content volatile oil content and assays are the methods upon !hich the standards of
Pharmacopoeia depend" The methods for assays are described in their respective
monographs and for other 1uantitative tests methods are not repeated in the te&t of
monographs but only the corresponding reference of appropriate appendi& is given" The
analyst is not precluded from employing an alternate method in any instance if he is
satisfied that the method !hich he uses !ill give the same result as the
Pharmacopoeial 3ethod" In suitable instances the methods of microanalysis if of
e1uivalent accuracy may be substituted for the tests and assays described" (o!ever in
the event of doubt or dispute the methods of analysis of the Pharmacopoeia are alone
authoritative"
Limits for ea!y Metals 8 All Ayurvedic 9rugs %Single/6ompound formulation' must
comply !ith the limits for (eavy 3etals prescribed in individual 3onograph and !herever
limit is not given then they must comply !ith the limits given in *(: publication
;uality 6ontrol 3ethods for 3edicinal Plants and 3aterial-"
Standards - For statutory purpose statements appearing in the API Part-I 7ol" 7
under 9escription those of definition of the part and source plants and Identity Purity
and Strength shall constitute standards"
Thin Layer "hromatogra#hy $T%L%"%& - )nder this head !herever given the number
of spots and <f values of the spots !ith their colour have been mentioned as a guide for
identification of the drug and not as Pharmacopoeial re1uirement" (o!ever the analyst
may use any other solvent system and detecting reagent in any instance if he is satisfied
that the method !hich he uses even by applying kno!n reference standards !ill give
better result to establish the identity of any particular chemical constituent reported to
be present in the drug"
'uantities to be (eighed for )ssays and Tests - In all description 1uantity of the
substance to be taken for testing is indicated" The amount stated is appro&imate but the
1uantity actually used must be accurately !eighed and must not deviate by more than
05 per cent from the one stated"
"onstant Weight - the term 6onstant *eight- !hen it refers to drying or ignition
means that t!o consecutive !eighings do not differ by more than 0"5 mg per g of the
substance taken for the determination the second !eighing follo!ing an additional hour
of drying on further ignition"
"onstituents - )nder this head only the names of important chemical constituents
groups of constituents reported in research publications have been mentioned as a guide
and not as pharmacopoeial re1uirement"
Percentage of Solutions - In defining standards the e&pression per cent %=' is used
according to circumstances !ith one of the four meanings given belo!"
Per cent !/! %percentage !eight in !eight' e&presses the number of grammes of
active substance in 055 grammes of product"
Per cent !/v %Percentage !eight in volume' e&presses the number of grammes of
active substance in 055 millilitres of product"
Per cent v/v %percentage volume in volume' e&presses the number of millilitres of
Per cent v/! %percentage volume in !eight' e&presses the number of millilitres of
Percentage of alcohol - All statements of percentage of alcohol %6.(/:(' refer to
percentage by volume at 0/"/>
o
6"
Tem#erature - )nless other!ise specified all temperatures refer to centigrade %celsius'
thermometric scale"
Solutions - )nless other!ise specified in the individual monograph all solutions are
prepared !ith purified !ater"
*eagents and Solutions - The chemicals and reagents re1uired for the test in
Pharmacopoeia are described in Appendices"
Solubility - *hen stating the solubilities of 6hemical substances the term Soluble- is
necessarily sometimes used in a general sense irrespective of concomitant chemical
changes"
Statements of solubilities !hich are e&pressed as a precise relation of !eights of
dissolved substance of volume of solvent at a stated temperature are intended to apply
at that temperature" Statements of appro&imate solubilities for !hich no figures are
given are intended to apply at ordinary room temperature"
Pharmacopoeial chemicals !hen dissolved may sho! slight physical impurities
such as fragment of filter papers fibres and dust particles unless e&cluded by definite
tests in the individual monographs"
*hen the e&pression parts- is used in defining the solubility of a substance it is
to be understood to mean that 0 gramme of a solid or 0 millilitre of a li1uid is soluble in
that number of millilitres of the solvent represented by the stated number of parts"
*hen the e&act solubility of pharmacopoeial substance is not kno!n a
descriptive term is used to indicate its solubility"
The follo!ing table indicates the meaning of such terms ?-
Descri#ti!e terms *elati!e +uantities of sol!ent
7ery soluble $ess than 0 part
Freely soluble From 0 to 05 parts
Soluble From 05 to @5 parts
Sparingly soluble From @5 to 055 parts
Slightly soluble From 055 to 0555 parts
7ery slightly soluble From 0555 to 05555 parts
Practically insoluble 3ore than 05555 parts
Thera#eutic uses and im#ortant formulations 8 Therapeutic uses and important
formulations mentioned in this Pharmacopoeia are as provided in the recognised
Ayurvedic classics and in the Ayurvedic Formulary of India Part 8I and Part-II"
Doses 8 The doses mentioned in each monograph are in metric system of !eights
!hich are the appro&imate conversions from classical !eights mentioned in )yur!edic
te&ts" A conversion table is appended giving classical !eights of )yur!edic System of
3edicine !ith their metric e1uivalents" 9oses mentioned in the )yur!edic
Pharmacopoeia of India %)%P%I"' are intended merely for general guidance and
represent unless other!ise stated the average range of 1uantities per dose !hich is
generally regarded suitable by clinicians for adults only !hen administered orally"

It is to be noted that the relation bet!een doses in metric and Ayurvedic systems set
forth in the te&t is of appro&imate e1uivalence" These 1uantities are for convenience of
prescriber and sufficiently accurate for pharmaceutical purposes"
The abbreviations commonly employed are as follo!s?
)bbre!iations of technical terms
m 3etre
l $itre
mm 3illimetre
cm 6entimetre
A 3icron %5"550 mm'
kg Bilogram
g Cramme
mg 3illigram
ml 3illilitre
in 4ormal solution
5"/ 4 (alf-normal solution
5"0 4 9ecinormal solution
03 3olar solution
Fam" Family
PS Primary Standards
TS Transverse Section
)bbre!iations used for Languages
Sansk" Sanskrit
Assam" Assamese
Deng" Dengali
#ng" #nglish
CuE" CuErati
Ban" Bannada
Bash" Bashmiri
3al" 3alayalam
3ar" 3arathi
:ri" :riya
PunE" PunEabi
Tam" Tamil
Tel" Telugu
),,*-.I)TIONS /O* P)*TS O/ PL)NTS
6otyledon 6otldn"
Flo!er Fl"
Fruit Fr"
(eart *ood (t" *d"
$eaf $f"
Pseudo-bulb Pseudo-bulb
<oot Dark <t" Dk"
<oot <t"
<hiFome <F"
Seed Sd"
Stem Dark St" Dk"
Stem St"
Tuberous <oot Tub" <t"
*ood *d"
*hole Plant *h" Pl"
1& AIagand#a (Sd &)
AJAGANDH (Seed)
AIagand#Q .on%i%!% o/ !#e %eed% o/ Cleome gynandra Linn& Syn& Gynandro"%i%
gynandra (Linn&) )riLe! (Fam& Ca""arida.eae)R a %!rong %mellingO %ome7#a! /oe!id #er-O
6&4 G 1 m #ig#O /ond a-ndan!ly !#rog#o! 7armer "ar!% o/ <ndia&
SBNONBMS
San%:ri! S $aTgand#Q
A%%ame%e S )#!mlla
)engali S Hr#riaO S#l!e
Engli%# S Dog M%!ard
GIra!i S Tal@aniO D#eli!ala@an
Hindi S Hl#lO Hr#rO +a@alia
+annada S Naram -ele So""O Nayee!la%i
+a%#miri S Gandi )!i
Malayalam S A!nari @ela
Mara!#i S Til@anO )#a!@anO Ma-liO Tila@anaO Til@an!
Oriya S Ana%ori%iaO Ana%ori%a
$nIa-i S )gra
Tamil S Nal @alaiO Nal @elai
Telg S 'amin!aO 'ayin!a
?rd S GG
DESC2<$T<ON
a) Ma.ro%.o"i.
Seed%O %mallO 1G2 mm in diame!erO :idney %#a"edO %r/a.e rog#O dar: -ro7n or
-la.:&

-) Mi.ro%.o"i.
Dar: -ro7nO oilyR nder mi.ro%.o"e %#o7% a nm-er o/ /ragmen!% o/ e"idermi% o/
1
!e%!a .on%i%!ing o/ !#inG7alledO "olygonal .ell%R gro"% o/ .ell%O re%em-ling li:e %!one
.ell%O reddi%#G-ro7n 7i!# nonGligni/ied 7all%R a large nm-er o/ o@alO ronded or
irreglarly %#a"ed "ro!ein -odie%R %!ar.# and .ry%!al% a-%en!&
<DENT<TBO $?2<TB AND ST2ENGTH

Foreign ma!!er No! more !#an 2 "er .en!O A""endi( 2&2&2&
To!al A%# No! more !#an 3 "er .en!O A""endi( 2&2&*&
A.idGin%ol-le a%# No! more !#an 6&0 "er .en!O A""endi( 2&2&0&
Al.o#olG%ol-le e(!ra.!i@e No! le%% !#an 14 "er .en!O A""endi( 2&2&4&
;a!erG%ol-le e(!ra.!i@e No! le%% !#an 3 "er .en!O A""endi( 2&2&3&

CONST<T?ENTS G Fi(ed oilO e%%en!ial oil and oleore%in

$2O$E2T<ES AND ACT<ON
2a%a S +aU
GVa S Lag#O 2W:Xa
'Yrya S 9Y!a
'i"Q:a S +aU
+arma S HZdyaO DY"anaO 'Q!a#araO $i!!alaO 9Wlag#nY
<M$O2TANT FO2M?LAT<ONS G NQrQyaVa CWrVa
THE2A$E?T<C ?SES G GlmaO AXU#YlQO +ZmirogaO +aV[WO +arVaroga
DOSE G 1G* g o/ !#e drg in "o7der /orm&

2
2& AIamoda (Fr!&)
AJAMOD (Fri!)
AIamodQ .on%i%!% o/ driedO aroma!i. /ri!% o/ A"im le"!o"#yllm ($er%&) F& '& M&
e( )en!#& (Fam& ?m-elli/erae)R an annal #er- .l!i@a!ed in And#ra $rade%#O GIara!O
Mad#ya $rade%# and +arna!a:aR .olle.!ed -y !#ra%#ing "lan!% on a ma! and dried in %#ade
or in drying %#ed%&
SBNONBMS
San%:ri! S DY"ya:a
A%%ame%e S )onIamaniO )onaIainO BamaniO AIo7an
)engali S 2and#niO )anyamani
Engli%# S GG
GIra!i S )odi AIamoO AIamo
Hindi S AImdaO AImod
+annada S OmaO AIa@anaO Oma::i
+a%#miri S Fa:#aArO )anIan
Malayalam S Ayamoda:mO Oman
Mara!#i S AImodaO Oo@a
Oriya S )anaIani
$nIa-i S 'alIa7ainO AImod
Tamil S Omam
Telg S NaranIi @am
?rd S AImod
DESC2<$T<ON
a) Ma.ro%.o"i.
Drg .on%i%!% o/ %mallO o@oid /ri!R -l: .olor yello7i%# -ro7nO mainly o..r a%
en!ire .remo.ar"% 7i!# "edi.el a!!a.#ed or de!a.#ed and -i/id %!ylo"odO /ree end% .r@ed
%ome!ime% o..r% a% %e"ara!e meri.ar"%R .remo.ar"% gla-ro%O o@oid !o .oni.alO a-o!
1&1G*&6 mm long and 1&2G2&5 mm 7ideO yello7 !o yello7i%# greenR %e"ara!ed meri.ar"%
-roadly o@oidO more or le%% .r@edO dor%al %r/a.e .on@e( 7i!# /i@e eLally di%!in.!O
longi!dinal "rimary ridge%R a! !#e %mmi! .r@ed %!ylo"odirnO .ommi%%ral %r/a.e
/la!O %#o7ing dar:er and lig#! .olored longi!dinal -and%O /ormer re"re%en!ing !#e
"o%i!ion o/ @i!!ae and @a%.lar -ndle% R odorR aroma!i.R !a%!eO %lig#!ly -i!!er gi@ing a
3
%en%a!ion o/ 7arm!# !o !onge&

-) Mi.ro%.o"i.
Tran%@er%e %e.!ion o/ /ri! %#o7% meri.ar"% 7i!# /or large @i!!ae on dor%al
%r/a.eO !7o on .ommi%%ral %r/a.e and /or "rimary ridge% on dor%al %r/a.eR *G1
%e.ondary oil .anal% "re%en! nder ea.# "rimary ridge and al%o -e!7een ridge%R
.ar"o"#ore "re%en! on .ommi%%ral %r/a.eR e"i.ar" .ell% 7i!# !#in %!ria!ed .!i.leO o!er
7all% dra7n in!o "a"illaeR %!oma!aO anomo.y!i. !y"e "!o *1 in diame!erR me%o.ar"
.on%i%!% o/ "olygonal "aran.#ymaOS 7i!# !#i.:ened and ligni/ied .ell%O mea%ring
*6G42G81. in diame!er 7i!# o@al !o rond "i!%R .olla!eral @a%.lar -ndle% lie -enea!#
e"i.ar"R !ra.#eid% 21G26*G*55 in leng!# 7i!# %"iralO %.alari/orm or re!i.la!e
!#i.:ening%R (ylem "aren.#yma ligni/iedO elonga!ed 7i!# elli"!i.al "i!%O mea%ring
12G115G134 -y 1*G*6G00 large %e.ondary @i!!a. !o7ard% endo%"erm mea%re "!o
12* in 7id!# and !o7ard% "eri"#ery !#e %malle%! @i!!ae mea%ring 150 in diame!er&
$o7derGS#o7% modera!ely !#i.:G7alled .ell o/ e"i.ar" e(#i-i!ing .#ara.!eri%!i.
%!ria!ion% and o..a%ional "re%en.e o/ %!omaO /ragmen!% o/ !ri.#ome% and glandlar #air%O
re!i.la!e "aren.#yma!o% .ell% o/ me%o.ar"O /ragmen!% o/ yello7i%#G-ro7n @i!!aeR
/ragmen!% o/ endo%"erm !#i.:G7alled "olygonal .ell% .on!aining alerone grain and
mi.ro ro%e!!e .ry%!al% o/ .al.im o(ala!e&

Foreign ma!!er (<n.lding /S!al:) No! more !#an 1 "er .en!O A""endi( 2&2&2&
A.idGin%ol-le a%# No! more !#an 0 "er .en!O A""endi( 2&2&0&
;a!erG%ol-le e(!ra.!i@e No! le%% !#an * "er .en!O A""endi( 2&2&3&
'ola!ile oil No! le%% !#an 2 "er .en! @\7O A""endi( 2&2&16

CONST<T?ENTS G E%%en!ial oil and /i(ed oil

4
2a%a S +aUO Ti:!a
GVa S Lag#O 2W:Xa
'Yrya S ?XVa
'i"Q:a S +aU
+arma S 'idQ#YO +a"#a@Q!aIi!O DY"anaO 2.i:Z!O +ZmiIi!O 9Wlag#na
<M$O2TANT FO2M?LAT<ONS G AIamodQr:aO AIamodQdi CWrVa
THE2A$E?T<C ?SES G Ar.iO d#mQnaO GlmaO Hi::QO C#ardiO +ZmirogaO 9Wla
No!eS Tra.#y%"ermm ro(-rg#ianm (DC) S"rage Syn& Carm ro(-rg#ianm )en!#&
Hoo:&/& i% !#e .ommon mar:e! %-%!i!!e

5
*& Amala:i (Fr& Fr!& $l")
MALA+, (Fre%# Fri! "l")
mala:Y .on%i%!% o/ /re%# /ri! "l" o/ Em-li.a o//i.inali% Gaer!n& (Fam&
E"#or-ia.eae)R a %mall or medim %iAed !reeO /ond in mi(ed de.ido% /ore%!%O a%.ending
!o 1*66 m on #ill% and .l!i@a!ed in garden% and #omeyard%&
SBNONBMS
San%:ri! S mala:aO AmZ!a"#alaO D#Q!rY"#ala
A%%ame%e S Amla:O Amla:#iO Amla:#
)engali S AmlaO D#a!ri
Engli%# S Em-li. Myro-alan
GIra!i S Am-alaO Amala
Hindi S AmlaO Aonla
+annada S Nelli:ayi
+a%#miri S Em-aliO Amli
Malayalam S Nelli::a
Mara!#i S An@alaO A@al:a!#i
Oriya S AnalaO Ainla
$nIa-i S AlaO Amla
Tamil S Nelli::aiO Nelli
Telg S ?%iri:a
?rd S AmlaO AmlaI
DESC2<$T<ON
a) Ma.ro%.o"i.
Fri!O glo-o%eO 2&1G*&1 .m in diame!erO /le%#yO %moo!# 7i!# %i( "rominan! line%R
greeni%# 7#en !enderO .#anging !o lig#! yello7i%# or "in:i%# .olor 7#en ma!reO 7i!# a
/e7 dar: %"e.:%S !a%!eO %or and a%!ringen! /ollo7ed -y deli.a!ely %7ee! !a%!e&

-) Mi.ro%.o"i.
6
Tran%@er%e %e.!ion o/ ma!re /ri! %#o7% an e"i.ar" .on%i%!ing o/ %ingle layer o/
e"idermi% and 2G0 layer% o/ #y"odermi%R e"idermal .ellO !a-lar <n %#a"eO .o@ered e(!ernally
7i!# a !#i.: .!i.le and a""ear in %r/a.e @ie7 a% "olygonalR #y"odermal .ell% !angen!ially
elonga!edO !#i.:G7alledO %maller in dimen%ion !#an e"idermal .ell%R me%o.ar" /orm% -l: o/
/ri!O .on%i%!ing o/ !#inG7alled "aren.#yma!o% .ell% 7i!# in!er.elllar %"a.e%O "eri"#eral 4G8
layer% %mallerO o@oid or !angen!ially elonga!ed 7#ile re%! o/ .ell% larger in %iAeO i%odiame!ri.
and radially elonga!edR %e@eral .olla!eral /i-ro@a%.lar -ndle% %.a!!ered !#rog#o!
me%o.ar" .on%i%!ing o/ (ylem and "#loemR (ylem .om"o%ed o/ !ra.#eal elemen!%O /i-re
!ra.#eid% and (ylem /i-re%R !ra.#eal elemen!% %#o7 re!i.la!e %.alari/orm and %"iral
!#i.:ening%R (ylem /i-re% elonga!ed 7i!# narro7 lmen and "oin!ed endR me%o.ar" .on!ain%
large aggrega!e% o/ nmero% irreglar %ili.a .ry%!al%&

Al.o#olG%ol-le e(!ra.!i@e (On dried -a%i%) No! le%% !#an 06 "er .en!O A""endi(
2&2&4&
Moi%!re .on!en! No! le%% !#an 56 "er .en!O A""endi( 2&2&8

CONST<T?ENTS G A%.or-i. a.id and !annin%

2a%a S AmlaO +aXQyaO Mad#raO Ti:!aO +aU
GVa S 2W:XaO Lag#
'Yrya S 9Y!a
'i"Q:a S Mad#ra
+arma S TridoXaIi!O 'ZXyaO 2a%QyanaO Ca:XXya
<M$O2TANT FO2M?LAT<ONS G Cya@ana"rQTa
7
THE2A$E?T<C ?SES G 2a:!a"i!!aO Amla"i!!aO $rame#aO DQ#a
DOSE G 16G26 g o/ !#e drg
1G16 ml o/ /re%# Ii.e

8
0& Amala:i (Drd&Fr!&)
MALA+, (Dried /ri!)
mala:Y .on%i%!% o/ "eri.ar" o/ dried ma!re /ri!% o/ Em-li.a o//i.inali% Gaer!n&
Syn& $#yllan!#% em-li.a Linn& (Fam& E"#or-ia.eae)R mo%!ly .olle.!ed in 7in!er %ea%on
a/!er ri"ening and in +a%#mir in %mmerO a %mall or medim %iAed !reeO /ond -o!# in
na!ral %!a!e in mi(ed de.ido% /ore%!% o/ !#e .on!ry a%.ending !o 1*66 m on #ill%R
.l!i@a!ed in garden%O #omeyard% or gro7n a% a road %ide !ree&
SBNONBMS
San%:ri! S AmZ!a"#alaO mala:aO D#Q!rY"#ala
A%%ame%e S Amla:#iO Amla:#O Amla:
)engali S AmlaO D#a!ri
Engli%# S Em-li. Myro-alan
GIra!i S Am-alaO Amala
Hindi S AmlaO Aonla
+annada S Nelli:ayiO )ela nelliO $o!!adenolli:ayi
+a%#miri S AmliO Em-ali
Malayalam S Nelli::a
Mara!#i S An@alaO A@al:a!#i
Oriya S AinlaO Anala
$nIa-i S AlaO Amla
Tamil S Nelli::aiO Nelli
Telg S ?%iri:a
?rd S AmlaO AmlaI
DESC2<$T<ON
a) Ma.ro%.o"i.
Drg .on%i%!% o/ .rled "ie.e% o/ "eri.ar" o/ dried /ri! o..ring ei!#er a%
%e"ara!ed %ingle %egmen!R 1G2 .m long or ni!ed a% * or 0 %egmen!%R -l: .olor grey !o
-la.:O "ie.e% %#o7ingO a -roadO #ig#ly %#ri@elled and 7rin:led e(!ernal .on@e( %r/a.e
!o %ome7#a! .on.a@eO !ran%@er%ely 7rin:led la!eral %r/a.eO e(!ernal %r/a.e %#o7% a
/e7 7#i!i%# %"e.:%O o..a%ionally %ome "ie.e% %#o7 a "or!ion o/ %!ony !e%!a (7#i.#
%#old -e remo@ed -e/ore "ro.e%%ing)R !e(!re rog#O .ar!ilagino%O !og#R !a%!eO %or
9
and a%!ringen!&

-) Mi.ro%.o"i.
Tran%@er%e %e.!ion o/ /ri! %#o7% e"i.ar" .on%i%!ing o/ a %ingle layered
e"idermi%O .ell a""earing !a-lar and "oygonal in %r/a.e @ie7R .!i.le "re%en!R
me%o.ar" .ell% !angen!ially elonga!ed "aren.#yma!o% and .r%#edO di//eren!ia!ed
rog#ly in!o "eri"#eral 5 or 8 layer% o/ !angen!ially elonga!ed %maller .ell%O re%!
.on%i%!ing o/ mo%!ly i%odiame!ri. larger .ell% 7i!# 7all% %#o7ing irreglar !#i.:ening%R
rami/ied @a%.lar elemen!% o..a%ionally "re%en!R %!one .ell% "re%en! ei!#er i%ola!ed or in
%mall gro"% !o7ard% endo.ar" R "i!!ed @a%.lar /i-re%O 7all% a""earing %erra!ed de !o
!#e "i! .anal%O leading in!o lmen&
$o7derS Fine "o7der %#o7% e"idermi% 7i!# ni/ormly !#i.:ened %!raig#! 7alledO
i%odiame!ri. "aren.#yma .ell% 7i!# irreglar !#i.:ened 7all%O o..a%ionally %#or! /i-re%
and !ra.#eid%&

Foreign ma!!er (<n.lding %eed and %eed .oa!) No! more !#an * "er .en!O A""endi(
2&2&2&

CONST<T?ENTS G A%.or-i. a.id and gallo!annin%

2a%a S AmlaO +aXQyaO Mad#raO Ti:!aO +aU
GVa S 2W:XaO Lag#
'Yrya S 9Y!a
'i"Q:a S Mad#ra
10
+arma S TridoXaIi!O 'ZXyaO 2a%QyanaO Ca:XXya
<M$O2TANT FO2M?LAT<ONS G Cya@ana"rQTaO D#Q!rY La#aO D#Q!ryQdi G#Z!aO
Tri"#alQ CWrVa
THE2A$E?T<C ?SES G 2a:!a"i!!aO Amla"i!!aO $rame#aO DQ#a
DOSE G *G4 g o/ !#e drg in "o7der /orm

11
1& Araga@ad#a (Fr!&$l")
2AG'ADHA (Fri! "l")
rag@ad#a .on%i%!% o/ "l" o-!ained /rom /ri!% (de@oid o/ %eed%O %e"!a and "ie.e%
o/ "eri.ar") o/ Ca%%ia /i%!la Linn& (Fam& Legmino%ae)O a modera!e %iAed de.ido% !reeO
.ommon !#rog#o! <ndia a% 7ild or .l!i@a!ed "lan!O /ri!% .olle.!ed 7#en ri"e&
SBNONBMS
San%:ri! S +Z!amQlaO 'yQd#ig#Q!aO 9am"Q:aO NZ"adrma
A%%ame%e S Sonaroo
)engali S Sondala
Engli%# S <ndian La-rnmO $rging .a%%ia
GIra!i S GaramalaO Garamalo
Hindi S Amal!a%
+annada S Arag@ad#aO +a::eO +a::eGgidaO +a::emaraO +a::edaiO 2aIa!ar
+a%#miri S +riyangal $#ali
Malayalam S +onnaO +ri!amalam
Mara!#i S )a#a@aO GaramalaO Amal!a%
Oriya S Snari
$nIa-i S Amal!a%
Tamil S Sara:onraiO Sara::onnaiO Sara::ondiO S#ara::onrai
Telg S 2ela
?rd S +#iyar S#am-ar
DESC2<$T<ON
a) Ma.ro%.o"i.
Fri!O a many .elledO inde#i%.en! "odO *1G46 .m long and 15G21 mm diame!erO
nearly %!raig#! and %-.ylindri.alO .#o.ola!eG-ro7n !o almo%! -la.: in .olorO "od
%r/a.e %moo!# !o na:ed eyeO -! nder len% %#o7ing min!e !ran%@er%e /i%%re%O -o!#
dor%al and @en!ral %!re% e@iden!O -! no! "rominen!O %#or! %!al: a!!a.#ed !o -a%e o/ /ri!
and ronded di%!al end m.rona!eO "eri.ar" !#inO #ard and 7oodyO /ri! ini!ially di@ided
-y !ran%@er%e %e"!a a-o! 1 mmO a"ar!O ea.# .on!aining a %ingle %eed a!!a.#ed !o @en!ral
%!re -y a long dar:O !#readGli:e /ni.le a-o! 5G12 -y 4G5 mmO .ir.lar !o o@alO
/la!!enedO reddi%#G-ro7nO %moo!#O e(!remely #ard and 7i!# a di%!in.! dar: -ro7n line
e(!ending /rom mi.ro"yle !o -a%eO %eed ini!ially em-edded in a -la.: @i%.id "l"
12
.on%i%!ing o/ -la.:O !#inO %#iningO .ir.lar di%. li:e ma%%e% #a@ing .en!ral de"re%%ion o/
%eed on -o!# %r/a.e% or a% -ro:en "ie.e% ad#ered 7i!# ea.# o!#erO 7#en di""ed in 7a!er
ma:e% yello7 %ol!ion 7#i.# dar:ne%% !o -ro7ni%#Gyello7 !o dar: -ro7nO on :ee"ingO
"l" /ill% !#e .ell -! %#rin:% on drying and ad#ere% !o -o!# %ide% o/ !e%!aO %eed% o/!en lye
loo%e in !#eir %egmen!%O odor /ain!O %i.:lyO !a%!eO %7ee!&

-) Mi.ro%.o"i.



ASSAB

T&L&C&

CONST<T?ENTS G SgarO m.ilageO "e.!in and an!#raLinone&

2a%a S Mad#raO Ti:!a
GVa S Gr
'Yrya S ?XVa
13
'i"Q:a S Mad#ra
+arma S 2e.ana
<M$O2TANT FO2M?LAT<ONS G rag@ad#Qdi +@Q!#a CWrVa
THE2A$E?T<C ?SES G 'i-and#aO ?dQ@ar!aO GlmaO 9WlaO ?dararogaO HZdrogaO $rame#a
DOSE G 1G16 g o/ !#e drg in "o7der /ormR No!eSG T#e mar:e! ma!erial .on!ain% %eed%O
%e"!a e!.&O 7#i.# /orm !#e Foreign Ma!!er and %#old -e %e"ara!ed -e/ore %e&

14
4& Ar:a (2!&)
A2+A (2oo!)
Ar:a .on%i%!% o/ dried roo!% o/ Calo!ro"i% "ro.era (Ai!&) 2& )r& (Fam&
A%.le"iada.eae) /ond 7ild more or le%% !#rog#o! <ndia&
SBNONBMS
San%:ri! S 2a@iO )#QnO Ta"ana
A%%ame%e S A:andO A:an
)engali S A:andaO A:one
Engli%# S Madar Tree
GIra!i S Aa:ado
Hindi S Aa:O MadarO A:a@ana
+annada S E::aO E::adagidaO E::egida
+a%#miri S A.:a
Malayalam S Eri::
Mara!#i S 2i
Oriya S Ara:#a
$nIa-i S A:
Tamil S 'eller::O Er::
Telg S Jilled
?rd S MadarO Aa:
DESC2<$T<ON
a) Ma.ro%.o"i.
2oo!SG rog#O /i%%red longi!dinallyO .or:y and %o/!O e(!ernally yello7i%#Ggrey
7#ile in!ernally 7#i!eO .en!ral .ore .ream .oloredO -ar: ea%ily %e"ara!ed /rom (ylemO
odorO .#ara.!eri%!i.S !a%!eO -i!!er and a.rid&

-) Mi.ro%.o"i.
Tran%@er%e %e.!ion o/ roo! %#o7% o!er mo%! .or: !i%%e .on%i%!ing o/ 0G5 ro7% o/
!angen!ially elonga!ed and radially arranged .ell% /ollo7ed -y *G4 ro7% o/ modera!ely
15
!#i.:G7alledO irreglar .ell% o/ %e.ondary .or!e( de@oid o/ .al.im o(ala!e .ry%!al% and
%!ar.# grain%O .or!e( .om"o%ed o/ large "oly#edral "aren.#yma!o% .ell% .on!aining
a-ndan! ronded %!ar.# grain%O %ome .or!i.al .ell% .on!ain ro%e!!e .ry%!al% o/ .al.im
o(ala!eO %.a!!ered la!i.i/er .ell% 7i!# -ro7n .on!en!%O "#loem .on%i%!% o/ %ie@e elemen!%
and "#loem "aren.#yamaO %ie@e !-e% !#i.:G7alledO .ell% more "rominen! !o7ard% inner
region o/ "#loem !ra@er%ed -y ni !o !e!ra%eria!e medllary ray%O "#loem .ell% .on!ain
.ry%!al% o/ .al.im o(ala!eO %!ar.# grain% and la!i.i/er% %imilar !o !#e%e /ond in .or!e(S
.am-im "re%en! I%! 7i!#in !#e "#loem .on%i%!ing o/ 2G1 ro7% o/ !#inG7alledO
!angen!ially elonga!ed .ell% (ylem /orm% !#e .en!ral "ar! o/ roo! .om"o%ed o/ @e%%el%&
!ra.#eid%O /i-re% and (ylem "aren.#ymaO @e%%el% "re%en! !#rog#o! (ylem region and
arranged radially in gro"% o/ 2G3O %ome!ime %ingle @e%%el% al%o o..rO %ally
.ylindri.al #a@ing -ordered "i!% on !#eir 7all%O (ylem /i-re% longO ligni/ied 7i!# 7ide
lmenO !a"ering on end% and #a@e %im"le "i!% on 7all%O medllary ray% 1G0 %eria!e and
!ri%eria!e in o!er region and ni or -i%eria!e in inner regionS .ell% o/ medllary ray%
radially elonga!edO /illed 7i!# %!ar.# %imilar !o !#o%e "re%en! in .or!i.al .ell%&


ASSAB

T&L&C&

CONST<T?ENTS G Gly.o%ide% (.alo!ro"in)

2a%a S +aUO Ti:!a
16
GVa S Lag#
'Yrya S ?XVa
'i"Q:a S +aU
+arma S +a"#a@Q!a#Z!O DY"anaO )#edanaO +Zmig#naO 'raVa#araO 'iXag#naO
+XU#ag#na
<M$O2TANT FO2M?LAT<ONS G Ma#Q 'iXagar-#a TailaO D#Qn@an!ara G#Z!a
THE2A$E?T<C ?SES G +aV[WO +XU#aO +ZmirogaO GlmaO ?dararogaO 'raVaO 9@Q%a
DOSE G 1G* g o/ !#e drg /or de.o.!ion

17
3& Ar:a (L/&)
A2+A (Lea/)
Ar:a .on%i%!% o/ dried lea@e% o/ Calo!ro"i% "ro.era (Ai!&) 2&)r& (Fam&
A%.le"iada.eae)O /ond 7ild more or le%% !#rog#o! <ndia&
SBNONBMS
San%:ri! S )#QnO 2a@iO Ta"ana
A%%ame%e S A:anO A:and
)engali S A:andaO A:one
Engli%# S Madar Tree
GIra!i S Aa:ado
Hindi S Aa:O A:a@anaO Madar
+annada S E::aO E::adagidaO E::egida
+a%#miri S A.:a
Malayalam S Eri::
Mara!#i S 2i
Oriya S Ara:#a
$nIa-i S A:
Tamil S Er::O 'eller::
Telg S Jilled
?rd S Aa:O Madar
DESC2<$T<ON
a) Ma.ro%.o"i.
S-G%e%%ileO 4G11 .m -y 0&1G5 .mO -roadly o@a!eO o@a!eGo-longO elli"!i. or
o-o@a!e a.!eO "-e%.en! 7#en yong and gla-ro% on -o!# %ide% on ma!ri!y&

-) Mi.ro%.o"i.
Midri- G !ran%@er%e %e.!ion !#rog# midri- %#o7% an ""er and lo7er %ingle
layered e"idermi% e(!ernally .o@ered 7i!# !#i.:O %!ria!ed .!i.leO /e7 e"idermal .ell% on
-o!# %r/a.e% o/ lea/ elonga!ed !o /orm n iG%eria!eO 2G* .elled !ri.#ome%O e"idermal .ell%
18
.-i.al and radially elonga!edO e"idermi% /ollo7ed -y *G5 layered .ollen.#yma on -o!#
lo7er and ""er %r/a.e%O "aren.#yma!o% .ell% !#inG7alledO i%odiame!ri. !o .ir.lar
7i!# in!er.elllar %"a.e% "re%en! in grond !i%%eO %!ele .re%.en! %#a"ed .om"o%ed o/
-i.olla!eral and o"en @a%.lar -ndleO (ylem .on%i%!% mo%!ly o/ @e%%el% and !ra.#eid%O a
%!ri" o/ .am-im "re%en! -e!7een (ylem and "#loem !i%%e%O la!i.i/er% al%o "re%en! in !#e
"#loem and "aren.#yma!o% Aone&
Lamina G dor%i@en!ral 7i!# me%o"#yll di//eren!ia!ed in!o a "ali%ade and %"ongy !i%%eO
""er and lo7er e"idermi% .o@ered e(!ernally 7i!# a !#i.:O %!ria!ed .!i.leO -elo7 ""er
e"idermi% !#ree ro7% o/ elonga!edO .lo%ely arranged "ali%ade "aren.#yma "re%en!O
%"ongy "aren.#yma !i%%e% almo%! radially elonga!ed 7i!# in!er.elllar %"a.e%O .en!ral
.ell% irreglar in %#a"eO la!i.i/er% and @a%.lar -ndle% al%o "re%en! %.a!!ered in !#i%
region


CONST<T?ENTS G Gly.o%ide (Calo!ro"in)

2a%a S +aUO Ti:!a
GVa S Lag#O SaraO Snigd#a
'Yrya S ?XVa
'i"Q:a S +aU
+arma S 'Q!a#Z!O DY"anaO +Zmig#naO 9o"#aO 'raVa#araO 'iXag#naO )#edanaO
9@Q%a#ara
19
<M$O2TANT FO2M?LAT<ONS G Ar:a La@aVa
THE2A$E?T<C ?SES G 9o!#aO +aV[WO +XU#aO 'raVaO +ZmirogaO GlmaO 9leXmodararogaO
$lY#QrogaO ArTaO 9@Q%a
DOSE G 216G316 mg o/ !#e drg in "o7der /orm

20
5& A%ana (H!&;d&)
ASANA (Hear! 7ood)
A%ana .on%i%!% o/ #ear!G7ood o/ $!ero.ar"% mar%"im 2o(-& (Fam&
Legmino%ae)R a modera!e !o large %iAedO de.ido% !reeO "!o *6 m #ig# and 2&1 m in
gir!#O 7i!# %!raig#! .lear -oleO /ond mo%!ly !#rog#o! GIara!O Mad#ya $rade%#O )i#ar
and Ori%%a&
SBNONBMS
San%:ri! S )YIa:aO $Y!a%QraO A%ana:aO )YIa%Qra
A%%ame%e S AaIar
)engali S $iya%alaO $i!a%ala
Engli%# S <ndian +ino Tree
GIra!i S )iyo
Hindi S 'iIaya%araO )iIa
+annada S )iIa%araO A%ana
+a%#miri S Lal C#ander
Malayalam S 'enga
Mara!#i S )i-ala
Oriya S $ia%#ala
$nIa-i S C#andan LalO C#annanlal
Tamil S 'engai
Telg S BegiO 'egi%a
?rd S )iIa%ar
DESC2<$T<ON
a) Ma.ro%.o"i.
Drg o..r% a% irreglar "ie.e% in @aria-le %iAe and !#i.:ne%%O golden yello7i%#G
-ro7n 7i!# dar:er %!rea:%O on %oa:ing in 7a!er gi@e% yello7 .olor %ol!ion 7i!# -le
/lore%.en.e %!rongO !og#O @ery #ardO modera!ely #ea@yO /ra.!reO di//i.l! !o -rea: -!
-ri!!leO !a%!eO a%!ringen!&

21
-) Mi.ro%.o"i.
Tran%@er%e %e.!ion %#o7% al!erna!ing -and% o/ larger and %maller "olygonal .ell%
.on%i%!ing o/ !ra.#eid%O /i-re !ra.#eid%O (ylem "aren.#yma and !ra@er%ed -y (ylem ray%O
nmero% (ylem @e%%el% di%!ri-!ed !#rog#o!O in %ingle% or in gro"% o/ 2G*O %#o7ing
!ylo%e% /illed 7i!# !anninR in i%ola!ed "re"ara!ion%O @e%%el%O drm or -arrel %#a"ed 7i!#
7ellGmar:ed "er/ora!ion rim% and -ordered "i!%R !ra.#eid% nmero%O longO !#i.:G7alled
7i!# !a"ering end% and %im"le "i!%R /i-re !ra.#eid% elonga!edO !#i.:G7alled 7i!# narro7
lmen and %im"le "i!%R (ylem "aren.#yma re.!anglar 7i!# %im"le "i!%O "ara!ra.#ealO
%rronding @e%%el%R (ylem ray% niG!oG-i%eria!eO *G1G3 .ell% #ig#O "ri%ma!i. .ry%!al% o/
.al.im o(ala!e "re%en! in .ry%!al /i-re%O %!ar.# a-%en!&
$o7derS )ro7n !o .#o.ola!e .olorO nder mi.ro%.o"e %#o7% @e%%el% 7i!# -ordered "i!%O
/i-re !ra.#eid%O !ra.#eid%O /ragmen!% o/ (ylem ray% and /e7 .ry%!al /i-re%O %!ar.# a-%en!&


CONST<T?ENTS G Al:aloid% and re%in

2a%a S +aXQyaO +aUO Ti:!a
GVa S Lag#O 2W:Xa
'Yrya S ?XVa
'i"Q:a S +aU
+arma S +a"#a"i!!aTQma:aO GaladoXag#naO +eTyaO T@a.yaO S!am-#anaO
+XU#ag#naO 2a%QyanaO 2a:!aTod#ana
<M$O2TANT FO2M?LAT<ONS G Nyagrod#Qdi CWrVaO A%ana-il@Qdi Taila
22
THE2A$E?T<C ?SES G $QV[O $rame#aO MedodoXaO +XU#aO +Zmiroga
DOSE G 16G166 g o/ !#e drg /or de.o.!ion

23
8& A%#o:a (S!& ):&)
A9O+A (S!em -ar:)
ATo:a .on%i%!% o/ dried %!em -ar: o/ Sara.a a%o.a (2o%e&) De& ;illd O Syn& Sara.a
indi.a Linn& (Fam& Legmino%ae)O .olle.!ed in %"ring /rom ma!reO 7ild or .l!i@a!ed !ree%O
/ond in Cen!ral and Ea%!ern Himalaya%O ;e%!ern G#a!% and De..an&
SBNONBMS
San%:ri! S +a]:eli
A%%ame%e S A%#o:a
)engali S A%#o:a
Engli%# S A%o: Tree
GIra!i S A%#o:a
Hindi S A%#o:a
+annada S A%#o:adamaraO A%#o:amaraO +an:alimara
+a%#miri S A%#o:
Malayalam S A%o:am
Mara!#i S A%#o:
Oriya S A%#o:a
$nIa-i S A%o:
Tamil S A%ogamO A%ogO A%o:am
Telg S A%#o:a"a!!a
?rd S GG
DESC2<$T<ON
a) Ma.ro%.o"i.
)ar: .#annelledO e(!ernally dar: green !o greeni%# greyO %moo!# 7i!# .ir.lar
len!i.el% and !ran%@er%ely ridgedO %ome!ime% .ra.:edO in!ernally reddi%#G-ro7n 7i!# /ine
longi!dinal %!rand% and /i-er%O /ra.!re %"lin!ery e("o%ing %!ria!ed %r/a.eO a !#in
7#i!i%# .on!ino% layer i% %een -enea!# !#e .or: layerO !a%!eO a%!ringen!&
24

-) Mi.ro%.o"i.
Tran%@er%e %e.!ion o/ %!em -ar: %#o7% "eriderm .on%i%!ing o/ a 7ide layer o/ .or:O
radially /la!!enedO narro7 .or: .am-imO %e.ondary .or!e( 7ide 7i!# one or !7o
.on!ino% layer% o/ %!one .ell% 7i!# many "a!.#e% o/ %.lereid%O "aren.#yma!o% !i%%e
.on!ain% yello7 ma%%e% and "ri%ma!i. .ry%!al%S %e.ondary "#loem .on%i%!% o/ "#loem
"aren.#ymaO %ie@e !-e% 7i!# .om"anion .ell% and "#loem /i-re% o..ring in gro"%O
.ry%!al /i-re% "re%en!&

Al.o#ol (86 "er .en!) %ol-le e(!ra.!i@e No! le%% !#an 11 "er .en!O A""endi(
2&2&4&

CONST<T?ENTS G Tannin% and a .ry%!alline gly.o%ide&

2a%a S +aXQyaO Ti:!a
GVa S Lag#O 2W:Xa
'Yrya S 9Y!a
'i"Q:a S +aU
+arma S GrQ#YO 'arVyaO HZdyaO 9o!#a#araO 'iXag#na
<M$O2TANT FO2M?LAT<ONS G ATo:QriXUaO ATo:ag#Z!a
THE2A$E?T<C ?SES G A%ZgdaraO A"a.YO DQ#aO 2a:!adoXaO 9o!#a
DOSE G 26G*6 g o/ !#e drg /or de.o.!ion&
25
16& A%@agand#a (2!&)
A9'AGANDH (2oo!)
AT@agand#Q .on%i%!% o/ dried ma!re roo!% o/ ;i!#ania %omni/era Dnal& (Fam&
Solana.eae)O a "erennial %#r-O /ond in 7a%!e landO .l!i@a!ed /ield and o"en grond%
!#rog#o! <ndiaO 7idely .l!i@a!ed in .er!ain area% o/ Mad#ya $rade%# and 2aIa%!#an O
roo!% .olle.!ed in 7in!erO 7a%#ed and .! in!o %#or! "ie.e%&
SBNONBMS
San%:ri! S Hayagand#QO 'QIigand#Q
A%%ame%e S A%#@agand#a
)engali S A%#@agand#a
Engli%# S GG
GIra!i S A%gand#a
Hindi S A%gand#
+annada S Angar-erO HiremaddinaGgida
+a%#miri S A%agand#
Malayalam S Am::ram
Mara!#i S A%agand#aO A%:agand#a
Oriya S A%7agand#a
$nIa-i S A%gand#
Tamil S Am::aram:iAang
Telg S $ennergadda
?rd S A%gand
DESC2<$T<ON
a) Ma.ro%.o"i.
2oo!% %!raig#!O n-ran.#edO !#i.:ne%% @arying 7i!# age& roo!% -ear /i-reGli:e
%e.ondary roo!%O o!er %r/a.e -// !o greyGyello7 7i!# longi!dinal 7rin:le%O .ro7n
.on%i%!% o/ 2G4 remain% o/ %!em -a%eO %!em -a%e% @ario%ly !#i.:enedO node% "rominen!
only on !#e %ide /rom 7#ere "e!iole ari%e%O .ylindri.alO green 7i!# longi!dinal 7rin:le%O
/ra.!reO %#or! and ne@enO odorO .#ara.!eri%!i.O !a%!eO -i!!er and a.rid&
26

-) Mi.ro%.o"i.
Tran%@er%e %e.!ion o/ roo! %#o7% .or: e(/olia!ed or .r%#edO 7#en "re%en!
i%odiama!ri. and nonGligni/iedO .or: .am-im o/ 2G0 di//%ed ro7% o/ .ell%O %e.ondary
.or!e( a-o! !7en!y layer% o/ .om"a.! "aren.#yma!o% .ell%O "#loem .on%i%!% o/ %ie@e
!-e%O .om"anion .ell%O "#loem "aren.#ymaO .am-im 0G1 ro7% o/ !angen!ially
elonga!ed .ell%O %e.ondary (ylem #ard /orming a .lo%ed @a%.lar ring %e"ara!ed -y
ml!i%eria!e medllary ray%O a /e7 (ylem "aren.#yma

2&2&4&
;a!erG%ol-le e(!ra.!i@e No! le%% !#an "er .en!O A""endi( 2&2&3&

ASSAB
ASSAB GA%7agand#a .on%i%!% o/ no! le%% !#an 6&2 "er .en! o/ !o!al al:aloid%O 7#en
a%%ayed a% /ollo7%S
Ta:e a-o! *6g a..ra!ely 7eig#ed o/ !#e "o7dered drgO .o@er 7i!# Al.o#ol (86
"er .en!) and allo7 !o %!and o@ernig#!& E(!ra.! /or 4 #or% %o 7e! a""ara!% and
.on.en!ra!e !o a %yr" re%ide& Trea! 7i!# 21O 26O 11 and 16 ml "or!ion% o/ 1 "er .en!
Sl"#ri. A.id n!il .om"le!e e(!ra.!ion o/ al:aloid i% a//e.!ed&
To !#e .om-ined a.id e(!ra.!% add an e(.e%% o/ Dragandor/^% reagen!& Fil!er nder
%.!ion and di%%ol@e !#e re%ide in A.e!oneO S#a:e !#e a.e!one %ol!ion 7i!# /re%#ly
"re"ared %%"en%ion o/ 2ml Sil@er Car-ona!e in 16 ml o/ ;a!er& Fil!er !#e %ol!ion and
7a%# !#e "re.i"i!a!e 7i!# A.e!oneO Al.o#ol and 7a!er in !#a! order& $a%% %//i.ien!
Hydrogen Sl"#ide !#rog# !#e /il!ra!e& )oil !#e %ol!ion /or 16 min!e%O <n!er and
e@a"ora!e nder @a.m in a !ared /la%:& Add !o !#e re%ide 1 ml o/ E!#yl Al.o#ol G
e@a"ora!e !o dryne%%O re"ea! !#e "ro.e%% on.e again and 7eig#! !#e re%ide !o .on%!an!
27
7eig#! in a @a.m de%%i.a!or&

CONST<T?ENTS G Al:aloid% and 7i!#anolide%&

2a%a S Ti:!aO +aXQya
GVa S Lag#
'Yrya S ?XVa
'i"Q:a S Mad#ra
+arma S 'Q!a:a"#Q"a#aO )alyaO 2a%QyanaO 'QIY:araVa
<M$O2TANT FO2M?LAT<ONS G AT@agand#QdyariXUaO AT@agand#Qdi Le#yaO
)alQT@agand#alQ:XQdi Taila
THE2A$E?T<C ?SES G +XayaO Dar-alyaO 'Q!arogaO 9o!#aO +lai-ya

28
11& A%@a!!#a ():&)
A9'ATTHA ()ar:)
AT@a!!#a .on%i%!% o/ dried -ar: o/ Fi.% religio%a Linn& (Fam& Mora.eae)O a large
"erennial !reeO gla-ro% 7#en yongO /ond !#rog#o! !#e "lain% o/ <ndia "!o 136 m
al!i!de in !#e Himalaya%O largely "lan!ed a% an a@ene and road%ide !ree e%"e.ially near
!em"le%&
SBNONBMS
San%:ri! S $i""ala
A%%ame%e S A#an!
)engali S A%@a!!#aO A%#dO A%#@a!!#a
Engli%# S $i"al !ree
GIra!i S $i"loO JariO $i"aroO $i"alo
Hindi S $i"alaO $i"al
+annada S ArloO 2anIiO )a%riO A%#@a!!#anaraO A%#7a!#aO AralimaraO AralegidaO
A%#@a!#amaraO )a%ariO A%#@a!!#a
+a%#miri S )ad
Malayalam S Arayal
Mara!#i S $i"alO $im"alO $i""al
Oriya S A%7a!#a
$nIa-i S $i"alO $i""al
Tamil S A%#7ar!#anO Ara%amaramO Ara%anO Ara%O Arara
Telg S 2a@i.#e!!
?rd S GGG
DESC2<$T<ON
a) Ma.ro%.o"i.
)ar: o..r% in /la! or %lig#!ly .r@ed "ie.e%O @arying /rom 1&6G2&1 .m or more in
!#i.:ne%%O o!er %r/a.e -ro7n or a%# .oloredO %r/a.e ne@en de !o e(/olia!ion o/
.or:O inner %r/a.e %moo!# and %ome7#a! -ro7ni%#O /ra.!reO /i-ro%O !a%!eO a%!ringen!&

29
-) Mi.ro%.o"i.
Tran%@er%e %e.!ion o/ -ar: %#o7% .om"re%%ed re.!anglar !o .-i.alO !#i.:G7alled .or:
.ell% and dead elemen!% o/ %e.ondary .or!e(O .on%i%!ing o/ ma%%e% o/ %!one .ell%O .or:
.am-im di%!in.! 7i!# *G0 ro7% o/ ne7ly /ormed %e.ondary .or!e(O mo%!ly .om"o%ed o/
%!one .ell% !o7ard% "eri"#eryO %!one .ell% /ond %.a!!ered in large gro"%O rarely i%ola!edO
mo%! o/ "aren.#yma!o% .ell% o/ %e.ondary .or!e( .on!ain nmero% %!ar.# grain% and
/e7 "ri%ma!i. .ry%!al% o/ .al.im o(ala!eO %e.ondary "#loem a 7ide AoneO .on%i%!ing o/
%ie@e elemen!%O "#loem /i-re% in %ingle% or in gro"% o/ 2 !o many and nonGligni/iedO
nmero% .ry%!al /i-re% al%o "re%en!O in o!er region %ie@e elemen!% mo%!ly .olla"%ed
7#ile in inner region in!a.!O "#loem "aren.#yma mo%!ly !#i.:G7alledO %!one .ell% "re%en!
in %ingle or in %mall gro"% %imilar !o !#o%e in %e.ondary .or!e(O a nm-er o/ rayG.ell%
and "#loem "aren.#yma /illed 7i!# -ro7n "igmen!%O "ri%ma!i. .ry%!al% o/ .al.im
o(ala!e and %!ar.# grain% "re%en! in a nm-er o/ "aren.#yma!o% .ell%O medllary ray%
ni !o ml!i%eria!eO 7ider !o7ard% o!er "eri"#ery .om"o%ed o/ !#i.:G7alled .ell% 7i!#
%im"le "i!%O in !angen!ial %e.!ion ray .ell% .ir.lar !o o@al in %#a"eO .am-im 7#en
"re%en!O .on%i%!% o/ 2G0 layer% o/ !#inG7alled re.!anglar .ell%&

A.idGin%ol-le a%# No! more !#an 6&* "er .en!O A""endi( 2&2&0&

CONST<T?ENTS G Tannin%&

2a%a S +aXQya
GVa S GrO 2W:Xa
'Yrya S 9Y!a
'i"Q:a S +aU
30
+arma S +a"#a"i!!a@inQTYO 'arVyaO Sa_grQ#YO )#agna%and#Qna:araO
MW!ra%a_gra#aVYya
<M$O2TANT FO2M?LAT<ONS G Nyagrod#Qdi +@Q!#a CWrVaO Nyagrod#Qdi CWrVa
THE2A$E?T<C ?SES G 'Q!ara:!aO 2a:!a"i!!aO 'raVaO BonidoXaO $rame#a
DOSE G 26G*6 g o/ !#e drg /or de.o.!ion

31
12& A!a%i (Sd&)
ATAS, (Seed)
A!a%Y .on%i%!% o/ driedO ri"e %eed% o/ Linm %i!a!i%%imm Linn& (Fam& Lina.eae)O
an ere.! annal #er-O 6&4G1&2 m #ig#O e(!en%i@ely .l!i@a!ed !#rog#o! !#e "lain% o/<ndia
"!o an al!i!de o/ 566 mO .a"%le ri"en -y end o/ JneO dried %eed% %e"ara!ed /rom .a"%le
-y !#ra%#ing&
SBNONBMS
San%:ri! S ?mQO +XmQ
A%%ame%e S Ti%iO T%i
)engali S Ma%inaO A!a%i
Engli%# S Lin%eed
GIra!i S Al%#iO Ara%i
Hindi S Al%i
+annada S Aga%e-eeIaO SemeagareO Aga%i
+a%#miri S Al%i
Malayalam S Aga%!#aO Aga%iO C#er .#arm
Mara!#i S A!%#i
Oriya S A!%#i
$nIa-i S Ali
Tamil S AliO 'irai
Telg S A@i%a
?rd S Al%iO +a!an
DESC2<$T<ON
a) Ma.ro%.o"i.
Seed %mallO -ro7nO glo%%y 7i!# min!ely "i!!ed %r/a.eO a-o! 0G4 mm long and
2G2&1 mm in ma(imm 7id!#O elonga!edGo@oidO /la!!enedO ronded a! one end and
o-liLely "oin!ed a! !#e o!#erO near 7#i.# on one edgeO a lig#! de"re%%ion en.lo%ing
#ilm and mi.ro"yleO em-ryo .on%i%!ing o/ !7o yello7i%#G7#i!eO /la!!ened "lano.on@e(
.o!yledon% and a radi.leO nearly /ill% !#e %eed and .om"le!ely %rronded -y a !#inO
7#i!i%# endo%"ermO -o!# endo%"erm and em-ryo oilyO !e%!a m.ilagino% 7#en %oa:ed in
7a!erO odorO .#ara.!eri%!i.O !a%!eO oily 7#en .#e7ed&
32
-) Mi.ro%.o"i.
Tran%@er%e %e.!ion o/ %eed %#o7% !e%!a .on%i%!% o/ i%odiame!ri. .ell% 7i!#
m.ilagino% o!er 7all%O .ollen.#yma!o% .ell% o/ middle layer o/ %eed .oa! .ylindri.alO
%ingle layeredO yello7i%# -ro7nO longi!dinally elonga!edO a-o! 126G186 long and
10G13 7ideO !#i.:O ligni/ied and 7i!# "i!!ed 7all%O %ingle layer o/ /la!!ened "olygonal
"igmen! .ell% 7i!# reddi%#G-ro7n .on!en!%O alerone grain% in !#e .o!yledon%O "!o 26
in diame!erO ea.# 7i!# glo-oid and .ry%!alloidO a-ndan! glo-le o/ /i(ed oil and
o..a%ional %!ar.# grain% "re%en!&

Al.o#olG%ol-le e(!ra.!i@e No! le%% !#an *6 "er .en!O A""endi( 2&2&4&
Fi(ed oil No! le%% !#an 21 "er .en!O A""endi( 2&2&5

CONST<T?ENTS G Fi(ed oilO m.ilage and "ro!ein
GVa S Snigd#aO Gr
'Yrya S ?XVa
'i"Q:a S +aU
+arma S 'Q!ag#naO A.a:XXya
<M$O2TANT FO2M?LAT<ONS G SarXa"Qdi $rale"a
THE2A$E?T<C ?SES G 9irorogaO +ZmirogaO +XU#aO $rame#a
33
1*& A!i-ala (2!&)
AT<)AL (2oo!)
A!i-alQ .on%i%!% o/ roo! o/ A-!ilon indi.m (Linn&) S7ee! (Fam& Mal@a.eae)O a
#airy #er- or nderG%#r- 1&6G1&1 m #ig#O annal or more o/!en "erennial 7i!# golden
yello7 /lo7er%O /lo7ering mo%!ly !#rog#o! !#e year /ond a-ndan!ly !#rog#o! !#e
#o!!er "ar!% o/ <ndiaO a% a .ommon 7eed on road %ide% and o!#er 7a%!e "la.e% in "lain% and
#ill%O "!o an ele@a!ion o/ 466 m&
SBNONBMS
San%:ri! S +a]:a!i:QO KXya"r`:!Q
A%%ame%e S Jaya@and#aO Jaya"a!eri
)engali S )adela
Engli%# S <ndian Mallo7
GIra!i S +an%a:iO +#a"a!
Hindi S +ang#i
+annada S S#rimdrigidaO MdragidaO Tr-e
Malayalam S ?ramO +a!@anO ?r-amO ?ra-amO 'an:rn!o!!O Oor"amO T!!i
Mara!#i S C#a:ra-#endiO $e!ariO Mdra
Oriya S $edi"idi:a
$nIa-i S +angiO +angi-oo!i
Tamil S T!!iO T#!#i
Telg S T!!r-enda
?rd S GG
DESC2<$T<ON
a) Ma.ro%.o"i.
Ta" roo!%O /airly long 7i!# a nm-er o/ la!eral -ran.#e%O 1&1G2 .m in diame!erO
lig#! -ro7nO o!er %r/a.e %moo!# 7i!# do! li:e len!i.el%O -ar: !#in and .an -e ea%ily
"eeled o//O odorO /ee-leO !a%!eO a%!ringen! and -i!!er&

34
-) Mi.ro%.o"i.
Tran%@er%e %e.!ion o/ roo! %#o7% a !#in .or: o/ 0G3 or more !angen!ially elonga!ed
re.!anglar .ell%O .or: .am-imO %ingle layeredO and a! !#e len!i.el region% /ollo7ed -y
2G* layer% o/ %e.ondary .or!e( o/ !#inG7alledO almo%! .-i.al or re.!anglar .ell%O
.on!aining %mall .l%!er% o/ .al.im o(ala!e in mo%! o/ .ell%O "#ellogen /ollo7ed -y *G0
layer% o/ !#inG7alled .ell% o/ .or!e(O %ome .ell% o/ .or!e( 7#i.# are a-o@e !#e .oni.al
%!rand% o/ -a%!O .r%#edO %mall %!ar.# grain%O 4G8 in diame!erO "re%en! in %ome o/ !#e
.ell% O "#loem /orm% !#e maIor "or!ion% o/ -ar: and "re%en! a% .oni.al %!rand% 7i!# !#eir
-a%e% !o7ard% !#e 7ood and 7i!# dila!e di%!al end% o/ !#e "rimary medllary ray in
-e!7een !#emO /i-re%O "re%en! in gro"% o/ 16G12 in !#e%e .oni.al %!rand%O in !angen!ial
ro7%O al!erna!ing 7i!# !#inG7alled "#loem elemen!%O !o7ard% 7ood /i-re gro"%O elemen!
in -e!7een !#e /i-re% mo%!ly .on%i%!% o/ "#loem "aren.#ymaO Some .ell% .on!ain .l%!er
.ry%!al% o/ .al.im o(ala!e and a /e7 o!#er% #a@e %!ar.# grain%O %ome "#loem .ell%
!o7ard% "eri"#ery a""ear .om"re%%ed and .r%#edO inner !o "#loemO a .am-im "re%en!O
.on%i%!ing o/ 1G2 ro7% o/ narro7O !#inG7alled re.!anglar .ell%O 7ood .om"o%ed o/
@e%%el%O 7ood /i-re%O 7ood "aren.#yma and medllary ray% @e%%el% @ary in diame!er and
arranged in radial gro"% o/ 2G0O al%o o..r in %ingle%O %ome .ell% %#o7 !ylo%e%
/orma!ionO "aren.#yma !#i.:G7alled and %lig#!ly 7ider !#an /i-re .ell%O -! le%%
!#i.:enedO %ingle or rarely .om"ond %!ar.# grain% "re%en!O !e!rar.# -ndle or "rimary
(ylem "re%en! a! !#e .en!re o/ 7oodO medllary ray% ni or -i%eria!e 7iden m.# !o7ard%
di%!al end%O mo%! o/ !#e ray .ell% .on!ain %!ar.# grain% and %ome .on!ain .l%!er o/
.al.im o(ala!eO %!ar.# grain% "re%en! in 7ood larger !#an !#o%e o/ -ar: regionO a /e7 ray
.ell% a! .en!re o/ !#e roo! .on!ain r#om-oidal .ry%!al%&

A.idGin%ol-le a%# No! more !#an * "er .en!O A""endi( 2&2&0&
Al.o#olG%ol-le e(!ra.!i@e No! le%% !#an * "er .en!O A""endi( 2&2&4&
35

CONST<T?ENTS G A%"aragin

2a%a S Mad#ra
GVa S Snigd#a
'Yrya S 9Y!a
'i"Q:a S Mad#ra
+arma S GrQ#YO 'Q!a#araO )alyaO 'ZXya
<M$O2TANT FO2M?LAT<ONS G )alQ TailaO NQrQyaVa TailaO Ma#Q NQrQyaVa Taila
THE2A$E?T<C ?SES G Me#aO 'Q!ara:!aO 2a:!a"i!!a

36
10& A!i@i%#a (2!&)
AT<'<= (2oo!)
A!i@iXQ .on%i%!% o/ driedO !-ero% roo!% o/ A.oni!m #e!ero"#yllm ;all& e(&
2oyle (FamO 2ann.la.eae)O a "erennial #er-O na!i@e o/ 7e%!ern Himalaya% and /ond in
Gar#7alO +maon and +a%#mir a! al!i!de -e!7een 2O166G0O666 m&
SBNONBMS
San%:ri! S ArVQO G#Va"riyQO 'iXQ&
A%%ame%e S Aa!i.#
)engali S A!ai.#a
Engli%# S A!i% 2oo!
GIra!i S A!i@i%#ni +aliO A!i@i:#ani +ali
Hindi S A!i%
+annada S A!i@i%#aO A!#i#age
Malayalam S A!i@idayamO A!i@i!ayam
Mara!#i S A!i@i%#a
Oriya S A!%#i
$nIa-i S A!i%aO A!ee%
Tamil S A!i@idayam
Telg S A!i@a%a
?rd S A!ee%
DESC2<$T<ON
a) Ma.ro%.o"i.
2oo!%O o@oidG.oni.alO !a"ering do7n7ard% !o a "rin!O 2&6G3&1 .m longO 6&0G1&4 .m
or more !#i.: a! i!% ""er e(!remi!yO gradally de.rea%ing in !#i.:ne%% !o7ard% !a"ering
endO e(!ernally lig#! a%#GgreyO 7#i!e or greyG-ro7nO 7#ile in!ernally %!ar.# 7#i!eO
e(!ernal %r/a.e 7rin:led mar:ed 7i!# %.ar% o/ /allen roo!le! and 7i!# a ro%e!!e o/ %.aly
rdimen!ary lea@e% on !o"S /ra.!reO %#or!O %!ar.#yO %#o7ing ni/orm 7#i!e %r/a.eO
mar:ed !o7ard% .en!re -y 0G3 .on.en!ri.ally arranged yello7i%#G-ro7n do!%O
.orre%"onding !o end o/ /i-ro@a%.lar -ndle% !ra@er%ing roo! longi!dinally !a%!eO -i!!er
7i!# no !ingling %en%a!ion&

37
-) Mi.ro%.o"i.
Tran%@er%e %e.!ion o/ ma!re roo! %#o7%O %ingle layered e"idermi% .on%i%!ing o/
lig#! -ro7n !a-lar .ell% r"!ring on /orma!ion o/ .or:O .or: .on%i%!% o/ 1G16 ro7% o/
!angen!ially elonga!edO !#inG7alled .ell%O .or: .am-im %ingle layered .on%i%!ing o/
!angen!ially elonga!edO !#inG7alled .ell%O .or!e( m.# 7ider .on%i%!ing o/ !angen!ially
elonga!ed or rondedO !#inG7alled "aren.#yma!o% .ell% 7i!# in!er.elllar %"a.e%O .ell%
/lly "a.:ed 7i!# -o!# %im"le a% 7ell a% .om"ond %!ar.# grain%O .om"ond %!ar.# gain%
.om"o%ed o/ 2G0 .om"onen!% o/ %"#eri.al -odyO endodermi% di%!in.! .om"o%ed o/ -arrelG
%#a"ed .ell%O elemen!% o/ @a%.lar -ndle% "oorly de@elo"edO @a%.lar -ndle%O arranged
in a ringO in!erG/a%.i.lar .am-im "re%en! in /orm o/ a ring .om"o%ed o/ /e7 layered
!#inG7alled .ell%O .en!ral .ore .on%i%!ing o/ !#inG7alled "aren.#yma!o% .ell%O "o%%e%%ing
%!ar.# grain% %imilar !o !#o%e /ond in .or!i.al .ell%&
$o7derG A%# .olored !o lig#! -ro7nO nder mi.ro%.o"e %#o7% a-ndan! %im"le and
.om"ond %!ar.# grain% and "aren.#yma!o% .ell%&


CONST<T?ENTS G Al:aloid% (a!i%ineO di#ydroa!i%ineO #e!i%ined and #e!era!i%ine)&

2a%a S Ti:!aO +aU
GVa S Lag#O 2W:Xa
'Yrya S ?XVa
'i"Q:a S +aU
+arma S DY"anaO $Q.anaO Sa_grQ#i:QO +a"#a"i!!a#ara
38
<M$O2TANT FO2M?LAT<ONS G 2od#rQ%a@aO 9i@Q GUi:QO La:XmYnQrQyaVa 2a%aO Ma#Q
'iXagar-#a TailaO 2Q%nairaV[Qdi +@Q!#a CWrVaO SdarTana CWrVaO $aa.a!i:!a Gggl
G#Z!aO )Qla.Q!r-#adri:Q CWrVa
THE2A$E?T<C ?SES G J@araO +Q%aO C#ardiO AmQ!i%QraO +Zmiroga
DOSE G 6&4G2&6 g o/ !#e drg in "o7der /orm

39
11& )a--la (S!& ):&)
)A))>LA (S!em -ar:)
)a--Wla .on%i%!% o/ dried ma!re %!em -ar: o/ A.a.ia nilo!i.a (Linn&) ;illd& e(&
Del& %"& indi.a ()en!#&) )renanO Syn& A.a.ia ara-i.a ;illd& (Fam& Legmino%ae) O a
modera!e %iAedO %"inyO e@ergreen !ree /ond !#rog#o! <ndia&
SBNONBMS
San%:ri! S )Q@arYO +in:irQ!a
A%%ame%e S )a-ala
)engali S )a-la
Engli%# S )a-la !reeO <ndian gm ara-i. !ree
GIra!i S )a@alO +aloa-a@al
Hindi S )a-laO )a-raO +i:ar
+annada S S#armeer:aO +ari JailO +ari go-liO $lai Jali
+a%#miri S Sa:
Malayalam S 'el!#a +ar@elan
Mara!#i S )a-#lO )a-#la
Oriya S )a-laO )a-ala
$nIa-i S +i::ar
Tamil S +ar@elanO +ar@el
Telg S Nalla!mmaO T#mma
?rd S GG
DESC2<$T<ON
a) Ma.ro%.o"i.
)ar: #ardO dar: -ro7n or -la.:O dee"ly /i%%red !ran%@er%ely and longi!dinallyO
inner %r/a.eO reddi%# -ro7nO longi!dinally %!ria!ed and /i-ro%O -rea:% 7i!# di//i.l!y
and e(#i-i!% a /i-ro% /ra.!reO !a%!eO a%!ringen!&
-) Mi.ro%.o"i.
Tran%@er%e %e.!ion o/ ma!re -ar: %#o7%O 11G21 layeredO !#inG7alledO %lig#!ly
/la!!ened mo%!ly re.!anglarO -ro7n .olored .or: .ell%O a /e7 len!i.el% /ormed -y
r"!ring o/ .or: .ell%O %e.ondary .or!i.al .ell% o@a!e !o elonga!edO many !anni/ero%
%!one .el1%O @aria-le in %#a"e and %iAe "re%en! in large gro"%O %e.ondary "#loem
40
.on%i%!% o/ %ie@e !-e%O .om"anion .ell%O /i-re%O .ry%!al /i-re% and "#loem "aren.#yma
"#loem /i-re% in many gro"% and !#i.:G7alledO "#loem !i%%e% /illed 7i!# reddi%# or
-ro7n .on!en!% "re%en!O .ry%!al /i-re% !#i.:G7alledO elonga!edO di@ided -y !ran%@er%e
%e"!a in!o %egmen!%O ea.# .on!ain a "ri%ma!i. .ry%!al o/ .al.im o(ala!eO medllary ray%
ni !oGml!iG %eria!e rn almo%! %!raig#!O ray .ell% elonga!ed !o "olygonalO 26G20 .ell%
#ig# and 2G1 .ell% 7ideO .ry%!al% o/ .al.im o(ala!e /ond %.a!!ered among%! !#e %!one
.ellb.el1% o/ %e.ondary .or!e( and "#loem "aren.#yma&
$o7derG$o7der a% %.# reddi%# -ro7n .oloredO nder mi.ro%.o"e many "ri%ma!i.
.ry%!al% o/ .al.im o(ala!eO %!one .ell%O -o!# 7i!# narro7 and 7ide lmen and %!ria!ion%
and .ry%!al /i-re% %een&


CONST<T?ENTS G Tannin% and gm

2a%a S +aXQya
GVa S GrO 2W:XaO 'iTada
'Yrya S 9Y!a
'i"Q:a S +aU
+arma S GrQ#YO +a"#a#araO 'iXag#na
<M$O2TANT FO2M?LAT<ONS G MZ!a%aaIY@anY SrQO )a--WlQriXUa
THE2A$E?T<C ?SES G +XU#aO +ZmirogaO A!Y%QraO +Q%a

41
14& )a:.#i (Fr!)
)+?C, (Fri!)
)Q:.Y .on%i%!% o/ dry ri"e /ri!% o/ $%oralea .oryli/olia Linn& (Fam&
Legmino%ae)O an ere.!O 6&*G1&5 m #ig# annal #er-O di%!ri-!ed !#rog#o! <ndiaO /ond
.ommonly in ?!!ar $rade%#O )engal and Ma#ara%#!ra&
SBNONBMS
San%:ri! S A@algIaO SomarQIY
A%%ame%e S Ha-.#a
)engali S )a:.#iO SomraIiO Ha:.#a 'eeIa
Engli%# S GG
GIra!i S )a@a.#i
Hindi S )a-.#iO )a@a.#iO )a:.#i
+annada S )a.#igeO )#a@an!i-eeIaO )#a@an.#igidO )a:.#i
+a%#miri S )a-.#i
Malayalam S +ar:o:il
Mara!#i S )a7.#i
Oriya S )a:.#i
$nIa-i S )a-.#iO )a@.#i
Tamil S +ar"o:ari%iO +ar"ogalari%iO +ar-ogalari%i
Telg S )a@an.#al
?rd S )a-.#i
DESC2<$T<ON
a) Ma.ro%.o"i.
Fri!%O dar: .#o.ola!e !o almo%! -la.: 7i!# "eri.ar" ad#ering !o !#e %eedG.oa!O
*G0&1 mm longO 2G* mm -roadO o@oidGo-long or -ean %#a"edO %ome 7#a! .om"re%%edO
gla-ro% ronded or m.rona!eO .lo%ely "i!!edO %eed% .am"ylo!ro"o%O nonG
endo%"ermo%O oily and /ree /rom %!ar.#O odorle%%O -! 7#en .#e7ed %mell o/ a "ngen!
e%%en!ial oil /el!O !a%!eO -i!!erO n"lea%an! and a.rid&

42
-) Mi.ro%.o"i.
Tran%@er%e %e.!ion o/ /ri! %#o7% "erio.ar" 7i!- "rominen! ridge% and
de"re%%ion%O .on%i%!ing o/ .olla"%ed "aren.#yma and large %e.re!ory gland% .on!aining
oleoGre%ino% ma!!er !e%!aO an o!er layer o/ "ali%ade e"idermi%O layer o/ -earer .ell%
7#i.# are m.# !#i.:ened in !#e inner !angen!ial and -a%al radial 7all% and 2G* layer% o/
"aren.#ymaO .o!yledon% o/ "oly#edral "aren.#yma and !#ree layer% o/ "ali%ade .ell% on
!#e ada(ial %ide&

Al.o#olG%ol-le e(!ra.!i@e No! le%% !#an 1* "er .en!O A""endi( 2&2&4&

CONST<T?ENTS G E%%en!ial oilO /i(ed oilO $%oralen O "%oralidinO i%o"%oralen and
-a:.#iol&

2a%a S Ti:!aO +aU
GVa S 2W:Xa
'Yrya S 9Y!a
'i"Q:a S +aU
+arma S 9leXmQ%ra"i!!an!O GrQ#YO 'raVQ"a#aO HZdya
<M$O2TANT FO2M?LAT<ONS G SomarQIY TailaO A@algIQdi Le"a
THE2A$E?T<C ?SES G 9@i!raO +XU#aO +ZmirogaO J@araO Me#a
43
13& )i-#i!a:a (Fr!&)
)<)H,TA+A (Fri!)
)i-#Y!a:a .on%i%!% o/ "eri.ar" o/ dried ri"e /ri!% o/ Tern!inalia -eleri.a 2o(-&
(Fam& Com-re!a.eae)O a large de.ido% !reeO 16G12 m or more #ig#O .ommonly /ond in
"lain and /ore%!% "!o 866 m ele@a!ionO /ri!% ri"en !o7ard% No@em-er&
SBNONBMS
San%:ri! S 'i-#Y!aO A:XaO A:Xa:a
A%%ame%e S )#omoraO )#omraO )#aira
)engali S )ayadaO )a#eda
Engli%# S )eleri. Myro-alan
GIra!i S )a#edan
Hindi S )a#era
+annada S Tare :aiO S#an!i +ayi
+a%#miri S )a-eloO )alali
Malayalam S Tanni::a
Mara!#i S )a#eda
Oriya S )a#eda
$nIa-i S )a#era
Tamil S T#anri::ai
Telg S T#ani::aya
?rd S )a#era
DESC2<$T<ON
a) Ma.ro%.o"i.
Fri! nearly %"#eri.al !o o@oidO 2&1G0&6 .m in diame!erO /re%# ri"e /ri!% %lig#!ly
%il@ery or 7i!# 7#i!i%# %#iny "-e%.en! %r/a.eO ma!re /ri!% grey or grayi%# -ro7n 7i!#
%lig#!ly 7rin:led a""earan.eO rind o/ /ri! %#o7% @aria!ion in !#i.:ne%% /rom *G1 mmO
!a%!eO a%!ringen!&

-) Mi.ro%.o"i.
44
Tran%@er%e %e.!ion o/ /ri! %#o7% an o!er e"i.ar" .on%i%!ing o/ a layer o/ e"idermi%O
mo%! o/ e"idermal .ell% elonga!e !o /orm #air li:e "ro!-eran.e 7i!# %7ollen -a%eO
.om"o%ed o/ a Aone o/ "aren.#yma!o% .ell%O %lig#!ly !angen!ially elonga!ed and
irreglarly arrangedO in!ermingled 7i!# %!one .ell% o/ @arying %#a"e and %iAeO elonga!ed
%!one .ell% /ond !o7ard% "eri"#ery and %"#eri.al in !#e inner Aone o/ me%o.ar" in
gro"% o/ *G16O me%o.ar" !ra@er%ed in @ario% dire.!ion% -y nmero% @a%.lar %!rand%O
-ndle% .olla!eralO endar.#O %im"le %!ar.# grain% and %ome %!one .ell% /ond in mo%! o/
me%o.ar" .ell%O /e7 "eri"#eral layer% de@oid o/ %!ar.# grain%O ro%e!!e% o/ .al.im o(ala!e
and %!one .ell% "re%en! in "aren.#yma!o% .ell%O endo%"erm .om"o%ed o/ %!one .ell%
rnning longi!dinally a% 7ell a% !ran%@er%ely&

;a!erG%ol-le e(!ra.!i@e No! le%% !#an *1 "er .en!O A""endi( 2&2&3&

CONST<T?ENTS G Galli. a.idO !anni. a.id and gly.o%ide%

2a%a S +aXQya
GVa S 2W:XaO Lag#
'Yrya S ?XVa
'i"Q:a S Mad#ra
+arma S +a"#a"i!!aIi!O )#eda:aO +ZminQTanaO Ca:XXyaO +eTyaO +Q%a#ara
<M$O2TANT FO2M?LAT<ONS G Tri"#alQ CWrVaO Tri"#alQdi TailaO La@a]gQdi 'aUY
THE2A$E?T<C ?SES G S@ara-#edaO Ne!rarogaO +Q%aO C#ardiO +ZmirogaO 'i-and#a
DOSE G *G4 g o/ !#e drg in "o7der /rom

45
15& )il@a (Fr!& $l")
)<L'A (Fri! "l")
)il@a .on%i%!% o/ "l" o/ en!ireO nri"e or #al/ ri"e /ri!% o/ Aegle marmelo% Carr&
(Fam& 2!a.eae)O a !reeO a!!aining a #eig#! o/ 12 m gro7ing 7ild and al%o .l!i@a!ed
!#rog#o! !#e .on!ryO rind o/ /ri! i% remo@ed and "l" i% -ri%ed and dried&
SBNONBMS
San%:ri! S 9rY"#ala
A%%ame%e S )aelO 'ael
)engali S )elaO )il@a
Engli%# S )engal cin.eO )ael /ri!
GIra!i S )illO )ilmO )il@a"#al
Hindi S )elaO Sri"#alO )el
+annada S )il@a
+a%#miri S )el
Malayalam S +oo@alam
Mara!#i S )elO )aela
Oriya S )ela
$nIa-i S )il
Tamil S 'il@am
Telg S Mared
?rd S )el
DESC2<$T<ON
a) Ma.ro%.o"i.
Fri!O %-Gglo-o%eO 1G15 .m in diame!erO e(!ernally greeni%# 7#en yongO
yello7i%#G-ro7n 7#en ri"eO rind a-o! 1&1 mmG* mm !#i.:O #ard and 7oodyO %r/a.e
%moo!# or %lig#!ly granlar -earing a .ir.lar %.ar a! !#e "oin! o/ a!!a.#men! 7i!#
"edn.leO .ar"el%O 16G11O .en!ralO ea.# .on!aining %e@eral #airy %eed% em-edded in
yello7i%#-ro7nO e(!remely %!i.:y m.ilageO %eed% o-longO /la!O 7oodyO and #a@ing 7#i!e
#airO /re%# "l" o/ ri"e /ri!O -ro7nO o/ %!i.:y %#read%O dried "l" #ard and "ale !o dar:
red in .olorO /reLen!ly -rea:% a7ay /rom !#e rind dring dryingO lea@ing a !#in layer
a!!a.#ed !o i!O odorO /ain!ly aroma!i.O !a%!eO m.ilagino% and %lig#!ly a%!ringen!&
46

-) Mi.ro%.o"i.



ASSAB

T&L&C&

CONST<T?ENTS G Marmalo%inO !annin%O m.ilageO /a!!y oil and %gar&

2a%a S +aUO Ti:!aO +aXQya
GVa S Lag#O 2W:Xa
'Yrya S ?XVa
'i"Q:a S +aU
+arma S DY"anaO $Q.anaO GrQ#YO $i!!a:Z!O 'Q!a:a"#a#araO )alya
<M$O2TANT FO2M?LAT<ONS G )il@Qdi Le#aO )Z#a! Ga]gQd#ara CWrVa
THE2A$E?T<C ?SES G $ra@Q#i:QO AgnimQndyaO Gra#aVYroga

47
18& C#andra%a (Sd&)
CAND2A9>2A (Seed)
CandraTWra .on%i%!% o/ dried %eed% o/ Le"idim %a!i@m Linn& (Fam& Cr.i/erae) a
%mall ere.!O annal #er-O a-o! 11G01 .m #ig#O .l!i@a!ed !#rog#o! <ndia&
SBNONBMS
San%:ri! S Candri:Q
A%%ame%e S Halim
)engali S C#and S#raO Halim
Engli%# S Common Cre%%
GIra!i S A%eriyaO A%eliyo
Hindi S C#an%r
+annada S Alli-iIaO +a"ila
+a%#miri S Alian
Malayalam S A%ali
Mara!#i S A#ali@aO Hali@
Oriya S C#anda%araO C#anda%ra
$nIa-i S HolonO Tara!eI
Tamil S Alli@irai
Telg S Adi!yalO Aadal
?rd S Halim
DESC2<$T<ON
a) Ma.ro%.o"i.
Seed%O %mallO o@alG%#a"edO "oin!ed and !rianglar a! one endO %moo!#O a-o! 2G*
mm longO 1G1&1 mm 7ideO reddi%# -ro7nO a /rro7 "re%en! on -o!# %r/a.e% e(!ending
"!o !7o !#ird% do7n7ardO a %lig#! 7ing li:e e(!en%ion "re%en! on -o!# !#e edge% o/
%eedO 7#en %oa:ed in 7a!er %eed .oa! %7ell% and ge!% .o@ered 7i!# a !ran%"aren!O
.olorle%% m.ilageO !a%!eO m.ilagino%&

-) Mi.ro%.o"i.
48
$o7derG CreamGyello7 7i!# a nm-er o/ reddi%#G-ro7n /ragmen!% o/ %eed .oa!%O
nder mi.ro%.o"e %#o7% "ie.e% o/ %eed .oa!O %ome %#o7ing red .oloring ma!!er and
o!#er% 7i!# ni/ormly !#i.: 7all%O endo%"erm oily&


CONST<T?ENTS G Al:aloid%O e%%en!ial oilO /i(ed oil and m.ilage

2a%a S +aUO Ti:!a
GVa S Lag#O 2W:XaO TY:XVa
'Yrya S ?XVa
'i"Q:a S +aU
+arma S )ala"XUi@i@ard#anaO 'Q!aTleXma#Z!
<M$O2TANT FO2M?LAT<ONS G +a%!WryQdi ('Qy) GUi:Q
THE2A$E?T<C ?SES G Hi::QO A!Y%QraO 'Q!ara:!a

49
26& C#i!ra:a (2!&)
C<T2A+A (2oo!)
Ci!ra:a .on%i%!% o/ dried ma!re roo! o/ $lm-ago Aeylani.a Linn& (Fam&
$lm-agina.eae) O a large "erennial %-G%.anden! %#r-O /ond !#rog#o! <ndia in 7ile
%!a!e and o..a%ionally .l!i@a!ed in garden%&
SBNONBMS
San%:ri! S AgniO 'a#niO J@alanQ:#yaO +ZTQVO H!QTaO Da#anaO H!a-#:O 9i:#Y
A%%ame%e S Agiya.#i!O Agna.#i!
)engali S C#i!a
Engli%# S Lead 7ar
GIra!i S C#i!ra:mla
Hindi S C#iraO C#i!ra
+annada S C#i!ramlaO 'a#niO )ili.#i!ramoola
+a%#miri S C#i!raO S#a!ranIa
Malayalam S 'ella:ed@eliO T#m"o::od@eli
Mara!#i S C#i!ra:a
Oriya S C#i!amlaO C#i!o"ar
$nIa-i S C#i!ra
Tamil S C#i!ramoolamO +odi@eli
Telg S C#i!ramlam
?rd S S#ee!raI HindiO C#ee!a#
DESC2<$T<ON
a) Ma.ro%.o"i.
2oo!% *6 .m or more in leng!#O 4 mm or more in diame!er a% al%o a% %#or! %!o!
"ie.e%O in.lding roo! %!o.:% reddi%# !o dee" -ro7nO %.ar% o/ roo!le!% "re%en!O -ar: !#in
and -ro7nO in!ernal %!r.!re %!ria!edO odorO di%agreea-leO !a%!eO a.rid&
-) Mi.ro%.o"i.
Tran%@er%e %e.!ion o/ roo! %#o7% o!er mo%! !i%%e o/ .or: .on%i%!ing o/ 1 G3 ro7O
o/ .-i.al !o re.!anglar dar: -ro7n .ell%O %e.ondary .or!e( .on%i%!% o/ 2G* ro7% o/ !#inG
7alled re.!anglarO lig#! -ro7n .ell%O mo%! o/ !#e .or!e( .ell% .on!ain %!ar.# grain%O
50
%e.ondary .or!e( /ollo7ed -y a 7ide Aone o/ .or!e(O .om"o%ed o/ large "olygonal !o
!angen!ially elonga!ed "aren.#yma!o% .ell% @arying in %iAe and %#a"eO .on!aining %!ar.#
grain% and %ome .ell% 7i!# yello7 .on!en!%O /i-re% %.a!!ered %ingly or in gro"% o/ 2G4O
"#loem a narro7 Aone o/ "olygonalO !#inG7alled .ell%O .on%i%!ing o/ %al elemen!% and
"#loem /i-re%O %imilar !o .or!i.al AoneO "#loem /i-re% %ally in gro"% o/ 2G1 or more
-! o..a%ionally o..rring %inglyO ligni/ied 7i!# "oin!ed end% and narro7 lmenO %imilar
in %#a"e and %iAe !o !#o%e o/ %e.ondary .or!e(O .am-im indi%!in.!O (ylem lig#! yello7 !o
7#i!i%#O @e%%el% radially arranged 7i!# "i!!ed !#i.:ening%O medllary ray% %!raig#!O 1G4
%eria!eO .ell% radially elonga!ed %!ar.# /illed 7i!# %!ar.# grain%O %!one .ell% a-%en!&

Foreign ma!!er No! more !#an * "er .en!O A""endi( 2&2&2&
To!al A%# No! more !#an * "er .en!O A""endi( 2&2&*&

CONST<T?ENTS G $lm-agin

2a%a S +aU
'Yrya S ?XVa
'i"Q:a S +aU
+arma S DY"anaO $Q.anaO GrQ#YO +a"#a@Q!a#araO ArTo#araO 9Wla#araO
9o!#a#ara
<M$O2TANT FO2M?LAT<ONS G Ci!ra:Qdi 'aUYO Ci!ra:a#arY!a:YO Ci!ra:Qdi CWrVa
THE2A$E?T<C ?SES G AgnimQndyaO Gra#aVYrogaO ArTaO ?daraTWlaO GdaTo!#a
DOSE G 1G2 g o/ !#e drg in "o7der /ormR No!e G 9`d#ana o/ !#i% drg i% !o -e done -e/ore
%e a% de%.ri-ed in !#e a""endi(
51
21& D#anya:a (Fr!&)
DHNBA+A (Fri!)
D#Qnya:a .on%i%!% o/ dried ri"e /ri!% o/ Coriandrm %a!i@m Linn& (Fam&
?m-elli/erae) O a %lenderO gla-ro%O -ran.#edO annal #er-O .l!i@a!ed all o@er <ndiaO *6G86
.m #ig#O gi@ing .#ara.!eri%!i. aroma 7#en r--edO .ro" ma!re% in 2G* mon!#% a/!er
%o7ingO #er- i% "lled o! 7i!# roo!%O a/!er dryingO /ri!% !#rea%#ed o! and dried in %nO
7inno7edO and %!ored in -ag%&
SBNONBMS
San%:ri! S D#ani:aO D#QnyaO 'i!nna:aO +%!m-r
A%%ame%e S D#aniya
)engali S D#aneO D#ania
Engli%# S Coriander /ri!
GIra!i S D#ana
Hindi S D#aniya
+annada S Ha@iIaO +o!#am-ari -iIa
+a%#miri S D#ani7alO D#ana7al
Malayalam S MalliO +o!#am"a!ayari
Mara!#i S D#aneO +o!#im-ir
Oriya S D#ania
$nIa-i S D#ania
Tamil S +o!!amalli @iraiO D#aniya
Telg S D#aniyal
?rd S +i%#neeA
DESC2<$T<ON
a) Ma.ro%.o"i.
Fri! glo-larO meri.ar"% %ally ni!ed -y !#eir margin% /orming a .remo.ar"
a-o! 2G0 mm in diame!erO ni/ormly -ro7ni%#Gyello7 or -ro7nO gla-ro%O %ome!ime%
.ro7ned -y !#e remain% o/ %e"al% and %!yle%O "rimary ridge% 16O 7a@y and %lig#!ly
in.on%"i.o% %e.ondary ridge% 5O %!raig#!O and more "rominen!O endo%"erm
.oelo%"ermo% O odorO aroma!i.O !a%!eO %"i.y and .#ara.!eri%!i.&
52

-) Mi.ro%.o"i.
Tran%@er%e %e.!ion o/ /ri! %#o7% "eri.ar" 7i!# o!er e"idermi%O 7#en "re%en!
7i!# %lig#!ly !#i.:ened an!i.linal 7allO a /e7 %!oma!aO many .ell% 7i!# %mall "ri%m% o/
.al.im o(ala!eO !ri.#ome% a-%en!O o!er layer o/ me%o.ar" "aren.#yma!o% 7i!# inner
.ell% in 7a@y longi!dinal ro7% and degenera!ed @i!!ae a% !angen!ially /la!!ened .a@i!ie%O
middle layer o/ me%o.ar" %.leren.#yma!o% /orming a !#i.: layer o/ /%i/ormO "i!!ed
.ell% in @ery %ino% ro7%O layer% o/!en .ro%%ing a! rig#! angle% 7i!# de/ini!e
longi!dinal %!rand% in !#e %e.ondary ridge%O %ino% "rimary .o%!ae 7i!# %ome %"iral
@e%%elS inner .ell% o/ me%o.ar"O largeO #e(agonal 7i!# ra!#er !#inO ligni/ied 7all%O inner
e"idermi% o/ @ery narro7 !#inG7alled .ell% %lig#!ly %ino% an!i.linal 7all %#o7ing
"arLe!ry arrangemen!O !7o or rarely moreO normal @i!!ae o..rring on .ommi%%ral %ide
o/ ea.# me%o.ar" .on!aining @ola!ile oilO endo%"erm o/ !#i.:G7alled .elllo%i.
"aren.#yma .on!aining m.# /i(ed oilO nmero% alerone grain%O a-o! 0G5 in diame!er
.on!aining mi.roGro%e!!e% o/ .al.im o(ala!e O %"li! .ar"o"#ore "a%%ing a! a"e( o/ ea.#
meri.ar" in!o ra"#eO adIa.en! !o 7#i.# a large .a@i!y and on inner %ide o/ !#i% a /la!!ened
@a%.lar %!randO .ar"o"#ore .on%i%!ing o/ /i-re% %rronded -y %"iral @e%%el%&
$o7derG Fa7n !o -ro7nO e"idermal .ell% o/ "eri.ar" 7#en "re%en!O %lig#!ly !#i.:G7alled
and many .on!aining %mall "ri%m o/ .al.im o(ala!eO "aren.#yma!o% .ell% o/ me%o.ar"
7i!#o! re!i.la!e !#i.:eningO ma%%e% o/ %.leren.#yma!o% .ell% o/ me%o.ar" in %ino%
ro7%O o/!en .ro%%ing a! rig#! angle%O large !-lar #e(agonal ra!#er !#inG7alled
%.leren.#yma!o% .ell% o/ endo.ar"O .ell% o/ inner e"idermi% 7i!# %lig#!ly %inno%
an!i.linal 7all%O !#i.:G7alled "olygonal "aren.#yma!o% .ell% o/ endo%"ermO .on!aining
/i(ed oil and nmero% %mall alerone grain%O mi.roGro%e!!e% o/ .al.im o(ala!e&

'ola!ile oil No! le%% !#an 6&* "er .en!O A""endi( 2&2&16

CONST<T?ENTS G E%%en!ial oil (.oriandrol)

53

2a%a S +aUO Mad#raO Ti:!aO +aXQya
GVa S Lag#O Snigd#a
'Yrya S ?XVa
'i"Q:a S Mad#ra
+arma S DY"anaO $Q.anaO GrQ#YO TridoXan!O MW!ralaO Ca:XXyaO HZdya
<M$O2TANT FO2M?LAT<ONS G D#Qnya"aa.a:a +@Q!#a CWrVa
THE2A$E?T<C ?SES G J@araO TZXVQO C#ardiO DQ#aO AIYrVaO A!Y%Qra
DOSE G 1G* g o/ !#e drg in "o7der /orm

54
22& D#a!a:i (Fl&)
DHTA+, (Flo7er)
D#Q!a:Y .on%i%!% o/ /lo7er% o/ ;ood/ordia /r!i.o%a (Linn&) +rA& (Fam&
Ly!#ra.eae) S m.# -ran.#edO %emi de.ido%O nder%#r- or %#r-O 1G* m #ig#O rarely
"!o * mO /ond !#rog#o! <ndiaO a%.ending !o 1166 m in Himalaya% and al%o in !#e
Gange!i. "lain% O al%o .l!i@a!ed in garden%&
SBNONBMS
San%:ri! S )a#"%"YO TQmra"X"YO 'a#niI@QlQ
A%%ame%e S D#ai"#ool
)engali S D#ai"#l
Engli%# S Fire /lame -%#
GIra!i S D#a@adiO D#a@ani
Hindi S D#aiO D#a@a
+annada S D#a!a:iO Tamra"%#"i
Malayalam S Ta!!iri"@O Ta!ire
Mara!#i S D#aya!iO D#a@a!i
Oriya S D#ai"#laO D#a!:i
$nIa-i S Da@iO $#l D#a@a
Tamil S +a!!a!iO +a!!a!#iO +a!!a!!i"oo
Telg S Aarl $r@
?rd S GG
DESC2<$T<ON
a) Ma.ro%.o"i.
Flo7erO a-o! 1&2 .m longO o..r% a% %ingle or in -n.#e% o/ 2G11O .aly( 1&6G1&4
.m longO ridged and gla-ro%O -rig#! red 7#en /re%# -! /ade% on dryingO 7i!#
.am"anla!e -a%e and o-liLe a"e( #a@ing 4 !rianglar and a.!e !ee!#O ea.# !oo!# -eingO
2G2&1 mm longO 4O @ery min!e a..e%%ory %e"al% a!!a.#ed o!%ide a! !#e In.!re o/ .aly(
!oo!# and dee"er in .olorO "e!al% 4O a!!a.#ed in%ide !#e mo!# o/ .aly(G!-eO %#ig#!ly
longer !#an .aly( !oo!#O al!erna!ing 7i!# .aly(G!oo!# "ale ro%e or 7#i!i%#O !#inO "a"eryO
lan.eola!eO a.mina!eO %!amen% 12O ni!ed a! !#e -a%eO a-o! 1&1G2 .m longO /ilamen!
/ili/ormO .r@ed a! !#e a"e(O :ee"ing an!#er% in%ide .aly(G!-e O an!#er% dor%i/i(ed
-ro7nO almo%! ronded or -roadly o@a!eO .ar"el% 2O ni!edO o@ary %"eriorO %!yle /ili/ormO
55
longeO !#an o@ary and %!amen%O !a%!eO a%!ringen!&

-) Mi.ro%.o"i.
Tran%@er%e %e.!ion o/ %e"al %#o7%O %ingle layered .!i.lari%ed e"idermi%O
"ro@ided 7i!# -o!# glandlar and .o@ering !ri.#ome% Rglandlar !ri.#ome%O
ml!i.elllarO longO .on%i%!ing o/ a %!al: and a glo-o%eO !#inG7alledO ml!i.elllar #eadO
.o@ering !ri.#ome%O ni.elllar !#i.:G7alled -road a! -a%e and "oin!ed a! !#e a"e(O
grond !i%%e .on%i%!ing o/ !#inG7alledO "aren.#yma!o% .ell% %r/a.e @ie7 o/ "e!al
%#o7% !#inG7alledO "aren.#yma!o% .ell%O "ro@ided 7i!# @ery /e7 %"ar%ely di%!ri-!ed
.o@ering !ri.#ome%O !ran%@er%e %e.!ion o/ /ilamen! %#o7%O e"idermi% .on%i%!ing o/ %ingle
layered !angen!ially elonga!ed .ell%O .o@ered 7i!# a @ery !#i.:G.!i.leO grond !i%%e
.on%i%!ing o/ !#in 7alled "aren.#yma!o% .ell% 7i!# in!er.elllar %"a.e%O %rronding a
.en!ral& @a%.lar .ylinder o/ %"irally !#i.:ened @e%%el%O !ran%@er%e %e.!ion o/ an!#er
%#o7%O %ingle layered e"idermi%O .o@ered 7i!# .!i.le /ollo7ed -y %e@eral layer% o/
!#i.:ened .ell%O %rronding -o!# !#e "ollenG%a.% #a@ing nmero% "ollen grain%O "ollen
grain% rog#ly !e!ra#edral 7i!# !#ree "ore%O mea%ring 12G14 a""ro(ima!ely O .en!ral
region .on%i%!ing o/ !#inG7alled .ell% em-oding @a%.lar -ndle%&


CONST<T?ENTS G Tannin and gl.o%ide

2a%a S +aXQyaO +aU
GVa S Lag#
'Yrya S 9Y!a
'i"Q:a S +aU
56
+arma S GrQ#YO 'iXag#naO Gar-#a%!#Q"anaO +Zmin!O Sand#QnYya
<M$O2TANT FO2M?LAT<ONS G )Z#a! Ga]gQd#ara CWrVa
THE2A$E?T<C ?SES G A!Y%QraO TZXVQO 'i%ar"aO 'raVaO 2a:!a"i!!a
DOSE G *G4 g& o/ drg in "o7der /orm

57
2*& Eranda (2!&)
E2ACDA (2oo!)
EraV[a .on%i%!% o/ driedO ma!re roo!% o/ 2i.in% .ommni% Linn& (Fam&
E"#or-ia.eae)O a !all gla-ro% %#r- or almo%! %mall !ree 2G0 m #ig#O /ond !#rog#o!
<ndiaO mo%!ly gro7ing 7ild on 7a%!e land and al%o .l!i@a!ed /or i!% oil %eed%&
SBNONBMS
San%:ri! S Gand#ar@a#a%!aO 'Q!QriO $aa.Q]glaO Ci!rQO ?r-O 2-
A%%ame%e S EdaO Era
)engali S )#erenda
Engli%# S Ca%!or oil "lan!
GIra!i S ErandioO Erando
Hindi S ArandO ErandO AndiO 2end
+annada S HaralO Odala gida
+a%#miri S AranO )anangir
Malayalam S A@ana::
Mara!#i S Erand
Oriya S JadaO Ga-a
$nIa-i S Arind
Tamil S Amana::
Telg S Amda" @er
?rd S )edanIirO Arand
DESC2<$T<ON
a) Ma.ro%.o"i.
2oo! lig#! in 7eig#! almo%! %!raig#! 7i!# /e7 roo!le!%O o!er %r/a.e dll
yello7i%# -ro7nO nearly %moo!# -! mar:ed 7i!# longi!dinal 7rin:le%O %ome "la.e%
7#i!i%#Gyello7 and %o/!O odorle%%O !a%!eO a.rid&

-) Mi.ro%.o"i.
Tran%@er%e %e.!ion o/ roo! %#o7% !#in layer o/ .or: o/ %Lari%# !o !angen!ially
58
elonga!edO !#inG7alled .ell%O -enea!# .or:O %e.ondary .or!e( o/ !#inG7alledO !angen!ially
elonga!ed .ell%O narro7 .or!e( o/ ronded !o !angen!ially elonga!ed !#inG7alled
"aren.#yma!o% .ell%O %ome .on!aining large oil glo-le%O ro%e!!e% o/ .al.im o(ala!e
.ry%!al% and rond %im"le or .om"ond %!ar.# grain%O "#loem a -road AoneO .on%i%!ing o/
%ie@e !-e%O "#loem "aren.#yma and "#loem /i-re%O /i-re% longO mo%!ly %e"!a!eO #ig#ly
!#i.:enedO #a@ing narro7 lmenO %ome /i-re% %rronded -y .on.en!ri. ro7% o/ .ell%
.on!aining .ry%!al% o/ .al.im o(ala!eO %ie@e !-e%O !#inG7alled 7i!# .om"anion .ell% and
"#loem "aren.#yma in !#e inner region o/ "#loem more "rominen! O %ome "#loem
"aren.#yma .ell% .on!ain .ry%!al% o/ .al.im o(ala!e O .am-im *G1 layeredO .ell%
re.!anglar in %#a"eO (ylem o.."ie% maIor "ar! o/ roo!O "en!ar.#O /i@e gro"% o/ "rimary
(ylem di%!in.! in !#e .en!re o/ !#e 7oodO (ylem .on%i%!% o/ @e%%el%O "aren.#yma and
/i-re% O @e%%el% ni/ormly %.a!!ered !#rog#o! !#e (ylem regionO ei!#er %oli!ary or in
gro"%O larger in %iAe !o7ard% "#loemO 7i!# -ordered "i!% O (ylem "aren.#yma le%% ia
nm-er arond @e%%el% .on!aining %!ar.# grain%O (ylem /i-re% long and !#i.:G7alledO
medllary ray% niG!oG-i%eria!eO more or le%% %!raig#!O 0G1 %eria!e ray%O %ome!ime% /ond
near "ro!o(ylem gro"%O ray .ell%O !#inG7alledO %lig#!ly radially elonga!ed in "#loem
regionO !#i.:G7alled in (ylem regionO all ray .ell% .on!ain %!ar.# grain%&


CONST<T?ENTS G Al:aloid (ri.inine)

2a%a S Mad#ra
GVa S GrO Snigd#a
'Yrya S ?XVa
'i"Q:a S Mad#ra
+arma S 'ZXyaO 'Q!a#araO ma"Q.ana
59
<M$O2TANT FO2M?LAT<ONS G Gand#ar@a#a%!Qdi +@Q!#a CWrVaO 'Q!Qri GgglO
Gand#ar@a#a%!a !aila
THE2A$E?T<C ?SES G ma@Q!aO 9o!#aO 'a%!iTWlaO +aUiTWlaO ?dararogaO J@ara

60
20& Gam-#ari (2!&):&)
GAM)H2, (2oo! -ar:)
Gam-#QrY .on%i%!% o/ driedO ma!re roo! and roo! -ar: o/ Gmelina ar-orea 2o(-&
(Fam& 'er-ena.eae) O !ree a-o! 15 m #ig#O 7i!# a .lear -ole o/ 4G8 m and a gir!# o/
1&1G2&1 mO /ond in !#e lo7er Himalaya%O !#e Nilgiri% and !#e Ea%! and ;e%! Coa%!% o/
<ndia&
SBNONBMS
San%:ri! S +QTmarYO +QTmarya
A%%ame%e S Gamari
)engali S Gam-#arO Gamar
Engli%# S Cand#ar Tree
GIra!i S S#i@an
Hindi S Gam-#arO +#am-#ari
+annada S S#i@anigidaO S#i@ani
+a%#miri S +a%#mari
Malayalam S +miA#O +m"il
Mara!#i S S#i@an
Oriya S Gam-#ari
$nIa-i S Gm#arO +m#ar
Tamil S +mi%#anO +miA#an
Telg S $eggmmdO $eggmmadi
?rd S GG
DESC2<$T<ON
a) Ma.ro%.o"i.
2oo! G O..r% in "ie.e% 7i!# %e.ondary and !er!iary -ran.#e%O roo! "ie.e% nearly
.ylindri.al 7i!# ne@en %r/a.eO greyi%# -ro7nO /ra.!re %ome7#a! !og# in -ar:O -ri!!le
and "redominan! in 7oody "or!ion&
2oo! -ar:Gma!re roo! -ar: 7#en /re%#O yello7i%# in .olorO dry "ie.e% .r@ed and
.#annelledO !#inner one% /orming %ingle Lill%O e(!ernal %r/a.e rgged de !o "re%en.e
o/ @er!i.al .ra.:%O ridge%O /i%%re% and nmero% len!i.el%O /ra.!re %#or! and granlarO
!a%!eO m.ilagino%O %7ee!i%# 7i!# %lig#! -i!!erne%%&
61

-) Mi.ro%.o"i.
2oo!G!ran%@er%e %e.!ion o/ roo! %#o7% 4G5 layer% o/ .or: .ell%O %e.ondary .or!e(O
in.lding "rimary and %e.ondary "#loem a-o! !7o !#ird .on%i%!ing o/ 7oodO .or:
-ro7ni%#O .ell% arranged in !angen!ial dire.!ion and -ro:en a! "la.e% !o7ard% ""er
layer%O .or!e( .#ara.!eri%ed -y !#e "re%en.e o/ !#inG7alled "aren.#yma!o% .ell% 7i!#
%!ar.# grain% O re%in d.!% "re%en! in a-ndan.e !#rog#o! .or!e(O %.a!!ered %!one .ell%
/i-re li:e or elonga!ed .ommonO /i-re% "re%en!O o..rring mo%!ly in %ingle%O .ell% o/
.or!e( al%o .on!ain ro%e!!e .ry%!al% o/ .al.im o(ala!e and oil glo-le%O "rimary "#loem
.#ara.!eri%ed -y !#e "re%en.e o/ %ie@e !-e% 7i!# .om"anion .ell%O "#loem "aren.#ymaO
%o/! -a%! /i-re% and ray .ell%O "#loem /i-re% o..r %ingly and %.a!!ered .or!i.al .ell%
06G36 -y 21G*1 and -a%! /i-re%O *66G1666 -y 16G11 de@elo"men! o/ .or: !a:e%
"la.e in %e.ond or !#ird layer o/ "rimary .or!e(O 7ood .on%i%!% o/ %im"le "i!!ed 7ood
"aren.#yma and medllary ray%O 7ood .ell% mainly .om"o%ed o/ @e%%el% and !ra.#eid%
and inner 7ood .on%i%!% o/ a maIor "or!ion o/ /i-re% !oge!#er 7i!# a /e7 @e%%el%O @e%%el%
nmero% and /orm almo%! a ring near !#e "eri"#ery o/ (ylem .ylinder and %ome7#a!
%"are%O -eing %.a!!ered in gro"% or %ingly nearer !#e .en!ral regionO lmen o/ @e%%el%
%ome7#a! largeO dimen%ion% o/ @e%%el% 1*6G216 -y 16G166 and !#o%e o/ !#e !ra.#eid%
131G*66 -y *6G16 7ood /i-re% a-ndan! and 7i!# %im"le "i!% O .am-im di%!in.!O
medllary ray% generally 1G2 .elled !#i.: 7i!# a-ndan! %!ar.# grain% .ell% o-long !o
re.!anglar&

A.idGin%ol-le a%# No! more !#an 6&* "er .en!O A""endi( 2&2&0&

CONST<T?ENTS G Al:aloid% and lignan% (ar-orealO i%oar-oreal and rela!ed lignan%)

62
GVa S Gr
'Yrya S ?XVa
'i"Q:a S +aU
+arma S DY"anaO $Q.anaO )#edanaO Med#yaO TridoXaIi!O 9o!#a#araO 'iXag#naO
J@ara#ara
<M$O2TANT FO2M?LAT<ONS G DaTamWlQriXUaO DaTamWla#arY!a:YO DaTamWla G#Z!aO
DaTamWla =aU"ala:a G#Z!a
THE2A$E?T<C ?SES G J@araO TZXVQO DQ#aO ArTaO 9o!#a

63
21& Go:%#ra (2!&)
GO+=?2A (2oo!)
Go:Xra .on%i%!% o/ roo! o/ Tri-l% !erre%!ri% Linn& (Fam& Nygo"#ylla.eae)S an
annal "ro%!ra!e #er-O rarely "erennial .ommon 7eed o/ !#e "a%!re land%O road %ide% and
o!#er 7a%!e landO .#ie/ly gro7ing in #o!O dry and %andy region% !#rog#o! <ndia and "!o
*O666 m in +a%#mir&
SBNONBMS
San%:ri! S Go:Xra:aO Tri:aVUaO 9@ada_XUrQO Trai:aVUa:a
A%%ame%e S Go:%#raO G:#r:a!a
)engali S Go:%#raO Go:#ri
Engli%# S Cal!ro"% roo!
GIra!i S )e !#a go:#arO Nana go:#arO Mi!#ogo:#ar
Hindi S Go:#r
+annada S SannanaggilO NeggilamllO Neggil
+a%#miri S Mi.#ir:andO $a:#da
Malayalam S NerinIil
Mara!#i S Sara!eO Go:#ar
Oriya S G:#raO Go:#yra
$nIa-i S )#a:#raO Go:#r
Tamil S NerinIilO NernIil
Telg S $aller@er
?rd S +#arGeG+#a%a: +#rd
DESC2<$T<ON
a) Ma.ro%.o"i.
Drg .on%i%!% o/ roo!O 3G15 .m long and 6&*G6&3 .m in diame!erO %lenderO
.ylindri.alO /i-ro%O /reLen!ly -ran.#ed -earing a nm-er o/ %mall roo!le!%O !og#O
7oody and yello7 !o lig#! -ro7n in .olorO %r/a.e -e.ome% rog# de !o "re%en.e o/
%mall nodle%O /ra.!re /i-ro%O odor aroma!i.O !a%!eO %7ee!i%# and a%!ringen!&

64
-) Mi.ro%.o"i.
Tran%@er%e %e.!ion o/ "rimary roo!% %#o7 a layer o/ e"idermi% /ollo7ed -y 0G1
layer% o/ !#inG7alled "aren.#yma!o% .or!e(O endodermi% di%!in.!O "eri.y.le en.lo%ing
diar.# %!eleO in ma!re roo!O .or: 0G4 layeredO .or: .am-im %ingle layered /ollo7ed -y
4G10 layer% o/ !#inG7alled "aren.#yma!o% .ell% 7i!# @arying nm-er o/ /i-re%O
di%!ri-!ed !#rog#o!O %ome %e.ondary .or!e( .ell% %#o7 %e.ondary 7all /orma!ion and
re!i.la!e !#i.:eningO /i-re% /ond in gro"% re%em-ling !#o%e o/ "#loemO %e.ondary
"#loem di@ided in!o !7o Aone%O o!er Aone .#ara.!eri%ed -y "re%en.e o/ nmero%
"#loem /i-re% 7i!# a /e7 %ie@e !-e% %lig#!ly .olla"%edO inner Aone /reLen!ly
"aren.#yma!o%O de@oid o/ /i-re% o/!en %#o7ing %ie@e !-e% and .om"anion .ell%O
"#loem ray% di%!in.!O /e7 .ell% ge! .on@er!ed in!o /i-re% in o!er regionO .am-im *G1
layeredO 7ood .om"o%ed o/ @e%%el%O !ra.#eid% O "aren.#yma and /i-re% and !ra@er%ed -y
medllary ray%O @e%%el% %.a!!eredO arranged in %ingle% or do-le% !o7ard% inner %ideO in
gro"% o/ !#ree !o /or on o!er %ide #a@ing -ordered "i!%O !ra.#eid% longO narro7 7i!#
%im"le "i!%O (ylem "aren.#yma re.!anglar or %lig#!ly elonga!ed 7i!# %im"le "i!% and
re!i.la!e !#i.:eningO (ylem /i-re% /e7O !ra.#ied% elonga!ed 7i!# %im"le "i!%O medllary
ray% #e!erogeno%O 1G0 .ell% 7ideO %!ar.# grain% and ro%e!!e .ry%!al% o/ .al.im o(ala!e
"re%en! in %e.ondary .or!e(O "#loem and medllary ray% .ell%O /e7 "ri%ma!i. .ry%!al% al%o
"re%en! in (ylem ray .ell%&

To!al A%# No! more !#an 1* "er .en!O A""endi( 2&2&*&

CONST<T?ENTS G Al:aloid% and %a"onin%
65

2a%a S Mad#ra
GVa S GrO Snigd#a
'Yrya S 9Y!a
'i"Q:a S Mad#ra
+arma S 'Q!an!O 'ZXyaO )Z_#aVaO MW!rala
<M$O2TANT FO2M?LAT<ONS G Sa#a.arQdi TailaO DaTamWla +@Q!#a CWrVaO DaTamWla
+aU!raya +@Q!#a CWrVaO DaTamWla"aa.a:olQdi +@Q!#a CWrVa
THE2A$E?T<C ?SES G +Q%aO 9@Q%aO 9WlarogaO HZdrogaO 'Q!arogaO MW!ra:Z..#raO ATmar
Y

66
24& Go:%#ra (Fr!&)
GO+=?2A (Fri!)
Go:Xra .on%i%!% o/ driedO ri"eO en!ire /ri! o/ Tri-l% !erre%!ri% Linn& (Fam
Nygo"ylla.eae)O an annalO rarely "ernnial .ommon 7eed o/ !#e "a%!re land%O road %ide% and
o!#er 7a%!e "la.e%O .#ie/ly in #o!O dry and %andy region%O gro7% !#rog#o! <ndia a% "ro%!ra!e
#er- and "!o *O666 m in +a%#mir&
SBNONBMS
San%:ri! S 9@ada_XUrQO Go:Xra:aO Trai:aVUa:aO Tri:aVUa
A%%ame%e S Go:#r:a!aO Go:%#ra
)engali S Go:#riO Go:%#ra
Engli%# S Cal!ro"% /ri!
GIra!i S )e!#ago:#arO Mi!#ago:#rO Nanago:#ar
Hindi S Go:#r
+annada S NeggilamllO NeggilO Sannaneggil
+a%#miri S $a:#daO Mi.#i:and
Malayalam S NerinIil
Mara!#i S Go:#arO Sara!e
Oriya S Go:#yraO G:#ra
$nIa-i S )#a:#raO Go:#r
Tamil S NerinIilO NernIil
Telg S $aller +aya
?rd S +#arGeG+#a%a: +#rd
DESC2<$T<ON
a) Ma.ro%.o"i.
Fri! %!al:edO lig#! or greeni%# yello7O /i@e ri--ed or angledO more or le%%
%"#eri.al in %!r.!re and .o@ered 7i!# %#or! %!i// or "-e%.en! #air%O 1 .m in diame!er
7i!# /i@e "air%O o/ "rominen! %#or! %!i// %"ine%O "oin!ed do7n7ard%O a-o! 6&1 .m in
leng!#O !i"% o/ %"ine% almo%! mee! in "air% 7#ole !oge!#er /orming "en!agonal /rameG
7or: arond /ri!O ri"e /ri! %e"ara!e% in!o /i@e %egmen!O o/ ea.# .o..i and ea.# a""ear%
a% %ingleG/ri!O ea.# .o..% %emiGlnar or "lanoG.on@e( in %!r.!re one .#am-eredO
armed 7i!# a "air o/ %"ine%O %!ar!ing /rom i!% middleO .on!aining /or or more %eed%O
!a%!eO %lig#!ly a%!ringen!&

67
-) Mi.ro%.o"i.
Tran%@er%e %e.!ion o/ /ri! %#o7% %mall e"idermal .ell% o/ ea.# .o..%
re.!anglarO ni.elllar !ri.#ome% in a-ndan.eO me%o.ar" 4G16 layer% o/ large
"aren.#yma!o% .ell%O ro%e!!e o/ .al.im o(ala!e .ry%!al% a-ndan!ly "re%en!O me%o.ar"
/ollo7ed -y *G0 .om"a.! layer% o/ %mall .ell% .on!aining "ri%ma!i. .ry%!al% o/ .al.im
o(ala!e&


ASSAB

T&L&C&

CONST<T?ENTS G $o!a%%im ni!ra!eO %!erol%O %a"ogenin 7i!# "yro:e!one ring
(dio%genin)O gi!ogenin and #e.ogenin%&

2a%a S Mad#ra
GVa S GrO Snigd#a
'Yrya S 9Y!a
68
'i"Q:a S Mad#ra
+arma S 'Q!an!O 'ZXyaO )Z_#aVaO ATmarY#araO 'a%!iTod#ana
<M$O2TANT FO2M?LAT<ONS G Go:XrQdi GgglO Trai:aVUa:a G#Z!aO DrQ:Xadi
CWrVa
THE2A$E?T<C ?SES G +Q%aO 9@Q%aO ATmarYO MW!ra:Z..#raO $rame#aO ArTaO 9WlarogaO
HZdrogaO Dar-alya
26G*6 g o/ !#e drg /or de.o.!ion

69
23& Gd.#i (S!)
G?D>C, (S!em)
G[W.Y .on%i%!% o/ driedO ma!red "ie.e% o/ %!em o/ Tino%"ora .ordi/olia (;illd&)
Mier%& (FamO Meni%"erma.eae)O a "erennial .lim-er /ond !#rog#o! Tro"i.al <ndiaO drg
.olle.!ed dring %mmer "re/era-ly in !#e mon!# o/ MayO drg i% %ed in /re%# /orm al%o&
SBNONBMS
San%:ri! S AmZ!a@allYO AmZ!QO Mad#"arVYO G[W.i:QO C#innod-#a@Q
A%%ame%e S Sidd#ila!aO Amarla!a
)engali S Glan.#a
Engli%# S GG
GIra!i S Gala.O Garo
Hindi S GiloeO Gr.#a
+annada S Amr!a-alli
+a%#miri S Amri!aO Gilo
Malayalam S C#i!!amr!
Mara!#i S Gl@el
Oriya S Gl.#i
$nIa-i S Gilo
Tamil S SeendalO Seendil :odi
Telg S T#i""a!eega
?rd S Gilo
DESC2<$T<ON
a) Ma.ro%.o"i.
Drg o..r% in "ie.e% o/ @arying !#i.:ne%% ranging /rom 6&4G1 .m in diame!erO
yong %!em% green 7i!# %moo!# %r/a.e% and %7elling a! node%O older one% %#o7 a lig#!
-ro7n %r/a.e mar:ed 7i!# 7ar!y "ro!-eran.e% de !o .ir.lar len!i.el%O !ran%@er%ely
%moo!#ened %r/a.e %#o7% a radial %!r.!re 7i!# .on%"i.o% medllary ray% !ra@er%ing
"oro% !i%%e%O !a%!e -i!!er&

70
-) Mi.ro%.o"i.
Tran%@er%e %e.!ion o/ %!em %#o7% o!erGmo%! layer o/ .or:O di//eren!ia!ing in!o
o!er Aone o/ !#i.:G7alled -ro7ni%# and .om"re%%ed .ell%O inner Aone o/ !#in 7alled
.olorle%%O !angen!ially arranged *G0 ro7% o/ .ell%O .or: -ro:en a! %ome "la.e% de !o
o"ening o/ len!i.el%O /ollo7ed -y 1 or more ro7% o/ %e.ondary .or!e( o/ 7#i.# !#e .ell%
o/ o!er ro7% %maller !#an !#e inner oneO I%! 7i!#in !#e o"ening o/ len!i.el%O gro"% o/
%.lereid% .on%i%!ing o/ 2G16 .ell% /ond in %e.ondary .or!e( regionO o!er Aone o/ .or!e(
.on%i%!% o/ *GG1 ro7% o/ irreglarly arrangedO !angen!ially elonga!ed .#loren.#yma!o%
.ell%O .or!i.al .ell% %i!a!ed !o7ard% inner %ideO "olygonal in %#a"e and /illed 7i!# "len!y
o/ %!ar.# grain%O %im"leO o@oidO or irreglarly o@oidGelli"!i.alO o..a%ionally .om"ond o/
2G0 .om"onen!%O %e@eral %e.re!ory .ell%O /ond %.a!!ered in !#e .or!e(O "eri.y.li. /i-re%
ligni/ied 7i!# 7ide lmen and "oin!ed end%O a%%o.ia!ed 7i!# a large nm-er o/ .ry%!al
/i-re% .on!aining a %ingle "ri%m in ea.# .#am-erO @a%.lar Aone .om"o%ed o/ 16G12 or
more 7edgeG%#a"ed %!ri"% o/ (ylemO e(!ernally %rronded -y %emiG.ir.lar %!ri"% o/
"#loemO al!erna!ingO 7i!# 7ide medllary ray%O "#loem .on%i%!% o/ %ie@e !-eO .om"anion
.ell% and "#loem "aren.#yma o/ "olygonal or !angen!ially elonga!ed .ell%O %ome o/ !#em
.on!ain .ry%!e1% o/ .al.im o(ala!eO .am-im .om"o%ed o/ one !o !7o layer% o/
!angen!ially elonga!ed .ell% in ea.# @a%.lar -ndleO (ylem .on%i%!% o/ @e%%el%O !ra.#eid%O
"aren.#yma and /i-re%O in "rimary (ylemO @e%%el% .om"ara!i@ely narro7 de@oid o/
!ylo%e%O %e.ondary (ylem elemen!% !#i.:G7alledO ligni/iedO @e%%el% .ylindri.al in %#a"e
-earing -ordered "i!% on !#eir 7all% %ome large @e%%el% "o%%e%% %e@eral !ylo%e% and o/!en
.on!ain !ran%@er%e %e"!aO medallry ray% 11G26 or more .ell% 7ide .on!aining rondedO
#emi%"#eri.alO o-longO o@oidO 7i!# /ain!ly mar:ed .on.en!ri. %!ria!ion% and .en!ral #ilm
a""earing li:e a "oin!O %!ar.# grain% o/ 1&1G11&26 in diame!er and 4G11&25 in leng!#O
"i!# .om"o%ed o/ largeO !#inG7alled .ell% mo%!ly .on!aining %!ar.# grain%&

dried drg GForeign ma!!er
To!al a%# No! more !#an 2 "er .en!O A""endi( 2&2&*&
;a!erG%ol-le e(!ra.!i@e No! le%% !#an 11 "er .en!O A""endi(
For /re%# drg
Foreign ma!!er Nil A""endi( 2&2&2&
Moi%!re .on!en! 31 "er .en!O A""endi( 2&2&8&

71
CONST<T?ENTS G Ter"enoid% and al:aloid%&

GVa S Lag#
'Yrya S ?XVa
'i"Q:a S Mad#ra
+arma S TridoXaTQma:aO Sa_grQ#YO )alyaO DY"anaO 2a%QyanaO 2a:!aTod#a:aO
J@arag#na
<M$O2TANT FO2M?LAT<ONS G AmZ!QriXUaO AmZ!o!!ara +@Q!#a CWrVaO G[W.Y TailaO
G[W.yQdi CWrVaO G[W.Y Sa!!@aO C#innod-#a@Qdi +@Q!#a CWrVa
THE2A$E?T<C ?SES G +XU#aO 'Q!ara:!aO J@araO +QmalQO $QV[O $rame#a
26G*6 g o/ !#e drg /or de.o.!ion

72
25& Gggl (E(da!e)
G?GG?L? (E(da!e)
Gggl .on%i%!% o/ e(da!e o/ Commi"#ora 7ig#!ii (Arn&) )#andO Syn&
)al%amodendron m:l Hoo:& e( S!o.:% Commi"#ora m:l Engl&)O dFam& )r%era.eae)O
a %mall "erennial !ree or %#r- "!o 1&2G1&5 m #ig#O o..ring in ro.:y !ra.!% o/ 2aIa%!#anO
GIara! O e(da!e i% .olle.!ed dring 7in!er %ea%on -y ma:ing !#e in.i%ion% in !#e -ar: or
in %mmerO /alling /rom !#e -ar: i!%el/&
SBNONBMS
San%:ri! S $rQO Ma#iXQ:XaO +aTi:aO $ala]:aXQ
A%%ame%e S Gggl
)engali S Gggla
Engli%# S GmGgglO <ndian )dellim
GIra!i S GgalO GggalO Ggar
Hindi S GgglO Ggal
+annada S +an!#aganaO GggalaO Ma#i%#a:%#a ggglO GgglgidaO Gggl
+a%#miri S Gggal D#oo"O +an!# Gan
Malayalam S GlglO Gggl
Mara!#i S GgglO Ma#i%#a:%#
Oriya S Gggl
$nIa-i S Gggal
Tamil S Ma#i%a:%i Gggal
Telg S Ma:i%#a:%#i ggglO Gggi"ann
?rd S MLil (S#i#a"")
DESC2<$T<ON
a) Ma.ro%.o"i.
Drg o..r% in @ermi.lar or %!ala.!i!i. "ie.e% o/ "ale yello7 or -ro7n .olored
ma%%O ma:e% mil:y eml%ion in #o! 7a!er and readily -rn%O 7#en /re%# @i%.id and
golden .oloredO odorO arom!i.O !a%!e&O -i!!er and a%!ringen!&

73
-) Mi.ro%.o"i.


;a!erG%ol-le e(!ra.!i@e No! le%% !#an 1* "er .en!O A""endi( 2&2&3&
'ola!ile oil No! le%% !#an 1 "er .en!O @\7O A""endi( 2&2&16

CONST<T?ENTS G E%%en!ial oilO gmO re%inO %!eroid%

2a%a S Ti:!aO +aUO +aXQya
GVa S Lag#O SaraO 'iTada
'Yrya S ?XVa
'i"Q:a S +aU
+arma S 'Q!a-alQ%aIi!O 2a%QyanaO 'arVyaO )alyaO )#agna%and#Qna:Z!O
Medo#ara
<M$O2TANT FO2M?LAT<ONS G BogarQIa GgglO 'Q!Qri GgglO Si_#anQda
GgglO +aiTora GgglO Ma#QyogarQIa GgglO Candra"ra-#Q 'a!Y
THE2A$E?T<C ?SES G 'Q!a@yQd#iO ma@Q!aO Gran!#iO 9o"#aO GaV[amQlQO MedorogaO
$rame#aO +XU#a
DOSE G 2G0 g o/ !#e drg

74
28& GnIa (Sd&)
G?EJ (Seed)
GaIQ .on%i%!% o/ %eed% o/ A-r% "re.a!ori% Linn& (Fam& Legmino%ae)S a .lim-er
me! 7i!# all along Himalaya% a%.ending !o 866 mO %"reading !#rog#o! "lain%O /lo7ering
in Ag%!GSe"!em-erO and /ri!% ri"en dring 7in!er&
SBNONBMS
San%:ri! S 2a:!i:QO +Q:aVan!Y
A%%ame%e S 2a!i
)engali S +n.#O S#on:ain.#
Engli%# S JeLiri!y
GIra!i S 2a!iO C#ano!#ee
Hindi S 2a!!iO G#ng.#i
+annada S GalganIiO GlagnIee
Malayalam S +nniO C@anna +nni
Mara!#i S GnIa
Oriya S +ain.#
$nIa-i S 2a!!i
Tamil S +n!riO +nrimaniO +ndamani
Telg S GriginIaO Gri@inda
?rd S G#ong.#aO 2a!!i
DESC2<$T<ON
a) Ma.ro%.o"i.
C#ara.!eri%ed -y %moo!#O glo%%y %r/a.e and -rig#! %.arle! .olor 7i!# -la.:
"a!.# #ilmO o@oid or %-Gglo-larO 1G5 mm longO 0G1 mm -road&

-) Mi.ro%.o"i.
Tran%@er%e %e.!ion o/ %eed %#o7% !e%!a a-o! 31 !#i.:O grea!er "ar!% -eing
/ormed -y e"idermi%O .om"o%ed o/ radiallyO m.# elonga!ed .ell%O arranged irreglarly
75
and mea%re 01G16 in leng!#O <nner region o/ !#in !e%!a .on%i%!% o/ .olla"%ed .ell%
/orming a #yaline layer a-o! 21 !#i.:O endodermi% .om"o%ed o/ !#i.:G7alled
.elllo%i. "aren.#ymaO i%odiame!ri. .ell% larger !o7ard% in%ideO 7all% mainly o/
#emi.elllo%e and %7ell .on%idera-ly in 7a!erO o!er one or !7o layer% o/ .ell% o/
endodermi% ("%edoe"idermi%) /ormed o/ ra!#er %maller .ell%O 7all% o/ 7#i.# %7ell !o
le%% e(!en! in 7a!er&


CONST<T?ENTS G An al-mino% %-%!an.e (a-rine and a-ralin)&
GVa S 2W:XaO Lag#O TY:XVa
'Yrya S ?XVa
'i"Q:a S +aU
+arma S 'Q!a"i!!aI@arQ"a#aO +eTyaO +aV[Wg#naO 'raVQ"a#aO Gar-#anirod#a:a
<M$O2TANT FO2M?LAT<ONS G MZ!a%aaIY@anY GUi:QO GaIQ-#adra 2a%a
THE2A$E?T<C ?SES G +XU#aO 'raVaO 'Q!a@yQd#iO <ndral"!a
DOSE G 46G156 mg o/ !#e drg in "o7der /orme
No!eS 9`d#ana o/ !#i% drg i% !o -e done -e/ore %e a% de%.ri-ed in !#e A""endi(&
e T#e do%e %#old no! e(.eed !#e #ig#er limi!%&

76
*6& Haridra (2A&)
HA2<D2 (2#iAome)
HaridrQ .on%i%!% o/ !#e dried and .red r#iAome% o/ Cr.ma longa Linn& (Fam&
Ningi-era.eae)O a "erennial #er- e(!en%i@ely .l!i@a!ed in all "ar!% o/ !#e .on!ryO .ro" i%
#ar@e%!ed a/!er 8G16 mon!#% 7#en lo7er lea@e% !rn yello7 r#iAome% .are/lly dg " 7i!#
#andG"i.:% -e!7een O.!o-erGA"ril and .red -y -oiling and dried&
SBNONBMS
San%:ri! S 2aIanYO NiTQO NiTYO 2Q!riO +XaVadQO DoXQ
A%%ame%e S Hald#iO Halad#i
)engali S HaldO Haldi
Engli%# S Trmeri.
GIra!i S Haldar
Hindi S HaldiO Hardi
+annada S Ari%#ina
+a%#miri S LedarO Lad#ir
Malayalam S ManIal
Mara!#i S Halad
Oriya S Haladi
$nIa-i S HaldiO Haldar
Tamil S ManIal
Telg S $a%"
?rd S Haldi
DESC2<$T<ON
a) Ma.ro%.o"i.
2#iAome% o@a!eO o-long or "yri/orm (rond !rmeri.) or .ylindri.alO o/!en %#or!
-ran.#ed (long !rmeri.)O /ormer a-o! #al/ a% -road a% longO la!!er 2G1 .m long and
a-o! 1G1&5 .m !#i.:O e(!ernally yello7i%# !o yello7i%#G-ro7n 7i!# roo! %.ar% and
annla!ion% o/ lea/ -a%e%O /ra.!re #ornyO /ra.!red %r/a.e orange !o reddi%# -ro7nO
.en!ral .ylinder !7i.e a% -road a% .or!e(S odor and !a%!e .#ara.!eri%!i.&

77
-) Mi.ro%.o"i.
Tran%@er%e %e.!ion o/ r#iAome %#o7% e"idermi% 7i!# !#i.:G7alledO .-i.al .ell% o/
@ario% dimen%ion%O .or!e( .#ara.!eri%ed -y !#e "re%en.e o/ mo%!ly !#inG7alled ronded
"aren.#yma .ell% %.a!!ered .olla!eral @a%.lar -ndle%O a /e7 layer% o/ .or: de@elo"ed
nder e"idermi% and %.a!!ered oleoGre%in .ell% 7i!# -ro7ni%# .on!en!%R .or: generally
.om"o%ed o/ 0G4 layer% o/ !#inG7alledO -ri.:G%#a"ed "aren.#ymaO .ell% o/ grond !i%%e
.on!ain %!ar.# grain% o/ 0G11 in diame!erO oil .ell 7i!# %-eri%ed 7all% .on!aining
ei!#er orangeGyello7 glo-le% o/ @ola!ile oil or amor"#o% re%ino% ma!!erO @e%%el%
mainly %"irally !#i.:enedO a /e7 re!i.la!e and annlar&
<den!i/i.a!ionG
1) On !#e addi!ion o/ Con.en!ra!ed Sl"#ri. a.id or a mi(!re o/ Con.en!ra!ed
Sl"#ri. a.id and al.o#ol !o !#e "o7dered drgO a dee" .rim%on .olor i% "rod.ed&
2) A "ie.e o/ /il!er "a"er i% im"regna!ed 7i!# an al.o#oli. e(!ra.! o/ !#e "o7derO driedO
and !#en moi%!ened 7i!# a %ol!ion o/ )ori. a.id %lig#!ly a.idi/ied 7i!# Hydro.#lori.
a.idO dried againO !#e /il!er "a"er a%%me% a "in: or -ro7ni%# red .olor 7#i.# -e.ome%
dee" -le or greeni%#G-la.: on !#e addi!ion o/ al:ali&

'ola!ile oil No! le%% !#an 0 "er .en!O@\7O A""endi( 2&2&16

CONST<T?ENTS G E%%en!ial oil and a .oloring ma!!er (.r.min)&

78
2a%a S Ti:!aO +aU
GVa S 2W:Xa
'Yrya S ?XVa
'i"Q:a S +aU
+arma S +a"#a"i!!an!O 'iXag#naO 'arVyaO +XU#ag#naO +Zmig#naO
$rame#anQTa:a
<M$O2TANT FO2M?LAT<ONS G HaridrQ +#aV[a
THE2A$E?T<C ?SES G 'iXa@i:QraO +XU#aO 'raVaO T@agrogaO $rame#aO $QV[O 9Y!a"i!!aO
$Yna%a

79
*1& Hari!a:i (Fr!&)
HA2,TA+, (Fri!)
HarY!a:Y .on%i%!% o/ !#e "eri.ar" o/ ma!re /ri!% o/ Terminalia .#e-la 2e!A&
(Fam& Com-re!a.eae)O a modera!e %iAed or large !ree /ond !#rog#o! <ndiaO .#ie/ly in
de.ido% /ore%!% and area% o/ lig#! rain/allO -! o..a%ionally al%o in %lig#!ly moi%! /ore%!%O
"!o a-o! 1166 m ele@a!ionO !#rog#o! <ndiaO /lo7er% a""ear /rom A"rilO Ag%! and
/ri!% ri"en /rom O.!o-erGJanary&
SBNONBMS
San%:ri! S A-#ayQO +Qya%!#QO 9i@QO $a!#yQO 'iIayQ (No! )#a]gQ)
A%%ame%e S S#ili:#a
)engali S Hari!a:i
Engli%# S Myro-alan
GIra!i S HirdoO HimaIaO $loG#arda
Hindi S HarreO HaradO Harar
+annada S Alale:ai
+a%#miri S Halela
Malayalam S +a!::a
Mara!#i S HirdaO Hari!a:iO HardaO Hireda
Oriya S Harida
$nIa-i S HalelaO Harar
Tamil S +ad::ai
Telg S +ara:aO +ara::aya
?rd S Halela
DESC2<$T<ON
a) Ma.ro%.o"i.
<n!a.! /ri! yello7i%#G-ro7nO o@oidO 26G*1 mm longO 1*G21 mm 7ideO 7rin:led
and ri--ed longi!dinallyO "eri.ar" /i-ro%O *G0 mm !#i.:O nonGad#eren! !o !#e %eedO
!a%!eO a%!ringen!&

80
-) Mi.ro%.o"i.
Tran%@er%e %e.!ion o/ "eri.ar" %#o7% e"i.ar" .on%i%!ing o/ one layer o/ e"idermal
.ell% inner !angen!ial and ""er "or!ion% o/ radial 7all !#i.:O me%o.ar"O 2G* layer% o/
.ollen.#ymaO /ollo7ed -y a -road Aone o/ "aren.#yma in 7#i.# /i-re% and %.1ereid% in
gro" and @a%.lar -ndle% %.a!!eredO /i-re% 7i!# "eg li:e o! gro7!# and %im"le "i!!ed
7all%O %.lereid% o/ @ario% %#a"e% and %iAe% -! mo%!ly elonga!edO !annin% and ra"#ide% in
"aren.#ymaO endo.ar" .on%i%!% o/ !#i.:G7alled %.lereid% o/ @ario% %#a"e% and %iAe%O
mo%!ly elonga!edO e"idermal %r/a.e @ie7 re@eal "olygonal .ell%O ni/ormly !#i.:G
7alledO %e@eral o/ !#em di@ided in!o !7o -y a !#in %e"!aO %!ar.# grain% %im"le ronded or
o@al in %#a"eO mea%ring 2G3 in diame!erO /ond in "len!y in almo%! all .ell% o/
me%o.ar"&
$o7derG )ro7ni%# in .olorO nder mi.ro%.o"e %#o7% a /e7 /i-re%O @e%%el% 7i!# %im"le
"i!% and gro"% o/ %.lereid%&


CONST<T?ENTS G Tannin%O an!#raLinone% and "oly"#enoli. .om"ond%

2a%a S +aXQyaO +aUO Ti:!aO AmlaO Mad#ra
GVa S Lag#O 2W:Xa
'Yrya S ?XVa
'i"Q:a S Mad#ra
+arma S Sar@adoXa"raTamanaO 2a%QyanaO Ca:XXyaO DY"anaO AnlomanaO
HZdyaO Med#ya
81
<M$O2TANT FO2M?LAT<ONS G A-#ayQriXUaO Aga%!ya HarY!a:Y 2a%QyanaO Ci!ra:a Har
Y!a:YO Dan!Y HarY!a:YO DaTamWla HarY!a:YO )rQ#ma 2a%QyanaO Tri"#alQ CWrVaO Tri"#alQdi
TailaO A-#ayQ La@aVaO $a!#yQdi Le"a
THE2A$E?T<C ?SES G 'i-and#aO Ar.iO ?dQ@ar!aO GlmaO ?dararogaO ArTaO $QV[O
9o!#aO JYrVaI@araO 'iXamaI@araO $rame#aO 9irorogaO +Q%aO Tama:aT@Q%aO HZdroga

82
*2& Hing (OleoGgmG2e%in)
H<FG? (OleoGgmGre%in)
Hi]g .on%i%!% o/ oleoGgmGre%in o-!ained /rom r#iAome% and roo!% o/ Ferla
/oe!ida 2egel&O Ferla nar!#e( )io%%Oand o!#er %"e.ie% o/ Ferla (Fam& ?m-elli/erae)O a
"erennial #er-O o..rring in $er%ia and A/g#ani%!anO re%in .olle.!ed a/!er ma:ing in.i%ion%
a! !#e ""er "ar! o/ !a" roo! o/ more !#an /i@e year old "lan!% -y %.ra""ing in Mar.#O A"rilO
I%! -e/ore /lo7eringO 7#ole "ro.e%% re"ea!ed many !ime%O a/!er one or !7o day% or a/!er a
/e7 7ee:% 7#en i! ge!% #ardened&
SBNONBMS
San%:ri! S 2QmaU#aO Sa#a%ra@ed#i
A%%ame%e S Hin
)engali S Hing
Engli%# S A%/oe!ida
GIra!i S HingO 'ag#arni
Hindi S HingO Hingda
+annada S HingO <ng
+a%#miri S Eng
Malayalam S +ayam
Mara!#i S HingO HiraO Hing
Oriya S HengO Hing
$nIa-i S Hing
Tamil S $erngayam
Telg S <ng@a
?rd S Hi!lee!O Hing
DESC2<$T<ON
a) Ma.ro%.o"i.
2ondedO /la!!ened or ma%%e% o/ aggl!ina!ed !ear%O greyi%#G7#i!e !o dll yello7O
mo%!ly 12G21 mm in diame!erO /re%#ly e("o%ed %r/a.eO yello7i%# and !ran%l.en! or
mil:y 7#i!eO o"aLeO %lo7ly -e.oming "in:O redO /inally reddi%# -ro7nO odorO %!rongO
.#ara.!eri%!i. and "er%i%!en!O !a%!eO -i!!er and a.rid&
83

-) Mi.ro%.o"i.
<DENT<TBO $?2<TB AND ST2ENGTHG
<den!i/i.a!ion
(<) Fre%#ly -ro:en %r/a.e 7#en !o.#ed 7i!# %l"#ri. a.id a -rig#! red or
reddi%#G-ro7n .olor i% "rod.edO .#anging !o @iole! 7#en a.id 7a%#ed o// 7i!# 7a!er&
(<<) )oil 6&2 g 7i!# 2 ml Hydro.#lori. a.id /or a-o! 1 min!eO .oolO dil!e 7i!# an eLal
@olme o/ 7a!erO and /il!er in!o * ml o/ dil!e %ol!ion o/ AmmoniaO /lore%.en.e i%
"rod.ed&
A-%en.e o/ .olo"#ony re%inSGTri!ra!e 1 g 7i!# 16 ml o/ Lig#! $e!rolem (-&"& 06G46)
/or 2 min!e%O /il!er in!o a !e%! !-e and add !o !#e /il!ra!e 16 ml o/ a /re%# 6&1 "er .en! 7\
@ aLeo% %ol!ion o/ .o""er a.e!a!eO %#a:e 7ell and allo7 !#e liLid% !o %e"ara!eO
"e!rolem layer doe% no! %#o7 any green .olorO indi.a!ing a-%en.e o/ .olo"#ony re%in&


ASSAB
$la.e a-o! 1 g a..ra!ely 7eig#edO in a %mall -ea:er /rni%#ed 7i!# a gla%% rodO and
!ared add 16 ml o/ Al.o#ol (86 "er .en!)O and -oil gen!ly& Fil!er !#e #o! %ol!ion !#rog#
a !ared /il!er "a"er and -oil !#e re%ide 7i!# /r!#er Lan!i!ie% o/ Al.o#ol (86 "er .en!)R
ni!l all %ol-le ma!!er i% remo@edO %ing !#e gla%% rod !o di%in!egra!e !#e %ol-le ma!!er&
;a%# !#e /il!er "a"er 7i!# #o! al.o#ol (86 "er .en!) !ran%/er !#e "a"er !o !#e -ea:erO dry
84
!#e 166Ò and 7eig#& T#eG re%ide 7eig#% no! more !#an 16 "er .en! o/ !#e original
%am"le !a:en&

CONST<T?ENTS G E%%en!ial oilO gm and re%in

2a%a S +aU
GVa S TY:XVa
'Yrya S ?XVa
'i"Q:a S +aU
+arma S 2.yaO DY"anaO $Q.anaO AnlomanaO +Zmig#naO 'Q!a:a"#a"raTamanaO
HZdya
<M$O2TANT FO2M?LAT<ONS G Hi]g@QXUa:a CWZVaO Hi]g@Qdi CWrVaO Hi]g@a.Qdi
CWrVa
THE2A$E?T<C ?SES G AgnimQndyaO d#mQnaO nQ#aO GlmaO 9WlarogaO ?dararogaO
HZdrogaO +Zmiroga
DOSE G 121G166 mg o/ !#e drg

85
**& Ja!aman%i (2A&)
JATMHS, (2#iAome)
Ja!QmQ_%Y .on%i%!% o/ dried r#iAome o/ Nardo%!a.#y% Ia!aman%i DC&(Fam&
'aleriana.eae) O an erre.! "erennial #er-O 16G46 .m #ig# gro7ing a! an al!i!de o/
*666G1666 m on !#e %-Gal"ine Himalayan !ra.!%&
SBNONBMS
San%:ri! S MQ_%YO JaUQO JaUilQ
A%%ame%e S Ja!aman%iO Ja!amang%#i
)engali S Ja!amam%i
Engli%# S Nard% roo!
GIra!i S )aal.#adO +ali.#ad
Hindi S )al.#ara
+annada S )#oo!aIa!aO Ganagila ma%!e
+a%#miri S )#!iIa!a
Malayalam S Man.#iO Ja!aman.#i
Mara!#i S Ja!aman%i
Oriya S Ja!aman%i
$nIa-i S )illilo!anO )al.##arO C##argddi
Tamil S Ja!amanIi
Telg S Ja!amam%i
?rd S Sm-lG!G!ee-
DESC2<$T<ON
a) Ma.ro%.o"i.
Dried r#iAome dar: -ro7nO 2&1G3&1 .m longO .ylindri.alO .o@ered 7i!# reddi%#G
-ro7n /i-re% /orming a ne! 7or:O 7#i.# are %:ele!on% o/ %#ea!#ing lea/ -a%e%O /ra.!reO
-ri!!leO in!ernal .olor reddi%#G-ro7nO .olorO %!rongly aroma!i.O !a%!eO a.ridO %lig#!ly
-i!!er&

86
-) Mi.ro%.o"i.
Tran%@er%e %e.!ion o/ r#iAome %#o7% .or: .on%i%!ing o/ 2G1 layer% o/ .ell% /illed
7i!# oil glo-le%O .or!e( .#ara.!eri%ed -y !#e "re%en.e o/ %.#iAogeno% .anal%O "#loem
in /orm o/ "a!.#e% o/ %mall .ell%O .am-im ring di%!in.! and .on!ino%O (ylem .on%i%!%
o/ @e%%le%O %.a!!ered indi@idally or in ro7% o/ !7o or !#ree @e%%el%O 7i!# %.alari/orm
!#i.:eningO older r#iAome% %#o7 one or more %!ella!e %#a"ed ring% o/ in!er(ylary and
medllary .or:O .om"le!ely or in.om"le!ely %e"ara!ing !#e r#iAome in!o /or !o nine
@a%.lar %!rand% -y Ioining o!er .or:O ea.# %e"ara!ed %!rand en.ir.led -y a /e7 layer% o/
.or: .ell .on%i%!ing o/ an o!er .or!e( Aone /ollo7ed -y !7o or more /n.!ional @a%.lar
-ndle%O !i%%e% in -e!7een !#e %!rand% %ally nonG/n.!ional e(.e"! /or !#e .or: .ell%
7#i.# a.! a% %!orage organ /or oil glo-le&
<den!i/i.a!ionGS#a:e a-o! 2 g o/ !#e "o7der 7i!# 1 ml o/ Al.o#ol (56 "er .en!) /or !en
min!e% and /il!erO $la.e one dro" o/ !#e /il!ra!e on a /il!er "a"erO dry and e(amine nder
l!raG@iole! lig#!O a -rig#!O -li%#G7#i!e /lore%.ene i% @i%i-le&

'ola!ile oil No! le%% !#an 6&1 "er .en!O@\7O A""endi(2&2&16

CONST<T?ENTS G E%%en!ial oil and re%ino% ma!!er

GVa S Lag#
'Yrya S 9Y!a
'i"Q:a S +aU
87
+arma S TridoXan!O Med#yaO 'arVyaO NidrQIananaO +XU#ag#na
<M$O2TANT FO2M?LAT<ONS G JaUQmQ_%yar:a
THE2A$E?T<C ?SES G +XU#aO DQ#aO 'i%ar"aO MQna%arogaO AnidrQ
DOSE G 2G* g o/ !#e drg in "o7der /orm \"ar1G16 g o/ !#e drg /or de.o.!ion

88
*0& Ja!i"#ala (Sd&)
JT,$HALA (Seed)
JQ!Y"#ala .on%i%!% o/ !#e endo%"erm o/ dried %eed% (:ernel% o/ /ri!%) o/ Myri%!i.a
/ragran% Ho!!& (Fam& Myri%!i.a.eae)O dioe.io% or o..a%ionally monoe.io% aroma!i. !reeO
a-o! 16G26 m #ig#O /ond mo%!ly in Tamil Nad and !o %ome e(!en! in +eralaO And#ra
$rade%# and A%%am&
SBNONBMS
San%:ri! S JQ!iTa%yaO JQ!Y"#ala
A%%ame%e S Jai"#alO +ani@i%#
)engali S Jai"#alaO Jai!ri
Engli%# S N!meg
GIra!i S Jai"#alaO Jay/ar
Hindi S Jai"#al
+annada S Jadi:aiO Jay:aiO Jaidi:ai
+a%#miri S Ja/al
Malayalam S Ja!i:a
Mara!#i S Jai"#al
Oriya S Jai"#al
$nIa-i S Jai"#al
Tamil S Sa!#i::aiO Ja!#i::aiO Ja!i::aiO Jad#i:aiO Jad#i::ai
Telg S JaIi:aya
?rd S JaA-7aO Jai"#al
DESC2<$T<ON
a) Ma.ro%.o"i.
Seed elli"%oidO 26G*6 mm long and a-o! 26 mm -roadO e(!ernally greeni%#G
-ro7n %ome!ime% mar:ed 7i!# %mall irreglar dar: -ro7n "a!.#e% or min!e dar: "oin!%
and line% %lig#!ly /rro7ed re!i.la!elyO a %mall lig#!G.olored area a! one end indi.a!ing
!#e "o%i!ion o/ !#e radi.le a groo@e rnning along !#e line o/ ra"#e !o !#e dar:er .#alaAa
a! !#e o""o%i!e endO %rronded -y a !#in layer o/ "eri %"erm 7i!# in/olding% a""earing
a% dar: rmina!ion% in !#e a-ndan! greyi%#G-ro7n endo%"ermO em-ryoO in an irreglar
.a@i!yO %mall 7i!# !7o 7idely %"reading .rm"led .o!yledon% and a %mall radi.le odorO
89
%!rong and aroma!i.O !a%!eO "ngen! and aroma!i.&

-) Mi.ro%.o"i.
Tran%@er%e %e.!ion o/ endo%"erm %#o7% "eri"#eral "eri%"ermO o/ %e@eral layer% o/
%!ronglyO /la!!ened "oly#ederal .ell% 7i!# -ro7n .on!en!%O or .on!aining "ri%ma!i.
.ry%!al%O inner layer o/ "eri%"erm o/ !#inG7alled "aren.#yma a-o! 06 !#i.:O in/olding
in!o !#e !i%%e o/ !#e endo%"erm !o /orm !#e rmina!ion% .on!aining nmero%O @ery large
oil .ell% 7i!# -ro7n .ell 7all%O @a%.lar %!rand%O in !#e "eri"#eral regionO nmero%
%mall %"iral @e%%el%O large .elledO endo%"ermO "aren.#yma!o% ;i!# o..a%ional !annin
idio-la%!% 7i!# !#in -ro7n 7all%O .on!aining nmero% %im"leO ronded and .om"ond
%!ar.# grain%O 7i!# "!o a-o! 16 .om"onen!% %ally 2G5 indi@idal grain%O "!o 26 in
diame!er "re%en!O mo%! o/ !#e .ell% 7i!# .ry%!alline /a! and o/!en a large alerone grain in
ea.# .ellO .on!aining a r#om-i. "ro!ein .ry%!al "!o 12 and %mall alerone grain% 7i!#
le%% reglar .ry%!alloid%O em-ryoO o/ %#ri@elled and .olla"%ed "aren.#yma&

E!#er %ol-le e(!ra.!i@e No! le%% !#an 21 "er .en!O A""endi( 2&2&5
'ola!ile oil No! le%% !#an 1 "er .en!O@\7O A""endi( 2&2&16


2a%a S Ti:!aO +aU
GVa S Lag#O TY:XVa
'Yrya S ?XVa
90
'i"Q:a S +aU
+arma S DY"anaO GrQ#YO M:#a:ledanQTa:aO M:#adargand#yanQTa:aO
+a"#a@Q!Q"a#aO 'ZXya
<M$O2TANT FO2M?LAT<ONS G JQ!Y"#alQdi CWrVa
THE2A$E?T<C ?SES G A!Y%QraO Gra#aVYO C#ardiO M:#arogaO $Yna%aO +Q%aO 9@Q%aO
9:rame#a
DOSE G 6&1 G 1&6 g o/ !#e drg in "o7der /orm

91
*1& +am"illa (Fr!&)
+AM$<LLA (Fri!)
+am"illa .on%i%!% o/ gland% and #air% o/ /ri! o/ Mallo!% "#ili""inen%i% Mell &
Arg& (Fam& E"#or-ia.eae)O a @ery .ommon "erennial %#r- or %mall !ree /ond in o!er
Himalaya% a%.ending !o 1166 mO ma!re /ri!% .olle.!ed in Fe-raryGMar.#O reddi%# -ro7n
"o7der .olle.!ed in .lo!# -y %#a:ing and r--ing !#e /ri!% 7i!# #and%&
SBNONBMS
San%:ri! S 2aIana:aO +am"illa:a
A%%ame%e S Lo.#an
)engali S +amlagdi
Engli%# S +amala
GIra!i S +a"ilo
Hindi S +a-ila
+annada S +a"ilaO C#andra#e!!O +a"ila!#e!!
+a%#miri S +ameela:
Malayalam S +am"i""alaO +am"i"al
Mara!#i S S#endriO +a"ila
Oriya S +amalagndi
$nIa-i S +amila
Tamil S +amalaO +am"ila
Telg S +am"illam
?rd S +amila
DESC2<$T<ON
a) Ma.ro%.o"i.
FineO granlar "o7derO dllGred or madderGred .oloredO /loa!ing on 7a!er&

-) Mi.ro%.o"i.
92
?nder mi.ro%.o"e gland% a""ear de"re%%ed and glo-larO .on!aining dee"Gred
.olored re%inO %e.re!ed -y many .l- %#a"ed .ell radia!ing /rom a .ommon .en!reO a
nm-er o/ %!ella!e !ri.#ome% "re%en!O !ri.#ome% !#i.:G7alledO -ran.#ing ligni/ied 7i!#
%moo!# margin%O yello7 .oloredO arranged in %mall radia!ing gro"%&

;a!erG%ol-le e(!ra.!i@e No! le%% !#an 1&6 "er .en!O A""endi( 2&2&3&

ASSAB

T&L&C&

CONST<T?ENTS G 2e%ino% .oloring ma!!er (ro!!lerin)&

2a%a S +aU
'Yrya S ?XVa
'i"Q:a S +aU
+arma S 'ire.anaO 'raVQ"a#aO +Zmig#na
<M$O2TANT FO2M?LAT<ONS G D#Qn@an!ara G#Z!aO MiTra:a Sne#a
93
THE2A$E?T<C ?SES G 'i-and#aO +ZmirogaO d#mQnaO GlmaO 'raVa
DOSE G 6&1G1&6 g o/ !#e drg in "o7der /orm
No!eG 9`d#ana o/ !#i% drg i% !o -e done -e/ore %eO a% de%.ri-ed in A""endi(

94
*4& +an.#anara (S!&):&)
+ECAN2A (S!em -ar:)
+Qa.anQra .on%i%!% o/ !#e driedO %!em -ar: o/ )a#inia @ariega!a )lme (Fam&
Legmino%ae)S a medim %iAed !ree o..rring in %-GHimalayan !ra.! e(!ending ea%!7ard% !o
A%%amO Ea%!ernO Cen!ral and So!# <ndia&
SBNONBMS
San%:ri! S +Qa.anQra:a
A%%ame%e S +an.anO +an.#an
)engali S +an.#anaO 2a:!a +an.#ana
Engli%# S Mon!ain E-ony
GIra!i S C#am"a:a!iO +an.#narO +a.#nar
Hindi S +a.#anarO +an.#anarO +a.#nar
+annada S +eymandarO +an.#a@ala
+a%#miri S +alad
Malayalam S C#@anna Mand#aram
Mara!#i S +an.#anaO 2a:!a:an.ana
Oriya S +a.#anaO +aniara
$nIa-i S +an.#nar
Tamil S Siga"" mandaraiO Si#a"" man!arai
Telg S De@a +an.#anam
?rd S GG
DESC2<$T<ON
a) Ma.ro%.o"i.
)ar:O dar: -ro7nO %ome!ime% 7i!# %il@ery "a!.#e%O rog#O .om"a.!O e(/olia!ing in
7oody %!ri"% and %.ale%O o!er %r/a.e 7i!# %mall !ran%@er%e and longi!dinal .ra.:%O
in!ernal %r/a.e 7#i!eO !a%!eO a%!ringen!

-) Mi.ro%.o"i.
Tran%@er%e %e.!ion o/ ma!re %!em -ar: %#o7% a 7ide %!ra!i/ied .or:O o!er .or:
.om"o%ed o/ !#inG7ailedO %lig#!ly .om"re%%edO yello7 -ro7n .ell% /ollo7ed -y a nm-er
o/ layer% o/ -ro7n .olored .ell%O inner .or: .om"o%ed o/ !ran%@er%ely elonga!ed orange
-ro7n .ell%O .or: in!err"!ed a! .er!ain "la.e% de !o /orma!ion o/ r#y!idomaO %ome
%e.ondary .or!e( .om"o%ed or 11 or more ro7% or !ran%@er%ely elonga!ed !o .ir.larO
95
!#inG7alledO "aren.#yma!o% .ell%O %ome %e.ondary .or!e( .ell% .on!ain orange -ro7n
.on!en!%S gro"% o/ %!one .ell% /ond %.a!!ered in !#i% region o..a%ionally arranged in 1G3
or more !angen!ial ro7%O "eri.y.li. /i-re%O !#i.:G7alled 7i!# narro7 lmenO %.a!!ered in
%e.ondary .or!e( in %ingle% or in gro"%O %e.ondary "#loem .on%i%!% o/ %ie@e !-e%O
.om"anion .ell%O "#loem "aren.#yma and /i-re% !ra@er%ed -y /nnel %#a"ed medllary
ray% O "#loem /i-re% arranged in radial ro7% !#rog#o! "#loem regionO "ri%ma!i. and
r#om-oidal .ry%!al% or .al.imO o(ala!e a-ndan!ly /ond in "#loem and %e.ondary
.or!e( region%O @ery rarely /ond in .or: .ell%O .l%!er .ry%!al% al%o "re%en! in %e.ondary
.or!e( and %e.ondary "#loemO .ry%!al /i-re% al%o /ond in %e.ondary "#loem&
$o7der G "in:i%#O nder mi.ro%.o"e %#o7ing a-ndan! .ry%!al% o/ .al.im o(ala!eO
%.1er.id% in %ingle% or in gro"% 7i!# 7ide lmenO -i!% o/ /i-re%O .or: and %e.ondary
.or!e( .ell%O .on!aining .olored .on!en!O and nmero% .ry%!al /i-re%


CONST<T?ENTS G Tannin%
2a%a S +aXQya
GVa S Lag#O 2W:Xa
'Yrya S 9Y!a
'i"Q:a S +aU
+arma S TridoXa#araO GrQ#YO DY"anaO GaV[a@Zdd#i#ara
<M$O2TANT FO2M?LAT<ONS G +Qa.anQra Gggl
THE2A$E?T<C ?SES G +ZmirogaO GaV[amQlQO A"a.YO Gda-#ra_TaO 'raVa
96
*3& +an:ola (Fr!&)
+AF+OLA (Fri!)
+a]:ola .on%i%!% o/ ma!reO dried /ri!% o/ $i"er .-e-a Linn&/& (Fam& $i"era.eae)O
7oodyO .lim-ingO "erennial 7i!# dioe.eo% /lo7er% in %"i:eO .l!i@a!ed !o a %mall e(!en! in
<ndiaO %"e.ially in !#e +arna!a:a %!a!eO /ri!% .olle.!ed 7#en ma!re -! %!ill nri"e and
.are/lly dried&
SBNONBMS
San%:ri! S +a]:ola:aO CinoXaVaO Cina!Y:XVaO +a::olaO +a]:oli:Q
A%%ame%e S +a::olO +a-a-.#eni
)engali S +a#a-.#iniO Sgand#amari.#a
Engli%# S C-e-%O Tailed $e""er
GIra!i S C#ana:a-a-O C#ini:a-a-
Hindi S See!al.#iniO +a-a-.#ini
+annada S Gand#amena%O )alamena%
+a%#miri S +%#/alO +a-a-.#ini
Malayalam S C#eenamla:O Ta::olamO 'almla:
Mara!#i S +an:ol
Oriya S +a-a-.#ini
$nIa-i S +a-a-.#iniO Sard.#ini
Tamil S 'aali mila:O 'almilag
Telg S C#ala@amiriyalO To:amiriyal
?rd S +a-a-.#ini
DESC2<$T<ON
a) Ma.ro%.o"i.
Fri! 7rin:ledO rondedO 1G3 mm in diame!erO lig#! -ro7n !o dar: -ro7nO a-o! 3
mm long %!al: a!!a.#edO "eri.ar" red !o %lig#!ly -ro7nO !e%!a /%ed 7i!# "eri.ar"O /ri!
#ard and %!ony al-men 7#i!e and oilyO odorO aroma!i. end .#ara.!eri%!i.O !a%!eO
"ngen! and %lig#!ly -i!!er&

97
-) Mi.ro%.o"i.
Tran%@er%e %e.!ion o/ /ri! %#o7% an o!er layer% o/ e"idermi%O e(!ernally .o@ered
7i!# !#i.: .!i.leO a ra7 o/ 2G1 %mallO .r%#edO -ro7n and !#i.:G7alled .ell% -elo7O
me%o.ar" .om"o%ed o/ largeO !#inG7alled "aren.#yma!o% .ell%O oil .ell% and @a%.lar
-ndle%O endo.ar" o/ ml!iGlayered %.lereid% #ea@ily ligni/ied 7i!# narro7 lmenO !e%!a
and !egmen .om"o%ed o/ elonga!ed .ell% !egmen .ell% #yaline and :ernel .ell% greyi%# in
.olor&


ASSAB

T&L&C&

CONST<T?ENTS G E%%en!ial oil (.-e-in)&

2a%a S +aUO Ti:!a
GVa S Lag#O TY:XVa
'Yrya S ?XVa
'i"Q:a S +aU
+arma S DY"anaO $Q.anaO 2.yaO +a"#a@Q!a#araO M:#adargand#ya#araO
'a%!iTod#ana
98
<M$O2TANT FO2M?LAT<ONS G DaTamWlQriXUaO +mQryQ%a@a
THE2A$E?T<C ?SES G Ar.iO M:#arogaO MW!ra:Z..#raO 9Wla
DOSE G 1G2 g o/ !#e drg in "o7der /orm

99
*5& +an!a:ari (;&$&)
+ACJA+2, (;#ole "lan!)
+aVUa:QrY .on%i%!% o/ ma!reO dried 7#ole "lan! o/ Solanm %ra!!en%e )rm& /&O
Syn& Solanm (an!#o.ar"m S.#rad & P ;endl O (Fam& Solana.eae)O "erennialO @ery
"ri.:ly di//%ed #er- o/ 7a%!e landO /ond !#rog#o! <ndia&
SBNONBMS
San%:ri! S 'yQg#rYO Nidigd#i:QO +XdrQO +aVUa:Qri:QO D#Q@anYO Nidigd#QO
D%"arTQ
A%%ame%e S +a!@aedanaO +an!a:ar
)engali S +an!a:ari
Engli%# S Fe-ri/ge "lan!
GIra!i S )#aringani
Hindi S +a!aiO +a!aliO 2inganiO )#a!a:a!aiyaO C##o!i:a!eri
+annada S NelagllaO +iraglla
Malayalam S +an!a:ari .#nda
Mara!#i S )#aringaniO +a!aringani
Oriya S )#eIi-aganaO An:ara!iO C#a:ada )#oIi
$nIa-i S +andiari
Tamil S +andanga!riO +andan:a!riO +andang#a!#iri
Telg S Nelamla:aO $innamla:aO Mla:aO C#innamla:aO 'a:d
?rd S GG
DESC2<$T<ON
a) Ma.ro%.o"i.
2oo!G16G01 .m longO /e7 mm !o !7o .m in diame!erO almo%! .ylindri.al and
!a"eringO -earing a nm-er o/ /ine longi!dinal and /e7 !ran%@er%e 7rin:le% 7i!#
o..a%ional %.ar% or a /e7 len!i.el% and %mall roo!le!%O !ran%@er%ely %moo!#ened
%r/a.e %#o7% a !#in -ar: and 7ide .om"a.! .ylinder o/ 7oodO /ra.!reO %#or!O
!a%!eO -i!!er&
S!emG#er-a.eo%O "ri.:ly 7i!# "rominen! node% and in!ernode%O green 7#en /re%#O yong
-ran.#e%O .o@ered 7i!# nmero% #air%O ma!re one% gla-ro%O /rro7% more
"rominen! in yong %!em a""earing almo%! .ir.lar !o7ard% -a%al regionO %!em
"ie.e% 5G16 mm !#i.: o/ @aria-le leng!#O e(!ernal %r/a.e lig#! greenO 7#en dryO
100
%r/a.e yello7i%# green and %moo!#O !ran%@er%ely %moo!#ened %r/a.e %#o7% a
@ery !#in -ar: and "rominen! 7oodO .en!re %#o7% a large and di%!in.!O "i!#O mr
!re and dry %!em o/!en 7i!# #ollo7 "i!#O /ra.!re %#or! !o %lig#!ly /i-ro%&
Lea@e%G"e!iola!eO e(%!i"la!eO o@a!eGGo-long or elli"!i.O %ina!e or %-G"inna!i/idO %-G
a.!e #airyO 0G12&1 .m long and 2G3&1 .m 7ideO greenO @ein% and midri- /ll 7i!#
%#ar" "ri.:le%O odor and !a%!e no! di%!in.!&
Flo7erG e-ra.!ea!eO "edi.ella!eO -i%e(alO "en!amero%O reglarO .om"le!eO -rig#! -le or
-li%# "r"leO & .aly(G"er%i%!en!O gamo%e"alo%O !-e %#or!O glo-o%eO linearG
lan.eola!eO a.!eO #airyO 6&1G1 &* .m long and den%ely "ri.:lyO
.orollagamo"e!alo%O lo-e% del!oidO a.!eO #airyO 1G2 .m long and "r"le in
.olorO %!amen% 1O e"i"e!alo%O -a%i/i(edO /ilamen! %#or! 1G1&1 mm longO an!#erO
o-long lan.eola!eO 6&3G6&5 .m longO o@ary %"eriorO o@oidO gla-ro%O -ilo.lar
7i!# a(ile "la.en!a!ion #a@ing nmero% o@le%&
Fri!G)erry glo-lar O mea%ring 6&5G1 .m in diame!erO %rronded -y "er%i%!en! .aly( a!
-a%e nri"e /ri!% @ariega!ed 7i!# green and 7#i!e %!ri"%O ri"e /ri! %#o7%
di//eren! yello7 and 7#i!e %#ade%&
Seed%G.ir.larO /la!O nmero%O em-edded in a /le%#y me%o.ar" a-o! 6& 2 .m in
diame!er& gla-ro% !a%!eO -i!!er and a.rid &

-) Mi.ro%.o"i.
2oo!G !ran%@er%e %e.!ion o/ ma!re roo! %#o7% .or: .om"o%ing o/ *G4 layer% o/
!#inG7alledO re.!anglar and !angen!ially elonga!ed .ell%O .or: .am-im %ingle layered
/ollo7ed -y 4G11 layer% o/ !#inG7alledO !angen!ially elonga!ed !o o@al or .ir.lar
"aren.#yma!o% .ell%O %!one .ell% ei!#er %ingle or in gro"% o/ 2G26 or e@en more "re%en!
in !#i% regionO %e.ondary "#loem .om"o%ed o/ %ie@e elemen!% and "#loem "aren.#yma
!ra@er%ed -y medllary ray%O %!one .ell% "re%en! in %ingle% or in gro"% o/ 2G26 or more
in o!erO and middle "#loem region%O "#loem ray% 1G0 .ell% 7ide and 2G22 .ell% #ig#O
.am-im *G1 layered o/ !#inG7alled re.!anglar .ell%O (ylem .om"o%ed o/ @e%%el%O
!ra.#eid%O /i-re !ra.#ied%O "aren.#yma and !ran%@er%ed -y medllary ray%O all elemen!%
-eing ligni/iedO @e%%el% and !ra.#eid% 7i!# -ordered "i!%O /i-re% 7i!# a /e7 %im"le "i!%O
(ylem "aren.#yama re.!anglar or lig#!ly elonga!ed 7i!# %im"le "i!% and rarely 7i!#
re!i.la!e !#i.:eningO (ylem ray% 1G* .ell% 7ide and 1G26 .ell% #ig#O mi.ro%"#enoidal
.ry%!al% o/ .al.im o(ala!e a% %andy ma%%e% and %im"le %!ar.# grain% "re%en! in
%e.ondary .or!e(O "#loem and medllary ray%&
S!emG!ran%@er%e %e.!ion o/ ma!re %!emO 1&1G2 .m !#i.: .on%i%!% o/ 4G12 layer% o/ .or:
o/ !#inG 7alled %ome7#a! re.!anglar .ell%O e"idermi% remain% in!a.! /or a long !imeO
%e.ondary .or!e( .on%i%!% o/ 3G11 layer% o/ "aren.#yma!o% .ell%O %ome .ell% !#i.:ened
and ligni/ied /orming %!one .ell% "rimary .or!e( remain% in!a.! e@en in Li!e ma!re
%!age -! la!er ge!% .r%#edO "eri.y.li. /i-reO o..r %ingly or in %mall gro"% o/ 2G*O
%e.ondary "#loem .on%i%!% o/ %ie@e elemen!%O "aren.#yamaO a /e7 /i-re%O %!one .ell% and
!ra@er%ed -y "#loem ray%O /i-re% /ond %.a!!ered in %ingle% or in %mall gro"% in o!er
and middle "#loem regionO inner "#loem de@oid o/ /i-re%O %!one .ell% "re%en! in %ingle%
101
or in %mall gro"% o/ 2G0O "#loem ray%O 1G2 or rarely * .ell% 7ideO .am-im .om"o%ed o/
2G* layer%O (ylem .on%i%!% o/ @e%%el%O !ra.#eid%O "aren.#ymaO /i-re% and !ra@er%ed -y
(ylem ray%O @e%%el% @ary grea !ly in %#a"e and %iAe and %#o7 -ordered "i!%O !ra.#eid%
elonga!ed 7i!# irreglar 7all% and -ordered "i!%O /i-re% m.# elonga!edO !#i.:G7alled
and ligni/ied 7i!# !a"ering and "oin!ed end%O %ome #a@ing !rn.a!ed end% or -i/r.a!ed a!
one or -o!# end% 7i!# a /e7 %im"le "i!%O !ran.#eid% /i-re% %maller !#an /i-re%O 7i!# -o!#
end% !a"ering and #a@e re!i.la!e !#i.:eningO (ylem "aren.#yma .-i.al !o re.!anglar
7i!# %im"le or -ordered "i!% or re!i.la!e !#i.:eningO (ylem ray% .on%"i.o% -y !#eir
"i!!ed !#i.:ening%O longer %iAe and radial elonga!ion o/ .ell%O 1G2 or rarely * .ell% 7ide
and 2G21 .ell% #ig#O in!ernal "#loem .om"o%ed o/ %ie@e elemen!% and "aren.#ymaO
/orming more or le%% .on!ino% -and and em-edded in "erimedllary AoneO a /e7
"#loem /i-re% %imilar !o !#o%e o/ o!er "#loem region al%o "re%en!O .en!ral region
o.."ied -y a large "i!#O mi.ro%"#enoidal .ry%!al% o/ .al.im o(ala!e a% %andy ma%%e%
and %im"le %!ar.# grain% "re%en! in .or!e(O %e.ondary .or!e(O "#loemO medllary ray% and
"i!# .ell%&
Lea@e%G
(i) $e!ioleG!ran%@er%e %e.!ion o/ "e!iole %#o7% .ir.lar !o 7a@y o!line%O e"idermi% %ingle
layeredO .o@ered e(!ernally -y a !#i.: .!i.leO #y"odermi% .on%i%!% o/ *G0
layer% o/ .ollen.#yma!o%O .ell%O one largeG.re%.en!G%#a"edO -i.olla!eralO
.en!ral @a%.lar -ndle and !7o %mall la!eral -ndle% "re%en!O re%! o/ !i%%e
o/ "e!iole .om"o%ed o/ "olygonalO& anglarO !#inG7alledO "aren.#yma!o%
.ell%O e"idermi% %#o7% mo%!ly %!ella!e and rarely rn !o !ri.elllar #air%&
(ii) Midri-G!ran%@er%e %e.!ion o/ midri- %#o7% a -i.on@e( %!r.!reO e"idermi% on ei!#er
%ide .o@ered e(!ernally -y a !#i.: .!i.leO -elo7 e"idermi% *G0 layer% o/
.ollen.#yma "re%en!O %!ele .om"o%ed o/ .re%.en!G%#a"edO -i.olla!eralO .en!ral
@a.%.lar -ndle and !7o %mall la!eral @a%.lar -ndle%O re%! o/ !i%%e
.om"o%ed o/ !#inG7alledO "aren.#ymaO %ome %!ella!e #air "re%en! on
e"idermi%&
(iii) LaminaG!ran%@er%e %e.!ion %#o7% dor%i@en!ral %!r.!reO e"idermi% on ei!#er %ideO
7a@y in o!lineO .o@ered e(!ernally -y a !#i.: .!i.leO on ""er %ide
me%o"#yll .om"o%ed o/ a %ingle layered "ali%ade and 0G4 layer% o/ loo%ely
arranged %"ongy "aren.#ymaO %ome %!ella!e #air% (0G5 armed) "re%en! on
-o!# %ide% o/ e"idermi%O ani%o.y!i. %!oma!a "re%en! on -o!# %r/a.e%O @einG
i%le! nm-er 04G56 on lo7er e"idermi% (mean 4*)O 41G56 on ""er e"idermi%
(mean 36)O %!oma!al inde( 26G21 (mean 22&1) on lo7er e"idermi%O 10G20
(mean 18) on ""er e"idermi%O "ali%ade ra!io 1&3G0 (mean 2 &51)&
Fri!G!ran%@er%e %e.!ion o/ ma!re /ri! %#o7% %ingle layered e"idermi%O .o@ered
e(!ernally -y a !#in .!i.leO 1G2 layer% o/ .ollan.#yma "re%en! -elo7 e"idermi%O
me%o.ar" .om"o%ed o/ !#inG7alledO o@al !o "olygonal .ell%O %ome /i-re&O @a%.lar
-ndle% "re%en! %.a!!eredO %eed .on%i%!% o/ !#i.:G7alled radially elonga!ed !e%!aO
narro7 endo%"erm 7i!# em-ryoO %ome .ell% o/ endo%"erm .on!ain oil glo-le%&
$o7der G Greeni%#O nder mi.ro%.o"e %#o7% %ingle or gro"% o/ %!one .ell%O gro"% o/
a%e"!a!e /i-re 7i!# !a"ering end%O "i!!ed @e%%el%O gro"% o/ %"ongy "aren.#ymaO
/ragmen!% o/ "ali%ade !i%%eO ani%o.y!i. %!oma!aO %!ella!e #air% and %im"leO ronded
102
!o o@al %!ar.# grain% mea%ring 2&31G11 in dia&


CONST<T?ENTS G Gl.oal:aloid% and %!erol%

2a%a S +aUO Ti:!a
GVa S Lag#O 2W:Xa
'Yrya S ?XVa
'i"Q:a S +aU
+arma S DY"anaO $Q.anaO madoXanQTa:aO +aVU#yaO 9o!#a#ara
<M$O2TANT FO2M?LAT<ONS G +aVUa:QryQ@ale#aO $aa.a!i:!a:a G#Z!aO 'yQg#rY#ar
Y!a:Y
THE2A$E?T<C ?SES G 9@Q%aO +Q%aO J@araO Ar.iO $Yna%aO $QrT@aTWlaO S@ara-#eda

103
*8& +anya%ara (L/&)
+ANBS2A (Lea/)
+anyQ%Qra .on%i%!% o/ dried Ii.e o/ lea@e% o/ Aloe -ar-aden%i% Mill& Syn& Aloe
@era Torn&e( LinnO Aloe indi.a 2oyle& (Fam& Lilia.eae)O %#r- "lan!ed in many <ndian
garden% and /ond gro7ing !#rog#o! <ndia&
SBNONBMS
San%:ri! S +mQrYra%a%am-#a@aO Sa#Q%Qra
A%%ame%e S M%a-#arO Ma.#am-ar
)engali S G#ri!a:almi
Engli%# S <ndian Aloe
GIra!i S EliyoO Eariyo
Hindi S M%a-#arO El@a
+annada S +ari-olaO Lole%ara %a!@aO Lo@al%araO Lole%ara
+a%#miri S M%a--arO Si-er
Malayalam S C#enninaya:am
Mara!#i S +or"#ad
Oriya S M%a-ara
$nIa-i S +ala%o#agaO M%%a-arO Ala
Tamil S +a!!aA#iO Sa!!#::a!#aA#ai
Telg S M%am-aram
?rd S M%a--arO Aili@aO Si-er
DESC2<$T<ON
a) Ma.ro%.o"i.
Dar: .#o.ola!e -ro7nO !o -la.:O .om"a.!O irreglar ma%%e%S %r/a.e dllO o"aLe
7i!# %lig#!ly @i!reo% a""earan.eO odorO .#ara.!eri%!i.O !a%!eO na%eo% and -i!!er&

-) Mi.ro%.o"i.
$o7der 7#en mon!ed in gly.erin or la.!o"#enol and e(amined nder !#e
104
mi.ro%.o"e %#o7% innmera-le .ry%!allineO yello7i%#G-ro7n !o .#o.ola!e .olored
"ar!i.le% o/ @arying %iAe and %#a"e&
<den!i/i.a!ionS
Mi( 6&1 g 7i!# 16 ml o/ 7a!erO -oil n!il nearly di%%ol@edO .oolO add 6&1 g o/ +ie%elg#r
and /il!erO !o !#e /il!ra!e a""ly !#e /ollo7ing !e%!%G
(i) Hea! 1 ml o/ /il!ra!e 7i!# 6&2 g o/ )ora( n!il di%%ol@edO add a /e7 dro"% o/ !#i%
%ol!ion !o a !e%!G!-e nearly /illed 7i!# ;a!erO a green /lore%.en.e i% "rod.ed&
(ii) Mi( 2 ml o/ /il!ra!e 7i!# 2 ml o/ a /re%#ly "re"ared %ol!ion o/ )romineO a "ale
yello7 "re.i"i!a!e i% "rod.ed&

Moi%!re .on!en! No! more !#an 16 "er .en!O $er .en! o/ i!% 7eig#!
7#en dried !o .on%!an! 7eig#! a! 161` C 2&2&8

CONST<T?ENTS G An!#raLinoneO gly.o%ide

2a%a S +aU
GVa S ?XVa
'Yrya S ?XVa
'i"Q:a S +aU
+arma S )#edYO $i!!anir#araVaO 2aIaf"ra@ar!a:aO J@aran!
105
<M$O2TANT FO2M?LAT<ONS G 2aIaf"ra@ar!inY 'aUYO C::m!i""alyQdi GUi:Q
THE2A$E?T<C ?SES G ?dararogaO +aXUQr!a@aO J@araO Ba:Zd@i:Qra
DOSE G 121 G 166 mg o/ !#e drg in "o7der /orm

106
06& +aranIa (Sd&)
+A2AEJA (Seed)
+araaIa .on%i%!% o/ %eed% o/ $ongamia "inna!a (Linn&) MerrO Syn& $ongamia gla-ra
@en!&(Fam& Legmino%ae)O a medim %iAed gla-ro% !ree 7i!# a %#or! -ole and %"reading
.ro7n and /ond almo%! !#rog#o! <ndia "!o an al!i!de o/ 1266 m&
SBNONBMS
San%:ri! S +araaIa:aO Na:!amQlaO Na:!Q#@aO G#Z!a:araaIa
A%%ame%e S +ora.#
)engali S Na!a +aranIaO Da#ara +aranIa
Engli%# S Smoo!# lea@ed "ongamia
GIra!i S +anaIoO +aranIi
Hindi S Di!#oriO +araini
+annada S HongeO Hlagil
Malayalam S A@i!!alO ?ngO ?nO $ng
Mara!#i S +aranIa
Oriya S +arnIa
$nIa-i S +aranI
Tamil S $nganO $ongana
Telg S LamigaO +anga
?rd S +aranI
DESC2<$T<ON
a) Ma.ro%.o"i.
Seed %ally one and rarely !7oO elli"!i. or reni/orm in %#a"eO 1&3G2&6 .m long
and 1&2G1&5 .m -roadO 7rin:led 7i!# reddi%# lea!#ery !e%!aO mi.ro"ylar end o/ .o!yledon%
%lig#!ly de"re%%ed 7#ile o!#er %ide %emiG.ir.lar in %#a"e&

-) Mi.ro%.o"i.
Tran%@er%e %e.!ion o/ %eed %#o7%O !e%!a .om"o%ed o/ a layer o/ "ali%ade li:e o!er
107
e"idermi%O /illed 7i!# -ro7n "igmen!O .o@ered e(!ernally 7i!# a !#i.: .!i.leO a layer o/
largeO !#in 7alledO %ome7#a! re.!anglar .ell%O 2G0 layer% o/ !#i.:G7alled "aren.#yma
.ell%O a /e7 ro7% o/ .ell% 7i!# %mall in!erG.elllar %"a.e%O 2G* layer% o/ !#i.:G7alled
elonga!ed .ell%O a /e7 layer% o/ %"ongy "aren.#yma #a@ing large in!erG.elllar %"a.e%O a
nm-er o/ "aren.#yma .ell% .on!aining -ro7n "igmen!O .o!yledon% .om"o%ed o/ o!er
layer o/ e"idermi% 7i!# .ylindri.al .ell%O e(!ernally .o@ered 7i!# !#in .!i.leO e"idermi%
/ollo7ed -y re.!anglar !o "olygonal .ell% o/ me%o"#yllO /illed 7i!# glo-le%O al%o
"re%en! %.a!!ered in !#i% region&


CONST<T?ENTS G Fi(ed oilO /la@one% and !ra.e% o/ e%%en!ial oil

2a%a S +aUO Ti:!a
GVa S TY:XVa
'Yrya S ?XVa
'i"Q:a S +aU
+arma S +a"#a@Q!ag#naO +ZmiIi!O +XU#ag#naO 'raVaTod#ana
<M$O2TANT FO2M?LAT<ONS G rag@ad#Qdi +@Q!#a CWrVaO $a!#yQdi Le"a
THE2A$E?T<C ?SES G 'raVaO +ZmiO +XU#a
DOSE G 6&21 g o/ !#e drg in "o7der /orm \"ar1G16 g o/ !#e drg /or de.o.!ion

108
01& +ara@ira (L/&)
+A2A',2A (Lea/)
+ara@Yra .on%i%!% o/ dried lea@e% o/ Nerim indi.m Mill& Syn& Nerim odorm
Soland (Fam& A"o.yna.eae)O a large e@ergreen 7oody %#r- 7i!# mil:y Ji.eO /ond
!#rog#o! !#e year in ""er Gange!i. "lain%O Himalaya%O /rom Ne"al !o +a%#mir "!o
2666 m& Cen!ral and So!#ern <ndiaO al%o .l!i@a!ed near !em"le% and garden%&
SBNONBMS
San%:ri! S HayamQra:aO Hara"riyaO AT@amQra
A%%ame%e S +ar-iraO +ara@iO +ar@ir
)engali S +ara@iO +al:e"#l
Engli%# S <ndian Oleander
GIra!i S +aneraO +arenaO +aren
Hindi S +aner
+annada S +anagalO +anagile
+a%#miri S GandeelaO Gandla
Malayalam S +ana@e eramO AraliO +a!!alari
Mara!#i S +an#er
Oriya S +aniaraO +aniar
$nIa-i S +aner
Tamil S AraliO AlariO Aa!rlari
Telg S Ganner
?rd S +aner
DESC2<$T<ON
a) Ma.ro%.o"i.
Lea@e% e(%!i"la!eO linearO lan.eola!eO 16G26 .m long and "!o 2&1 .m 7ideO !#i.:O
dar: green and %#ining a-o@e and do!!ed -enea!#O @ena!ion ni.o%!a!eO re!i.la!e 7i!#
midri- -eing %!o! and !#e %e.ondary @ein% ari%ing in @ery large nm-erO rnning
"arallelO %!oma!a anamo.y!i.&

109
-) Mi.ro%.o"i.
$e!ioleG!ran%@er%e %e.!ion o/ "e!iole %#o7% a %ingle layer o/ e"idermi% .o@ered
e(!ernally -y !#i.: .!i.leO e"idermal .ell% elonga!e !o /orm ni.elllarO nonGligni/ied
and nonGglandlar #air%O a 7ide Aone o/ .or!e(O .om"o%ed o/ 0G3 layer% o/
.ollen.#yma!o% .ell% and a ;ide Aone o/ "aren.#yma /ollo7% !#e e"idermi%O
"aren.#yma!o% .ell% !#inG7alledO more or le%% i%odiame!ri. 7i!# in!er.elllar %"a.e%O
%ome .ell% .on!ain ro%e!!e .ry%!al% o/ .al.im o(ala!eO "e!iole re.ei@e% !#ree @a%.lar
-ndle% /rom %!emO .en!ral one large and .re%.en! %#a"ed 7#ile o!#er !7o m.# %maller
and %ome7#a! .ir.lar "re%en! on ea.# %ide o/ .en!ral @a%.lar -ndleO "#loem "re%en!
on ""er %ide and (ylem on lo7er Side ;i!# %al elemen!%&
LaminaG!ran%@er%e %e.!ion o/ lamina %#o7% an i%o-ila!eral %!r.!reO ""er e"idermi%
.om"o%ed o/ "en!a or #e(agonal "aren.#yma!o% .ell%O e(!ernally .o@ered 7i!# !#i.:
.!i.leO -elo7 ""er e"idermi%& 2G* layer% o/ #y"odermi% "re%en!O "ali%ada *G0 layered
.om"o%ed o/ elonga!ed and .om"a.!ly arranged .ell%O @a%.lar %!rand% al%o %een in
-e!7een "ali%ade and %"ongy "aren.#ymaO %"ongy "aren.#yma /illed 7i!# .#loro"#yllO
!o7ard% lo7er %r/a.e 2G* layered "ali%adeO -elo7 7#i.# "aren.#yma and lo7er
e"idermi% "re%en!O lo7er e"idermi% al%o .oa!ed 7i!# !#e .!i.le e(!ernallyO in lo7er
%r/a.e many "i!% "o%%e%%ing %!oma!aO ni.elllarO nonGglandlar and nonGligni/ied
!ri.#ome%O ro%e!!e .ry%!al% o/ .al.im o(ala!e "re%en! !#rog#o! laminaO a@erage
"ali%ade ra!io 0S 1&
Midri-G!ran%@er%e %e.!ion o/ midri- %#o7% e"idermi% .om"o%ed o/ a layer o/ .ell%O
e(!ernally .o@ered 7i!# .!i.leO %ome e"idermal .ell% on ""er and lo7er %ide% /orm
ni.elllar #air%O -e!7een e"idermi% and "aren.#yma 2G0 ro7% o/ !#i.:G7alled .ell%O
more "rominen! !o7ard% lo7er %ideO %ome "aren.#yma!o% .ell% .on!ain ro%e!!e .ry%!al%
o/ .al.im o(ala!eO la!i.i/er% /ond %.a!!ered %ingly or in gro"% o/ 2 in !#i% regionO
-enea!# !#e @a%.lar -ndle a %n i" o/ /i-re% "re%en!O @a%.lar -ndle ^?^ %#a"edO (ylem
-eing !o7ard% lo7er %ide and "#loem !o7ard% !#e ""er .on%i%!% o/ !ra.#eid%O @e%%el%
and "aren.#ymaO @e%%el% 7i!# endGo"ening%O rarely 7i!# %ide o"ening% !ra.#eid% many
7i!# %"iralO annlar or re!i.la!e !#i.:ening% on !#eir 7all%&


110
CONST<T?ENTS G Cardia. gl.o%ide (oleandrin)

GVa S TY:XVaO Lag#O 2W:Xa
'Yrya S ?XVa
'i"Q:a S +aU
+arma S J@arQ"a#aO Ca:XXyaO +XU#ag#naO +aV[Wg#naO +Zmig#naO 'raVQ"a#aO
9@Q%a#araO ($ra-#Q@aS HZdya)
<M$O2TANT FO2M?LAT<ONS G +Q%Y%Qdi Taila
THE2A$E?T<C ?SES G J@araO 'raVaO +XU#aO +aV[WO +ZmirogaO Ne!rarogaO
Tama:aT@Q%aO HZdroga
DOSE G *6G121 mg o/ !#e drg in "o7der /orm
eDo%e %#old no! e(.eed !#e #ig#er limi!
NOTEGSod#ana o/ !#i% drg i% !o -e done -e/ore %e a% de%.ri-ed in !#e a""endi(&

111
02& +ar:a!a%#ringi (Gall&)
+A2+AJA9KFG< (Gall)
+ar:aUaTZ]gY .on%i%!% o/ gallGli:e e(.re%.en.e% /ormed -y in%e.!% on !#e lea@e%O
"e!iole% and -ran.#e% o/ !#e "lan! $i%!a.ia .#inen%ia )rgoO $i%!a.ia in!egerrima S!e7& e(
)randi%O 2#% %..edanea Linn& (Fam& Ana.ardia.eae) dring a!mn %ea%onO gro7ing on
!#e %!e"% o/ ;e%!ern Himalaya% /rom <nd% !o +maon a! an al!i!de o/ *16G2066 mO o/!en
.l!i@a!ed in $nIa- "lain%&
SBNONBMS
San%:ri! S 9Z]gYO 'iXQnYO +ar:aUa
A%%ame%e S +a:ia%rngi
)engali S +an:da S#ringi
Engli%# S Cra-^% .la7
GIra!i S +a:ada %#ingO +a:ada %ingi
Hindi S +a:ada%ingiO +a:ara%ingiO G#ee:ada@a
+annada S +a:ada%ingiO +ar:a!a:a%ringi
+a%#miri S +a::arO +amaladina
Malayalam S +ar:a!a%ringi
Mara!#i S +a:ad%#ingi
Oriya S +a:ada%#rngiO +a:ada%#ringi
$nIa-i S +a:arO +a:ar%ingi
Tamil S +ar:a!a %ingi
Telg S +a:ar%ingiO +ar:a!a:a%#rngi
?rd S +a:ra%ing#i
DESC2<$T<ON
a) Ma.ro%.o"i.
Dried gall% #ardO #ollo7O #ornGli:eO !#inG7alledO generally .ylindri.alO !a"ering a!
-o!# !#e end%O greyi%# -ro7n e(!ernally and reddi%# -ro7n in!ernallyO %iAe @arie% /rom
2&1G*6&6 .m or moreO ea.# gall .on!ain% nmero% dead in%e.!%O odorO !ere-in!#ineO !a%!e
o/ "o7dered gall%O %!rongly a%!ringen! and %lig#!ly -i!!er&

112
-) Mi.ro%.o"i.
Tran%@er%e %e.!ion o/ gall %#o7% !#e .olla"%ed e"idermi% on -o!# !#e %ide%O
e"idermal .ell% !#inG7alledO !angen!ially elonga!edO grond !i%%e% !#inG7alled and o@al
or .ir.larO !#e o!er !7o layer% !angen!ially elonga!ed 7#ile -e!7een @a%.lar -ndle%
radially elonga!edO o!er /e7 layer% and %ome o/ .ell% o/ grond !i%%e /illed 7i!#
yello7i%# -ro7n .on!en!%O @a%.lar -ndle %.a!!ered !#rog#o! !#e grond !i%%e% in
!7o ro7%O .on%i%! o/ "#loem a..om"anied -y a large !annin %a. in ea.# @a%.lar -ndle&
$o7derG$o7der greyi%# -ro7nO nder mi.ro%.o"eO %#o7% orange yello7 .olor i%ola!ed
or a%%o.ia!ed /ragmen!% o/ (ylem @e%%el% and grond !i%%e%&

;a!erG%ol-le e(!ra.!i@e No! le%% !#an *6 "er .en!O A""endi( 2&2&3&

CONST<T?ENTS G E%%en!ial oilO !annin% and re%ino% ma!!er%&

2a%a S +aXQyaO Ti:!a
GVa S Gr
'Yrya S ?XVa
'i"Q:a S +aU
+arma S +a"#a@Q!a#araO +Q%a#araO >rd#@a@Q!aIi!O Hi::Qnigra#aVa
<M$O2TANT FO2M?LAT<ONS G )Qla.a!r-#adri:Q CWrVa
THE2A$E?T<C ?SES G J@araO 9@Q%aO +Q%aO Hi::QO +XayaO Ar.iO C#ardi
113
0*& +ar"a%a (Sd&)
+2$SA (Seed)
+Qr"Q%a .on%i%!% o/ %eed% (de@oid o/ lin!) o/ Go%%y"im #er-a.em Linn& (Fam&
Mal@a.eae) O an annal or "erennial %#r-O 6&4G2&0m #ig#O e(!en%i@ely .l!i@a!ed in <ndia&
SBNONBMS
San%:ri! S TV[a:eTi
A%%ame%e S +ar"a%aO Tla
)engali S )onaO +a"a%ia
Engli%# S Co!!on "lan! %eed
GIra!i S GG
Hindi S +a"a%aO )inala
+annada S Ha!iO Arale
Malayalam S +ar"a%iO $anIi +ar"a%am
Mara!#i S Sar:i
Oriya S GG
Tamil S $ar!!i ::oo!!am
Telg S $a!!i ginga
?rd S $am-adanaO Ha--GlGc!n
DESC2<$T<ON
a) Ma.ro%.o"i.
SeedO dar: -ro7nO o@oidO 6&*G6&4 .m diame!erO min!eO %#allo7 longi!dinal
groo@e% ari%e /rom /ni.lar region o/ %eedO !a%!eO %lig#!ly -i!!er&

-) Mi.ro%.o"i.
Tran%@er%e %e.!ion o/ ma!re %eed %#o7%O !7o in!egmen!% /orming %eed .oa!O
o!er in!egmen! di//eren!ia!ed in!o e"idermi%O a 7ide Aone o/ "aren.#yma and a #yaline
layerO e"idermi% %ingle layeredO %ome !ri.#ome% ari%e /rom e"idermi% and /orm lin! and
/AA #air%O lin! #air% elonga!ed 7i!# !#in 7all

and 7ide lmenO /AA #air% !#i.:G7alled
7i!# narro7 lmenO "aren.#yme!o% Aone .on%i%!% o/ 0G5 layer% o/ reddi%#G-ro7n .ell%O a
/e7 @a%.lar -ndle% em-edded in !#i% AoneO #yaline layer .on%i%!ing o/ 2G* layer% o/
114
!angen!ially elonga!edO .-i.alO !#i.:G7alled .ell%O inner in!egmen! .om"o%ed o/
"ali%ade and "aren.#ymaO "ali%ade .ell% .om"a.!ly arranged and .olorle%%O "aren.#yma
many layered o/ !angen!ially elonga!ed .ell% 7i!# dee" reddi%#G-ro7n .on!en!%O
.o!yledon% !#inO large and /oldedO ""er e"idermi% o/ .o!yledonO %ingle layeredO
e(!ernally .o@ered 7i!# .!i.le /ollo7ed -y 1 or 2 layered "ali%ade li:e .ell% o/
me%o"#yllO -enea!# !#i% AoneO me%o"#yll .ell% %#o7 elonga!ed !o ronded %!r.!re
7i!#o! in!erG.elllar %"a.e%O lo7er e"idermi% %ingle layeredO .-i.al or o@alO .o@ered
7i!# .!i.leO %ome ly%igeno% gland% /illed 7i!# yello7i%#G-ro7n .on!en!% al%o /ond
%.a!!ered in me%o"#yll regionO %!ar.# and .al.im o(ala!e .ry%!al% a-%en!&
$o7derG )ro7n nder mi.ro%.o"e %#o7% "ali%ade .ell%O !#inG7alled me%o"#yll .ell%O
dee" -ro7n .on!en!% and #air%O "ie.e% o/ !e%!a and /AA in!a.!&


ASSAB

T&L&C&

CONST<T?ENTS G Fi(ed oilO re%in and %!erol%

2a%a S Mad#ra
115
GVa S Snigd#aO Gr
'Yrya S 9Y!a
'i"Q:a S Mad#ra
+arma S S!anyaIananaO 'ZXyaO +a"#a:araO HZdya
<M$O2TANT FO2M?LAT<ONS G +Qr"Q%Q%!#yQdi Taila
THE2A$E?T<C ?SES G DQ#aO 9ramaO )#rQn!iO MWr..#QO S!anya:Xaya
DOSE G *G4 g o/ #e drg in "o7der /orm

116
00& +a%er (2A&)
+A9E2? (2#iAome)
+aTer .on%i%!% o/ r#iAome o/ S.ir"% :y%oor 2o(-& (Fam& Cy"era.eae)O a 7eed
.ommonly /ond on !#e margin% o/ "ond% and %7am"y "la.e% !#rog#o! <ndia&
SBNONBMS
San%:ri! S +aTer:a
A%%ame%e S +a#er
)engali S +e%#ra
Engli%# S ;a!er .#e%!n!
GIra!i S +a%elaO +a%ola
Hindi S +a%er
+annada S +a%re gaddO +a%er@aO +o!#igadde
Malayalam S +aA#i M!#anga
Mara!#i S +a%araO +a.#eraO +a.#ora
Oriya S +a%ar +a7daO +a%ar +anda
$nIa-i S +a%er
Tamil S Gnda!igagaddi
Telg S Gn!a!ngagaddi
?rd S +a%er
DESC2<$T<ON
a) Ma.ro%.o"i.
2#iAome%O o@al !o .ylindri.alO o/!en -ran.#ed #a@ing a nm-er o/ !ran%@er%e
ring%O -la.: .olored roo!% and ronded %.ar%O -la.: e(!ernally and .ream .olored
in!ernallyO odorO aroma!i.O !a%!eO -i!!er&

-) Mi.ro%.o"i.
Tran@er%e %e.!ion o/ r#iAome %#o7% e"idermi% o/ .olla"%ed and -ro7n .olored
.ell%S #y"odermi%O 0G5 .ell% 7i!# !#i.: -ro7n .ell 7all%O /ollo7ed -y a 7ide Aone o/
.or!i.al grond !i%%e o/ o@al !o rondedO !#inG7alledO "aren.#yma!o% .ell%O /illed 7i!#
o@al !o %"#eri.al %!ar.# grain%O en.ir.led -y %.leren.#yma!o% %#ea!#O @a%.lar -ndle%O
117
/ond %.a!!ered !#rog#o! .or!i.al grond !i%%eO endodermi% .on%i%!% o/ -ro7n
.olored .ell% 7i!# #ea@y !#i.:ening% on !#ier 7all%O en.lo%ing a 7ide .en!ral %!elar
grond !i%%e 7i!# a nm-er o/ %.a!!ered @a%.lar -ndle% o/ .lo%edO .olla!eral !y"eO
en.ir.led -y %.leren.#yma!o% %#ea!#O %!elar grond !i%%e% o/ ronded !o o@alO !#inG
7alled and "aren.#yma!o% .ell%O .on!aining o@al !o %"#eri.al %!ar.# grain%O a nm-er o/
%e.re!ory .ell 7i!# orangeG-ro7n .on!en!% /ond !#rog#o! .or!i.al and %!elar grond
!i%%e&
$o7derG Lig#! -ro7nO nder mi.ro%.o"e %#o7% a-ndan! rond !o o@al %!ar.# grain% and
orangeGyello7 "igmen!%O /ragmen!% o/ (ylem @e%%el% 7i!# annlar !#i.:ening% and !#inG
7alledO "aren.#yma!o% !i%%e&


CONST<T?ENTS G S!ar.#O %a"onin%O %gar% and "roge%!erone&

2a%a S Mad#raO +aXQya
GVa S Gr
'Yrya S 9Y!a
'i"Q:a S Mad#ra
+arma S $i!!ag#naO DQ#ag#naO 9:ra:araO S!anya:araO Ca:XXyaO GrQ#YO
2.i:ara
<M$O2TANT FO2M?LAT<ONS G Sa-#QgyaTVU#Y
118
THE2A$E?T<C ?SES G DQ#aO Ne!rarogaO Ar.iO A!Y%QraO 9:ra:XayaO S!anya:XayaO
Dar-alya
DOSE G 1G16 g o/ !#e drg in "o7der /orm&

119
01& +e!a:i (2!&)
+ETA+, (2oo!)
+e!a:Y .on%i%!% o/ driedO ndergrond roo!% o/ $andan% !e.!ori% Soland&e(
$ar:in%on (Fam& $andana.eae)O a den%ely -ran.#ed %#r-O rarely ere.! /ond along !#e
.oa%! o/ <ndia and Andaman <%land and %ome!ime% .l!i@a!ed in garden% al%o&
SBNONBMS
San%:ri! S SW.i:Q"X"a
A%%ame%e S +a!:i
)engali S +a!:i
Engli%# S S.re7 "ine
GIra!i S +e@ado
Hindi S +e@ada
+annada S +adaIlmdO Tale#@
+a%#miri S GGGG
Malayalam S $oo:ai!#a
Mara!#i S +e7da
Oriya S +e!a:iO +ia
$nIa-i S +eora
Tamil S TaA#ai
Telg S Mogali
?rd S GGGG
DESC2<$T<ON
a) Ma.ro%.o"i.
2oo! "ie.e%O 2G4 .m longO 6&*G2 .m in diame!erO .ylindri.alO r%!y or yello7i%#G
-ro7nO !o greyO %r/a.e %moo!# e(.e"! /or "ro!-eran.e% a! .er!ain "la.e%O "a"ery .or:O
%r/a.e ne@enO ea%ily "eela-le e("o%ing a /i-ro% %r/a.eO /ra.!reO %ally n-rea:a-le&

-) Mi.ro%.o"i.
Tran%@er%e %e.!ion o/ ma!re roo! %#o7% a 7ide Aone o/ %!ra!i/ied .or:O
120
e(/olia!ing a! "la.e%O .on%i%!ing o/ re.!anglarO !#inG7alledO !angen!ially elonga!edO
radially arranged .ell%O ""er /e7 layer% /illed 7i!# reddi%#G-ro7n .on!en!%O remaining
.ell% .olorle%%O .or!e(O a 7ide Aone o/ ronded .ell% 7i!# /i-re gro"% !o7ard% .en!ral
and middle regionO .ell% o-li!era!ed a! "la.e%O endodermi% -arrelG%#a"edO %lig#!ly !#i.:G
7alled O "eri.y.le and "#loem no! di%!in.!O (ylem /orm% -l: o/ roo! .on%i%!ing o/
@e%%el%O /i-re% and "aren.#ymaO medllary ray% no! di%!in.!O @e%%el% %#o7 annlar or
"i!!ed !#i.:eningO /i-re% !#i.:G7alledO elonga!ed #a@ing a /e7 %im"le "i!%&
$o7derGBello7i%#G-ro7nO nder mi.ro%.o"e %#o7% /ragmen!% o/ .or:%O (ylem @e%%el%
and /i-re%&


CONST<T?ENTS G E%%en!ial oil

2a%a S Ti:!aO Mad#raO +aU
GVa S Lag#
'Yrya S ?XVa
'i"Q:a S +aU
+arma S 'arVyaO +eTyaO Dargand#yanQTanaO )alyaO 2a%QyanaO DQr[#ya:araO
Sa:#ya:araO +a"#Q"a#aO Ca:XXya
<M$O2TANT FO2M?LAT<ONS G Tri"#alQdi Taila
THE2A$E?T<C ?SES G GlmaO +a"#arogaO Ne!raroga

121
04& +#adira (H!&;d&)
+HAD<2A (Hear! 7ood)
+#adira .on%i%!% o/ dried "ie.e% o/ #ear!G7ood o/ A.a.ia .a!e.# (Linn& /&) ;illd&
(Fam& Legmino%ae)O a modera!e %iAed !reeO /ond mo%!ly in dry "ar!% o/ <ndia&
SBNONBMS
San%:ri! S GQya!ri
A%%ame%e S +#ariraO +#araO +#ayar
)engali S +#eraO +#ayera
Engli%# S )la.: .a!e.#O C!.# !ree
GIra!i S +#airO +a!#eO +#er
Hindi S +#air
+annada S +aggaliO +aggalinaraO +a.#inamaraO +oggigida
+a%#miri S +a!#
Malayalam S +aringali
Mara!#i S +#airaO +#air
Oriya S +#aira
$nIa-i S +#air
Tamil S +arngaliO +arng:ali
Telg S C#andraO +a@iri
?rd S C#an-e +aa!#
DESC2<$T<ON
a) Ma.ro%.o"i.
Hear!G7oodO lig#! redO !rning -ro7ni%#Gred !o nearly -la.: 7i!# ageO a!!a.#ed
7i!# 7#i!i%# %a"7oodO /ra.!re #ardO !a%!eO a%!ringen!

-) Mi.ro%.o"i.
Tran%@er%e %e.!ion o/ #ear!G7ood %#o7%O nmero%O niG!o -iG%eria!e medllary
ray%O @e%%el% o..rring i%ola!ed or in %mall gro"% o/ !7o !o /orO (ylem /i-re% 7i!#
narro7 lmen o.."ying maIor "or!ion o/ 7oodO (ylem "aren.#yma %ally
122
"redominan!ly "ara!ra.#ealO /orming a %#ea!# arond @e%%el%O 7ood .on%i%!% o/ .ry%!al
/i-re% 7i!# 10G25 %egmen!%O ea.# #a@ing one "ri%ma!i. .ry%!al o/ .al.im o(ala!eO a /e7
!ra.#eid% 7i!# %.alari/orm !#i.:eningO %ome o/ .ell%O in.lding @e%%el%O /illed 7i!# -ro7n
.on!en!O "ri%ma!i. .ry%!al% o/ .al.im o(ala!e "re%en! in a nm-er o/ .ell% !#rog#o! !#e
7ood&
$o7derG )ro7n .oloredO nder mi.ro%.o"e %#o7% a nm-er o/ (ylem /i-re%O @e%%el%O
.ry%!al /i-re%O "ri%ma!i. .ry%!al% o/ .al.im e(ala!e&


CONST<T?ENTS G Ca!e.#inO .a!e.#G!anni. a.id and !annin

GVa S Lag#O 2W:Xa
'Yrya S 9Y!a
'i"Q:a S +aU
+arma S +a"#a"i!!a#araO 2a:!aTod#a:aO +XU#ag#naO Medo#araO +Zmig#naO
Dan!ya
<M$O2TANT FO2M?LAT<ONS G +#adirQriXUaO ArimedQdi TailaO +#adirQdi GUi:Q
THE2A$E?T<C ?SES G +XU#aO 'raVaO 9o!#aO $rame#a
DOSE G 26G*6 g o/ !#e drg /or !#e de.o.!ion&

123
03& +ira!a!i:!a (;&$)
+<2TAT<+TA (;#ole "lan!)
+irQ!a!i:!a .on%i%!% o/ 7#ole "lan! o/ S7er!ia .#ira!a ).#&HamO (FamO
Gen!iana.eae)O a %mallO ere.!O annalO #er-a.eo% "lan!O 6&4G1& 21 m #ig#O /ond in
!em"era!e Himalaya% a! an al!i!de -e!7een 1266G*666 m /rom +a%#mir !o )#!an and
+#a%ia Hill% in Meg#alayaO drg .olle.!ed 7#en /lo7ering (JlyGO.!o-er) and dried&
SBNONBMS
San%:ri! S +irQ!aO +irQ!a:aO )#Wnim-aO +irQ!a!i:!a:a
A%%ame%e S C#ir!a
)engali S C#ira!a
Engli%# S C#ire!a
GIra!i S +ariya!O +ariya!n
Hindi S C#iraya!a
+annada S Nale-e@O C#ira!a +addiO C#iraya!
+a%#miri S Lo%eO C#irai!a
Malayalam S Nela@e""O +iraya!#O Nilama:anIiram
Mara!#i S +irai!aO +ad.#irai!a
Oriya S C#irei!a
$nIa-i S C#ire!!aO C#irai!a
Tamil S Nila@em-
Telg S Nela@em
?rd S C#irai!a
DESC2<$T<ON
a) Ma.ro%.o"i.
Drg .on%i%!% o/ 7#ole "lan!O a "e.liar %#ining yello7i%# !inge all o@er !#e #er-
in /re%# %am"leO %!em "!o 1 m long and 4 mm in diame!erO gla-ro%O yello7i%#G-ro7n !o
"r"li%#O %lig#!ly Ladranglar a-o@e and .ylindri.al -elo7O largeO .on!ino%O ea%ily
%e"ara-le yello7 "i!#O lea/O o""o%i!eO .alineO -road a! -a%eO o@a!e or lan.eola!eO en!ireO
a.mina!eO gla-ro%O %ally 7i!# 1G3 "rominen! la!eral @ein%O -ran.#ing /rom !#e a(il%
o/ !#e lea@e% 7#i.# rami/y /r!#er in!o "ani.la!e in/lore%.en.eO /lo7erO !e!ramero%O
2G* mm 7ideO o@oidO 7i!# !7o glandlar de"re%%ion% near !#e -a%e o/ ea.# o/ .orolla
lo-e%O o@aryO %"eriorO -i.ar"ellaryO nilo.larO o@oid and "oin!edO /ri!& a .a"%le 7i!#
124
nmero%O min!e re!i.la!ed %eedO 6&21G6&11 mm longO 6&14G6&01 mm -road irreglarly
o@oid&

-) Mi.ro%.o"i.
2oo!G!ran%@er%e %e.!ion o/ roo! %#o7%O 2G0 layer% o/ .or:O %e.ondary .or!e(
re"re%en!ee -y 0G12 layer% o/ !#i.:G7alledO "aren.#yma!ao% .ell%O %ome %#o7ing radial
7all /orma!ionO !angen!ially elonga!ed 7i!# %ino% 7all%O %e.ondary "#loem .om"o%ed
o/ !#inG7alled %!rand% o/ %ie@e !-e%O .om"anion .ell% and "#loem "aren.#ymaO
%e.ondary (ylem .om"o%ed o/ @e%%el%O !ra.#eid% "aren.#yma and (ylem /i-re%O all
elemen!% ligni/ied and !#i.:G7alledO in older roo!%O .en!re o/ 7ood more or le%% %"ongy
and #ollo7 in mo%! .a%e%O o!er 7oody ring remaining %!rongly ligni/iedO @e%%el% %#o7
%.alari/orm !#i.:ening and al%o %im"le and -ordered "i!%O !ra.#eid% %imilar in !#i.:ening
a% !#e @e%%el%O /i-re% #a@e %im"le "i!%O m.ilage "re%en! in %e.ondary .or!i.al .ell%O
min!e a.i.lar .ry%!al% "re%en! in a-ndan.e in %e.ondary .or!e( and "#loem regionO
re%in al%o "re%en! a% dar: -ro7n ma%% in %e.ondary .or!e( .ell%&
S!emG!ran%@er%e %e.!ion o/ %!em %#o7% %ingle layered e"idermi%O e(!ernally .o@ered 7i!#
a !#i.: %!ria!ed .!i.le "re%en! in yong %!emO in older e"idermi% remain% in!a.! -! .ell%
/la!!ened and !angen!ially elonga!edO /or ri-% al%o .on%i%!% o/ an e"idermi% and
"aren.#yma!o% .or!i.al .ell%O endodermi% di%!in.!O %#o7ing an!i.linal or "eri.linal
7all%O /ollo7ed -y %ingle layered "eri.y.le .on%i%!ing o/ !#in 7alled .ell%O %!em
"o%%e%%e% an am"#i"#loi. %i"#ono%!eleO e(!ernal "#loem re"re%en!ed -y %al elemen!%O
.am-im -e!7een e(!ernal "#loem and (ylem .om"o%ed o/ a !#in %!ri" o/ !angen!ially
elonga!ed .ell%O in!ernal "#loem %imilar in %!r.!re a% !#a! o/ e(!ernal "#loem e(.e"!ing
!#a! %ie@e !-e %!rand i% more 7idely %e"ara!edO (ylem .on!ino% and .om"o%ed mo%!ly
o/ !ra.#eid%O a /e7 (ylem @e%%el% "re%en! %ingly or rarely in gro"% o/ !7o 7#ile
!ra.#eid% and /i-re% "re%en! in a-ndan.eO @e%%el% and /i-re !ra.#eid% #a@e mo%!ly %im"le
and -ordered "i!% and /i-re% 7i!# %im"le "i!% on !#e 7all%O medllary ray% a-%en!O .en!ral
"ar! o/ !#e %!em o.."ied -y a "i!# .on%i%!ing o/ ronded and i%odiame!ri. .ell% 7i!#
"rominen! in!er.elllar %"a.e% m.ilage "re%en! in .or!i.al .ell%O min!e a.i.lar .ry%!al%
al%o "re%en! in a-ndan.eO .or!i.al .ell%O in re%in "re%en! a% dar: -ro7n ma%% in %ome
.or!i.al .ell% along 7i!# oil dro"le!%&
Lea/G!ran%@er%e %e.!ion o/ lea/ %#o7% @ery li!!le di//eren!ia!ion o/ me%o"#yll !i%%e%O
e"idermi% %ingle layered .o@ered 7i!# a !#i.:O %!ria!ed .!i.leO more %!rongly de@elo"ed
on !#e ""er %r/a.e !#an !#e lo7erO %!oma!a o/ ani%o.y!i. !y"eO "ali%ade !i%%e %ingle
layeredO .ell% a! "la.e% -e.ome 7ider and le%% elonga!ed "ar!i.larly in -igger @ein%O
%"ongy me%%o"#yll re"re%en!ed -y 0G3 layer% o/ %ome7#a! loo%ely arrangedO !angen!ially
elonga!ed .ell%O %ome e"idermal .ell% "rominen!ly ar.#ed o!%ide a! !#e marginO
m.ilage "re%en! in e"idermal and me%o"#yll .ell 7#ile min!e a.i.lar .ry%!al al%o
"re%en! in a-ndan.e in me%o"#yll .ell%O in lea/ "aren.#yma% oil dro"le!% al%o "re%en!&
125

2&2&4&

ASSAB
A-%en.e o/ !anninGOn addi!ion o/ Ferri. C#loride !o aLeo% or al.o#oli. e(!ra.! no -le
-la.: .olor de@elo"%&
A%%ay GCon!ain% no! le%% !#an 1&* "er .en!O o/ !#e -i!!er "rin.i"le a% de!ermined -y !#e
/ollo7ing me!#odSG
Mi( 26 g in "o7der (No& 46 %ie@e) 7i!# -oiling 7a!er .on!aining 6&1 g o/ Cal.im
Cor-ona!e and e(!ra.! 7i!# -oiling 7a!er !ill !#e la%! "or!ion o/ !#e e(!ra.! i% de@oid o/
-i!!erne%%O .on.en!ra!e in @a.m and di%%ol@e !#e re%ide in #o! Al.o#ol& Fil!er 7#ile
#o! and 7a%# !#e re%ide !#ri.e on !#e /il!er 7i!# 16 ml "or!ion% o/ #o! Al.o#olO remo@e
!#e al.o#ol /rom !#e /il!ra!e and !a:e " !#e re%ide re"ea!edly 7i!# 21O 11O 11O 11O and
11 ml o/ #o! 7a!er& S#a:e !#e aLeo% e(!ra.! re"ea!edly 7i!# 21O 26O 11O 11 and 16 ml
o/ E!#yl A.e!a!eO .olle.! !#e E!#yl A.e!a!e e(!ra.!%O e@a"ora!eO dry and 7eig#&

CONST<T?ENTS G Man!#one%O (an!#one gly.o%ide and mangi/erine (Fla@onoid)&

2a%a S Ti:!a
GVa S Lag#O 2W:Xa
'Yrya S 9Y!a
'i"Q:a S +aU
+arma S J@arag#naO 'raVaTod#anaO SQra:aO TZXVQ"a#aO 2a:!aTod#a:aO
+a"#a"i!!a#ara
126
<M$O2TANT FO2M?LAT<ONS G SdarTana CWrVaO C#innod-#a@Qdi +@Q!#a CWrVa
THE2A$E?T<C ?SES G J@araO TZXVQO DQ#aO 9o!#aO +XU#aO 'raVaO +ZmirogaO +aV[WO
Me#a
26G*6 g o/ !#e drg /or de.o.!ion&

127
05& +ri%#naIira:a (Fr!&)
+K=CAJ,2A+A (Fri!)
+ZXVaIYra:a .on%i%!% o/ dried ri"e /ri!% o/ Carm .ar@i Linn& (Fam& ?m-elli/erae)O
a -iennial #er-O *6G86 .m #ig#O .l!i@a!ed a% a .old %ea%on .ro" in "lain% o/ <ndia and a%
%mmer .ro" in #illy area% o/ +a%#mirO +maonO Gar#7al and C#am-a&
SBNONBMS
San%:ri! S A%i!aIYra:a
A%%ame%e S +ri%nIeeraO +a1aIiraO +alIira
)engali S +ala Iira
Engli%# S )la.: Cara7ay
GIra!i S S#a#Iirn
Hindi S +alaIira
+annada S +ari IeerigeO S#a#aIeerige
+a%#miri S +ri#nAr
Malayalam S +arnIira:aO +arinIeera:am
Mara!#i S S#a#iraO S#a#aIira
Oriya S +alaIira
$nIa-i S Nira Siya#O +alaIira
Tamil S +aramIiragamO S#imai %#am-
Telg S Nalla Jeela:arra
?rd S Nira Siya#O +ala Nira
DESC2<$T<ON
a) Ma.ro%.o"i.
Fri!O greeni%#G-ro7nO %lig#!ly .r@edO elonga!edO meri.ar"%O %ally %e"ara!eO
/ree /rom !#e "edi.elO .ar"o"#ore%O "!o 3 mm longO 2 mm -road almo%! eLally /i@e
%idedO narro7O !a"ering !o ea.# endO ar.a!eO gla-ro%O -ro7n 7i!# /i@e @ery narro7O
yello7i%# "rimary ridge%^ endo%"ermO or!#o%"ermo%O odor and !a%!eO aroma!i. and
.#ara.!eri%!i.&

128
-) Mi.ro%.o"i.
Tran%@er%e %e.!ion o/ /ri! %#o7% "eri.ar" 7i!# o!er e"idermi% o/ "olygonal
!a-lar .ell% 7i!# a !#i.: o!er 7all and %!ria!ed .!i.leO !ri.#ome%O a-%en!O @i!!ae /or
dor%alO in!er.o%!al and !7o .ommi%%ral e(!ending !#e leng!# o/ ea.# meri.ar"O 7i!# an
e"i!#elim o/ -ro7n .ell% and @ola!ile oil in !#e .a@i!yO me%o.ar" "aren.#yma!o%
7i!#o! re!i.la!e !#i.:eningO .o%!ae /i@e in ea.# meri.ar" 7i!# @a%.lar %!rand
.on%i%!ing o/ an inner gro" o/ %mall @e%%el% and /i-re% and ar.#edO o!er gro" o/ "i!!ed
%.leren.#yma 7i!# a %mall gro" o/ "#loem on ea.# la!eral %r/a.eO on !#e o!er margin
o/ ea.# @a%.lar %!rand a %mall %.#iAogeno% .anal e(!ending in!o -o!# %!ylo"od and
"edi.elO inner e"idermi% o/ !#in G7alledO %-re.!anglar .ell%O elonga!ed !angen!ially
ea.# a-o! 5G12 7ide and 06G166 longO arranged "arallel 7i!# one ano!#erO
endo%"erm o/ !#i.:G7alledO .elllo%i. "aren.#ymaO .on!aining m.# /i(ed oil and
nmero% %mall alerone grain% "!o 16 in diame!erO ea.# .on!aining one or
%ome!ime% !7o mi.roGro%e!!e .ry%!al% o/ .al.im o(ala!eO .ar"o"#oreO 7#en "re%en!O
"a%%ing a! !#e a"e( !o a ra"#e in ea.# meri.ar"O and 7i!# a %mall %!rand o/ %.leren.#ymaO
!#e %.lereid% o/ 7#i.# .on!ine in!o !#e %!ylo"od&
$o7derGColor /a7n !o -ro7nO e"idermal .ell% o/ "eri.ar" 7i!# %!ria!ed .!i.leO
/ragmen!% o/ -ro7n endo!#elim o/ @i!!aeO "aren.#yma!o% .ell% o/ !#e me%o.ar"
7i!#o! re!i.la!e !#i.:eningO re.!anglarO /inely "i!!ed %.lereid% o/ me%o.ar"O !#i.:G
7alled "olygonal "aren.#yma!o% .ell% o/ endo%"erm .on!aining m.# /i(ed oilO
nmero% %mall alerone grain% .on!aining mi.roGro%e!!e .ry%!al% o/ .al.im o(ala!eO
!ri.#ome%O %!ar.# and "arLe!ry layer a-%en!O i! .on!ain% no le%% !#an 2&1 "er .en! o/
@ola!ile oil&

'ola!ile oil No! le%% !#an *&1 "er .en!O@\7O A""endi(2&2&16

CONST<T?ENTS G E%%en!ial oil% (.ar@one and .ar@a.rol)&

129
2a%a S +aU
GVa S Lag#
'Yrya S ?XVa
'i"Q:a S +aU
+arma S $Q.anaO DY"anaO Sa_grQ#YO J@arag#naO 2.yaO Ca:XXyaO 9o!#a#ara
<M$O2TANT FO2M?LAT<ONS G JYra:QdyariXUaO JYra:Qdi Moda:a
THE2A$E?T<C ?SES G AgnimQndyaO d#mQnaO JYrVaI@araO Gra#aVYrogaO +Zmiroga

130
08& +la!!#a (Sd&)
+?LATTHA (Seed)
+la!!#a .on%i%!% o/ dry %eed% o/ 'igna nLi.la!a (Linn&) ;al"& Syn& Doli.#o%
-i/lor% Linn& (Fam Legmino%ae)R an annal -ran.#edO %-Gere.! or !7iningO do7ny or
gla-re%.en! R #er-R .l!i@a!ed all o@er <ndia&
SBNONBMS
San%:ri! S +#al@aO 'ard#i"a!ra:a
A%%ame%e S GG
)engali S +la!!#aO +alaya
Engli%# S Hor%e gram
GIra!i S +ala!#iO +la!#i
Hindi S +la!#iO +ra!#i
+annada S HrliO Hrali
Malayalam S Mdiraa
Mara!#i S +li!#a
Oriya S GG
Tamil S +ollO +aanam
Telg S ?la@al
?rd S +l!#i
DESC2<$T<ON
a) Ma.ro%.o"i.
Seed%O #ardO %r/a.e %moo!#O elli"%oidO /la!!enedO greyi%# !o reddi%# -ro7nO 0G4
mm long and 0 mm 7ideO mi.ro"yle "rominen!O !a%!eO %ome7#a! a%!ringen!&

-) Mi.ro%.o"i.
Tran%@er%e %e.!ion o/ %eed %#o7% !e%!a .on%i%!ing o/ a %ingle layer o/ .olmnarO
!#inG7alledO "aren.#yma!o%O "ali%ade li:e .ell% .o@ered 7i!# a !#in .!i.le /ollo7ed -y
%ingle layer o/ re.!anglar !o %Lare -earer .ell% and *G0 layer% o/ !#inG7alled
re.!anglar "aren.#yma!o% .ell%O more 7ide a! mi.ro"yler regionO .o!yledon .on%i%!ing
131
o/ %ingle layer o/ ""er and lo7er e"idermi% .o@ered 7i!# a !#in .!i.leO e"idermal .ell%
!#inG7alledO re.!anglar and "aren.#yma!o% /ollo7ed -y me%o"#yllO .on%i%!ing o/
anglar "aren.#yma!o% .ell%O /illed 7i!# nmero% %im"le %!ar.# grain% and "ro!ein
-odie% al%o "re%en!&
$o7derG;#i!i%# in .olorO nder mi.ro%.o"e %#o7% -ro:en "ie.e% o/ !e%!aO
"aren.#yma!o% .ell% and %!ar.#

Foreign ma!!er No! more !#an Nil "er .en!O A""endi( 2&2&2&

CONST<T?ENTS G An enAyme (rea%e) and oil&

2a%a S +aXQya
GVa S Lag#O Sara
'Yrya S ?XVa
'i"Q:a S +aU
+arma S 'idQ#YO S@eda%a_grQ#a:aO +Zmi#araO +a"#a@Q!a#ara
<M$O2TANT FO2M?LAT<ONS G Sa"!a%Qra +@Q!#a CWrVaO D#Qn@an!ara Taila
THE2A$E?T<C ?SES G ATmarYO NaXUQr!a@a
DOSE G 12 g o/ !#e drg in "o7der /orm /or de.o.!ion&

132
16& +%#!a (2oo!)
+?=JHA (2oo!)
+XU#a .on%i%!% o/ dried roo!% o/ Sa%%rea la""a C&)& Clar:e (Fam& Com"o%i!ae)O a
!allO ro-%!O "erennial #er- 7i!# !#i.: roo!%O /ond in +a%#mir a! an al!i!de o/ 2166G*466
mO roo!% .olle.!ed in Se"!em-erGO.!o-er&
SBNONBMS
San%:ri! S mayaO $Q:ala
A%%ame%e S +dO +r
)engali S +do
Engli%# S GG
GIra!i S ?"le!aO +a!#
Hindi S +!#a
+annada S C#angal +%!#a
+a%#miri S +!#
Malayalam S +o!!am
Mara!#i S ?"le!aO +%!#a
Oriya S +d#a
$nIa-i S +!#
Tamil S Go%#!amO +o%#!#amO +o!!am
Telg S C#angal@a +o%#!
?rd S c%!
DESC2<$T<ON
a) Ma.ro%.o"i.
Drg greyi%# !o dll -ro7nO !#i.:O %!o!O /%i/orm !o .ylindri.alO 3G11 .m longO
1&6G1&1 .m -roadO !#i.:er roo!% 7i!# .olla"%ed .en!reO o..a%ionally ridgedO 7rin:le%
longi!dinal and ana%!omo%edO roo!le!% rarely "re%en!O .! %r/a.e %#o7% !7o region%O
o!er "eriderm ring !#inO inner "oro% 7oody "or!ion lig#!er in .olor %#o7ing /ine
radial %!ria!ion% and o/!en !#e .en!ral "or!ion .olla"%edO /ra.!reO %#or!O #ornyO odorO
%!rongO .#ara.!eri%!i.ally aroma!i.O !a%!eO %lig#!ly -i!!er&

133
-) Mi.ro%.o"i.
Tran%@er%e %e.!ion o/ !#in roo! %#o7% !#in "eridermO /ollo7ed -y -road Aone o/
"#loem and %!ill -roader Aone o/ (ylem !ra@er%ed -y 7ide medllary ray%O .or:O *G1
layered 7ide %e.ondary .or!i.al .ell% "olygonalO mo%!ly elonga!edO %e.ondary "#loem
.on%i%!% o/ mo%!ly %!orage "aren.#ymaO %mall gro"% o/ %ie@e !-e% and .om"anion .ell%
and o/!en "#loem /i-re%O -a%! /i-re% !#i.:G7alledO ligni/iedO "!o *16 in leng!#O 7i!#
many %im"le "i!% a%%o.ia!ed 7i!# /i-reO !ra.#eid% and "aren.#ymaO 7ood /i-re% %maller
!#an -a%! /i-re%O 7i!# 7ider lmen and o-!%ely !a"ering end%O medallary ray% ml!i
%eria!e and 7ider in "#loem regionO re%in .anal% /ond !#rog#o! a% large .a@i!ie%O %ome
roo!% "o%%e%% a .en!ral .ylinder o/ %.leren.#ymaO 7#ile o!#er% #a@e "aren.#yma!o%
.en!re 7i!# %.a!!ered (ylem elemen!%O in older roo!%O 7ood "aren.#yma .olla"%e% and
!a:e% a %"ongy a""earan.e in !#e .en!re o/ roo!O inlin "re%en! in %!orage "aren.#yma&
$o7derGDee" -ro7n or r%!yO nder mi.ro%.o"e irreglar -i!% o/ yello7O -ro7n or
orangeGred /ragmen!% o/ re%in% and oil% a%%o.ia!ed 7i!# !#inG7alled "aren.#yma!o%
.ell%O -ro:en -i!% o/ (ylem @e%%el% 7i!# %.alari/ormO re!i.la!e !#i.:ening and #oriAon!al
end 7all%&


CONST<T?ENTS G E%%en!ial oilO al:aloid (%a%%rine) and -i!!er re%in&

2a%a S +aUO Ti:!a
GVa S Lag#
'Yrya S ?XVa
'i"Q:a S +aU
134
+arma S +a"#a@Q!aIi!O 9:ralaO 2a:!aTod#a:aO 'arVya
<M$O2TANT FO2M?LAT<ONS G +oUUam.::Qdi Taila
THE2A$E?T<C ?SES G 'Q!ara:!aO 'i%ar"aO +XU#aO +Q%aO 9@Q%a
DOSE G 6&2G1&6 o/ !#e drg in "o7der /orm&

135
11& +!aIa (S!&):&)
+?JAJA (S!em -ar:)
+UaIa .on%i%!% o/ dried %!em -ar: o/ Holarr#ena an!idy%en!eri.a (2o!#) A& DC&
(Fam& A"o.yna.eae)S a %mall !o medim %iAed !reeO /ond !#rog#o! <ndiaO drg .olle.!ed
/rom 5G12 year% old !ree dring !#e middle o/ rainy %ea%on (Jly !o Se"!em-er) and again a!
!#e end o/ 7in!er %ea%on -y #e7ing and "eeling and %e"ara!ed /rom a!!a.#ed 7ood&
SBNONBMS
San%:ri! S +ali]gaO 9a:raO 'a!%a:a
A%%ame%e S Dd#:ri
)engali S +r.#i
Engli%# S E%!er !reeO Cone%%i -ar:
GIra!i S +daO +ada.##alO +do
Hindi S +r.#iO +raiya
+annada S +oda%igeO Halaga!!igidaO Halaga!!i Mara
+a%#miri S +ogad
Malayalam S +!a:a""ala
Mara!#i S $and#ra +da
Oriya S +reiO +eran
$nIa-i S +ra%::O +ra
Tamil S +da%a"alai
Telg S +odi%a"alaO $ala:odi%a
?rd S +r.#i
DESC2<$T<ON
a) Ma.ro%.o"i.
Small re.r@ed "ie.e% o/ @arying %iAe% and !#i.:ne%%O o!er %r/a.e -// !o
-ro7ni%# longi!dinally 7rin:led and -earing #oriAon!al len!i.el%O inner %r/a.e
-ro7ni%#O rog# and %.aly /ra.!re %#or! and granlarO !a%!eO a.rid and -i!!er&

136
-) Mi.ro%.o"i.
Tran%@er%e %e.!ion o/ dried %!em -ar: %#o7% .or: .on%i%!ing o/ 0G12 ro7% o/
!angen!ially elonga!ed .ell%O radial 11G 01 !angen!ial *6G46 .or: .am-im .on%i%!% o/
a ro7 o/ !#in 7alled !angen!ially elonga!ed .ell%O %e.ondary .or!e( %ally 7ideO
"aren.#yma!o%O in!er%"er%ed 7i!# %!rand% o/ %!one .ell%O %!one .ell re.!anglar !o o@alO
7i!# nmero% "i!% o/!en .on!aining "ri%ma!i. .ry%!al% o/ .al.im o(ala!eO nonGligni/ied
"eri.y.li. /i-re% "!o 12 mm !#i.:O "re%en! in -ar:O %e.ondary "#loem 7ide .on%i%!ing o/
%ie@eG!-e%O .om"anion .ell%O "#loem "aren.#yma and %!one .ell%O %!one .ell% arranged
in !angen!ial ro7% in .on.en!ri. manner a%%o.ia!ed 7i!# .ry%!al %#ea!# .on!aining "ri%m%
o/ .al.im o(ala!eO medllary ray% mo%!ly -i or !ri%eria!e rarely ni%eria!e -e.oming
7ide !o7ardO o!er "ar! and .on%i%! o/ !#inG7alledO radially elonga!edO "aren.#yma!o%
.ell%O medllary ray .ell% near %!one .ell% -e.ome %.lero%ed&


ASSAB
A%%ayG +UaIa .on!ain% no! le%% !#an 2 "er .en! o/ !o!al al:loid% 7#en a%%ayed -y !#e
/ollo7ing me!#odS7eig# a..ra!ely a-o! 1 g in "o7der (No& 51 %ei@e) and moi%!en 7i!#
16 ml o/ an Al.o#olG.#loro/orm mi(!re (1 S*) .on!aining 2 "er .en! o/ Ammonia
%ol!ion /or 11 min!e%& $a.: !#e mi(!re in a %mall gla%% "er.ola!or %rronded -y a
Ia.:e! o/ #o! 7a!er :e"! a! 16& Ma.era!e 7i!# more o/ !#e al:aline Al.o#olG.#loro/orm
mi(!re /or an #or and .olle.! 21 ml o/ "er.ola!e in a re.ei@er .on!aining 1 g o/ O(ali.
a.id di%%ol@ed in 1 ml o/ al.o#ol& S!o" !#e "er.ola!ion add l6 ml o/ !#e al.o#olG
.#loro/orm mi(!re .on!aining 1 "er .en! 7\@ o/ Sodim Hydro(ide and ma.era!e /or
/i/!een min!e%& Con!ine !#e "er.ola!ion adding /r!#er Lan!i!ie% o/ !#e al.o#olG
.#loro/orm mi(!re n!il !#e al:aloid% are .om"le!ely e(!ra.!ed& Mi( !#e "er.ola!e 7ell
and e(!ra.! -y %#a:ing 7i!# /i@e 26 ml "or!ion% o/ 2 N Hydro.#lori. a.id& Com-ine !#e
a.id e(!ra.!% and ma:e al:aline 7i!# dil!e Ammonia Sol!ion& E(!ra.! 7i!# /or 16 ml
137
"or!ion% o/ C#loro/ormO add 1 ml o/ 6&1 N Sodim Hydro(ideO and e(!ra.! again 7i!#
C#loro/orm& ;a%# ea.# C#loro/orm e(!ra.! 7i!# !#e %ame !7o 16 ml "or!ion% o/ 7a!er
.on!ained in di//eren! %e"ara!or%& Com-ine !#e C#loro/orm e(!ra.!%O add 26 ml o/ O&<N
Sl"#ri. A.id and %#a:e 7ell /or 1 Min!e%& Tran%/er !#e a.id LiLid !o a .oni.al /la%:O
7a%# !#e C#loro/orm e(!ra.! 7i!# !7o 26 ml "or!ion% o/ 7a!er and add !#e 7a%#ing !o
!#e a.id liLid in !#e .oni.al /la%:& Ti!ra!e !#e e(.e%% o/ a.id 7i!# 6&1N Sodim
Hydro(ide %ing !#e mi(ed * indi.a!or& Ea.# ml o/ 6&1N Sl"#ri. A.id i% eLi@alen! !o
6&61413g o/ !o!al al:aloid% o/ +!aIa&

CONST<T?ENTS G Cone%%ine and rela!ed al:aloid%&

GVa S Lag#O 2W:Xa
'Yrya S 9Y!a
'i"Q:a S +aU
+arma S DY"anaO Sa_grQ#YO +a"#a"i!!aTQma:a
<M$O2TANT FO2M?LAT<ONS G +UaIQriXUaO +UaIQ@ale#aO +UaIag#ana 'aUY
THE2A$E?T<C ?SES G $ra@Q#i:QO A!Y%QraO J@arQ!i%QraO ArTaO +XU#aO TZXVQ

138
12& La@anga (F&)d&)
LA'AFGA (Flo7er )d)
La@a]ga i% !#e dried /lo7er -d o/ SyAygim aroma!i.m (Linn&) Merr& P L&M&
$erry Syn& Egenia aroma!i.a +n!AeO Egenia .aryo"#ylla!a T#n-& (Fam& Myr!a.eae)O a
!ree& .l!i@a!ed in many "ar!% o/ !#e& 7orld and al%o !o a .on%idera-le e(!en! in So!# <ndiaS
/lo7er -d% .olle.!ed !7i.e a yearO <n !#e mon!#% o/ O.!o-er and Fe-rary 7#en !#ey
.#ange .olor /rom green !o .rim%onO dried .are/lly and %e"ara!ed /rom !#eir "edn.le%&
SBNONBMS
San%:ri! S De@a"X"a
A%%ame%e S La@angO LanO Long
)engali S La@ang
Engli%# S Clo@e
GIra!i S La@angO La@ing
Hindi S La@angaO Lang
+annada S La@anga
+a%#miri S 2ng
Malayalam S +aram"O +arayam"oo@O Gram"
Mara!#i S La@ang
Oriya S La-anga
$nIa-i S LangO Long
Tamil S +iram-O La@angam
Telg S La@angal
?rd S carn/lO Lang
DESC2<$T<ON
a) Ma.ro%.o"i.
Flo7er -d mea%ring 16G13&1 mm in leng!#O dar: -ro7n or d%!y redO .on%i%!ing
o/ a %-G.ylindri.alO %lig#!ly /la!!enedO /or %ided #y"an!#imO readily e(ding oil 7#en
"re%%ed #y"an!#im .on!aining in i!% ""er "or!ion a !7o .elled in/erior o@ary 7i!#
nmero% o@le% a!!a.#ed !o a a(ile "la.en!aO %rmon!ed -y /or !#i.:O di@ergen! %e"al%
139
and .o@ered -y no"ened .orolla .on%i%!ing o/ /or mem-rano% im-ri.a!e "e!al%O
/reLen!ly de!a.#edO en.lo%ing nmero% in.r@ed %!amen% and one ere.!G%!yleO odorO
%!rongly aroma!i.O !a%!eO "ngen!O aroma!i. /ollo7ed -y %lig#! !ingling o/ !#e !onge&

-) Mi.ro%.o"i.
Tran%@er%e %e.!ion o/ #y"an!#im %#o7% e"idermi% and .aly( !ee!# .om"o%ed o/
%!raig#! 7alled .ell%O ;i!# !#i.: .!i.le #a@ing large anomo.y!i. %!oma!aO #y"an!#im
!i%%e %"ongyO .l%!er% o/ .al.im o(ala!e .ry%!al% @arying in %iAe /rom 4G26 in
diame!erO %mall nm-er o/ %!one .ell% and "ri%ma!i. .ry%!al% o/ .al.im o(ala!e "re%en!
in %!al:O %!amen%O ea.# 7i!# an oil gland in !#e a"e( o/ !#e .onne.!i@eO !rianglarly
.en!ri.lar "ollen grain%O 11G26 in diame!er an!#er 7all% %#o7ing a !y"i.al /i-ro%
layerO %.#iAoly%igeno% gland% /ond in all "ar!% o/ .lo@eO o..a%ional i%ola!e "eri.y.li.
/i-re% "re%en!&
$o7erGDar: -ro7nO /ragmen!% o/ "aren.#yma %#o7ing large o@alO %.#iAoly%igeno% oil
.a@i!ie%O %"iral !ra.#eid% and a /e7 ra!#er !#i.:G7alledO %"indle %#a"ed /i-re%O .al.im
o(ala!e .ry%!al% in ro%e!!e aggrega!e%O 16G11 in diame!erO /ragmen!% o/ an!#er 7all%
7i!# .#ara.!eri%!i. re!i.la!ed .ell% "ollen grain% nmero%O !e!ra#edralO 11G26& in
diame!er&

'ola!ile oil No! le%% !#an 11 "er .en!O A""endi( 2&2&16

CONST<T?ENTS G E%%en!ial oil% (egenala.e!a!e and .aryo"#yllene)

140
2a%a S Ti:!aO +aU
GVa S Lag#O TY:XVa
'Yrya S 9Y!a
'i"Q:a S +aU
+arma S DY"anaO $Q.anaO 2.yaO +a"#a"i!!aTQma:aO 9Wla#araO +Q%a#ara
<M$O2TANT FO2M?LAT<ONS G La@a]gQdi 'aUYO La@a]gQdi CWrVa
THE2A$E?T<C ?SES G +Q%aO 9@Q%aO Hi::QO +XayaO d#mQnaO TZXVQO C#ardiO Amla"i!!a
DOSE G 6&1G2&6 g o/ !#e drg in "o7der /orm&

141
1*& Lod#ra (S!&):&)
LODH2A (S!em -ar:)
Lod#ra .on%i%!% o/ dried %!em -ar: o/ Sym"lo.o% ra.emo%a 2o(-& (Fam&
Sym"lo.a.eae)S an e@ergreen !reeO 4G5&1 m !allO /ond a-ndan!ly in "lain% and lo7er #ill%
!#rog#o! <ndia&
SBNONBMS
San%:ri! S 2od#raO $aiUU:Q Lod#raO 9Q-ara Lod#raO TirYUa&
A%%ame%e S Mgam
)engali S Lod#aO Lod#ra
Engli%# S Sym"lo.o% -ar:
GIra!i S Lod#ar
Hindi S Lod#a
+annada S Lod#ra
Malayalam S $a.#o!!i
Mara!#i S Lod#aO Lod#ra
Oriya S GG
$nIa-i S Lod#ar
Tamil S 'ellila!#iO 'ellilo!#ram
Telg S Lod#ga
?rd S Lod#O Lod#"a!#ani
DESC2<$T<ON
a) Ma.ro%.o"i.
Ma!re %!em -ar: o..r% in .#annelled or .r@ed "ie.e%O /e7 /ia! "ie.e% al%o
o..r in !#i.:ne%% "!o 1.mO o!er %r/a.e ne@en and rog# de !o /i%%re% and .ra.:%O
grayi%# -ro7n !o grey e(!ernallyO "ale !o 7#i!i%#G-ro7n in!ernallyO /ra.!re %#or! and
granlar in .or!i.al region and %ome7#a! /i-ro% in inner regionO !a%!eO a%!ringen! and
/ee-ly -i!!er&

142
-) Mi.ro%.o"i.
Tran%@er%e %e.!ion o/ ma!re -ar: %#o7% a 7ide .or: o/ !#inG7alledO re.!anglar
.ell% arranged in radial ro7%O .or: .am-im 1G* layeredO %e.ondary .or!e( .on%i%!% o/
!#inG7alledO o@al and !angen!ially elonga!ed "aren.#yma!o% .ell% !o7ard% o!er %ide
and ronded .ell% !o7ard% inner %ideO a nm-er o/ %!one .ell%O in %ingle% or in gro"%
"re%en!O %.a!!ered !#rog#o! !#e region #a@ing #ig#ly !#i.:ened 7all% 7i!# di%!in.! "i!%O
"ri%ma!i. and .l%!er .ry%!al% o/ .al.im o(ala!eO and %!ar.# grain%O mo%!ly %im"le
"re%en! in a nm-er o/ .or!i.al .ell%O %e.ondary "#loem 7ide .on%i%!ing o/ %ie@e
elemen!%O "#loem "aren.#ymaO "#loem /i-re% and %!one .ell%O "#loem "aren.#yama !#inG
7alledO o@al !o re.!anglarO .on!aining "ri%ma!i. .ry%!al% o/ .al.im o(ala!e %.a!!ered in
"#loem "aren.#ymaO "#loem /i-re% ligni/ied and "re%en! in %ingle% or in gro"%O .ry%!al%
no! "re%en! in /i-re%O i%ola!ed /i-re% %"indle %#a"ed 7i!# "oin!ed end%O gro"% o/ %!one
.ell% a% ronded "a!.#e% di%!ri-!ed !#rog#o! "#loem regionO medllary ray% ni !o
ml!i%eria!e .on%i%!ing o/ re.!anglar .ell% #a@ing -ro7n .oloring ma!!er in %ome .ell%O
-roader medllary ray% diala!ing !o7ard% o!er "#loem regionO a nm-er o/ "#loem .ell%
al%o .on!ain %!ar.# grain%O mo%!ly arranged in gro"%O rarely %oli!aryO %im"le and
ronded&
$o7derGGreyi%#G-ro7nO nder mi.ro%.o"e %#o7% /ragmen!% o/ .or:O %!one .ell%O /i-re%O
"ri%ma!i. and .l%!er .ry%!al% o/ .al.im o(ala!e and %!ar.# grain%&


ASSAB

T&L&C&

CONST<T?ENTS G Al:aloid% (lo!rine and .ollo!rine) and red .oloring ma!!er&
143

2a%a S +aXQya
GVa S Lag#
'Yrya S 9Y!a
'i"Q:a S +aU
+arma S +a"#a"i!!an!O GrQ#YO Ca:XXya
<M$O2TANT FO2M?LAT<ONS G 2od#rQ%a@a (Lod#rQ%a@a )O $XyQnga CWrVaO )Z#a! Ga
]gQd#ara CWrVa
THE2A$E?T<C ?SES G 2a:!a"i!!aO A!Y%QraO 9o!#aO $radaraO Ne!raroga
26G*6 g o/ !#e drg in /or de.o.!ion

144
10& Madana (Fr!&)
MADANA (Fri!)
Madana .on%i%!% o/ dried /ri! o/ Merom"#i% %"ino%a (T#n-) +eayO Syn 2andia
dme!orm Lam& (Fam& 2-ia.eae)O a de.ido% !#orny %#r- or a %mallO !reeO rea.#ing a
#eig#! "!o 8 m and gir!# a-o! a me!reO -ran.#e% nmero%O !#i.: and #oriAon!alO /ond in
%-GHimalayan !ra.!% e(!ending ea%!7ard% in Si::im "!o 1266 m and %o!#7ard% !o
$enin%lar <ndia&
SBNONBMS
San%:ri! S MQdanY
A%%ame%e S Maen
)engali S Maina"#alO Mayana"#al
Engli%# S Eme!i. n!
GIra!i S Mind#alO Mind#olO Mind#ar
Hindi S Man"#al
+annada S Mangari:aiO +arigiddaO Madana"#ala Maggre:aiO +ariO Maggare +ayi
+a%#miri S Madan/al
Malayalam S Malan:araO Malam:ara::a
Mara!#i S GalO Gal"#alaO Gie"#alaO Madan"#ala
Oriya S MaenaO Madana
$nIa-i S Mind#alO 2araO Man"#al
Tamil S Mar::arai
Telg S Mranga +ayaO Monga +aya
?rd S Main"#alO JaAGlGcai
DESC2<$T<ON
a) Ma.ro%.o"i.
Fri!O 1&5G0&1 .m longO glo-o%e or -roadly o@oidO longi!dinally ri--ed or %moo!#
yello7i%#G-ro7nO .ro7ned 7i!# "er%i%!en! .aly(Glim-O /ri!O .on!ain% nmero% %eed%O
6&0G6&4 .m longO .om"re%%edO %moo!#O -ro7n and @ery #ard&

145
-) Mi.ro%.o"i.
Fri!G!ra%n@er%e %e.!ion %#o7% e"i.ar" .on%i%!ing o/ %ingle layered e"idermi%O
%ome!ime% o-li!era!ed in %r/a.e @ie7O e"idermal .ell% !#inG7alled and "olygonalO
me%o.ar"O -road Aone .on%i%!ing o/ !#inG7alledO "aren.#yama!o% .ell%O %ome .ell%
.on!ain reddi%#G-ro7n .on!en!O a nm-er o/ @a%.lar -ndle% /ond em-edded in !#i%
AoneO endo.ar" %!ony .on%i%!ing o/ lig#! yello7 "olygonalO %.leren.#yma!o% .ell% o/
@aria-le %#a"e and %iAe&
SeedG!ran%@er%e %e.!ion %#o7% a %eed .oa!O .on%i%!ing o/ %ingle layeredO ronded !o o@al
e"idermal .ell%O a /e7 layer% o/ yello7i%#G-ro7n "igmen!ed .ell%O endo%"erm /orm% -l:
o/ %eed .on%i%!ing o/ large o@al and irreglar %#a"ed "aren.#yma!o% .ell%O al-men
#ornyO !ran%l%.en!O .ell% o/ o!ermo%! layer %maller in %iAe&
$o7derG2eddi%# -ro7nO nder mi.ro%.o"e %#o7% nmero%O largeO irreglarO reddi%#
-ro7n .ell% %.lereid% o/ @aria-le %#a"e and %iAeO "ie.e% o/ (ylem @e%%el% 7i!# re!i.la!e
!#i.:ening%O !#inG 7alledO .r%#ed "aren.#yma!o% .ell% and yello7Gorange "ie.e% o/
%eed .oa!


CONST<T?ENTS G E%%en!ial oilO %a"oninO !annin and re%in

GVa S Lag#O 2W:Xa
'Yrya S ?XVa
'i"Q:a S +aU
146
+arma S 'amanaO Le:#ana
<M$O2TANT FO2M?LAT<ONS G $i""alyQdi Taila
THE2A$E?T<C ?SES G GlmaO 'idrad#iO +XU#aO 9leXmaI@araO $ra!iTyQya
DOSE G 6&1 G1&6 g o/ !#e drg in "o7der /orm /or de.o.!ion
*G4 g o/ !#e drg /or ind.!ion o/ @omi!ing&

147
11& Mi%#reya (Fr!&)
M<92EB (Fri!)
MiTreyQ .on%i%!% o/ dried ri"e /ri!% o/ Foeni.lm @lgare Mill (Fam&
?m-elli/erae) O an ere.!O gla-ro%O aroma!i. #er-O 1G2 m #ig#O .l!i@a!ed e(!en%i@ely
!#rog#o! <ndia "!o 15*6 m and al%o %ome!ime% /ond 7ildO /ri!% ri"en in Se"!em-erO
%!em% .! 7i!# %i.:le% and "! " in loo%e %#ea@e% !o dry in %nO 7#en dryO /ri!% are -ea!en
o! in a .lo!# in %nO .leaned -y 7inno7ing and .olle.!ed&
SBNONBMS
San%:ri! S MiTiO Mi%iO Mad#ri:Q
A%%ame%e S G@amri
)engali S MariO $anmari
Engli%# S Fennel Fri!
GIra!i S 'ariyali
Hindi S San/
+annada S )adi%om"O Dodda%om"
+a%#miri S San/O )adnai
Malayalam S +a!!%a!a:""aO $arinIaeragm
Mara!#i S )adi%#o"
Oriya S $anamad#ri
$nIa-i S San/
Tamil S S#om-
Telg S So"
?rd S San/
DESC2<$T<ON
a) Ma.ro%.o"i.
Fri!%O %ally en!ire 7i!# "edi.el a!!a.#edO meri.ar"%O "!o a-o! 16 mm long
and 0 mm -roadO /i@e %ided 7i!# a 7ider .ommi%%ral %r/a.eO !a"ering lig#!ly !o7ard%
-a%e and a"e(O .ro7ned 7i!# a .oni.al %!ylo"odO gla-ro%O greeni%# or yello7i%#G-ro7n
7i!# /i@e "aler "rominen! "rimary ridge% O endo%"ermO or!#o%"ermo%&

148
-) Mi.ro%.o"i.
Tran%@er%e %e.!ion o/ /ri! %#o7% "eri.ar" 7i!# o!er e"idermi% o/ Ladranglar !o
"olygonal .ell% 7i!# %moo!# .!i.le and a /e7 %!oma!aO !ri.#ome%O a-%en! @i!!aeO 0 dor%al
and 2 .ommi%%ral e(!ending 7i!# leng!# o/ ea.# meri.ar"O in!er.o%!al 7i!# an
e"i!#elim o/ -ro7n .ell% and @ola!ile oil in .a@i!yO me%o.ar"O 7i!# m.# re!i.la!e
ligni/ied "aren.#ymaO .o%!aeO 1 in ea.# meri.ar"O ea.# 7i!# 1@a%.lar %!rand #a@ing
inner (ylem %!rand and 2 la!eral "#loem %!rand% %e"ara!ed -y a -ndle o/ /i-re% inner
e"idermi% o/ @ery narro7O !#inG7alled .ell% arranged "arallel !o one ano!#er in gro"% o/
1G3O many o/ !#e%e gro"% 7i!# longer a(i% o/ !#eir .ell% a! angle 7i!# !#o%e o/ adIa.en!
gro"% ($arLe!ry arrangemen!)O endo%"erm .on%i%!% o/ !#i.:G7alledO .elllo%i.
"aren.#yma .on!aining m.# /i(ed oilO mi.roGro%e!!e .ry%!al% o/ .al.im o(ala!eO and
nmero% alerone grain% "!o 1 in diame!erO .ar"o"#ore 7i!# @ery !#i.:G7alled
%.leren.#yma in !7o %!rand%O o/!en n%"li! 7i!# !7o %!rand% @ery .lo%e !o ea.# O!#er&

'ola!ile oil No! le%% !#an 1&0 "er .en! @\7O A""endi( 2&2&16


2a%a S Mad#raO +aUO Ti:!a
GVa S Lag#O 2W:Xa
'Yrya S 9Y!a
'i"Q:a S Mad#ra
+arma S DY"anaO 'Q!a"i!!a#araO )alyaO AnlomanaO madoXa#ara
149
<M$O2TANT FO2M?LAT<ONS G MiTreyQr:aO $aa.a%a:Qra CWrVa
THE2A$E?T<C ?SES G AgnimQndyaO 9WlaO +Q%aO 2a:!adoXaO $ra@Q#i:QO ArTa
DOSE G *G4 g o/ !#e "o7der in "o7der /orm

150
14& Nyagrod#a (S!&):&)
NBAG2ODHA (S!em -ar:)
Nyagrod#a .on%i%!% o/ dried ma!re %!em -ar: o/ Fi.% -engalen%i% Linn& (Fam&
Mora.eae) O a large -ran.#ing !ree 7i!# nmero% aerial roo!% o..rring all o@er <ndia&
SBNONBMS
San%:ri! S 'a!a
A%%ame%e S 'a!O A#a!O 'a!ga.#
)engali S )o!
Engli%# S )anyan !ree
GIra!i S 'adO 'adalo
Hindi S )adraO )argadO )ada
+annada S AalaO AladamaraO 'a!a
+a%#miri S )ad
Malayalam S $eraal
Mara!#i S 'ad
Oriya S )a!aO )ara
$nIa-i S )#ar
Tamil S AalamaramO Aalam
Telg S Marri
?rd S )argadO )ad
DESC2<$T<ON
a) Ma.ro%.o"i.
Ma!re %!ern -ar: grey 7i!# !#inO .lo%ely ad#ered a%#y 7#i!eO lig#! -li%#Ggreen
or grey "a!.#e%O -ar: /ia! or %lig#!ly .r@eO !#i.:ne%% @arie% 7i!# age o/ !ree S e(!ernally
rog# de !o "re%en.e o/ #oriAon!al /rro7% and len!i.el%O mo%!ly .ir.lar and "rominen!O
/ra.!re %#or! in o!er !7o !#ird% o/ -ar: 7#ile inner "or!ion %#o7% a /i-ro% /ra.!re
!a%!eO a%!ringen!

151
-) Mi.ro%.o"i.
Tran%@er%e %e.!ion o/ ma!re -ar: %#o7% .om"re%%ed .or: !i%%e and dead
elemen!% o/ %e.ondary .or!e( .on%i%!ing o/ mo%!ly %!one .ell% and !#inG7alledO
.om"re%%ed elemen!% o/ .or!e( .or: .ell% re.!anglarO !#i.:G7alled and .on!aining
-ro7ni%# .on!en!O %e.ondary .or!e( 7ideO /orming more !#an #al/ o/ !#i.:ne%% o/ -ar:O
.om"o%ed o/ large gro"% o/ %!one .ell% and "aren.#yma!o% .ell%O %!one .ell% @ary in
%#a"eO "aren.#yma!o% .ell% !#inG7alled and %ome7#a! .-i.al !o o@al /e7 in nm-er
and o..r -e!7een gro"% o/ %!one .ell%O %ome o/ .ell% .on!ain "ri%ma!i. .ry%!al% o/
.al.im o(ala!eO %!ar.# grain% and !anninO %e.ondary "#loem .om"o%ed o/ a /e7 %ie@e
elemen!% "aren.#ymaO /i-re%O %!one .ell% and la!e( !-e al!erna!ing 7i!# medllary ray%O
%ie@e elemen!% .om"re%%ed in &o!er region o/ -ar: 7#ile in!a.! m inner regionO /e7
!#i.:G7alled "#loem "aren.#yma o..rring in -e!7een "a!.#e% o/ "#loem /i-re% and
%!one .ell%O %!one .ell% %imilar !o !#o%e "re%en! in %e.ondary .or!e(O %ome "#loem .ell%
.on!ain "ri%ma!i. .al.im o(ala!e .ry%!al% al%oO "re%en! in /i-re% /orming .ry%!al /i-re%O
medllary ray% 2G1 %eria!eO .om"o%ed o/ !#i.:G7alledO .ir.lar !o o@al .ell% /e7 .ell% al%o
.on@er!ed in!o %!one .ell% and %ome #a@e "i!!ed 7all%O al%o .on!aining "len!y o/ %!ar.#
grain%O mo%!ly rondedO rarely o@al or %emiGlnar in %#a"eO %im"le a% 7ell a% .om"ond
!y"eO .om"ond %!ar.# grain% .on%i%! o/ 2G* .om"onen!%O .am-im .om"o%ed o/ a /e7
layer% o/ %mallO re.!anglarO !#inG7alled .ell%&


CONST<T?ENTS G Tannin%O gly.o%ide% and /la@onoid%

2a%a S +aXQya
GVa S GrO 2W:Xa
'Yrya S 9Y!a
152
'i"Q:a S +aU
+arma S +a"#a"i!!aIi!O 'raVQ"a#aO 'arVyaO S!am-#anaO MW!ra%a_gra#aVYyaO
DQ#ag#naO BonidoXa#Z!
<M$O2TANT FO2M?LAT<ONS G Nyagrod#Qdi +@Q!#a CWrVaO Nyagrod#Qdi CWrVa
THE2A$E?T<C ?SES G DQ#aO TZXVQO 2a:!a"i!!aO 'raVaO 'i%ar"aO BonidoXaO $rame#a
DOSE G *G4 g o/ !#e drg in "o7der /orm&

153
13& $a%#ana-#eda (2A&)
$=CA)HEDA (2#iAome)
$QXQVa-#eda .on%i%!% o/ r#iAome% o/ )ergenia .ilia!a (Ha7&) S!ern-&O Syn&
)ergenia ligla!a (;all&) Engl& (Fam& Sa(i/raga.eae)O a %mall "erennial #er- /ond
!#rog#o! !em"era!e Himalaya% /rom )#!an !o +a%#mir a! an al!i!de -e!7een
2666G*666 m and in +#a%ia #ill% "!o 1266 m al!i!de&
SBNONBMS
San%:ri! S ATma-#eda:aO 9ilQ-#eda
A%%ame%e S $a!#ar:.#i
)engali S $a!#ar:.#iO Hima%agaraO $a!ran:r
Engli%# S GG
GIra!i S $a%#an-#edaO $a:#an-#eda
Hindi S $a:#ana-#edaO Sil"#araO $a!#ar.aO $a:#ana-#edO Sil"-#eda
+annada S Ale"gayaO $a#an-#ediO Hi!!agaO $a%ana-erO Hi!!la:a
+a%#miri S $a%#an-#ed
Malayalam S +allr@an.#iO +allr@anniO +allor@an.#i
Mara!#i S $a%#an-#eda
Oriya S $a%an-#ediO $a%#ana-#eda
$nIa-i S +a.#alO $a%#an-#ed
Tamil S Sir"ilai
Telg S +onda"indi
?rd S GG
DESC2<$T<ON
a) Ma.ro%.o"i.
2#iAomeO %olidO -arrel %#a"edO .ylindri.alO 1&1G* .m long and 1G2 .m in diame!er
7i!# %mall roo!%O ridge%O /rro7% and roo! %.ar% di%!in.!O !ran@er%ely .! %r/a.e %#o7%
o!er ring o/ -ro7n .olored .or:O %#or! middle .or!e(O @a%.lar -ndle% and large
.en!ral "i!#O odorO aroma!i.O !a%!eO a%!ringen!&

154
-) Mi.ro%.o"i.
Tran%@er%e %e.!ion o/ r#iAome %#o7% .or: di@ided in!o !7o Aone%O o!er a /e7
layer% o/ %lig#!ly .om"re%%ed and -ro7n .olored .ell%O inner Aone ml!ilayered
.on%i%!ing o/ !#inG7alled !angen!ially elonga!d and .olorle%% .ell%O /ollo7ed -y a %ingle
layered .or: .am-im and 2G* layer% o/ %e.ondary .or!e( .om"o%ed o/ !#i.:G7alledO
!angen!ially elonga!edO re.!anglar .ell% 7i!# in!er.elllar %"a.e%O %ome .ell% .on!ain
ro%e!!e .ry%!al% o/ .al.im o(ala!e and %im"le %!ar.# grain% .or!e( a narro7GAone o/
"aren.#yma!o% .ell% .on!aining a nm-er o/ %im"le %!ar.# grain%O mo%! o/ .or!i.al .ell%
al%o .on!ain large ro%e!!e .ry%!al% o/ .al.im o(ala!eO endoderm i% and "eri.y.le a-%en!&
@a%.lar -ndle%O arranged in a ringO .olla!eralO .onIoin! and o"enO "#loem !i%%e% .ornG
"o%ed o/ %ie@e elemen!% and "aren.#ymaO in o!er region /ond a% .om"re%%ed ma%%e%
7#ile in inner region in!a.!& a nm-er o/ ro%e!!e .ry%!al% o/ .al.im o(ala!e al%o /ond
a% .ry%!al /i-re%O .am-im "re%en! a% .on!ino% ring .om"o%ed o/ 2G* layer% o/ !#inG
7alledO !angen!ially elonga!ed .ell%O (ylem .on%i%! o/ /i-re%O !ra.#eid%O @e%%el% and
"aren.#ymaO 7i!# .en!re o.."ied -y large "i!# .om"o%ed o/ .ir.lar !o o@alO
"aren.#yma!o% .ell%O @arying in %iAe and .on!aining %!ar.# grain% 7i!# .ry%!al% o/
.al.im o(ala!e %imilar !o !#o%e /ond in .or!i.al region&


CONST<T?ENTS G Tanni. a.idO galli. a.id and gl.o%e

GVa S Lag#
'Yrya S 9Y!a
'i"Q:a S +aU
+arma S ATmarYg#naO )#edanaO 'a%!iTod#anaO MW!ra@ire.anYya
155
<M$O2TANT FO2M?LAT<ONS G ATmarY#ara +aXQya CWrVaO MW!ra@ire.anYya +aXQya
CWrVa
THE2A$E?T<C ?SES G Me#aO MW!ra:Z..#raO ATmarY

156
15& $a!#a (2!&)
$JH (2oo!)
$QU#Q .on%i%!% o/ roo!% o/ Ci%%am"elo% "areira Linn& (Fam& Meni%"errna.eae)O an
e(!en%i@ely %"readingO gla-ro% !o %o/!y "-e%.en!O "erennial .lim-ing %#r- 7i!# nodo%e
%!emO .ommon in 7arm and dry region% o/ !ro"i.al and %-G!ro"i.al "ar!% o/ <ndia "!o an
al!i!de o/ a-o! 1166 m&
SBNONBMS
San%:ri! S Am-aXU#a:Y
A%%ame%e S T"rila!a
)engali S $a!#aO A:anadi
Engli%# S 'el@e! lea/
GIra!i S +ali"a!#O +arond#imO +arondimO 'eni@elO +ared#im
Hindi S $a!#aO $ad#O A:anadi
+annada S $a#ada@elaO Agal%#n!#i
+a%#miri S $ad
Malayalam S $a!#a
Mara!#i S $a%#ad@elO $a#arrelO $a#ada@elO $adali
Oriya S +ana-ind#iO $a!#a
$nIa-i S $a!#a
Tamil S 'a!!a !ir""i
Telg S Adi@i-an:a!igaO .#ir -oddiO )oddi !iga
?rd S GG
DESC2<$T<ON
a) Ma.ro%.o"i.
2oo!%O .ylindri.alO o/!en !or!o%O 1G1&1 .m in diame!erO lig#! -ro7n !o yello7i%#
in .olorO %r/a.e rog# and a! "la.e% rgged de !o !ran%@er%e 7rin:le%O .ra.:% and
/i%%re%O /ra.!re %#or! and %"lin!eryO odorO /ain! aroma!i.O !a%!eO -i!!er&

157
-) Mi.ro%.o"i.
Tran%@ar%e %e.!ion o/ roo! %#o7%O 4G16 layer% o/ !#inG7alledO re.!anglar .or: .ell%
%e.ondary .or!e(O 1G* layered o/ o@al !o !angen!ially elonga!ed .ell%O di%.on!ino% ring
.on%i%!ing o/ 2G* ro7% o/ %!one .ell% and gro" o/ "#loem /i-re%O %!one .ell% @aria-le in
%#a"e 7i!# %im"le "i!%O @a%.lar %!rand% a% radia!ing %!ri"% %ally 5G12 o/ (ylem and
"#loem %ome rea.#ing " !o !#e .en!reO "#loem .on%i%!% o/ %mall %!rand% o/ %ie@e
elemen!% and "aren.#yma I%! -elo7 !#e ring o/ %!one .ell%O (ylem .on%i%!% o/ @e%%el%O
!ra.#eid%O /i-re% and (ylem "aren.#ymaO @e%%el% and !ra.#eid% %#o7 %im"le "i!% on !#e
7all%O (ylem "aren.#yma %ally !#i.:G7alled and ligni/ied -! de !o deligni/i.a!ion
"a!.#e% o/ !#inG7alled "aren.#yma a""ear in !#e (ylem region&O medllary ray% 1G*
%eria!e a""ear !o -e @ery 7ide a! a nm-er o/ "la.e% de !o addi!ion o/ deligni/ied (ylem
"aren.#yma!o% .ell%O ray .ell% !#inG7alledO a /e7 ligni/ied and !#i.:G7alled 7#ile %ome
%#o7 re!i.la!e !#i.:eningO "len!y o/ %!ar.# grain% "re%en! in %ome o/ ray .ell%&


CONST<T?ENTS G Al:aloid%O %a"onin and Lar!ernary ammonim -a%e%O /la@onol and
%!erol

2a%a S Ti:!aO +aU
GVa S Lag#O TY:XVa
'Yrya S ?XVa
'i"Q:a S +aU
+arma S TridoXaTamanaO 2a:!aTod#a:aO 'iXag#naO )#agna%and#Qna:Z!O GrQ#YO
S!anyaTod#ana
158
<M$O2TANT FO2M?LAT<ONS G $XyQnga CWrVaO $radarQn!a:a La#aO SQra%@a!a
G#Z!aO )Z#a! Ga]gQd#ara CWrVaO S!anyaTod#ana +aXQya CWrVa
THE2A$E?T<C ?SES G 9WlarogaO A!Y%QraO +XU#aO +aV[WO J@araO C#ardiO S!anyadXUi
DOSE G *G4 g o/ !#e drg in "o7der /orm&

159
18& $ga (Sd&)
$>GA (Seed)
$Wga .on%i%!% o/ dried ri"e %eed o/ Are.a .a!e.# Linn& (Fam& $almae)O a gra.e/lO
%lenderO %!emmedO "erennial "almO !rn: rea.#ing a #eig#! o/ a-o! 21 m .l!i@a!ed in !#e
.oa%!al region% o/ So!#ern <ndiaO )engal and A%%am "!o an al!i!de o/ 1666 m&
SBNONBMS
San%:ri! S +ram:aO G#oVUQ
A%%ame%e S TamolO Taml
)engali S S"ari
Engli%# S Are.a n!O )e!le n!
GIra!i S So"ari
Hindi S S"ariO C#aalia
+annada S Adi:a
+a%#miri S S"ariO S"ari
Malayalam S Ada::O $a::
Mara!#i S S"ariO $o"#al
Oriya S Ga
$nIa-i S S"ariO S"ari
Tamil S +amgO $a::O $a:#maram
Telg S $a:a .#e::aO 'a::a
?rd S F/alO C#oalia
DESC2<$T<ON
a) Ma.ro%.o"i.
O@oidO e(!ernally "aleO reddi%#G-ro7n !o lig#! yello7i%#G-ro7nO mar:ed 7i!# a
ne! 7or: o/ "aler line%O /reLen!ly 7i!# ad#ering "or!ion% o/ %il@ery -ri!!le endo.ar" and
ad#ering /i-re% o/ me%o.or" a! -a%e o/ %eedO %eed #ard 7i!# rmina!e endo%"erm o/
-ro7ni%# !i%%e al!erna!ing 7i!# 7#i!i%# !i%%eO odorO .#ara.!eri%!i.O !a%!eO a%!ringen!&

-) Mi.ro%.o"i.
160
Tran%@er%e %e.!ion o/ %eed %#o7% a %eed .oa! .on%i%!ing o/ %e@eral ro7% o/ .ell%O
!angen!ially elonga!edO 7i!# inner 7all% more or le%% !#i.:enedO 7#i!i%# .ell o/
endo%"erm !i%%e 7i!# !#i.: "oro% 7all% .on!aining oil glo-le% and aleroni. grain%O
-ro7n "eri %"erm !i%%e 7i!# !#i.: 7alled .ell% and deli.a!e !ra.#eae&
$o7derG2eddi%# -ro7n !o lig#! -ro7nO nder mi.ro%.o"e %#o7% /ragmen!% o/ endo%"erm
!i%%e 7i!# "oro% 7all%O irreglarly !#i.:ened and %mall %!one .ell% o/ %eed .oa!O a /e7
alerone grain% and oil glo-le% and a /e7 deli.a!e !ra.#eaeO %!ar.# a-%en!&


ASSAB

T&L&C&

CONST<T?ENTS G Al:aloid (are.oline) !annin% and /a!%

2a%a S +aXQya
GVa S 2W:XaO Gr
'Yrya S 9Y!a
'i"Q:a S +aU
161
+arma S ($ra-#Q@aS Mo#a:Z!)O DY"anaO +a"#a"i!!aIi!O +ledanQTanaO Mala-#ed
YO M:#aTod#anaO 'i:Q%Y
<M$O2TANT FO2M?LAT<ONS G $Wga:#aV[a
THE2A$E?T<C ?SES G M:#a@i:QraO Ar.iO BoniTai!#ilyaO 9@e!a"radara

162
46& $narna@a (2a:!a) (;&$)
$?NA2NA' (2A+TA) (;#ole "lan!)
$narna@Q .on%i%!% o/ driedO ma!red 7#ole "lan! o/ )oer#aa@ia di//%a Linn& (Fam
Ny.!agina.eae)O !railing #er- /ond !#rog#o! <ndia and .olle.!ed a/!er rainy %ea%onO #er-
i% di//%ely -ran.#ed 7i!# %!o! roo! %!o.: and many long %lenderO "ro%!ra!e or a%.ending
-ra n.#e%&
SBNONBMS
San%:ri! S +aU#illaO 9o"#ag#nYO 9o!#ag#nYO 'arXQ-#
A%%ame%e S 2anga $narna-#a
)engali S 2a:!a "narna@a
Engli%# S Hor%e $r%leneO Hog ;eed
GIra!i S D#oli%a!rdiO Mo!o%a!odo
Hindi S Gada"rnaO Lal"narna@a
+annada S Sanadi:aO +omme-erO +omma
+a%#miri S 'anIla $narna@a
Malayalam S C#@anna TaA#!a7a
Mara!#i S G#e!liO 'a%.#imliO Sa!odimlaO $narna@aO +#a"ar:#!i
Oriya S Lala"irniO Nali"rni
$nIa-i S l!.i! (<al)O +#a!!an
Tamil S M:ra!!ai (S#i#a"")
Telg S A!i:amamidiO Erra galiIer
DESC2<$T<ON
a) Ma.ro%.o"i.
S!emGgreeni%#"r"leO %!i//O %lenderO .ylindri.alO %7ollen a! node%O min!ely
"-e%.en! or n early gla-ro%O "ro%!ra!e di@eri.a!ely -ran.#edO -ran.#e% /rom .ommon
%!al:O o/!en more !#an a me!re long&
2oo!G 7el de@elo"edO /airly longO %ome7#a! !or!o%O .ylindri.alO 6&2G1&1 .m in
diame!erO yello7i%# -ro7n !o -ro7n .oloredO %r/a.e %o/! !o !o.# -! rog#
de !o min!e longi!dinal %!ria!ion% and roo! %.ar%O /ra.!reO %#or!O no di%!in.!
odorO !a%!eO %lig#!ly -i!!er&
163
Lea@e%Go""o%i!e in neLal "air%O larger one% 21G*3 mm long and %maller one% 12G15
mm long o@a!eGo-long or %-or-i.larO a"e( ronded or %lig#!ly "oin!edO -a%e
%-.orda!e or rondedO green and gla-ro% a-o@eO 7#i!i%# -elo7O margin en!ire
or %-Gndla!eO dor%al %ide "in:i%# in .er!ain .a%e%O !#i.: in !e(!reO "e!iole%
nearly a% long a% !#e -ladeO %lender&
Flo7er%G@ery %mallO "in: .oloredO nearly %e%%ile or %#or!ly %!al:edO 16G21 .mO in %mall
m-ell%O arranged on %lender long %!al:%O 0G16 .orym-O a(illary and in !erminal
"ani.le%O -ra.!eole%O %mallO a.!eO "erian!# !-e .on%!ri.!ed a-o@e !#e o@aryO
lo7er "ar! greeni%#O o@oidO ri--edO ""er "ar! "in:O /nnelG%#a"edO * mm longO
!-e 1 lo-edO %!amen 2G*&
Fri!Gone %eeded n!O 4 mm long .la@a!eO rondedO -roadly and -ln!ly 1 ri--edO @i%.idly
glandlar&

-) Mi.ro%.o"i.
S!emGTran%@er%e %e.!ion o/ %!em %#o7% e"idermal layer .on!aining ml!i
.elllarO ni%eri!e glandlar !ri.#ome .on%i%!ing o/ 8G12 %!al:ed .ell% and an
elli"%oidal #eadO 116G226 longO .or!e( .on%i%!% o/ 1G2 layer% o/ "aren.#ymaO
endodermi% indi%!in.!O "eri.y.le 1G2 layeredO !#i.:G7alled o/!en .on!aining
%.a!!ered i%ola!ed /i-re%O %!ele .on%i%!ing o/ many %mall @a%.lar -ndle% o/!en
Ioined !oge!#er in a ring and many -ig @a%.lar -ndle% %.a!!ered in !#e grond
!i%%eO in!ra /a%.i.lar .am-im "re%en!&
2oo!G!ran%@er%e %e.!ion o/ ma!re roo! %#o7% a .or: .om"o%ed o/ !#inG7alled
!angen!ially elonga!ed .ell% 7i!# -ro7n 7all% in !#e o!er /e7 layer%O .or:
.am-im o/ 1G2 layer% o/ !#in 7alled .ell% %e.ondary .or!e( .on%i%!% o/ 2G*
layer% o/ "aren.#yma!o% .ell% /ollo7ed -y .or!e( .om"o%ed o/ 1G12 layer% o/
!#inG7alledO o@al !o "olygonal .ell%O %e@eral .on.en!ri. -and% o/ (ylem !i%%e
al!erna!ing 7i!# 7ide Aone o/ "aren.#yma!o% !i%%e "re%en! -elo7 .or!i.al
region%O nm-er o/ -and% @ary a..ording !o !#i.:ne%% o/ roo! and .om"o%ed o/
@e%%el%O !ra.#eid% and /i-re%O @e%%el% mo%!ly /ond in gro"% o/ 2G5 in radial
ro7%O #a@ing %im"le "i!% and re!i.la!e !#i.:eningO !ra.#eid%O %mallO !#i.:G7alled
7i!# %im"le "i!%O /i-re% a%e"!a!eO elonga!edO !#i.:G7alledO %"indle %#a"ed 7i!#
"oin!ed end%O "#loem o..r% a% #emi%"#eri.al or .re%.en!i. "a!.#e% o!%ide ea.#
gro" o/ (ylem @e%%el% and .om"o%ed o/ %ie@e elemen!% and "aren.#ymaO -road
Aone o/ "aren.#yma!o% !i%%eO in -e!7een !7o %..e%%i@e ring% o/ (ylem
elemen!% .om"o%ed o/ !#inG7alled more or le%% re.!anglar .ell% arranged in
radial ro7%O .en!ral region% o/ roo! o.."ied -y "rimary @a%.lar -ndle%O
nmero% ra"#ide% o/ .al.im o(ala!eO in %ingle or in gro" "re%en! in .or!i.al
region and "aren.#yma!o% !i%%e in -e!7een (ylem !i%%eO %!ar.# grain% %im"le
and .om"ond #a@ing 2G0 .om"onen!% /ond in a-nden.e in mo%! o/ .ell% o/
.or!e(O (ylem elemen!% in "aren.#yma!o% !i%%e -e!7een (ylem elemen!%O
%im"le %!ar.# grain% mo%!ly ronded in %#a"e and mea%re 2&31G11 in
diame!er&
164
Lea@e%GTran%@er%e %e.!ion o/ lea/ %#o7% anomo.y!i. %!oma!a on -o!# %ide%O nmero%O a
/e7 %#or! #air%O *G0 .elledO "re%en! on !#e margin and on @ein%O "ali%ade one
layeredO %"ongy "aren.#yma 2G0 layered 7i!# %mall air %"a.e%O idio-la%!%
.on!aining ra"#ide%O o..a%ionally .l%!er .ry%!al o/ .al.im o(ala!e and orangeG
red re%ino% ma!!er "re%en! in me%o"#yll&
$ali%ade ra!io *&1G4&1O %!oma!al inde( 11G14 O @ein i%le! nm-er 8G11&


ASSAB
A%%ayGCon!ain% no! le%% !#an 6&1 "er .en! o/ !o!al al:aloid%O 7#en a%%ayed -y !#e
/ollo7ing me!#od%O
Ta:e a..ra!ely a-o! 166 g o/ !#e drg (46 me%# "o7der) and moi%!en 7i!# dil!e
%ol!ion o/ Ammonia& E(!ra.! .on!ino%ly in a %o(#le! a""ara!% /or 15 #or% 7i!# 81
"er .en! Al.o#ol& 2emo@e !#e al.o#ol -y di%!illa!ion& E(!ra.! !#e re%ide 7i!# /i@e 21 ml
"or!ion% o/ 1 N Hydro.#lori. a.id !ill .om"le!e e(!ra.!ion o/ !#e al:aloid i% e//e.!ed&
Tran%/er !#e mi(ed a.id %ol!ion% in!o a %e"ara!ing /nnel and 7a%# 7i!# 1 ml o/
C#loro/ormO rno// !#e C#loro/orm layer& Ma:e !#e a.id %ol!ion di%!in.!ly al:aline 7i!#
Ammonia and %#a:e 7i!# /i@e 21 ml "or!ion% o/ C#loro/orm or !ill .om"le!e e(!ra.!ion
o/ al:aloid% i% e//e.!ed& ;a%# !#e .om-ined .#loro/orm e(!ra.!% 7i!# !7o "or!ion% ea.#
o/ 1 ml o/ 7a!er& Fil!er !#e .#loro/orm layer in !ared /la%: and e@a"ora!e !o dryne%%& Add
!o !#e re%ide 1 ml o/ Al.o#olO e@a"ora!e !o dryne%%O re"ea! !#e "ro.e%% on.e again and
7eig# !#e re%ide !o .on%!an! 7eig#! in a @a.m de%i..a!or&

CONST<T?ENTS G Al:aloid ($narna@ine)&

165
2a%a S Mad#raO Ti:!aO +aXQya
GVa S 2W:Xa
'Yrya S ?XVa
'i"Q:a S Mad#ra
+arma S 'Q!aTleXma#araO MW!ralaO 9o!#a#araO Anlomana
<M$O2TANT FO2M?LAT<ONS G $narna@QXUa:a +@Q!#a CWrVaO $narna@Q%a@aO
$narna@Qdi MaV[WraO S:mQra G#Z!aO 9o!#ag#na Le"a
THE2A$E?T<C ?SES G $QV[O 9o!#a

166
41& Sa"!a"arna (S!&):&)
SA$TA$A2CA (S!em -ar:)
Sa"!a"arVa .on%i%!% o/ %!em -ar: o/ Al%!onia %.#olari% (Llnn&) 2& )r& (Fam&
A"o.yna.eae)O a !all e@ergreen !reeO /ond in !#e S-GHimalayan !ra.!% a%.ending !o 866 m
/rom Jamm ea%!7ard% and 7e%!ern "enin%la mo%!ly in de.ido% /ore%!%&
SBNONBMS
San%:ri! S Sa"!a..#adaO Sa"!a"ar]YO Sa"!Q#@Q
A%%ame%e S C#a!iyan
)engali S C#a!in
Engli%# S Di!a
GIra!i S Sa"!a"arnaO Sa!@ana
Hindi S C##a!i@anO Sa!a7ana
+annada S MaddaleO HaleO Eleyalaga
Malayalam S Dai@a"#alO EAilam"ala
Mara!#i S Sa!@een
Oriya S C#-a!ianaO C#a!iana
$nIa-i S Sa!#iO Sa!anna
Tamil S EAilam"alai
Telg S Eda:la $onna
?rd S GG
DESC2<$T<ON
a) Ma.ro%.o"i.
)ar: o..r% in .#annelled or o..a%ionally Lilled "ie.e%O *G0mm !#i.: /rom
-ran.#e% and .! or -ro:en irreglarly in!o .r@ed or /la! "ie.e%O a-o! 3 mm !#i.: /rom
%!emO e(!ernally yonger -ar: dar: grey !o -ro7nO older -ar: @ery rog#O ne@en and
m.# /i%%red !ran%@er%ely and longi!dinallyO -o!# mar:ed 7i!# nmero% ronded or
!ran%@er%ely elonga!edO grey !o 7#i!i%# -ro7n len!i.el%O in!ernally -ro7ni%#G-// !o dar:
greyi%#G-ro7nO %ome7#a! %!ria!ed and inden!edO /ra.!reO %#or! and %moo!#O /ra.!red
167
%r/a.e %#o7% a narro7O inner "or!ion !ra@er%ed -y nmero%O /ineO medllary ray% and a
@arying %"ongy o!er "or!ion

-) Mi.ro%.o"i.
Tran%@er%e %e.!ion o/ -ar: %#o7% a ml!iGlayeredO !#i.: and !#inG7alled .or:O a
-road Aone o/ %e.ondary .or!e( .om"o%ed o/ !#inG7alledO "aren.#yma!o% .ell%O
in.lding many ronded la!e( .a@i!ie%O %.a!!ered !#rog#o! !i%%eO .on!aining nmero%
r#om-i. !o "olygonal .al.im o(ala!e .ry%!al%O nmero% %!one .ell% /orming a nonG
.on!ino% layer o/ 0G5 .ell%O irreglarO ronded !o linearO /i-reGli:eO -ln! a! -o!# end%O
in!ernal !o %e.ondary .or!e( a %e.ondary "#loem .ell% .on!aining many %ie@e !-e%O .or:
.ell% -ri.: %#a"ed !o almo%! %Lare in !ran%@er%e and longi!dinal %e.!ion% and "olygonal
in %r/a.e @ie7O .or: .am-im /orm% a region o/ !7o ro7% o/ .ell% iden!i.al !o .or:
.ell%O %i!a!ed in -e!7een .or: and %e.ondary .or!e(O %e.ondary "#loem .ell% %maller in
dimen%ion !#an .or!i.al .ell% .on%i%!ing o/ "#loem "aren.#ymaO many %ie@e !-e% and
.om"anion .ell%O /i-re% a-%en!&


ASSAB
A%%ayGCon!ain% no! le%% !#an 6&2 "er .en! o/ !o!al al:aloid% 7#en a%%ayed -y !#e
/ollo7ing me!#odSG
Ta:e 21 g in No& 46 me%# "o7der& Tran%/er !o a .on!ino% e(!ra.!ion a""ara!%
and e(!ra.! 7i!# 86 "er .en! Al.o#ol /or 0 #or% (a! lea%! * e(!ra.!ion% are e%%en!ial)&
2emo@e !#e %ol@en! and !ran%/er !o a %e"ara!ing /nnel 7i!# !#e #el" o/ a li!!le 7a!er and
1 ml o/ 81 "er .en! Al.o#ol& Add a-o! 11 ml o/ ;a!er and 2 ml o/ %ol!ion o/ 26
168
"er.en! Sodim Hydro(ide !o ma:e !#e %ol!ion al:aline and e(!ra.! 7i!# %..e%%i@e
Lan!i!ie% o/ C#loro/orm !ill !#e e(!ra.!ion o/ al:aloid i% .om"le!e& S#a:e !#e .om-ined
C#loro/orm e(!ra.! 7i!# %..e%%i@e Lan!i!ie% o/ a mi(!re o/ 0 @olme% o/ 6&2 N
Sl"#ri. A.id and 1 @olme o/ Al.o#ol n!il .om"le!e e(!ra.!ion o/ al:aloid i%
e//e.!ed& ;a%# !#e mi(ed a.id %ol!ion !7i.e 7i!# 16 ml "or!ion o/ C#loro/orm and !#en
!7i.e 7i!# 16 ml "or!ion o/ E!#er& ;a%# !#e .om-ined C#loro/orm and E!#er %ol!ion
7i!# 26 ml o/ 6&1 N Sl"#ri. a.id& Tran%/er !#i% 7a%#ed a.id e(!ra.! !o !#e original a.id
e(!ra.!O ma:e di%!in.!ly al:aline 7i!# %ol!ion o/ Sodim Hydro(ide and %#a:e 7i!#
%..e%%i@e "or!ion% o/ .#loro/orm !ill !#e e(!ra.!ion o/ !#e al:aloid% i% .om"le!e& ;a%#
!#e .om-ined .#loro/orm %ol!ion 7i!# a-o! 1 ml o/ 7a!er& 2emo@e mo%! o/ !#e
.#loro/orm and !ran%/er !#e remainder !o a %mall o"en di%#& ;#en !#e remo@al o/
.#loro/orm i% almo%! .om"le!e on 7a!er -a!#O add a-o! 2 ml De#ydra!ed Al.o#ol and
e@a"ora!e !o dryne%%& Dry a! 166 !o .on%!an! 7eig#! and 7eig# a% !o!al al:aloid%&

T&L&C&

CONST<T?ENTS G Al:aloid% (e.#i!amineO di!amine and e.#i!amidine)&

GVa S SaraO Snigd#a
'Yrya S ?XVa
'i"Q:a S +aU
+arma S TridoXag#naO DY"anaO AnlomanaO 2a:!aTod#a:aO +XU#ag#naO
J@arag#na
<M$O2TANT FO2M?LAT<ONS G rag@ad#Qdi +@Q!#a CWrVaO AmZ!QriXUaO 'aIra:a Taila
THE2A$E?T<C ?SES G 9WlaO GlmaO +ZmirogaO +XU#aO J@araO SQndrame#a

169
42& S#a!i (2A&)
9AJ, (2#iAome)
9aUY .on%i%!% o/ %li.edO dried r#iAome% o/ Hedy.#im %"i.a!m Ham&e( Smi!#
(Fam& Ningi-era.eae)O a "erennial r#iAoma!o% #er-O mea%ring "!o 1 m o..r% in "ar!% o/
7e%!ern and .en!ral region% o/ %-G!ro"i.al Himalaya% a! an al!i!de o/ 1166G2666 mO
gro7% a-ndan!ly in +maon and $nIa-&
SBNONBMS
San%:ri! S 9a!#YO Gand#amWli:Q
A%%ame%e S +a!riO Sa!i
)engali S S#a!iO +a.#ri
Engli%# S S"i:ed ginger lily
GIra!i S +a"r:a.#riO +a"r:a.#ali
Hindi S +a"r:a.#ri
+annada S Gol +a.#oraO Seena:a.#oraO +a.#ora
+a%#miri S +a"oor:a.#ara
Malayalam S +a!.#olamO +a!.#ooram
Mara!#i S +a"ra:a.#ariO Ga-la:a.#ari
Oriya S Gand#a%n!#i
$nIa-i S +a.#rO +a.#oor
Tamil S +i.#ili +iAongO $oolan:iAang
Telg S Gand#a +a.#ral
?rd S GG
DESC2<$T<ON
a) Ma.ro%.o"i.
2#iAome% 11G26 .m longO 26G21 mm in diame!erO e(!ernally yello7i%#G-ro7n #!
.#anged !o dar: -ro7n on %!orageO drg a@aila-le in "ie.e% o/ 2&1 .m diame!erO edge o/
ea.# "ie.e i% .o@ered -y a rog# reddi%#G-ro7n layer mar:ed 7i!# nmero% %.ar% and
.ir.lar ring%O rdimen!% o/ roo!Gle!% @i%i-leO odorO .am"#ora.eo%O !a%!eO -i!!er&

170
-) Mi.ro%.o"i.
Tran%@er%e %e.!ion o/ r#iAome %#o7% an o!ermo%! !#i.: layer o/ %-eri%edO dar:
-ro7n .ell% o/ o!er .or: .on%i%!ing o/ 16G11 or more layer% o/ irreglar
"aren.#yma!o% .ell%O inner .or: .on%i%!ing o/ a /e7 layered lig#! -ro7nO re.!anglarO
radially arranged .ell% /ollo7ed -y a 7ide Aone o/ .or!e(O *6G06 .ell% !#i.:O %ome
.or!i.al .ell% /illed 7i!# /la!!ened and o@alGo-long %!ar.# grain%O nmero% oleoGre%in
.ell% al%o /ond in !#i% region 7#i.# #a@e %-eri%ed 7all% .on!aining greenGyello7 oilO a
!#in endodermal layer "re%en! -enea!# .or!e(O .en!ral .ylinder di%!ingi%#ed -y "re%en.e
o/ "eri"#eral "le(% o/ irreglar .onge%!ed @a%.lar -ndle% 7i!# "oorly de@elo"ed
me.#ani.al !i%%e%O @a%.lar -ndle% %.a!!ered irreglarly !#rog#o! grond !i%%eO
-ndle% .lo%ed and .olla!eral "o%%e%%ing gro" o/ !7o or more (ylem elemen!%O grond
!i%%e .om"o%ed o/ large "aren.#yma!o% .ell% 7i!# a-ndan! %!ar.# grain% and oil&



GVa S Lag#O TY:XVa
'Yrya S ?XVa
'i"Q:a S +aU
+arma S +a"#a@Q!ag#naO M:#aTod#anaO GrQ#YO 9Wla#ara
<M$O2TANT FO2M?LAT<ONS G Aga%!ya#arY!a:Y 2a%QyanaO 9aUyQdi CWrVa
THE2A$E?T<C ?SES G +Q%aO 9@Q%aO M:#arogaO 9WlaO C#ardiO +aV[W

171
4*& Sn#i (S!&)
SN?H, (S!em)
Sn#Y .on%i%!% o/ %!em o/ E"#or-ia nerii/olia Linn& (Fam& E"#or-ia.eae)O a large
-ran.#edO ere.!O gla-ro%O %..len!O (ero"#y!i. %#r- o..rring 7ild on ro.:y grond
!#rog#o! .en!ral <ndia and e(!en%i@ely gro7n a% a #edge "lan!&
SBNONBMS
San%:ri! S Sd#QO 'aIradrmQO Sn:
A%%ame%e S GG
)engali S Mana%a%iI
Engli%# S Mil:#edge
GIra!i S T#orO +an!alo
Hindi S T##arO Se#nda
+annada S Mr +anina +alli
Malayalam S +alliO +ai:alli
Mara!#i S Ni@adng
Oriya S T#orO +an!alo!#or
$nIa-i S T#o#ar
Tamil S Elai:alliO $erm- +alli
Telg S +adaIemd
?rd S GG
DESC2<$T<ON
a) Ma.ro%.o"i.
S!emO greenO .ylindri.alO %#o7ingO %"iral ridge "or!ion onlyO dried %!emO !og#
7i!# "air% o/ %#ar" %!i"lar !#orn%O 7i!# #ollo7 %"a.e in .en!re .on!aining 7#i!e
re!i.la!e ma%%O !a%!eO a.rid&
-) Mi.ro%.o"i.
Tran%@er%e %e.!ion %#o7% a %ingle layered e"idermi% .om"o%ed o/ %Lari%#O !#inG
7alledO "aren.#yma!o% .ell%O /ollo7ed -y a !#i.: Aone o/ .or!e(O di//eren!ia!ed in!o !7o
"ar!%O o!er o/ !#in 7alledO re.!anglarO o@al and o-long "aren.#yma!o% .ell% o/ a-o!
26 layer% de"!#O inner 7ider AoneO .on%i%!ing o/ a-o! *6G06 layer% o/ !#inG7alledO
o-long or o@oidO elonga!ed "aren.#yma!o% .ell% #a@ing a nm-er o/ ronded and o@al
172
la!e( .ell%O %ome .on!ain dar: yello7i%# la!e(O !#e nm-er o/ la!e( .ell% gradally red.e
!o7ard% o!er %ideO -elo7 .or!e(O a-o! 16 layer% o/ "#loem "re%en!O .on!aining gro" o/
/i-re% !o7ard% .or!e(O (ylem .on%i%!% o/ @e%%el%O !ra.#eid%O /i-re% and (ylem
"aren.#ymaO "i!# .on%i%!% o/ !#inG7alledO ronded or o@alO "aren.#yma!o% .ell%O %!ar.#
and .al.im o(ala!e .ry%!al% a-%en!&
$o7derG Cream yello7O nder mi.ro%.o"e %#o7%O @e%%el%O /i-re% and .or!i.al .ell%O %!ar.#
and .al.im o(ala!e .ry%!al% a-%en!&


CONST<T?ENTS G 2e%inO gm and !ri!er"ene%

2a%a S +aUO Ti:!a
GVa S GrO TY:XVa
'Yrya S ?XVa
'i"Q:a S +aU
+arma S TY:XVa@ire.anaO )#edanaO ma:a"#a@Q!a#ara
<M$O2TANT FO2M?LAT<ONS G Ci!ra:Qdi TailaO A-#ayQ La@aVaO A@i!!olQdi )#a%maO
'aIra:XQra
THE2A$E?T<C ?SES G GlmaO ?dararogaO Me#aO +XU#aO 9o!#a
DOSE G 121 G216 mg o/ !#e drg in "o7der /orm
No!eG 9`d#ana o/ !#i% drg i% !o -e done -e/ore %e a% de%.ri-ed in a""endi(&

173
40& S:%#maila (Fr!&)
S>+=MA<L (Fri!)
SW:XmailQ .on%i%!% %eed% o/ dried /ri!% o/ Ele!!aria .ardamomm (Linn&) Ma!on
and i!% @arie!ie% (Fam& Ningi-era.eae)O a %!o! large "erennial #er-O gro7ing na!rally in
moi%! /ore%!% o/ 7e%!ern g#a!% " !o 1166 mO al%o .l!i@a!ed in many o!#er "ar!% o/ %o!#
<ndia a! an ele@a!ion /rom 316G1166m&
SBNONBMS
San%:ri! S TrUiO ElQ
A%%ame%e S Saroo"laa.#i
)engali S C#o!a elai.#
Engli%# S Cardamom
GIra!i S El.#iO Ela.#iO Elaya.#i
Hindi S C#o!i <laya.#i
+annada S Ela::iO Sanna Bala::i
Malayalam S ElamO C#i!!elam
Mara!#i S 'ellodaO La#an@eldodaO 'el.#i
Oriya S GIra!iO C#o!aa lei.#aO Alai.#a
$nIa-i S <lla.#iO C##o!i La.#i
Tamil S Sirelam
Telg S C#inne Ela:lO Sanna Ela:l
?rd S Heel +#rd
DESC2<$T<ON
a) Ma.ro%.o"i.
Fri! G 1G2 .m long o@oid or o-long and more or le%% !#ree %ided 7i!# rondedO
angle%O greeni%# !o "aleG-// or yello7i%# in .olorO -a%e ronded or 7i!# !#e remain% o/
"edi.leO a"e( %#or!ly -ea:edO %r/a.e almo%! %moo!# or 7i!# %lig#! longi!dinal
%!ria!ion%O %mall !rilo.lar /ri!O ea.# .on!aining a-o! 11G26 %eed% in a ro7 o/ do-le%O
ad#ering !oge!#er !o /orm .om"a.! ma%%&
SeedGdar: -ro7n !o -la.:O a-o! 0 mm long and * mm -roadO irreglarly anglarO
!ran%@er%.<y 7rin:led -! no! "i!!edO 7i!# a longi!dinal .#annel .on!aining ra"#eO
en.lo%ed in a .olorle%%O mem-rano% arilO odorO %!rongly aroma!i.O !a%!eO .#ara.!eri%!i.&
174

-) Mi.ro%.o"i.
Tran%@er%e %e.!ion o/ %eed %#o7% /la!!enedO arilO !#inG7alled "aren.#yma!o%
.ell%O !e%!a 7i!# o!er e"idermi% o/ !#i.:G7alledO narro7O elonga!ed .ell%O /ollo7ed -y a
layer o/ .olla"%ed "aren.#ymaO -e.oming 2 or * layered in !#e region o/ ra"#eO
.om"o%ed o/ largeO !#inG7alled re.!anglar .ell% .on!aining @ola!ile oilO a -and o/ 2 or *
layer% o/ "aren.#yma and an inner e"idermi% o/ !#inG7alledO /la!!ened .ell%O inner
in!egmen! 2 layeredO an o!er "ali%ade %.leren.#yma 7i!# yello7 !o reddi%#G-ro7n
-ea:er %#a"ed .ell%O 26 long in radial dire.!ion and 12 7ideO !#i.:ened on inner and
an!i.linal 7all%O ea.# .ell 7i!# a %mall -o7l %#a"ed lmen .on!aining a 7ar!y nodle o/
%ili.a and an inner e"idermi% o/ /la!!ened .ell%O "eri %"erm .ell% !#inG7alledO "a.:ed 7i!#
min!e ronded "oly#edral %!ar.# grain%O a-o! 1G2 !o 0G4 in diame!er and .on!aining
1G3 %mall "ri%ma!i. .ry%!al% o/ .al.im o(ala!eO a-o! 16G26 longO endo%"erm o/ !#inG
7alled "aren.#yma .on!aining "ro!ein a% a granlar #yaline ma%% in ea.# .ellO em-ryoO
o/ %mall !#inG7alled .ell% .on!aining alerone grain%O %!ar.# a-%en! in endo%"erm land
em-ryoO /i-re% %.leren.#yma!o%O large @e%%el% "re%en! in "eri.ar"&

'ola!ile oil No! le%% !#an 0 "er .en!O @\7O A""endi( 2&2&16

CONST<T?ENTS G E%%en!ial oi

2a%a S +aUO Mad#ra
GVa S Lag#
'Yrya S 9Y!a
175
'i"Q:a S Mad#ra
+arma S 2o.anaO DY"anaO AnlomanaO HZdyaO MW!rala
<M$O2TANT FO2M?LAT<ONS G ElQdi Moda:aO ElQdi CWrVaO Si!o"alQdi CWrVa
THE2A$E?T<C ?SES G +Q%aO 9@Q%aO Ar.iO C#ardiO MW!ra:Z..#ra
DOSE G 216G166 mg o/ !#e drg in "o7der /orm&

176
41& S#n!#i (2A&)
9?CJH, (2#iAome)
9VU#Y .on%i%!% o/ dried r#iAome o/ Ningi-er o//i.inale 2o(-& (Fam&
Ningi-era.eae)O 7idely .l!i@a!ed in <ndiaO r#iAome% dg in JanaryGFe-raryO -d% and
roo!% remo@edO %oa:ed o@ernig#!Gin 7a!erO de.or!i.a!edO and %ome !ime% !rea!ed 7i!# lime
and dried&
SBNONBMS
San%:ri! S AXad#aO M#aXad#aO NQgaraO 'iT@aO 'iT@a-#eXaIaO 9Z]ga@eraO
'iT@QO 'iT@aQXad#a
A%%ame%e S Ada%!#O Aadar S#!#
)engali S Sn!#aO Sn!#i
Engli%# S Ginger roo!O Ginger
GIra!i S Sn!#O Snd#O Sn!#a
Hindi S Son!#
+annada S S#n!#i
+a%#miri S S#on!#
Malayalam S C#::
Mara!#i S Sn!#
Oriya S Sn!#i
$nIa-i S Snd
Tamil S S::O C#::
Telg S Son!#iO Sn!i
?rd S Son!#O NanIa-eel
DESC2<$T<ON
a) Ma.ro%.o"i.
2#iAomeO la!erally .om"re%%ed -earing %#or!O /la!!i%#O o@a!eO o-liLeO -ran.#e% on
""er %ide ea.# #a@ing a! i!% a"e( a de"re%%ed %.arO "ie.e% a-o! 1G11 .m longO 1&1G4&1
.m 7ide (%ally *G0 .m) and 1G1&1 .m !#i.:O e(!ernally -// .olored %#o7ing
longi!dinal %!ria!ion% and o..a%ional loo%e /i-re%O /ra.!re %#or!O %moo!#O !ran%@er%e
%r/a.e e(#i-i!ing narro7 .or!e( (a-o! oneG!#ird o/ radi%)O a 7ellGmar:ed endodermi%
and a 7ide %!ele %#o7ing nmero% %.a!!ered /i-roG@a%.lar -ndle% and yello7
177
%e.re!ing .ell%O odor agreea-le and aroma!i.O !a%!eO agreea-le and "ngen!&

-) Mi.ro%.o"i.
Tran%@er%e %e.!ion o/ r#iAome %#o7% .or!e(& o/ i%odiame!ri. !#inG7alled
"aren.#yma 7i!# %.a!!ered @a%.lar %!rand% and nmero% i%odiame!ri. idio-la%!%O a-o!
06G56 <n diame!er .on!aining a yello7i%# !o reddi%#G-ro7n oleoGre%inO endodermi%
%lig#!ly !#i.: 7alledO /ree /rom %!ar.# immedia!ely in%ide endodermi% a ro7 o/ nearly
.on!ino% .olla!eral -ndle% %ally 7i!#o! /i-re% %!ele o/ !#inG7alledO "aren.#yma
.ell%O arranged radially arond nmero% %.a!!eredO .olla!eral @a%.lar -ndle%O ea.#
.on%i%!ing o/ a /e7 nligni/iedO re!i.la!e or %"iral @e%%el% "!o a-o! 36 in diame!erO
a gro" o/ "#loem .ell%O nligni/iedO !#inG7alledO %e"!a!e /i-re% "!o a-o! *6 7ide
and 466 long 7i!# %mall o-liLe %li!O li:e "i!%O "re%en!O nmero% %.a!!ered idio-la%!%O
%imilar !#o%e o/ .or!e(O and a%%o.ia!ed 7i!# @a%.lar -ndle%O al%o "re%en!O idio-la%!%
a-o! 5G26 7ide and " !o 1*6 long 7i!# dar: reddi%#G-ro7n .on!en!%S in %ingle or
in a(ial ro7%O adIa.en! !o @e%%el%O "re%en!O "aren.#yma o/ .or!e( and %!ele "a.:ed 7i!#
/la!!enedO re.!anglarO o@a!eO %!ar.# grain%O mo%!ly 1G11 G *6G46 long a-o! 21
7ide and 3 !#i.:O mar:ed -y /i@e !ran%@er%e %!ria!ion%&


CONST<T?ENTS G E%%en!ial oilO "ngen! .on%!i!en!% (gingerol and %#ogaol)O re%ino%
ma!!er and %!ar.#&

2a%a S +aU
GVa S Lag#O Snigd#a
'Yrya S ?XVa
178
'i"Q:a S Mad#ra
+arma S DY"anaO $Q.anaO AnlomanaO madoXa#araO 'Q!a:a"#Q"a#aO HZdya
<M$O2TANT FO2M?LAT<ONS G Sa-#QgyaTVU#YO Tri:aU CWrVaO Sa-#Qgya 'aUYO
'aiT@Qnara CWrVa
THE2A$E?T<C ?SES G AgnimQndyaO d#mQnaO $QV[O 9@Q%aO ?dararogaO ma@Q!a

179
44& S@arna"a!ri (L/&)
S'A2CA$AT2, (Lea/)
S@arVa"a!rY .on%i%!% o/ dried lea@e% o/ Ca%%ia ang%!i/olia 'a#l (Fam&
Legmino%ae)O a %mall %#r-O 46G31 .m #ig#O /ond !#rog#o! !#e yearO .l!i@a!ed largely
in So!#ern <ndiaO e%"e.ially in di%!ri.!% o/ Tinne@ellyO Madrai and Tir.#ira"ally and #a%
al%o -een in!rod.ed in My%oreO /lly gro7nO !#i.: -li%# .olor lea@e% %!ri""ed o// -y
#andO .olle.!ed and dried in %#ade /or 3G16 day%O !ill a%%me a yello7i%#Ggreen .olorO
graded and !#en "a.:ed in!o large -ale%&
SBNONBMS
A%%ame%e S Sonam:#i
)engali S S@amam:#iO Sona"a!a
Engli%# S <ndian Senna& Tinne@elly Senna
GIra!i S Mind#ia@alO Sonam:#i
Hindi S SanayaO Hindi%ana
+annada S Nela@ari:aO Sonam:#iO Nelaa@areO Nela@ari:eO Nela A@aria:e
+a%#miri S Sna
Malayalam S Snnam:#iO Nila@a:aO C#inn::iO Ada"a!iyan
Mara!#i S Sonam:#i
Oriya S Snam:#i
$nIa-i S Sannama:#iO Sana"a!iO Sarna"a!!a
Tamil S Nila""onnaiO A@arai
Telg S Snam:#i
?rd S SenaO )argGeGSana
DESC2<$T<ON
a) Ma.ro%.o"i.
Lea/le!%O 2&1G4 .m long and 3G11 mm 7ide a! .en!reO "ale yello7i%#GgreenO
elonga!ed lan.eola!eO %lig#!ly a%ymme!ri. a! -a%eO margin% en!ireO /ia! a"e( a.!e 7i!# a
%#ar" %"ineO -o!# %r/a.e% %moo!# 7i!# %"ar%e !ri.#ome%O odorO /ain! -! di%!in.!i@eO
!a%!e m.ilageno% and di%agreea-le -! no! di%!in.!ly -i!!er&

180
-) Mi.ro%.o"i.
Tran%@er%e %e.!ion o/ lea/le! !#rog# midri- %#o7% an i%o-ila!eral %!r.!reO
e"idermal .ell%O %!raig#! 7alled .on!aining m.ilageO -o!# %r/a.e% -ear %.a!!eredO
ni.elllar #airO o/!en .oni.alO .r@ed near -a%eO !#i.:G7alledO nonGligni/iedO 7ar!y
.!i.leO %!oma!aO "ara.y!i.O nmero% on -o!# %r/a.e%O me%o"#yll .on%i%!% o/ ""er and
lo7er "ali%ade layer% 7i!# %"ongy layer in -e!7eenO "ali%ade .ell% o/ ""er %r/a.e
longer !#an !#o%e o/ lo7er %r/a.e !#e la!!er #a@ing 7a@y an!i.linal 7all%O "ri%maa!i.
.ry%!al% o/ .al.im o(ala!e "re%en! on larger @ein% and .l%!er% o/ .al.im o(ala!e
.ry%!al% di%!ri-!ed !#rog#o! !#e "ali%ade and %"ongy !i%%e%O midri- -i.on@e(O
-ndle% o/ midri- and larger @ein%O in.om"le!ely %rronded -y a Aone "eri.y.li. /i-re%
and a .ry%!al %#ea!# o/ "aren.#yma!o% .ell% .on!aining "ri%ma!i. .ry%!al% o/ .al.im
o(ala!e&


CONST<T?ENTS G An!#raLinoneO gl.o%ideO /la@onoid%O %!eroid% and re%in&

'Yrya S ?XVa
'i"Q:a S +aU
+arma S 2e.ana
<M$O2TANT FO2M?LAT<ONS G $aa.a%a:Qra CWrVaO SQri@QdyQ%a@a
THE2A$E?T<C ?SES G 'i-and#aO ?dararoga
DOSE G 6&1G2 g o/ !#e drg in "o7der /orm&

181
43& S@e!aIira:a (Fr!&)
9'ETAJ,2A+A (Fri!)
9@e!aIYra:a .on%i%!% o/ ri"e /ri!% o/ Cminm .yminmO Linn& (Fam&
?m-elli/erae)O a gla-ro%O annal #er-O *6G86 .m #ig#!O /lo7er% @ery %mallO 7#i!eO a-o!
*5 mm long %!al: in .om"ond m-el%O mo%!ly .l!i@a!ed in "lain%O "lan!% "lled o!O dried
!#ra%#ed /or .olle.!ing ma!re /ri!%&
SBNONBMS
San%:ri! S AIQIYO JYra:aO AIQIi:Q
A%%ame%e S Jira
)engali S JiraO SadaIira
Engli%# S Cmin %eed& Cmin
GIra!i S Jira!miO JirO JiragiO JeerO Jirn
Hindi S JiraO Sa/ed Iira
+annada S JirageO )ileIirege
+a%#miri S Sa/ed Noor
Malayalam S Jeera:am
Mara!#i S $and#are Iire
Oriya S D#alaIeeraO DalaIiraO Jira
$nIa-i S Sa/ed JiraO C#i!!a Jira
Tamil S S#eeragamO C#ira:amO Jeera:am
Telg S Jila:arraO Tella Jila:arra
?rd S Nira#O Nira%a/ed
DESC2<$T<ON
a) Ma.ro%.o"i.
Fri!O a .remo.ar"O o/!en %e"ara!ed in!o meri.ar"%O -ro7n 7i!# lig#! .olored
ridge% elli"%oidalO elonga!edO a-o! 0G4 mm longO 2 mm 7ideO !a"ering a! end% and
%lig#!ly .om"re%%ed la!erallyO meri.ar"% 7i!# 1 longi!dinal #airy "rimary ridge% /rom
-a%e !o a"e(O al!erna!ing 7i!# 0 %e.ondary ridge% 7#i.# are /la!!er and -ear .on%"i.o%
emergen.e%O %eed% or!#o%"ermo%O odor m-elli/ero% .#ara.!eri%!i.O !a%!eO ri.#ly %"i.y&

182
-) Mi.ro%.o"i.
Tran%@er%e %e.!ion o/ /ri! %#o7% e"idermi% .on%i%!ing o/ %#or! "olygonalO !a-lar
.ell% den%ely .o@ered 7i!# %#or!O -ri%!le #air% on ridge%O me%o.ar" 7i!# /e7 layer% o/
"aren.#yma and /i@e @a%.lar -ndle% nder /i@e "rimary ridge%O %i( @i!!ae nder
%e.ondary ridge%O /or on dor%al and !7o on .ommi%%ral %r/a.eO endo.ar" .on%i%!% o/
"olygonal .ell% .on!aining /i(ed oil and alerone grain% .ar"o"#ore .on%i%!% o/ %lender
/i-re%&



2a%a S +aU
'Yrya S ?XVa
'i"Q:a S +aU
+arma S 2.yaO DY"anaO $Q.anaO GrQ#YO +Zmig#naO +a"#a@Q!a#ara
<M$O2TANT FO2M?LAT<ONS G JYra:QdyariXUaO JYra:Qdi Moda:aO Hi]g@Qdi CWrVaO Hi
]g@a.Qdi CWrVa
THE2A$E?T<C ?SES G AgnimQndyaO A!Y%QraO +Zmiroga
183
45& S@e!a Sari@a (2!&)
9'ETA S2<' (2oo!)
9@e!a SQri@Q .on%i%!% o/ roo! o/ Hemide%m% indi.% (Linn&) 2& )r& (Fam&
A%.le"iada.eae)O a "ro%!ra!e or %emiGere.! %#r- /ond !#rog#o! <ndia /rom ""er
Gange!i. "lain% ea%!G7ard% !o A%%amO !#rog#o! Cen!ralO ;e%!ern and So!#ern <ndia "!o
an ele@a!ion o/ 466 m&
SBNONBMS
San%:ri! S Anan!QO Go"a%!QO SQri@Q
A%%ame%e S 'aga Sari@a
)engali S Anan!amlO S#@e!a%#ari@a
Engli%# S <ndian Sar%a"arilla
GIra!i S ?"al%ariO +a-ri
Hindi S Anan!aml
+annada S Namada @erO )ili Namada-erO Anan!amoolO Sogade-erO
Namada-er
+a%#miri S Anan! mool
Malayalam S NannariO NannarO Narneendi
Mara!#i S ?"al%ariO Anan!amla
Oriya S Drala%#@an LaiO Anan!amool
$nIa-i S Anan!moolO ?%#-a#
Tamil S 'en Nannar
Telg S Sgand#i $alaO Tella Sgand#i
?rd S ?%#-a Hindi
DESC2<$T<ON
a) Ma.ro%.o"i.
2oo!% o..r in "ie.e%O a-o! *6 .m long and *G5 mm in diame!erO .ylindri.alO !#i.:O
#ardO %ome7#a! !or!o%O %"ar.ely -ran.#edO "ro@ided 7i!# /e7 !#i.: roo!le!% and %e.ondary
roo!%O e(!ernal a""earan.e dar: -ro7nO %ome!ime% 7i!# @iole! grey !ingeO .en!re yello7O
7oodyO %rronded -y a mealy 7#i!e .or!i.al layerO -ar: -ro7ni%#O .or:yO mar:ed 7i!#
!ran%@er%e .ra.:% and longi!dinal /i%%re% and ea%ily de!a.#a-le /rom !#e #ard .en!ral .oreO
odorO .#ara.!eri%!i.O !a%!eO %7ee!i%#O %lig#!ly a.rid and aroma!i.&
184

-) Mi.ro%.o"i.
Tran%@er%e %e.!ion o/ roo! %#o7% "eriderm .on%i%!ing o/ !#ree layer% o/ !i%%e%O .or:O
.or: .am-im and %e.ondary .or!e(O .or: .ell% radially /la!!ened and re.!anglar in
a""earan.e /illed 7i!# dar: -ro7n .on!en!% gi@ing rea.!ion% o/ !annin%O .or: .am-imO 2
or * layeredO .om"re%%edO and /illed 7i!# dee" -ro7n .on!en!%O %e.ondary .or!e(O *G0
layer% o/ .ell%O %imilar !o .or: .ell%O 7i!# @ery li!!le or no dar: -ro7n .on!en!%O
%e.ondary "#loem .on%i%!% o/ %ie@e elemen!%O "aren.#ymaO "#loem ray .ell% along 7i!#
%e@eral la!i.i/ero% d.!%O "aren.#yma .ell% /illed 7i!# %!ar.# grain%O diame!er 3G16 O
o..a%ional "ri%ma!i. .ry%!al% o/ .al.im o(ala!eO la!i.i/ero% d.!% %.a!!ered in
"aren.#yma!o% !i%%eO .am-im @ery narro7S (ylem !ra@er%ed -y narro7 medllary
ray%O @e%%el% and !ra.#eid% .#ara.!eri%ed -y !#e "re%en.e o/ "i!!ed mar:ing%O "i!# a-%en!
and .en!ral region o.."ied -y 7oody !i%%e%&


T&L&C&
3

CONST<T?ENTS G Ea%en!ial oilO %a"oninO re%inO !annin%O %!erol% and gl.o%ide%

2a%a S Mad#ra
GVa S Snigd#aO Gr
185
'Yrya S 9Y!a
'i"Q:a S Mad#ra
+arma S TridoXanQTanaO DY"anaO 2a:!aTod#a:aO manQTanaO 'iXag#naO
J@ara#ara
<M$O2TANT FO2M?LAT<ONS G SQri@QdyQ%a@a
THE2A$E?T<C ?SES G Ar.iO AgnimQndyaO A!Y%QraO +Q%aO 9@Q%aO +aV[WO +XU#aO J@araO
2a:!a@i:Qra

186
48& Tagara (2A&)
TAGA2A (2#iAome)
Tagara .on%i%!% o/ "redominan!ly dried r#iAomeO %!olon and %mall "or!ion o/ roo! o/
'aleriana 7alli.#ii DCO (Fam&'aleriana.eae)S a #airy "erennial #er-O gro7ing in !em"era!e
Himalaya% /rom +a%#mir !o )#!an and +#a%ia #iil% "!o an al!i!de o/ *O666 mO r#iAome%
dg in a!mnO 7ell 7a%#ed 7i!# 7a!er and dried&
SBNONBMS
San%:ri! S +QlQn%QriO +QlQn%Qri:QO Na!a
A%%ame%e S Tagar
)engali S Tagar $ad:a
Engli%# S <ndian 'alerian
GIra!i S Tagar Gan!#odaO Tagar Gan!#oO G#oda7aI
Hindi S M%#:-alaO Sgand#a-ala
+annada S Mandi-a!!alO Mandya@an!#O Mandi-a!!alO Tagar
+a%#miri S )alaO M%#:-ala
Malayalam S T#a:aram
Mara!#i S TagarO Gan!#ode
Oriya S Tagara"ad:aO Jala%#ili
$nIa-i S M%#:o-alaO Sgand#-ala
Tamil S Tagarai
Telg S Grand#i Tagaram
?rd S Tagar
DESC2<$T<ON
a) Ma.ro%.o"i.
2#iAomeO o/ a-o! 0G5 .m long and 0G16 mm !#i.: "ie.e%O dll yello7i%#G-ro7&
%-G.ylindri.a1 and dor%i@en!rally %ome7#a! /la!!enedO rog#O %lig#!ly .r@ed and
n-ran.#edO ""er %r/a.e mar:ed 7i!# rai%ed en.ir.ling lea/ %.ar%O nder %r/a.e
-earing nmero%O %mallO .ir.lar "rominen!O roo! %.ar% and a /e7 %!o! roo!le!%O .ro7n
-earing remain% o/ aerial %!em% 7i!# %.ale lea@e%O /ra.!re %#or! and #ornyO %!olon
187
.onne.!ing r#iAome% %!o!O 1G1 mm long and 2G0 mm !#i.:O yello7i%#Ggrey in .olorO
longi!dinally 7rin:ledO %ally 7i!# node% and in!ernode% and -earing ad@en!i!io%
roo!%O o..a%ionally !#in %!olon% 1G2 mm !#i.:O roo!O yello7i%#G-ro7nO *G1 .m long and 1
mm !#i.:O odorO %!rong and remini%.en! o/ i%o@aleri. a.idO !a%!eO -i!!er and %ome7#a!
.am"#ora.eo%&

-) Mi.ro%.o"i.
2#iAome G !ran%@er%e %e.!ion o/ r#iAome %#o7% .or:O .on%i%!ing o/ 0G10 layer% o/
ligni/iedO .ell% o..a%ionally .on!aining oil glo-le%O .or!e( "aren.#yma!o% .on!aining
nmero% %!ar.# grain oil glo-le% and yello7i%#G-ro7n %-%!an.eO o!er 2 or * layer% o/
.or!e(O .ollen.#yma!o% o..a%ional roo! !ra.e% a""ear a% "aler %!rand%O endodermi%
%ingle layeredO "eri.y.leO "area.#yma!o% &and 7i!#in i! 12G15 .olla!eral @a%.lar
-ndle%O %e"ara!ed -y dar: medllary ray "re%en!O "i!# largeO "aren.#yma!o%O la.narO
.on!aining %!ar.# gram%O %!ar.# o..r% a% %ingle or o..a%ional .om"ond grain% o/ !7o
.om"onen!%O indi@idal grain% -eing 3G*6 mo%!lyO 16G21 in diame!er .al.im
o(ala!e .ry%!al% a-%en!&
S!olonGG!ran%@er%e %e.!ion o/ %!olon %#o7% .or:O .on%i%!ing o/ 2G1 layer%O .or!e( "!o 21
layer%O "area.#yma!o%O /ollo7ed -y 26 .olla!eral @a%.lar -ndle%O 7#i.# in yong
%!olon% %e"ara!ed -y .elllo%i. "aren.#yma!o% medllary ray% and in older %!olon%
-e.ome ligni/iedO "i!# 7ide and la.narO roo! !ra.e% a-%en!&
2oo!G !ran%@er%e %e.!ion o/ roo! %#o7% %mallO .en!ral "aren.#yma!o% "i!#O %rrondod
-y !e!ra.# !o "olyar.# (ylem and a 7ide "aren.#yma!o% -ar:&



188

2a%a S Ti:!aO +aUO +aXQya
GVa S Lag#O Snigd#a
'Yrya S ?XVa
'i"Q:a S +aU
+arma S TridoXa#araO 'iXag#naO 2a:!adoXa#araO MQna%adoXa#ara
<M$O2TANT FO2M?LAT<ONS G D#Qn@an!ara TailaO Ma#Q NQrQyaVa TailaO
De@adQr@QdyariXUaO JQ!Y"#alQdi CWrVa
THE2A$E?T<C ?SES G A"a%mQraO ?nmQdaO 9irorogaO Ne!raroga

189
36& Tamala:i (2!& S!&P L/&)
TMALA+, (2oo!O S!em P Lea/)
TQmala:Y .on%i%!% o/ roo!O %!em and lea/ o/ $#yllan!#% /ra!ern% ;e-%!& Syn&
$#yllan!#% nirri Hoo:& /& non Linn& (Fam& E"#or-ia.eae)O an annal #er-O 26G46 .m
#ig#O /ond in Cen!ral and So!#ern <ndia e(!ending !o Ceylon&
SBNONBMS
San%:ri! S Ma#id#Q!ri:QO )#WmyQmala:YO )a#"#alQ
A%%ame%e S )#in Amla
)engali S )#mamlaO )#mi amala:i
Engli%# S GG
GIra!i S )#oi AmaliO )#ony amariO )#onyamali
Hindi S )#i Amala
+annada S Nelanelli
Malayalam S +iAanelliO +eeA#anelliO AII#ada
Mara!#i S )#ia7ali
Oriya S )#in Amla
Tamil S +iA#:ai nelliO +iAanelli
Telg S Nela %iri:a
?rd S GG
DESC2<$T<ON
a) Ma.ro%.o"i.
2oo!G%mallO 2&1G11 &6 .m long& nearly %!raig#!O gradally !a"eringO 7i!# a nm-er
o/ /i-ro% %e.ondary and !er!iary roo!%O e(!ernal %r/a.e lig#! -ro7nO /ra.!reO
%#or!&
S!emGSlenderO ga-ro%O lig#! -ro7nO .ylindri.alO 26G31 .m longO -ran.#ing "ro/%e
!o7ard% ""er region -earing 1G16 "air% o/ lea@e%O in!ernodeO 1G*&1 .m longO
odorO indi%!in.!O !a%!eO %lig#!ly -i!!er&
Lea/G.om"ond and lea/Gle! arranged in !7o ro7% 7i!# a ra.#i%O al!erna!eO o""o%i!e and
de.%%a!e almo%! %e%%ileO %!i"la!eO o-longO en!ireO "!o 1&1 .m long and 6&1 .m 7ideO
greeni%#G-ro7n in .olorO odorO indi%!in.!O !a%!eO %lig#!ly -i!!er
190

-) Mi.ro%.o"i.
2oo!G!ran%@er%e %e.!ion %#o7%O 0G4 layer% o/ .or: .on%i%!ing o/ !#inG7alledO
re.!anglarO !angen!ially elonga!ed and radially arranged .ell%O /illed ;i!# reddi%#G-ro7n
.on!en!O %e.ondary .or!e( .on%i%!% o/ 5G16 layer% o/ !#inG7alledO !angen!ially elonga!ed
"aren.#yma!o% .ell%O %e.ondary "#loem narro7 .on%i%!ing o/ %ie@e elemen!%O "#loem
"aren.#yma and !ra@er%ed -y narro7 "#loem ray%O %e.ondary (ylem re"re%en!ed -y a
-road Aone o/ !i%%e%O .om"o%ed o/ @e%%el%O !ra.#eid%O /i-re% and "aren.#ymaO all
elemen!% -eing !#i.:G7alled and ligni/ied #a@ing %im"le "i!%O (ylem ray% ni%eria!e&
S!emG!ran%@er%e %e.!ion %#o7%O a %ingle layered e"idermi% .om"o%ed o/ !#i.:G7alledO
/la!!enedO !angen!ially elonga!ed .ell%O older %!em %#o7% 0G1 layer% o/ .or:O .om"o%ed o/
!#inG7alledO !a-larO !angen!ially elonga!ed and radially arranged .ell%O /illed ;i!#
reddi%#G-ro7n .on!en!O .or!e( .om"o%ed o/ 0G4 layer% o/ o@alO !angen!ially elonga!edO
!#inG7alledO "aren.#yma!o% .ell%O %ome .or!i.al .ell% /illed 7i!# yello7i%#G-ro7n
.on!en!O endodermi% Li!e di%!in.!O "eri.y.le re"re%en!ed -y a di%.on!ino% ringO
.om"o%ed o/ %e@eral !angen!ially elonga!ed %!rand% o/ ligni/ied /i-re% 7i!# !#i.: 7all%
and narro7 lmenO %e.ondary "#loem narro7O .om"o%ed o/ %ie@e elemen!%O di%"er%ed in
ma%% o/ "#loem "aren.#ymaO %e.ondary (ylem .om"o%ed o/ @e%%el%O /i-re%O "aren.#yma
and !ra@er%ed -y nmero% ni%eria!e ray%O @e%%el% mo%!ly %im"le "i!!edO a /e7 %#o7
%"iral !#i.:ening%O /i-re% narro7 elonga!edO 7i!# narro7 or %ome!ime% -ln! end% 7i!#
%im"le "i!%O .en!reO o.."ied -y a "i!# .om"o%ed o/ !#inG7alledO .ir.lar !o o@al
"aren.#yma!o% .ell%O o..a%ionally .l%!er .ry%!al% o/ .al.im o(ala!e "re%en! in
"aren.#yma!o% .ell% o/ grond !i%%e&
Lea/G!ran%@er%e %e.!ion o/ lea/ %#o7%O a -i.on@e( o!lineO e"idermi% on ei!#er %ideO
%ingle layered .o@ered e(!ernally -y a !#i.: .!i.leO a "ali%ade layer "re%en! -enea!#
""er e"idermi%O in!er.e"!ed -y a /e7 "aren.#yma!o% .ell% in !#e middleO meri%!ele
.om"o%ed o/ %mall %!rand% o/ (ylem !o7ard% ""er %r/a.e and "#loem !o7ard% lo7er
%r/a.eO re%! o/ !i%%e o/ lea/ .om"o%ed o/ !#inG7alledO "aren.#yma!o% .ell% %ome
#a@ing .l%!er .ry%!al% o/ .al.im o(ala!eO lamina %#o7% a dor%i@en!ral %!r.!reO
me%o"#yll di//eren!ia!ed in!o "ali%ade and %"ongy "aren.#ymaO e"idermi% on ei!#er %ide
.om"o%ed o/ !#inG7a1ledO !angen!ially elonga!ed .ell%O .o@ered e(!ernally -y a !#i.:
.!i.leO ani%o.y!i. !y"e %!oma!a "re%en! on -o!# e"idermi%e%O "ali%ade %ingle layeredO
me%o"#yll .om"o%ed o/ *G1 layer% o/ loo%ely arranged .ell% #a@ing a nm-er o/ @ein%
!ra@er%ed in !#i% regionO a /e7 .l%!er .ry%!al% o/ .al.im o(ala!e "re%en! in %"ongy
"aren.#yma&
$o7derG$o7der o/ !#e drgO -ro7n .oloredO nder mi.ro%.o"e %#o7%O /ragmen!% o/
.or: .ell%O @e%%el% and /i-re%&
191


T&L&C&

CONST<T?ENTS G $#yllan!#in

2a%a S +aXQyaO Ti:!aO Mad#ra
GVa S Lag#O 2W:Xa
'Yrya S 9Y!a
'i"Q:a S Mad#ra
+arma S 2o.anaO DQ#anQTanYO $i!!aTQma:aO MW!rala
<M$O2TANT FO2M?LAT<ONS G Ci!ra:a HarY!a:iO Mad#yaXUyQdi TailaO $i""alyQdi
G#Z!aO Cya@ana"rQTaO 9a!Q@arY G[a
THE2A$E?T<C ?SES G TZXVQO +Q%aO Amla"i!!aO $QV[O +XayaO +Xa!aO +XU#aO $rame#aO
MW!raroga
DOSE G 16G26 ml o/ !#e drg in Ii.e /orm
*G4 o/ !#e drg in "o7der /orm&

192
31& T@a: ():&)
T'A+ ()ar:)
T@a: i% !#e dried inner -ar: (de@oid o/ .or: and .or!e() o/ !#e .o""i.ed %#oo!% o/
%!em o/ Cinnamomm Aeylani.m )lme& (Fam& Lara.eae)O a modera!e %iAed e@ergreen
!ree %ally a!!aining a #eig#! o/ 4G3 &1 mO .l!i@a!ed on !#e ;e%!ern G#a!% and adIoining
#ill%O -ar: .olle.!ed dring A"rilGJly and O.!o-erGDe.em-er&
SBNONBMS
San%:ri! S DQr%i!Q
A%%ame%e S Dal.#iniO Dal.#eni
)engali S Dar.#iniO Dar.#ini
Engli%# S Cinnamon -ar:
GIra!i S Dal.#ini
Hindi S Dal.#ini
+annada S Dal.#ini C#a::e
+a%#miri S Dal.#iniO Dal.#in
Malayalam S +ar@a"a!!aO <la@arnga!#ely
Mara!#i S Dal.#ini
Oriya S Dale.#iniO Gda !7a:
$nIa-i S Dal.#iniO Dar.#ini
Tamil S La@anga"a!!aiO +ar@a"a!!ai
Telg S La@anga"a!!aO Dal.#ini .#e::a
?rd S Dar.#ini
DESC2<$T<ON
a) Ma.ro%.o"i.
)ar: "ie.e% a-o! 6&1 mm !#i.:O -ri!!leO o..r% a% %ingle or do-leO .lo%ely
"a.:ed .om"ond Lill%O "!o a me!re or more in leng!# and "!o a-o! 1 .m in
diame!erO o!er %r/a.eO dll yello7i%#G-ro7nO mar:ed 7i!# "ale 7a@y longi!dinal line%
7i!# o..a%ional %mall %.ar% or #ole%O inner %r/a.e dar:er in .olorO %!ria!ed 7i!#
193
longi!dinally elonga!ed re!i.la!ionO /ra.!reO %"lin!eryO /ree /rom all -! !ra.e% o/ .or:O
odorO /ragran!O !a%!eO %7ee!O aroma!i. 7i!# %en%a!ion o/ 7arm!#&

-) Mi.ro%.o"i.
Tran%@er%e %e.!ion o/ -ar: (de@oid o/ .or: and .&or!e() %#o7% e(.e"! a! .er!ain
"la.e% "eri.y.li. %.leren.#ymaO * or 0 ro7% o/ i%odiame!ri. .ell%O %ome!ime% !angen!ially
elonga!edO inner and radial 7all% o/!en -eing !#i.:er !#an !#e o!erO %ome .on!aining
%!ar.# grain%O %mall gro"% o/ "eri.yli. /i-re% em-edded a! in!er@al% in !#e %.leren.#ymaO
"#loem o/ !angen!ial -and% o/ %ie@e !i%%e al!erna!ing 7i!# "aren.#ymaO and .on!aining
a(ially elonga!ed %e.re!ing .ell% .on!aining @ola!ile oil or m.ilageO "#loem /i-re% 7i!#
@ery !#i.: 7all%O "!o *6 in diame!erO i%ola!ed or in %#or! !angen!ial ro7%O %ie@e !-e%
narro7 7i!# !ran%@er%e %ie@e "la!e%O .olla"%ed in o!er "eri"#eryO medllary ray% o/
i%odiame!ri. .ell%O mo%!ly 2 .ell% 7ideO .or!i.al "aren.#yma and medllary ray%
.on!aining %mall %!ar.# grain% mo%!ly -elo7 16 in diame!erO min!e a.i.lar .ry%!al% o/
.al.im o(ala!e "re%en!&

'ola!ile oil No! le%% !#an 1 "er .en!O @\7O A""endi(2&2&16&

CONST<T?ENTS G E%%en!ial oilO !annin and m.ilage

2a%a S +aUO Ti:!aO Mad#ra
'Yrya S ?XVa
'i"Q:a S +aU
194
+arma S +a"#a@Q!a#araO 'iXag#naO +aVU#aTdd#i:araO 2.ya
<M$O2TANT FO2M?LAT<ONS G Si!o"alQdi CWrVaO Ca!rIQ!a CWrVa
THE2A$E?T<C ?SES G M:#aToXaO TZXVQO +aVU#am:#arogaO $Yna%aO +ZmirogaO
'a%!irogaO ArTaO HZdroga

195
32& T@a:"a!ra (L/&)
T'A+$AT2A (Lea/)
T@a:"a!ra .on%i%!% o/ dried ma!re lea@e% o/ Cinnamomm !amala ().#& Ham&)
Nee% P E-erm& (Fam& Lara.eae)S a %mall e@ergreen !ree "!o 3&1 m #ig# and o..r% in
!ro"i.alO %-G !ro"i.al Himalaya% -e!7een 866G2*66 mO o/!en rai%ed /rom %eed%O %o7n in
nr%eryO lea@e% .olle.!ed in dry 7ea!#er /rom a-o! !en year% old "lan! dring O.!o-erG
Mar.#&
SBNONBMS
San%:ri! S $a!raO 'arQ]gaO Co.a
A%%ame%e S TeI"a!O Ma#"a!
)engali S TeI"a!raO TeI"a!a
Engli%# S <ndian Cinnamon
GIra!i S Tamala "a!raO De@elee
Hindi S TeI"a!ra
+annada S Tamala"a!raO Dal.#ini Ele
+a%#miri S Dal.#ini "anO TaI"a!ra
Malayalam S +ar@a"a!!a "a!ram
Mara!#i S Tamal"a!ra
Oriya S TeIa"a!ra
$nIa-i S TaI"a!er
Tamil S La@anga"a!ri
Telg S A:"a!ri
?rd S TeA"a!
DESC2<$T<ON
a) Ma.ro%.o"i.
Lea@e%G12&1G26 .m longO 1G3&1 .m 7ide a! !#e .en!reO * .on@erging ner@e% /rom
-a%e !o a"e( yong lea@e% "in:O "e!iole 3&1G1* mm longO margin en!ireO a"e( a.!e or
a..mina!eO -o!# %r/a.e% %moo!#O %!oma!a "ara.y!i. odorO aroma!i.O !a%!eO %lig#!ly
%7ee!O m.ilagino% and aroma!i.&
196

-) Mi.ro%.o"i.
$e!iole and midri-G!ran%@er%e %e.!ion o/ "e!iole and midri- %#o7% e"idermi%
e(!ernally .o@ered 7i!# .!i.leO ni%eria!eO ml!i.elllar (1 !o * .ell%)O !ri.#ome% "re%en!O
oil .ell% %ingle or in gro"O i%ola!ed large %!one .ell%O m.# ligni/ied %#o7ing %!ria!ion%
/ond %.a!!eredO mo%! o/ !#e "aren.#yma!o% .ell% o/ .or!e( 7i!# reddi%#G-ro7n
.on!en!%O "eri.y.le re"re%en!ed -y a /e7 layer% o/ %.leren.#yma!o% .ell%O %!ele more or
le%% "lano.on@e( a% in !#e midri- o/ lea/O (ylem on ""er and "#loem on lo7er %ide
.on%i%!ing o/ %al elemen!%O "re%en!&
LaminaG!ran%@er%e %e.!ion o/ lamina %#o7% dor%i@en!ral %!r.!reO re"re%en!ed -y
"ali%ade !i%%e on ""er and %"ongy "aren.#yma on lo7er %ideO e"idermi% %ame a% in
midri-O e(!ernally .o@ered 7i!# .!i.leO -elo7 ""er e"idermi% %ingle ro7 o/ .lo%ely
"a.:ed "ali%ade layer /ollo7ed -y ml!ilayeredO irreglarO !#inG7alled .ell% o/ %"ongy
"aren.#yma 7i!#o! in!er.elllar %"a.e%O idio-la%!% .on!aining oil glo-le% "re%en! in
me%o"#yll and al%o in "ali%adeO lo7er e"idermi% .o@ered e(!ernally 7i!# .!i.leO lamina
in!er@ened -y %e@eral %mall @einle!%S @a%.lar -ndle% .o@ered 7i!# !#i.:G7alled /i-re%
on -o!# %ide&

'ola!ile oil No! le%% !#an 1 "er .en!O @\7O A""endi( 2&2&16&

CONST<T?ENTS G E%%en!ial oil% (dG "#ellandrene and egenol)

2a%a S +aUO Mad#ra
GVa S Lag#O $i..#ilaO TY:XVa
197
'Yrya S ?XVa
'i"Q:a S +aU
+arma S 2.yaO +a"#a@Q!a#araO ArTog#na
<M$O2TANT FO2M?LAT<ONS G Ci!ra:Qdi TailaO +Q%Y%Qdi TailaO 'aIra:a Taila
THE2A$E?T<C ?SES G Ar.iO HZllQ%aO ArTaO $Yna%a

198
3*& ?dm-ara ():)
?D?M)A2A ()ar:)
?dm-ara .on%i%!% o/ dried -ar: o/ Fi.% ra.emo%a Linn& Syn& Fi.% glomera!a
2o(-& (Fam& Mora.eae)O a large de.ido% !ree di%!ri-!ed all o@er indiaO /ond !#rog#o!
!#e yearO gro7% in e@ergreen /ore%!%O moi%! lo.ali!ie% and -an: o/ %!ream% !o !#e ele@a!ion
o/ 1566 mO o/!en .l!i@a!ed in @illage% /or %#ade and i!% edi-le /ri!%&
SBNONBMS
San%:ri! S SadQ"#ala
A%%ame%e S JangedmrO Bagyadimr
)engali S JagnadmrO Bagnadmr
Engli%# S Con!ry /igO Cl%!er Fig
GIra!i S ?m-roO ?merdoO ?mardoO ?marado
Hindi S GlaraO Glar
+annada S A!!i#anninamaraO Odm-araO A!#imaraO A!!igida
+a%#miri S 2m-al
Malayalam S A!#i
Mara!#i S A!!iO GlarO ?m-er
Oriya S JaInadim-riO Dim-iri
$nIa-i S +a!# GlarO Glar
Tamil S A!!i
Telg S A!!iO Medi
?rd S Glar
DESC2<$T<ON
a) Ma.ro%.o"i.
)ar: greyi%#GgreenO %r/a.e %o/! and ne@enO 6&1G1&5 .m !#i.:O on r--ing 7#i!e
"a"ery /la:e% .ome o! /rom o!er %r/a.eO inner %r/a.e lig#! -ro7nO /ra.!re /i-ro%O
!a%!eO m.ilagino% 7i!#o! any .#ara.!eri%!i. odor&

199
-) Mi.ro%.o"i.
Tran%@er%e %e.!ion o/ -ar: %#o7% .or:O *G4 layer% o/ !#inG7alled .ell% /illed 7i!#
-ro7ni%# .on!en!O .or: .am-im %ingle layeredO %e.ondary .or!e( 4G12 layeredO
.om"o%ed o/ !#inG7alled re.!anglar .ell% arranged reglarlyO a nm-er o/ %e.ondary
.or!e( .ell% .on!ain %!ar.# grain% and %ome .on!ain r#om-oidal .ry%!al% o/ .al.im
o(ala!eO mo%! o/ !#e .ell% /illed 7i!# .#loro"la%! gi@ing green a""earan.eO .or!e( a /airly
7ide Aone .om"o%ed o/ .ir.lar !o o-longO !#inG7alled .ell%O .on!aining orangeG-ro7n
.on!en!O mo%! o/ !#e .ell% /illed 7i!# %im"le and .om"ond %!ar.# grain%O a nm-er o/
.ell% al%o .on!ain .-i.al and r#om-oidal .ry%!al% o/ .al.im o(ala!eO %ome .or!i.al .ell%
ge! ligni/ied 7i!# "i!!ed 7all% /ond %.a!!ered %ingly or in large gro"% !#rog#o!
.or!i.al regionO %e.ondary "#loem a @ery 7ide Aone .om"o%ed o/ "aren.#yma 7i!#
"a!.#e% o/ %ie@e !-e%O .om"anion .ell% -y medllary ray%O "#loem "aren.#yma .ir.lar
!o o@al and !#inG7alledO "#loem /i-re% m.# elonga!edO ligni/iedO @ery #ea@ily !#i.:ened
and "o%%e%% a @ery narro7 lmenS medllary ray% ni !o "en!a%eria!e 7iden !o7ard%
"eri"#eral region O a nm-er o/ ray .ell% al%o ge! ligni/ied and %#o7 "i!!ed 7all a%
de%.ri-ed a-o@eO la!i.i/ero% .ell% al%o /ond in "#loem region %imilar !o "aren.#yma
-! /illed 7i!# %mall granlar ma%%e%O %!ar.# grain% and r#om-oidal .ry%!al% o/ .al.im
o(ala!e al%o /ond in mo%! o/ "#loem "aren.#yma and ray .ell%O .am-imO 7#en "re%en!O
2G* layeredO o/ !angen!ially elonga!ed !#inG7alled .ell%&


CONST<T?ENTS G Tannin%

2a%a S +aXQya
GVa S 2W:XaO Gr
'Yrya S 9Y!a
'i"Q:a S +aU
200
+arma S MW!ra%a_gra#aVYyaO 'raVaTod#a:aO 'raVaro"a:aO Medo#araO
+a"#a"i!!aTQma:aO 2a:!a%!am-#ana
<M$O2TANT FO2M?LAT<ONS G Nyagrod#Qdi +@Q!#a CWrVaO MW!ra%a_gra#aVYya
+aXQya CWrVa
THE2A$E?T<C ?SES G 2a:!a"i!!aO DQ#aO MedorogaO BonidoXa

201
30& ?"a:n.#i:a (Sd&)
?$A+?EC<+ (Seed)
?"a:a.i:Q .on%i%!% o/ %eed% o/ Nigella %a!i@a Linn& (Fam& 2ann.la.eae)O a %mall
#er-O 01 G46 .m #ig#O mo%!ly .l!i@a!ed in $nIa-O Hima.#al $rade%#O )i#ar and A%%am&
SBNONBMS
San%:ri! S S!#WlaIYra:aO ?"a:a.YO SXa@Y
A%%ame%e S GG
)engali S Mo!a +alaIiraO +alaIira
Engli%# S Small FennelO Nigella Seed
GIra!i S +alonIi IeerO +alonIi
Hindi S +alanIiO Mangaraila
+annada S +ariIirige
Malayalam S +arinIira:am
Mara!#i S +alanIi IireO +aleIire
Oriya S GG
$nIa-i S +al@anIi
Tamil S +arnIeera:amO +arnIiragam
Telg S $eddaIila:arra
?rd S +alongi
DESC2<$T<ON
a) Ma.ro%.o"i.
Seed%O /la!!enedO o-longO anglarO rglo%e !-er.larO %mallO /nnel %#a"edO 6&2
.m& long and 6&1 .m& 7ideO -la.:O odorO %lig#!ly aroma!i.O !a%!eO -i!!er&

-) Mi.ro%.o"i.
Tran%@er%e %e.!ion o/ %eed %#o7% %ingle layer o/ e"idermi% .on%i%!ing o/
elli"!i.alO !#i.:G7alled .ell% .o@ered e(!ernally -y a "a"illo%e .!i.leO /illed 7i!#
reddi%#G-ro7n .on!en!O e"idermi% /ollo7ed -y 2G0 layer% o/ !#i.:G7alledO !angen!ially
elonga!edO "aren.#yma!o% .ell%O /ollo7ed -y a "igmen!ed layer .om"o%ed o/
!angen!ially elonga!edO .ylindri.al !#i.:G7alled .ell% /illed 7i!# reddi%#G-ro7n "igmen!O
202
-elo7 "igmen!ed layerO "aren.#yma .om"o%ed o/ !#i.:G7alled re.!anglarO radially
elonga!ed .ell%O "re%en! in a layerO endo%"erm .on%i%!% o/ modera!ely !#i.:G7alledO
re.!anglar !o "olygonal .ell%O a /e7 /illed 7i!# oil glo-le%O em-ryo em-edded in
endo%"erm&
$o7derG)la.:O oily !o !o.#O nder mi.ro%.o"e %#o7O gro"% o/ "aren.#ymaO endo%"erm
.ell% and oil glo-le%&


CONST<T?ENTS G E%%en!ial oilO /i(ed oilO re%inO %a"onin and !annin

2a%a S +aUO Ti:!a
GVa S Lag#O 2W:Xa
'Yrya S ?XVa
'i"Q:a S +aU
+arma S 2.yaO Sa_grQ#YO Ca:XXyaO Gar-#QTaya@iTod#anaO $i!!alaO DY"anaO
$Q.anaO Med#yaO HZdyaO 'Q!a:a"#Q"a#aO +Zmig#na
<M$O2TANT FO2M?LAT<ONS G NQrQyaVa CWrVaO +Q]:Qyana GUi:Q
THE2A$E?T<C ?SES G GlmaO d#mQnaO A!Y%QraO +Zmiroga

203
31& 'arna (S!&):&)
'A2?CA (S!em -ar:)
'arVa .on%i%!% o/ dried %!em -ar: o/ Cra!ae@a nr@ala ).#GHam (Fam&
Ca""arida.eae)O a %mall 7ild or .l!i@a!ed !ree /ond !#rog#o! !#e year in <ndiaO o/!en
/ond along %!ream%O al%o in dryO dee" -older /orma!ion in S-GHimalayan !ra.!%&
SBNONBMS
San%:ri! S 'araVa
A%%ame%e S GG
)engali S 'arna
Engli%# S T#ree lea@ed .a"er
GIra!i S 'ay@arnoO 'arano
Hindi S )arnaO )arna
+annada S )i"a!riO Ma!!ama@O Neer@alamara
Malayalam S Neerma!alam
Mara!#i S 'aya@arnaO Hara@arnaO 'arn
Oriya S )aryno
$nIa-i S )arnaO )arna#i
Tamil S Maralingam
Telg S )il@arani
?rd S GG
DESC2<$T<ON
a) Ma.ro%.o"i.
T#i.:ne%% or -ar: @arie%O %ally 1G1&1 .m a..ording !o !#e age and "or!ion o/ !#e
"lan! /rom 7#ere !#e -ar: i% remo@edO o!er %r/a.eO greyi%# !o greyi%#G-ro7n 7i!# a%#G
grey "a!.#e%O a! "la.e%O %r/a.e rog# de !o a nm-er o/ len!i.el%O %#allo7 /i%%re% and a
/e7 @er!i.al or longi!dinal ridge%O inner mo%! %r/a.e %moo!# and .ream 7#i!e in .olorO
/ra.!re !og# and %#or!O odorO indi%!in.!O !a%!eO %lig#!ly -i!!er&

-) Mi.ro%.o"i.
204
Tran%@er%e %e.!ion o/ ma!re %!em -ar: %#o7%O an o!er .or: .om"o%ed o/ !#inG
7alledO re.!anglar and !angen!ially elonga!ed .ell%O "#ellogen %ingle layeredO !#inG
7alledO !angen!ially elonga!ed .ell% /ollo7ed -y a 7ide %e.ondary .or!e(O .on%i%!ing o/
!#inG7alledO "olygonal !o !angen!ially elonga!ed .ell% 7i!# a nm-er o/ %!ar.# grain%O
%!ar.# grain% mo%!ly %im"leO o..a%ionally .om"ond 7i!# 2G* .om"onen!% al%o "re%en!Ô
large nm-er o/ %!one .ell% in gro"% o/ !7o or moreO /ond %.a!!ered in %e.ondary
.or!e(O %ingle %!one .ell% no! @ery .ommonO %!one .ell% @ary in %iAe and %#a"eO -eing
.ir.lar !o re.!anglar or elonga!ed 7i!# "i!% and %!ria!ion% on !#eir 7all%O %!one .ell%
di%!ri-!ed %ome7#a! in .on.en!ri. -and% in "#loem region e(.e"! in inner region o/
"#loem 7#i.# i% de@oid o/ %!one .ell%O %e.ondary "#loem .om"ara!i@ely a 7ide AoneO
.on%i%!ing o/ %ie@e !-e%O .om"anion .ell%O "aren.#yma and gro"% o/ %!one .ell%O
al!erna!ing 7i!# medllary ray%O %ie@e elemen!% /ond .om"re%%ed /orming .era!en.#yma
in o!er "#loem regionO 7#erea% in inner region o/ "#loemO in!a.!O medllary ray% mo%!ly
ml!i%eria!e .om"o%ed o/ !#inG7alledO radially elonga!ed .ell%O !angen!ially elonga!ed
!o7ard% o!er "eri"#eryO a nm-er o/ %!ar.# grain% %imilar !o %e.ondary .or!e( al%o
"re%en! in "#loem and ray .ell%O /e7 r#om-oidal .ry%!al% o/ .al.im o(ala!e al%o /ond
in !#i% regionO inner mo%! layer i% .am-im&


CONST<T?ENTS G Sa"onin and !annin

GVa S Lag#O 2W:Xa
'Yrya S ?XVa
'i"Q:a S +aU
+arma S DY"anaO )#edYO 'Q!aTleXma#ara
205
<M$O2TANT FO2M?LAT<ONS G 'arVQdi +@Q!#a CWrVa
THE2A$E?T<C ?SES G ATmarYO MW!ra:Z..#raO GlmaO 'idrad#i

206
34& 'a%a (L/&)
'S (Lea/)
'Q%Q .on%i%!% o/ /re%#O driedO ma!re lea@e% o/ Ad#a!oda @a%i.a Nee% (Fam&
A.an!#a.eae)O a %-G#er-a.eo% -%#O /ond !#rog#o! !#e year in "lain% and %-G
Himalayan !ra.!% in <ndiaO a%.ending "!o 1266mO /lo7er% dring Fe-raryGMar.# and al%o
a! !#e end o/ rainy %ea%onO lea@e% %!ri""ed o// /rom older %!em% and dried in drying %#ed%&
SBNONBMS
San%:ri! S 'ZXaO UarWXaO 'Q%a:a
A%%ame%e S Ti!a-a#a:O )a#a:O 'a.#a:a
)engali S )a:%aO 'a%a:a
Engli%# S 'a%a:a
GIra!i S Ad%oO Ard%iO Adl%o
Hindi S Ad%%O Ar%a
+annada S Ad%aleO Ad%ogeO A!ar%#aO Ad%oleO Ada%ale
+a%#miri S 'a%a
Malayalam S A!!ala!a:amO A!alo!a:am
Mara!#i S 'a%aO Adl%a
Oriya S )a%anga
$nIa-i S )#e:arO 'an%aO Ar%a
Tamil S 'a%am-O Ada!#odai
Telg S Adda%aram
?rd S Ad%aO )a%a
DESC2<$T<ON
a) Ma.ro%.o"i.
Lea@e%O 16G*6 .m long and *G16 .m -roadO lan.eola!e !o o@a!eGlan.eola!eO
%lig#!ly a.mina!eO -a%e !a"eringO "e!iola!eO "e!iole% 2G5 .m longO e(%!i"li!eO
gla-re%.en!O 5G16 "air% o/ la!eral @ein -earing /e7 #air%O dried lea@e% dll -ro7n a-o@eO
lig#! greyi%# -ro7n -elo7O odorO .#ara.!eri%!i.O !a%!eO -i!!er&

207
-) Mi.ro%.o"i.
Tran%@er%e %e.!ion o/ lea/ %#o7%O dor%i@en!ral %r/a.e 7i!# 2 layer% o/ "ali%ade
.ell%O in %r/a.e @ie7O e"idermal .ell% %ino% 7i!# anomo.y!i. %!oma!a on -o!# %r/a.e%O
more nmero% on !#e lo7erO .lo!#ing !ri.#ome% /e7O 1G*O rarely "!o 1 .elledO !#inG
7alledO ni%eria!eO "!o 166 and glandlar !ri.#ome% 7i!# ni.elllar %!al: and 0 .elled
#ead mea%ringO 21G*4 in diame!er in %r/a.e @ie7O .y%!oli!#% in me%o"#yll layer%O
elonga!ed and .igar %#a"edO a.i.lar and "ri%ma!i. /orm% o/ .al.im o(ala!e .ry%!al%
"re%en! in me%o"#yll O "ali%ade ra!ioO 1G4O 1G5&1O %!oma!al inde(O 16&5G10&2G15&1 /or lo7er
%r/a.e&


CONST<T?ENTS G Al:aloid% and e%%en!ial oil

GVa S Lag#
'Yrya S 9Y!a
'i"Q:a S +aU
+arma S +a"#a"i!!a#araO 2a:!a%a_grQ#i:QO +Q%ag#naO HZdya
<M$O2TANT FO2M?LAT<ONS G 'Q%a:Q%a@aO 'Q%Q@ale#a
THE2A$E?T<C ?SES G +Q%aO 9@Q%aO +XayaO 2a:!a"i!!aO $rame#aO +QmalQO +XU#a
DOSE G 16G26 ml o/ !#e Ii.e o/ /re%# lea@e% \"ar16G26 g o/ !#e dried drg /or de.o.!ion&

208
33& 'idanga (Fr!&)
'<DAFGA (Fri!))
'i[a]ga .on%i%!% o/ dried ma!re /ri!% o/ Em-elia ri-e% )rm& F& (Fam&
Myr%ina.eae)O large %.anden! %#r- 7i!# long %lenderO /le(i-le -ran.#e%O di%!ri-!ed
!#rog#o! #illy "ar!% o/ <ndia "!o 1466 mO
SBNONBMS
San%:ri! S Jan!g#naO +Zmig#naO 'ellaO +Zmi#araO +Zmiri"
A%%ame%e S 'idang
)engali S 'idang
Engli%# S GG
GIra!i S 'a@dingO 'a@adingO 'aya@adang
Hindi S 'aya@idangaO )#a-#irangaO )a-erang
+annada S 'ay@ilangaO 'ay@idanga
+a%#miri S )a-ading
Malayalam S 'iA#alariO 'iAalari
Mara!#i S 'a@adingO 'a@ding
Oriya S )idangaO 'idanga
$nIa-i S )a-rngO 'a@aring
Tamil S 'ay@ilangamO 'ay@idangam
Telg S 'ay@idangal
?rd S )ao-arangO )a-rang
DESC2<$T<ON
a) Ma.ro%.o"i.
Fri! -ro7ni%#G-la.:O glo-lar 2G0 mm in diame!erO 7ar!y %r/a.e 7i!# a -ea:
li:e "roIe.!ion a! a"e(O o/!en %#or!O !#in "edi.el and "er%i%!an! .aly( 7i!# %al1y * or 1
%e"al% "re%en!O "eri.ar" -ri!!le en.lo%ing a %ingle %eed .o@ered -y a !#in mem-raneO
en!ire %eedO reddi%# and .o@ered 7i!# yello7i%# %"o!% (.#i!ra !andla)O odor %lig#!ly
aroma!i.O !a%!eO a%!ringen!&

209
-) Mi.ro%.o"i.
Tran%@er%e %e.!ion o/ /ri! %#o7% e"i.ar" .on%i%!ing o/ %ingle ro7 o/ !a-lar .ell%
o/ e"idermi%O %ally o-li!era!edO in %r/a.e @ie7 .ell% ronded 7i!# 7rin:led .!i.leO
me%o.ar" .on%i%!% o/ a nm-er o/ layer% o/ reddi%#G-ro7n .olored .ell% and nmero%
/i-ro@a%.lar -ndle% and rarely a /e7 "ri%ma!i. .ry%!al% o/ .al.im o(ala!eO inner "ar!
o/ me%o.ar" and endodenni% .om"o%ed o/ %!one .ell%O endodermi% .on%i%!ing o/ %ingle
layeredO !#i.:G7alledO largeO "ali%adeGli:e %!one .ell%O %eed .oa! .om"o%ed o/ 2G* layered
reddi%#G-ro7n .olored .ell%O endo%"erm .ell% irreglar in %#a"eO !#i.:G7alledO
.on!aining /i(ed oil and "ro!eino% ma%%e%O em-ryo %mall 7#en "re%en! o!#er7i%e mo%!
o/ !#e %eed% %!erile&
$o7derG2eddi%#O nder mi.ro%.o"e %#o7% reddi%# "aren.#yma and %!one .ell%&
<den!i/i.a!ion SG
(<) S#a:e 1 g o/ !#e "o7dered %eed% 7i!# 26ml o/ Sol@en! E!#er /or /i@e min!e% and
/il!er& To a "or!ion o/ !#e /il!ra!e add 1 "er .en! @l@ %ol!ion o/ Sodim Hydro(ideO a
dee" @iole! .olor i% de@elo"ed in !#e aLeo% layer& To !#e o!#er "or!ion add 2 dro"% o/
Dil!e Ammonia %ol!ionO a -li%# @iole! "re.i"i!a!e i% o-!ained&
(<<) )oil 1 g o/ !#e "o7dered %eed% S7i!# 21 ml al.o#ol and /il!er& Di@ide !#e dee" red
.olored /il!ra!e in!o !7o "or!ion%& To one "or!ionO add %ol!ion o/ lead A.e!a!eO a dir!y
green "re.i"i!a!e i% "rod.ed& To !#e o!#er "or!ion add %ol!ion o/ /erri. .#loride a
reddi%#G-ro7n "re.i"i!a!e i% "rod.ed&


ASSAB
A%%aySGCon!ain% no! le%% !#an 2 "er .en! 7\7 o/ em-elin (limi!% 1&51 !o 2&11) 7#en
a%%ayed a% /ollo7%SG
;eig# a..ra!ely a-o! 16 g o/ "o7der (06 me%#) and !ran%/er !o a 166 ml gla%%
%!o""ered /la%: S#a:e o..a%ionally /or !#ir!y min!e% 7i!# 116 ml o/ Sol@en! E!#er& $a.:
210
!#e 7#ole ma%% in a "er.ola!orO allo7 !o ma.era!e /or !#ir!y min!e% and e(!ra.! 7i!#
Sol@en! E!#er !ill !#e e!#ereal %ol!ion .ea%e% !o gi@e a "in: .olor 7i!# a dro" o/ Dil!e
Ammonia Sol!ion& Di%!il o// !#e E!#erO !rea! !#e re%ide 7i!# %mall Lan!i!y o/ lig#!
$e!rolem (-&"& 06 C !o 46 C) .ool in i.eO /il!er !#rog# a ).#ner /nnel nder
%.!ion and reIe.! !#e /il!ra!e& ;a%# !#e re%ide 7i!# /r!#er %mall Lan!i!ie% o/ .ooled
E!#er (-& "& 06 C !o 46 C)& Tran%/er !#e re%ide !o a !ared -ea:er 7i!# %//i.ien!
Lan!i!y o/ Sol@en! E!#erO remo@e !#e Lig#! $e!rolem and dry !#e re%ide o/ em-elin !o
.on%!an! 7eig#! a! 56& T#e mel!ing range o/ !#e re%ide i% 102 C !o 100 C &

CONST<T?ENTS G )enAoLinone%O al:aloid (C#ri%!em-ine)O !annin and e%%en!ial oil

2a%a S +aUO Ti:!a
'Yrya S ?XVa
'i"Q:a S +aU
+arma S +ZminQTanaO DY"anaO AnlomanaO 'Q!a:a"#Q"a#a
<M$O2TANT FO2M?LAT<ONS G 'i[a]gQriXUaO 'i[a]ga La#aO 'i[a]gQdi La#a
THE2A$E?T<C ?SES G +ZmirogaO d#mQnaO 9WlaO ?dararoga

211
35& 'iIaya (L/&)
'<JAB (Lea/)
'iIayQ .on%i%!% o/ dried lea@e% o/ .l!i@a!ed or 7ild "lan!% o/ Canna-i% %a!i@a Linn&
(Fam& Canna-ina.eae) O an annalO ere.!O dioe.io% #er-O one !o !7o m #ig#O /ond almo%!
!#rog#o! !#e yearO "ra.!i.ally na!rali%ed in !#e S-GHimalayan !ra.!% in <ndia and
a-ndan!ly /ond in 7a%!e land% /rom $nIa- ea%!7ard% !o )engal and e(!ending
So!#7ard%&
SBNONBMS
San%:ri! S )#a]gaO MQdanY
A%%ame%e S )#anO )#ang
)engali S )#angO Sid#i
Engli%# S <ndian Hem"
GIra!i S )#ang
Hindi S )#aangO )#anga
+annada S )#angigidaO GanIagida
+a%#miri S $angO )angi
Malayalam S +an.#a@
Mara!#i S )#angO GanIa
Oriya S )#angaO GanIei
$nIa-i S )#ang
Tamil S GanIa
Telg S GanIayi
?rd S cinaa-O )#ang
DESC2<$T<ON
a) Ma.ro%.o"i.
Lea@e% "alma!ely .om"ondO lea/le!% linearO lan.eola!e 7i!# %erra!e margin%O
1G26 .m longO "oin!edO narro7 a! -a%eO ""er %r/a.e dar: green and rog#O lo7er "aleO
do7nyO lea@e% o/ /emale "lan!% longer !#an !#e maleO odorO %!rong and .#ara.!eri%!i.O
!a%!eO %lig#!ly a.rid&

212
-) Mi.ro%.o"i.
Tran%@er%e %e.!ion o/ lea@e% and -ra.!%O %#o7% dor%i@en!ral %r/a.eO ""er
e"idermi% 7i!# ni.elllarO "oin!edO .r@edO .oni.al !ri.#ome% 7i!# enlarged -a%e%
.on!aining .y%!oli!#% o/ .al.im .ar-ona!eO me%o"#yll .on!ain% .l%!er .ry%!al% o/
.al.im o(ala!e in many .ell% .on%i%!ing o/ %ally one layer o/ "ali%ade .ell and %"ongy
!i%%eO !ri.#ome% on lo7er e"idermi% .oni.alO longerO *06G166 -! 7i!#o! .y%!oli!#%O
nmero% glandlar !ri.#ome%O %e%%ile or 7i!# a ml!i.elllar %!al: and a #ead o/ a-o!
eig#! radia!ingO .l-G%#a"ed .ell% %e.re!ing oleoGre%inO "re%en! in !#e lo7er e"idermi%
e%"e.ially on midGri-O -ra.!eole% 7i!# ndi//eren!ia!ed me%o"#yll and on lo7er %r/a.e
-ear nmero% glandlar !ri.#ome%&


CONST<T?ENTS G 2e%in (Canna-inol%O "ar!i.larly !e!ra#ydro.anna-inol)

2a%a S Ti:!a
GVa S Lag#O TY:XVa
'Yrya S ?XVa
'i"Q:a S +aU
+arma S DY"anaO $Q.anaO GrQ#YO +a"#a#araO 'QIY:araO 'Q:@ard#anaO
NidrQIananaO 'ya@QyYO ($ra-#Q@aS Mada:Qri)
<M$O2TANT FO2M?LAT<ONS G JQ!Y"#alQdi CWrVaO MadanQnanda Moda:a
213
THE2A$E?T<C ?SES G AgnimQndyaO A!Y%QraO Gra#aVYrogaO +lai-yaO AnidrQ
DOSE G 121G216 mg o/ !#e drg in "o7der /orm& \"ar No!eSGSod#ana o/ !#i% drg !o -e done
-e/ore %e a% de%.ri-ed in !#e a""endi(

214
38& Ba%#!i (S!mP 2T&)
BA=J, (S!em P2oo!)
BaXUY .on%i%!% o/ driedO n"eeledO %!olon and roo! o/ Gly.yrr#iAa gla-ra LinnO
(Fam& Legmino%ae) O a !all "erennial #er-O "!o 2 m #ig# /ond .l!i@a!ed in Ero"e&
$er%iaO A/g#ani%!an and !o li!!le e(!en! in %ome "ar!% o/ <ndia&
SBNONBMS
San%:ri! S BaXUYmad#W:aO BaXUi:QO Mad#:aO Mad#yaXUYO BaXUyQ#@Q
A%%ame%e S Je%!#imad#O Be%#!mad#
)engali S Ba%#!imad#
Engli%# S LiLori.e roo!
GIra!i S Je!#imad#aO Je!#imardO Je!#imad#
Hindi S Mle!#iO Mla!#iO Mle!iO Je!#imad#O Je!#imad#
+annada S Je%!amadO Mad#:aO Jye%#!amad#O A!imad#ra
+a%#miri S Ml!#i
Malayalam S <ra!!imad#ram
Mara!#i S Je%!#amad#
Oriya S Ja!imad#O Ja%!imad#
$nIa-i S Je!#imad#O Mla!#i
Tamil S A!#imad#ram
Telg S A!imad#ram
?rd S Mle!#iO A%lG%G%%
DESC2<$T<ON
a) Ma.ro%.o"i.
S!olon .on%i%!% o/ yello7i%# -ro7n or dar: -ro7n o!er layerO e(!ernally
longi!dinally 7rin:ledO 7i!# o..a%ional %mall -d% and en.ir.ling %.ale lea@e%O
%moo!#ed !ran%@er%elyO .! %r/a.e %#o7% a .am-im ring a-o! oneG!#ird o/ radi% /rom
o!er %r/a.e and a %mall .en!ral "i!#O roo! %imilar 7i!#o! a "i!#O /ra.!reO .oar%ely
/i-ro% in -ar: and %"lin!ery in 7oodO odorO /ain! and .#ara.!eri%!i.O !a%!eO %7ee!i%#&

215
-) Mi.ro%.o"i.
S!olonG !ran%@er%e %e.!ion o/ %!olon %#o7% .or: o/ 16G26 or more layer% o/ !a-lar
.ell%O o!er layer% 7i!# reddi%#G-ro7n amor"#o% .on!en!%O inner * or 0 ro7% #a@ing
!#i.:erO .olorle%% 7all%O %e.ondary .or!e( %ally o/ 1G* layer% o/ radially arranged
"aren.#yma!o% .ell% .on!aining i%ola!ed "ri%m% o/ .al.im o(ala!eO %e.ondary "#loem a
-road -andO .ell% o/ inner "ar! .elllo%i. and o!er ligni/iedO radially arranged gro"% o/
a-o! 16G16 /i-re%O %rronded -y a %#ea!# o/ "aren.#yma .ell%O ea.# %ally .on!aining
a "ri%m o/ .al.im o(ala!e a-o! 16G*1 longO .am-im /orm !i%%e o/ * or more layer%
o/ .ell%O %e.ondary (ylem di%!in.!ly radia!e 7i!# medllary ray%O *G1 .ell% 7ideO @e%%el%
a-o! 56G266 in diame!er 7i!# !#i.:O yello7O "i!!edO re!i.la!ely !#i.:end 7all%O
gro"% o/ ligni/ied /i-re% 7i!# .ry%!al %#ea!#% %imilar !o !#o%e o/ "#loemO (ylem
"aren.#yma o/ !7o :ind%O !#o%e -e!7een !#e @e%%el% #a@ing !#i.: "i!!ed 7all% 7i!#o!
in!erG.elllar %"a.e%O !#e remaining 7i!# !#in 7all%O "i!# o/ "aren.#yma!o% .ell% in
longi!dinal ro7%O 7i!# in!erG.elllar %"a.e%&
2oo!G!ran%@er%e %e.!ion o/ roo! %#o7% %!r.!re .lo%ely re%em-ling !#a! o/ %!olon e(.e"!
!#a! no medlla i% "re%en!O (ylem !e!rar.# O %ally /or "rin.i"al medllary ray% a! rig#!
angle% !o ea.# o!#erO in "eeled drg .or: %#o7% "#elloderm and %ome!ime% 7i!#o!
%e.ondary "#loem all "aren.#yrna!o% !i%%e% .on!aining a-ndan!O %im"leO o@al or
ronded %!ar.# grain%O 2G26 in leng!#&


CONST<T?ENTS G Gly.yrr#iAinO gly.yrr#iAi. a.idO gly.yrr#e!ini. a.idO a%"aragineO
%gar%O re%in and %!ar.#

2a%a S Mad#ra
GVa S GrO Snigd#a
'Yrya S 9Y!a
216
'i"Q:a S Mad#ra
+arma S 'Q!a"i!!aIi!O 2a:!a"ra%QdanaO )alyaO 'arVyaO 'ZXyaO Ca:XXya
<M$O2TANT FO2M?LAT<ONS G ElQdi GUi:QO BaXUYmad#:a TailaO Mad#yaXUyQdi
Taila
THE2A$E?T<C ?SES G +Q%aO S@ara-#edaO +XayaO 'raVaO 'Q!ara:!a

217
56& Ba@ani (Fr!&)
BA'N, (Fri!)
Ba@QnY .on%i%!% o/ dried /ri! o/ Tra.#y%"ermm ammi (Linn&) S"rage e( Trril
Syn& Carm .o"!i.m )en!# P Hoo:& /& $!y.#o!i% aI7an DC& (Fam& ?m-elli/erae)O an
annalO ere.! #er-O "!o 86 .m !allO .l!i@a!ed almo%! !#rog#o! <ndiaO "roo!ed and
!#ra%#ed /or .olle.!ing !#e /ri!%
SBNONBMS
San%:ri! S DY"ya:aO BamQniO BamQni:QO Ba@Qni:Q
A%%ame%e S Jain
)engali S BamaniO Ba@anO Ba@anO Ja@anO Ba@aniO Boyana
Engli%# S )i%#o"^% 7eed
GIra!i S AImaO AImoO Ba@anO Ja@ain
Hindi S AI7ainO Je@ain
+annada S OmaO BomO Om
Malayalam S OmanO Ayanoda:an
Mara!#i S On@a
Oriya S Jani
Tamil S Omam
Telg S 'am
?rd S GG
DESC2<$T<ON
a) Ma.ro%.o"i.
Fri!O .on%i%!% o/ !7o meri.a"r%O greyi%# -ro7nO o@oidO .om"re%%edO a-o! 2 mm long
and 1 mm 7ide 7i!# "ale .olored "ro!-eran.e%O 1 ridge% and 4 @i!!ae in ea.# meri.ar"O
%ally %e"ara!eO 1 "rimary ridge% "ale in .olorO odorO .#ara.!eri%!i.O !#ymoli.O !a%!eO
"ngen!&

-) Mi.ro%.o"i.
Tran%@er%e %e.!ion o/ /ri! %#o7% !7o #e(agonal %!r.!re% a!!a.#ed 7i!# ea.#
218
o!#er -y a .ar"o"#oreO e"i.a" .on%i%!% o/ a %ingle layer o/ !angeni!ially elonga!ed !a-lar
.ell%O e(!ernally .o@ered 7i!# .!i.le a! %ome "la.e% #a@ing !#i.:G7alledO ni.elllar
!ri.#ome% a% "ro!-eran.e% 7i!# %erra!e 7allO me%o.ar" .on%i%!% o/ modera!ely !#i.:G
7alledO re.!anglar !o "olygonal !angen!ially elonga!ed .ell% #a@ing %ome @a%.lar
-ndle% and @i!!aeO .ar"o"#ore "re%en! a% gro"% o/ !#i.:G7alled radially elonga!ed .ell%O
in!egmen!O -arrel %#a"ed o/ !angen!ially elonga!ed .ell%O endo%"erm .on%i%!% o/ !#inG
7alled .ell% /illed 7i!# oil glo-le%O em-ryoO %mall and .ir.larO .om"o%ed o/ "olygonal
!#in 7alled .ell%&
$o7derGOilyO greyi%#G-ro7nO nder mi.ro%.o"eO "re%en.e o/ Oil glo-le% and gro"% o/
endo%"erm .ell%O .#ara.!eri%ed&

'ola!ile Oil No! le%% !#an 2&1 "er .en!O A""endi( 2&2&16&


2a%a S +aUO Ti:!a
'Yrya S ?XVa
'i"Q:a S +aU
+arma S DY"anaO $Q.anaO 2.yaO AnlomanaO 9Wla#araO +Zmig#na
<M$O2TANT FO2M?LAT<ONS G Ba@QnY =Q[a@a
THE2A$E?T<C ?SES G d#mQnaO nQ#aO ?dararogaO GlmaO +ZmirogaO 9Wla
DOSE G *G4 g o/ !#e drg in "o7er /orm

219
220
OF INDIA
PART- I
VOLUME II
GOVERNMENT OF INDIA
DEPARTMENT OF AYUSH
Contents | Monographs | Abbrevations | Appendices
i
CONTENTS
Legal Notices
General Notices
MONOGRAPHS
S No. Plant Name Botanical Name
Page No.
(as per book)
1 KRAKARABHA (Root) Anacyclus pyrethrum DC 1
AK!O"A (Cotyle#on) $u%lans re%&a '&nn (
( )RTA (Stem Bar*) Spon#&as p&nnata '&nn+,+Kur-+ .
/ A0)R1A (2hole 0lant) Achyranthes aspera '&nn+ 3
. A0AR$4T (Root) Cl&tor&a ternatea '&nn 15
6 RDRAKA (Rh&-ome) 7&n%&8er o,,&c&nale Rosc 1
3 AR4)EDA (Stem Bar*) Acac&a leucophloea 2&ll#+ 1.
9 AR$:NA (Stem Bar*) Term&nal&a ar;una 2< A+ 13
= BHA''TAKA (>ru&t) Semecarpus anacar#&um '&nn 1=
15 BH?@1AR$A (2hole 0lant) Ecl&pta al8a Hass* 1
11 BRH)A (2hole 0lant) Bacopa monn&er& ('&nn+) 2ettst+ .
1 B?HATA (Root) Solanum &n#&cum '&nn 3
1( CABCA (Stem) 0&per retro,ractum Bahl+ =
1/ D"4)A (See#) 0un&ca %ranatum '&nn (1
1. DR:HAR4DR (Stem) Ber8er&s ar&stata DC ((
16 DRODA0:!0A (2hole 0lant) 'eucas cephalotes Spren%+ (.
13 ERBR: (See#) Cucum&s melo Ear utl&ss&mus Duth&e
< >uller
(9
19 1A$A0400A'A (>ru&t) Sc&n#apsus o,,&c&nal&s Schooott /5
1= 1A)BHRA (>ru&t) 1mel&na ar8orea RoF8 /
5 1@1ER: (Stem 8ar*) 1reG&a tenaF (>ors*+) Aschers <
SchG,+
//
1 1:H$ (Root) A8rus precator&us '&nn /6
ii
4K!: (Stem) Saccharum o,,&cnarum '&nn /9
( 4NDRABR:DA (Root) C&trullus colocynthus Schra# .5
/ 4NDRABR:DA ('ea,) C&trullus colocynthus Schra# .
. $A)BI (See#) Sy-y%&um cum&n&& ('&nn) S*eels ./
6 $A)BI (Stem Bar*) Sy-y%&um cum&n&& ('&nn) S*eels .6
3 $ACA0'A (See#) Croton t&%l&um '&nn .9
9 $ACANJA ('ea,) Ses8an&a ses8an ('&nn) )err 65
= $COT4!)ATA (See#) Celastrus pan&culatus 2&ll#+ 6
(5 KADA)BA (Stem Bar*) Anthocephalus ca#am8a )&- 6/
(1 KKA)CA (2hole 0lant) Solanum n&%rum '&nn 66
( KA)A'A (>loGer) Nelum8o nuc&,era 1aertn 6=
(( KA04TTHA (>ru&t 0ulp) >eron&a l&non&a ('&nn+) SG&n%le 31
(/ KARA)ARDA (Stem Bar*) Car&ssa caran#as '&nn 3(
(. KARAH$A (Root Bar*) 0on%am&a p&nnata ('&nn) )err+ 3.
(6 KARAH$A (Root) 0on%am&a p&nnata ('&nn) )err+ 33
(3 KARAH$A (Stem Bar*) 0on%am&a p&nnata ('&nn) )err+ 3=
(9 KARAH$A ('ea,) 0on%am&a p&nnata ('&nn) )err+ 91
(= KRABA''AKA (>resh >ru&t) )omor#&ca charant&a '&nn 9(
/5 KAJ:K (Rh&-ome) 0&crorh&-a *urroa Royle eF Benth+ 9.
/1 KOK4'K! (2hole 0lant) Asteracantha lon%&,ol&a Nees 99
/ KOK4'K! (Root) Asteracantha lon%&,ol&a Nees =1
/( KOK4'K! (See#) Asteracantha lon%&,ol&a Nees =(
// KO7:00 (2hole 0lant) 0ortulaca oleracea '&nn+ =.
/. 'A$$': (2hole 0lant) )&mosa pu#&ca '&nn =9
/6 )ADHIKA (>loGer) )a#huca &n#&ca $+>+1mel 15
/3 )ATSCK!A (2hole 0lant) Alternanthera sess&l&s ('&lnn+) R+Br 15/
/9 )ETHA (See#)
Tr&%onella ,oenum %raecum '&nn
153
/= )I'AKA (2hole 0lant) Raphanus sat&Eus '&nn 15=
ii
.5 )I'AKA (Root) Raphanus sat&Eus '&nn 11(
.1 ):R (Root) Sel&num can#olle& DC 11/
. )IRB (Root) )ars#en&a tenac&ss&ma 2&%ht < ARn 116
.( N1AKEKARA (Stamen) )esua ,errea '&nn 119
./ NA'A ('ea,) 4n#&%o,era t&nctor&a '&nn 15
.. NA'A (Root) 4n#&%o,era t&nctor&a '&nn 1
.6 N4)BA ('ea,) A-a#&rachta &n#&ca A+ $uss 1/
.3 N4)BA (Stem Bar*) A-a#&rachta &n#&ca A+ $uss 16
.9 0A'KA (Stem Bar*) Butea monosperma ('am) Kunt-e 19
.= 0R4BHADRA (Stem Bar*) Erythr&na &n#&ca 'am 1(.
65 0400A'A)I'A (Stem) 0&per lon%um '&nn 1((
61 0'AK!A (Stem Bar*) >&cus lacor Buch+ Ham 1(3
6 0RASR4DA (2hole 0lant) 0ae#ar&a ,oet&#a '&nn 1(3
6( 0R4C'A (See#) Buchnan&a lan-an Spren%+ 1/(
6/ 0R4CA@1: (4n,lorescence) Cal&carpa macrophylla Bahl 1/(
6. K'A (Root) Ory-a sat&Ea '&nn 1/.
66 KA@KHA0:!0A (2hole 0lant) ConEolEulEus plur&caul&s Cho&sy 1/3
63 SA0TA' (2hole 0lant) Euphor8&a #racunculo&#es 'am 1.5
69 KATHB (>ru&t) Anethum soGa RoF8+eF >lem + 1.(
6= K41R: ('ea,) )or&n%a ole&,era 'am 1..
35 STHI'A4' (See#) Amomum su8ulatum RoF8 1.9
31 TE$OBATA (Stem Bar*) 7anthoFylum armatum DC 165
3 T:'ASA (2hole 0lant) Oc&mum sanctum '&nn 16
3( T:'ASA ('ea,) Oc&mum sanctum '&nn 16.
3/ BAC (Rh&-ome) Acorus calamus '&nn 169
3. BATSANBHA (Root) Acon&tum chasmanthum Staph EF
Holmes
131
36 B4DRA (Tu8erous Root) 0urar&a tu8erose DC 13(
iv
33 CABA (>ru&t) Hor#eum Eul%are '&nn 13.
39 CABSAKA (2hole 0lant) Alha%h& pseu#alha%& (B&e8+) DesE 133
v
'E1A' NOT4CES
+A.1.I./$ 1art3I$ 4ol. II$ is the boo5 of standards for single drugs included therein and
the standards prescribed in the A!urvedic 1harmacopoeia of India$ 1art3I$ 4ol. II
1harmacopoeia of India$ 1art3I$ 4ol. II$ would be deemed to have been amended
accordingl!.
vi
1ENERA' NOT4CES
o
6"
o
6 and
vi
deterioration"
authoritative"
vi
o
6"
thermometric scale"
changes"
ix
Thera#eutic uses and im#ortant formulations 8Therapeutic uses and important
!hich are the appro&imate conversions from classical !eights mentioned in Ayurvedic
te&ts" A conversion table is appended giving classical !eights of Ayurvedic System of
3edicine !ith their metric e1uivalents" 9oses mentioned in the Ayurvedic Pharmacopoeia
of India %A"P"I"' are intended merely for general guidance and represent unless
other!ise stated the average range of 1uantities per dose !hich is generally regarded
suitable by clinicians for adults only !hen administered orally"
It is to be noted that the relation bet!een doses in metric and Ayurvedic
systems set forth in the te&t is of appro&imate e1uivalence" These 1uantities are for
convenience of prescriber and sufficiently accurate for pharmaceutical purposes"

m 3etre
l $itre
mm 3illimetre
cm 6entimetre
A 3icron %5"550 mm'
kg Bilogram
g Cramme
mg 3illigram
ml 3illilitre
in 4ormal solution
03 3olar solution
Fam" Family
x
Sansk" Sanskrit
Assam" Assamese
Deng" Dengali
#ng" #nglish
CuE" CuErati
Ban" Bannada
Bash" Bashmiri
3al" 3alayalam
3ar" 3arathi
:ri" :riya
PunE" PunEabi
Tam" Tamil
Tel" Telugu
6otyledon 6otldn"
Flo!er Fl"
Fruit Fr"
(eart *ood (t" *d"
$eaf $f"
<oot Dark <t" Dk"
<oot <t"
<hiFome <F"
Seed Sd"
Stem Dark St" Dk"
Stem St"
*ood *d"
*hole Plant *h" Pl"
xi
1+ A*ara*ara8ha (R)t+)
KRAKARABHA (Root)
*Lra*ara8ha cons&sts o, #r&e# roots o, Anacyclus pyrethrum DC+ (>am+ Asteraceae)M
an annualN ha&ry her8 G&th numerous sprea#&n% prostrate or ascen#&n% 8ranche# stems+
SCNONC)S
Sans*r&t O *alla*a
Assamese O Kule*hara
Ben%al& O A*ara*ara
En%l&sh O 0ell&tory
1u;rat& O A**al*aroN A**al%aro
H&n#& O A*al*ara
Kanna#a O A**alla*araN A*alla*araN A*ala*ara8haN A**alla*a Hommu%ulu
Kashm&r& O PP
)alayalam O A*&*aru*aN A*raEu
)arath& O A**ala*araN A**ala*a#a
Or&ya O A*ara*ara
0un;a8& O A*ara*ara8hN A*ara*ara
Tam&l O A**ara*aN A**ara*aram
Telu%u O A**ala*arra
:r#u O AQaraQarha
DESCR40T4ON
a) )acroscop&c
Roots tou%hN cyl&n#r&calN 3P1. cm &n len%thN taper&n% sl&%htly at 8oth en#sN G&th a ,eG
ha&ry rootlets an# occas&onally toppe# 8y 8r&stly rema&ns o, leaEesN eFternal sur,ace rou%hN
8roGnN shr&Eelle#N 8ar* upto ( mm th&c*N not eas&ly separa8leN o#ourN sl&%htly aromat&cN
12
tasteN character&st&cally astr&n%ent an# pun%entN on cheG&n% %&Ees t&n%l&n% sensat&on to
ton%ue an# l&ps an# causes eFcess&Ee ,loG o, sal&Ea+

8) )&croscop&c
Root P )ature root shoGs cor* cons&st&n% o, ta8ular cellsN many o, Gh&ch #eEelope#
as sclerenchymaM a ,eG &nnercor* cells conta&n rosette crystals o, calc&um oFalateM
secon#ary corteF cons&st&n% o, &so#&ametr&c or tan%ent&allyN elon%ate#N th&nPGalle#N
parenchymatous cellsM a ,eG sclerenchymatous cells also ,oun# scattere# &n secon#ary
corteFM secon#ary phloem cons&st&n% o, usual elementsN cam8&um P. layere#N secon#ary
Fylem Eery G&#e cons&st&n% o, Fylem EesselsN trache&#s an# Fylem parenchymaM Eessels
p&tte#N more or less &n %roups #&str&8ute# throu%hout FylemN more an# G&#er Eessels ,oun#
toGar#s per&peryN Fylem ,&8res th&c*PGalle#N 1+(3P9+9 &n G&#thN .(+ P (1 &n len%th
haE&n% narroG lumenN me#ullary rays numerousN runn&n% stra&%htN 8& to tr& an# mult&ser&ateN
un&ser&ate rays Eery rareN start&n% ,rom pr&mary Fylem an# reach&n% upto secon#ary corteFM
ray cells th&c*PGalle#N ra#&ally elon%ate#N &nul&n present &n cells o, secon#ary corteFN
secon#ary phloem an# me#ullary raysM oleoPres&nous sch&-o%enous %lan#s ,oun# scattere# &n
secon#ary corteFN secon#ary phloem an# me#ullary raysM calc&um oFalate crystals &n rosette
,orm present &n secon#ary corteFN secon#ary phloemN secon#ary Fylem an# me#ullary ray
cells+
0oG#er P Ash coloure#M shoGs Eessels haE&n% scalar&,orm th&c*en&n%N rosette crystals o,
calc&um oFalate an# ,ra%ments o, sclerenchymaM also %&Ees pos&t&Ee tests ,or &nul&n+
4DENT4TCN 0:R4TC AND STREN1TH

>ore&%n matter Not more than percentN Appen#&F +++
Total Ash Not more than 15 percentN Appen#&F ++(+
Ac&#P&nsolu8le ash Not more than percentN Appen#&F ++/+
AlcoholPsolu8le eFtract&Ee Not less than 9 percentN Appen#&F ++6+
2aterPsolu8le eFtract&Ee Not )ore than percentN Appen#&F ++3+

CONST4T:ENTS P Bolat&le o&l an# Al*alo&# (0yrethr&n)+

0RO0ERT4ES AND ACT4ON
13
Rasa O KaRu
1uSa O RT*UaN TV*USa
BVrya O :USa
B&pL*a O KaRu
Karma O BLtaharaN 0&ttaharaN KaphaharaN Ku*ralaN BL;&*araN SEe#a*araN DVpanaN
Bu##h&Ear#ha*aN Bala*Lra*a
4)0ORTANT >OR):'AT4ONS P KumLryLsaEaN KastTryL#& (BLyu) 1uR&*LN NL%aEalla8ha
Rasa
THERA0E:T4C :SES P 0rat&WyLyaN KothaN A;VrSaN KLsaN KELsaN 1X#hrasVN 0a*UL%hLtaN
:#araro%aN NaURLrtaEaN KTlaro%aN DantaWTla
DOSE P 5+. P1 % o, the #ru% &n poG#er ,orm+

14
+ A*sho#a (Cotl#n+)
AK!O"A (Cotyle#on)
A*UoYa cons&sts o, #r&e# cotyle#ons o, $u%lans re%&a '&nn+ (>am+ $u%lan#aceae)M a
lar%e #ec&#uousN monoec&ous tree G&th tomentose shootsN ,oun# throu%hout the H&malayas
upto an alt&tu#e o, =55P((55 m+
SCNONC)S
Sans*r&t O A*UoRaN Sa&la8haEaN Karparala
Assamese O A*al8as&n%
Ben%al& O Aa*harotu
En%l&sh O 2alnut
1u;rat& O A*haro#a
H&n#& O A*harot
Kanna#a O A*ro# pappu
Kashm&r& O PP
)alayalam O A*rottu
)arath& O A*ro#
Or&ya O A*hrot
0un;a8& O A*harota
Tam&l O A*rotu
Telu%u O A*rotu
:r#u O A*hrot
DESCR40T4ON
a) )acroscop&c
Cotyle#ons aEa&la8le &n P( cm lon%N sl&%htly curEe#N cor&aceousN &rre%ularly
corru%ate#N 8ro*en p&ecesN cream&shP8roGnN o#ourN not #&st&nctM tasteN o&ly sGeet+

15
8) )&croscop&c
Cotyle#on P ShoGs 1P layere#N ra#&ally elon%ate#N th&nPGalle#N parenchymatous
cellsN ra&se# stomata G&th more or less curEe# %uar# cellsN ,olloGe# 8y more or less
compresse#N collapse#N paranchymatous cells haE&n% Eascular 8un#lesM un#er th&sN &n#&st&nct
tan%ent&ally elon%ate# cells presentM en#osperm mostly s&n%le layere#M cotyle#ons cons&st&n%
o, a G&#e -one o, oEal to poly%onalN th&nPGalle#N parenchymatous cellsN small aleurone
%ra&ns an# ,at present &n en#osperm an# cotyle#ons+
0oG#er P Cream coloure#N shoGs %roups o, cells o, cotyle#onN a8un#ance o, roun# o&l
%lo8ules an# rarely Eessels+

>ore&%n matter Not more than . percentN Appen#&F +++
Total Ash Not more than percentN Appen#&F ++(+
Ac&#P&nsolu8le ash Not more than 5+. percentN Appen#&F ++/+
AlcoholPsolu8le eFtract&Ee Not less than 15+5 percentN Appen#&F ++6+
2aterPsolu8le eFtract&Ee Not less than 3+5 percentN Appen#&F ++3+

CONST4T:ENTS P 2alnut o&l an# Tann&n+

Rasa O )a#hura
1uSa O 1uruN Sn&%#haN Sara
BVrya O :USa
B&pL*a O )a#hura
Karma O BLtaharaN Kapha*araN BXZhaSaN Ku*ralaN BalyaN BXUyaN B&URam8h&N HX#ya
4)0ORTANT >OR):'AT4ONS P AmXtaprLWa 1hXta
THERA0E:T4C :SES P KUataN KUayaN BLtaro%a
DOSE P 15 P . %
16
(+ Amrata (St+B*+)
)RTA (Stem Bar*)
mrLta cons&sts o, #r&e# stem 8ar* o, Spon#&as p&nnata '&nn+ ,+ Kur-+ Syn+ S+
man%&,era 2&ll#+M S+ acum&nata RoF8+ non 1am8le (>am+ Anacar#&aceae)M a small aromat&cN
#ec&#uous treeN upto 3 m h&%h an# +. m &n %&rthN ,oun# G&l# or cult&Eate# almost throu%hout
the country an# &n the An#amans ascen#&n% upto an alt&tu#e o, 1.55 m &n the H&malayas+
SCNONC)S
Sans*r&t O mrLta*aN )ar*aRLmra
Assamese O PP
Ben%al& O Ama#aN Amra
En%l&sh O 4n#&an Ho% 0lumN 2&l# )an%o
1u;rat& O Am8e#aN Am8a#oN Ranam8aN $an%al& Am8oN Ranam8o
H&n#& O Am8a#aN AmraN $an%l& Aam
Kanna#a O Am8ateN AmEara
Kashm&r& O PP
)alayalam O )ampusl&N Am8alamN Am8a-hamN )ampu&t&N Ampo-ham N;ett&*u-h&yan
maEu+
)arath& O Am8a#o
Or&ya O PP
0un;a8& O Ama#a
Tam&l O )am8ul&ch& Amputta&N Am8a#am
Telu%u O Amrata*amuN An8alamuN A#aE&mam&#&
:r#u O $an%l& Aam
DESCR40T4ON
a) )acroscop&c
17
Dru% occurs &n the ,orm o, P3 cm lon% cut p&ecesN curEe#N th&nN eFternal sur,ace
smoothN %rey haE&n% lent&celsN &nternal sur,ace re##&shPyelloGM ,ractureN lam&nate#+

8) )&croscop&c
Stem Bar*P )ature 8ar* shoGs cor* as a G&#e -one o, 1.P. roGsN cons&st&n% o,
tan%ent&ally elon%ate#N ra#&ally arran%e#N th&nPGalle# cellsN a ,eG outer cells eF,ol&ate#M
secon#ary corteF cons&st&n% o, tan%ent&ally elon%ate#N parenchymatous cellsN Gh&ch are
th&c*PGalle# toGar#s per&pheryN ,&rst ,olloGe# 8y a -one o, compactly arran%e# cells ,&lle#
G&th rosette an# pr&smat&c crystals o, calc&um oFalate an# neFt 8y another G&#er -one o,
compactly arran%e# stone cellsM rest o, the cells ,olloG&n% the stone cell -one are th&nP
Galle#N tan%ent&ally elon%ate#N parenchymatousN G&th re##&shP8roGn contentsN an# also
rosette crystals o, calc&um oFalateM s&mpleN roun# to oEal starch %ra&ns measur&n% +3.P1/
&n #&a+N a ,eG pr&smat&c crystals present &n th&s -oneM secon#ary phloem cons&st&n% o, usual
elementsN phloem ,&8res arran%e# &n tan%ent&al 8an#sN th&c*PGalle#N l&%n&,&e#N alternat&n%
G&th the patches o, phloem ,&8resN prom&nent lyso%enous caE&t&es are presentN surroun#e# 8y
a num8er o, tann&n sacsM phloem parenchyma cons&st&n% o, th&n Galle# cellsN conta&n&n%
rosette crystals an# starch %ra&nsN s&m&lar to those ,oun# scattere# &n secon#ary corteF+
0oG#er P '&%ht 8roGnM shoGs cor* cellsN stone cellsN phloem ,&8res measur&n% 955P1555
&n len%th an# 1/P9 &n G&#thN rosette an# pr&smat&c crystals o, calc&um oFalate an#
numerous roun#e# to oEal starch %ra&nsN measur&n% (P1/ &n #&ameter+

>ore&%n matter Not more than 1 per centN Appen#&F +++
Total Ash Not more than 1( per centN Appen#&F ++(+
Ac&#P&nsolu8le ash Not more than 5+. per centN Appen#&F ++/+
AlcoholPsolu8le eFtract&Ee Not less than ( per centN Appen#&F ++6+
2aterPsolu8le eFtract&Ee Not less than 3 per centN Appen#&F ++3+

T+'+C+
18
T+'+C+ o, alcohol&c eFtract o, the #ru% on S&l&ca 1el [1[ us&n% nPButanol O Acet&c ac&#O
2ater (/O1 O.) shoGs three spots at R,+ 5+((N 5+/5 an# 5+93 (all %rey&sh 8roGn)+ :n#er :+B+
((66 nm) one ,luorescent -one &s E&s&8le at R,+ 5+=6+ On spray&n% G&th .\ )ethanol&cP
0hosphomoly8#&c ac&# rea%ent an# heat&n% the plate ,or a8out ten m&nutes at 115C three
spots appear at R,+ 5+((+(%rey&sh 8roGn)N 5+93 (8lue) an# 5+=6 (8lue)+

CONST4T:ENTS P Tann&n an# Starch

Rasa O KaULyaN Amla
1uSa O 1uruN Sara
BVrya O :USa
B&pL*a O PP
Karma O BLtaharaN 0&tta*araN Kapha*araN Ruc&*XtN KaSRhyaN ma#oUaharaN HX#yaN
Bahn&*ara
4)0ORTANT >OR):'AT4ONS P DL#h&*a 1hXta
THERA0E:T4C :SES P Ra*tap&ttaN KUayaN KUataN DLha
DOSE P .P15 % o, the #ru% &n poG#er ,orm ,or #ecoct&on+

19
/+ Apamar%a (2+0+)
A0)R1A (2hole 0lant)
ApLmLr%a cons&sts o, #r&e# Ghole plant o, Achyranthes aspera '&nn+ (>am+
Amaranthaceae)M a st&,,N erectN 5+(P5+= m h&%h her8N ,oun# commonly as a Gee# throu%hout
4n#&a up to =55 m+
SCNONC)S
Sans*r&t O )ayTraN )ayTra*aN 0ratya*puUpaN Kharama];arN K&*har&
Assamese O PP
Ben%al& O Apam%
En%l&sh O 0r&c*ly Cha,, >loGer
1u;rat& O A%he#o
H&n#& O Ch&rch&taN 'at;&ra
Kanna#a O :ttaran&
Kashm&r& O PP
)alayalam O Katalat&
)arath& O A%ha#a
Or&ya O PP
0un;a8& O 0utha*an#a
Tam&l O NayuruE&
Telu%u O :ttarenu
:r#u O Ch&rch&ta
DESCR40T4ON
a) )acroscop&c
Root P Cyl&n#r&cal tap rootN sl&%htly r&88e#N 5+1P1+5 cm &n th&c*nessN %ra#ually
taper&n%N rou%h #ue to presence o, some root scarsN secon#ary an# tert&ary roots presentN
yelloG&shP8roGnM o#ourN not #&st&nct+
20
Stem P 5+( P 5+. cm &n cut p&ecesN yelloG&shP8roGnN erectN 8ranche#N cyl&n#r&calN ha&ryN sol&#N
holloG Ghen #ry+
'ea, P S&mpleN su8sess&leN eFst&pulateN oppos&teN #ecussateN GaEy mar%&nN o8oEateN sl&%htly
acum&nate an# pu8escent #ue to the presence o, th&c* coat o, lon% s&mple ha&rs+
>loGer P Arran%e# &n &n,lorescence o, lon% sp&*esN %reen&shPGh&teN numerousN sess&leN
8racteate G&th tGo 8racteolesN one sp&ne l&ppe#N 8&seFualN act&nomorph&cN hypo%ynousM
per&anth se%ments .N,reeN mem8ranousN contorte# or Qu&ncunc&alN stamens .N oppos&teN the
per&anth lo8esN connate ,orm&n% a mem8ranous tu8ePl&*e structureN alternat&n% G&th truncate
an# ,&m8r&ate stam&no#esN ,&lament shortM antherN tGo celle#N #ors&,&Fe#M %ynoec&um
8&carpellaryN syncarpousM oEary super&orN un&locular G&th s&n%le oEuleM styleN s&n%leM st&%maN
cap&tate+
>ru&t P An &n#eh&scent #ry utr&cle enclose# G&th&n pers&stentN per&anth an# 8racteolesN
See# P Su8Pcyl&n#r&cN truncate at the apeFN roun# at the 8aseN en#osperm&cN 8roGn+

8) )&croscop&c
Root P )ature root shoGs (P9 layere#N rectan%ularN tan%ent&ally elon%ate#N th&nP
Galle# cor* cellsM secon#ary corteF cons&st&n% o, 6P= layersN oEal to rectan%ularN th&nP
Galle#N parenchymatous cells haE&n% a ,eG scattere# s&n%le or %roups o, stone cellsM
,olloGe# 8y /P6 #&scont&nuous r&n%s o, anomalous secon#ary th&c*en&n% compose# o,
Eascular t&ssuesM small patches o, s&eEe tu8es #&st&nct &n phloem parenchymaN #emarcat&n%
the Fylem r&n%sM Fylem compose# o, usual elementsM Eessels s&mple p&tte#M me#ullary rays
1P( cells G&#eM small pr&smat&c crystals o, calc&um oFalate present &n cort&cal re%&on an#
numerous &n me#ullary rays+
21
Stem P Coun% stem shoGs 6P15 prom&nent r&#%esN Gh&ch #&m&n&sh #oGnGar#s upto the 8ase
Ghere &t 8ecomes almost cyl&n#r&calM ep&#erm&s s&n%le layere#N coEere# 8y th&c* cut&cle
haE&n% un&ser&ateN P. celle#N coEer&n% tr&chomes an# %lan#ular G&th %lo8ular hea#N (P/
celle# stal*M corteF 6P15 layere#N compose# o, parenchymatous cellsN most o, them
conta&n&n% rosette crystals o, calc&um oFalateM &n the r&#%es corteF collenchymatousM
Eascular 8un#les l&e ,ac&n% each r&#%e cappe# 8y per&cycl&c ,&8resM transEerse sect&on o,
mature stem shoGs l&%n&,&e#N th&nPGalle# cor* cellsM per&cycle a #&scont&nuous r&n% o,
l&%n&,&e# ,&8resM Eascular t&ssues shoG anomalous secon#ary %roGth haE&n% /P6 &ncomplete
r&n%s o, Fylem an# phloemM secon#ary phloem cons&st&n% o, usual elements ,orm &ncomplete
r&n%sM cam8&al str&p present 8etGeen secon#ary Fylem an# phloemM secon#ary Fylem
cons&st&n% o, usual elementsN ,&8res 8e&n% a8sentM Eessels annularN sp&ralN scalar&,orm an#
p&tte#N ,&8res p&tte#N elon%ate#N l&%n&,&e#M p&th G&#e cons&st&n% o, oEal to poly%onalN
parenchymatous cellsM tGo me#ullary 8un#lesN e&ther separate throu%hout or ,oun# &n some
casesN present &n p&thM m&croPspheno&#al s&l&ca crystals present &n some ep&#ermalN cort&cal
an# p&th cells+
'ea,P
0et&ole P ShoGs crescentPshape# outl&neN haE&n% s&n%lePlayere# ep&#erm&s G&th th&c*cut&cleM
%roun# t&ssues cons&st&n% o, th&nPGalle#N parenchymatous cells conta&n&n% rosette crystals o,
calc&um oFalateM /P. Eascular 8un#le s&tuate# &n m&# re%&on+
)&#r&8 P ShoGs a s&n%le layere# ep&#erm&sN on 8oth sur,acesM ep&#erm&s ,olloGe# 8y /P.
layere# collenchyma on upper s&#e an# P( layere# on loGer s&#eM %roun# t&ssue cons&st&n%
o, th&nPGalle#N parenchymatous cells haE&n% a num8er o, Eascular 8un#lesM each Eascular
8un#le shoGs 8eloG the Fylem EesselsN th&n layers o, cam8&umN ,olloGe# 8y phloem an# a
per&cycle represente# 8y P( layers o, th&c*PGalle#N nonPl&%n&,&e# cellsM rosette crystals o,
calc&um oFalate ,oun# scattere# &n %roun# t&ssues+
22
'am&na P ShoGs s&n%le layere#N tan%ent&ally elon%ate# ep&#erm&s cells coEere# G&th th&c*
cut&cle haE&n% coEer&n% tr&chomes Gh&ch are s&m&lar to those o, stem ,oun# on 8oth sur,acesM
mesophyll #&,,erent&ate# &nto pal&sa#e an# spon%y parenchymaM pal&sa#e P/ layere# o, th&c*
parenchyma lar%erN sl&%htly elon%ate# &n upperN Gh&le smaller an# rectan%ular &n loGer
sur,aceM spon%y parenchyma (P. layers th&c*N more or less &so#&amet&c parenchymatous
cellsM &#&o8last conta&n&n% lar%e rosette crystals o, calc&um oFalate #&str&8ute# &n pal&sa#e
an# spon%y parenchyma cellsM stomata an&socyt&c an# anomoacyt&c &n 8oth sur,aceM stomatal
&n#eF /+.P=+5 on upper sur,aceN =+5P5+5 on loGer sur,aceM pal&sa#e rat&o 3+5P11M Ee&n &slet
num8er 3P1( per sQ+ mm+
0oG#er P '&%ht yelloGM shoGs ,ra%ments o, elon%ate#N rectan%ularN th&nPGalle# ep&#ermal
cellsN aseptate ,&8resN Eessels G&th annularN sp&ralN scalar&,orm an# p&tte# th&c*en&n%N
un&ser&ate ha&r G&th 8ul8ous 8aseN rosette an# pr&smat&c crystals o, calc&um oFalate+

>ore&%n matter Not more than per centN Appen#&F +++
Total Ash Not more than 13 per centN Appen#&F ++(+
Ac&#P&nsolu8le ash Not more than . per centN Appen#&F ++/+
AlcoholPsolu8le eFtract&Ee Not less than per centN Appen#&F ++6+

CONST4T:ENTS P Sapon&ns

Rasa O KaRuN T&*ta
1uSa O TV*USaN Sara
BVrya O :USa
23
B&pL*a O KaRu
Karma O KaphaharaN BLtaharaN )e#oharaN Che#anaN DVpanaN 0LcanaN BLma*aN
K&roE&recana
4)0ORTANT >OR):'AT4ONS P ApLmLr%a*ULraN ApLmLr%a*ULra Ta&laN A8hayL 'aEaSaN
1uYap&ppal&N $yot&UmatV Ta&la
THERA0E:T4C :SES P KTlaN :#ara Ro%aN ApacVN ArWaN KaSYTN )e#oro%a
DOSE P 5P.5 % o, the #ru% ,or #ecoct&on+

24
.+ Apara;&ta (Rt+)
A0AR$4T (Root)
AparL;&tL cons&sts o, #r&e# root o, Cl&tor&a ternatea '&nn+ (>am+ >a8aceae)M a perenn&al
cl&m8er G&th slen#er #oGny stemN ,oun# throu%hout the trop&cal re%&ons o, the country 8e&n%
cult&Eate# &n %ar#ens eEery Ghere an# o,ten also ,oun# %roG&n% oEer he#%es an# th&c*ets+
SCNONC)S
Sans*r&t O 1&r&*arS&*LN B&USu*rLntL
Assamese O Apara;&ta
Ben%al& O Apara;&ta
En%l&sh O Cl&tor&a
1u;rat& O 1o*arn&
H&n#& O Apara;&ta
Kanna#a O 1&r&*arn&*a Ball&N 1&r&*arn&*a
Kashm&r& O PP
)alayalam O Shan*hapushapam
)arath& O 1o*arnaN Apara;&ta
Or&ya O Apara;&ta
0un;a8& O Koyal
Tam&l O Ka**anam
Telu%u O D&ntena
:r#u O PP
DESCR40T4ON
a) )acroscop&c
Dru% cons&st&n% o, a stout tap root G&th a ,eG tortuous 8ranchesN cyl&n#r&calN 1P. mm
&n th&c*nessN a ,eG places shoG crac*s #ue to presence o, lent&celsN colourN l&%htP8roGnN
,ractureN ,&8rousM tasteN 8&tter+
25
8) )&croscop&c
Root P ShoGs 15P5 or more layers o, rectan%ularN th&nPGalle#N tan%ent&ally
elon%ate# eF,ol&at&n% cor* cellsM secon#ary corteF cons&sts o, 15P1 roGs o, lar%eN
poly%onalN th&n Galle# cells ,&lle# G&th starch %ra&nsN a ,eG cells conta&n pr&smat&c crystals
o, calc&um oFalate &n th&s re%&onM s&n%le or %roups o, P15 l&%n&,&e# cort&cal ,&8resN
#&str&8ute# &n the loGer hal, o, the corteFM secon#ary phloem cons&sts o, usual elementsM
phloem ,&8res P9 &n %roupsN a ,eG sol&tary ,&8res also presentN Eery lon%N th&nPGalle# G&th
narroG lumen an# po&nte# t&psM secon#ary Fylem cons&sts o, usual elementsM Eessels p&tte#
G&th o8lon%N 8or#ere# p&ts an# haEe short con&cal ta&l at one en#N mostly occur or ( &n
%roupsM Fylem ,&8res s&m&lar to those o, phloem ,&8resN a ,eG shoG&n% sl&tPl&*e p&tsM
me#ullary rays 1P. cells G&#eN o8lon% an# p&tte#M Fylem parenchyma &rre%ular &n shape an#
p&tte# GallsM
starch %ra&ns s&mple as Gell as compoun# haE&n% P6 componentsN s&n%le %ra&ns measur&n%
(P1( &n #&a+N ,oun# &n secon#ary corteFN phloem an# Fylem parenchyma+
0oG#er P CelloG&shP8roGnM shoGs s&mple an# compoun# starch %ra&nsN measur&n% (P1(
&n #&a+N Eessels G&th o8lon% 8or#ere# p&ts an# ,ra%ments o, ,&8res+

Total Ash Not more than . per centN Appen#&F ++(+
Ac&#P&nsolu8le ash Not more than per centN Appen#&F ++/+
AlcoholPsolu8le eFtract&Ee Not less than . per centN Appen#&F ++6+

T+'+C+
T+'+C+ o, alcohol&c eFtract o, the #ru% on S&l&ca %el [1[ us&n% Chloro,ormO
Ethylacetate O >orm&c Ac&# (.O/O1) EÊ shoGs one spot at R,+ 5+3= (#ull yelloG) &n E&s&8le l&%ht+
:n#er :+B+ ((66 nm) a spot &s seen at R,+ 5+3= (8lue)+ On eFposure to 4o#&ne Eapour tGo spots
appear at R,+ 5+./ an# 5+3= (8oth yelloG)+ On spray&n% G&th 15\ aQueous solut&on o, >err&c
26
Chlor&#e an# heat&n% the plate at 15. C ,or a8out ,&,teen m&nutes one spots appears at R,+
5+3= (%rey)+

CONST4T:ENTS P Tann&nN StarchN Res&nN TaraFerol < TaraFerone+

Rasa O T&*taN KaULyaN KaRu
1uSa O PP
BVrya O KVta
B&pL*a O KaRu
Karma O BLtaharaN 0&ttaharaN KaphaharaN KaSRhyaN )e#hyaN Ca*UuUyaN B&UaharaN
Bu##h&pra#a
4)0ORTANT >OR):'AT4ONS P )&Wra*a SnehaN BLtara*tLnta*a Rasa
THERA0E:T4C :SES P )Ttraro%aN KuURhaN KothaN BraSaN KTla
DOSE P 1 P ( % o, the #ru% &n poG#er ,orm+

27
6+ Ar#ra*a (R-+)
RDRAKA (Rh&-ome)
r#ra*a cons&sts o, ,resh rh&-ome o, 7&n%&8er o,,&c&nale Rosc+ (>am+ 7&n%&8eraceae)M a
her8aceous rh&-omatous perenn&alN reach&n% up to =5 cm &n he&%htN G&#ely cult&Eate# &n 4n#&a+
Rh&-omes are #u% &n $anuaryP>e8ruaryN 8u#s an# roots are remoEe# an# Gashe# Gell+
SCNONC)S
Sans*r&t O KaRu8ha#raN KX_%aEera
Ben%al& O A#a
En%l&sh O 1&n%er
1u;rat& O A#u
H&n#& O A#ara*ha
Kanna#a O AllaN Has&shunt&
Kashm&r& O PP
)alayalam O 4nch&
)arath& O Ar#ra*N Ale
Or&ya O PP
0un;a8& O A#&N A#ra*
Tam&l O 4n;eeN AllamN la*otta&N 4n;&
Telu%u O AllamuN Allam
:r#u O A#ra*
DESCR40T4ON
a) )acroscop&c
Dru% occurs as ent&re rh&-ome or &n p&ecesN rh&-ome laterally compresse# 8ear&n%
,latt&sh oEateN o8l&Que 8ranches on upper s&#eN each haE&n% a #epresse# scar at &ts apeFN
p&eces .P1. cm lon%N 1+.P6+. cm G&#e (usually (P/ cm) an# 1P1+. cm th&c*N ,ractureN short
28
G&th pro;ect&n% ,&8resN transEersely cut sur,ace shoGs a G&#e central stele haE&n% numerous
%rey&sh cut en#s o, ,&8res an# yelloG secret&n% cellsM o#ourN %&n%eryM tasteN pun%ent+

8) )&croscop&c
Rh&-ome P ShoGs a ,eG layere#N &rre%ularly arran%e#N tan%ent&ally elon%ate#N 8roGn
cells o, outer cor* an# 6P1 roGs o, th&nPGalle#N colourlessN ra#&ally arran%e# cells o, &nner
cor*M secon#ary corteF cons&st&n% o, heFa%onal to poly%onalN &so#&ametr&cN th&nPGalle#N
parenchymatous cells conta&n&n% numerous c&rcular to oEal starch %ra&ns G&th str&at&ons an#
h&lum at one en# G&th clear concentr&c str&at&onsN measur&n% .P. &n #&a+N &#&o8lasts
conta&n&n% lar%e yelloG&sh to 8roGn&sh %lo8ules o, oleoPres&nM Galls o, o&l cells su8er&se#M
numerous close#N con;o&ntN collateralN cort&cal ,&8roPEascular 8un#les scattere# throu%hout
cort&cal -oneN %reater num8er occurr&n% &n &nner cort&cal re%&onN lar%er 8un#les cons&sts o, P
3 EesselsN small cells o, s&eEe tu8eN poly%onal cells o, parenchyma an# %roup o, ,&8resM
Eessels shoG&n% ret&culateN scalar&,orrn an# sp&ral th&c*en&n%M ,&8res septate G&th a ,eG
o8l&Que pores on the&r GallsM en#o#erm&s s&n%le layere#N ,ree ,rom starchM per&cycle s&n%le
layere# enclos&n% central steleM stele cons&st&n% o, th&nPGalle# poly%onalN &so#&ametr&c cells
o, parenchymaN ,&lle# G&th a8un#ant starch %ra&nsN oleoPres&n cells s&m&lar to those present &n
corteFM ,&8roEascular 8un#les o, tGo typesN those arran%e# alon% per&cycle &n a #e,&n&te r&n%
are smaller &n s&-e an# #eEo&# o, ,&8resN Eessels P. &n num8erN lar%er 8un#les ,oun#
scattere# throu%hout steleN compose# o, FylemN phloemN parenchyma an# sheath o,
sclerenchyma+
0oG#er P'&%ht yelloGM shoGs th&nPGalle# parenchymatous cellsN septate ,&8res G&th o8l&QueN
elon%ate# p&ts on the&r GallsN ret&culate an# sp&ral EesselsN oleoPres&n cells a8un#entN s&n%le
starch %ra&ns o, Eary&n% shapes G&th eccentr&c h&lumN measur&n% .P. &n #&ameter+

>ore&%n matter Not more than 5+. per centN Appen#&F +++
Ac&#P&nsolu8le ash Not more than 1 per centN Appen#&F ++/+
2aterPsolu8le eFtract&Ee Not less than per centN Appen#&F ++3+
)o&sture content Not more than =5 per centN Appen#&F ++=
29
T+'+C+
T+'+C+ o, alcohol&c eFtract o, #ru% on S&l&ca %el [1[ plate us&n% Ben-eneO Ethyl acetate
(=O 1) &n E&s&8le l&%ht ,our spots are seen at R, 5+16N 5+(.N 5+6( < 5+6= (all l&%ht yelloG)+ :n#er
:+B+ ((66 nm) three ,luorescent -ones appear at R,+ 5+16 (8lue)N 5+6( (%rey) < 5+6= (%rey)+ On
eFposure to 4o#&ne Eapour eleEen spots appear at R,+ 5+5(N 5+59N 5+1(N 5+16N 5+(.N 5+/3N 5+6(N
5+6=N 5+36N 5+9( < 5+= (all yelloG)+ On spray&n% G&th Ban&ll&n Sulphur&c ac&# rea%ent <
heat&n% the plate ,or ten m&nutes at 115C e&%ht spots appear at R,+ 5+59 (E&olet)N 5+l6
(8roGn&sh E&olet)N 5+(. (l&%ht E&olet)N 5+/3 (l&%ht E&olet)N 5+6( (l&%ht E&olet)N 5+6= (l&%ht E&olet)N
5+36 (E&olet) < 5+= (E&olet)+

CONST4T:ENTS P Bolat&le O&l conta&n&n% C&neole -&n%&8erolN an# sesQu&terpene l&*e
-&n%&8ereneN 8&so8olene an# sesQu& phellan#reneN %&n%erosol &n the oleoPres&n+

Rasa O KaRu
1uSa O TV*USaN RT*UaN 1uru
BVrya O :USa
B&pL*a O )a#hura
Karma O BLtaharaN KaphaharaN RocanaN DVpanaN Bhe#anaN SEaryaN HX#yaN BXUya
4)0ORTANT >OR):'AT4ONS P r#ra*a KhaSYLEalehaN SLrasEatLr&URa
THERA0E:T4C :SES P B&8an#haN nLhaN KTlaN KophaN KaSRharo%a
DOSE P P( ml o, the #ru% &n ;u&ce ,orm G&th honey+

30
3+ Ar&me#a (St+B*+)
AR4)EDA (Stem Bar*)
Ar&me#a cons&sts o, #r&e# stem 8ar* o, Acac&a leucophloea 2&ll#+ (>am+ >a8aceae)M a
mo#eratePs&-e# #ec&#uous treeN upto ( m &n he&%htN character&st&c o, #ry re%&onsN ,oun# &n the
pla&ns o, 0un;a8 an# &n the #ry ,orest tracts throu%hout the country+
SCNONC)S
Sans*r&t O 4r&me#aN B&Y*ha#&r
Assamese O PP
Ben%al& O 1uya8a8laN Sa#a8ala
En%l&sh O PP
1u;rat& O Haram&8aEalN 0&lo8aEalN Har&8aEal
H&n#& O Ar&me#a
Kanna#a O PP
Kashm&r& O PP
)alayalam O Kar&EelamN BelEelamN BelEela*am
)arath& O 0an#al Ba8al
Or&ya O Ar&me#a
0un;a8& O PP
Tam&l O BelEelam
Telu%u O PP
:r#u O 1uar 8a8ool
DESCR40T4ON
a) )acroscop&c
)ature 8ar* 5+.P1 cm th&c*N har#N rou%hN &ncurEe#N eF,ol&at&n% &n &rre%ular scalesN
eFternally yelloG&shP%rey or almost 8lac* an# lon%&tu#&nally ,&ssure#N &nternally l&%ht 8roGn
31
to re##&shP8roGnN &nternal sur,ace lon%&tu#&nally str&ate# an# ,&8rousN ,ractureN ,&8rousM
o#our an# tasteN not #&st&nct+

8) )&croscop&c
Stem Bar* P)ature 8ar* shoGs #ea# t&ssues o, rhyt&#oma cons&st&n% o, cor* cellsN
th&nPGalle# cort&cal cellsN stone cells an# phloem cellsN traEerse# 8y mult&ser&ate me#ullary
raysM cor* cons&st&n% o, /P9 layers o, th&nPGalle#N sQuare to rectan%ular cellsN ,olloGe# 8y
numerous %roups o, sclere&#s o, Ear&ous shapes an# s&-esM secon#ary phloem G&#eN
cons&st&n% o, s&eEe elementsN parenchymaN ,&8res an# crystal ,&8resN all traEerse# 8y
me#ullary raysM s&eEe elements %et collapse# &n outer an# m&##le re%&on ,orm&n% tan%ent&al
8an#s o, ceratenchymaM phloem parenchyma th&nPGalle# some cells conta&n pr&smat&c
crystals o, calc&um oFalateM phloem ,&8res th&nPGalle#N l&%n&,&e#N G&th taper&n% en#sN
arran%e# &n more or less concentr&c 8an#s ,orm&n% tan%ent&al str&ps alternat&n% G&thP
th&nGalle# phloem elementsM crystal ,&8res elon%ate#N th&c*PGalle# haE&n% numerous
cham8ers conta&n&n% a pr&smat&c crystals o, calc&um oFalate &n each cham8erM me#ullary
rays mult&ser&ate #&lat&n% toGar#s outer s&#eN compose# o, th&nPGalle#N ra#&ally elon%ate#
cells+
0oG#er P Re##&shP8roGnM shoGs %roups o, cor* cellsN sclere&#N ,&8resN crystal ,&8res an#
pr&smat&c crystals o, calc&um oFalate+

AlcoholPsolu8le eFtract&Ee Not less than 1/ per centN Appen#&F ++6+
2aterPsolu8le eFtract&Ee Not less than 1( per centN Appen#&F ++3+

T+'+C+
T+'C+ o, alcohol&c eFtract o, #ru% on S&l&ca %el [1[ plate us&n% Chloro,ormO
Ethylacetate O >orm&c Ac&# (. O/O1) only one spot at R, 5+6= (%rey) &s seen &n E&s&8le l&%ht+
:n#er :+B+ ((66 nm) tGo ,luorescent -ones appear at R,+5+39 an# 5+=1 (8oth 8lue)+On
eFposure to 4o#&ne Eapour a yelloG coloure# ta&l&n% appears ,rom R,+5 to 5+(= an# a spot at
32
R,+ 5+=1 (yelloG)+ On spray&n% G&th 15\ aQueous >err&c Chlor&#e solut&on a 8lu&sh %rey
coloure# ta&l&n% appears ,rom R,+ 5 to 5+(= an# a spot at R,+ 5+=1 (8lu&sh %rey)

CONST4T:ENTS P nPHeFacosanolN PAmyr&nN PS&tosterol an# Tann&n+

Rasa O KaULyaN T&*ta
1uSa O :USa
BVrya O :USa
B&pL*a O KaRu
Karma O KaphaWoUa*aN )e#oWoUa*aN B&UanLWana
4)0ORTANT >OR):'AT4ONS P Kha#&rL#& 1uR&*L ()u*haro%a)N Ar&me#L#& Ta&la (>or
eFternal use &+e+ KaEala%raha an# Nasya)
THERA0E:T4C :SES P KuURhaN )ehaN )u*haro%aN KaSYTN B&Ua;aEraSaN KophaN AtVsLraN
B&sarpaN 0LSYuN Dantaro%aN KLsaN KXm&N :#ar#apraWamana
DOSE P /5 % ,or #ecoct&on+(P. % &n poG#er ,orm+

33
9+ Ar;una (St+B*+)
AR$:NA (Stem Bar*)
Ar;una cons&sts o, the stem 8ar* o, Term&nal&a ar;una 2+< A+ (>am+ Com8retaceae)M a
lar%e #ec&#uous treeN commonly ,oun# throu%hout the %reater parts o, the country+
SCNONC)S
Sans*r&t O Ka*u8haN 0LrthaN KEetaELha
Assamese O Ar;un
Ben%al& O Ar;una
En%l&sh O PP
1u;rat& O Sa#a#N Ar;unaN Sa;a#a
H&n#& O Ar;una
Kanna#a O )att&N B&l&matt&N Neermatt&N )ath&cha**eN Ku#are K&E&mase
Kashm&r& O PP
)alayalam O N&rmasuthuN Bellamaruth&N KellemasuthuN )att&moraN Torematt&
)arath& O Ar;unaN Sa#a#a
Or&ya O Ar;una
0un;a8& O Ar;on
Tam&l O )aru#am
Telu%u O )a##&
:r#u O Ar;un
DESCR40T4ON
a) )acroscop&c
Bar* aEa&la8le &n p&ecesN ,latN curEe#N recurEe#N channelle# to hal, Qu&lle#N 5+P1+. cm
th&c*N mar*et samples upto 15 cm &n len%th an# upto 3 cm &n G&#thN outer sur,ace someGhat
smooth an# %reyN &nner sur,ace someGhat ,&8rous an# p&n*&shN transEersely cut smoothene#
34
8ar* shoGs p&n*&sh sur,aceN ,ractureN short &n &nner an# lam&nate# &n outer partM tasteN 8&tter
an# astr&n%ent+

8) )&croscop&c
Stem Bar* P)ature 8ar* shoGs cor* cons&st&n% o, =P15 layers o, tan%ent&ally
elon%ate# cellsN a ,eG outer layers ,&lle# G&th 8roGn colour&n% matterM cor* cam8&um an#
secon#ary corteF not #&st&nct an# me#ullary rays o8serEe# traEers&n% almost upto outer
8ar*M secon#ary phloem occup&es a G&#e -oneN cons&st&n% o, s&eEe tu8esN compan&on cellsN
phloem parenchyma an# phloem ,&8resN traEerse# 8y phloem raysN usually un&ser&ate 8ut
8&ser&ate rays also occas&onally seenM &n the m&##le an# outer phloem re%&onN s&eEe tu8es %et
collapse# an# ,orm ceratenchymaM phloem ,&8res #&str&8ute# &n roGs an# present &n %roups
o, P15M rosette crystals o, calc&um oFalate measur&n% 95P195 &n #&a+N present &n most o,
the phloem parenchymaN alternat&n% G&th ,&8resM &#&o8lasts cons&st&n% o, lar%e cells haE&n%
a%%re%ates o, pr&smat&c an# rhom8o&#al crystals o, calc&um oFalate &n roG throu%hout the
-oneN measur&n% 65P655 &n #&a+N starch %ra&nsN mostly s&mpleN compoun# o, P(
componentsN somet&mes upto . componentsN roun# to oEalN ell&pt&calN measur&n% .P1( &n
#&a+N #&str&8ute# throu%hout the t&ssue (a8sent &n T+ alata)M &n a tan%ent&al sect&on the
un&ser&ate phloem rays P15 cells h&%h an# 8&ser&ateN /P1 cells h&%hM &n lon%&tu#&nal sect&on
rosette crystals o, calc&um oFalate ,oun# &n the ,orm o, stran#s &n phloem parenchyma+
0oG#er P Re##&shP8roGnM shoGs ,ra%ments o, cor* cellsN un&ser&ate phloem raysN ,&8resN a
num8er o, rosette crystals o, calc&um oFalateN a ,eG rhom8o&#al crystalsN starch %ra&ns
s&mple an# compoun#N roun# to oEalN ell&pt&cN haE&n% P( components G&th concentr&c
str&at&ons an# small narroG h&lumN measur&n% .P1( &n #&ameter+

35
AlcoholPsolu8le eFtract&Ee Not less than 5 per centN Appen#&F ++6+

CONST4T:ENTS P Tann&ns

Rasa O KaULya
1uSa O RT*Ua
BVrya O KVta
B&pL*a O KaRu
Karma O KaphaharaN 0&ttaharaN HX#yaN BraSanLWanaN Bha%nasan#hLna*araN Bya
_%ahara
4)0ORTANT >OR):'AT4ONS P 0LrthL#yar&URaN NL%Lr;unL8hra RasaN Ar;una 1hXta
THERA0E:T4C :SES P HX#ro%aN KUata*UayaN )e#oro%aN 0ramehaN BraSaN TXUSLN Bya_%a
DOSE P (P6 % o, the #ru% &n poG#er ,orm+

36
=+ Bhallata*a (>r+)
BHA''TAKA (>ru&t)
BhallLta*a cons&sts o, mature ,ru&t o, Semecarpus anacar#&um '&nn+ (>am+
Anacar#&aceae)N a me#&um s&-e# tree ,oun# &n mo&st #ec&#uous ,orests all oEer the country+
SCNONC)S
Sans*r&t O AruU*araN BhallLta
Assamese O Bhela%ut&
Ben%al& O Bhela
En%l&sh O )ar*&n% Nut
1u;rat& O Bh&lam
H&n#& O Bh&laGa
Kanna#a O Bhallata*a
Kashm&r& O PP
)alayalam O Chera
)arath& O B&88a
Or&ya O Bhollata*&N Bhola&
0un;a8& O Bh&laGa
Tam&l O Tatam*otta&N Scram*otat&
Telu%u O Nalla;&#&N Nalla;&#&%&n%a
:r#u O Bala#urN Bh&laEan
DESCR40T4ON
a) )acroscop&c
>ru&t laterally ,lattene#N #rupaceousN #ar* 8roGnN nut +.P( cm lon%N o8l&Quely
oEo&#N smoothN sh&n&n% G&th res&#ual receptacle+

37
8) )&croscop&c
>ru&t P 0er&carp #&,,erent&ate# &nto ep&carpN mesocarp an# en#ocarpM &n lon%&tu#&nal
sect&on per&carp shoGs outer ep&carp cons&st&n% o, s&n%le layer o, ep&#ermal cells Gh&ch are
elon%ate# ra#&ally an# l&%n&,&e#N character&st&c %lan#s ,oun# &n per&carp Gh&ch eFu#e o&l
%lo8ules an# ar&se as small protu8erances &n ep&carp an# #ue to pressure eFerte# 8y cells o,
mesocarpN some o, ep&#ermal cells an# cut&cle rupture an# o&l %lo8ules eFu#e ,rom o&l
%lan#sM mesocarp a Eery 8roa# -oneN (5P/5 layers th&c*N compose# mostly o,
parenchymatous cells haE&n% lys&%enous caE&t&es an# ,&8roPEascular 8un#lesN 8eloG
ep&#erm&s a ,eG outer cells o, parenchyma smaller as compare# to restM rosette crystals o,
calc&um oFalate ,oun# scattere# &n parenchymatous cellsN some cells %et #&ssolEe# an# ,orm
lys&%enous caE&t&es Gh&ch &ncrease &n s&-e G&th matur&ty o, ,ru&tN caE&t&es #o not haEe any
spec&al l&n&n% an# conta&n an acr&# an# &rr&tant yelloG&sh o&ly secret&onM en#ocarp cons&sts o,
tGo #&st&nct layersN &nnermost pr&smat&cN Eery much elon%ate# ra#&al GallsN 8e&n% h&%hly
th&c*ene#N outer layer shorter an# th&nner than pr&smat&c layer 8ut cells s&m&lar to the
,ormerM num8er o, mesocarp parenchyma conta&n rosette crystals o, calc&um oFalate an# o&l
#rops &n o&l %lan#sM lys&%enous caE&t&es o, mesocarp conta&n o&ly Ees&cat&n% su8stanceN
&nsolu8le &n Gater an# solu8le &n alcoholN etherN chloro,orm+
0oG#er P Dar*P8roGnM shoGs rosette crystals o, calc&um oFalate an# o&l %lo8ules+

Total Ash Not more than / per centN Appen#&F ++(+
2aterPsolu8le eFtract&Ee Not less than . per centN Appen#&F ++3+

CONST4T:ENTS P A Tarry O&l conta&n&n% Anacar#&c Ac&#N NonPBolat&le Alcohol (Car#ol)+

Rasa O )a#huraN KaRuN T&*taN KaULya
1uSa O 'a%huN TV*USaN Sn&%#ha
BVrya O :USa
B&pL*a O )a#hura
38
Karma O BLtaharaN KaphaharaN DVpanaN 0LcanaN Che#&N Bhe#&N )e#hya
4)0ORTANT >OR):'AT4ONS P BhallLta*a RasLyanaN BhallLta*L#& )o#a*aN AmXta
BhallLta*a 'ehaN Sa];VEanV BaRV
THERA0E:T4C :SES P nLhaN 1rahaSVN 1ulmaN ArWaN KXm&N KuURha
DOSE P 1+ % o, the #ru% &n Ks&rapa*a ,orm+ Note P >or BhallLta*a Uo#han see A+>+4+N 0artP4

39
15+ Bhr&n%ara;a (2+0+)
BH?@1AR$A (2hole 0lant)
BhX_%arL;a cons&sts o, Ghole plant o, Ecl&pta al8a Hass*+ (>am+ Asteraceae)M a
her8aceous annualN (5 P .5 cm h&%hN erect or prostrateN much 8ranche#N str&%osely h&rsuteN
o,ten root&n% at no#esN a common Gee# o, mo&st places ,oun# throu%hout 4n#&a ascen#&n% upto
1355 m+
SCNONC)S
Sans*r&t O KeWarL;aN Te*arL;aN BhX_%aN )Lr*aEaN BhX_%a;a
Assamese O Bhrn%ara;a
Ben%al& O Bheemra;aN Kesur&yaN Kesar&
En%l&sh O PP
1u;rat& O Bhan%aroN Bhan%ro
H&n#& O Bhan%araN Bhan%ara&ya
Kanna#a O 1aru;aluN 1uru%a#aN SoppuN KeshaEar#hanaN Ko#&%ara;u
Kashm&r& O PP
)alayalam O Kayyonn&N Knnunn&
)arath& O Bhan%raN Bhr&n%&ra;aN )a*a
Or&ya O PP
0un;a8& O Bhan%ra
Tam&l O Kar&salan*ann&N Kar&salan%ann&N Kar&sala&
Telu%u O 1unta*ala%araN 1unta%ala%ara
:r#u O Bhan%ra
DESCR40T4ON
a) )acroscop&c
Root P 2ell #eEelope#N a num8er o, secon#ary 8ranches ar&se ,rom ma&n rootN upto
a8out 3 mm &n #&a+N cyl&n#r&calN %rey&sh+
40
Stem P Her8aceousN 8ranche#N occas&onally root&n% at no#esN cyl&n#r&cal or ,latN rou%h #ue to
oppresse# Gh&te ha&rsN no#e #&st&nctN %reen&shN occas&onally 8roGn&sh+
'ea, P Oppos&teN sess&le to su8sess&leN + P 9+. cm lon%N 1+ P +( cm G&#eN usually o8lon%N
lanceolateN su8Pent&reN su8Pacute or acuteN str&%ose G&th appresse# ha&rs on 8oth sur,aces+
>loGer P Sol&tary or N to%ether on uneQual aF&llary pe#unclesM &nEolucral 8racts a8out 9N
oEateN o8tuse or acuteN her8aceousN str&%ose G&th oppresse# ha&rsM ray ,loGers l&%ulateN l&%ule
smallN sprea#&n%N scarcely as lon% as 8ractsN not toothe#N Gh&teM #&sc ,loGers tu8ularN corolla
o,ten / toothe#M pappus a8sentN eFcept occas&onally Eery m&nute teeth on the top o, acheneM
stamen .N ,&laments ep&petalousN ,reeN anthers un&te# &nto a tu8e G&th 8ase o8tuseM p&st&l
8&carpellaryM oEary &n,er&orN un&locular G&th one 8asal oEule+
>ru&t P Achen&al cypsellaN one see#e#N cuneateN G&th a narroG G&n%N coEere# G&th Garty
eFcrescencesN 8roGn+
See# P 5+ P 5+. cm lon%N 5+1 cm G&#eN #ar* 8roGnN ha&ry an# non en#osperm&c+

8) )&croscop&c
Root P )ature root shoGs poorly #eEelope# cor*N cons&st&n% o, (P. roGs o, th&nP
Galle#N tan%ent&ally elon%ate# cellsM secon#ary corteF cons&sts o, outer one or tGo roGs o,
tan%ent&ally elon%ate# or roun#e# cells G&th a&r caE&t&esN &nner secon#ary corteF o,
tan%ent&ally elon%ate# to &rre%ular shape#N parenchymatous cells G&th consp&cuous a&r
caE&t&esM stone cells ,oun# scattere# &n secon#ary corteF an# cor*N &n s&n%les or &n %roups o,
Ear&ous shape an# s&-eM per&cycl&c ,&8res &n tan%ent&ally arran%e# 8an#s o, many cells or &n
s&n%lesM secon#ary phloem cons&sts o, s&eEe elements &nclu#&n% phloem ,&8res traEerse# 8y
mult&ser&ate phloem raysM phloem rays 8roa#er toGar#s per&pheryN cons&st&n% o, roun#e#
cellsM Fylem compose# o, EesselsN ,&8re trache&#sN ,&8res an# Fylem parenchymaN traEerse#
8y Fylem raysM Eessels numerousN ,oun# scattere# throu%hout Goo#N &n macerate#
preparat&on Eessels smallN #rumPshape#N cyl&n#r&cal elon%ate# G&th p&tte# Galls an#
per,orat&onsN s&mpleN rarely sl&%htly o8l&QueM ,&8re trache&#sN p&tte#N G&th Eery po&nte# t&psN
Fylem ,&8res lon% G&th po&nte# taper&n% en#s an# short lumenN a ,eG ,&8res shoG pe%Pl&*e
out%roGths toGar#s the taper&n% en#sM Fylem parenchyma sparse usually sQuar&sh to
rectan%ular haE&n% s&mple p&ts on the&r GallsN Fylem ray #&st&nctN run stra&%ht &n tan%ent&al
sect&onN %enerally .P( cells &n he&%ht an# (P. cells &n G&#th althou%h Eery rarely un&ser&ate
an# 8&ser&ate rays also ,oun#N ray cells p&tte#+
'ea,P
0et&ole P shoGs s&n%le layere# upper an# loGer ep&#erm&s cons&st&n% o, tu8ular cellsN
coEere# G&th str&ate# cut&cleM tr&chomes o, tGo typesN nonP%lan#ularN un&ser&ateN 1P. celle#N
41
GartyN an# G&th po&nte# ap&cal cellM ep&#erm&s ,olloGe# 8y G&#e corteFN cons&st&n% o, P.
layere# collenchyma on 8othN upper ar&# loGer s&#e G&th #&st&nct an%ular th&c*en&n%M
parenchyma /P6 layere# on upper s&#e an# .P9 layere# on loGer s&#e cons&st&n% o,
&so#&ametr&cN th&nPGalle# cells G&th &ntercellular spacesM ,&Ee Eascular 8un#les central one
lar%est Gh&le ,our others small ,lan*&n% to e&ther s&#e o, central 8un#leN cons&sts o, Fylem
on #orsal s&#e an# phloem on Eentral s&#eM Fylem Eessels arran%e# &n ra#&al roGs traEerse#
8y Fylem rays+
)&#r&8 P cut at 8asal re%&on shoGs 8oth upper an# loGer s&n%le layere# ep&#erm&sN
eFternally coEere# G&th cut&cleN a ,eG ep&#ermal cells elon%ate outGar#s to ,orm un&ser&ate
ha&rsM ep&#erm&s ,olloGe# 8y corteFN cons&st&n% o, (P. layere# collenehymatous cells on
8oth s&#esM sect&on cut at m&##le re%&on shoGs (P/ layere# collenchymatous cells on #orsal
an# 1P( layere# on Eentral s&#eN Gh&le the sect&on cut at ap&cal re%&onN shoGs layere#
collenchymatous cells on 8oth s&#esN s&m&larly transEerse sect&on cut at a 8asalN m&##le an#
ap&cal re%&ons shoGs /P6 layere# parenchymatous cells on #orsal s&#e an# 6P= layere#
parenchyma on Eentral s&#eN &n sect&on cut at 8asal re%&on /P6 layere# parenchyma on 8oth
the s&#es &n the m&##le re%&on G&th th&nPGalle# cells an# &ntercellular spacesN P( layere#
parenchymatous cells on 8oth s&#e &n the ap&cal re%&onM &n the 8asal re%&on sect&on shoGs
Eascular 8un#le s&m&lar to that o, pet&ole Gh&le &n the sect&on cut at m&##le an# ap&cal re%&on
sect&on shoGs / smaller 8un#les sh&,t&n% toGar#s lam&na+
'am&na P shoGs a #ors& Eentral structureN ep&#erm&s s&n%le layere#N eFternally coEere# G&th
cut&cleN ,olloGe# 8y s&n%le layere# pal&sa#e parenchyma conta&n&n% chlorophyll contentsM
spon%y parenchyma &rre%ularly arran%e# G&th #&st&nct &ntercellular spaces an# ,&lle# G&th
chlorophyll contentsM mesophyll traEerse# 8y num8er o, Ee&nsM an&socyt&c an# anomocyt&c
stomata present on 8oth sur,aceN more a8un#ant on loGer sur,acesM stomatal &n#eF 5+5P+.
on upper an# (+. P6+5 on loGer sur,aceM pal&sa#e rat&o (+9 P/+.M ha&rs st&,,N po&nte#N G&#e
at the 8aseN a8out ( celle#N un&ser&ateN m&##le cells lon%estN uppermost %enerally not
eFcee#&n% the 8asal cell &n len%thN septa th&c*PGalle#+
Stem P )ature stem shoGs s&n%le layere# ep&#erm&sN eFternally coEere# G&th cut&cleN a ,eG
ep&#ermal cells elon%ate to ,orm character&st&c nonP%lan#ular tr&chomesN the cor* Ghere
,orme#N poorly #eEelope# cons&sts&n% o, rectan%ular cellsM secon#ary corteF compose# o,
lar%eN roun#e# or &rre%ular shape# parenchymatous cells haE&n% G&#e a&r spacesM en#o#erm&s
s&n%le layere# cons&sts o, tan%ent&ally elon%ate# cellsM per&cycl&c ,&8res #&st&nctN arran%e# &n
tan%ent&al stran#sM Eascular 8un#les &n a r&n%N collateralN en#archN o, Eary&n% s&-es traEerse#
8y me#ullary raysM phloem a narroG str&p compose# o, s&eEe elements an# phloem
parenchymaM Fylem cons&sts o, lar%e num8er o, EesselsN Fylem ,&8res an# Fylem
parenchymaM Fylem Eessels appear eEenly #&str&8ute# throu%hout the FylemM &n macerate#
preparat&on Eessels 8arrelPshape#N some elon%ate# G&th s&mple per,orat&onsN p&tte# G&th
sp&ral th&c*en&n%M Fylem ,&8res G&th G&#e lumenN po&nte# t&ps an# p&tte# GallsN a ,eG o,ten
8&,urcate an# a ,eG other lar%eN pe%Pl&*e out%roGthM Fylem parenchyma rectan%ular G&th
p&tte# th&c*en&n%M Fylem rays tr&ser&ate to pentaser&ateN normally 8&ser&ate an# un&ser&ateN
9P1. cells &n he&%ht an# (P. cells &n G&#thM centre occup&e# 8y a G&#e p&th cons&st&n% o,
&so#&ametr&c cells o, parenchyma+
42
0oG#er P Dar* %reenM shoGs Eessels &n lar%e %roups or s&n%le 8ro*en p&eces G&th p&tte#
GallsN numerous ,&8res ent&re or &n p&ecesN tr&chomes ent&re or &n p&ecesN GartyN a ,eG
attache# G&th ep&#ermal an# su8s&#&ary cellsN anomocyt&c an# an&socyt&c stomata+

Total Ash Not more than per centN Appen#&F ++(+
2aterPsolu8le eFtract&Ee Not less than 1. per centN Appen#&F ++3+

CONST4T:ENTS P Al*alo&#sN Ecl&pt&ne an# N&cot&ne+

Rasa O KaRuN T&*ta
1uSa O RT*UaN TV*USa
BVrya O :USa
B&pL*a O KaRu
Karma O BLtaharaN KaphaharaN maharaN BalyaN RasLyanaN KeWyaN TEacyaN DantyaN
Ca*UuUyaN B&Uahara
4)0ORTANT >OR):'AT4ONS P BhX_%Lmala*L#& Ta&laN BhX_%arL;a Ta&laN NVlV BhX_%L#&
Ta&la (>or eFternal use only)N BhX_%arL;LsaEaN Te*arL;a mar&ca
THERA0E:T4C :SES P Ca*X#ro%aN KXm&ro%aN KothaN 0LSYuN KELsaN KLsaN K&ra` KTlaN
HX#ro%a
DOSE P ( P 6 ml o, the #ru% &n ;u&ce ,orm+ 1 P (6 % o, the #ru% &n poG#er ,orm ,or #ecoct&on+

43
11+ Brahm& (2+0+)
BRH)A (2hole 0lant)
abrt,1bans&b#e,,5ab,ontt8lab,5b,n&lb,charset5 AS1PTTB&#&shaMcc
bE&eG*&n#/buc1bpar#blan%15((b,5b,s/1 Brb[a1hmb[a cons&sts o, #r&e# Ghole plant o, b& Bacopa
monn&er& b&5 ('&nn+) 2ettst+N Syn+ b& Herpest&s monn&er&a b&5 ('&nn+) H+B+< K+ (>am+
Scrophular&aceae)M a %la8rousN succulentN smallN prostrate or creep&n% annual her8N ,oun#
throu%hout 4n#&a &n Get an# #amp places+
bpar c
SCNONC)S
Sans*r&t O SarasEatVN KapotaEa_*a
Assamese O Brahm&
Ben%al& O PP
En%l&sh O Thyme 'eaEe# 1rat&ola
1u;rat& O Neer8rahm&N BamaneEar&
H&n#& O )an#u*a 0arn&
Kanna#a O N&ru8rahm&N Bala8rahm&N On#ela%aN )an#u*aparn&
Kashm&r& O PP
)alayalam O Bhahm&
)arath& O $alnamN Brahm&N B&ram&
Or&ya O Brahm&
0un;a8& O Brahm&8ut&
Tam&l O N&ra8rahm&N Brahm& Ea-hu**a&
Telu%u O Sam8arenuN Sam8ran&
:r#u O Brahm&
DESCR40T4ON
44
a) )acroscop&c
Root P Th&nN G&ryN smallN 8ranche# cream&shPyelloG+
Stem P Th&nN %reen or purpl&sh %reenN a8out 1P mm th&c*N so,tN no#es an# &nterno#es
prom&nentN %la8rousM tasteN sl&%htly 8&tter+
'ea, P S&mpleN oppos&teN #ecussateN %reenN sess&leN 1P cm lon%N o8oEatePo8lon%M tasteN
sl&%htly 8&tter+
>loGer P SmallN aF&llary an# sol&taryN pe#&cels 6P(5 mm lon%N 8racteoles shorter than
pe#&cels+
>ru&t P Capsules upto . mm lon%N oEo&# an# %la8rous+

8) )&croscop&c
Root P ShoGs a s&n%le layer o, ep&#erm&sN corteF haE&n% lar%e a&r caE&t&esM
en#o#erm&s s&n%le layere#M per&cycle not #&st&nctM stele cons&sts o, a th&n layer o, phloem
G&th a ,eG s&eEe elements an# &solate# mater&al ,rom Fylem shoGs Eessels G&th ret&culate
th&c*en&n%s+
Stem P ShoGs s&n%le layer o, ep&#erm&s ,olloGe# 8y a G&#e corteF o, th&nPGalle# cells G&th
Eery lar%e &ntercellular spacesM en#o#erm&s s&n%le layere#M per&cycle ( cons&st&n% o, 1P
layersM Eascular r&n% cont&nuousN compose# o, a narroG -one o, phloem toGar#s per&phery
an# a G&#e r&n% o, Fylem toGar#s centreM centre occup&e# 8y a small p&th G&th #&st&nct
&ntercellular spacesM starch %ra&ns s&mpleN roun# to oEalN present &n a ,eG cells o, corteF an#
en#o#erm&sN measur&n% /P1/ &n #&a+N an# 9+5P1/+5 F +.P=+5 &n #&a+ respect&Eely+
'ea, PShoGs a s&n%le layer o, upper an# loGer ep&#erm&s coEere# G&th th&n cut&cleM %lanP
#ular ha&rs sess&leN su8s&#&ary cells present on 8oth sur,acesM a ,eG pr&smat&c crystals o,
calc&um oFalate occas&onally ,oun# #&str&8ute# &n mesophyll cellsM mesophyll traEerse# 8y
small Ee&ns surroun#e# 8y 8un#le sheathM no #&st&nct m&#r&8 present+
0oG#er P CelloG&shP8roGnM shoGs Fylem Eessels G&th ret&culate th&c*en&n%N %lan#ular ha&rsN
s&mpleN roun# an# oEal starch %ra&nsN measur&n% /P1/ &n #&ameter+
45


CONST4T:ENTS P Al*alo&#s

Rasa O T&*taN KaULyaN )a#hura
1uSa O 'a%huN Sara
BVrya O KVta
B&pL*a O )a#hura
Karma O BLtaharaN KaphaharaN RasLyanaN yuUyaN )e#hyaN )at&pra#aN SEaryaN
0ra;LsthLpanaN B&UaharaN )ohahara
4)0ORTANT >OR):'AT4ONS P SLrasEatLr&URaN BrLhmV 1hXtaN Ratna%&r& RasaN BrLhmV
BaRVN SLrasEata CTrSaN SmXt&sL%ara Rasa
THERA0E:T4C :SES P KuURhaN $EaraN KophaN 0LSYuN 0ramehaN )LnasaE&*Lra
DOSE P 1P( % &n poG#er ,orm+

46
1+ Br&hat& (Rt+)
B?HATA (Root)
BXhatV cons&sts o, #r&e# root o, Solanum &n#&cum '&nn+ (>am+ Solanaceae)M a
Eery pr&c*lyN much 8ranche# perenn&al un#er shru8N upto 1+9 m h&%hN mostly ,oun# throu%hout
Garmer parts o, the country upto an eleEat&on o, 1.55 m+
SCNONC)S
Sans*r&t O Kanh&*a
Assamese O T&la8ha*ur&
Ben%al& O Bya*u#
En%l&sh O PP
1u;rat& O :m&muyar&n%an&N :8h&8har&n%an&N :8h&8huyar&n%a
H&n#& O Bana8harataN Ba#&*ater&
Kanna#a O K&ru%ull&aN He%%ullaN 1ulla
Kashm&r& O PP
)alayalam O Cheru Ba-huth&naN 0ut&r&chun#a
)arath& O Dorl&N Ch&chur&t&N Dorale
Or&ya O Den%a8he;&
0un;a8& O Kan#&ar&Ea##&
Tam&l O Ch&ru Ea-huthala&N 0apparamull&N )ullam*att&
Telu%u O Tella )ula*a
:r#u O Katel&
DESCR40T4ON
a) )acroscop&c
Root Gell #eEelope#N lon%N r&88e#N Goo#yN cyl&n#r&calN pale yelloG&shP8roGnN 1P+.
cm &n #&a+N a num8er o, secon#ary roots an# the&r 8ranches presentN sur,ace rou%h #ue to
47
presence o, lon%&tu#&nal str&at&ons an# root scarsN ,ractureN short an# spl&nteryM no #&st&nct
o#our an# taste+

8) )&croscop&c
Root P ShoGs th&n cor* compose# o, . P 1. layers o, th&nPGalle#N tan%ent&ally
elon%ate#N rectan%ular cells ,&lle# G&th yelloG&shP8roGn contentM cor* cam8&um s&n%le
layere#M secon#ary corteF compose# o, . P = layers o, th&nPGalle#N oEal an# tan%ent&ally
elon%ate# cellsM stone cells present &n s&n%les or &n %roups o, P. or more &n th&s re%&onM
secon#ary phloem compose# o, s&eEe elementsN parenchyma an# stone cellsN traEerse# 8y
phloem raysM phloem parenchyma much a8un#antN th&nPGalle#M stone cells present &n outer
phloem re%&on &n s&n%les or &n %roups o, P.N Eary&n% %reatly &n shape an# s&-eM phloem rays
1P( cells G&#eN &so#&ametr&c to sl&%htly ra#&ally elon%ate# &n &nner phloem re%&on an#
ra#&ally elon%ate# &n outer phloem re%&onN occas&onally stone cells also ,oun# &n me#ullary
raysM Goo# occup&es 8ul* o, root an# compose# o, EesselsN trache&#sN ,&8res an# Fylem
parenchymaN traEerse# 8y Fylem raysN all elements 8e&n% l&%n&,&e#N Eessels occur s&n%ly or &n
%roups o, P. G&th s&mple p&tsM Fylem ,&8res mo#erately th&c*PGalle# G&th s&mple p&ts an#
po&nte# en#s ,oun# &n a#un#anceM Fylem parenchyma haEe s&mple p&ts or ret&culate
th&c*en&n%M Fylem rays un& to 8&ser&ateN th&c*PGalle#N cells ra#&ally elon%ate# an# p&tte#N
m&crospheno&#al crystals o, calc&um oFalate as san#y masses an# s&mple starch %ra&ns
present &n some cells o, secon#ary corteFN phloem an# me#ullary raysM s&mple an# roun#e#
to oEal starch %ra&nsN measur&n% .+. P11+6 &n #&ameter+
0oG#er P Cream coloure#M shoGs %roups o, th&nPGalle#N parenchymatous cellsN aseptate
,&8resN Eessels G&th s&mple p&tsN oEal to elon%ate# stone cells an# s&mpleN roun#e# to oEal
starch %ra&nsN measur&n% .+. P 11+6 &n #&ameter+

Total Ash Not more than 6+. per centN Appen#&F ++(+
2aterPsolu8le eFtract&Ee Not less than / per centN Appen#&F ++3+

48
T+'+C+
P

CONST4T:ENTS P Stero&#al Al*alo&#s an# Stero&#s

Rasa O KaRuN T&*ta
1uSa O 'a%hu
BVrya O :USa
B&pL*a O KaRu
Karma O BLtaharaN KaphaharaN DVpanaN 0LcanaN HX#yaN 1rLhV
4)0ORTANT >OR):'AT4ONS P DaWamTla 1hXtaN DaWamTlLr&URa
THERA0E:T4C :SES P HX#ro%aN $EaraN KELsaN KTlaN A%n&mLn#ya
DOSE P 15P5 % o, the #ru% ,or #ecoct&on+

49
1(+ ChaEya (St+)
CABCA (Stem)
CaEya cons&sts o, #r&e# stem o, 0&per retro,ractum Bahl+ Syn+ 0+ cha8a Hunter non
Blume+N 0+ o,,&c&narum DC+ (>am+ 0&peraceae)M a %la8rousN ,leshy cl&m8erN cult&Eate# ma&nly
&n Southern 4n#&a+
SCNONC)S
Sans*r&t O CaE&*a
Assamese O Chepaan
Ben%al& O Che&
En%l&sh O Cu8e8
1u;rat& O ChaE*aN ChaEa*a
H&n#& O ChaEya
Kanna#a O Ka#umenas&na8all&N ChaEya
Kashm&r& O PP
)alayalam O Kattumula*uN Kattumula*unEeru
)arath& O ChaEa*a
Or&ya O Cha&n*ath
0un;a8& O Cha8a*
Tam&l O ChaEyamN CheEuyam
Telu%u O CheEyamu
:r#u O 0eepal Cha8N Ka8a8ah
DESCR40T4ON
a) )acroscop&c
Dru% cons&sts o, #r&e# cut p&eces o, stem o, Ear&a8le len%th an# usually
5+.P+5 cm &n G&#thN cyl&n#r&cal an# someGhat tG&ste#N %rey&shP8roGnN sur,ace smooth G&th
50
a ,eG lon%&tu#&nal Gr&n*lesN no#es an# &nterno#es #&st&nctN ,ractureN shortM o#ourN pepperyM
tasteN acr&#+

8) )&croscop&c
Stem P ShoGs a th&n cor* cons&st&n% o, (P/ layers o, rectan%ularN 8roGn&sh cellsM
cor* cam8&um not #&st&nctM secon#ary corteF a G&#e -oneN cons&st&n% o, roun#N oEal to
rectan%ularN th&nPGalle#N parenchymatous cells G&th prom&nent &ntercellular spacesM plenty
o, s&mple starch %ranules presentM en#o#erm&s s&n%le layere#M stelar re%&on compose# o,
,&Ee Ge#%ePshape# Eascular 8un#les alternat&n% G&th G&#e me#ullary raysM phloem l&es
toGar#s outer s&#e an# compose# o, s&eEe elementsN parenchyma an# phloem ,&8res
occurr&n% s&n%ly or &n %roupsM Fylem l&es toGar#s centre an# compose# o, EesselsN trache&#N
,&8res an# Fylem parenchymaM &solate# Eessels 8arrelPshape# G&th p&tte# an# ret&culate
th&c*en&n%sM ,&8res nee#le an# sp&n#lePshape#N me#ullary rays mult& ser&ateN cells th&n
Galle#N ,&lle# G&th s&mpleN roun# to oEalN starch %ra&nsN measur&n% ( P 1/ &n #&ameter+
0oG#er P 1rey&shP8roGnM shoGs ,ra%ments o, EesselsN ,&8res an# s&mpleN roun# to oEal
starch %ra&nsN measur&n% (P1/ &n #&ameter+


T+'+C+
P

CONST4T:ENTS P Al*alo&#sN 1lycos&#es an# Stero&#s+

51
Rasa O KaRu
1uSa O 'a%huN RT*UaN TV*USa
BVrya O :USa
B&pL*a O KaRu
Karma O BLtaharaN KaphaharaN DVpanaN 0LcanaN RecanaN Bhe#ana
4)0ORTANT >OR):'AT4ONS P Can#rLmXta RasaN 0rLSa#L 1uR&*L
THERA0E:T4C :SES P ArWaN KXm&N 0lVhL Ro%aN 1ulmaN nLhaN :#ara Ro%aN KTla
DOSE P 1P %+ o, the #ru% &n poG#er ,orm+

52
1/+ Da#&ma (S#+)
D"4)A (See#)
DLY&ma cons&sts o, #r&e# see# o, 0un&ca %ranatum '&nn+ (>am+ 0un&caceae)M a lar%e
#ec&#uous shru8 or a small treeN ,oun# %roG&n% G&l# &n the Garm EalleyN outer h&lls o,
H&malayas 8etGeen =55P 1955 m an# cult&Eate# &n many parts o, the country+
SCNONC)S
Sans*r&t O DLY&mLccha#aN 'oh&tapuUpaN Danta8V;a
Ben%al& O D#&ma
En%l&sh O 0ome%ranate
1u;rat& O Da#ama
H&n#& O Anar
Kanna#a O Dal&m8a
Kashm&r& O PP
)alayalam O )atalam
)arath& O Da#&m8a
Or&ya O PP
0un;a8& O Anar
Tam&l O )a#ala&N )aa#ala&+ )a#alam
Telu%u O Dan&mma
:r#u O AnarN Rumman
DESCR40T4ON
a) )acroscop&c
See#s 8roGnN an%ularN Ge#%ePshape#N 5+.P5+6 cm lon%N 5+1P5+ cm G&#eM
tasteN sGeet&shPsour+

53
8) )&croscop&c
See# P ShoGs testa cons&st&n% o, th&nPGalle#N parenchymatous cells ,olloGe# 8y
stony te%men cons&st&n% o, l&%n&,&e#N roun#N oEalN tr&an%ular an# rectan%ularN th&c*PGalle#
stone cells haE&n% narroG an# G&#e lumenM 8eneath th&sN re##&shP8roGn p&%mente# layer
presentM en#osperm a8sentM cotyle#ons co&le#N cons&st&n% o, oEal to poly%onalN th&n Galle#N
parenchymatous cellsN conta&n&n% a ,eG o&l %lo8ulesM starch %ra&ns present &n testaN roun# to
oEalN s&mpleN measur&n% (P13 &n #&ameter+
0oG#er P Re##&shP8roGnM shoGs stone cellsN o&l %lo8ulesN an# a ,eG s&mple roun# to oEal
starch %ra&ns measur&n% (P13 &n #&ameter+

2aterPsolu8le eFtract&Ee Not less than (. per centN Appen#&F ++3+

T+'+C+
T+'+C+ o, alcohol&c eFtract o, the #ru% on S&l&ca %el [1[ plate us&n%
Chloro,ormOEthylacetate O >orm&c ac&# (.O/O1) EÊ three spots at R,+ 5+6N 5+93 (8oth %rey) an#
5+=3 (p&n*) are seen &n E&s&8le l&%ht+ :n#er :+B+ ((66 nm) ,our ,luorescent -ones are E&s&8le at
R,+ 5+1 (s*y 8lue)N 5+/. (s*y 8lue)N 5+6 (8lue) < 5+93 (8lue)+ On eFposure to 4o#&ne Eapour
three spots appear at R,+ 5+6N 5+93 < 5+=3 (all yelloG)+ On spray&n% G&th .\ )ethanol&cP
Sulphur&c ac&# rea%ent an# heat&n% the plate ,or a8out ten m&nutes at 115 C three spots appear
at R,+ 5+6N 5+93 (8oth E&olet) < 5+=3 (%rey&sh 8lue)+

54

CONST4T:ENTS P Su%arsN B&tam&n CN S&tosterolN :rsol&c ac&#N 0rote&nN >at an# )&neral
mattersN N&cot&n&c ac&#N 0ect&nN R&8o,laE&nN Th&am&neN Delph&n&#&n #&%lycos&#eN Aspart&cN C&tr&cN
Ella%&cN 1all&c an# )al&c ac&#sN 1lutam&neN 4soQuercet&nN Estrone an# 0un&c&c ac&#+

Rasa O )a#hura (KaULyLnurasa) ^ ,or )a#hura Amla ,ru&tO )a#huraN Amla
1uSa O 'a%huN Sn&%#haN ^ ,or )a#hura Amla ,ru&tO 'a%hu
BVrya O :USaN ^ PP
B&pL*a O )a#huraN ^ PP
Karma O BLtaharaN 0&ttaharaN KaphaharaN TarpaSaN Ku*ralaN HX#yaN KaSRhyaN
)u*ha%an#haharaN 1rLhVN )e#hyaN Balya
4)0ORTANT >OR):'AT4ONS P DLY&mLURa*a CTrSaN DLY&ma 1hXtaN DL#h&*a 1hXtaN
BhLU*ara 'aEaSaN Ku*ra )LtX*a BaRV
THERA0E:T4C :SES P TXUSLN DLhaN $Eara
DOSE P . to 15 % o, the #ru% &n poG#er ,orm+

55
1.+ Daruhar&#ra (St+)
DR:HAR4DR (Stem)
DLruhar&#rL cons&sts o, #r&e# stem o, Ber8er&s ar&stata DC+ (>am+
Ber8er&#aceae)M an erectN sp&nousN #ec&#uous shru8N usually 1+9P(+6 m &n he&%ht ,oun# &n the
H&malayan ran%es at an eleEat&on o, 1555P(555 mN an# &n the N&l%&r& h&lls &n South 4n#&a+
SCNONC)S
Sans*r&t O Katam*ater&N DLrE&
Ben%al& O Daruhar&#ra
En%l&sh O 4n#&an Ber8erry
1u;rat& O Daruhar&#raN Tal&m*hana
H&n#& O Talma*hanaN Darhal#
Kanna#a O N&rmull&N KolaEal&*eN KolaEan*ae
Kashm&r& O PP
)alayalam O Bayalchull&N )araman;al
)arath& O Tal&ma*hana
Or&ya O Ko&lre*haN Ko&lle*ha
0un;a8& O PPP
Tam&l O N&rmulleN Barat&u man;al
Telu%u O N&ru%o88&
:r#u O Talma*hana
DESCR40T4ON
a) )acroscop&c
Dru% aEa&la8le &n p&eces o, Ear&a8le len%th an# th&c*nessN 8ar* a8out 5+/ P 5+9
cm th&c*N pale yelloG&shP8roGnN so,tN closely an# rather #eeply ,urroGe#N rou%hN 8r&ttleN
Fylem port&on yelloGN more or less har#N ra#&ate G&th Fylem raysN p&th mostly a8sentN Ghen
56
present smallN yelloG&shP8roGn Ghen #r&e#N ,racture short &n 8ar* re%&onN spl&ntery &n
FylemM tasteN 8&tter+

8) )&croscop&c
Stem PShoGs rhyt&#oma G&th cor* cons&st&n% o, (P/. rectan%ular an# sQuar&shN
yelloG coloure#N th&nPGalle# cellsN arran%e# ra#&allyM s&eEe elements &rre%ular &n shapeN th&n
Galle#N a ,eG cells conta&n&n% yelloG&shP8roGn contentsM phloem ,&8res arran%e# &n
tan%ent&al roGsN cons&st&n% o, 1P/ cellsN each ,&8re short th&c*PGalle#N sp&n#lePshape#N
l&%n&,&e# haE&n% G&#e lumenM hal, &nner port&on o, rhyt&#oma traEerse# 8y secon#ary phloem
raysM phloem rays run o8l&Quely cons&st&n% o, ra#&ally elon%ate# parenchymatous cellsN
almost all phloem ray cells haE&n% s&n%le pr&smat&c crystals o, calc&um oFalateN a ,eG cells
o, rhyt&#oma also conta&n pr&smat&c crystals o, calc&um oFalateM stone cells also ,oun#
scattere# &n phloem ray cells &n %roupsN rarely s&n%leN mostly elon%ate#N a ,eG roun#e#N
arran%e# ra#&allyN some o, Gh&ch conta&n a s&n%le pr&sm o, calc&um oFalate crystalsM
secon#ary phloemN a 8roa# -oneN cons&st&n% o, s&eEe elements an# phloem ,&8resN traEerse#
8y mult& ser&ate phloem raysM s&eEe elements arran%e# &n tan%ent&al 8an#s an# tan%ent&ally
compresse# cells alternat&n% G&th s&n%le to ,&Ee roGs o, phloem ,&8resN phloem ,&8res shortN
l&%n&,&e#N th&c*PGalle# haE&n% po&nte# en#sM secon#ary Fylem 8roa# cons&st&n% o, Fylem
EesselsN trache&#sN Fylem ,&8res an# traEerse# 8y mult& ser&ate Fylem raysM Fylem Eessels
numerousN small to me#&um s&-e#N #&str&8ute# throu%hout Fylem re%&on &n %roups or &n
s&n%lesN %roups o, Eessels usually arran%e# ra#&allyM &solate# Eessels cyl&n#r&cal G&th
roun#e# or pro;ecte# at one or 8oth en#s G&th sp&ral th&c*en&n%M Fylem ,&8res numerousN
l&%n&,&e#N lar%eN th&c*PGalle# G&th G&#e lumenN an# po&nte# t&psM Fylem rays Qu&te #&st&nctN
stra&%htN mult&ser&ateN cons&st&n% o, ra#&ally arran%e# rectan%ular cellsN each ray (5P.( cells
h&%hN 9P1 cells G&#eN a ,eG ray cells conta&n&n% 8roGn contents+
0oG#er P CelloGM shoGs mostly ,ra%ments o, cor* cellsN s&eEe elementsN yelloG coloure#
phloem ,&8res ent&re or &n p&ecesN stone cells &n s&n%les or &n %roupsN numerous pr&smat&c
crystals o, calc&um oFalateN Fylem Eessels haE&n% sp&ral th&c*en&n%N th&c*PGalle#N l&%n&,&e#
Fylem ,&8res an# ray cells+

Total Ash Not more than 1/ per centN Appen#&F ++(+
57

T+'+C+
P


Rasa O T&*ta
1uSa O RT*Ua
BVrya O :USa
B&pL*a O PP
Karma O Stanya Ko#hanaN Stanya DoUaharaN DoUa 0Lcana
4)0ORTANT >OR):'AT4ONS P AWEa%an#hL#yar&URaN BhX_%arL;a Ta&laN Kha#&rL#& 1uR&*L
()u*haro%a)N Kha#&rLr&URaN $LtyL#& Ta&laN Tr&phalL 1hXta
THERA0E:T4C :SES P mLt&sLraN )e#oro%aN :rustam8haN Kapharo%aN KarSaro%aN
)u*haro%aN Netraro%aN KaSYTN BraSaN )eha
DOSE P .P15 ml o, the #ru% &n KEatha ,orm+

58
16+ Dronapushp& (2+0+)+)
DRODA0:!0A (2hole 0lant)
DroSapuUpV cons&sts o, #r&e# Ghole plant o, 'eucas cephalotes Spren%+ (>am+
'am&aceae)N an annualN erectN sca8erulousN stout her8N a8out 5+6P5+= m &n h&%hN ,oun# on the
H&malayas at an alt&tu#e o, 655P1955 m an# on Gaste lan#s throu%hout the country+
SCNONC)S
Sans*r&t O Katum8a
Assamese O Dronaphool
Ben%al& O Bhol%has&ya
En%l&sh O PP
1u;rat& O Ku8o
H&n#& O 1uma
Kanna#a O Tum8e
Kashm&r& O PP
)alayalam O Tum8a
)arath& O Tum8a
Or&ya O 1a&sha
0un;a8& O 1omo8at&N 1ummaN )alP8he#a
Tam&l O Tum8a&
Telu%u O Tumm&
:r#u O PP
DESCR40T4ON
a) )acroscop&c
Root P Cyl&n#r&calN -&%P-a%N smoothN lon% G&th numerous G&ryN ,&ne rootletsN s&-e
Ear&a8leN ,ractureN ,&8rousM tasteN character&st&c+
Stem P '&%ht %reen&shPyelloGN sur,ace rou%hN ha&ryN Qua#ran%ular G&th ,our prom&nent
59
,urroGsN upto / mm th&c*N no#es an# &nterno#es #&st&nctM tasteN sl&%htly 8&tter+
'ea, P CelloG&shP%reenN (P= cm lon%N 1P+. cm G&#eN oEate or oEateP lanceolateN su8acuteN
more or less pu8escentN crenateN serrateM tasteN pun%ent+
4n,lorescence P Sess&leN Gh&teN croG#e# &n #enseN %lo8oseN a8out P(+. cm acrossN
surroun#e# 8y numerous ,ol&aceous 8ractsN th&nN lanceolateN acuteN c&l&ateN 1+P1+. cm lon%
an# 5+(P5+(. cm G&#eM calyFN tu8ularN sl&%htly curEe#N 1P+. cm lon%N %la8rous &n loGer
partN ha&ry on upper partN 15 #entate G&th a E&llous throatM corollaN Gh&teN 1+3P cm lon%N
8&l&ppe#N upper l&p a8out / mm lon%N GoolyN loGer l&p nearly tG&ce as lon% as upper oneM
lateral lo8es small+
>ru&t P Sch&-ocarp&c carceruleN nutlets ( mm smoothN 8roGn+
See# P 5+( cm lon% an# 5+1 cm G&#eN o8lon%N tr&%onousN smoothN #ar* 8roGn+

8) )&croscop&c
Root P ShoGs a s&n%le layere# ep&#erm&s compose# o, rectan%ularN th&nPGalle# cellsM
secon#ary corteF cons&sts o, th&nPGalle#Ntan%ent&ally elon%ate#N parenchymatous cellsM
secon#ary phloem cons&sts o, s&eEe elements an# phloem parenchymaM secon#ary Fylem
cons&sts o, EesselsN trache&#sN ,&8res an# Fylem parenchymaM Eessels lon% G&th spursN
Eessels an# trache&#s haEe s&mple p&tsN Fylem ,&8res much elon%ate# G&th po&nte# en#s an#
haEe mo#erately th&c* GallsN some haE&n% s&mple p&tsM me#ullary rays 1P ser&ateN upto 9
cells h&%h+
Stem P ShoGs sQuar&sh outl&ne G&th ,our r&#%es an# ,urroGsN cons&sts o, a s&n%le layere#
ep&#erm&sN compose# o, oEal to rectan%ularN th&nPGalle# cells haE&n% a num8er o, un& to
tr&cellular tr&chomesM secon#ary corteF .P= layere#N cons&st&n% o, (P. layers o, c&rcularN
oEal or &rre%ular collenchymatous cells at the r&#%e an# P/ layers o, th&nPGalle#N
tan%ent&ally elon%ate#N parenchymatous cellsM en#o#erm &s s&n%le layere#N cons&st&n% o,
8arrel shape#N th&nPGalle# cellsM per&cycle s&n%le layere# o, th&nPGalle# cells comparat&Eely
smaller than the cells o, en#o#erm&sN a ,eG per&cycl&c cells conEerte# &nto per&cycl&c ,&8resM
phloem Eery narroG cons&st&n% o, usual elementsM Fylem cons&sts o, EesselsN trache&#sN
,&8res an# lar%e amount o, Fylem parenchymaM Eessels mostly cyl&n#r&cal G&th s&mple p&ts
an# sp&ral th&c*en&n%M trache&#s an# Fylem parenchyma haEe s&mple p&ts on the&r GallsM p&th
G&#e cons&st&n% o, c&rcular to oEalN th&nPGalle#N parenchymatous cells+
60
'ea,P
0et&ole P shoGs a s&n%le layere# ep&#erm&sN un& to tr&cellular tr&chomes G&th po&nte# en#sN
corteF cons&st&n% o, s&n%le layere#N roun# to an%ular collenchymaM parenchyma cons&sts o,
th&nPGalle# cells conta&n&n% pr&smat&c crystals o, calc&um oFalateN Eascular 8un#les /N
smaller locate# toGar#s each comer an# lar%er &n centre+
)&#r&8 P shoGs ep&#erm&s on e&ther s&#e G&th un& to tr&cellular tr&chomesN ,olloGe# 8y 1P
layers collenchyma toGar#s loGer sur,aceN (P/ layers toGar#s upper sur,aceN ,olloGe# 8y
roun# to oEal parenchymaN / P 3 layere#MEascular 8un#le arcPshape#N present &n centre+
'am&na P shoGs ep&#erm&s on e&ther s&#e G&th un& to tr&cellular tr&chomes rarely on upper
sur,aceM pal&sa#e s&n%le layere#M spon%y parenchyma (P. layere#N &rre%ularN th&nPGalle#
cellsM a ,eG Ee&ns present &n th&s re%&onM stomata #&acyt&cN present on 8oth sur,acesM stomatal
&n#eF 16+6P/5+. on loGer sur,aceN 16+6P(5+3 on upper sur,aceM pal&sa#e rat&o 3P=+
0oG#er P Dull yelloGM shoGs %roups o, roun# to poly%onal parenchymatous cellsN p&tte# an#
sp&ral EesselsN aseptate ,&8resN un& to tr&cellular tr&chomes an# #&acyt&c stomata+

2aterPsolu8le eFtract&Ee Not less than 1/ per centN Appen#&F ++3+

CONST4T:ENTS P Al*alo&#N 1lycos&#eN PS&tosterol an# >laEono&#+

Rasa O )a#huraN 'aEaSaN KaRu
1uSa O 1uruN RT*UaN TV*USa
61
BVrya O :USa
B&pL*a O )a#hura
Karma O BLta*araN 0&tta*araN KaphaharaN Bhe#an&N Rucya
4)0ORTANT >OR):'AT4ONS P 0lVhLr& BaR&*LN 1orocanL#& BaRV+
THERA0E:T4C :SES P KLmalLN KothaN Tama*a KELsaN KLsaN A%n&mLn#yaN B&Uama;Eara
DOSE P 1P( % o, the #ru% &n poG#er ,orm+.P15 ml o, the #ru% &n ;u&ce ,orm+

62
13+ ErEaru (S#+)
ERBR: (See#)
ErELru cons&sts o, see#s o, Cucum&s melo Ear+ ut&l&ss&mus Duth&e < >uller Syn+ C+
ut&l&ss&mus RoF8+ (>am+ Cucur8&taceae)N an annual creep&n% her8N cult&Eate# &n many parts o,
the countryN espec&ally &n upper 4n#&a an# part&cularly &n :ttar 0ra#esh an# 0un;a8+
SCNONC)S
Sans*r&t O Bahu*an#aN BXhatphalaN Hast&pan&+ Hast&pan&N Kar*aRV+
Ben%al& O Ka*urN Kar&*u#a
En%l&sh O Sna*e Cucum8er
1u;rat& O Ka*a#&
H&n#& O Kar*r&N Ka*a#&
Kanna#a O Saute
Kashm&r& O PP
)alayalam O Kam*a#&N Bellar&*a
)arath& O Ka*a#&N Baln*a
Or&ya O PP
0un;a8& O Ka*r&
Tam&l O Ka**ar&**ayN Bellar&**a&
Telu%u O Dosa*aya
:r#u O Ka*ar&
DESCR40T4ON
a) )acroscop&c
See# compresse#N more or less ell&pso&#N 5+3P15 cm lon%N 5+(P5+/ cm G&#eN
sur,ace smoothN %lossyN cream&shPyelloGM tasteN sGeet&sh o&ly+

63
8) )&croscop&c
See# PShoGs see# coat cons&st&n% o, a layer o, roun# to oEal stone cellsN l&%n&,&e#
G&th #&st&nct lumen an# str&at&onsN ,olloGe# 8y a narroG -one o, en#osperm cons&st&n% o,
cellulos&cN th&nPGalle#N roun#e# an# tan%ent&ally elon%ate#N parenchymatous cellsN
conta&n&n% a ,eG o&l %lo8ules an# aleurone %ra&nsM cotyle#ons tGoN stra&%htN cons&st&n% o,
s&n%le layere# ep&#ermal cellsN coEere# G&th th&c* cut&cleN mesophyll cells th&nPGalle#N
ra#&ally elon%ate# to sQuar&shN parenchymatousN conta&n&n% numerous o&l %lo8ules an#
aleurone %ra&ns+
0oG#er d Cream&shPyelloG an# o&lyM shoGs stone cellsN mesophyll cells an# numerous o&l
%lo8ules an# aleurone %ra&ns+


T+'+C+
T+'+C+ o, alcohol&c eFtract o, the #ru% on S&l&ca %el [1[ plate us&n% Toluene O
Ethylacetate (=5O15) shoGs one ,luorescent -one at R,+5+=1 (8lue) un#er :+B+ ((66 mm)+ On
eFposure to 4o#&ne Eapour ten spots appear at R,+ 5+1=N 5+6N 5+(.N 5+.1N 5+.9N 5+6/N
5+33N5+9(N5+=1 an# 5+=3 (all yelloG) +On spray&n% G&th .\ )ethanol&c 0hosphomoly8#&c ac&#
rea%ent an# on heat&n% the plate ,or ,&,teen m&nutes at 15.C ten spots appear at R,+ 5+1=N
5+6N 5+(.N 5+.1N 5+.9N 5+6/N 5+33N 5+9(N 5+=1 an# 5+=3 (all %rey)+

64
CONST4T:ENTS P O&l < Su%ars+

Rasa O )a#huraN T&*ta
1uSa O 1uruN RT*Ua
BVrya O KVta
B&pL*a O )a#hura
Karma O BLta*araN Kapha*araN 0&ttaharaN RucyaN DVpanaN Bhe#&N Ra*ta#oUa*araN
1XLhV
4)0ORTANT >OR):'AT4ONS P DL#h&*a 1hXta
THERA0E:T4C :SES P AWmarVN )Ttra*XcchraN 1ulmaN Ra*tap&ttaN TXUSLN DLhaN $Eara
DOSE P (P6 % o, see#s+

65
19+ 1a;ap&ppal& (>r+)
1A$A0400A'A (>ru&t)
1a;ap&ppalV cons&sts o, #r&e#N transEersely cut p&eces o, mature ,emale spa#&F o,
Sc&n#apsus o,,&c&nal&s Schoott+ (>am+ Araceae)M a lar%e ep&phyt&c cl&m8erN ,oun# all alon% the
su8PH&malayan tract 8etGeen an alt&tu#e o, ((5P1555 m &n 2est Ben%alN Or&ssaN An#hra
0ra#esh an# the An#aman 4slan#s+
SCNONC)S
Sans*r&t O 1a;a*XUSaN Hast&p&palV
Ben%al& O 1a;apeepal
En%l&sh O PP
1u;rat& O )otopeepar
H&n#& O 1a;apeepal
Kanna#a O A#*e8eeluEall&
Kashm&r& O PP
)alayalam O Att&pal&
)arath& O 1a;ap&palee
Or&ya O PP
0un;a8& O 1a;apeepal
Tam&l O Ana&t&ppalee
Telu%u O Enu%op&ppal
:r#u O PP
DESCR40T4ON
a) )acroscop&c
>ru&t P Occurs &n transEersely cut c&rcular p&eces o, a8out +5P(+5 cm &n #&ameter an#
+5P(+. cm th&c*N 8roGn&shP%reyN rou%h an# scalyN cut sur,ace has a central coreN surroun#e#
8y ,ru&ts enclos&n% the see# coEere# partly 8y ar&lM o#our an# taste not #&st&nct+
66
See# P K&#neyPshape#N 5+(P5+/ cm G&#eN 5+/P5+6 cm lon%N smoothN sh&nyN %rey&shP8roGn G&th
a #entN o#our an# taste not #&st&cnt+

8) )&croscop&c
>ru&t P ShoGs more or less loosely arran%e#N th&nPGalle#N parenchymatous cells
haE&n% more or less &so#&ametr&c cells ,&lle# G&th 8roGn content an# numerous ac&cular
crystals o, calc&um oFalate+
See# P ShoGs a s&n%le layere#N oEal to poly%onalN th&nPGalle# testa ,olloGe# 8y P( layere#N
th&c*PGalle#N oEal to poly%onalN nonPl&%n&,&e#N sclere&#Pl&*e cells haE&n% G&#e lumen an#
concentr&c str&at&onsM P/ layere#N oEal to poly%onalN th&c*PGalle#N l&%n&,&e# stone cells
haE&n% Eery narroG lumenN p&tte# an# G&th concentr&c str&at&onsM th&nPGalle#N &rre%ular
parenchymatous cells conta&n&n% o&l %lo8ules an# aleurone %ra&ns+
0oG#er P Dar* 8roGnM shoGs l&%n&,&e#N oEal to poly%onal stone cells haE&n% lumen an#
str&at&onsM numerous nee#lePl&*e ac&cular crystals o, calc&um oFalateN measur&n% 15P1(5
&n len%th an# o&l %lo8ules+


T+'+C+
T+'+C+ o, alcohol&c eFtract o, #ru% on S&l&ca %el [1[ plate us&n% Chloro,orm O )ethanol
(1O1) shoGs tGo spots at R,+ 5+6. an# 5+3( (8oth l&%ht yelloG) &n E&s&8le l&%ht :n#er :+B+ ((66
67
nm) ,our ,luorescent -ones at R,+ 5+3N 5+6.N 5+3( an# 5+=( (all 8lue) are E&s&8le+ On eFposure
to 4o#&ne Eapour ,&Ee spots appear at R,+ 5+5N 5+3N 5+6.N 5+3( an# 5+=( (all yelloG)+ On
spray&n% G&th .\ )ethanol&cPSulphur&c ac&# rea%ent an# heat&n% the plate ,or ten m&nutes at
1l5C+ Three spots appear at R,+ 5+6.N 5+3( (8oth l&%ht 8roGn) an# 5+=( (8roGn)+

CONST4T:ENTS P 1lucos&#es E&-+ Sc&n#aps&n A < Sc&n#aps&n BN Su%ars < >&Fe# O&l+

Rasa O KaRu
1uSa O RT*Ua
BVrya O :USa
B&pL*a O KaRu
Karma O BLtaharaN KaphaharaN A%n&Ear#ha*aN KaSRhyaN DVpanaN )alaE&WoUanaN
StanyaN BaXSya
4)0ORTANT >OR):'AT4ONS P 0unarnaELsaEaN K&EL%uR&*LN )ahLyo%arL;a 1u%%uluN
0rasLr&S& Ta&laN Can#rapra8hL EaRV
THERA0E:T4C :SES P KELsaN KXm&ro%aN AtVsLraN KaSRha Ro%a
DOSE P P( % &n eFtract (0hant) ,orm+

68
1=+ 1am8har& (>r+)
1A)BHRA (>ru&t)
1am8har& cons&sts o, #r&e# ,ru&t o, 1mel&na ar8orea RoF8+ (>am+ Ber8enaceae)N an
unarme# treeN ,oun# scattere# &n #ec&#uous ,orests throu%hout the %reater part o, the country
upto an alt&tu#e o, .55 mN plante# &n %ar#ens an# also as an aEenue tree+
SCNONC)S
Sans*r&t O KLWmarVN KLWmaryaN 0Vta*aroh&SVN SrVparSVN Bha#raparSV
Assamese O 1omar&
Ben%al& O 1amar%achhaN 1am8ar
En%l&sh O PP
1u;rat& O SeeEan
H&n#& O 1am8har&
Kanna#a O SeeEan&N Sh&Ean&N Hannu
Kashm&r& O PP
)alayalam O Kum8&lN Kum&-hu
)arath& O S&Ean
Or&ya O 1am8har&N Bho#roparnn&
0un;a8& O Kham8har&
Tam&l O 0erun*urm&-hN Kom&-hpa-ham
Telu%u O 1uma#&te*u
:r#u O 1am8har&
DESCR40T4ON
a) )acroscop&c
>ru&t P A #rupeN oEo&#N cr&n*le#N 8lac*N 1+.P+5 cm lon%N somet&mes G&th port&on o,
attache# pe#&celN tGo see#e#N somet&mes one see#e#M tasteN sGeet&sh sour+
See# P See# oEateN 5+.P1 cm lon%N 5+/P5+6 cm G&#eN l&%ht yelloGN sur,ace smoothN see# coat
69
th&nN paperyM tasteN o&ly+

8) )&croscop&c
>ru&t P ShoGs per&carp #&,,erent&ate# &nto s&n%le layere# ep&carpN mult&layere#N
,leshy mesocarpN har# an# stony en#ocarpO ep&carp cons&st&n% o, s&n%le layere#N th&nPGalle#
cellsM mesocarp a G&#e -one cons&st&n% o, &so#&ametr&cN th&nPGalle#N parenchymatous cellsM
en#ocarp cons&st&n% o, mult&layere# sclerenchymatous cells+
See# P ShoGs outer &nte%ument cons&st&n% o, (P. roGs o, crushe#N parenchymatous cells
,olloGe# 8y &nner &nte%ument cons&st&n% o, P( roGs o, th&nPGalle#N tan%ent&ally elon%ate#N
parenchymatous cellsM cotyle#ons cons&st&n% o, s&n%le layere#N ra#&ally elon%ate# ep&#ermal
cellsM mesophyll cons&st&n% o, th&nPGalle# cellsN ,&lle# G&th o&l %lo8ules an# aleurone %ra&ns+
0oG#er P Blac*&shP8roGnM shoGs stone cellsN o&l %lo8ules an# aleurone %ra&ns+

Ac&#P&nsolu8le ash Not more than 5+/ per centN Appen#&F ++/+

T+'+C+
T+'+C+ o, alcohol&c eFtract o, the #ru% on S&l&ca %el [1[ plate us&n% Chloro,orm O
)ethanol (/ O 1) shoGs one spot at R,+ 5+=9 (yelloG) &n E&s&8le l&%ht+ :n#er :+B+ ((66 nm)
,&Ee ,luorescent -ones appear at R,+ 5+5(N 5+1N 5+N 5+=/ an# 5+=9 (all 8lue)+ On eFposure to
4o#&ne Eapour e&%ht spots appear at R,+ 5+5(N 5+59N 5+19N 5+6N 5+/N 5+.N 5+=( an# 5+=9 (all
70
yelloG)+ On spray&n% G&th Dra%en#or,, rea%ent ,olloGe# 8y .\ Ethanol&c PSulphur&c ac&#
rea%ent one spot appears at R,+ 5+=9 (oran%e)+

CONST4T:ENTS P Butyr&c ac&#N Tartar&c ac&#N Al*alo&#N Res&n an# Sacchar&ne+

Rasa O )a#huraN AmlaN KaULya
BVrya O KVta
B&pL*a O )a#hura
Karma O BLtaharaN 0&ttaharaN RasLyanaN BXZhaSaN KeWyaN )e#hyaN Ku*ralaN HX#ya
4)0ORTANT >OR):'AT4ONS P AraE&n#LsaEaN DrL*UL#& KELtha CTrna
THERA0E:T4C :SES P Ra*ta 0&ttaN DLhaN TXUSLN KUataN KUayaN )Ttra*XcchraN HX#ro%a
DOSE P 1P( % o, the #ru% &n poG#er ,orm+

71
5+ 1an%eru (St+B*+)
1@1ER: (Stem 8ar*)
1L_%eru cons&sts o, #r&e# stem 8ar* o, 1reG&a tenaF (>ors*+) Aschers < SchG,+N Syn+
1reG&a popul&,ol&a BahlN (>am+ T&l&aceae)N a shru8 5+6P1+5 m h&%hN occurr&n% &n North 2estern
an# central part o, the country an# &n Deccan 0en&nsula+
SCNONC)S
Sans*r&t O 1L_%eru*&
Ben%al& O 1ara*shacha*ule
En%l&sh O PP
1u;rat& O 1an%et&
H&n#& O 1an%eran
Kanna#a O TuruEe
Kashm&r& O PP
)alayalam O Oora*am
)arath& O 1an%et&
Or&ya O 1ho#a%ul&
0un;a8& O 1an%er
Tam&l O Achchu
Telu%u O 1an%eru*&
:r#u O 1an%eran
DESCR40T4ON
a) )acroscop&c
Dru% occurs as cut p&ecesM 1+.P. cm lon%N l&%ht yelloGN channelle#N ,&8rousM
eFternal sur,ace smoothM ,ractureN ,&8rousM tasteN muc&la%&nous+

72
8) )&croscop&c
Stem Bar* P ShoGs a G&#e cor*N cons&st&n% o, 1P5 layere#N rectan%ularN ra#&ally
arran%e# cellsN a ,eG &nner cells conta&n rectan%ular crystals o, calc&um oFalateM secon#ary
corteF G&#eN cons&st&n% o, tan%ent&ally elon%ate#N th&nPGalle#N parenchymatous cellsN a ,eG
cort&cal cells toGar#s cor* also conta&n pr&smat&c crystals o, calc&um oFalateM oEalN
ell&pt&calN th&c*PGalle#N l&%n&,&e# cells G&th G&#e lumen an# clear p&t canalsN mo#erately
lar%e &n s&-eN a ,eG stone cellsN ,oun# scattere# &n %roups throu%hout secon#ary corteF an#
&n a roG toGar#s &nner cort&cal re%&onM secon#ary phloem compose# o, s&eEe elementsN
parenchyma an# numerous th&c*PGalle#N cellulos&c ,&8res G&th G&#e lumenN 8lunt t&ps an#
mo#erately lon% &n s&-eN arran%e# &n ra#&al %roupsN traEerse# 8y G&#e phloem raysM a ,eG ray
cells conta&n pr&smat&c crystals o, calc&um oFalate+
0oG#er P '&%ht yelloG an# ,&8rousM un#er m&croscope shoGs phloem ,&8res &n %roups or
s&n%lesN stone cells an# pr&smat&c crystals o, calc&um oFalate+

Total Ash Not more than = per centN Appen#&F ++(+

T+'+C+
T+'+C+ o, alcohol&c eFtract o, the #ru% on S&l&ca %el [1[ plate us&n% TolueneO Ethylacetate
(=5 O15)+ TGo spots are seen at R,+ 5+13N 5+(. (8oth l&%ht yelloG) &n E&s&8le l&%ht+ :n#er :+B+
((66 nm) s&F ,luorescent -ones E&s&8le at R,+ 5+59 (8lue) 5+1( (8lue)N 5+= (8lue)N 5+(. (#ar*
8lue)N 5+.. (8lue) < 5+6/ (8lue)+ On eFposure to 4o#&ne Eapour ten spots appear at R,+ 5+59N 5+13N
5+3N 5+(.N 5+/1N 5+/9N 5+..N 5+61N 5+69 < 5+99 (all yelloG)+ On spray&n% G&th An&sal#ehy#eP
Sulphur&c ac&# rea%ent seEen spots appear at R,+ 5+59 (E&olet)+ 5+13 (l&%ht E&olet)N 5+3 (l&%ht
E&olet)N 5+(. (E&olet)N 5+/9 (E&olet)N 5+69 (l&%ht E&olet) < 5+99 (l&%ht E&olet)+

73
CONST4T:ENTS P Su%arN Tann&n an# Sterols (Tr&acontanPlPolN Pamyr&nN Pamyr&n etc+)+

Rasa O )a#huraN AmlaN KaRuN T&*taN KaULya
1uSa O 1uru
BVrya O :USa
B&pL*a O KaRu
Karma O Tr&#oUaharaN Sa_%rLha*a
4)0ORTANT >OR):'AT4ONS P $Vra*L#& )o#a*a+
THERA0E:T4C :SES P BraSaN 0&ttaE&*Lra
DOSE P P( % o, the #ru% &n poG#er ,orm+

74
1+ 1un;a (Rt+)
1:H$ (Root)
1u];L cons&sts o, #r&e# root o, A8rus precator&us '&nn+ (>am+ >a8aceae)M a cl&m8erN all
alon% H&malayas ascen#&n% to =55 mN sprea#&n% throu%hout the pla&nsM ,loGer&n% &n Au%ustP
Septem8erN ,ru&ts r&pen #ur&n% G&nter+
SCNONC)S
Sans*r&t O Ra*t&*LN Ka*anant&
Assamese O Rat&
Ben%al& O KunchN Shon*a&nh
En%l&sh O $eQu&r&ty
1u;rat& O Rat&N ChanotheeN Chonotee
H&n#& O Ratt&N 1hun%ch&
Kanna#a O 1ulu%an;&N %ula%un;a
Kashm&r& O PP
)alayalam O Kunn&N CuEanna Kunn&
)arath& O 1un;a
Or&ya O Ka&nch
0un;a8& O Ratt&
Tam&l O Kunr&man&N Kun#uman&
Telu%u O 1ur&%&n%aN 1ur&E&n#a
:r#u O 1hon%ch&N Ratt&
DESCR40T4ON
a) )acroscop&c
RootN s&mple or 8ranche#N cyl&n#r&calN most o,ten &rre%ularly curEe#N l&%ht
8roGnN sur,ace pro,usely Garty an# someGhat rou%h on account o, erupt&Ee #eEelopment o,
numerous small lent&celsM 8ar* th&nN sl&%htly cor*yN so,tN eF,ol&at&n% &n small ,la*esN eFposP
&n% &nternally 8oth cream or yelloG&shPGh&teM &nternal 8ar* yelloG G&th a leathery ,&8rous
75
teFtureM Goo# har# l&%htPyelloG&sh or cream coloure#M o#ourlessM tasteN ,ee8ly sGeet&shN
8ecom&n% m&l#ly 8&tter+

8) )&croscop&c
Root P ShoGs th&n cor* o, (P. layers o, narroGN tan%ent&ally elon%ate# cellsN some
G&th 8roGn&sh contentM cor* cam8&umN Ghen #&st&nctN compose# o, 1P cells G&#eN th&nP
Galle#N comparat&Eely lar%er an# sl&%htly tan%ent&ally elon%ate# cellsN ,olloGe# 8y P/ roGs
o, spher&cal oEo&# or sl&%htly elon%ate# stone cells G&th th&c*N p&tte# GallsN small %roups o,
/P15 sclerenchymatous cellsN smaller than stone cellsN present at short &nterEalsM secon#ary
phloem cons&sts o, usual elements traEerse# 8y me#ullary rays #&Eer%&n% toGar#s per&pheryM
parenchyma th&nPGalle#N mostly tan%ent&ally elon%ate# G&th occas&onal patches o, s&eEe
elements &n someGhat collapse# ,ormM small %roups o, sclerenchymaN s&m&lar to those
occurr&n% &n corteF are also presentM cells &n &nner phloem re%&on appear c&rcular to
polyhe#ralM &n ol#er samples phloem elements usually ,oun# &n compresse# con#&t&on
,orm&n% o8l&Quely an# tan%ent&ally arran%e# &rre%ular patchesM me#ullary rays #&st&nct an#
1P6 cells G&#eN th&nPGalle# an# rectan%ularN tan%ent&ally elon%ate# toGar#s #&stal en# o, ray
an# ra#&ally elon%ate# &n Fylem parts an# 8ast re%&onN mostly conta&n&n% starch %ra&ns o,
Ear&ous s&-esM cam8&um ,orms a complete r&n% o, 1P roGs o, Eery narroG cells outs&#e the
Goo#M Goo# compose# o, narroG concentr&cN annular 8an#s o, Eery th&c*PGalle# Goo#
,&8res alternat&n% G&th s&m&lar 8ut G&#er -one o, th&c*PGalle# parenchymaM Eessels o,
Eary&n% s&-es G&th th&c*N p&tte# GallsM me#ullary rays usually un& or 8&ser&ate 8ut a ,eG
8roa#er raysN .P15 or more roGs o, cells occas&onally presentM parenchyma cells o, Goo#
an# 8ast ,&lle# G&th s&mpleN roun#e# to oEal starch %ra&ns measur&n% .+.P1(+3. &n
#&ameter+
0oG#er P 1rey&shP8roGnM shoGs ,ra%ments o, cor*N stone cellsN %roups o, sclerenchymatous
cellsN numerous Fylem ,&8resN Fylem Eessels G&th p&tte# GallsN roun#e# to oEal s&mple starch
%ra&ns measur&n% .+. P1(+3. &n #&ameter+

Ac&#P&nsolu8le ash Not more than +. per centN Appen#&F ++/+
AlcoholPsolu8le eFtract&Ee Not less than / per centN Appen#&F ++6+
76

T+'+C+
P

CONST4T:ENTS P 1lucos&#e (1lycyrrh&-&n)+

1uSa O RT*UaN KVta
BVrya O KVta
B&pL*a O )a#hura
Karma O BLtaharaN 0&ttaharaN KeWya
4)0ORTANT >OR):'AT4ONS P NVlV BhX_%L#& Ta&la
THERA0E:T4C :SES P 4n#raluptaN )u*haWoUaN Kula

77
+ 4*shu (St+)
4K!: (Stem)
4*Uu cons&sts o, the #r&e# stem o, Saccharum o,,&c&narum '&nn+ (>am+ 0oaceae)N a
shru8N %roGn an# %enerally cult&Eate# &n all hotter parts an# &n Garm cl&mate throu%hout 4n#&a+
SCNONC)S
Sans*r&t O 4*Uu
Assamese O Kus&yar
Ben%al& O 1anna
En%l&sh O Su%arcane
1u;rat& O Sher#&N Ser#&
H&n#& O 4*haN 1anna
Kanna#a O Ka88u
Kashm&r& O PP
)alayalam O Karum8uN Kar&mpu
)arath& O :sh
Or&ya O A*hu
0un;a8& O 1anna
Tam&l O Karum8u
Telu%u O 1hera*u
:r#u O 1annaN Na&sh*ar
DESCR40T4ON
a) )acroscop&c
Stem upto 6 m h&%hN cyl&n#r&calN sol&#N G&thN #&st&nct no#e an# &nterno#eN
(P9P1 cm lon% an# P/ cm &n #&aM smoothN sh&n&n% an# pol&she# pale or #ar* %reen to #ar*
yelloGN re# E&olet an# o,ten str&pe# haE&n% a 8u# at each no#eM o#ourN character&st&cM tasteN
;u&cy an# sGeet+
78

8) )&croscop&c
Stem P ShoGs a s&n%le layere# ep&#erm&s cons&st&n% o, th&c*PGalle#N l&%n&,&e#N
rectan%ular cells ,olloGe# 8y P( layers o, sclerenchymatous hypo#erm&sM %roun# t&ssue
cons&st&n% o, th&nPGalle#N parenchymatous cells haE&n% a num8er o, collateralN con;o&ntN
close# type o, Eascular 8un#lesN scattere# throu%hout the %roun# t&ssueN more numerous an#
closer toGar#s per&pheryM each Eascular 8un#le surroun#e# 8y a ,&8rous sheath o,
sclerenchymaN th&c*ness o, the sheath %ra#ually #ecreas&n% &n the 8un#les toGar#s the
centreM 8es&#es the Fylem an# phloem elementsN each 8un#le surroun#s a Gater conta&n&n%
caE&ty+
0oG#er P 0oG#er l&%ht 8r&c* re#M shoGs p&eces o, ep&#erm&sN %roun# t&ssueN Eessels an#
sclerenchyma+

AlcoholPsolu8le eFtract&Ee Not less than 1. per centN Appen#&F ++6+

T+'+C+
P

CONST4T:ENTS P Sucrose+

Rasa O )a#hura
1uSa O SaraN Sn&%#haN 1uru
79
BVrya O KVta
B&pL*a O )a#hura
Karma O BLtaharaN 0&ttaharaN KaphaharaN )TtralaN BalyaN BXUyaN BXZhaSa
4)0ORTANT >OR):'AT4ONS P BalL Ta&laN NaEaratnarL;ame%L_*a Rasa
THERA0E:T4C :SES P Ra*tap&ttaN )Ttra KUaya
DOSE P 55 P /55 ml &n the ;u&ce ,orm+

80
(+ 4n#raEarun& (Rt+)
4NDRABR:DA (Root)
4n#raELruSV cons&sts o, #r&e# root o, C&trullus colocynth&s Schra#+ (>am+
Cucur8&taceae)M an annual or perenn&alN G&l# her8 G&th prostrate or cl&m8&n% stemN occurr&n%
throu%hout the country+
SCNONC)S
Sans*r&t O 4n#raEallVN 4n#raELruS&*LN 1aEL*UVN Kata*ratulatLN En#rV
Ben%al& O Ra*hal Sasa )ul
En%l&sh O ColocynthN B&tter apple
1u;rat& O 4n#raEaranN 4n#rayanN 4n#ramanoaN 4n#arEaranoEa
H&n#& O 4n#rayan
Kanna#a O HaEume**eN HaEuma**eN 4n#raEarun&N Tunt&*a&N Ka#u*aEa#&
Kashm&r& O PP
)alayalam O Bal&ya*attuEellN Bal&ya 0e**umatt&N Chee&ya*attuEellar&
)arath& O En#rayanaN 4n#raEarana
Or&ya O 1otha*a*uct&N 4n#rayanalataN 1aru*h&ya
0un;a8& O Kau#atummaN Tum8&
Tam&l O 0a&*amatt&N 0aythumatt&N Bar&thummat&N Aruthununatt&
Telu%u O Che#u 0uchcha
:r#u O Han-alN 4n#rayan
DESCR40T4ON
a) )acroscop&c
Root aEa&la8le &n cut p&eces o, P3 cm lon%N 5+P+. cm th&c*N cyl&n#r&calN sl&%htly
tG&ste#M #ull yelloGM lon%&tu#&nal ,&ssures presentM ,ractureN shortM tasteN &ntens&Eely 8&tter+
81

8) )&croscop&c
Root P )ature root shoGs GaEy outl&ne cons&st&n% o, 6P15 layers o, rectan%ularN th&c*
Galle#N tan%ent&ally elon%ate# cor* cellsN a ,eG ,&lle# G&th #ar* 8roGn contentsM secon#ary
corteF cons&sts o, 15P1. layers o, ell&pt&calN tan%ent&ally elon%ate#N th&n Galle#N
parenchymatous cellsM secon#ary phloem a narroGP-oneN compose# o, s&eEe elementsN
parenchyma an# me#ullary raysM Fylem ,orms 8ul* o, rootN cons&st&n% o, EesselsN ,&8resN
parenchyma an# me#ullary raysM Eessels mostly sol&tary or &n %roups o, tGo to ,our haE&n%
ret&culate an# sp&ral th&c*en&n%sM ,&8res aseptateN th&c*PGalle#N p&tte#N elon%ate# G&th
po&nte# en#sN ly&n% aroun# EesselsM me#ullary rays poorly #eEelope# an# un&ser&ateM starch
%ra&ns oEal to roun# &n shape N.P3+. &n #&a+ mostly s&mple or rarely compoun# haE&n% P(
componentsN ,oun# scattere# throu%hout 8ut more a8un#antly &n phloem parenchyma+
0oG#er P D&rty yelloGM shoGs aseptate ,&8resN ret&culate an# sp&ral EesselsN starch %ra&ns
s&mple or occas&onally compoun# measur&n% +. P 3+. &n #&a+

AlcoholPsolu8le eFtract&Ee Not less than 6+. per centN Appen#&F ++6+

T+'+C+
Chloro,ormO)ethanol (9.O1.) shoGs un#er :+B+ ((66 nm) tGo ,luorescent spots at R,+ 5+16
an# 5+(5 (8oth 8lue)+ On spray&n% G&th Ban&ll&nPSulphur&c ac&# rea%ent an# heat&n% the plate
,or a8out ten m&nutes at 15.C tGo spots appear at R,+ 5+16 an# 5+(5 (8oth %rey&sh 8lue)+

82
CONST4T:ENTS P Sapon&n an# traces o, Al*alo&#+

Rasa O T&*taN KaRu
1uSa O 'a%huN Sara
BVrya O :USa
B&pL*a O KaRu
Karma O 0&ttaharaN KaphaharaN Recana
4)0ORTANT >OR):'AT4ONS P A8hayLr&URaN Ro#hrLsaEaN )Xtasa];VEanV SurLN
BXhatma];&URhL#& KELtha CTrSaN NLrLyaSa CTrSaN )&Wra*a SnehaN Tr&phalL#& Ta&laN
)ahLE&Ua%ar8ha Ta&la
THERA0E:T4C :SES P KLmalLN 0lVhLro%aN KELsaN KLsaN KuURhaN 1ulmaN KXm&ro%aN
0ramehaN B&UaE&*LraN BraSaN ApacVN 1aSYamLlL

83
/+ 4n#raEarun& (', +)
4NDRABR:DA ('ea,)
4n#raELruSV cons&sts o, #r&e# leaEes o, C&trullus colocynth&s Schra#+ (>am+
Cucur8&taceae)M an annual or perenn&alN G&l# her8 G&th prostrate or cl&m8&n% stemN occurr&n%
throu%hout the country+
SCNONC)S
Sans*r&t O Kata*ratulatLN Ean#rVN 1aEL*UVN 4n#raELruS&*LN 4n#raEallV
Assamese O Nant&yah
Ben%al& O RahhalasaN )a*hal
En%l&sh O ColocynthN B&tter Apple
1u;rat& O 4n#rayanaN 4n#rayanoaN 4ns8a*
H&n#& O 4n#rayana
Kanna#a O HaEume**e Kay&N HaEam&**e
Kashm&r& O PP
)alayalam O Kattu Eellar&N Ka#u 4n#rayanN 0ey*ommut&
)arath& O 4n#rayanaN Ko#u &n#rayan
Or&ya O 1oth*a*u#&N )aha*al
0un;a8& O TummaN $amtumma
Tam&l O 0eya**umutt&N 0eytumatt&N 0eyththumatt&N 0ey*humutt&N Ber&ttumatt&
Telu%u O Che#upuchcha
:r#u O Han-alN 4n#rayan
DESCR40T4ON
a) )acroscop&c
'eaEes Eery Ear&a8leN (+6P6+( cm lon%N +.P.+5 cm G&#eN p&nnately lo8e# &n
outl&neN %enerally ( lo8e#N somet&mes (P3 lo8e#N m&##le lo8e lar%estN each lo8e #eeply
p&nnat&,&#M pet&ole 1+(P+. cm lon%N ent&re lea, #ensely h&rsuteM tasteN Eery 8&tter+
84

8) )&croscop&c
'ea,P
0et&ole P shoGs r&#%e# outl&neM ep&#erm&s s&n%le layere# cons&st&n% o, oEal to roun#e# cellsN
coEere# G&th th&c* cut&cleM ha&rs un&ser&ateN P/ celle#N present on 8oth sur,acesM corteF
cons&st&n% o, (P3 layersN roun# collenchymatous cellsN ,olloGe# 8y a s&n%le layere#
en#o#erm&sM p&th cons&st&n% o, th&nPGalle#N &so#&ametr&cN parenchymatous cellsM Eascular
8un#les %enerally e&%htN arran%e# &n #&scont&nuous r&n%N 8&collateralN each 8un#le
surroun#e# 8y sem&lunar patches o, sclerenchymatous cells toGar#s en#o#erm&s+
)&#r&8 P shoGs s&n%le layere# ep&#erm&sN coEere# G&th cut&cle on 8oth sur,aceM ha&r present
on 8oth sur,acesN un&ser&ateN cons&st&n% o, P( cellsN ap&cal cells 8e&n% po&nte# or 8luntM
corteF cons&st&n% o, P( layers o, collenchymatous cells on #orsal s&#eN ,olloGe# 8y th&nP
Galle#N parenchymatous cellsM Eascular 8un#les presentN tGo Gell #eEelope#N one smaller
an# other lar%erN con;o&ntN 8&collateralN compose# o, Fylem an# phloem+
'am&na PshoGs s&n%le layere# ep&#erm&s coEere# G&th cut&cleN ha&rs s&m&lar to those o,
m&#r&8 an# present on 8oth sur,acesN 8ut more a8un#ant on loGer sur,aceM pal&sa#e s&n%le
layere#N spon%y parenchyma %enerally .P9 layere#N compose# o, th&n Galle#N almost
&so#&ametr&c cellsN ,&lle# G&th chlorophyll contents an# traEerse# 8y a num8er o, Ee&nsN Ee&n
&slet num8er =P(9 per sQ+ mmM pal&sa#e rat&o +3.P(+3.M stomata anomocyt&c present on
8oth sur,acesN stomatal &n#eF on upper sur,ace 1+.P9+. an# on loGer sur,ace .+5 P(1++
0oG#er P CoarseN ol&Ee %reenM shoGs ent&re or 8ro*en p&eces o, ha&rsM ep&#ermal cells
poly%onalN mo#erately th&c*PGalle#N 3+.P/=+. lon% an# 1=P3 G&#eM spon%y
parenchyma cellsN anomocyt&c type o, stomata an# Fylem Eessels+

85

T+'+C+
T+'+C+ o, alcohol&c eFtract o, the #ru% on S&l&ca %el [1[ plate us&n% nPButanol OAcet&c
ac&#O 2ater (/O1O.) shoGs un#er :+B+ ((66 nm) ,&Ee ,luorescent -ones at R,+ 5+/6N 5+61N 5+3.N
5+=/ (all %reen) an# 5+=3 (re#)+ On spray&n% G&th .\ )ethanol&cPSulphur&c ac&# rea%ent an#
on heat&n% the plate ,or ten m&nutes at 15.C ,our spots appear at R,+ 5+61 (%reen)N 5+3.
(%reen)N 5+9( (%rey) an# 5+=/ (%rey)+

CONST4T:ENTS P Colocynth&nN traces o, an Al*alo&# an# >laEono&#s+

Rasa O KaRuN T&*ta
1uSa O 'a%huN Sara
BVrya O :USa
B&pL*a O KaRu
4)0ORTANT >OR):'AT4ONS P NVlV BhX_%L#& Ta&la (>or eFternal use only)
THERA0E:T4C :SES P KeWapLtaN 0al&taN KuURharo%a
DOSE P >or eFternal use only

86
.+ $am8u (S#+)
$A)BI (See#)
$am8T cons&sts o, #r&e# see#s o, Sy-y%&um cum&n&& ('&nn+) S*eels Syn+ Eu%en&a
;am8olana 'am+M E+ cum&n&& Druce+ (>am+ )yrtaceae)M a lar%e eEer%reen treeN atta&n&n% a
he&%ht o, (5 m an# a %&rth o, (+6 m G&th a 8ole up to 1. mN ,oun# throu%hout 4n#&a upto an
alt&tu#e o, 1N955 m+
SCNONC)S
Sans*r&t O PP
Ben%al& O Ba#;amN Kala;am
En%l&sh O $am8ul tree
1u;rat& O 1am8uN $amun
H&n#& O $amuna
Kanna#a O Nerale Bee;aN $am8u Nerale
Kashm&r& O PP
)alayalam O N;aEal
)arath& O $am8ul
Or&ya O $am KolN $amu Kol
0un;a8& O $aamun
Tam&l O NaEal
Telu%u O Alla Nere#uchettuN Nere#u chettu
:r#u O $amun
DESCR40T4ON
a) )acroscop&c
P. see#sN compresse# to%ether &nto a mass resem8l&n% a s&n%le see#N the
Ghole see# enclose# &n a cream coloure#N cor&aceous coEer&n%N smoothN oEal or roun#&shN 1
cm lon%N 1 cm G&#eN 8roGn&shP8lac*M tasteN astr&n%ent+
87

8) )&croscop&c
See# P ShoGs cotyle#ons cons&st&n% o, s&n%le layere# ep&#erm&sN mesophyll
compose# o, &so#&ametr&cN th&nPGalle#N parenchymatous cells ,ully pac*e# G&th s&mple
starch %ra&nsN oEalN roun#e# measur&n% 3P9 &n #&a+N a ,eG sch&-o%enous caE&t&es are also
,oun#+
0oG#er P BroGn coloure#M shoGs a ,eG parenchymatous cells an# numerous oEalN roun#e#
starch %ra&nsN measur&n% 3P9 &n #&ameter+


T+'+C+
T+'+C+ o, alcohol&c eFtract o, the #ru% on S&l&ca %el [1[ plate us&n% TolueneOEthylaceate
(=5O 15) shoGs un#er :+B+ l&%ht ((66 nm) one ,luorescent -one at R,+ 5+(5 (8lue)+ On eFposure
to 4o#&ne Eapour ,our spots appear at R,+ 5+1N 5+5N 5+(5 an# 5+=. (all yelloG)+ On spray&n%
G&th Ban&ll&nPSulphur&c ac&# rea%ent an# heat&n% the plate ,or ten m&nutes at 15.CN three
spots appear at R,+ 5+5N 5+(5 an# 5+=. an# 5+=. (all E&olet)+

CONST4T:ENTS P 1lycos&#e ($am8ol&ne)N Tann&nN Ella%&c ac&# an# 1all&c ac&#+

88
Rasa O )a#huraN AmlaN KaULya
1uSa O 1uruN RT*Ua
BVrya O KVta
B&pL*a O KaRu
Karma O BLtalaN 0&ttaharaN KaphaharaN B&URam8h&N 1rLhV
4)0ORTANT >OR):'AT4ONS P 0uUyLnu%a CTrSa
THERA0E:T4C :SES P )a#humehaN :#a*ameha

89
6+ $am8u (St+B*+)
$A)BI (Stem Bar*)
$am8T cons&sts o, #r&e# stem 8ar* o, Sy-y%&um cum&n&& ('&nn+) S*eels Syn+ Eu%en&a
;am8olana 'am+M E+ cum&n&& Druce+ (>am+ )yrtaceae)M a lar%e eEer%reen treeN atta&n&n% a
he&%ht o, (5 m an# a %&rth o, (+6 m G&th a 8ole up to 1. mN ,oun# throu%hout 4n#&a upto an
alt&tu#e o, 1N955 m+
SCNONC)S
Sans*r&t O )aha;am8uN Ksu#ra;am8u
Assamese O $am
Ben%al& O $aam
En%l&sh O PP
1u;rat& O $am8uN $am8u#a
H&n#& O $omunaN Ra;a $am8u
Kanna#a O )eraleN $amneralaeN $am8uN Neralamara
Kashm&r& O PP
)alayalam O N;aEalN NaEal
)arath& O $am8hool
Or&ya O $amu*ol&N $amuN $am
0un;a8& O $ammu
Tam&l O NaaEalN NaEEal Sam8uN )ahamaramN Na%al
Telu%u O Nese#u
:r#u O $amun
DESCR40T4ON
a) )acroscop&c
Dru% occurs &n sl&%htly curEe# or ,lat p&ecesN 5+.P+. cm th&c*N youn%er 8ar*
90
mostly channelle#N eFternal sur,ace more or less rou%h an# ru%%e# #ue to eF,ol&at&on an#
Eert&cal crac*sN l&%ht %rey to ash coloure#N &nternal sur,ace ,&8rousN rou%hN an# re##&sh
8roGnN ,ractureN short an# spl&nteryM tasteN astr&n%ent+

8) )&croscop&c
Stem Bar* P)ature 8ar* shoGs a G&#e -one o, cor* #&,,erent&ate# &nto upper an# loGer
cor* -onesN ,orm&n% a rhyt&#omaM cor* cons&st&n% o, tan%ent&ally elon%ate# rectan%ular cellsN
upper ,eG layers th&c*N strat&,&e# an# re##&shP8roGnN haE&n% %roups o, P/ stone cells an#
crushe# elements o, phloemM loGer cor* th&n an# colourlessM cor* cam8&um not #&st&nctM
secon#ary phloem compose# o, s&eEe elementsN an# phloem raysM phloem parenchyma th&nP
Galle# an# polyhe#ral &n shapeM stone cellsN oEal to an%ularN elon%ate#M ,&8res aseptateM 8oth
stone cells an# ,&8res s&n%le or &n %roups present throu%hout th&s re%&onM phloem rays 1P/
cells G&#eM re##&shP8roGn contentN rosette crystals o, calc&um oFalate an# s&mpleN roun# to
oEal starch %ra&nsN measur&n% .P11 &n #&ameter
0oG#er P '&%ht 8roGnM shoGs ,ra%ments o, th&nPGalle# cor* cellsN aseptate ,&8resM s&n%le or
&n %roupsN oEal to an%ularN elon%ate#N stone cellsM rosette an# pr&smat&c crystals o, calc&um
oFalate an# s&mpleN roun# to oEal starch %ra&nsN measur&n% .P11 &n #&ameter+

AlcoholPsolu8le eFtract&Ee Not less than = per centN Appen#&F ++6+

91
T+'+C+
P

CONST4T:ENTS P Tann&ns

Rasa O KaULya
1uSa O RT*Ua
BVrya O KVta
B&pL*a O KaRu
Karma O KaphaharaN 0&ttaharaN BLtalaN 1rLhVN Stam8ha*aN KXm&#oUa%hna
4)0ORTANT >OR):'AT4ONS P :WVrLsaEa
THERA0E:T4C :SES P AtVsLraN Ra*tap&tta

92
3+ $ayapala (S#+)
$ACA0'A (See#)
$ayapLla cons&sts o, #r&e# see# o, Croton t&%l&um '&nn+ (>am+ Euphor8&aceae)M a small
eEer%reen treeN .P3 m h&%hN ,oun# throu%hout trop&cal 4n#&a+
SCNONC)S
Sans*r&t O )u*ulaN T&nt&YVphala+
Assamese O Kan&8&sh
Ben%al& O $a&pala
En%l&sh O Croton
1u;rat& O NepaloN $amala%ota
H&n#& O $amal%ota
Kanna#a O NepalN $apal 8ee;N $apalaN NerEala
Kashm&r& O PP
)alayalam O NerEalamN NeerEalam
)arath& O $epalN $apal
Or&ya O PP
0un;a8& O $apolota
Tam&l O NerEalamN NeerEalamN Balam
Telu%u O Nepalamu
:r#u O $amal%ota
DESCR40T4ON
a) )acroscop&c
See# al8um&nousN oEateN o8lon%N sl&%htly Qua#ran%ularN conEeF on #orsal an#
someGhat ,lattene# on Eentral sur,aceN a8out 1 mm &n len%th an# resem8le castor see# &n
shapeN #ull c&nnamonP8roGnN o,ten mottle# G&th 8lac* #ue to a8ras&on &n testaN caruncle
eas&ly #etatche# an# usually a8sentN h&lum on Eentral s&#e less #&st&nct than that o, castor
see#N raphe runs alon% Eentral sur,ace o, see#N term&nat&n% &n a #ar* chala-a at oppos&te
eFtrem&tyN *ernel yelloG&sh an# o&lyN cons&st&n% o, a lar%e en#ospermN enclos&n% papery
93
cotyle#ons an# a small ra#&cleN no mar*e# o#ourM *ernel %&Ees at ,&rst o&ly taste ,olloGe# 8y
an unpleasant acr&#&ty+

8) )&croscop&c
See# P ShoGs a har# testaN cons&st&n% o, an ep&#ermal layerN coEere# eFternally G&th
a th&c* cut&cle an# compose# o, oEal an# tan%ent&ally elon%ate# cellsN ,&lle# G&th 8roGn&sh
contentM ep&#erm&s ,olloGe# 8y a layer o, ra#&ally elon%ate# cellsN sl&%htly 8ent at m&##leN
upper hal, port&on ,&lle# G&th re##&shP8roGn an# loGer hal, ,&lle# G&th yelloG contentsM
&nner most -one cons&sts o, tan%ent&ally elon%ate#N th&nPGalle# cellsM en#osperm cons&sts o,
poly%onal parenchymatous cells ,&lle# G&th o&l %lo8ulesN a ,eG cells haE&n% rosette crystals
o, calc&Gn oFalateM central re%&on o, en#osperm shoGs a #&cotyle#onous em8ryo cons&st&n%
o, th&nPGalle# parenchymatous cells+
0oG#er P 2h&te G&th 8lac* part&cles o, testaM un#er m&croscope shoGs elon%ate# cells
conta&n&n% re##&shP8roGn an# yelloG contentsN o&l %lo8ules an# a ,eG rosette crystals o,
calc&um oFalate+

Total Ash Not more than ( per centN Appen#&F ++(+

ASSAC

T+'+C+
T+'+C+ o, alcohol&c eFtract o, the #ru% on S&l&ca %el '1' plate us&n% nPButanol O Acet&c
ac&# O 2ater (/O 1 O.) shoGs un#er :+B+ ((66 nm) three spots at R,+ 5+(/N 5+./ an# 5+9/ (all
E&olet)+ On eFposure to 4o#&ne Eapour s&F spots appear at R,+ 5+15N 5+=N 5+(=N 5+/=N 5+6( an#
5+=5 (all yelloG)+ On spray&n% G&th .\ )ethanol&cPSulphur&c ac&# rea%ent an# heat&n% the
plate at 15.C ,or ten m&nutes three spots appear at R,+ 5+(/ (%rey)N 5+./ (yelloG)N 5+9/
(8roGn)+
94

CONST4T:ENTS P >&Fe# o&lN Res&ns < 0hor8ol esters+

Rasa O )a#hura
1uSa O 1uruN Sn&%#ha
BVrya O KVta
B&pL*a O )a#hura
4)0ORTANT >OR):'AT4ONS P 4cchL8he#V RasaN AWEa*a]cu*V Rasa+
THERA0E:T4C :SES P :#araro%aN B&8an#haN $Eara
DOSE P 6P1 m% o, the #ru% &n poG#er ,orm+

95
9+ $ayant& (',+)
$ACANJA ('ea,)
$ayanRVcons&sts o, ,resh an# #r&e# lea, o, Ses8an&a ses8an ('&nn+) )err+NSyn+ S+
ae%ypt&aca 0ers+ (>am+ >a8aceae)M a Qu&c* %roG&n%N short l&Ee# shru8N 1+9P6 m h&%hN ,oun#
cult&Eate# throu%hout pla&ns o, the country upto an alt&tu#e o, 155 m+
SCNONC)S
Sans*r&t O $ayantVN $ayLN KT*Uma patraN
Ben%al& O $ayant&
En%l&sh O PP
1u;rat& O Ra;ash&n%aneeN $ayant&
H&n#& O $a&taN ;ayata
Kanna#a O Ar&n&nta;&nam%&N Kar&;&man%a&N Ar&sh&ma;&n%a&N
Kashm&r& O PP
)alayalam O SempN Att&N 4tth&**ann&
)arath& O $a&t
Or&ya O $ayant&patra
0un;a8& O $a&nta
Tam&l O KarumPsempa&
Telu%u O Som&ntaN $alu%uN Nel&chettu
:r#u O PP
DESCR40T4ON
a) )acroscop&c
'eaEes p&nnately compoun#N 3+.P1.+. cm lon%N rach&s shortly pro#uce# a8oEe
last pa&r o, lea,letM par&p&nnateN lea,lets 6P16 pa&rsN oppos&teN l&nearN o8lon%N %la8rousN ent&reN
mucronate to acum&nateN Eery shortly stal*e#N 1+5P(+( cm lon%N 5+(P5+9 cm G&#e+
96

8) )&croscop&c
'ea,let
Rach&s P shoGs s&n%le layere# ep&#erm&sN ,olloGe# 8y P( layere# collenchymatous an# /P 3
layere# roun#N th&nPGalle# parenchymatous cellsM Eascular 8un#les arran%e# &n a r&n%N
haE&n% secretory caE&t&es &n phloemN each 8un#le coEere# eFternally G&th sclerenchymatous
sheathN one smaller Eascular 8un#le present &n 8oth the G&n%sM p&th smallN cons&st&n% o, th&nP
Galle#N poly%onalN parenchymatous cells+
'am&na P shoGs s&n%le layere# ep&#erm&s on 8oth sur,acesN stomata an&socyt&cN present on
8oth sur,acesN pal&sa#e s&n%le layere#N spon%y parenchyma cons&st&n% o, roun# cellsN small
Ee&ns s&tuate# 8etGeen pal&sa#e an# spon%y parenchyma cellsN stomatal &n#eF on upper
sur,ace 11P5 an# on loGer sur,ace 11P.N pal&sa#e rat&o (+.P/+.5 an# Ee&n &slet num8er
3P(6 per sQuare mm+
0oG#er P Dull %reenM shoGs spon%y parenchymaN pal&sa#e cellsM Fylem Eessels G&th
scalar&,orm th&c*en&n% an# stomata+


T+'+C+
Ethylacetate (=5O 15) shoGs un#er :+B+ ((66 nm) s&F ,luorescent -ones at R,+ 5+5.N 5+11N
5+1=N 5+=N 5+.6 (all p&n*) an# 5+=3 (yelloG)+ On eFposure to 4o#&ne Eapour ten spots appear
at R,+ 5+5.N 5+11N 5+1=N 5+=N 5+(3N 5+/9N 5+.6N 5+6=N 5+=1 an# 5+=3 (all yelloG)+ On spray&n%
G&th . \ )ethanol&cP0hosphomoly8#&c ac&# rea%ent an# heat&n% the plate at 15.C ,or ten
m&nutes n&ne spots appear at R,+ 5+5.N 5+11N 5+1=N 5+=N 5+(3N 5+/9N 5+.6N 5+=1 an# 5+=3 (all
%rey)+
97

CONST4T:ENTS P 0rote&nN Calc&um an# 0hosphorus+

Rasa O KaRuN T&*ta
1uSa O 'a%hu
BVrya O :USa
B&pL*a O KaRu
Karma O BLtaharaN 0&ttaharaN KaphaharaN KaSRhaWo#hanaN RasLyana
4)0ORTANT >OR):'AT4ONS P Ratna%&r& RasaN Ba;ra*apLRa Rasa+
THERA0E:T4C :SES P 1ala%aSYaN )Ttra*XcchraN B&Uaro%a
DOSE P (P6 % &n poG#er ,orm+

98
=+ $yot&shmat& (S#+)
$COT4!)ATA (See#)
$yot&UmatV cons&sts o, #r&e#N 8roGn&shPoran%eN r&pe see#sN #eEo&# o, capsule Gall o,
Celastrus pan&culatus 2&ll#+ (>am+ Celastraceae)M a lar%e cl&m8&n% shru8N mostly ,oun# all
oEer the h&lly parts o, the country upto an alt&tu#e o, 155 m+
SCNONC)S
Sans*r&t O PP
Assamese O Kapalphotla
Ben%al& O PP
En%l&sh O Sta,, tree
1u;rat& O )al*an%an&
H&n#& O )al*an%an&
Kanna#a O Do##a%anu%aeN 1an%un%e 8ee;aN 1an%un%e humpuN Kan%on#&8all&
Kashm&r& O PP
)alayalam O Ceruppunnar&N :-h&n;a
)arath& O )al*an%on&
Or&ya O )al*an%un&N lyot&shmat&
0un;a8& O )al*an%on&
Tam&l O BaluluEa&
Telu%u O )al*an%an&N 0e##amaEeru
:r#u O )al*an%an&
DESCR40T4ON
a) )acroscop&c
Dr&e# r&pe see#s more or less coEere# 8y oran%ePre# crusty ar&lN see# G&thout
ar&l also prescentN measur&n% .P6 mm &n len%th an# +.P(+(. mm &n 8rea#thN a ,eG rou%hly
three s&#e# 8e&n% conEeF on the s&#es an# a ,eG tGo s&#e# G&th one conEeF an# other more
or less ,lat s&#eN one e#%e o, many see#s shoG a ,a&nt r&#%e or raphe on the Ghole mar%&nM
99
sur,ace %enerally smooth an#P har#M colourN l&%ht to #ar* 8roGnM o#ourN unpleasantM tasteN
8&tter+

8) )&croscop&c
See# P ShoGs s&n%le layere# ep&#erm&s coEere# eFternally G&th th&c* cut&cle an#
,&lle# G&th tann&nN ,olloGe# 8y /P6 layers o, th&nPGalle#N collapse#N parenchymatous cells
an# layer o, ra#&ally elon%ate# stone cellsM parenchyma o, top one or tGo layers lon%er than
o, the 8eloG G&th tr&an%ular &ntercellular spacesM &nner most layer o, parenchyma
conta&n&n% pr&smat&c crystals o, calc&um oFalateM 8eneath stone cells layer Qua#ran%ular to
octa%onalN tan%ent&ally elon%ate# cells ,&lle# G&th 8roGn&sh contentsM en#osperm compose#
o, poly%onalN th&nPGalle#N parenchymatous cells haE&n% o&l %lou8les an# aleurone %ra&nsM
em8ryo spathulate &n ,leshy en#osperm conta&n&n% o&l %lo8ules an# aleurone %ra&ns+
0oG#er P O&lyN #ar* 8roGnM un#er m&croscope shoGs %roups o, en#osperm&c parenchymaN
stone cellsN o&l %lo8ules an# aleurone %ra&ns an# shoGs ,luorescence un#er :+B+ l&%ht as
,olloG&n% OP
0oG#er as such O 1ren&sh P8roGn
0oG#er f 1 N NaOH &n
)ethanol O '&%ht %reen
0oG#er f N&trocellulose &n
Amyl Acetate O CelloG&shP%reen

2aterPsolu8le eFtract&Ee Not less than = per centN Appen#&F ++3+
O&l contents Not less than /. per centN Appen#&F ++9

100
ASSAC

T+'+C+
T+'+C+ o, alcohol&c eFtract o, #ru% on S&l&ca %el [1[ plate us&n% Toluene O
Ethylacetate (=5 O 15) shoGs tGo spots at R,+ 5+9 (p&n*) < 5+=/ (yelloG) &n E&s&8le l&%ht+
:n#er :+B+ ((66 nm) ,our ,luorescent -ones E&s&8le at R,+ 5+./N 5+9N 5+9=N (all 8lue) < 5+=/
(yelloG)+ On eFposure to 4o#&ne Eapour e&%ht spots appear at R,+ 5+5/N 5+1.N 5+5N 5+(.N 5+./N
5+6(N 5+9 < 5+9= (all yelloG)+ On spray&n% G&th Ban&ll&nPSulphur&c ac&# rea%ent an#
heat&n% the plate at 15.C ,or ten m&nutes ,our spots appear at R,+ 5+(.N 5+./ (8oth 8lue)N
5+9N 5+9= (8oth %reen&sh 8lue)+

CONST4T:ENTS P Al*alo&#sN O&l an# Tann&ns+

Rasa O KaRuN T&*ta
1uSa O SaraN :USaN TV*USa
BVrya O :USa
B&pL*a O KaRu
Karma O BLtaharaN KaphaharaN BLma*aN B&reca*aN K&roE&recanopa%aN DVpanaN
(0ra8hLEa O )e#hya)
4)0ORTANT >OR):'AT4ONS P SmXt&sL%ara RasaN $yot&UmatV Ta&la
THERA0E:T4C :SES P BLtaEyL#h&N SmXt&#aur8alyaN KE&tra
DOSE P See#O 1P %O&l O .P1. #rops+

101
(5+ Ka#am8a (St+B*+)
KADA)BA (Stem Bar*)
Ka#am8a cons&sts o, #r&e# stem 8ar* o, Anthocephalus ca#am8a )&Q+N Syn+ A+ &n#&cus
A+ R&ch+ (>am+ Ru8&aceae)N a #ec&#uousN lar%e treeN atta&n&n% a he&%ht o, 19 m G&th a %&rth o,
a8out mN ,oun# all oEer 4n#&a on the slopes o, eEer%reen ,orests upto .55 m an# plante# &n
par*s an# near temples etc+
SCNONC)S
Sans*r&t O BXtta 0uUpaN 0r&y*a
Assamese O Ro%huN Ka#am
Ben%al& O Ka#am
En%l&sh O PP
1u;rat& O Ka#am8N Ka#am
H&n#& O Ka#amN Ka#am8a
Kanna#a O Ka#am8aN Ka#am8a maraN Ka#aEalaN Ne&rumaE&namara
Kashm&r& O PP
)alayalam O Attute**aN Katampu
)arath& O Ka#am8
Or&ya O Hol&pt&yaN Ka#am8a N&poN Ka#am8al
0un;a8& O Ka#am8
Tam&l O ArattamN 4n#ulamN Ka#appa&N Bella& Ka#am8amN Bella&*ha#am8uN
Ka#am8u Nee#amN Bella& Ka#am8u
Telu%u O Ka#am8amuN Ka#&m& Chettu
:r#u O PP
DESCR40T4ON
a) )acroscop&c
Bar* eFternally %rey&shP%reen G&th shalloG ,&ssuresN eF,ol&at&n% &n small
&rre%ular Goo#y scalesN &nternally l&%ht re##&sh to re##&shP8roGnN eas&ly separates ,rom
102
&nner 8ar* &nto tan%ent&al str&psM tasteN 8&tter+

8) )&croscop&c
Stem Bar* POuter most -one o, the 8ar* shoGs rhyt&#oma G&th cor* /P6 layers G&#eN
compose# o, th&nPGalle#N rectan%ular cellsM phloem ,&8res same &n structure as ,oun# &n
&nner 8ar*M m&##le 8ar* compose# o, rectan%ular or tan%ent&ally elon%ate# cells G&thout
&ntercellular spacesN some cells conta&n chlorophyllN most cells th&c*PGalle# 8ut a ,eG th&nP
Galle# conta&n&n% pr&smat&c crystals o, calc&um oFalateN a ,eG cells G&th 8roGn contentsM
&nner 8ar* cons&sts o, %roups o, ,&8res alternat&n% G&th phloemN traEerse# 8y un& to
tr&ser&ateN elon%ate# cells o, phloem raysM phloem compose# o, s&eEe tu8esN phloem ,&8resN
compan&on cells an# phloem parenchymaM cells o, phloem parenchyma th&nGalle# an#
poly%onalM phloem ,&8res l&%n&,&e# G&th narroG lumen an# po&nte# en#sM outer re%&on o,
&nner 8ar* an# phloem t&ssues th&nPGalle#N comparat&Eely lar%e an# cons&st&n% o, roun#e#
to poly%onal cells a ,eG phloem cells &n th&s re%&on compresse#M phloem rays un&Pto
tr&ser&ate an# arran%e# close to one anotherN cells #&st&nct an# sl&%htly elon%ate#N some cells
at the per&phery o, &nner 8ar* t&lle# G&th chlorophyll contents+
0oG#er P BroGnM shoGs ,ra%ments o, cor* cellsN phloem cellsN ,&8resN an# a ,eG pr&smat&c
crystals o, calc&um oFalate


T+'+C+
T+ ' C+ o, alcohol&c eFtract o, the #ru% on S&l&ca %el [1[ plate us&n% Ethylacetate O
)ethanol O 2ater (155O1(+.O15) shoGs un#er :+B ((66 nm) n&ne ,luorescent -ones at R,+
5+5(N 5+1(N 5+1N 5+(1N 5+.3N 5+6/N 5+3=N 5+9( an# 5+=5 (all yelloG) On spray&n% G&th .\
)ethanol&c Sulphur&c ac&# rea%ent on heat&n% the plate at 115C ,or ten m&nutes ,our spots
appear at R,+ 5+6( (yelloG&sh %rey)N 5+35 (oran%e yelloG)N 5+3= (%rey) an# 5+=5 (%rey)+
103

CONST4T:ENTS P Al*alo&#sN Stero&#sN >ats an# Re#uc&n% Su%ars

Rasa O KaULyaN )a#huraN 'aEaSa
1uSa O RT*Ua
BVrya O KVta
B&pL*a O KaRu
Karma O BLtaharaN 0&ttaharaN BraSaropaSaN Be#anLsthLpana
4)0ORTANT >OR):'AT4ONS P Ny%ro#hL#& KELtha CTrSaN 1rahaSVm&h&ra Ta&la
THERA0E:T4C :SES P DLhaN Con&#oUaN BraSaN Ra*tap&ttaN B&UaEraSa (DaZUa;a BraSa)
DOSE P 5+. P 1+. % o, the #ru% &n poG#er ,orm+

104
(1+ Ka*amach& (2+0+)
KKA)CA (2hole 0lant)
KL*amLcV cons&sts o, the #r&e# Ghole plant o, Solanum n&%rum '&nn+ (>am+
Solanaceae)M a her8aceous annual Gee#N (5P/. cm h&%hN ,oun# throu%hout the country &n #ry
partsN Qu&te common &n cult&Eate# lan#sN roa# s&#es an# %ar#ens+
SCNONC)S
Sans*r&t O DhEan*UamLcV
Assamese O Ka*amach&N 0&*ach&aN Dat*achu
Ben%al& O 1u#a*ama&
En%l&sh O 1ar#en N&%ht Sha#e
1u;rat& O 0&lu#&
H&n#& O )a*oya
Kanna#a O 1an&*ayea%&#aN 1an&*e%&#aN %an&*eN 1an&*esopuN Ka%e hann&na%&#s
Kashm&r& O PP
)alayalam O Kar&ntha**al&N )anata**al&N )an;atha**al&
)arath& O Kamon&
Or&ya O 'unlun&aN 'un&lun&*a
0un;a8& O )a*o
Tam&l O )anartha**al&N )anaththa**al&N )an&ta**al&N )an&ththa**al&
Telu%u O Kamanch&
:r#u O )a*oh
DESCR40T4ON
a) )acroscop&c
Root P Tap root G&th a ,eG 8ranches an# numerous small lateral rootsN eFternally
smoothN pale 8roGnM 8ar* th&nN eas&ly peele# o,, eFpos&n% pale yelloG Goo#+
Stem P ErectN %la8rous or pu8escentN %reenN roun#e# at the 8asal re%&on an# an%ular at the
105
ap&cal re%&onN sl&%htly Goo#y an# 8ranche#+
'ea, P S&mpleN +.P9+. cm lon% an# +. cm G&#eN oEate or o8lon%N s&nuateN toothe# or lo8e#N
narroGe# at 8oth en#sM pet&olateN th&n+
>loGer P SmallN eFtraPaF&llaryN su8Pum8ellateN (P9 ,loGere# cymesN pe#uncles 6P5 mm
lon%N slen#erM pe#&cels 6P15 mm lon%N Eery slen#erM calyF P( mm lon%N %la8rousN ,&Ee
lo8e#N o8lon%N o8tuseN 1+. mm lon%M corolla /P9 mm lon%N #&E&#e# more than hal, Gay
#oGn &nto . o8lon% su8Pacute lo8esN Gh&te or pale E&oletM ,&laments shortN ,lattene#N ha&ry at
8aseM anther 1+P+. mm lon%N yelloG&shN o8lon%N o8tuse notche# at apeFM oEary %lo8oseN
%la8rousM style cyl&n#r&cN ha&ry &n loGer part+
>ru&t P A 8erryN 6mm &n #&a+N o8tuseN usually purpl&shP8lac* 8ut somet&mes re#N yelloG or
8lac*M smooth sh&n&n%
See# P D&sco&#N 1+. mm &n #&a+N smoothN m&nutely p&tte#N yelloG+

8) )&croscop&c
Root PShoGs cor* cons&st&n% o, P/ roGs o, tan%ent&ally elon%ate# cellsM corteF o,
lar%eN sl&%htly elon%ate#N th&nPGalle# cells haE&n% patches o, l&%n&,&e# sclerenchyma ,&8resN
most o, the cort&cal cells conta&n oEal to roun#N starch %ra&nsN measur&n% +.P11 &n #&a+N
s&n%le or G&th tGo or rarely ( componentsM a ,eG parenchyma cells conta&n
m&crospheno&#al crystals o, calc&um oFalateM phloem cons&sts o, th&nPGalle#N poly%onal
cellsN phloem rays un&ser&ateN ,&lle# G&th starch %ra&nsM Fylem compose# o, Eessels an#
parenchymaM Eessels arran%e# &n %roups o, P/ &n ra#&al roGsM parenchyma th&c*PGalle#
conta&n&n% m&crospheno&#al crystals o, calc&um oFalateM rays compose# o, th&nPGalle#N
ra#&ally elon%ate# cells+
Stem P ShoGs s&n%le layere#N ep&#erm&s o, cu8&cal to 8arrelPshape# cellsN coEere# G&th
th&c*N sl&%htly str&ate# cut&cleM tr&chomes mult&cellularN un&ser&ateM secon#ary corteF
compose# o, P/ layere# collenchymaN 8ut /P 15 layere# &n an%ular partsM tan%ent&ally
elon%ate#N[ oEal parenchymatous cellsN some conta&n&n% numerous m&crospheno&#al crystals
o, calc&um oFalate an# s&mpleN oEal to roun# starch %ra&nsN measur&n% +.P9+. &n #&a+N
en#o#errn&s s&n%le layere#M per&cycle cons&sts o, &nterm&ttent r&n% o, patches o, ,&8res e&ther
&solate# or &n %roups o, P/M Eascular 8un#lesPcollateralN con;o&nt an# openM cam8&um P/
layere#M Fylem Eessels arran%e# ra#&ally smaller 8e&n% toGar#s centreN shoG&n% sp&ral
th&c*en&n% an# s&mple per,orat&onsM trache&#s po&nte# t&ppe# an# G&th p&tte# GallsM Fylem
rays homo%enousN un&ser&ateM &nternal phloemN &n small or lar%e patchesN usually
accompan&e# 8y ,&8resN em8e##e# &n per&me#ullary -onesM p&th lar%eN compose# o, th&nP
Galle#N parenchymatous cells G&th small &ntercellular spacesN a ,eG cells conta&n&n%
m&crospheno&#al crystals o, calc&um oFalate+
106
'ea,P
0et&ole P shoGs s&n%le layere# ep&#erm&s o, oEal or tan%ent&ally elon%ate# cellsN coEere#
G&th str&ate# cut&cleM coEer&n% tr&chomesN un&ser&ateN (P. celle# haE&n% po&nte# t&ps an#
Garty GallsN %lan#ular ha&rs G&th 1P celle# stal* an# P3 celle# hea#M ep&#erm&s s&n%le
layere#M chlorenchyma P( layere#N compactly arran%e#M .P9 layere# parenchyma
cons&st&n% o, roun#N th&nPGalle# cells G&th smaller &ntercellular spacesN a ,eG conta&n&n%
m&crospheno&#al crystals o, calc&um oFalateM central Eascular 8un#le shalloGN arcPshape#N
8&collateralM tGo smaller 8un#les present laterally on e&ther s&#e o, ma&n Eascular 8un#les
one &n each lateral G&n% o, the pet&ole+
)&#r&8 P shoGs upper an# loGer ep&#erm&s o, roun# to oEal cellsN coEere# G&th str&ate#
cut&cleN tr&chomes s&m&lar to those ,oun# on pet&oleM collenchyma P( layere# on 8oth
sur,acesM parenchyma /P6 layere#N th&nPGalle# G&th small &ntercellular spacesM arcPshape#
8&collateral Eascular 8un#le place# centrally+
'am&na P #ors&EentralN 8oth upper an# loGer ep&#erm&s s&n%le layere#N compose# o, oEal to
tan%ent&ally elon%ate# cells coEere# G&th th&c* cut&cleM pal&sa#e s&n%le layere#M spon%y
parenchyma /P6 layere# conta&n&n% chloroplasts G&th &ntercellular spacesM a ,eG Eessels
G&th sp&ral th&c*en&n%sN present 8eneath pal&sa#e parenchymaM &n sur,ace preparat&on a
lar%e num8er o, mult&cellularN Garty ha&rs G&th po&nte# t&ps an# %lan#ular ha&rs are presentM
ep&#erm&s G&th &rre%ular outl&neN stomata an&socyt&cN scattere# on 8oth sur,aces 8ut more
a8un#ant &n loGer sur,aceM pal&sa#e rat&o P/M Ee&n &slet num8er 3P15M stomatal &n#eF 1.P13
on upper ep&#erm&s an# P( on loGer ep&#erm&s+
>ru&t P ShoGs th&nN papery ep&carpN pulpy mesocarp an# eF&le placentat&onM see#s at ,&rst
rema&n attache# to the placenta 8ut a,terGar#s separate ,rom &t an# l&e ,ree &n pulp o, ,ru&t+
0oG#er P Cream&shP%reenM shoGs ,ra%ments o, Eessels G&th sp&ral th&c*en&n%M a ,eG 8ro*en
p&eces o, po&nte#N un&cellular ha&rsM s&n%leN oEal to roun# an# compoun# G&th three
components o, starch %ra&nsN measur&n% +. P 11 &n #&ameter+

107

T+'+C+
Ethylacetate (=5 O 15) shoGs tGo spots at R,+ 5+56 < 5+(/ (8oth 8roGn) &n E&s&8le l&%ht+
:n#er :+B+ l&%ht ((66 nm) tGo ,luorescent -ones are E&s&8le at R,+ 5+56 < 5+(/ (8oth p&n*)+
On eFposure to 4o#&ne Eapour three spots appear at R,+ 5+56N 5(/ an# 5+=3 (all yelloG)+

CONST4T:ENTS P Al*alo&#s an# Sapon&ns+

Rasa O T&*taN KaRu
1uSa O SaraN Sn&%#haN 'a%hu
BVrya O :USa
B&pL*a O KaRu
Karma O BLtaharaN 0&ttaharaN KaphaharaN Bhe#anaN RasLyanaN BXUyaN SEaryaN
HX#ya
4)0ORTANT >OR):'AT4ONS P HX#ayLrSaEa RasaN )ahL B&Ua%ar8ha Ta&laN RasarL;a Rasa
THERA0E:T4C :SES P KuURhaN KaSYTN ArWaN 0ramehaN KothaN HX#ro%aN $EaraN H&**LN
Char#&N Netraro%a
DOSE P . P15 ml o, the #ru% &n ;u&ce ,orm+

108
(+ Kamala (>l+)
KA)A'A (>loGer)
Kamala cons&sts o, #r&e# ,loGers (#eEo&# o, stal*) o, Nelum8o nuc&,era 1aertn+ Syn+
Nelum8&um spec&osum 2&ll#+ (>am+ Nymphaeaceae)M a lar%eN aQuat&c her8 G&th creep&n% stemN
occurr&n% throu%hout Garmer parts o, the country upto an alt&tu#e o, 1555 m+
SCNONC)S
Sans*r&t O A8;aN AraE&n#aN 0a#maN KalhLraN S&topalaN 0an*a;a
Assamese O 0o#um
Ben%al& O 0a#ma 0hoolN Salaphool
En%l&sh O 'otus
1u;rat& O KamalN
H&n#& O KamalN KanGal
Kanna#a O KamalN TaEareN Na&#&leN TaEare%e##
Kashm&r& O PP
)alayalam O TamaraN BenthamaraN ChenthamaraN Senthamara
)arath& O Komala
Or&ya O 0a#ma
0un;a8& O KanGalN 0amposh
Tam&l O Tamara&N Thamara&pooN AraE&n#anN 0a#umanN KamalamN Saro;am
Telu%u O KaluEaN TamarapuEoG
:r#u O Kamal
DESCR40T4ON
a) )acroscop&c
Dru% occurs as ent&re or p&eces o, ,loGersN compr&s&n% o, calyFN corollaN
an#roec&umN %ynoec&um an# thalamusM ent&re ,loGer 15P1. cm &n #&a+N yelloG&shP8roGnM
sepals lea,Pl&*eN cr&mple#N (P. cm lon%N 1+(P cm G&#eN #ar* 8roGnN 8ro*en p&eces also
occurM petals numerousN cr&mp le#N ell&pt&cN o8tuseN mem8ranousN ,&nely Ee&ne#N P/ cm
109
lon%N 1+P cm G&#e yelloG&shP8roGnM antherN erectN l&near 1+/P cm lon%N eFten#e# &nto
claEate appen#a%esM %ynoce&um apocarpousM carpels manyN ,reeN em8e##e# &n a creamyN top
shape# ,leshy thalamus (torus) (P. cm lon% an# +.P( cm G&#eM ,ru&t an etaer&o o, achenesN
8ecom&n% loose &n the&r soc*ets Ghen r&peM see# har#N 8lac*N starchy an# lar%e+

8) )&croscop&c
>loGer
0etal P shoGs s&n%le layere# ep&#erm&s on 8oth sur,acesN cons&st&n% o, rectan%ular cells
coEere# G&th str&ate# cut&cleM %roun# t&ssue cons&st&n% o, poly%onalN parenchymatous cells
G&th G&#e a&rPsacs+
Stamen
>&lament P ,&lament appears c&rcular &n outl&neN cons&st&n% o, s&n%le layere# ep&#erm&s
coEere# G&th str&ate# cut&cleM ,olloGe# 8y %roun# t&ssue o, oEalN an%ularN parenchymatous
cellM Eascular 8un#le s&n%leN present &n centre cons&st&n% o, usual elements o, Fylem an#
phloem t&ssues+
Anther P shoGs ,our cham8ere# antherN tGo on e&ther s&#esN connecte# 8y parenchymatous
cells conta&n&n% Eascular 8un#leM anther cons&sts o, a s&n%le layer o, ep&#erm&sN compose# o,
th&nPGalle#N rectan%ularN parenchymatous cells ,olloGe# 8y s&n%le layer o, en#othec&um
cons&st&n% o, th&nPGalle#N columnarN parenchymatous cellsM spore sac conta&ns yelloGN
spher&cal pollen %ra&ns G&th smooth eF&ne an# &nt&ne GallsN measur&n% .5P61 &n #&ameter+
0oG#er P Dusty 8roGnM shoGs ,ra%ments o, Eessels G&th sp&ral th&c*en&n%N spher&calN yelloG
pollen %ra&nsN measur&n% .5P61 &n #&a+ haE&n% smooth eF&ne an# &nt&ne+

Ac&#P&nsolu8le ash Not more than ( per centN Appen#&F ++/+
110

CONST4T:ENTS P Al*alo&# (Nelum8&ne)+

Rasa O )a#huraN T&*taN KaULya
1uSa O KVtaN 'a%hu
BVrya O KVta
B&pL*a O )a#hura
Karma O KaphaharaN 0&ttaharaN SantLpaharaN BarSyaN )Ttra B&ra;anVya
4)0ORTANT >OR):'AT4ONS P AraE&n#LsaEaN Catura KaEala 1hXta
THERA0E:T4C :SES P TXUnLN DLhaN Ra*tap&ttaN B&sarpaN B&UaE&*Lra
DOSE P 1 P/ % o, the #ru% ,or #ecoct&on+

111
((+ Kap&ttha (>r+ 0ulp+)
KA04TTHA (>ru&t 0ulp)
Kap&ttha cons&sts o, #r&e# pulp o, mature ,ru&t o, >eron&a l&mon&a ('&nn+) SG&n%le+ Syn+
>+ elephantum Correa (>aro+ Rutaceae)M a #ec&#uousN %la8rous tree G&th stron%N sharpN stra&%htN
aF&llary thornsN ,oun# throu%hout the pla&ns o, 4n#&aN S&Gal&* ran%e an# ,orestsN at 8ase o,
H&malayas upto an eleEat&on o, /.5 mM o,ten cult&Eate# &n many parts o, 4n#&aM ,ru&t r&n# &s
remoEe# an# the pulp &s 8ru&se# an# #r&e#+
SCNONC)S
Sans*r&t O Danta KathaN Kap&pr&ya
Ben%al& O Kayet BaelN KaEatalealN KaE&ta
En%l&sh O 2oo# apple
1u;rat& O KothaN Kon#hu
H&n#& O Ka&tha
Kanna#a O Be*aluN Bela#a hannuN B&lEaraN BelaluN Bala#aN Ham&namara
Kashm&r& O PP
)alayalam O B&lar maramN B&llan%a Kaaya
)arath& O KaEatha
Or&ya O PP
0un;a8& O Ka&nth
Tam&l O B&lamaramN B&lan%a&
Telu%u O Bela%a
:r#u O Ka&th
DESCR40T4ON
a) )acroscop&c
>ru&t pulp occurs mostly &n 8ro*en p&eces an# somet&mes ent&reN measur&n% a8out
112
/P. cm &n #&aM sem&c&rcularN rou%hN har#N haE&n% lon%&tu#&nal r&#%es an# ,urroGsM re##&sh
8roGnM o#ourN aromat&cM tasteN sour+

8) )&croscop&c
>ru&t 0ulp P shoGs &rre%ularN th&nPGalle#N parenchymatous cellsM numerous &#&o8last
cells ,&lle# G&th re##&shP8roGn contentM stone cellsN sl&%htly tr&an%ular an# oEalN G&th
concentr&c str&at&ons an# narroG lumenN ,oun# &n %roupsM a ,eG ,&8roPEascular 8un#les
#&str&8ute# &n the pulpM Fylem Eessels haE&n% sp&ral th&c*en&n%s+
0oG#er P Re##&shP8roGnM shoGs ,ra%ments o, ,&8roPEascular 8un#lesN stone cellsN tr&an%ular
to oEal G&th concentr&c str&at&ons an# narroG lumenN Eessels an# &#&o8last ,&lle# G&th cell
content+


T+'+C+
Chloro,orm OEthylacetate O >orm&c ac&# (.O/O1) shoGs one spot at R,+ 5+=1 (%rey) &n
E&s&8le l&%ht+ :n#er :+B+ ((66 nm) three ,luorescent -ones appear at R, 5+1/ (s*y
8lue)N 5+=1 (8lue) an# 5+=. (8lue)+ On eFposure to 4o#&ne Eapour s&F spots appear at
R,+ 5+56N 5+1N 5+(3N 5+.5N 6+=1 an# 5+=. (all yelloG)+ On spray&n% G&th .\
)ethanol&cPSulphur&c ac&# rea%ent an# heat&n% the plate at 115C ,or ten m&nutes
,&Ee spots appear at R,+ 5+1 (8roGn)N 5+(3 (8roGn)N 5+.5 (E&olet)N 5+=1 (E&olet) an#
5+=. (E&olet) +

113
CONST4T:ENTS P C&tr&c ac&# an# )uc&la%e+

Rasa O )a#huraN AmlaN KaULyaN ^ :nr&pe 0ulpO AmlaN KaULya
1uSa O 'a%huN ^ :nr&pe 0ulpO 1uru
BVrya O KVtaN ^ :nr&pe 0ulpO :Una
B&pL*a O )a#huraN ^ :nr&pe 0ulpO Amla
Karma O BXUyaN 0&ttaELtaharaN Sa_%rLhVN BraSanLWa*aN ^ :nr&pe 0ulpO Kapha%hnaN
'e*hanaN 1rLhVN BLtala
4)0ORTANT >OR):'AT4ONS P Kap&tthLURa*a CTrSaN CaELnyL#& CTrSa
THERA0E:T4C :SES P R&peP TXUSLN H&**LN KELsaN Bam&N :nr&peP 1rahaSV Ro%aN
A%n&mLn#ya

114
(/+ Karamar#a (St+B*+)
KARA)ARDA (Stem Bar*)
Karamar#a cons&sts o, #r&e# stem 8ar* o, Car&ssa caran#as '&nn+ (>am + Apocynaceae)M
a #&chotomously 8ranche# lar%e shru8 or small treeN met throu%hout 4n#&a &n G&l# stateN
somet&mes cult&Eate#+
SCNONC)S
Sans*r&t O Krsnapa*phala
Ben%al& O Karamach
En%l&sh O PP
1u;rat& O Karama#an
H&n#& O Kar&;&%e
Kanna#a O Kar&m*ar
Kashm&r& O PP
)alayalam O Kar&m*ar
)arath& O Karaman#a
Or&ya O PP
0un;a8& O 1arna
Tam&l O Kala**e
Telu%u O PP
:r#u O Karaun#a
DESCR40T4ON
a) )acroscop&c
Bar* occurs &n small an# th&nN ,lat or sl&%htly curEe# p&ecesN rou%h #ue to
lon%&tu#&nal str&at&onsM eFternal sur,ace 8roGn&shP%reyN &nternal sur,ace %rey an# smoothN
l&%ht &n Ge&%htM ,ractureN short+
115

8) )&croscop&c
Stem Bar* P)ature 8ar* shoGs a G&#e -one o, strat&,&e# cor* haE&n% lent&cels at a
,eG placesM secon#ary corteF compose# o, th&nPGalle#N tu8ularN parenchymatous cells
haE&n% %roups o, stone cellsM cort&cal ,&8res &n s&n%le or %roups o, P(N a ,eG stone cells
attache# G&th cort&cal ,&8resM secon#ary phloem cons&st&n% o, usual elementsM pr&smat&c
crystals o, calc&um oFalate ,oun# scattere# &n cort&cal cells an# phloem parenchymaM starch
%ra&ns s&mpleN measur&n% (P3 &n #&a+ an# compoun# haE&n% P( componentsN ,oun#
scattere# &n cort&cal an# phloem parenchyma cells+
0oG#er P 1rey&shP8roGnN shoGs s&n%le an# %roups o, stone cellsN pr&smat&c crystals o,
calc&um oFalateN s&mple an# compoun# starch %ra&nsN measur&n% (P3 &n #&a+


T+'+C+
T+'+C+ o, alcohol&c eFtract o, the #ru% on S&l&ca 1el [1[ plate us&n% TolueneM
Ethylacetate (= O 1) shoGs un#er :+B+ ((66 nm) one ,luorescent -one at R,+ 5+. (l&%ht s*y
8lue)+ On spray&n% G&th An&sal#ehy#ePSulphur&c ac&# rea%ent an# heat&n% the plate ,or a8out
,&,teen m&nutes at 15.
5
C ,our spots appear at R,+ 5+(.N 5+.9 (8oth l&%ht %rey)N 5+=5 (p&n*)
an# 5+=3 (E&olet)+

CONST4T:ENTS P 1lycos&#es an# PS&tosterol+

116

Rasa O Amla
1uSa O 1uruN Sara
BVrya O :USa
B&pL*a O KaRu
Karma O BLtaharaN 0&tta*araN Kaphahara
4)0ORTANT >OR):'AT4ONS P )arma 1uRV*L
THERA0E:T4C :SES P KuURhahara
DOSE P /9 % o, the #ru% ,or #ecoct&on+

117
(.+ Karan;a (Rt+ B*+)
KARAH$A (Root Bar*)
Kara];a cons&sts o, #r&e# root 8ar* o, 0on%am&a p&nnata ('&nn+) )err+N Syn+ 0+ %la8ra
Bent+ (>am+ >a8aceae)N a %la8rous treeN upto 19 m or somet&mes more &n he&%htN ,oun# almost
throu%hout the country upto an alt&tu#e o, 155 m+
SCNONC)S
Sans*r&t O Kara];a*aN Na*tamLlaN Na*tLhELN 1hXta*ara];a
Assamese O Korach
Ben%al& O Nata*aran;aN Dahara *aran;a
En%l&sh O PP
1u;rat& O Kana;&
H&n#& O Karan;
Kanna#a O Hon%e Beru
Kashm&r& O PP
)alayalam O 0un%uN :n%u
)arath& O Karan;a
Or&ya O Karan;a
0un;a8& O Karan;
Tam&l O 0un%a&
Telu%u O 1anu%a
:r#u O Karan;
DESCR40T4ON
a) )acroscop&c
Dru% occurs &n p&eces o, Eary&n% s&-esM re##&shP8roGn eFternally an#
yelloG&shGh&teN &nternallyM eFternal sur,ace rou%hN #ue to peel&n% o,,N o, outer th&n s*&n an#
presence o, numerous &rre%ularly scattere# an# transEersely arran%e# roGs o, lent&celsM
,ractureN ,&8rousM tasteN Eery 8&tter+
118

8) )&croscop&c
Root Bar* PShoGs cor* cons&st&n% or .P1. or more roGs o, rectan%ularN tan%ent&ally
elon%ate#N th&nPGalle#N cellsM secon#ary corteF G&#e compose# o, poly%onalN tan%ent&ally
elon%ate# cellsN most o, the cells conta&n&n% 8oth s&mple an# compoun# starch %ra&ns haE&n%
P. components roun# to oEal &n shapeN (P11 &n #&a+N a ,eG cells conta&n yelloG&shP8roGn
contents an# pr&smat&c crystals o, calc&um oFalateM stone cells ,oun# scattere# &n th&s re%&on
&n s&n%les an# %roupsN s&n%le cells o, Eary&n% shape an# s&-eM secon#ary phloem Eery G&#eN
compose# o, tan%ent&ally arran%e# ,&8res alternat&n% G&th s&eEe tu8es an# phloem
parenchymaN traEerse# 8y phloem raysM most o, phloem parenchyma cells conta&n starch
%ra&ns an# crystalsN s&m&lar to those present &n secon#ary corteFM phloem rays manyN mostly
stra&%htN 1P ser&ateN cons&st&n% o, th&nPGalle#N ra#&ally elon%ate# cells toGar#s &nner re%&on
an# tan%ent&ally elon%ate# toGar#s per&pheryM most o, ray cells conta&n starch %ra&nN s&m&lar
to those present &n secon#ary corteF+
0oG#er PCream&shPyelloGM shoGs th&nPGalle#N parenchymatous cellsN cor* cellsN phloem
,&8resN stone cells an# s&mple an# compoun# starch %ra&ns measur&n% (P11 &n #&ameter+

AlcoholPsolu8le eFtract&Ee Not less than (+. per centN Appen#&F ++6+

T+'+C+
T+'+C+ o, alcohol&c eFtract o, the #ru% on S&l&ca 1el [1[ plate us&n%
TolueneOEthylacetate (=O1) shoGs un#er :+B+ ((66 nm) eleEen ,luorescent -ones at
R,+ 5+5/ (8lue)N 5+59 (%reen&sh 8lue)N 5+1( (S*y 8lue)N 5+19 (8lue) 5+. (s*y 8lue)N
5+(1 (s*y 8lue)N 5+(3 (%reen&sh yelloG)N 5+/ (s*y 8lue)N 5+/3 (%reen&sh yelloG)N 5+.1
(l&%ht 8lue)N 5+95 (l&%ht 8lue)+ On eFposure to 4o#&ne Eapour n&ne spots appear at R,+
5+5=N 5+19N 5+(1N 5+(3N 5+/3N 5+/3N 5+.1N 5+95 an# 5+=9 (all yelloG)+
119

CONST4T:ENTS P >laEones Kanu%&nN DemethoFyP*anu%&n

Rasa O KaRuN T&*taN KaULya
1uSa O TV*USa
BVrya O :USa
B&pL*a O KaRu
Karma O KaphaharaN BLtaharaN 0&ttaharaN KaSYT%hnaN B&Ua%hnaN BraSaWo#hana
4)0ORTANT >OR):'AT4ONS P 0ra8ha];ana B&mar#ana Ta&la
THERA0E:T4C :SES P KuURhaN KaSYTN DuURaEraSaN 0ramehaN Con&ro%aN KXm&ro%aN
ntraE&#ra#h&
DOSE P 1P( % o, the #ru% ,or #ecoct&on+

120
(6+ Karan;a (Rt+)
KARAH$A (Root)
Kara];a cons&sts o, #r&e# root o, 0on%am&a p&nnata ('&nn+) )err+N Syn+ 0+ %la8ra Bent+
(>am+ >a8aceae)M a %la8rous treeN upto 19 m or somet&mes more &n he&%htN ,oun# almost
SCNONC)S
Sans*r&t O 1hXta*ara];aN Kara];a*aN Na*tLhELN Na*tamLla
Assamese O Korach
Ben%al& O Dahara *aran;aN Nata*aran;a
En%l&sh O PP
1u;rat& O Kana;&
H&n#& O Karan;
Kashm&r& O PP
)arath& O Karan;a
Or&ya O Karan;a
0un;a8& O Karan;
Tam&l O 0un%a&
Telu%u O 1anu%aN Kanu%a
:r#u O Karan;
DESCR40T4ON
a) )acroscop&c
Dru% occurs &n p&eces o, Eary&n% s&-esN 8ar*N re##&shP8roGn or #ull 8roGnN
rou%h #ue to the presence o, numerousN &rre%ularly #&str&8ute#N an# also transEersely
arran%e# roGs o, lent&celsN 8ar* #oes not eas&ly separate ,rom FylemN &nternally l&%ht
yelloGN l&%ht &n Ge&%htN ,ractureN ,&8rous &n 8ar* port&on an# har# to 8rea* &n Fylem port&on
Ghere the root &s th&c* Ghen &n p&eces spl&ts lon%&tu#&nallyM tasteN 8&tter+
121

8) )&croscop&c
Root PShoGs cor* cons&st&n% o, .P1. or more roGs o, rectan%ularN tan%ent&ally
elon%ate#N th&nPGalle#N cellsM secon#ary corteF G&#e compose# o, poly%onalN tan%ent&ally
elon%ate# cellsN most o, the cells conta&n&n% 8oth s&mple an# compoun# starch %ra&ns
cons&st&n% o, P( componentsN roun#e# to oEal &n shapeN (P11 &n #&a+N some cells
conta&n&n% yelloG&shP8roGn contents an# pr&smat&c crystals o, calc&um oFalateM stone cells
,oun# &n s&n%le as Gell as &n %roups o, Eary&n% shapes an# s&-eM secon#ary phloem a Eery
G&#e -oneN cons&st&n% o, tan%ent&ally arran%e# ,&8resN alternat&n% G&th s&eEe elements an#
phloem parenchyma traEerse# 8y phloem rays mostly stra&%htN 1P ser&ateN cons&st&n% o,
ra#&ally elon%ate#N th&nPGane# cells toGar#s &nner re%&onN tan%ent&ally elon%ate# toGar#s
outer re%&onM starch %ra&nsN an# crystals s&m&lar to those o, cort&cal cellsN also present &n
phloem parenchyma an# phloem raysM secon#ary Fylem cons&st&n% o, EesselsN trache&#sN
,&8res an# parenchymaM Eessels ,oun# scattere# throu%hout secon#ary Fylem re%&on &n
s&n%les or %roups o, P/ or rarelyN moreM ,&8res th&c*PGalle# arran%e# &n tan%ent&al 8an#s
traEerse# 8y Fylem raysM Fylem parenchyma cells th&nPGalle#N roun#e# to oEal &n shapeM
Fylem rays un& to tr&ser&ate cons&st&n% o, ra#&ally elon%ate# cellsM starch %ra&ns an# calc&um
oFalate crystals are s&m&lar to those present &n cort&cal cells an# also ,oun# scattere# &n
Fylem parenchyma an# Fylem ray cells+
0oG#er P'&%ht yelloGM shoGs ,&8res &n s&n%les or %roupsM Fylem Eessels ent&re or &n p&eces
G&th ret&culate th&c*en&n%sM starch %ra&ns &n a8un#ance 8oth s&mple an# compoun#N
cons&st&n% o, P( componentsN measur&n% (P11 &n #&a+N stone cells an# a ,eG pr&smat&c


CONST4T:ENTS P Karan;&nN Kanu%&nN DemethoFyP*anu%&nN 0on%achromene <
TetraPOP )ethyl,&set&n+
122

1uSa O TV*USa
BVrya O :USa
B&pL*a O KaRu
4)0ORTANT >OR):'AT4ONS P DhLnEantara 1hXta
ntrarE&#ra#h&N B&#ra#hV
DOSE P 1P % o, the #ru% &n poG#er ,orm+

123
(3+ Karan;a (St+B*+)
KARAH$A (Stem Bar*)
Kara];a cons&sts o, #r&e# stem 8ar* o, 0on%am&a p&nnata ('&nn+) )err+N Syn+ 0+ %la8ra
Bent+ (>am+ >a8aceae)M a %la8rous treeN upto 19 m or somet&mes more &n he&%htN ,oun# almost
SCNONC)S
Assamese O Korach
Ben%al& O Dahara *aran;aN Karan;aN Nata*aran;a
En%l&sh O PP
1u;rat& O Kana;&
H&n#& O Karan;
Kashm&r& O PP
)arath& O Karan;a
Or&ya O Karan;a
0un;a8& O Karan;
Tam&l O 0un%a&
Telu%u O 1anu%aN Kanu%a
:r#u O Karan;
DESCR40T4ON
a) )acroscop&c
Bar* aEa&la8le &n channelle#N recurEe#N sl&%htly Qu&lle#N usually 5+P1 cm th&c*N
lent&cellate p&ecesN more or less smoothM outer sur,ace ashP%rey to %rey&shP8roGn an#
&nternal sur,ace yelloG&shPGh&te to cream coloure#M ,ractureN short an# ,&8rousN o#ourN
unpleasantM tasteN 8&tter+
124

8) )&croscop&c
Bar* P ShoGs .P5 or more layers o, cor*N compose# o, rectan%ularN th&c*PGalle#
cellsN ,&lle# G&th re##&shP8roGn contentN at some places lent&cels also appearM secon#ary
corteF 15P1. layere# haE&n% oEal to poly%onalN tan%ent&ally elon%ate#N th&nPGalle#N
parenchymatous cellsM 8eneath secon#ary corteF a lar%e %roup o, oEal to elon%ate# stone
cellsN arran%e# &n a tan%ent&al mannerN ,orm&n% a cont&nuous or #&scont&nuous 8an#M
secon#ary phloem compose# o, s&eEe elementsN phloem parenchymaN phloem ,&8re an# stone
cellsN traEerse# 8y me#ullary raysM s&eEe elements an# parenchyma compose# o, rectan%ular
to poly%onal th&nPGalle# cellsN alternat&n% G&th stone cellsM ,&8re smallN poly%onalN th&nP
Galle# an# aseptateN a ,eG assoc&ate# G&th stone cells an# arran%e# ra#&allyM me#ullary rays
GaEyN usually P/ cells G&#eN ra#&ally elon%ate# an# roun#e# to oEal &n shapeN a ,eG stone
cells scattere# &n secon#ary corteF as &n secon#ary phloemM rhom8o&#al crystals o, calc&um
oFalate ,oun# &n secon#ary corteFM starch %ra&ns s&mpleN roun#e# to oEal an# compoun#
haE&n% P/ componentsN present &n secon#ary corteFN phloem parenchyma an# rays cellsM o&l
%lo8ules ,oun# &n secon#ary phloem only+
0oG#er PCelloG&shPcreamM shoGs %roups o, rectan%ular to poly%onalN elon%ate#N th&n Galle#
parenchymatous s&eEe tu8eM aseptate ,&8re an# stone cellsM rhom8o&#al crystals o, calc&um
oFalateM roun#e# to oEalN s&mple an# compoun# starch %ra&nsN measur&n% (P1/ &n #&aN an#
rarelyN o&l %lo8ules+


CONST4T:ENTS P >laEones an# >urano,laEones l&*e Karan;&nN 0on%ap&nN DemethoFyP
*anu%&nN Kanu%&nN 0&nnat&nN TetraPoP)ethyl,&set&nN 1amat&nN .P
)ethoFy,urano (gN (g 3 O 9)N ,laEone an# .P)ethoFyP([/[ )ethylene
#&oFy,urano (gN (gN 3 O 9) ,laEone < tGo neG >urano compoun#s
1la8raP4 an# 1la8raP44+ 4t also conta&ns al*alo&#s an# Tr&terpeno&#
sapon&n+
125

1uSa O TV*USa
BVrya O :USa
B&pL*a O KaRu
4)0ORTANT >OR):'AT4ONS P BXhanma];&URhL#& KELtha CTrSaN )ustL*ara];L#& KELtha
CTrSa
ntrarE&#ra#h&N B&#ra#hV
DOSE P 1P % o, the #ru% &n poG#er ,orm+

126
(9+ Karan;a (',+)
KARAH$A ('ea,)
Kara];a cons&sts o, #r&e# lea, o, 0on%am&a p&nnata ('&nn+) )err+N Syn+ 0+ %la8ra Bent+
(>am+ >a8aceae)M a %la8rous treeN upto 19 m or somet&mes more &n he&%htN ,oun# almost
SCNONC)S
Assamese O Korach
Ben%al& O Dahara *aran;aN Karan;aN Nata*aran;a
En%l&sh O Smooth leaEe# pon%am&a
1u;rat& O Kana;&N Kana;o
H&n#& O Karua&n&N D&thour&
Kanna#a O Hon%e BeruN Hula%&lu
Kashm&r& O PP
)alayalam O 0un%uN :n%uN :nuN AE&ttal
)arath& O Karan;a
Or&ya O Karan;a
0un;a8& O Karan;
Tam&l O 0un%a&N 0on%ana
Telu%u O 1anu%aN Kanu%u
:r#u O Karan;
DESCR40T4ON
a) )acroscop&c
'eaEes &mpar&p&nnateN lea,lets P( pa&rsN oEate or ell&pt&c G&th smooth mar%&nsN 6+ P
11+. cm lon% an# (+=P9+( cm G&#eN #ar* %reenN pet&olule shortN 5+.P5+9 cm+
127

8) )&croscop&c
'ea,P
0et&olule P c&rcular &n outl&neN coEere# G&th cut&cleN ep&#erm&s s&n%le layere#N cons&st&% o,
ta8ular cellsM corteF cons&st&n% o, an%ularN &so#&ametr&cN parenchymatous cells G&thout
&ntercellular spacesN a ,eG cells conta&n&n% pr&smat&c crystals o, calc&um oFalateM per&cyc1e
present &n the ,orm o, sclerenchymatous sheathM Eascular 8un#le s&n%leN arcPshape#N
cons&st&n% o, Fylem an# phloemM Fylem Eessels arran%e# ra#&allyN traEerse# 8y Fylem raysM a
,eG sch&-o%enous caE&t&es ,oun# scattere# &n corteF+
)&# r&8 P shoGs s&n%le layere# ep&#erm&sN cons&st&n% o, ta8ular cellsN coEere# G&th th&c*
cut&cleN ,olloGe# 8y (P/ layere# collenchymatous hypo#erm&sM corteF cons&sts o, roun# to
oEalN th&nPGalle# parenchymatous cellsM per&cycle present &n the ,orm o, sclerenchymatous
sheathM Eascular 8un#leN collateralN con;o&nt an# arran%e# &n #&scont&nuous r&n%M central
port&on occup&e# 8y oEal to poly%onal th&nPGalle# parenchymatous p&thM pr&smat&c crystals
o, calc&um oFalate present &n corteFN phloem an# p&th+
'am&na PshoGs s&n%le layere# ep&#erm&s coEere# G&th th&c* cut&cleM pal&sa#e tGo layere#M
spon%y parenchyma (P. layere#N a ,eG conta&n&n% pr&smat&c crystals s&m&lar to m&#r&8N
occas&onally a ,eG spon%y parenchyma cells %et elon%ate# an# loo* l&*e pal&sa#e cellsN
pal&sa#e rat&o (+.P.5M Ee&n &slet num8er 19P. per mm sQuareM stomata an&socyt&cN present &n
loGer sur,aceM stomatal &n#eF 1+.P5+
0oG#er P1reenM shoGs sp&ral Fylem EesselsN mesophyll cellsN ep&#ermal cells an# a ,eG
pr&smat&c crystals o, calc&um oFalate

Ac&#P&nsolu8le ash Not more than (+. per centN Appen#&F ++/+

128
CONST4T:ENTS P A neG >urano,laEone P([ P methoFy pon%ap&n &n a##&t&on to Karan;&nN
Kan;one an# &ts tGo &somers 3P)ethoFy,uranoP(/gN.gN6N.) P ,laEone
an# 9P)ethoFy,uranoP(/gN .gN P 6N .)P,laEone an# 9 methoFy,uranoP
(/gN .g P 6N 3) P,laEone+

1uSa O TV*USa
BVrya O :USa
B&pL*a O KaRu
Karma O BLtaharaN KaphaharaN 0&ttaEar#ha*aN Bhe#anaN KaSYT%hnaN KXm&haraN
Kothahara
4)0ORTANT >OR):'AT4ONS P $LtyL#& Ta&la
THERA0E:T4C :SES P KuURhaN KXm&ro%aN BraSaN KaSYT
DOSE P >or eFternal use only+

129
(=+ KaraEalla*a (>resh+>r+)
KRABA''AKA (>resh >ru&t)
KLraEalla*a cons&sts o, ,resh ,ru&t o, )omor#&ca charant&a '&nn+ (>am+
Cucur8&taceae)M a monoec&ous cl&m8er ,oun# throu%hout the country o,ten un#er cult&Eat&onN
upto an alt&tu#e o, 1.55 m+
SCNONC)S
Sans*r&t O KLraEellaN Kath&llaN Bar&EallVN KLraEallV+
Assamese O Ka*&ralN Ka*ral
Ben%al& O Karolla
En%l&sh O B&tter %our#
1u;rat& O Karela
H&n#& O Karela
Kanna#a O Ha%ala*a&
Kashm&r& O PP
)alayalam O Ka&ppaN 0aEac**a&
)arath& O Karla
Or&ya O KalaraN Salara
0un;a8& O Karela
Tam&l O 0ahar*a&
Telu%u O Kaa*ara Kaaya
:r#u O Karela
DESCR40T4ON
a) )acroscop&c
>ru&t +. P . cm lon%N o8lon%N pen#ulousN ,us&,ormN usually po&nte# or 8ea*e#N
r&88e# an# 8ear&n% numerous tr&an%ular tu8erclesN ( EalEe# at the apeF Ghen matureN
sur,ace rou%hM l&%ht %reen to %reen &n colour conta&n&n% numerous see#sM tasteN eFtremely
8&tter+
130
8) )&croscop&c

>ore&%n matter N&l Appen#&F +++
Total Ash Not more than 9+. per centN Appen#&F ++(+
Ac&#P&nsolu8le ash Not more than 5+6 per centN Appen#&F ++/+

T+'+C+
Chloro,ormO )ethanol (=5 O 15) shoGs un#er :+B+ ((66 nm) ,our ,luorescent -ones
at R,+ 5+( (re#)N 5+61 (l&%ht s*y 8lue)N 5+=6 (s*y 8lue)N 5+=9 (re# < s*y 8lue)+ On
eFposure to 4o#&ne Eapour ,our spots appear at R,+ 5+13N 5+/6N 5+63 an# 5+=9 (all
yelloG)+ On spray&n% G&th .\ )ethanol&c 0hosphomoly8#&c ac&# rea%ent n&ne spots
appear at R,+ 5+5(N 5+16N 5+(/N 5+/(N 5+.5N 5+65N 5+3.N 5+91 an# 5+=9 (all 8lue)+

CONST4T:ENTS P Al*alo&# ()omor&#&c&ne) an# 1lycos&#es+

Rasa O T&*taN KaRu
1uSa O 'a%hu
BVrya O :USa
B&pL*a O KaRu
Karma O BLtaharaN KaphaharaN Ra*ta#oUaharaN DVpanaN HX#yaN Bhe#&
131
4)0ORTANT >OR):'AT4ONS P )ahLE&Ua%ar8ha Ta&la
THERA0E:T4C :SES P KuURhaN 0ramehaN KLmalLN 0LSYuN KXm&ro%aN Ra*taE&*LraN $EaraN
KELsaN KLsaN Aruc&
DOSE P 15 P 1. ml ;u&ce o, ,resh #ru%+

132
/5+ Katu*a (R-+)
KAJ:K (Rh&-ome)
Kau*L cons&sts o, the #r&e# rh&-ome G&th root o, 0&crorh&-a *urroa Royle eF Benth+
(>am+ Scrophular&aceae)M a perenn&alN more or less ha&ry her8 common on the northPGestern
H&malayas ,rom Kashm&r to S&**&m+ Rh&-ome &s cut &nto small p&eces+
SCNONC)S
Sans*r&t O T&*tLN T&*taroh&SVN KaRuroh&SVN KaEVN Sut&*ta*aN KaRu*aN Roh&SV+
Assamese O Kat*&N Kut*&
Ben%al& O PP
En%l&sh O Helle8ore
1u;rat& O Ka#uN Katu
H&n#& O Kut*&
Kanna#a O Katu*a roh&n&N *atu*a roh&n&
Kashm&r& O PP
)alayalam O Ka#u* roh&n&N Katu*a roh&n&
)arath& O Kut*&N Kal&*ut*&
Or&ya O Katu*&
0un;a8& O KarruN *aur
Tam&l O Katu*a roh&n&N Katu*u roh&n&N Ka#u%uroh&n&
Telu%u O Karu*aroh&n&
:r#u O Kut*&
DESCR40T4ON
a) )acroscop&c
Rh&-ome P +.P9 cm lon% an# /P9 mm th&c*N su8cyl&n#r&calN stra&%ht or sl&%htly
curEe#N eFternally %rey&shP8roGnN sur,ace rou%h #ue to lon%&tu#&nal Gr&n*lesN c&rcular scars
o, roots an# 8u# scales an# somet&mes roots attache#N t&p en#s &n a %roG&n% 8u# surroun#e#
8y tu,te# croGn o, leaEesN at places cor* eF,ol&ates eFpos&n% #ar* corteFM ,ractureN shortM
133
o#ourN pleasantM tasteN 8&tter+ +
Root P Th&nN cyl&n#r&calN .P15 cm lon%N 5+5.P5+1 cm &n #&ameterN stra&%ht or sl&%htly curEe#
G&th a ,eG lon%&tu#&nal Gr&n*les an# #otte# scarsN mostly attache# G&th rh&-omesN #usty
%reyN ,ractureN shortN &nner sur,ace 8lac* G&th Gh&t&sh FylemM o#ourN pleasantM tasteN 8&tter+

8) )&croscop&c
Rh&-ome P ShoGs 5P. layers o, cor* cons&st&n% o, tan%ent&ally elon%ate#N
su8er&se# cellsM cor* cam8&um 1P layere#M corteF s&n%le layere# or a8sentN pr&mary corteF
pers&sts &n some casesN one or tGo small Eascular 8un#les present &n corteFM Eascular
8un#les surroun#e# 8y s&n%le layere# en#o#erm&s o, th&c*PGalle# cellsM secon#ary phloem
compose# o, phloem parenchyma an# a ,eG scattere# ,&8resM cam8&um P/ layere#M
secon#ary Fylem cons&sts o, EesselsN trache&#sN Fylem ,&8res an# Fylem parenchymaN Eessels
Eary &n shape an# s&-e haE&n% transEerse o8l&Que art&culat&onM trache&#s lon%N th&c*PGalle#N
l&%n&,&e#N more or less cyl&n#r&cal G&th 8lunt taper&n% en#sM Fylem parenchyma th&nPGalle#
an# poly%onal &n shapeM centre occup&e# 8y a small p&th cons&st&n% o, th&nPGalle# cellsM
s&mple roun# to oEalN starch %ra&nsN measur&n% .P15/ &n #&a+N a8un#antly ,oun# &n all
cells+
Root PCoun% root shoGs s&n%le layere# ep&#erm&sN some ep&#ermal cells elon%ate ,orm&n%
un&cellular ha&rsM hypo#erm&s s&n%le layere#M corteF 9P1/ layere#M cons&st&n% o, oEal to
poly%onalN th&c*PGalle#N parenchymatous cellsM pr&mary stele tetrach to heptarchN enclose#
8y s&n%le layere# per&cycle an# s&n%le layere#N th&c*PGalle# cells o, en#o#erm&sM mature
root shoGs /P1. layers o, cor*N 1P layers o, cor* cam8&umM secon#ary phloem poorly
#eEelope#M secon#ary Fylem cons&st&n% o, EesselsN trache&#sN parenchyma an# ,&8resM Eessels
haEe Eary&n% shape an# s&-eN some cyl&n#r&cal G&th ta&lPl&*eN taper&n% en#sN some #rum
shape# G&th per,orat&on on en# Galls or lateral GallsM trache&#s cyl&n#r&cal G&th taper&n%
po&nte# en#sM ,&8res aseptateN th&c*PGalle#N l&%n&,&e# G&th taper&n% 8lunt ch&selPl&*e po&nte#
en#s+
0oG#er P Dusty %reyM shoGs %roups o, ,ra%ments o, cor* cellsN th&c*PGalle#N parenchymaN
p&tte# Eessels an# aseptate ,&8resN s&mple roun# to oEalN starch %ra&nsN measur&n% . P 15/
&n #&ameter+

134

T+'+C+
Chloro,ormO )ethanol (=. O .) shoGs un#er :+B+ l&%ht ((66 nm) three ,luorescent
-ones at R,+ 5+5. (8lue)N 5+(5 (8lue) an# 5+(. (%reen)+ On eFposure to 4o#&ne Eapour
n&ne spots appear at R,+ 5+15N 5+13N 5+1N 5+(5N 5+(3N 5+/1N 5+6N 5+3 an# 5+9/ (all
yelloG)+ On spray&n% G&th .\ methanol&c sulphur&c ac&# rea%ent an# heat&n% the
plate ,or a8out ten m&nutes at 15.C seEen spots appear at R,+ 5+5.N 5+15N 5+13N 5+1N
5+(5N 5+/1 an# 5+9/ (all 8roGn&sh %rey)+

CONST4T:ENTS P 1lucos&#e (0&crorh&-&n)+

Rasa O T&*taN KaRu
1uSa O 'a%hu
BVrya O :USa
B&pL*a O KaRu
Karma O 0&ttaharaN DVpanVN Bhe#&nVN HX#yaN $Earahara
4)0ORTANT >OR):'AT4ONS P ro%yaEar#h&nV 1uR&*LN T&*ta*a 1hXtaN SarEa;Earahara
'auhaN )ahLt&*ta*a 1hXta
THERA0E:T4C :SES P KLmalLN KELsaN DLhaN $EaraN KuURhaN B&Uama;EaraN Aroca*a

135
/1+ Ko*&la*sha (2+0+)
KOK4'K! (2hole 0lant)
Ko*&lL*UL cons&sts o, #r&e# Ghole plant o, Asteracantha lon%&,olla Nees+ Syn+
Hy%roph&la sp&nosa T+An#ers (>am+Acanthaceae)M a sp&nyN stoutN annual her8N common &n
Gater lo%%e# places throu%hout the country+
SCNONC)S
Sans*r&t O 4*UuraN 4*Uura*aN Ko*&lL*UV
Ben%al& O Kul&ya*haraN Kule*ha#e
En%l&sh O PP
1u;rat& O E*haro
H&n#& O Talma*hana
Kanna#a O KolaEal&N Kolar&n#N KolaEan*al
Kashm&r& O PP
)alayalam O PPN Cull&N N&rchull&N Bayalcull&
)arath& O Tal&*hanaN Kalsun#a
Or&ya O PP
0un;a8& O PP
Tam&l O 1olm&#&N KettuN N&r%uE&reruN Neru%o88&
Telu%u O PP
:r#u O Talma*hana
DESCR40T4ON
a) )acroscop&c
Root P )ostly a#Eent&t&ousN Gh&t&sh to 8roGnM no character&st&c o#our an# taste+
Stem P :sually un8ranche#N ,asc&culateN su8PQua#ran%ularN sGollen at no#esN coEere# G&th
lon% ha&rs Gh&ch are numerous at the no#esN eFternally %rey&shP8roGnN cream&sh8roGn &n
136
cut sur,acesM no character&st&c o#our an# taste+
'ea, P 1reen&shP8roGnN 1P3 cm lon% N 5+.P1 cm G&#eN su8sess&leN lanceolateN acuteN ent&re
an# ha&ry+
>loGer P CelloG&shP8roGnN usually occurr&n% &n apparent Ghorls o, e&%ht (&n / pa&rs) at each
no#eM 8racts a8out +. cm lon%N G&th lon% Gh&te ha&rsM calyF /Ppart&teN upper sepal 1+6P cm
lon%N 8roa#er than the other threeN Gh&ch are 1+( cm lon%N all l&nearPlanceolateN coarsely
ha&ry on the 8ac* an# G&th hyal&ne c&l&ate mar%&nsM corolla (+ cm lon%N G&#ely l&ppe#N
tu8e 1+6 cm lon%N a8ruptly sGollen at topM stamens /N #&#ynamousN secon# pa&r lar%erM
,&lament Qu&te %la8rousM anthers tGo celle#N su8eQualN %la8rousM oEary tGo celle# G&th /
oEules &n each cellM style ,&l&,ormN pu8escentM st&%ma s&mpleN &nEolute G&th a ,&ssure on
upper s&#e+
>ru&t P TGo celle#N l&nearPo8lon%N compresse#N capsule a8out 5+9 cm lon%N po&nte#N /P
see#e#+
See# P OEateN ,lat or compresse#N truncate at the 8aseN 5+P5+. cm lon% an# 5+1 P 5+1. cm
G&#eN ha&ry 8ut appear&n% smoothM Ghen soa*e# &n Gater &mme#&ately %et coate# G&th
muc&la%eN l&%ht 8roGnM taste sl&%htly 8&tter an# o#our not #&st&nct+

8) )&croscop&c
Root P Root shoGs a s&n%le layere# ep&#erm&s o, th&nPGalle#N rectan%ular to cu8&calN
parenchymatous cells haE&n% un&cellular ha&rsM secon#ary corteF compose# o, roun# to oEal
or o8lon%N th&nPGalle# cells haE&n% lar%e &ntercellular spacesM most o, these cells #&E&#e#
lon%&tu#&nally an# transEersely G&th Galls ,orm&n% /P6 or more cham8ersM s&-e o, these cells
an# &ntercellular spaces %ra#ually re#uce toGar#s the &nner re%&onN Ghere these cells are
mostly ra#&ally elon%ate#N arran%e# &n ra#&al roGsN a ,eG th&c*PGalle# cells ,oun# scattere#
s&n%ly throu%hout secon#ary corteFM secon#ary phloem narroG cons&st&n% o, smallN th&nP
Galle#N poly%onal cellsM phloem ,&8res th&c*PGalle#N occur &n %roups o, P6 or s&n%lesN
scattere# throu%hout the phloem re%&onM secon#ary Fylem ,orms cont&nuous r&n%M Eessels
an%ularN 8roa#er toGar#s centreN arran%e# ra#&ally haE&n% sp&ral th&c*en&n%sN surroun#e# 8y
th&c*PGalle# parenchyma an# Fylem ,&8resM ,&8re Galls un&,ormly th&c*ene#M mult& an#
un&ser&ate me#ullary rays occur ,rom pr&mary Fylem re%&on upto secon#ary corteFM ray cells
th&n Galle#N ra#&ally elon%ate# &n Fylem re%&onN c&rcular to transEersely elon%ate# &n phloem
re%&on+
Stem P ShoGs someGhat su8PQua#ran%ular outl&neM cor* cons&sts o, .P15 roGs o,
rectan%ularN ra#&ally arran%e#N mo#erately th&c*PGalle#N 8roGn&sh cellsM collenchyma /P9
137
layere# cons&st&n% o, &so#&ametr&c cellsM a ,eG th&c*PGalle#N &solate# cells ,oun# scattere# &n
th&s -oneM cort&cal cells th&nPGalle#N roun#N o8lon%N Ear&a8le &n s&-eN G&th a num8er o, lar%e
a&r caE&t&esM a spec&al ,eature o, these cells &s the ,ormat&on o, tan%ent&al an# ra#&al Galls
G&th&n the cell #&E&#&n% &t &nto /P. or more partsM most o, cells conta&n numerous ac&cular
crystals o, calc&um oFalateM en#o#erm&s s&n%le layere#N compose# o, transEersely elon%ateN
th&nPGalle# cellsM phloem narroGN cons&st&n% o, roun# to poly%onal cellsN per&pheral ones
lar%erN &nner cells smallerM ,&8res th&c*PGalle#N s&n%le or &n %roups o, P(N some cells conta&n
calc&um oFalate crystals s&m&lar to those ,oun# &n cort&cal cellsM Fylem present &n a r&n%M
Eessels G&th sp&ral th&c*en&n%sN arran%e# ra#&allyM ,&8res elon%ate# G&th G&#e lumen an#
po&nte# t&psN me#ullary rays un& to mult& ser&ate eFten# upto secon#ary corteFM ray cells
th&nPGalle#N ra#&ally elon%ate# &n secon#ary FylemN transEersely elon%ate# &n secon#ary
phloemM p&th lar%eN compose# o, poly%onalN th&nPGalle# parenchymatous cellsN haE&n% small
&ntercellular spacesM a ,eG cells conta&n calc&um oFalate crystals s&m&lar to those ,oun# &n
secon#ary corteF+
'ea,P
)&#r&8 P ShoGs concaEoPconEeF outl&neM ep&#erm&s on e&ther sur,ace coEere# G&th th&c*
cut&cleM collenchyma P. layere#M stele compose# o, small stran#s o, Fylem an# phloem
haE&n% some %roups o, ,&8reM rest o, t&ssues compose# o, th&nPGalle#N parenchymatous cellsN
a ,eG o, them conta&n&n% ac&cular crystals o, calc&um oFalate M cystol&th present 8eneath
upper an# a8oEe the loGer ep&#ermal cells+
'am&na P ShoGs ep&#erm&s s&n%le layere# on e&ther sur,aceN compose# o, th&nPGalle#N
parenchymatousN tan%ent&ally elon%ate# cellsN coEere# G&th th&c* cut&cleM stomata #&acyt&cN
1P. celle# ha&rs present on 8oth sur,acesM pal&sa#e 1P layere#M spon%y parenchyma
compose# o, (P. layere#N loosely arran%e# cells traEerse# 8y a num8er o, Ee&nsM pal&sa#e
rat&o 6+.P1.+3.M stomatal &n#eF 13+/P(5+39M Ee&n &slet num8er 13P/+
>ru&t P ShoGs s&n%le layere# ep&#erm&s coEere# G&th str&ate# cut&cle ,olloGe# 8y .P15
layere#N th&c*PGalle#N oEal to heFa%onalN l&%n&,&e#N sclerenchymatous cells+
See# P ShoGs ha&ry testa compose# o, th&nPGalle#N tan%ent&ally elon%ate# cells coEere# G&th
p&%mente# cut&cleM em8ryo compose# o, oEal to poly%onalN th&nPGalle#N parenchymatous
cells conta&n&n% o&l %lo8ules+
0oG#er P '&%ht 8roGnM shoGs aseptateN elon%ate# ,&8resM Eessels G&th s&mple p&ts an# sp&ral
th&c*en&n%M pal&sa#eN ac&cular crystals o, calc&um oFalateN un&cellular ha&rs an# %lo8ules+

138


Rasa O )a#huraN AmlaN T&*ta
1uSa O 0&cch&laN Sn&%#ha
BVrya O KVta
B&pL*a O )a#hura
Karma O BalyaN BXUyaN )TtralaN BL;&*araN SantarpaSaN Rucya
4)0ORTANT >OR):'AT4ONS P 0LnaE&ralL#& Bhasma (KULra)
THERA0E:T4C :SES P maELtaN KothaN TXUSLN BLtara*ta
DOSE P ( P6 % o, the #ru% &n poG#er ,orm+

139
/+ Ko*&la*sha (Rt+)
KOK4'K! (Root)
Ko*&lL*UL cons&sts o, #r&e# root o, Asteracantha lon%&,ol&a Nees+ Syn+ Hy%roph&la
sp&nosa T+ An#ers (>am+Acanthaceae)M a sp&nyN stoutN annual her8N common &n Gater lo%%e#
places throu%hout the country+
SCNONC)S
Sans*r&t O 4*UuraN 4*Uura*aN Ko*&lL*UVN Cull&
Assamese O PPN Kule*hara
Ben%al& O PP
En%l&sh O PP
1u;rat& O E*haro
H&n#& O Talma*hana
Kanna#a O N&rmull&N KolaEul&*eN KolaEan*ae
Kashm&r& O PP
)alayalam O Bayalcull&N N&rchull&
Or&ya O Ko&lle*haN Ko&lre*ha
0un;a8& O PPP
Tam&l O N&rmulle
Telu%u O Talma*hanaN Neru%o88&N 1olm&#&
:r#u O Talma*hana
DESCR40T4ON
a) )acroscop&c
Roots mostly a#Eent&t&onsN 8ranches on no#esN Gh&t&sh to 8roGn&shM no character&st&c
o#our an# taste+

140
8) )&croscop&c
RootPAppears c&rcular &n outl&neN ep&#erm&s cons&sts o, rectan%ular to cu8&calN th&nP
Galle# cellsM a ,eG ep&#ermal cells elon%ate# to ,orm un&cellular ha&rsN 8eloG ep&#erm&s (P/
compactly arran%e# roGs o, th&nPGalle# poly%onal cells o, secon#ary corteFM seco#nary
corteF compose# o,Proun#e# to oEal or o8lon%N th&nPGalle# cells haE&n% consp&cuously lar%e
&ntercellular spacesN most o, these cells #&E&#e# lon%&tu#&nally an# transEersely G&th Galls
,orm&n% /P6 or more cham8ersN the s&-e o, these cellsN an# the &ntercellular spaces %ra#ually
re#uce toGar#s &nner re%&on o, secon#ary corteFM a ,eG th&c*PGalle# cells ,oun# scattere#
s&n%ly throu%hout secon#ary corteFN &nner most roG o, th&nPGalle# cells o, seco#nary corteF
comparat&Eely smaller &n s&-eN sl&%htly transEersely elon%ate#M secon#ary phloem narroGN
cons&st&n% o, smallN th&nPGalle#N poly%onal cellsN phloem ,&8res th&c*PGalle# occur &n %roups
or as s&n%le cellsN scattere# throu%hout the phloem re%&onN each %roup compose# o, P6
cellsM secon#ary Fylem ,orms cont&nuous r&n%M Fylem Eessels usually arran%e# &n ra#&al
roGsN an%ularN 8roa#er toGar#s centreN haE&n% sp&ral th&c*en&n%N surroun#e# 8y th&c*PGalle#
Fylem parenchyma an# Fylem ,&8resM ,&8re Galls un&,ormly th&c*ene#M mult&ser&ate
me#ullary rays occur ,rom pr&mary Fylem re%&on upto secon#ary corteFM un&ser&ate rays also
present &n Fylem an# eFten# upto the secon#ary corteFM ray cells th&nPGalle#N ra#&ally
elon%ate# &n the Fylem re%&onN roun#e# to transEersely elon%ate# &n phloem re%&on+
0oG#er P '&%ht 8roGn to ash coloure#M shoGs ,ra%ments o, p&tte#N l&%n&,&e# ,&8resM Eessels
G&th sp&ral th&c*en&n%N un&cellular ha&rs an# a ,eG %roups o, parenchymatous cells+


CONST4T:ENTS P Essent&al o&l

Rasa O )a#huraN AmlaN T&*ta
1uSa O 0&cch&laN Sn&%#ha
141
BVrya O KVta
B&pL*a O )a#hura
Karma O BLtaharaN KaphaharaN )TtralaN BXUya
4)0ORTANT >OR):'AT4ONS P RLsna&raSYL#& KELtha CTrSaN BastyLmayLnta*a 1hXta
THERA0E:T4C :SES P maELtaN KothaN AWmaXVN BLtara*taN 0&ttat&sLra
DOSE P ( P6 % o, the #ru% ,or #ecoct&on+

142
/(+ Ko*&la*sha (S#+)
KOK4'K! (See#)
Ko*&lL*UL cons&sts o, #r&e# see# o, Asteracantha lon%&,ol&a Nees+ Syn+ Hy%roph&la
sp&nosa T+ An#ers+ (>am+ Acanthaceae)M a sp&nyN stoutN annual her8N common &n Gater lo%%e#
places throu%hout the country+
SCNONC)S
Sans*r&t O 4*UuraN 4*Uura*aN Ko*&lL*UVN Cull&
Ben%al& O PPP
En%l&sh O PPP
1u;rat& O Tal&m*hana
H&n#& O Talma*hana
Kanna#a O KolaEan*aeN N&rmull&N KolaEal&*e
Kashm&r& O PP
)alayalam O Bayalchull&N N&rchull&
Or&ya O Ko&lle*haN Ko&lre*ha
0un;a8& O PPP
Tam&l O N&rmulle
Telu%u O N&te 1o88&N N&ru%o88&
:r#u O Talma*hana
DESCR40T4ON
a) )acroscop&c
OEateN ,lat or compresse#N truncate at the 8aseN P( mm lon% an# 1P mm G&#eN
Gh&teN ha&ry 8ut appear&n% smoothN Ghen soa*e# &n Gater &mme#&ately %et coate# G&th
muc&la%eN l&%ht yelloG&shP8roGnM tasteN sl&%htly 8&tter an# o#our not #&st&nct+
143

8) )&croscop&c
See# P ShoGs ha&ry testa compose# o, th&nPGalle#N tan%ent&ally elon%ate# cells
coEere# eFternally G&th p&%mente# cut&cle layerM em8ryo compose# o, oEal to poly%onalN
th&nPGalle#N parenchymatous cellsM o&l %lo8ules present &n th&s re%&on+
0oG#er P 1rey&shP8roGnM shoGs ha&rs an# o&l %lo8ules+
SGell&n% 4n#eF P 9 P15+
4ntro#uce the accurately Ge&%he# see#s &nto a . ml %lassPstoppere# measur&n% cyl&n#er+
The len%th o, the %ra#uate# port&on o, the cyl&n#er shoul# 8e 1. mmM the &nternal #&ameter
16 mm su8#&E&#e# &n 5+ ml an# mar*e# ,rom 5 to . ml &n upGar#s #&rect&on+ A## . ml o,
GaterN an# sha*e the m&Fture thorou%hly at &nterEals o, eEery 15 m&nutes ,or 1 hour+ AlloG
to stan# ,or ( hours at room temperature+ )easure the Eolume &n ml occup&e# 8y the see#sN
&nclu#&n% any st&c*y muc&la%e+ Carry out s&multaneously not less than ( #eterm&nat&on an#
calculate the mean Ealue o, the &n#&E&#ual #eterm&nat&onsN relate# to 1 % o, see#s+

Total Ash Not more than 1. per centN Appen#&F ++(+

T+'+C+
T+'+C+ o, alcohol&c eFtract o, the #ru% on S&l&ca %el [1[ plate us&n% TolueneO
Ethylacetate (=. O .) shoGs un#er :+B+ ((66 nm) ,&Ee ,luorescent -ones at R,+ 5+/ (re#)N
5+/1 (l&%ht 8lue)N 5+.. (l&%ht 8lue)N 5+36 (s*y 8lue) an# 5+=( (s*y 8lue)+ On eFposure to
4o#&ne Eapour seEen spots appear at R,+ 5+5(N 5+13N 5+/N 5+(1N 5+(9N 5+. an# 5+3 (all
yelloG)+ On spray&n% G&th .\ Ethanol&cPSulphur&c ac&# rea%ent an# on heat&n% the plate ,or
,&,teen m&nutes at 15. C e&%ht spots appear at R,+ 5+5( (l&%ht 8roGn)N 5+15 (l&%ht 8roGn)N
144
5+13 (l&%ht 8roGn)N 5+/ (#ar* 8roGn)N 5+(1 (#ar* 8roGn)N 5+(9 (l&%ht 8roGn)N 5+. (#ar*
8roGn) an# 5+3 (#ar* 8roGn)+

CONST4T:ENTS P An yelloG sem&P#ry&n% o&lN en-ymes l&*e D&astaseN '&paseN 0rotease
an# an Al*alo&#+

Rasa O )a#hura
1uSa O Sn&%#haN 0&cch&la
BVrya O KVta
B&pL*a O )a#hura
Karma O KaphaharaN BXUyaN BalyaN RuchyaN SantarpaSa
4)0ORTANT >OR):'AT4ONS P BastyLmayLnta*a 1hXtaN Ca*Xt KulaE&nLW&nV BaR&*L
THERA0E:T4C :SES P BLtara*taN KothaN 0&ttLWmarV
DOSE P ( P6 % o, the #ru% &n poG#er ,orm+

145
//+ Ku-uppa (2+0)
KO7:00 (2hole 0lant)
Ko-uppL cons&sts o, #r&e# Ghole plant o, 0ortulaca oleracea '&nn+ (>am+
0ortulacaceae)M an annual succulentN prostrate her8N .5 cm lon%N ,oun# throu%hout the countryN
ascen#&n% upto an alt&tu#e o, 1.55 m &n the H&malayas+
SCNONC)S
Sans*r&t O 'on&*LN 'on&N 1hoR&*L+
Assamese O PP
Ben%al& O Baralon&yaN Ba#anun&N Baranun&a
En%l&sh O 1ar#en 0urslaneN Common 4n#&an 0urslane
1u;rat& O 'un&N 'on&N )ot& 'un&
H&n#& O KhursaN Kul,aN Ba#& 'ona
Kanna#a O Du#a%ora&N Do##a%on& SoppuN 'on&*aN 'on&
Kashm&r& O PP
)alayalam O Kor&cch&raN Ko-huppaN Ko-uppaN Ko-uppacc&ra
)arath& O Kur,ahN 1hola
Or&ya O PP
0un;a8& O 'ona*N Chhotalun&aN Khur,aN KG,a
Tam&l O 0asala&N 0ul&**&ra&N 0aruppu**eera&N Ko-huppu
Telu%u O 0appu*uraN 0e##apaE&la KuraN 0ay&l&*uraN 0aE&l&*ura
:r#u O Khur,a
DESCR40T4ON
a) )acroscop&c
Root P Cyl&n#r&calN smallN o8l&QueN sur,ace smoothN 8roGn&shP%reyM secon#ary rootsN
less &n num8erN root ha&rs a8un#ant &n upper re%&onN ,ractureN short+
Stem P Almost cyl&n#r&calN sGollen at the no#esN r&88e#N 8ranche#N 5+1 to 5+ cm &n #&ameterN
,ractureN shortM o#ourN character&st&c+
146
'ea, P S&mpleN su8Psess&leN cune&,ormN roun#e# an# truncate at the apeFM 5+( to +. cm lon%
an# 5+1 to 5+6 cm G&#eN o8lon%N spathulateN smooth an# %reen&shP8roGn+
>loGer P A ,eGN 8r&%ht yelloGN at term&nal hea#sN somet&mes &n aF&llary clusters o, P6N
su8ten#e# 8y an &nEolucreN (P/ leaEesM sepal 5+.P5+/ cm lon%M petals o8oEateN 5+. cm lon%N
Eery #el&cate an# soon ,all&n% o,,M stamens 9P1M style .P6 ,&#N 5+(.P5+/ cm lon%+
>ru&t P An oEo&# capsuleN 5+( cm lon%N #eh&sc&n% a8oEe the 8ase+
See# PNumerousN ren&,ormN 8lac*N m&nuteN 5+56P5+53 cm acrossN #ar* 8roGn+

8) )&croscop&c
Root P ShoGs .P1. layers o, cor*N &nner hal, ,&lle# G&th re##&shP8roGn contentsM
secon#ary corteF compose# o, th&nPGalle#N oEal cellsN haE&n% &ntercellular spacesM per&cycle
,&8re present &n patchesM secon#ary phloem cons&sts o, s&eEe tu8es an# parenchymatous
cellsM secon#ary Fylem compose# o, EesselsN trache&#s an# parenchymaM EesselsN sol&tary or
&n %roups o, P.N arran%e# &n ra#&al roGsN haE&n% s&mple p&ts an# sp&ral th&c*en&n%M
trache&#sN th&c*PGalle# G&th G&#e lumenM parenchyma a8un#antM s&mple as Gell as
compoun# starch %ra&ns measur&n% 6P1/ &n #&a+N haE&n% P( components present &n
secon#ary corteFN phloemN Fylem parenchyma an# ray cells+
Stem P 2aEy &n outl&neN shoGs .P15 layers o, th&n Galle# cor*N G&th re##&shP8roGn content
&n a ,eG cellsM secon#ary corteF cons&sts o, P( layers o, collenchymatous an# (P/ layers o,
parenchymatous cells G&th &ntercellular spacesM per&cycle present as patches o, per&cycl&c
,&8resM secon#ary phloem mostly compose# o, s&eEe tu8es an# parenchyma cellsM secon#ary
Fylem cons&sts o, EesselsN trache&#s an# parenchymaM Eassels haE&n% s&mple p&ts an# sp&ral
th&c*en&n%M trache&#s th&c*PGalle# G&th G&#e lumenM parenchyma a8un#ant an# th&c*P
Galle#M rosette crystals o, calc&um oFalate an# starch %ra&ns present &n seco#nary corteFN
phloem an# Fylem parenchymaN ray cells an# p&th+
'ea,P
)&#r&8 P shoGs a collateral Eascular 8un#le surroun#e# 8y a sheath o, pal&sa#e cellsM rest o,
the t&ssues 8etGeen Eascular 8un#le an# ep&#ermal cells compose# o, th&n Galle#N oEalN
parenchymatous cellsM stomata paracyt&c typeM rosette crystals o, calc&um oFalate an# starch
%ra&ns s&mpleN as Gell as compoun#N measur&n% 6P1/ N present &n mesophyll cells+
'am&na P shoGs a s&n%le layere# upper an# loGer ep&#erm&sN coEere# eFternally G&th a th&c*
cut&cleM paracyt&c stomata present on 8oth sur,acesM pal&sa#e s&n%le layere#M spon%y
parenchyma cells more or less &so#&ametr&c an# loosely arran%e#+
147
0oG#er P 1rey&shP8roGnM shoGs %roups o, oEal to poly%onalN th&nPGalle#N parenchymatous
cellsN p&tte# an# sp&ral EesselsN ,ra%ments o, cor* cellsN rosette crystals o, calc&um oFalate
an# starch %ra&nsN s&mple as Gell as compoun#N measur&n% 6P1/ &n #&a+ haE&n% P(
components+

>ore&%n matter Not more than . per centN Appen#&F +++
Total Ash Not more than (5 per centN Appen#&F ++(+
2aterPsolu8le eFtract&Ee Not less than 1= per centN Appen#&F ++3+

T+'+C+
T+'+C+ o, alcohol&c eFtract o, the #ru% on S&l&ca 1el [1[ plate us&n% Toluene O
Ethylacetate (=O1) shoGs s&F spots at R,+ 5+59N 5+15N (8oth %reen)N 5+/1N 5+. (8oth
,a&nt %reen)N 5+69 (yelloG) an# 5+36 (%reen) &n E&s&8le l&%ht+ :n#er :+B+ ((66 nm) s&F
,luorescent -ones are E&s&8le at R,+ 5+59N 5+15N 5+/1N 5+.N 5+69 an# 5+36 (all p&n*&sh
re#)+ On eFposure to 4o#&ne Eapour s&F spots appear at R,+ 5+15N 5+.5N 5+61N 5+69N
5+36 an# 5+=9 (all yelloG)

CONST4T:ENTS P 0rote&nN Car8ohy#ratesN B&tam&n C an# )uc&la%e

Rasa O Amla
1uSa O SaraN 1uruN RT*Ua
BVrya O :USa
B&pL*a O Amla
148
Karma O BLtaharaN 0&tta*araN KaphaharaN Ca*UuUyaN BLSV#oUahara
4)0ORTANT >OR):'AT4ONS P )arma 1uR&*L
THERA0E:T4C :SES P BraSaN 1ulmaN 0ramehaN KothaN ArWaN A%n&mLn#ya
DOSE P ( P 6 % o, the #ru% &n poG#er ,orm+

149
/.+ 'a;;alu (2+0)
'A$$': (2hole 0lant)
'a;;Llu cons&sts o, #r&e# Ghole plant o, )&mosa pu#&ca '&nn+ (>am+ >a8aceae)M a
#&,,use# un#ershru8N sens&t&Ee to touchN .P.5 cm h&%hN ,oun# nearly throu%ht hotter an# mo&st
re%&ons o, the country+
SCNONC)S
Sans*r&t O SaZan%LN BarL*rLntLN Namas*LrV
Assamese O 'a;u8&lataN A#amalat&
Ben%al& O 'a;a*aN 'a;;aEant&
En%l&sh O TouchPmePnot
1u;rat& O R&saman&N 'a;aEant&N 'a;aman&
H&n#& O Chhu&mu&N 'a;aun&
Kanna#a O )utt&#asenu&N )ach&*e%&#aN 'a;;aEat&
Kashm&r& O PP
)alayalam O Thotta Bat&
)arath& O 'a;alu
Or&ya O 'a;a*ur&
0un;a8& O 'a;an
Tam&l O ThottaEa#&N Tottalchurun%&
Telu%u O )u#u%u#amara
:r#u O Chhu&mu&
DESCR40T4ON
a) )acroscop&c
Root P Cyl&n#r&calN taper&n%N repen#ant N G&th secon#ary an# tert&ary 8ranchesN
Eary&n% &n len%thN upto cm th&c*N sur,ace more or less rou%h or lon%&tu#&nally Gr&n*le#M
%rey&sh 8roGn to 8roGnN cut sur,ace o, p&eces pale yelloGM ,racture har#N Goo#yN 8ar*
,&8rousM o#ourN #&st&nctM tasteN sl&%htly astr&n%ent+
150
Stem P Cyl&n#r&calN upto +. cm &n #&aM sparsely pr&c*lyN coEere# G&th lon%NGee* 8r&stles
lon%&tu#&nally %rooEe#N eFternal sur,ace l&%ht 8roGnN &nternal cut sur,ace %reyN 8ar* ,&8rousM
eas&ly separa8le ,rom Goo#+
'ea, P D&%&tately compoun# G&th one or tGo pa&rs o, sess&leN ha&ry p&nnaeN alternateN
pet&olateN st&pulateN l&near lanceolateM lea,lets 15P5 pa&rsN 5+6P1+ cm lon%N 5+(P5+/ cm
8roa#N sess&leN o8l&Quely narroG or l&near o8lon%M o8l&Quely roun#e# at 8aseN acuteN nearly
%la8rousM yelloG&shP%reen+
>loGer P 0&n*N &n %lo8ose hea#N pe#uncles pr&c*lyM calyF Eery smallM corolla p&n*N lo8es /N
oEate o8lon%M stamens /N much eFserte#M oEary sess&leM oEules numerous+
>ru&t P 'omentumN s&mpleN #ryN 1P1+6 cm lon%N 5+/P5+. cm 8roa# G&th &n#eh&sce# se%ments
an# pers&stent sutures haE&n% P. see#s G&th yelloG&shN sprea#&n% 8r&stle at suturesN 5+( cm
lon%N %la8rousN straG coloure#+
See# P Compresse#N oEalPell&pt&cN 8roGn to %reyN 5+( lon%N +. mm 8roa# haE&n% a central
r&n% on each ,ace+

8) )&croscop&c
Root P )ature root shoGs cor* .P1 layere#N tan%ent&ally elon%ate# cellsN a ,eG outer
layers crushe# or eF,ol&ate#M secon#ary corteF cons&st&n% o, 6P15 layere#N tan%ent&ally
elon%ate# th&nPGalle# cellsM secon#ary phloem composse# o, s&eEes elementsN ,&8resN crystal
,&8res an# phloem parenchyma traEerse# 8y phloem raysN phloem ,&8res s&n%le or &n %roupsN
arran%e# &n tan%ent&al 8an#sM crystal ,&8res th&c*PGalle#N (P. cham8ere#N each G&th s&n%le
or P/ pr&smat&c crystals o, calc&um oFalateM phloem rays un& to mult&ser&ateN P( ser&ate
more commonM secon#ary Fylem cons&sts o, usual elements traEerse# 8y Fylem raysM Eessels
scattere# throu%hout secon#ary Fylem haE&n% 8or#ere# p&ts an# ret&culate th&c*en&n%sM
crystal ,&8res conta&n&n% one or rarely P/ pr&smat&c crystals o, calc&um oFalate &n each
cham8erM parenchymaN th&c*PGalle#N scattere# throu%hout secon#ary FylemM Fylem rays un&
to 8&Pser&ateN rarely mult&ser&ateN G&#er toGar#s secon#ary phloem an# narroGer toGar#s
centreM starch %ra&nsN pr&smat&c crystals o, calc&um oFalate an# tann&n present &n secon#ary
corteFN phloem an# Fylem rays an# parenchymaM starch %ra&ns 8oth s&mple an# compoun#
haE&n% P( componentsN roun#e# to oEal measur&n% 6P5 an# 16P9 &n #&a+
respect&Eely+
Stem P )ature stem shoGs /P9 layere#N eF,ol&ate# cor* o, tan%ent&ally elon%ate# cells ,&lle#
G&th re##&shP8roGn contentsM secon#ary corteF G&#eN cons&st&n% o, lar%eN mo#erately th&c*P
Galle#N tan%ent&ally elon%ate# to oEalN parenchymatous cellsN ,&lle# G&th re##&shP8roGn
contentsN a ,eG cells conta&n&n% pr&smat&c crystals o, calc&um oFalateN a num8er o, l&%n&,&e#N
151
,&8res s&n%le or &n %roupsN scattere# throu%houtM secon#ary phloem cons&st&n% o, usual
elementsN P. transEersely arran%e# str&ps o, ,&8res occur alternat&n% G&th narroG str&ps o,
s&eEe elements an# parenchymaN crystal ,&8res elon%ate#N th&c*PGalle#N conta&n&n% s&n%le
crystal o, calc&um oFalate &n each cham8erM phloem rays th&c*PGalle#N ra#&ally elon%ate#M
secon#ary Fylem compose# o, usual elements traEerse# 8y Fylem raysM Eessels #rumPshape#
G&th sp&ral th&c*en&n%sN trache&#s p&tte# G&th po&nte# en#sN ,&8res o, tGo typesN shorter G&th
G&#e lumen an# lon%er G&th narroG lumenM Fylem rays ra#&ally elon%ate#N th&c*PGalle#N 1P6
cells G&#e an# (P(5 cells h&%hM p&th cons&st&n% o, poly%onalN parenchymatous cells G&th
&ntercellular spaces+
'ea,P
0et&ole P shoGs s&n%le layere# ep&#erm&s G&th th&c* cut&cleM corteF /P3 layere# o, th&n
Galle#N parenchymatous cellsM per&cycle arran%e# &n a r&n%M / central Eascular 8un#les
present G&th tGo smaller Eascular 8un#les arran%e# laterallyN one &n each G&n%+
)&#r&8 P shoGs s&n%le layere# ep&#erm&sN coEere# G&th th&nPcut&cleM upper ep&#erm&s
,olloGe# 8y a s&n%le layere# pal&sa#eN spon%y parenchyma s&n%le layere#N per&cycle same as
&n pet&oleM Eascular 8un#le s&n%le+
'am&na P shoGs ep&#erm&s on 8oth sur,acesN pal&sa#e s&n%le layere#M spon%y parenchymaN
(P. layers cons&st&n% o, c&rcular cellsM rosette crystals an# a ,eG Ee&ns present &n spon%y
parenchyma+
>ru&t P ShoGs s&n%le layere# ep&#erm&s G&th a ,eG nonP%lan#ularN 8ranche#N sha%%y ha&rsM
mesocarp o, .P6 layers o, th&nPGalle#N parenchymatous cellsM some amph&cr&8ral Eascular
8un#les ,oun# scattere# &n th&s re%&onM en#ocarp o, th&c*PGalle#N l&%n&,&e# cells ,olloGe# 8y
s&n%le layere#N th&nPGalle#N parenchymatous cells
See# P ShoGs s&n%le layere# ra#&ally elon%ate# cellsM ,olloGe# 8y .P6 layere# an%ular cells
,&lle# G&th #ar* 8roGn contentsM en#osperm cons&sts o, an%ular or elon%ate# cellsN a ,eG
conta&n&n% pr&smat&c crystals o, calc&um oFalateM cotyle#ons cons&sts o, th&nPGalle# cellsN a
,eG cells conta&n&n% rosette crystals o, calc&um oFalateM em8ryo stra&%ht G&th short an#
th&c* ra#&cle+
0oG#er P Re##&shP8roGnM shoGsN ret&culateN p&tte# EesselsN pr&smat&c an# rosette crystals o,
calc&um oFalateN ,&8resN crystal ,&8resN yelloG or 8roGn parenchymatous cellsN pal&sa#e cells
non %lan#ularN 8ranche#N sha%%y ha&rsN s&n%le an# compoun# starch %ra&nsN measur&n% 6P.
&n #&a+ G&th P ( components
152


ASSAC

T+'+C+
T+'+C+ o, alcohol&c eFtract o, the #ru% on S&l&ca 1el [1[ plate us&n% nP
Butanol O Acet&c ac&#O 2aterO (/O1O.) :n#er :+B+ ((66 nm) ,our ,luorescent -ones
appear at R,+ 5+(.N 5+6N 5+6= (all 8lue) an# 5+91 (8lu&shPp&n*)+ On eFposure to
4o#&ne Eapour tGo spots appear at R,+ 5+(. an# 5+=/ (8oth yelloG) On spray&n% G&th
Dra%en#or,, rea%ent ,olloGe# 8y .\ )ethanol&c Sulphur&c ac&# rea%ent one spot
appears at R,+ 5+(. (oran%e)+

CONST4T:ENTS P Al*alo&#

Rasa O T&*taN KaULya
1uSa O 'a%huN RT*Ua
BVrya O KVta
B&pL*a O KaRu
Karma O KaphaharaN 0&ttaharaN 1rLhV
153
4)0ORTANT >OR):'AT4ONS P Sama_%L#& CTrSaN KuRa;LEalehaN 0uUyLnu%a CTrSaN BXhat
1an%L#hara CTrSa+
THERA0E:T4C :SES P Ra*tap&ttaN AtVsLraN Con&ro%aN KophaN DLhaN KELsaN BraSaN KuURha

154
/6+ )a#hu*a (>l+)
)ADHIKA (>loGer)
)a#hT*a cons&sts o, ,loGer usually G&thout stal* or calyF o, )a#huca &n#&ca
$+>+1mel+ Syn+ )+ lat&,ol&a (RoF8+) )ac8r&#eN Bass&a lat&,ol&a RoF8+ (>am+ Sapotaceae) M a
me#&um s&-e# #ec&#uous tree occurs &n m&Fe# #ec&#uous ,orests throu%hout 4n#&aN an# also
cult&Eate#+
SCNONC)S
Sans*r&t O 1uYapuUpL
Assamese O )ahuaN )ahuGa
Ben%al& O )ahuGa
En%l&sh O The 4n#&an Butter treeN )ahaGash tree
1u;rat& O )ahu#oN )ahuGa
H&n#& O )ahuGa
Kanna#a O H&ppe%&#aN Hal&ppeN H&ppeN H&ppenaraN )a#hu*aN 4ppaN Epp&mara
Kashm&r& O PP
)alayalam O 4r&ppaN 4l&ppaN 4luppaN Eluppa
)arath& O )oh#a
Or&ya O )ahula
0un;a8& O )auaN )ahua
Tam&l O Kat&luppa&N Kattu 4luppa&N 4lupp&
Telu%u O lppa 0uEEu
:r#u O )ahuEa
DESCR40T4ON
a) )acroscop&c
Dru% cons&sts o, mostly corolla an# an#roec&umM corolla ,leshyN re##&shP
8roGnN ta8ularN lo8es 3P1/ (usually 9P=)N oEate lanceolateN shortN erect 5+.P cm lon%M
stamen 5P(5 (usually /P6)N ep&petalous an# arran%e# &n tGo ser&esM anther su8Psess&leN
155
ep&petalousN 8as&,&Fe#N lanceolateN po&nte# at t&p an# ha&ry at the 8ac* G&th prom&nent #ar*
8roGn connect&Ee stran#M tasteN sGeet+

8) )&croscop&c
Corolla P 0etal shoGs a s&n%le layere# ep&#erm&sN ,olloGe# 8y th&nPGalle#N
&rre%ularly shape# parenchymatous cellsM Eascular 8un#les ,oun# scattere# &n
parenchymatous t&ssues+
An#roec&um P Anther shoGs / pollen cham8ers an# prom&nent cells o, connect&Ee t&ssue &n
the centre o, the cham8ersM ep&#erm&s s&n%le layere# coEere# G&th th&n cut&cleM a ,eG
un&cellular ha&rs present on one s&#eM en#othec&um compose# o, ra#&ally elon%ate#N oEal
shape#N l&%n&,&e# cellsM tapetum not #&st&nctM pollen %ra&ns s&n%le or &n %roupsN spher&calN
G&th clear eF&ne an# &nt&ne Galls scattere# &n the pollen sacN a ,eG cells o, the Eascular
8un#les are seen em8e##e# &n the connect&Ee t&ssues+
0oG#er P Dar* 8roGnM shoGs ,ra%ments o, ep&#ermal cellsN un&cellular ha&rsM roun#N 8roGn
pollen %ra&ns G&th clear eF&ne an# &nt&ne Galls+

)o&sture content Not more than 15 per centN Appen#&F ++=

CONST4T:ENTS P Su%ars

Rasa O )a#hura
1uSa O 1uru
156
BVrya O KVta
B&pL*a O )a#hura
Karma O BLtaharaN 0&tta*araN Ku*ralaN KramaharaN BalyaN AhX#ya
4)0ORTANT >OR):'AT4ONS P )a#hT*LsaEaN DrL*aUL#& KELtha CTrSaN ElL#& )o#a*a
THERA0E:T4C :SES P TXUSLN DLhaN KramaN KELsaN KUataN KUaya
DOSE P 15 P 1. % o, the #ru%+

157
/3+ )atshya*sh& (2+0+)
)ATSCK!A (2hole 0lant)
)atsyL*UV cons&sts o, #r&e# Ghole plant o, Alternanthera sess&l&s ('&nn+) R+ Br+N SynN
A+ tr&an#ra 'am+N A+ #ent&culata R+ Br+N A+ no#&,lora R+ Br+N A+ repens 1mel+N non '&n*+ (>am+
Amaranthaceae)M a small prostrate or ascen#&n% her8 G&th seEeral sprea#&n% 8ranches %roG&n%
throu%hout the Garmer parts o,the country an# ,reQuently ,oun# &n Get places espec&ally
aroun# tan*s an# pon#s+
SCNONC)S
Sans*r&t O )atsya%an#hLN Bahl&N )atsyL#un&N 1an#alVN 1art*alam8u*L
Assamese O PP
Ben%al& O Sanchesa*N Sal&ncha Sa*
En%l&sh O PP
1u;rat& O $ala;am8o
H&n#& O 1u#ar& Sa%
Kanna#a O Hona%onne soppu
Kashm&r& O PP
)alayalam O Ko-uppaN 0onnan*ann&
)arath& O Kanchar&
Or&ya O )atsa%an#haN Sal&ncha Saa%a
0un;a8& O PPP
Tam&l O 0onnan%*ann&
Telu%u O 0onna%ant& Koora
:r#u O PPPPP
DESCR40T4ON
a) )acroscop&c
Root P Cyl&n#r&calN 5+1P5+6 cm #&ameterN cream to %reyN numerous roots ar&s&n% ,rom
the ma&n tap root as lateral rootletsM ,ractureN shortM no character&st&c o#our an# taste+
158
Stem P Her8aceousN Gea*N mostly cyl&n#r&cal occas&onally su8PQua#ran%ular at the ap&cal
re%&onN G&th sprea#&n% 8ranches ,rom the 8aseM yelloG&shP8roGn to l&%htP8roGnM no#es an#
&nterno#es #&st&nctN &nterno#es 5+.P. cm lon%N o,ten root&n% at loGer no#esM ,ractureN shortM
no character&st&c o#our an# taste+
'ea, P 1+(P3+. cm lon%N 5+(P cm G&#eN somet&mes reach&n% 15 cm lon%N +. cm G&#eN
sess&leN l&nearPo8lon%N or ell&pt&cN o8tuse or su8acuteM no character&st&c o#our an# taste+
>loGer P >loGer &n small aF&llary sess&le hea#sN Gh&te o,ten t&n%e# G&th p&n*N 8racteoles 1+
cm lon%N oEateN scar&ousM per&anth +.P( mm lon%N sepals oEateN acuteN th&nN oEary
o8cor#ateN compresse#N style Eery shortN cap&tellateM no character&st&c o#our an# taste+
>ru&t P :tr&cleN 1+. mm lon%N or8&cularN compresse# G&th th&c*ene# mar%&nsM no
character&st&c o#our an# taste+

8) )&croscop&c
Root P ShoGs c&rcular outl&ne cons&st&n% o, .P3 layere#N th&nPGalle# tan%ent&ally
elon%ate# an# sQuar&shN ra#&ally arran%e# cor* cellsM secon#ary corteF narroGN cons&st&% o,
th&nPGalle#N roun# or oEalN parenchymatous cellsM Eascualr 8un#les ra#&ally arran%e#N
numerousN cons&st&n% o, th&nPGalle# cellsM Fylem t&ssues l&%n&,&e#M con;unct&Ee t&ssue
8etGeen 8un#les cons&st&n% o, oEalN th&nPGalle#N parenchymatous cellsM anomalous
secon#ary %roGth occurs &n the ,orm o, success&on o, r&n%s o, Eascular 8un#les Gh&ch are
8&collateralN open an# eFarchM &n the p&th there are tGo lar%er Eascular 8un#les compose# o,
Fylem an# phloemM p&th cons&st&n% o, th&nPGalle#N roun# to oEalN &so#&ametr&cN
parenchymatous cells+
Stem P ShoGs s&n%le layere# ep&#erm&s cons&st&n% o, roun# or oEalN th&nPGalle# cells
coEere# G&th str&ate# cut&cleM corteF 6P15 layere# cons&st&n% o, th&nPGalle# oEal to roun#N
parenchymatous cells an# rosette crystals o, calc&um oFalate measur&n% ..P33 &n
#&ameterM Eascualr 8un#les arran%e# &n a r&n%N G&th anomalous secon#ary %roGthM G&th are
con;o&ntN 8&collateralN open an# en#arch phloem narroG cons&st&n% o, th&nPGalle# cells
traEerse# 8y phloem raysM Fylem cons&st&n% o, usual elements traEerse# 8y Fylem raysM
there are tGo Eascular 8un#les s&ttuate# &n the per&pheral re%&on o, p&thN each 8un#le
cons&st&n% o, Fylem an# phloemM p&th #&st&nctN compose# o, th&nPGalle#N roun# to oEal
parenchymatous cells G&th &ntercellular spacesN a ,eG parenchymatous cells conta&n rosette
'ea,P
)&#r&8 P shoGs s&n%le layere# ep&#erm&s on 8oth sur,acesN coEere# Gt&th str&ate# cut&cleM
159
collenchymatous cellsN P/ layere# toGar#s Eentral s&#e ,orm&n% 1P small patchesN 1P
layere# toGar#s #orsal s&#eM parenchymatous cellsN th&nPGalle# roun# or oEalN &so#&amet&c
cellsN a ,eG o, them conta&n&n% rosette crystals o, calc&um oFalateM Eascular 8un#les threeN
each cons&st&n% o, Fylem an# phloemN present &n the centre+
'am&na P #ors&EentralM shoGs GaEy or un#ulateN &rre%ularN s&n%le layere#N ta8ular ep&#erm&s
cells present on 8oth sur,acesM stomata paracyt&cN more on Eentral s&#e an# less on #orsal
s&#eM pal&sa#e P( layersM spon%y parenchyma (P/ layere# o, oEal or &rre%ular loosely
arran%e# cellsM a ,eG o, them conta&n&n% rosette crystals o, calc&um oFalateM stomatal &n#eF
P6 &n loGer sur,ace an# 1P5 upper sur,aceM pal&sa#e rat&o (P.M Ee&nP&slet num8er 6P1
an# Ee&nlet term&nat&on num8er 9P15+
0oG#er P Ol&Ee %reenM shoGs ,ra%ments o, parenchymatous cellsN GaEy or un#ulate &rre%ular
ep&#ermal cells &n sur,ace E&eGN paracyt&c stomataN pal&sa#e cells an# Fylem Eessels G&th
p&tte# an# ret&culate th&c*en&n% an# rosette crystals o, calc&um oFalate+

Ac&#P&nsolu8le ash Not more than /+. per centN Appen#&F ++/+

ASSAC

T+'+C+
T+'+C+ o, alcohol&c eFtract o, the #ru% on S&l&ca 1el [1[ plate us&n% Toluene O
Ethylacetate (=O1) shoGs &n E&s&8le l&%ht three spots at R,+ 5+16N 5+(( an# 5+// (all
%reen)+ :n#er :+B+ ((66 nm) ,&Ee ,luorescent -ones E&s&8le at R,+ 5+16N 5+((N 5+//N
5+./ an# 5+69 (all re#)+ On eFposure to 4o#&ne Eapour e&%ht spots appear at R,+ 5+19N
5+.N 5+(.N 5+//N 5+.=N 5+91N 5+=/ an# 5+=6 (all yelloG)+

160

CONST4T:ENTS P Su%arN Sapon&ns < Sterols

Rasa O T&*taN KaULyaN )a#hura
1uSa O 'a%hu
BVrya O KVta
B&pL*a O KaRu
Karma O BLtaharaN 0&ttaharaN KaphaharaN 1rLhV
4)0ORTANT >OR):'AT4ONS P Tra&*aSRa*a 1hXta
THERA0E:T4C :SES P KuURhaN Ra*taE&*LraN 0&ttaE&*Lra

161
/9+ )eth& (S#+)
)ETHA (See#)
)ethV cons&sts o, see#s o, Tr&%onella ,oenumP%raecum '&nn+ (>am+ >a8aceae)M an
aromat&cN (5P65 cm tallN annual her8N cult&Eate# throu%hout the country+
SCNONC)S
Sans*r&t O )eth&n&
Assamese O PP
Ben%al& O PP
En%l&sh O >enu%ree*
1u;rat& O )eth&
H&n#& O )eth&
Kanna#a O )entheN )ente
Kashm&r& O PP
)alayalam O :luEa
)arath& O )eth&
Or&ya O PP
0un;a8& O )eth&
Tam&l O )en#&umN Benta&yam
Telu%u O )entulu
:r#u O )eth&
DESCR40T4ON
a) )acroscop&c
See# o8lon%N rhom8o&#al G&th #eep ,urroG runn&n% o8l&Quely ,rom one s&#eN #&E&#&n%
see# &nto a lar%er an# smaller partN 5+P5+. cm lon%N 5+1.P5+(. cm 8roa#N smoothN Eery har#M
#ull yelloGM see# 8ecomes muc&la%&nous Ghen soa*e# &n GaterM o#ourN pleasantM tasteN 8&tter+

162
8) )&croscop&c
See# P See# shoGs a layer o, th&c*P Galle#N columnar pal&sa#eN coEere# eFternally
G&th th&c* cut&cleM cells ,lat at 8aseN mostly po&nte# 8ut a ,eG ,lattene# at apeFN supporte#
&nternally 8y a tan%ent&ally G&#e 8earer cells haE&n% ra#&al r&8Pl&*e th&c*en&n%sM ,olloGe# 8y
/P. layers o, tan%ent&ally elon%ate#N th&nPGalle#N parenchymatous cellsM en#osperm cons&sts
o, a layer o, th&c*PGalle# cells conta&n&n% aleurone %ra&nsN seEeral layers o, th&n Galle#N
muc&la%&nous cellsN Eary&n% &n s&-eN lon% aF&s ra#&ally elon%ate# &n outer re%&on an#
tan%ent&ally elon%ate# &n &nner re%&onM cotyle#ons cons&sts o, (P/ layers o, pal&sa#e cells
Eary&n% &n s&-e G&th lon% aF&s an# a ,eG layers o, ru#&mentary spon%y t&ssueM ru#&mentary
Eascular t&ssue s&tuate# &n spon%y mesophyllM cells o, cotyle#on conta&n aleurone %ra&ns an#
o&l %lo8ules+
0oG#er P CelloGM shoGs %roups o, pal&sa#e parenchymatous cellsN aleurone %ra&nsN o&l
%lo8ulesN en#osperm an# ep&#ermal cells o, testa+


CONST4T:ENTS P Al*alo&#N Sapo%en&ns an# )uc&la%e+

Rasa O T&*ta
1uSa O Sn&%#ha
BVrya O :USa
B&pL*a O KaRu
Karma O BLtaharaN KaphaharaN DVpanaN Rucya
163
4)0ORTANT >OR):'AT4ONS P )usta*Lr&URaN )Xtasa];VEanV SurL
THERA0E:T4C :SES P ArucVN $EaraN 1rahaSVN 0rameha

164
/=+ )ula*a (2+0+)
)I'AKA (2hole 0lant)
)Tla*a cons&sts o, ,resh Ghole plant o, Raphanus sat&Eus '&nn+ (>am+ Brass&caceae)M
an annual or 8&enn&al 8r&stly her8N cult&Eate# throu%hout the country upto an alt&tu#e o, (N555
m &n the H&malayas an# other h&lly re%&ons+
SCNONC)S
Sans*r&t O PP
Assamese O PP
Ben%al& O )ula
En%l&sh O Ra#&sh
1u;rat& O )ulo
H&n#& O )ul&
Kanna#a O )oolan%&
Kashm&r& O PP
)alayalam O )ullan*&
)arath& O )ula
Or&ya O )ulaN Ra*hyasmula
0un;a8& O )ula*aN )ul&N )ula
Tam&l O )ullan%&
Telu%u O )ullan%&
:r#u O )ul&
DESCR40T4ON
a) )acroscop&c
Root P Root cyl&n#r&calN Ear&a8le s&-e an# th&c*nessN haE&n% a ,eG lon%&tu#&nal
str&at&onsM l&%ht %rey&shP8roGn eFternally an# ,a&nt yelloG&sh &nternallyM o#ourN not #&st&nctM
tasteN sl&%htly pun%ent+
165
Stem P Slen#erN holloGN cyl&n#r&calN compresse#N smooth G&th 8ranches ar&s&n% at no#e an#
shoG lon%&tu#&nal str&at&ons on #ry&n%M 5+1P1+5 cm &n #&a+N yelloG&shP%reen+
'ea, P 'oGer leaEes ha&ryN pet&ole .P.+( cm lon%N lyrateN coarsely toothe#M upper most leaEes
s&mpleN su8Pl&near 8ut narroGe# at the 8aseM 8r&%ht %reen+
>loGer P >loGer &n lon% term&nal racemeN 8&seFualN re%ularN complete 1P cm lon%N pe#&cel
G&th scattere# ha&rsM seplas 6+.P15 cm lon%N o8lon%N somet&mes 8roGn re#M petals 1+3P+ cm
lon%N 8la#e o8oEateN su8Pmar%&nate at the apeFN Gh&te or l&lac G&th yelloG or purple Ee&nM
stamen 6 &n tGo GhorlsN tGo outer smaller an# ,our &nner lon%erM oEary super&orN %reen or
8roGnPpurpleN 15P1 oEule#M style a8out / mm lon%N 1P cham8ere#+
>ru&t P S&l&QuaN erectN cyl&n#r&calN (P= cm lon% an# 5+9P 1+/ cm th&c*N cont&nuous or more or
less constr&cte#N lon%&tu#&nally sulcatusN %reen&shPyelloGN occas&onally pale purple+
See# P Re##&shP8roGnM &rre%ularly %lo8oseN somet&mes ,lattene#N P/ mm lon%N mm G&#eM
sur,ace %enerally smooth an# somet&mes Gr&n*le# an# %rooEe# at m&cropylar en#M tasteN
o&ly+

8) )&croscop&c
Root P shoGs (P15 layere# tan%ent&ally elon%ate#N ra#&ally arran%e#N cor* cellsM
secon#ary corteF compose# o, G&#e -one o, oEal to poly%onalN ell&pt&calN th&nPGalle#N
parenchymatous cellsM secon#ary phloem mostly compose# o, s&eEe elements an#
parenchymaN traEerse# 8y phloem raysM secon#ary Fylem mostly cons&st&n% o, Eessels an#
parenchymaN traEerse# 8y Fylem raysM Eessels mostly sol&tary or P( &n %roupM me#ullary
rays ,our to many cells G&#eM starch %ra&ns s&mple an# compoun# haE&n% P/ componentsN
sol&tary or &n%roupsN roun# to oEalNmeasur&n% 6P1/ &n #&a+ present &n corteFN phloemN
Fylem parenchyma an# ray cells+
Stem P ShoGs s&n%le layere# ep&#erm&s G&th th&c* cut&cleM corteF cons&sts o, .P1 layers
G&th &ntercellular spacesM en#o#erm&s at some placesN s&n%le layere#M per&cycle occurs as
crescent shape# %roups o, per& cycl&c ,&8resM Eessels sol&tary or P/ &n %roupsN &n macerate#
preparat&on shoG 8or#er# p&ts an# sp&ral th&c*en&n%M trache&#s an# ,&8res aseptate G&th
po&nte# en#sM me#ullary rays 1P( cells G&#eM p&th a G&#e -one o, poly%onalN
parenchymatous cellsM starch %ra&ns s&mpleN roun# to oEalN measur&n% (P6 &n #&a+ present
&n corteF an# phloem+
'ea,P
0et&ole P appears nearly c&rcular &n outl&ne G&th tGo lateral G&n%sM ep&#erm&s s&n%le layere#N
coEere# G&th th&c* cut&cleM ha&rs un&cellularN present only on upper s&#eM corteF 6P1 layers
o, oEal to poly%onalN th&nPGalle#N parenchymatous cellsM collateral Eascular 8un#les
arran%e# &n a r&n%+
166
)&#r&8 P appears 8&conEeF &n outl&neM ep&#erm&s on 8oth s&#e coEere# G&th th&n cut&cleM
ep&#erm&s ,olloGe# 8y 6P 1 layers o, parenchymatous corteF on 8oth s&#esM Eascular
8un#le three &n num8erN one central an# tGo lateral+
'am&na P #ors&EentralM ep&#erm&s on e&ther sur,ace G&th th&nPcut&cleM pal&sa#e P( layersM
spon%y parenchyma /P. layersM an&socyt&c stomata present on 8oth sur,aces+
>ru&t P ShoGs a s&n%le layere# ep&#erm&sN coEere# G&th a th&nPcut&cleM ep&#erm&s ,olloGe#
8y a G&#e -one o, oEal to poly%onalN tan%ent&ally elon%ate#N parenchymatous cells &n Gh&ch
a ,eG Eascular 8un#les are em8e##e#+
See# P See# coat cons&sts o, s&n%le layere# ep&#erm&s o, nearly rectan%lular cellsN coEere#
G&th th&nN stra&%ht cut&cleM ep&#erm&s ,olloGe# 8y &nte%ument o, ra#&ally elon%ate#N re##&shP
8roGnN o, columnar cellsM 8eneath &nte%ument P( layers o, compresse#N th&nGalle#N
parenchymatous cells presentM en#osperm an# em8ryo cons&sts o, oEal to poly%onalN th&nP
Galle#N parenchymatous cellsN conta&n&n% aleurone %ra&ns an# o&l %lo8ules+
0oG#er P CelloG&shP%reenM shoGs aseptate ,&8resN sp&ral EesselsN o&l %lo8ules an# roun# to
oEal starch %ra&nsN measur&n% (P1/ #&ameter+

AlcoholPsolu8le eFtract&Ee Not less than (5 per centN Appen#&F ++6+

CONST4T:ENTS P 1lucos&#eN Bolat&le o&l (conta&n&n% 8utyl crotonyl &soth&ocyanate
sulph&#e) G&th a typ&cal ra#&sh o#our

167
Rasa O KaRuN T&*ta
1uSa O 'a%huN TV*USa
BVrya O :USa
B&pL*a O KaRu
Karma O BLtaharaN 0&ttaharaN KaphaharaN DVpanaN 0LcanaN RucyaN SEaryaN HX#ya
4)0ORTANT >OR):'AT4ONS P )Tla*a*ULraN 1an#ha*a BaRVN Ha;arul yahT#a Bhasma
THERA0E:T4C :SES P 1ulmaN ArWaN A%n&mLn#yaN 0VnasaN :#LEarta
DOSE P 5 P /5 ml o, the #ru% &n ;u&ce ,orm+

168
.5+ )ula*a (Rt+)
)I'AKA (Root)
)Tla*a cons&sts o, ,resh root o, Raphanus sat&Eus '&nn+ (>am+ Brass&caceae)M an
annual or 8&enn&al 8r&stly her8N cult&Eate# throu%hout the country upto an alt&tu#e o, (N555 m
&n the H&malayas an# other h&lly re%&ons+
SCNONC)S
Sans*r&t O Salamar*ata*aN B&sraN SaleyaN )arusam8haEa
Assamese O )ula
Ben%al& O )ula
En%l&sh O Ra#&sh
1u;rat& O )uloN )ula
H&n#& O )ul&
Kanna#a O )oolan%&N )oclan%& %a##eN )ullan%&N )u%un&%a##e
Kashm&r& O PP
)alayalam O )ullan*&
)arath& O )ula
Or&ya O )ulaN Ra*hyasmula
0un;a8& O )ulaN )ula*aN )ul&
Tam&l O )ullan%&
Telu%u O )ullan%&
:r#u O )ul&
DESCR40T4ON
a) )acroscop&c
Root ,leshyN ,us&,ormN cyl&n#r&calN haE&n% a ,eG lateral ,&8rous rootsN Ear&a8le &n s&-eN
usually .P/5 cm &n len%thN somet&me cult&Eate# spec&es 3.P=5 cm &n len%th an# .5P65 cm
&n %&rthM Gh&te &n colourM tasteN sl&%htly or stron%ly pun%entN rarely sGeet+
169

8) )&croscop&c

AlcoholPsolu8le eFtract&Ee Not less than (6 per centN Appen#&F ++6+
2aterPsolu8le eFtract&Ee Not less than (( per centN Appen#&F ++3+

T+'+C+
T+'C+ o, alcohol&c eFtract o, #ru% on S&l&ca %el [1[ plate us&n% Ben-eneO Ethylacetate
(=O 1) :n#er :+B+ ((66 nm) tGo ,luorescent -ones appear at R,+ 5+5/ < 5+5= (8oth 8lue)+ On
eFposure to 4o#&ne Eapour ,&Ee spots appear at R, 5+5/+ 5+5=N 5+(/N 5+/= < 5+6= (all yelloG)+
On spray&n% G&th Ban&ll&nPSulphur&c ac&# rea%ent an# heat&n% the plate ,or ten m&nutes at
115 C three spots appear at R,+ 5+5/N 5+5= < 5+/3 (all E&olet)

CONST4T:ENTS P 1lucos&#eN )ethylmercaptan an# Bolat&le O&l+

Rasa O KaRuN T&*ta
170
BVrya O :USa
B&pL*a O KaRu
Karma O BLtaharaN 0&ttaharaN KaphaharaN DVpanaN 0LcanaN RucyaN SEaryaN HX#ya
4)0ORTANT >OR):'AT4ONS P Can#ana8alLlL*UL#& Ta&laN )Tla*a*ULra
THERA0E:T4C :SES P $EaraN KELsaN KLsaN 0VnasaN 1alaro%aN BraSaN Da#ruN Netraro%aN
1ulmaN ArWaN A%n&mLn#yaN :#LEarta
DOSE P 1.P(5 ml o, the #ru% &n the ;u&ce ,orm

171
.1+ )ura (Rt+)
):R (Root)
)urL cons&sts o, #r&e# root o, Sel&num can#olle& DC+ Syn+ S+ tenu&,ol&um 2all+ eF DC+
(>am+ Ap&aceae )M a perenn&al her8N 5+6 P +/ m tallN ,oun# commonly &n the H&malayas ,rom
Kashm&r to Nepal at an alt&tu#e o, 1955 P /555 m+
SCNONC)S
Sans*r&t O Sura8h&N Da&tyaN 1an#ha*ut&N 1an#haEat&
Assamese O PP
Ben%al& O )usamans&
En%l&sh O PP
1u;rat& O PP
H&n#& O )ura
Kanna#a O Halu*orat&%eN Ha%%orat&%e
Kashm&r& O PP
)alayalam O )uramanch&
)arath& O )ura
Or&ya O )uramans&
0un;a8& O PP
Tam&l O )ural
Telu%u O )ura
:r#u O PP
DESCR40T4ON
a) )acroscop&c
Roots occur &n 8ro*en an# cyl&n#r&cal p&ecesN 6P1 cm lon% an# 5+( P 1+. cm
th&c* G&th stem port&ons attache# an# coEere# G&th lea, sheathsN roots rou%h #ue to
lon%&tu#&nal str&at&ons an# root scarsM colourN #ull 8roGnM o#ourN aromat&cM tasteN sl&%htly
8&tter+
172

8) )&croscop&c
Root P ShoGs 15 P . layers o, cor* cells cons&st&n% o, ra#&ally elon%ate#N
rectan%ular cellsN outer cor* cells ,&lle# G&th #ar* 8roGn contentsN &nner cells th&nPGalle#N
tan%ent&ally elon%ate#M cor* cam8&um cons&st&n% o, 1P layere# tan%ent&ally elon%ate#N th&nP
Galle# cellsM secon#ary corteF compose# o, roun#e#N parenchymatous cells G&th
&ntercellular spacesM secon#ary phloem shoGs G&#e -oneN cons&st&n% o, s&eEe elements an#
parenchymaN traEerse# 8y phloem raysM cam8&um P/ layere#N cons&st&n% o, tan%ent&ally
elon%ate#N th&nPGalle# cellsM secon#ary Fylem cons&st&n% o, EesselsN ,&8res an# parenchymaN
traEerse# 8y Fylem raysM Eessels sol&tary or &n %roups o, P6 or more haE&n% sp&ral
th&c*en&n%sM ,&8res aseptateN short G&th 8lunt en#sM Fylem rays P. cells G&#eN compose# o,
ra#&ally arran%e#N someGhat oEal cellsM starch %ra&ns s&mpleN roun# to oEalN measur&n% 3P..
&n #&a+N present &n secon#ary corteFN secon#ary phloemN Fylem parenchymaN Fylem an#
phloem raysM secretory canals numerousN #&str&8ute# throu%hout secon#ary corteFN
secon#ary phloemN secon#ary Fylem an# me#ullary raysM secretory canals l&ne# 8y Eary&n%
num8er o, ep&thel&al cells an# ,&lle# G&th yelloG&sh contents+
0oG#er P BroGnM shoGs %roups o, cor* cellsN parenchymatous cellsN secretory canalsN o&l
%lo8ules an# s&mple starch %ra&nsN roun# to oEal measur&n% 3P.. &n #&ameter+

Ac&#P&nsolu8le ash Not more than (+. per centN Appen#&F ++/+

CONST4T:ENTS P D&hy#ropyranoPcoumar&nes (&#ent&,&e# as 4sopteryF&n an# Anomal&n)N
Sucrose an# )ann&tol+

Rasa O KaRuN T&*taN KaULyaN )a#hura
1uSa O 'a%hu
173
BVrya O KVta
B&pL*a O )a#hura
Karma O 0&ttaharaN BLtahara
4)0ORTANT >OR):'AT4ONS P AraE&n#LsaEaN KarpTrL#yar&URa
THERA0E:T4C :SES P $EaraN DLhaN BhramaN )TrchLN KELsaN TXUSL

174
.+ )urEa (Rt+)
)IRB (Root)
)urEL cons&sts o, #r&e# root o, )ars#en&a tenac&ss&ma 2&%ht+ < Am+ (>am+
Asclep&a#aceae)M a lar%e stoutN tG&n&n% shru8N %roG&n% throu%hout the country
SCNONC)S
Sans*r&t O )a#husraEaN )a#hurasa
Assamese O )urha
Ben%al& O PP
En%l&sh O PP
1u;rat& O )oraEel
H&n#& O )urEaN $artor
Kanna#a O Korat&%e Ham8uN Kallu Sham8uN Korat&%eN Halu*arat&%eN Ka#aluhale8all&
Kashm&r& O PP
)alayalam O 0erum*urum8a
)arath& O )orEel
Or&ya O )urEaN )ur%a
0un;a8& O PP
Tam&l O 0erun*ur&n;an
Telu%u O Cha%aEeru
:r#u O Tur8u# Sa,e#
DESCR40T4ON
a) )acroscop&c
Root cyl&n#r&calN aEa&la8le &n cut p&eces o, Eary&n% len%th an# 5+.P( cm th&c*N
eFternally yelloG to 8u,, coloure# G&th #ar* 8roGn patches on the cor*M prom&nent
lon%&tu#&nal r&#%es an# ,urroGs an# transEerse crac*s presentM 8ar* eas&ly separa8le ,rom
175
Goo#M ,ractureN short an# %ranular &n 8ar* re%&on an# ,&8rous &n Goo#M tasteN sl&%htly 8&tterM
o#ourN &n#&st&nct+

8) )&croscop&c
Root P ShoGs a cor*N compose# o, 1.P. layers o, th&nPGalle#N tan%ent&ally
elon%ate#N rectan%ular cellsN some ,&lle# G&th re##&shP8roGn contentsM secon#ary corteF
compose# o, an outer re%&on o, 8ro*en r&n% o, stone cells o, Eary&n% th&c*nessN ,olloGe# 8y
G&#e -one o, oEal to poly%onal parenchymatous cellsM stone cells yelloG &n colour o,
Ear&a8le shapes an# s&-eM secon#ary phloem compose# o, mostly parenchyma G&th small
patches o, s&eEe elements an# small stran#s o, stone cellsN s&m&lar to those present &n
secon#ary corteFM res&n cells present &rre%ularly &n th&s re%&onM phloem ,&8res a8sentM phloem
rays 1 P ( cells G&#eM secon#ary Fylem se%mente# an# shoGs a Ge#%ePshape# structureN
cons&st&n% o, small tan%ent&alN concentr&c 8an#s o, unl&%n&,&e# masses o, parenchymatous
t&ssueN separate# 8y s&m&lar concentr&c 8an# o, l&%n&,&e# t&ssueN compose# o,
EesselsNtrache&#sN ,&8resN ,&8re trache&#s an# Fylem parenchymaM &n &solate# preparat&on
Fylem Eessels cyl&n#r&cal G&th transEerse art&culat&onsN Eary &n shape an# s&-e G&th 8or#er#
p&tsM ,&8res much elon%ate# G&th mostly taper&n% en#s an# p&tte# GallsM th&c*PGalle# an#
l&%n&,&e# parenchyma possess s&mple an# 8or#ere# p&ts an# scalar&,orm th&c*en&n%M Fylem
rays not #&st&nctly mar*e# Ghere a#;o&n&n% parenchyma &s #el&%n&,&e#M rosette an# a ,eG
pr&smat&c crystals o, calc&um oFalate an# a8un#ant starch %ra&nsN present &n parenchymatous
t&ssuesM starch %ra&ns s&mpleN ell&pt&cal to spher&cal G&th central h&lumN .+.P #&a+N
compoun# starch %ra&ns haE&n% P( or rarely upto 6 components+
0oG#er P '&%ht 8roGnM shoGs a num8er o, stone cellsN ,&8resN trache&#sN ,&8retrache&#sN
Eessels G&th p&tte# GallsN ,ra%ments o, cor*N rosette an# pr&smat&c crystals o, calc&um
oFalateN s&mple an# compoun# starch %ra&nsN measur&n% .+. P &n #&ameter+


176
CONST4T:ENTS P Res&n

1uSa O 1uruN Sara
BVrya O :USa
B&pL*a O )a#hura
Karma O BLtaharaN 0&ttaharaN KaphaharaN B&Ua%hna
4)0ORTANT >OR):'AT4ONS P ra%Ea#hL#& KELtha CTrSaN 0aRolL#V KELtha CTrSaN
0rameha )&h&ra Ta&laN Su#arWana CTrSa
THERA0E:T4C :SES P $EaraN )e#oro%aN )ehaN )u*ha KoUaN KXm&ro%aN HX#ro%aN KaSYTN
ArWaN Ra*tap&ttaN TXUSL
DOSE P P6 % o, the #ru% &n poG#er ,orm+15P5 % o, the #ru% ,or #ecoct&on+

177
.(+ Na%a*esar (Stmn+)
N1AKEKARA (Stamen)
NL%a*eWara cons&sts o, #r&e# stamens o, )esua ,errea '&nn+ (>am+ 1utt&,erae)M an
eEer%reen treeN a8out 1.P19 m h&%h G&th short trun*N o,ten 8uttresse# at the 8aseN occurr&n% &n
the H&malayas ,rom Nepal eastGar#sN Ben%alN AssamN eEer%reen ra&n ,orests o, North KanaraN
Kon*anN ,orests o, 2estern 1hats an# An#hra 0ra#esh+
SCNONC)S
Sans*r&t O KeWaraN NL%apuUpaN NL%aN HemLN 1a;a*eWara
Assamese O Ne%eshEarN Nahar
Ben%al& O Na%eshEaraN Na%esar
En%l&sh O Co8ras Sa,,ron
1u;rat& O Na%*esaraN Sachuna%*esharaN Na%champaN 0&luna%*esarN Tamrana%*esar
H&n#& O Na%*esaraN 0&la Na%*esara
Kanna#a O Na%samp&%eN Na%a*esar&
Kashm&r& O PP
)alayalam O Nan%aaN Nau%aN 0er&N BeluthapalaN Na%ppuN Na%appoEu
)arath& O Na%*esara
Or&ya O Na%esGar
0un;a8& O Na%esGar
Tam&l O Nau%uN Nau%al&ralN Na%achampa*amN S&runa%appu
Telu%u O Na%achampa*amu
:r#u O Narmush*N Na%*esar
DESCR40T4ON
a) )acroscop&c
Stamen cons&sts o, antherN connect&Ee an# ,&lamentM coppery or %ol#en
8roGnM ,&lament un&te# at 8ase ,orm&n% a ,leshy r&n%M each stamen 5+=P1+= cm lon%M anther
a8out 5+. cm lon%N l&nearN 8as&,&Fe#N conta&n&n% pollen %ra&nsM ,&lament 5+9 P 1+5 cm lon%M
178
slen#erN ,&l&,ormN more or less tG&ste#N so,t to touchN Qu&te 8r&ttleM connect&Ee not E&s&8le
G&th na*e# eyeM o#ourN ,ra%rantM tasteN astr&n%ent+

8) )&croscop&c
An#roec&um P Anther shoGs %ol#enP8roGnN lon%&tu#&nally #eh&scent anther GallN
cons&st&n% o, th&nPGalle#N parenchymatous cellsN pollen %ra&ns numerous &n %roups or &n
s&n%leN yelloG&sh an# th&nPGalle#N many pollen %ra&ns haE&n% 1P( m&nuteN #&st&nct
protu8erances on GallsN th&c*PGalle#N eF&ne an# &nt&ne #&st&nct+
0oG#er P BroGnM shoGs elon%ate# cells o, ,&lamentN connect&Ee an# numerous %ol#en
yelloG pollen %ra&ns haE&n% 1P( protu8erances+


CONST4T:ENTS P Essent&al o&l an# OleoPres&n+

Rasa O T&*taN KaRuN KaULya
1uSa O 'a%huN RT*Ua
BVrya O :USa
B&pL*a O KaRu
Karma O KaphaharaN BarSyaN Bast&ELtLmaya%hnaN Ir#hEa;atru%ataro%ahara
179
4)0ORTANT >OR):'AT4ONS P Can#ana8alLlL*UL#& Ta&laN KumLryLsaEaN NL%a*esarL#&
CTrSa
THERA0E:T4C :SES P BLtara*taN Kopharo%aN Bast&ro%aN Ra*tap&tta

180
./+ N&l& (',+)
NA'A ('ea,)
NVlV (lea,) cons&sts o, #r&e# lea, o, 4n#&%o,era t&nctor&a '&nn+ (>am+ >a8aceae)M a
shru8N 1+P 1+9 m h&%hN ,oun# throu%hout an# G&#ely cult&Eate# &n many parts o, the country+
SCNONC)S
Sans*r&t O NVlV*LN NVlVnVN Ran%apatrV
Assamese O N&l8am
Ben%al& O N&l
En%l&sh O 4n#&%o
1u;rat& O 1al&N 1al&parna
H&n#& O N&l&
Kanna#a O Karun&l&
Kashm&r& O PP
)alayalam O Neelamar
)arath& O Neel
Or&ya O N&l&N N&la
0un;a8& O Neel
Tam&l O AEur&
Telu%u O N&l& ChettuN N&l&
:r#u O Neel
DESCR40T4ON
a) )acroscop&c
Dru% occurs mostly &n the ,orm o, lea,lets an# 8ro*en p&eces o, rach&sM lea,let 1P+.
cm lon% an# 5+(P1+ cm G&#eN o8lon% or o8lanceolate G&th Eery short mucronate t&pM pale
%reen to %reen&shP8lac*M no character&st&c o#our an# taste+

181
8) )&croscop&c
'ea,P
0et&ole P appears nearly c&rcular &n outl&ne haE&n% tGo lateral G&n%sM ep&#erm&s s&n%le
layere# coEere# eFternally G&th th&n cut&cle an# ,olloGe# &nternally 8y s&n%le layere#
collcnchymatous cellsM per&cycle present &n the ,orm o, cont&nuous or #&scont&nuous r&n%N
Eascular 8un#les collateral an# three &n num8erN lar%e one present &n central an# tGo
smaller &n lateral G&n%sM p&th compose# o, roun# to oEalN th&nPGalle# parenchymatous cellsN
a ,eG pr&smat&c crystals o, calc&um oFalate present &n phloem an# p&th re%&on+
)&#r&8 P shoGs ep&#erm&sN cut&cle an# ha&rN s&m&lar as &n pet&oleM 8eneath ep&#erm&s on loGer
s&#e s&n%le or P( layers o, col&enchyma on upper s&#e presentN 8oth ,olloGe# 8y P ( layers
o, th&nPGalle# parenchymaM Eascular 8un#le s&n%leN collateral an# crescent shape#+
'am&na P shoGs #ors&Eentral structureM ep&#erm&sN cut&cle an# ha&rN s&m&lar as &n pet&ole an#
m&#r&8M pal&sa#e P( layersM spon%y parenchyma P/ layere#N a ,eG patches o, Ee&ns
scattere# 8etGeen pal&sa#e an# spon%y parenchymaN pr&smat&c crystals o, calc&um oFalate
rarely present &n me sophyll cellsM paracyt&c stomata an# ha&r present on 8oth sur,aces 8ut
a8un#ant &n loGer sur,ace
0oG#er P 1reen&shP%reyM shoGs %roups o, mesophyll cellsN aseptate ,&8resN p&tte# EesselsN
un&cellular ha&rs an# rarely pr&smat&c crystals o, calc&um oFalate+


CONST4T:ENTS P 1lycos&#e (4n#&can)+

182
Rasa O T&*taN KaRu
1uSa O Sara
BVrya O :USa
B&pL*a O KaRu
Karma O BLtaharaN KaphaharaN RecanVN KeWya
4)0ORTANT >OR):'AT4ONS P NVlV BhX_%L#& Ta&la (>or eFternal use only)N
)ahLpa]ca%aEya 1hXta
THERA0E:T4C :SES P maELtaN BLtara*taN :#araro%aN :#LEartaN 0lVhLro%aN 1ulmaN $EaraN
KLsaN B&UaE&*LraN KXm&ro%a
DOSE P .5P155 % o, #ecoct&on+

183
..+ N&l& (Rt+)
NA'A (Root)
NVlV (Root) cons&sts o, #r&e# root o, 4n#&%o,era t&nctor&a '&nn+ (>am+ >a8aceae)M a
shru8N 1+P1+9 m h&%hN ,oun# throu%hout an# G&#ely cult&Eate# &n many parts o, the country+
SCNONC)S
Sans*r&t O NVlV*LN Ran%apatrVN NVl&nV
Assamese O N&l8am
Ben%al& O N&l
En%l&sh O 4n#&%oN 4n#&an 4n#&%o
1u;rat& O 1al&N N&lN 1ar&
H&n#& O N&l&
Kanna#a O Ka#un&l&N Karun&l&N N&l&N Neel&%&#aN Olleneel&
Kashm&r& O PP
)alayalam O Amar&N N&la
)arath& O N&l&N N&la
Or&ya O PP
0un;a8& O Neel
Tam&l O AEur&N Neel&
Telu%u O N&l&N N&l& ChettuN AE&r&
:r#u O Neel
DESCR40T4ON
a) )acroscop&c
Root mostly aEa&la8le &n p&ecesN har#N Goo#yN cyl&n#r&calN 5+1 P1+. cm th&c*N
sur,ace nearly smooth eFcept ,or a ,eG scattere# lent&celsM palePyelloG to l&%ht yelloG&shP
8roGnM o#our not #&st&nctM tasteN sl&%htly 8&tter+

184
8) )&croscop&c
Root PShoGs a narroG -one o, cor* cons&st&n% o, /P 15 layers o, tan%ent&ally
elon%ate#N rectan%ularN th&nPGalle# cellsN G&th lent&celsM secon#ary corteF a narroG -oneN
cons&st&n% o, rectan%ular to poly%onalN th&nPGalle# cellsN %roup o, ,&8resN measur&n% 11P13
&n #&a+N th&c*PGalle# an# l&%n&,&e# G&th G&#e lumenM secon#ary phloem compose# o, usual
elementsM Goo# occup&es 8ul* parts o, the rootN cons&st&n% o, usual elementsM Eessels
sol&tary or P/ &n %roups haE&n% s&mple p&tsM ,&8res present &n the ,orm o, alternat&n% 8an#s
o, parenchymaM parenchyma cells rectan%ular to poly%onal &n shape an# attache# on 8oth the
oppos&te s&#es o, EesselsM me#ullary rays 1 P/ cells G&#eM pr&smat&c crystals o, calc&um
oFalate present &n secon#ary corteFN phloem an# Fylem parenchyma an# raysM o&l %lo8ules
present &n corteF an# phloem parenchymaM starch %ra&ns s&mpleN roun# to oEalN measur&n%
(P11 &n #&a+N present &n corteFN phloemN Fylem parenchyma an# rays+
0oG#er P Cream&shP8roGnM shoGs aseptate ,&8resN p&tte# EesselsN s&mple an# compoun#
starch %ra&nsN measur&n% (P11 &n #&a+N rarely o&l %lo8ules an# pr&smat&c crystals o, calc&um
oFalate+

Ac&#P&nsolu8le ash Not more than 5+3 per centN Appen#&F ++/+

T+'+C+
T+'+C+ o, alcohol&c eFtract o, the #ru% on S&l&ca %el [1> ./ f S&l&ca %el [1[ (1O(
G^G) plate us&n% Chloro,orm O Ethylacetate (6O/) shoG un#er :+B+ ((66 nm) ten ,luorescent
-ones at R,+ 5+1/ (8lue)N 5+(5 (8lu&sh %reen)N 5+/5 (8lue)N 5+/3 (8lue)N 5+.9 (8lue)N 5+6(
(8lu&sh %reen)N 5+3. (8lue)N 5+91 (8lue)N 5+96 (%reen) an# 5+=1 (8lue)+ On eFposure to 4o#&ne
Eapour th&rteen spots appear at R,+ 5+56N 5+15N 5+1/N 5+3N 5+((N 5+/5N 5+.5N 5+.9N 5+6(N5+3.N
185
5+95N5+96 an# 5+=1 (all yelloG)+ On spray&n% G&th .\ )ethanol&c Sulphur&c ac&# rea%ent an#
heat&n% the plate at 115C ,or ten m&nutes ,ourteen spots appear at R,+ 5+56N 5+15N 5+1/N
5+1N 5+3N 5+((N 5+/5N 5+.5N 5+.9N 5+6(N 5+3.N 5+91N 5+96N an# 5+=1 (all %rey)+

CONST4T:ENTS P 1lycos&#e (4n#&can)

Rasa O KaRuN T&*ta
1uSa O Sara
BVrya O :USa
B&pL*a O KaRu
Karma O BLtaharaN KaphaharaN RecanVN KeWyaN Bhrama )ohahara
4)0ORTANT >OR):'AT4ONS P AraE&n#LsaEaN Tr&phalL#& Ta&la
THERA0E:T4C :SES P BLtara*taN maELtaN :#LEartaN :#araro%aN 0lVhLro%aN B&UaE&*LraN
KLsaN 1ulmaN KXm&ro%a
DOSE P /9 % o, #ru% ,or #ecoct&on+

186
.6+ N&m8a (',+)
N4)BA ('ea,)
N&m8a ('ea,) cons&sts o, #r&e# lea, o, A-a#&rachta &n#&ca A+ $uss Syn+ )el&a
a-a#&rachta '&nn+ (>am+ )el&aceae)M a mo#erate s&-e# to ,a&rly lar%e eEer%reen treeN atta&n&n% a
he&%ht o, 1P1. m G&th stout trun* an# sprea#&n% 8ranchesN occurr&n% throu%hout the country
up to an eleEat&on o, =55 m+
SCNONC)S
Sans*r&t O Ar&URaN 0&cumar#a
Assamese O )ahan&m
Ben%al& O N&mN N&m%ach
En%l&sh O )ar%osa Tree
1u;rat& O '&m8aN '&m8a#oN '&ma#oN Kohum8a
H&n#& O N&mN N&m8a
Kanna#a O N&m8aN BeEuN O&leEeEuN Kah&8eEuN BeE&nama
Kashm&r& O PP
)alayalam O BeppuN AryaEeppuN N&m8amN Beppa
)arath& O Balantan&m8aN '&m8aN Ba*ayanN N&mN Ka#un&m8
Or&ya O N&m8a
0un;a8& O N&m8aN Ba*anN N&m
Tam&l O BemmuN BeppuN Arulun#&N Beppan
Telu%u O BemuN Bepa
:r#u O Neem
DESCR40T4ON
a) )acroscop&c
187
'eaEes P Compoun#N alternateN rach&s 1.P. cm lon%N 5+1 cm th&c*M lea,lets G&th
o8l&Que 8aseN oppos&teN eFst&pulateN lanceolateN acuteN serrateN 3P9+. cm lon% an# 1+5P1+3 cm
G&#eN sl&%htly yelloG&shP%reenM o#ourN &n#&st&nctM tasteN 8&tter

8) )&croscop&c
'ea,P
)&#r&8 Plea,let throu%h m&#r&8 shoGs a 8&conEeF outl&neM ep&#erm&s on e&ther s&#e coEere#
eFternally G&th th&c* cut&cleM 8eloG ep&#erm&s /P. layere# collenchyma presentM stele
compose# o, one crescentPshape# Eascular 8un#le toGar#s loGer an# tGo to three smaller
8un#le toGar#s upper sur,aceM rest o, t&ssues compose# o, th&nPGalle#N parenchymatous
cells haE&n% secretory cells an# rosette crystals o, calc&um oFalateM phloem surroun#e# 8y
nonPl&%n&,&e# ,&8re stran#M crystals also present &n phloem re%&on+
'am&na P shoGs #ors&Eentral structureM ep&#erm&s on e&ther sur,aceN compose# o, th&n
Galle#N tan%ent&ally elon%ate# cellsN coEere# eFternally G&th th&c* cut&cleM anomocyt&c
stomata present on loGer sur,ace onlyM pal&sa#e s&n%le layere#M spon%y parenchyma
compose# o, .P6 layere#N th&nPGalle# cellsN traEerse# 8y a num8er o, Ee&nsM rosette crystals
o, calc&um oFalate present &n a ,eG cellsM pal&sa#e rat&o (+5P/+.M stomatal &n#eF 1(+5P1/+. on
loGer sur,ace an# 9+5P11+. on upper sur,ace+
0oG#er P 1reenM shoGs EesselsN ,&8resN rosette crystals o, calc&um oFalateN ,ra%ments o,
spon%y an# pal&sa#e parenchyma+

AlcoholPsolu8le eFtract&Ee Not less than 1( per centN Appen#&F ++6+

188
CONST4T:ENTS P Tr&terpeno&#s an# Sterols+

Rasa O T&*ta
1uSa O RT*UaN 'a%hu
BVrya O KVta
B&pL*a O KaRu
Karma O BLtalLN 0&ttanLWa*aN 1rLhV
4)0ORTANT >OR):'AT4ONS P KLsVsL#& 1hXtaN $LtyL#& 1hXtaN ro%yaEar#h&nV 1uR&*LN
N&m8apatrL#& upanLhaN 0a]ca%uSa Ta&la
THERA0E:T4C :SES P $EaraN maWothaN BraSaN KuURhaN 0ramehaN Netraro%aN KXm&ro%aN
B&Uaro%a
DOSE P 1P( % o, the #ru% &n poG#er ,orm+ 15P5 ml o, the #ru% ,or #ecoct&on+

189
.3+ N&m8a (St+B*)
N4)BA (Stem Bar*)
N&m8a (stem 8ar*) cons&sts o, stem 8ar* o, A-a#&rachta &n#&ca A+ $uss+ Syn+ )el&a
a-a#&rachta '&nn+ (>am+ )el&aceae)M a mo#erate s&-e# to ,a&rly lar%eN eEer%reen treeN atta&n&n%
a he&%ht o, 1P1. m G&th stout trun* an# sprea#&n% 8ranchesN occurr&n% throu%hout the country
upto an eleEat&on o, =55 m+
SCNONC)S
Sans*r&t O Ar&URaN 0&cumar#a
Assamese O )ahan&m
Ben%al& O N&mN N&m%acha
En%l&sh O )ar%osa Trees
1u;rat& O Ka#Eo '&m8#o
H&n#& O N&mN N&m8
Kanna#a O BeEuN Kah&8eEuN N&m8aN O&leEeEu
Kashm&r& O PP
)alayalam O BeppuN AruEeppu
)arath& O Balantan&m8aN Ka#un&m8N '&m8a
Or&ya O N&m8a
0un;a8& O N&mN N&m8aN Ba*am
Tam&l O Beppa&N Bem8u
Telu%u O BemuN Bepa
:r#u O Neem
DESCR40T4ON
a) )acroscop&c
190
Bar* Ear&es much &n th&c*ness accor#&n% to a%e an# parts o, tree ,rom Ghere &t &s
ta*enM eFtemal sur,ace rou%hN ,&ssure# an# rustyP%reyM lam&nate# &nner sur,ace yelloG&sh an#
,ol&aceousN ,ractureN ,&8rousM o#ourN character&st&cM tasteN8&tter

8) )&croscop&c
Stem Bar* PShoGs outer eF,ol&at&n% p&eces har#N Goo#yN cons&#era8ly th&c* &n ol#er
8ar*sM almost ent&rely #ea# elements o, secon#ary phloemN alternat&n% G&th #&scont&nuous
tan%ent&al 8an#s o, compresse# cor* t&ssueN ,ormer compose# o, seEeral layers o, stone
cells occurr&n% &n re%ularly arran%e# %roups to%ether G&th collapse# phloem elements ,&lle#
G&th 8roGn contentsM &n 8etGeen the success&Ee -ones o, cor* t&ssue (P. layers o, ,&8re
%roups G&th &nterEen&n% th&nPGalle# an# o,ten collapse# phloem elements presentM each
-one o, cor* t&ssue cons&sts o, seEeral layers o, re%ularN th&nPGalle# cells occas&onally G&th
a ,eG compresse# roGs o, th&c*PGalle# cells toGar#s outer sur,aceM G&th&n eF,ol&at&n%
port&on a num8er o, layers o, neGly ,orme# cor* compose# o, th&n Galle#N rectan%ular cells
an# one or tGo layers o, cor* cam8&umN 8eloG Gh&ch a G&#e -one o, secon#ary phloem
presentM secon#ary corteF a8sent &n most casesM secon#ary phloem commonly compose# o,
GellP#eEelope# ,&8re 8un#les traEerse# 8y P/ ser&ate phloem rays an# transEersely
separate# 8y 8an#s o, parenchymatous t&ssue o, phloemM phloem elements o, outer 8ar*
mostly collapse#M a ,eG ,a&rly lar%e secretory caE&t&es also occur &n phloemM most o, phloem
parenchyma conta&n starch %ra&ns an# pr&smat&c crystals o, calc&um oFalateM starch %ra&nsN
s&mpleN roun# G&th central h&lumNmeasur&n% +3.P. structure o, 8ar* Ear&es cons&#era8ly
accor#&n% to %ra#ual ,ormat&on o, secon#ary cor* 8an#s+
0oG#er P Re##&shP8roGnM shoGs numerous pr&smat&c crystals o, calc&um oFalateN phloem
,&8res G&th narroG lumen an# po&nte# en#sM cor* cellsN stone cells mostly &n %roupsN
l&%n&,&e# rectan%ular to poly%onalN haE&n% G&#e lumen an# #&st&nct str&at&onsN s&mple starch
%ra&nsN measur&n% +3.P. &n #&ameter+

191

T+'+C+
EthylacetateM >orm&c ac&# (.O/O 1) shoGs un#er :+B+ ((66nm) three ,luorescent -ones at R,+
5+3 (8lue)N 5+96 (8lue)N an# 5+=5 (%reen)+ On spray&n% G&th .\ )ethanol&c
0hosphomoly8#&c ac&# rea%ent an# heat&n% the plate ,or a8out ten m&nutes at 15.C ,our
spots appear at R,+ 5+5N 5+/.N 5+6( an# 5+=5 (all 8lue)+

CONST4T:ENTS P B&tter pr&nc&ples N&m8&n an# N&m8&ol

Rasa O T&*ta
1uSa O 'a%huN RT*Ua
BVrya O KVta
B&pL*a O KaRu
Karma O KaphaharaN 0&ttaharaN B&Ua%hnaN KaSYT%hnaN BraSaWo#hana*araN
HX#ayaE&#LhaWLnt&*ara
4)0ORTANT >OR):'AT4ONS P N&m8L#& KELtha CTrSaN N&m8L#& CTrSaN 0a]can&m8a
CTrSaN 0a_cat&*ta 1u%%ulu 1hXtaN 0athyL#& KELtha (!aYa_%a) CTrSaN Su#arWana CTrSa
THERA0E:T4C :SES P BraSaN KuURhaN 0ramehaN KaSYTN KXm&ro%aN $EaraN DLhaN Ra*ta 0&tta
DOSE P P/ % o, the #ru% &n poG#er ,ormN Decoct&on shoul# 8e use# eFternally+

192
.9+ 0alasha (St+B*)
0A'KA (Stem Bar*)
0alLsa cons&sts o, #r&e# stem 8ar* o, Butea monosperma ('am+) Kunt-e (>am+
>a8aceae)M a me#&um s&-e# tree G&th someGhat croo*e# trun*N 1 P 1. m h&%h G&th &rre%ular
8ranchesN commonly ,oun# throu%hout the %reater part o, the country upto a8out =1. mN
eFcept &n Eery ar&# parts+
SCNONC)S
Sans*r&t O K&ZWu*aN Ra*tapuUpa*a
Ben%al& O 0alash 1achhaN 0alashN 0alas
En%l&sh O Bastar# pea*
1u;rat& O Kesu#oN Kha*haroN Kha*hapa#o
H&n#& O Dha*N Tesu
Kanna#a O )uttu%N )uttu%aN )uttala
Kashm&r& O PP
)alayalam O 0lasuN CamataN 0lasN Chama Tha
)arath& O 0alas
Or&ya O PP
0un;a8& O 0alashN Dha*N Tesu
Tam&l O 0urasuN 0aras
Telu%u O )o#u%aN )o#u%uN Chettu
:r#u O Dha*N 0alaspap#a
DESCR40T4ON
a) )acroscop&c
)ature stem 8ar*N 5+. P 1 cm th&c*N %rey&sh to pale 8roGnN curEe#N rou%h #ue to
presence o, rhyt&#omaN an# scattere# #ar* 8roGn spots o, eFu#ateM rhyt&#oma 5+ cm th&c*
193
usually peels o,,N eFpos&n% l&%ht 8roGn sur,aceN eF,ol&at&on o, cor* an# presence o, shalloG
lon%&tu#&nal an# transEerse ,&ssuresM ,ractureN lam&nate# &n outer part an# ,&8rous &n &nner
partM &nternal sur,ace rou%hN pale 8roGnM tasteN sl&%htly astr&n%ent+

8) )&croscop&c
Stem Bar* P)ature 8ar* shoGs rhyt&#oma cons&st&n% o, alternat&n% layers o, cor*N
secon#ary corteF an# phloem t&ssueM cor* cellsN th&nPGalle#N .P15 or more layere#N
rectan%ularN #ar*P8roGnM secon#ary cort&cal cells roun# an# &rre%ular &n outl&neN #ar* 8roGnN
mo#erately th&c*PGalle#M tann&n&,erous cellsN o,ten &n %roupsN haE&n% 8roGn colourN
somet&mes conta&n&n% muc&la%e an# other mater&als ,oun# scattere# &n th&s -oneM 8eneath
th&s -one re%ular cor* cons&st&n% o, /P1 roGs o, ra#&ally arran%e#N rectan%ular cells
,olloGe# 8y a -one o, P / layers o, sclere&#sM secon#ary phloem cons&st&n% o, s&eEe tu8esN
compan&on cellsN phloem parenchymaN phloem ,&8resN crystal ,&8resN traEerse# 8y phloem
raysM &n outer an# m&##le phloem re%&ons phloem t&ssues %et crushe# an# ,orm tan%ent&al
8an#s o, ceratenchymaM phloem ,&8res arran%e# &n tan%ent&al 8an#s alternat&n% G&th s&eEe
tu8es an# phloem parenchymaM most o, ,&8re %roups conta&n pr&smat&c crystals o, calc&um
oFalate ,orm&n% crystal sheathM &n macerate# preparat&on phloem ,&8res appear th&c*PGalle#
l&%n&,&e# elon%ate# G&th taper&n% or 8&,urcate# en#sM crystal ,&8res #&E&#e# &nto a num8er o,
cham8ers conta&n&n% a pr&smat&c crystal o, calc&um oFalate &n each cham8erM phloem rays
mult&ser&ate / P 1 cells G&#eN 3 P .5 cells &n he&%htN stra&%htM pr&smat&c crystals o, calc&um
oFalate ,oun# scattere# &n the secon#ary phloem t&ssues an# phloem raysM starch %ra&ns
s&mple or compoun# haE&n% P ( componentsN measur&n% +3. P 1(+3. &n #&a+N ,oun#
scattere# &n phloem parenchyma an# phloem ray cells a8un#antlyM tann&n&,erous cells an#
secretory caE&t&es also occur &n secon#ary phloem+
0oG#er P Re##&shP8roGnM shoGs numerous pr&smat&c crystals o, calc&um oFalateN starch
%ra&ns s&mple an# compoun# G&th P ( components measur&n% (P1/ &n #&a+N #ar* 8roGn
coloure# cellsN sclere&#s mostly &n %roupsN th&nPGalle# cor* cellsN numerous crystal ,&8res &n
%roup or s&n%les

194

T+'+C+
Ethylacetate (=5O 15) un#er :+B+ ((66 nm) shoGs ,our ,luorescent -ones at R,+ 5+15N
5+19N 5+/9N 5+6. (all 8lue)+ On eFposure to 4o#&ne Eapour three spots appear at R,+
5+15N 5+/9 an# 5+63 (all yelloG)+ On spray&n% G&th Ban&ll&nPSulphur&c ac&# rea%ent
an# heat&n% the plate ,or a8out ten m&nutes at 15.C three spots appear at R,+ 5+15N
5+/9 an# 5+63 (all E&olet)+

CONST4T:ENTS P K&notann&c ac&# an# 1all&c ac&#+

Rasa O KaULyaN KaRuN T&*ta
1uSa O SaraN Sn&%#ha
BVrya O :USa
B&pL*a O KaRu
Karma O KaphaELtaWLma*aN A%n&#Vpa*aN SLra*aN BXUya
4)0ORTANT >OR):'AT4ONS P 0alLWa KULraN Nya%ro#hL#& KELtha CTrSaN )ahLnLrLyaSa
Ta&la
THERA0E:T4C :SES P 1rahaSVN 1ulmaN ArWaN BraSaN KXm&ro%a
DOSE P .P15 % o, the #ru% &n poG#er ,orm ,or #ecoct&on+

195
.=+ 0ar&8ha#ra (St+B*)
0R4BHADRA (Stem Bar*)
0Lr&8ha#ra cons&sts o, the #r&e# stem 8ar* o, Erythr&na &n#&ca 'am+ (>am+ >a8aceae)M
me#&um s&-e#N Qu&c* %roG&n% treeN #&str&8ute# G&#ely &n #ec&#uous ,orests throu%hout 4n#&aN
also %roGn &n %ar#ens as an ornamental plant an# as a support ,or 8lac* pepper E&ne+
SCNONC)S
Sans*r&t O 0Lr&8ha#ra*aN KaSta*&ZWu*a
Assamese O PP
Ben%al& O 0attema#ar
En%l&sh O Coral tree
1u;rat& O 0an#eraEo
H&n#& O 0haraha#aN 0an%ara
Kanna#a O Hon%arN Hal&Eana#amar
Kashm&r& O PP
)alayalam O )urr&**u
)arath& O 0an%ara
Or&ya O PP
0un;a8& O PP
Tam&l O Kalyanamuron%a&N )ulmurum%a&
Telu%u O Ba#&saN Bar&,amu
:r#u O PP
DESCR40T4ON
a) )acroscop&c
)ature #r&e# stem 8ar* a8out 5+.P+5 cm th&c*N smoothN eF,ol&at&n% &n narroG str&psM
outer sur,ace yelloG&sh to yelloG&shP%reyN lent&cels ,oun# at short &nterEals lon%&tu#&nal
l&nes on the outer sur,aceN yelloG&sh to cream coloure#M Ghole 8ar* #&,,erent&ate# &nto outer
196
nonP,&8rous an# &nner ,&8rous -onesN outer 8ar* 8rea*s rea#&ly G&th a short ,ractureN &nner
8ar* ,&8rous+

8) )&croscop&c
Stem Bar* P )ature 8ar* shoGs strat&,&e# an# l&%n&,&e# cor* o, a8out P= or more
alternat&n% 8an#s o, narroG tan%ent&ally elon%ate# compresse#N yelloG&sh coloure# cells an#
o, G&#er cells &n (P. or more layersN tan%ent&ally elon%ate# to sQuar&shN ra#&ally arran%e#
an# th&nPGalle#M a ,eG cells conta&n pr&smat&c crystals o, calc&um oFalateM secon#ary corteF
cons&sts o, lar%eN someGhat tan%ent&ally elon%ate# to poly%onalN parenchymatous cellsN a
,eG cells conta&n pr&smat&c crystals o, calc&um oFalateN stone cells occur &n s&n%les or &n
%roups Gh&ch are c&rcularN elon%ate# or rectan%ular &n shapeN parenchymatous cells
surroun#&n% stone cells %roupsN conta&n lar%e crystals o, calc&um oFalateM secon#ary phloem
cons&st&n% o, s&eEe tu8es G&th the&r compan&on cellsN phloem ,&8res an# phloem parenchyma
traEerse# 8y phloem raysM phloem ,&8resN mostly arran%e# &n tan%ent&al str&ps alternat&n%
G&th the re%ular th&nPGalle# phloem elementsN s&eEe elements &n outer an# m&##le re%&ons o,
phloem mostly %et collapse# an# crushe# an# ,orm many tan%ent&al str&ps o, ceratenchyma
8etGeen the tan%ent&al %roups o, phloem ,&8resM,&8res lar%eN th&c*PGalle# G&th narroG
lumenM crystal ,&8res numerousN septate an# each cham8er conta&ns a s&n%le pr&smat&c
crystals o, calc&um oFalateM phloem parenchyma th&nPGalle#N a ,eG o, them conta&ns
crystals o, calc&um oFalate s&m&lar to those ,oun# &n the secon#ary corteF an# crystal ,&8resM
phloem rays numerous an# mostly mult&ser&ate runn&n% almost stra&%ht &n the &nner phloem
re%&on 8ut 8ent toGar#s le,t or r&%ht &n the outer phloem re%&onM ray cells th&nPGalle#N
ra#&ally elon%ate# &n the &nner re%&on an# sl&%htly tan%ent&ally elon%ate# toGar#s outer
re%&on &n transEerse sect&on+
0oG#er P Crearn&shPyelloGM shoGs strat&,&e# cor*N p&eces o, phloem ,&8resN stone cells an#

AlcoholPsolu8le eFtract&Ee Not less than +. per centN Appen#&F ++6+
197

CONST4T:ENTS P Al*alo&#s an# Res&ns

Rasa O T&*taN KaRu
1uSa O Sara
BVrya O :USa
B&pL*a O KaRu
Karma O BLtaharaN KaphaharaN )e#oharaN KXm&%hna
4)0ORTANT >OR):'AT4ONS P Nya%ro#hL#& CTrSaN A8hayL 'aEaSaN NLrLyaSa Ta&la
THERA0E:T4C :SES P KXm&ro%aN KothaN KarSaro%a
DOSE P 6P1 % o, the #ru% &n poG#er ,orm+
1P/ % o, the #ru% ,or #ecoct&on+

198
65+ 0&ppal& mula (Stm+)
0400A'A)I'A (Stem)
0&ppalVmTla cons&sts o, #r&e#N cutN stem p&eces o, 0&per lon%um '&nn+ (>am+
0&peraceae)M a slen#erN aromat&cN creep&n% an# perenn&al her8M nat&Ee o, the hotter parts o, the
counrty an# ,oun# G&l# as Gell as cult&Eate# eFtens&Eely &n Ben%al an# southern states+
SCNONC)S
Sans*r&t O )L%a#hVN 1ranth&*LN 0&ppal&*L
Ben%al& O 0&pulmul
En%l&sh O 0&per root
1u;rat& O 1anto#aN 1antho#a
H&n#& O 0&paramula
Kanna#a O )o#&*a##&N H&ppal&N T&ppal&N )o#&
Kashm&r& O PP
)alayalam O Kattuth&ppal&EerN T&ppal&Eeru
)arath& O 0&mpl&mula
Or&ya O 0&ppal&mulaN Bana 0&ppal&mula
0un;a8& O 0&ppal&mulaN )a%ha
Tam&l O Kan#a T&pp&l&N Am8&na#& DesaEaram
Telu%u O )o#&N )a#&*atta
:r#u O >&l,&l Dara-
DESCR40T4ON
a) )acroscop&c
Dru% aEa&la8le &n cut p&ecesN haE&n% #&st&nct &nterno#es an# sGollen no#es G&th a
num8er o, small rootlets an# root scarsM stoutN cyl&n#r&calN 5+P5+6 cm th&c*N re##&sh 8roGn
to %reyM o#ourN aromat&cM tasteN pun%ent+
199

8) )&croscop&c
Stem P ShoGs a s&n%le layere# ep&#erm&s ,olloGe# 8y a cont&nuous r&n% o,
collenchymatous an# roun# to oEal th&nPGalle#N parenchymatous cellsM Eascular 8un#les
shoG per&pheral an# me#ullary arran%mentN separate# ,rom each other 8y a GaEy str&p o,
sclerenchyma ,orm&n% a r&n%N enclos&n% p&thM 8un#les collateral an# arran%e# &n r&n%sN
haE&n% sclerenchymatous sheath o, per&cycl&c cap oEer phloemM Fylem Ge#%ePshape#M starch
%ra&ns s&mple an# compoun# haE&n% P3 componentsN roun# to oEalN measur&n% (P1/ &n
#&a+N present a8un#antly throu%hout the sect&on+
0oG#er P Re##&shP8roGn to crearn&shP%reyM un#er m&croscope shoGs scalar&,orm EesselsN
aseptate ,&8resN s&mple an# compoun# starch %ra&ns measur&n% (P1/ &n #&ameter+

Total Ash Not more than .+. per centN Appen#&F ++(+
Ac&#P&nsolu8le ash Not more than 5+ per centN Appen#&F ++/+
AlcoholPsolu8le eFtract&Ee Not less than /+5 per centN Appen#&F ++6+

ASSAC

T+'+C+
Ethylacetate (=O1) shoGs un#er :+B+ l&%ht e&%ht spots at R,+ 5+5/ (yelloG)N 5+1 (l&%ht
%reen)N 5+. (%reen)N 5+(1 (l&%ht %reen)N 5+(6 (l&%ht %reen)N5+.( (l&%ht %reen)N 5+6. (%reen)
an# 5+=3 (8lue)+ On eFposure to 4o#&ne Eapour ,&Ee spots appear at R,+ 5+1(N 5+.N 5+/5N 5+9=N
5+=( (all yelloG)+ On spray&n% G&th Dra%en#or,, rea%ent tGo oran%e coloure# spots appear
at R,+ 5+1( < 5+.+
200

CONST4T:ENTS P Al*alo&#s (0&per&neN 0&perlon%um&neN 0&perlon%um&n&ne etc)N Essent&al
O&ls+

Rasa O KaRu
1uSa O 'a%huN RT*Ua
BVrya O :USa
B&pL*a O KaRu
Karma O BLtaharaN KaphaharaN DVpanaN 0LcanaN BLtLnulomanaN KTlapraWamanaN
Rucya
4)0ORTANT >OR):'AT4ONS P 0a]ca*ola CTrSaN DaWamTla Ta&laN DaWamTlapa]ca*olL#&
KELtha CTrSaN DaWamTlaURapala*a 1hXta
THERA0E:T4C :SES P :#araro%aN nLhaN 1ulmaN KXm&ro%aN BLtaro%a
DOSE P 5+. P 1% o, the #ru% &n poG#er ,orm+

201
61+ 0la*sha (St+B*)
0'AK!A (Stem Bar*)
0la*Ua cons&sts o, #r&e# stem 8ar* o, >&cus lacor Buch+ P Ham+ h >+ lucescens Blume+N
Syn+ >+ &n,ector&a RoF8+ (>am+ )oraceae)M a lar%e sprea#&n% treeN G&th occas&onal aer&al rootsN
,oun# nearly throu%hout the country an# commonly plante# as an aEenue an# ornamental tree+
SCNONC)S
Sans*r&t O 0ar*arVN 0ar*atVN $atV
Assamese O PP
Ben%al& O 0a*ur
En%l&sh O PP
1u;rat& O 0aras p&paloN 0epl&
H&n#& O 0a*a#
Kanna#a O Kar&8asar&N Ka#u8asar&N $eeE&8asar&N Basar&N $uEEe8asar&
Kashm&r& O PP
)alayalam O 4tt&N 4tt&ya#&N 4tthy
)arath& O PP
Or&ya O 0a*al&N 0a*al
0un;a8& O PP
Tam&l O 4cch&N 4tth&N Kallalnaram
Telu%u O PPP
:r#u O 0a*ha#
DESCR40T4ON
a) )acroscop&c
Bar* rou%hN occurr&n% &n ,lat to curEe#N Qu&lle# p&ecesN measur&n% 5+/P5+3 cm &n
th&c*nessM eFternal sur,ace ash or Gh&t&shP%reyM numerous transEersely arran%e# lent&celsM
202
ran%&n% ,rom 5+1 cm P 1+( cm &n len%thN l&pPshape# an# eF,ol&at&n%M &nternal sur,ace rou%hN
,&8rousN lon%&tu#&nally str&ate#N re##&shP8roGnM ,ractureN ,&8rous+

8) )&croscop&c
ShoGs .P9 layere# cor* cons&st&n% o, th&nPGalle#N rectan%ular cellsN a ,eG eFternal
layers eF,ol&at&n%M secon#ary corteF Eery G&#e cons&st&n% o, compactly arran%e#N
rectan%ularN th&c*PGalle#N p&tte# cellsN patches o, c&rcular to elon%ate#N l&%n&,&e#N ell&pt&cal
stone cells G&th ra#&at&n% canalsN a ,eG G&th concentr&c str&at&onsM a ,eG pr&smat&c crystals
o, calc&um oFalate an# re##&shP8roGn contents ,oun# scattere# throu%hout the secon#ary
corteFM secon#ary phloem Eery G&#e cons&st&n% o, mostly strat&,&e# layers o, collapse# cells
,orm&n% ceratenchymaN %roups o, ,&8resN phloem parenchymaN lat&c&,erous cellsN traEerse# 8y
P. ser&ate phloem raysM phloem ,&8res l&%n&,&e# G&th G&#e lumen an# po&nte# t&psM th&nP
Galle#N rectan%ularN a ,eG phloem parenchyma conta&n&n% pr&smat&c crystals o, calc&um
oFalate+
0oG#er P Re##&shP8roGnM shoGs th&c*PGalle# parenchyma G&th s&mple p&tsM stone cells &n
%roups an# s&n%lesN pr&smat&c crystals o, calc&um oFalateN elon%ate# phloem ,&8res G&th
G&#e lumen an# po&nte# t&ps+


CONST4T:ENTS P SterolsN Su%arN Tann&nN Al*alo&# an# Sapon&n

Rasa O KaRuN KaULya
203
1uSa O RT*Ua
BVrya O KVta
B&pL*a O KaRu
Karma O 0&ttaharaN KaphaharaN )e#oharaN Stam8hanaN DLhaharaN KramaharaN Sa
_%rLhVN Bha%nasan#hLna*aN Con&#oUahara
4)0ORTANT >OR):'AT4ONS P Nya%ro#hL#& KELtha CTrSaN NLlpLmarL#& Ta&laN )arma
1uR&*L
THERA0E:T4C :SES P Ra*tap&ttaN )TrcchLN BraSaN Con&ro%aN KothaN B&sarpaN AtVsLra
DOSE P .5 % o, the #ru% &n poG#er ,orm ,or #ecoct&on+

204
6+ 0rasar&n& (2+0+)
0RASR4DA (2hole 0lant)
0rasLr&SV cons&sts o, #r&e# Ghole plant o, 0ae#er&a ,oet&#a '&nn+ (>am+ Ru8&aceae)M an
eFtens&Ee ,oet&# smell&n% perenn&al cl&m8erN ,oun# &n most o, the parts o, country+
SCNONC)S
Sans*r&t O SLraSVN 0rasLraSVN 1an#hapatra
Assamese O Bhe#&lata
Ben%al& O PP
En%l&sh O PP
1u;rat& O 0rasar&n&
H&n#& O 1an#ha 0rasar&n&
Kanna#a O Hesaran&N 0rasar&n& 8a&l
Kashm&r& O PP
)alayalam O Tala n&l&
)arath& O H&ranEelN HaranEel
Or&ya O PP
0un;a8& O 0rasar&n&
Tam&l O )u#&yar Kun#al
Telu%u O 1ont&ma %oruPTee%a
:r#u O PPP
DESCR40T4ON
a) )acroscop&c
Root P Tap root P/ cm lon%N 5+.P cm th&c*N cyl&n#r&cal or su8 cyl&n#r&calN tortuousN
haE&n% a num8er o, 8ranches an# rootletsM #ar* 8roGnM sur,ace rou%h #ue to lon%&tu#&nal
Gr&n*lesN r&#%es an# ,&ssuresM remnants o, rootletN th&n scars an# numerous hor&-ontal
lent&cels also presentM ,ractureN short &n 8ar* re%&on an# someGhat ,&8rous &n Goo#M o#ourN
#&sa%reea8le an# ,oet&# more mar*e# &n ,resh samplesM tasteN &n#&st&nct+
205
Stem P Slen#erN su8Perect G&th #&,,use 8ranch&n%N upto / cm th&c*M su8cyl&n#r&cal shoG&n% a
#um8P8ell shape# appearance &n transEerse E&eG #ue to presence o, tGo prom&nant ,urroGs
runn&n% oppos&te each other on 8oth sur,acesN eFternally #ar* 8roGnN lon%&tu#&nal
anastomos&n% Gr&n*lesN r&#%es an# a ,eG transEerse crac*s an# c&rcular lent&celsN ,ractureN
,&8rousM o#ourN ,oet&# more mar*e# &n ,resh samplesM tasteN &n#&st&nct+
'ea, P S&mpleN pet&olateN st&pulateM 15P1. cm lon%N .P6 cm 8roa#M someGhat %la8rousM oEateN
ent&reN 8ase narroG or 8roa#N apeF acute or cusp&#ateM st&pule oEateN lanceolateN 8&,&#N ent&reN
acuteN 8ase 8roa# G&th ha&ry sur,aceN teFtureN th&nM o#ourN ,oet&# more #&st&nct &n ,resh
samplesM tasteN &n#&st&nct+
>loGer P B&olet to p&n*M 8racteateN pe#&cellateN 8&seFualN calyF campanulateN acutelyN
toothe#M corolla ,unnelPshape#N usually pu8escentN someGhat %&88ous an# Gooly &ns&#eN
l&m8 narroGN #&E&#e# &nto ,&Ee cor#ate crenulate se%mentsN lo8es shortM ,&lament shortN
&nserte# &rre%ularly a8out the m&##le o, the tu8eN anther erect G&th&n the tu8eM oEary
tur8&nateN tGo celle# conta&n&n% one oEuleN each attache# to the 8ottom o, the cellM styleN
s&mpleM st&%ma tGo cle,t G&th lo8es 8ent amon%st the anther+
>ru&t P BerryN or8&cularN ell&pso&#N compresse#N smooth G&th ,&Ee l&nes on each s&#eN one
celle#N tGo see#e#N 1+1 cm acrossN re# or 8lac*+
See# P Compresse#N smoothN enlar%e# G&th someGhat mem8ranous r&n% all roun#+

8) )&croscop&c
Root P )ature root shoGs 6P1( layers o, cor*N compose# o, tan%ent&ally elon%ate#
cellsN &n outer ,eG layers someGhat collapse#N l&%n&,&e# an# ,&lle# G&th 8roGn contentM cor*
cam8&um 1P layersM secon#ary corteF .P16 layers o, th&nPGalle#M someGhat ra#&ally
arran%e# parenchymatous cellsM secon#ary phloem appears as Ge#%ePshape# con&cal masses
cons&st&n% o, s&eEe elements an# parenchyma traEerse# 8y phloem raysM ma;or port&on o,
phloem element th&c*PGalle#N s&eEe elements ,orm collapse# masses o, ceratenchyma &n
outer re%&on an# &ntact &n &nner most re%&onM un& to 8&ser&ate phloem rays compose# o,
usually th&c*PGalle# cells &n outer an# m&##le phloem re%&onM mult&ser&ate phloem rays
compose# o, th&nPGalle# parenchymatous cells shoG&n% ,unnelPshape# #&latat&on &n outer
phloem re%&onM &n tan%ent&al sect&on throu%h &nner phloem re%&on s&eEe cells shoGs 8ea#e#
th&c*en&n%M cam8&um 1P( layere#M secon#ary Fylem cons&sts o, G&#e -ope o, l&%n&,&e# an#
nonPl&%n&,&e# t&ssue traEerse# 8y Fylem raysM l&%n&,&e# t&ssue cons&sts o, EesselsN trache&#s
an# ,&8resM nonPl&%n&,&e# t&ssue cons&sts o, th&nPGalle# parenchymatous cellsM Fylem Eessels
#&str&8ute# s&n%ly or &n %roups o, tGo to three haE&n% Ear&a8le shape an# 8or#ere# p&tsM
trache&#s lon% an# narroG haE&n% 8or#ere# p&tsM ,&8res lon%N narroG haE&n% s&mple p&tsM
Fylem parenchyma haEe s&mple p&ts or ret&culate th&c*en&n%M Fylem ray cells th&nPGalle#N
c&rcular to someGhat ra#&ally elon%ate# &n nonPl&%n&,&e# -one an# th&c*PGalle#N l&%n&,&e#
an# ra#&ally elon%ate# &n l&%n&,&e# -one haE&n% s&mple p&tsM starch %ra&ns as %ranular massesN
o&l %lo8ules as small c&rcular 8o#&es an# raph&#es o, calc&um oFalate present &n a ,eG cells
o, secon#ary corteFN phloemN Fylem an# me#ullary rays+
206
Stem P )ature stem shoGs 3P11 layers o, cor* compose# o, rectan%ular cellsN a ,eG outer
layers l&%n&,&e#M secon#ary corteF 6P= layers cons&st&n% o, th&nPGalle# parenchymatous
cellsM per&cycl&c ,&8res present &n s&n%les or &n %roups o, tGo to threeN much elon%ate# an#
septate G&th Eery narroG lumenM secon#ary phloem much s&m&lar to that o, root haE&n%
th&c*PGalle# phloem elementsN arran%e# &n Ge#%e#Pshape# con&cal massesN G&th
ceratenchymaN tGo types o, phloem raysN s&eEe cells G&th 8ea#e# th&c*en&n%M cam8&um 1P
layersM secon#ary Fylem represente# 8y l&%n&,&e# an# nonPl&%n&,&e# t&ssuesM &nner most
Fylem compose# o, th&n compact 8an# o, 9P= layers o, l&%n&,&e# t&ssue G&th pr&mary Fylem
attache# toGar#s p&tsN Fylem Eessels assoc&ate# G&th trache&#sN ,&8res an# l&%n&,&e# or nonP
l&%n&,&e# parenchymaM a ,eG Fylem Eessels shoG tylosesM all elements haEe s&m&lar p&tt&n%s
as #escr&8e# &n case o, rootM un& an# 8&ser&ate rays th&nPGalle# 8ut l&%n&,&e#M &n l&%n&,&e#
re%&onN mult&ser&ate rays usually th&nPGalle#M centre o, stem occup&e# 8y small p&th an# a
,eG sclere&#sM a ,eG cells o, secon#ary corteFN phloemN FylemN me#ullary rays an# p&th
conta&n starch %ra&nsN o&l %lo8ules an# raph&#es o, calc&um oFalate+
'ea,P
0et&ole P shoGs s&m&lar structure as m&#r&8 8ut #&,,ers &n posses&n% tr&chomes comparat&Eely
smallerN as Gell as tGo more someGhat spher&cal accessory 8un#lesN one ,lan*&n% on each
s&#e o, me#&an Eascular 8un#le close to lateral eFtens&ons Ghere they ,urther spl&t a,ter
reach&n% #&stal en# o, pet&oleM starch %ra&nsN o&l %lo8ules an# raph&#es o, calc&um oFalate
s&m&lar to those o, root an# stem also present &n parenchymatous cells o, pet&oleN m&#r&8 an#
&n mesophyll cells o,lea,+
)&#r&8 P compose# o, s&n%le layere# ep&#erm&s coEere# G&th cut&cleM %roun# t&ssue
cons&st&n% o, P. layere# o, collenchyma toGar#s upper an# loGer s&#e an# rest
parenchymaM a lar%er me#&an crescentPshape# Eascular 8un#le cons&st&n% usual elements
G&th Fylem toGar#s upper s&#e an# phloem toGar#s loGer s&#e+
'am&na P shoGs a #ors&Eentral structureM ep&#erm&s s&n%le layere# coEere# eFternally G&th
str&ate# cut&cleM un&ser&ate coEer&n% tr&chomes an# paracyt&c stomata present on 8oth
sur,acesM mesophyll compose# o, s&n%le layere# pal&sa#e cells an# (P/ layere# spon%y
t&ssueM &n mar%&n o, lea, mesophyll replace# 8y th&c*P Galle# cellsM Ee&ns usually surroun#e#
8y 8un#le sheathN lar%er Ee&ns transcurrent an# smaller ones em8e##e#M Ee&n &slet num8er
.P15 per sQ+ mm+N pal&sa#e rat&o 6+3.P1/+ +
0oG#er P Dar* %reenM shoGs ,ra%ments o, cor* cellsN pal&sa#e cellsN raph&#es o, calc&um
oFalateN o&l %lo8ules an# starch %ra&ns

207

CONST4T:ENTS P Al*alo&#sN Bolat&le O&l+

Rasa O T&*ta
1uSa O 1uruN Sara
BVrya O :USa
B&pL*a O KaRu
Karma O BLtaharaN BXUyaN Bala*XtN San#hLna*Xt
4)0ORTANT >OR):'AT4ONS P 0rasLr&SV Ta&laN DaWamTlLr&URa
THERA0E:T4C :SES P BLtaro%aN BLtara*ta
DOSE P P/ % o, #ru% &n poG#er ,orm+

208
6(+ 0r&yala (S#+)
0R4C'A (See#)
0r&yLla cons&sts o, see# o, Buchanan&a lan-an Spren%+ Syn+ B+ lat&,ol&a RoF8+ (>arnN
Anacar#&aceae)M an eEer%reen tree upto 1. m h&%hN ,oun# throu%hout the country &n #ry
#ec&#uous ,orests+
SCNONC)S
Sans*r&t O 0&yLla*aN BhaulaEal*ala
Assamese O PP
Ben%al& O Ch&ran%&N ChoGlN Sat#han
En%l&sh O PP
1u;rat& O CharalN Shal&cho*ha
H&n#& O 0&yalN 0&yarN Ch&raun%&
Kanna#a O Nurlaal
Kashm&r& O PP
)alayalam O )uralN 0r&yalamN )ural maram
)arath& O Charol&
Or&ya O PP
0un;a8& O PP
Tam&l O )uola&maN Kor*aN Saraparuppu
Telu%u O SaraN Sarapappu
:r#u O Ch&ron;&
DESCR40T4ON
a) )acroscop&c
See# laterally much compresse#N cream&shP8roGnN mottle# G&th #ar*er 8roGn
l&nesN 5+/P5+6 cm lon%N 5+(P5+. cm G&#eN occas&onally separate cotyle#ons also occurN
,un&cle stoutN m&cropyle super&orN l&nearN h&lum present at the apeF o, roun# e#%eM sl&%ht
pressure separates o&ly cotyle#onsM o#ourN pleasantM tasteN sGeet&shPo&ly+
209

8) )&croscop&c
See# P 'on%&tu#&nal sect&on o, see#Pcoat shoGs ep&#erm&s cons&st&n% o, poly%onal
cells G&th scattere#N lar%eN p&tte#N th&c*PGalle#N sclerenchymatous cellsN occurr&n% mostly &n
%roupsN ,olloGe# 8y remnants o, #&sor%an&se#N collapse# cells o, &nte%umentN Gh&ch are o,
Ear&ous s&-eN th&nPGalle# an# parenchymatous cells ,&lle# G&th 8roGn&sh content an# ,orm a
p&%ment layerN 8eloG Gh&ch a 8an# o, parenchymatous cells presentN cons&st&n% o, elon%ate#
or tu8ular cellsM cotyle#ons cons&st&n% o, ep&#erm&s an# th&nPGalle# parenchymatous cellsN
ep&#ermal cells o, cotyle#ons 8arrelPshape# an# the parenchymatous cells polyhe#ral an#
,&lle# G&th aleurone %ra&ns o, %lo8o&# typeNmeasur&n% +.P.+5 &n #&a+ an# o&l %lo8ulesM
procam8&um 8un#lesN runn&n% lon%&tu#&nally also occur amon% these parenchyma cells+
0oG#er P A cream&shP8roGn pasteM shoGs numerous mesophyll cellsN ,&lle# G&th o&l %lo8ules
an# aleurone %ra&ns o, %lo8o&# type measur&n% +.P.+5 &n #&a+ an# sclerenchymatous
cellsN &n sur,ace E&eG see# coat polyhe#ral &n shapeN th&c*PGalle# an# ,&lle# G&th 8roGn&sh
contents+


T+'+C+
T+'+C+ o, alcohol&c eFtract o, the #ru% on S&l&ca 1el [1[ plate us&n% Ben-ene O
Ethylacetate ((O1) shoGs un#er :+B+ (./ nm) tGo ,luorescent -ones at R,+ 5+3 an# 5+=/
(8lue)+ On eFposure to 4o#&ne Eapour seEen spots appear at R,+ 5+59N 5+3N 5+./N 5+3N 5+=1N
5+=/ an# 5+=9 (all yelloG)+ On spray&n% G&th Ban&ll&nPSulphur&c ac&# rea%ent an# on heat&n%
210
the plate ,or ten m&nutes at 15.c e&%ht spots appear at R,+ 5+59N 5+3N 5+./N 5+3N 5+9/N 5+=1N
5+=/ an# 5+=9 (all E&olet)+

CONST4T:ENTS P Al8um&no&#sN O&l an# Starch+

Rasa O )a#hura
BVrya O KVta
B&pL*a O )a#hura
Karma O BLtaharaN 0&ttaharaN Kapha*araN Ku*ra*araN Bha%nasan#hLna*aN
KramaharaN BXZhaSaN BXUyaN BalyaN HX#yaN maEar#ha*a
4)0ORTANT >OR):'AT4ONS P 0T%a*haSYaN 0r&yLla Ta&la
THERA0E:T4C :SES P Ra*tap&ttaN DLhaN KUataN KUaya
DOSE P 15 P 5 % o, the #ru% &n poG#er ,orm+

211
6/+ 0r&yan%u (4n,l+)
0R4CA@1: (4n,lorescence)
0r&ya_%u cons&sts o, #r&e# &n,lorescence o, Call&carpa macrophylla Cahl+ (>am+
Ber8enaceae)M an erectN 1+P +/ m h&%h shru8N ,oun# throu%hout North an# East 4n#&a
ascen#&n% to 1955 m &n the 2est H&malayas ,rom Kashm&r to AssamN an# a8un#ant &n Ben%al
pla&ns+
SCNONC)S
Sans*r&t O 0hal&nVN Ban&tL
Assamese O 0r&yan%u
Ben%al& O 0r&yan%u
En%l&sh O PP
1u;rat& O 'ata 0r&yan%u
H&n#& O 0r&yan%u
Kanna#a O 0r&yan%uN 1an#hapr&yan%u
Kashm&r& O PP
)alayalam O N;a-hal
)arath& O 0r&yan%uN 1aEhala
Or&ya O 0r&yan%u
0un;a8& O 0r&yan%u
Tam&l O 1na-halN 1na-alpoo
Telu%u O 0ra*hanamN 0ren*anamu
:r#u O PPP
DESCR40T4ON
a) )acroscop&c
4n,lorescence P CymoseN #ensely clothe# G&th Gooly ha&rsM +.P3+. cm acrossN
pe#uncle cyl&n#r&calN 1+. P ( mm &n #&aM #ensely ha&ry+
212
>loGer P 5+. cm lon%M 8roGnN calyFN 8ellPshape#N / toothe# coEere# G&th Gooly ha&rsM
corollaN 8roGnN tu8ularN / lo88e# sprea#&n%M stamens /N eQual &n s&-eN ep&petalousN anther
oEateN 8as&,&Fe#M ,&lament Eery lon%N ha&ryM oEary P/ celle#M styleN lon%M st&%ma m&nutely
cap&tate+

8) )&croscop&c
0e#uncle P ShoGs more or less GaEy outl&neN ep&#erm&s s&n%le layere# G&th stellate
ha&rsM corteF compose# o, 15P19 layers o, ell&pt&calN th&nPGalle#N parenchymatous cellsN a
,eG upper layers ,&lle# G&th re##&shP8roGn contentsM per&cycle appears &n the ,orm o,
&nterrupte# r&n% o, per&cycl&c ,&8resM phloem compose# o, usual elements eFcept phloem
,&8resM Fylem cons&sts o, usual elementsM Eessels mostly sol&tary G&th sp&ral th&c*en&n%M
,&8res aseptate+
0oG#er P BroGnM shoGs a8un#ant num8ers o, stellate ha&rsN sp&ral EesselsN aseptate ,&8resN
%roups o, th&nPGalle#N ell&pt&calN oEal an# roun# pollen %ra&ns G&th clear eF&ne an#
yelloG&sh &n colour+


CONST4T:ENTS P 1lycos&#esN TerpenesN 0henol&c compoun#N Res&n an# Sapon&n+

1uSa O RT*Ua
213
BVrya O KVta
B&pL*a O KaRu
Karma O BLtaharaN 0&ttaharaN Ra*ta 0rasL#anaN Daur%an#hyaharaN 0urVUasa_%rahaS
VyaN )TtraE&ra;anVyaN San#hLnVyaN BraSaropaSaN P
4)0ORTANT >OR):'AT4ONS P Kha#&rL#& 1uR&*L()u*haro%a)N ElL#& CTrSaN Kana*a Ta&laN
Ku_*umL#& Ta&laN NVl&*L#ya Ta&la
THERA0E:T4C :SES P DLhaN $EaraN Ra*taP0&ttaN 0a*ELt&sLraN SEe#L#h&*ya

214
6.+ Sal& (Rt+)
K'A (Root)
KLlV cons&sts o, #r&e# root o, Ory-a sat&Ea '&nn+ (>am+ 0oaceae)M an annual her8N
cult&Eate# throu%hout 4n#&a+
SCNONC)S
Sans*r&t O DhLnyaN BrVh&N N&Eara
Assamese O PP
Ben%al& O ChaEalN DhanaN CalaN ChaGlN Sal&N Dhan
En%l&sh O R&ceN 0a##y
1u;rat& O Shal&cho*haN BhataN CoraEaN Dam%araN Co*e
H&n#& O ChaEalN Dhana
Kanna#a O BhattoN NelluN BhattaN A**&
Kashm&r& O PP
)alayalam O Ar&N Nellu
)arath& O Tan#ulamulN DhanarmulN Bhata Chamul
Or&ya O PP
0un;a8& O DhanN $hona
Tam&l O Ar&sh&N NelEer
Telu%u O DhanyamuN O#aluN B&yyamu
:r#u O ChaEalN B&ran;
DESCR40T4ON
a) )acroscop&c
Root ,&8rousN th&nN cyl&n#r&calN .P1. cm &n len%th an# 5+5.P5+1 cm th&c* G&th
a ,eG rootletsN so,tN smoothM cream&shP8roGn to %rey&shP8roGn+

215
8) )&croscop&c
Root P ShoGs s&n%le layere# ep&#erm&s cons&st&n% o, th&nPGalle#N rectan%ular cells
G&th a ,eG un&cellular root ha&rsM eFo#erm&s 1P layere#N compose# o, th&c*PGalle#N
sclerenchymatous cellsM corteF #&,,erent&ate# &nto three -onesM outer .P9 an# &nner P(
layere#N 8oth cons&st&n% o, roun# to oEalN parenchymatous cells G&th &ntercellular spacesM
m&##le -one cons&st&n% o, ra#&ally elon%ate#N parenchymatous cells haE&n% Eery lar%e a&rP
spacesM en#o#erm&s an# per&cycle 8oth s&n%le layere#M Fylem an# phloem ,orm eQual
num8er o, 8un#les arran%e# alternately G&th each otherM centre occup&e# 8y a small p&th
compose# o, poly%onalN th&c*PGalle#N sclerenchymatous cells+
0oG#er P 1rey&shPcreamM shoGs %roups o, sclerenchymatous cellsN p&tte# Eessels an#

2aterPsolu8le eFtract&Ee Not less than ( per centN Appen#&F ++3+

CONST4T:ENTS P Su%ars

Rasa O )a#huraN KaULya
1uSa O Sn&%#haN 1uruN 'a%hu
BVrya O KVta
B&pL*a O )a#hura
Karma O BLtaharaN 0&ttaharaN KaphaharaN Ku*ralaN Ba##hLlpaEarcasaN BXZhaSaN
)TtralaN BalyaN BarSa*XtN SEaryaN RucyaN Ca*UuUyaN HX#yaN Stanya;anana
216
4)0ORTANT >OR):'AT4ONS P BrLhma RasLyanaN Stanya;anana KaULya CTrSa
THERA0E:T4C :SES P Stanya*UayaN )Ttra*Xcchra
DOSE P .5 % o, the #ru% ,or #ecoct&on+

217
66+ San*hapushp& (2+0+)
KA@KHA0:!0A (2hole 0lant)
Ka_*hapuUpV cons&sts o, Ghole plant o, ConEolEulus plur&caul&s Cho&sy (>am+
ConEolEulaceae)M a prostrateN su8PerectN sprea#&n%N ha&ryN perenn&al her8 G&th a Goo#y root
stoc*N ,oun# throu%hout the country+
SCNONC)S
Sans*r&t O Ka_*hpuUpLN Ka_*hLhEL
Assamese O PP
Ben%al& O San*hapusp&
En%l&sh O PP
1u;rat& O Shan*haEal&
H&n#& O Shan*hapushp&
Kanna#a O B&l&*ant&soppuN Shan*hapushp&N Shan*haul&
Kashm&r& O PP
)alayalam O PP
)arath& O San*hahul&N Shan*haEelaN San*hapusp&
Or&ya O San*hapusp&
0un;a8& O Ks&rapusp&N San*hapusp&N San*hahul&
Tam&l O Ka*attamN Ka**anan%u#&N Kara*hurattN San%hupushpam
Telu%u O Shan*hapushp&
:r#u O PP
DESCR40T4ON
a) )acroscop&c
Root P :sually 8ranche#N cyl&n#r&calN r&88e# haE&n% some rou%h stem no#ules an#
small secon#ary rootsN 1P. cm lon%N 5+1P5+/ cm th&c*N yelloG&shP8roGn to l&%ht 8roGn+
Stem P Slen#erN cyl&n#r&calN a8out 5+1 cm or less &n th&c*ness G&th clear ha&ry no#es an#
218
&nterno#esM l&%ht %reen+
'ea, P Shortly pet&olateN l&nearPlanceolateN acuteN ha&ry on 8oth sur,acesM 5+.P cm lon% an#
5+1P5+. cm 8roa#M l&%ht %reen+
>loGer P 2h&te or p&n*&shM sol&tary or &n pa&rs sess&le or su8Psess&le &n the lea, aF&sM sepals
narroGlyN l&nearPlanceolateN sparsely ha&ryM corolla shortly #&sco&#M stamen .N ,reeN
ep&petalousN alternate G&th the petalsN &nserte# #eep &n the corolla tu8eM oEary super&or an#
8&carpellary+
>ru&t P CapsuleN o8lon% %lo8ose G&th cor&aceousN pale 8roGn per&carp+
See# P BroGnM m&nutely pu8erulous+

8) )&croscop&c
Root P Appears nearly c&rcular &n outl&neM cor* compose# o, 15P1. layers o,
tan%ent&ally elon%ate#N th&c*PGalle# cellsM corteF compose# o, 6P15 layers o, oEal to
elon%ate#N ell&pt&calN parenchymatous cells an# yelloG&shP8roGnN tann&n&,erousN secretory
cells present &n th&s re%&onM phloem compose# o, s&eEe elementsN phloem parenchyma an#
phloem raysM Fylem cons&st&n% o, usual elementsM Eessels sol&tary or &n %roups o, tGo G&th
s&mple p&tsM ,&8res an# trache&#s aseptate an# p&tte#M me#ullary rays 1P( cells G&#e an#
mult&cellular &n len%thM starch %ra&ns sol&tary or &n %roupsN s&mple an# compose# o, P(
componentsN roun# to oEal &n shapeN measur&n% (P9 &n #&a+N present &n corteFN phloemN
Fylem rays an# parenchyma+
Stem P ShoGs s&n%le layere# ep&#erm&sN coEere# G&th th&c* cut&cleM at places un&cellular
ha&rs presentM corteF #&,,erent&ate# &n tGo -onesN P( upper collenchymatous an# 1P loGer
parenchymatous layersN 8oth haE&n% roun# to oEalN elon%ate#N th&nP Galle# cellsM
en#o#errn&s s&n%le layere#M per&cycle present &n the ,orm o, s&n%le stran# o, ,&8resM phloem a
narroG -oneN mostly compose# o, s&eEe elements an# parenchymaM Fylem cons&sts o,
EesselsN ,&8res an# parenchymaM me#ullary rays an# trache&#s not #&st&nctN Eessels mostly
sol&tary G&th sp&ral th&c*en&n%M ,&8res aseptate haE&n% po&nte# en#s an# narroG lumenM
stran# o, &nternal phloem present aroun# the sl&%htly l&%n&,&e# p&th+
'ea,P
)&#r&8 P appears conEeF &n loGer an# concaEe &n upper s&#eM ep&#erm&s s&n%le layere#N
coEere# G&th th&c* cut&cleM loGer ep&#erm&s ,olloGe# 8y P( layers o, chlorenchymatous
cellsM Eascular 8un#le 8&collateralN compose# o, usual elements o, phloem an# FylemM rest
o, t&ssue 8etGeen chlorenchyrna an# Eascular 8un#les compose# o, /P. layers o,
219
'am&na P shoGs ep&#erm&s on 8oth sur,aces coEere# G&th th&c* cut&cleM ha&rs un&cellularN
present on 8oth sur,acesN pal&sa#e tGo layere#N spon%y parenchyma /P. layere#M a ,eG
8&collateral Eascular 8un#les present &n spon%y parenchymaM pal&sa#e rat&o 6P=M Ee&n &slet
num8er 1P. per sQ+ mm+ N stomatal &n#eF &n loGer sur,ace 13P5 an# &n upper sur,aceN
1(+9P13+5M stomatal num8er &n loGer sur,ace 19/P/9N an# &n upper sur,ace 5P(9 per sQ+
mm+
0oG#er P '&%ht yelloG&shP%reenM shoGs %roups o, Eessels G&th spr&a1 th&c*en&n% an# s&mple
p&tsN ,&8res an# trache&#sN s&mple an# compoun# starch %ra&nsN measur&n% ( P 9 &n #&a+N
un&cellular ha&rsN mesophyll cells an# %&Ees pos&t&Ee test ,or tann&n+


CONST4T:ENTS P Al*alo&#

Rasa O T&*taN KaRuN KaULya
1uSa O Sara
BVrya O KVta
B&pL*a O KaRu
Karma O 0&ttaharaN KaphaharaN RasLyanaN )e#hyaN BalyaN )ohanLWa*aN yuUya
220
4)0ORTANT >OR):'AT4ONS P A%astyaharVta*V RasLyanaN BrLhma RasLyanaN BrLhmV
1hXtaN )Lnasam&tra BaRa*aN 1orocanL#& BaRVN BrLhZV BaRV
THERA0E:T4C :SES P )Lnasaro%aN ApasmLra
DOSE P (P9 % o, the #ru% &n poG#er ,orm
NoteO 4n certa&n parts o, 4n#&aN Cl&tor&a ternatea '&nn+ an# EEolEulus als&no&#es '&nn+ are
use# as Ka_*hapuUpV

221
63+ Saptala (2+0+)
SA0TA' (2hole 0lant)
SaptalL cons&sts o, #r&e# Ghole plant o, Euphor8&a #racunculo&#es 'am+ (>am+
Euphor8&aceae)M a much 8ranche#N 5P/5 cm h&%hN annual her8N ,oun# throu%hout 4n#&a &n the
pla&ns an# loG h&lls+
SCNONC)S
Sans*r&t O SLtalLN CarmasLhELN Carama*aUL
Ben%al& O Cha%alpupt&
En%l&sh O PP
1u;rat& O Satale
H&n#& O T&tal&N $oyach&N Cha%ulputput&
Kanna#a O SatalaN B&l&*all&N Kall&
Kashm&r& O PP
)alayalam O Chasma 'anthaN 0ath&r&
)arath& O N&Ea#un%
Or&ya O Naa%aphen&N S&;uN Saptala
0un;a8& O Kan%&
Tam&l O T&lla*a#aN Thus&mulla&
Telu%u O T&lla*a#a
:r#u O Thuhar
DESCR40T4ON
a) )acroscop&c
Root P SmallN /P. cm lon%N 5+.P mm th&c*N cyl&n#r&calN r&88e#N %ra#ually taper&n%N
haE&n% a ,eG secon#ary rootsN pale 8roGnN ,ractureN shortN o#our an# taste &n#&st&nct+
'ea, P 1+3P3 cm lon%N 5+P5+9 cm G&#eN sess&leN l&nearN lanceolate or l&near o8lon%N su8acuteN
8ase rarely roun#e# or su8Pcor#ateM %reen&shPyelloGM o#our an# taste not #&st&nct+
222
>loGer P 4nEolucre 8roa#ly campanulateN su8Psess&leN sol&taryN +. mm across at the mouthN
%la8rous outs&#e an# pu8escent &ns&#eN lo8es shortN oEateN c&l&olateM %lan# sem&lunateN
horne#M ,&lament pu8escentM styleN 1 mm lon%N ,ree to the 8aseN shortly P,&# at the apeF+
>ru&t P CapsuleN smoothM (P/ mm &n #&aM tr&locularN (P celle# G&th or G&thout attache#
pe#&cel+
See# P ( mm lon%N ell&pso&#al to o8lon% G&th a Gh&teN leprous tu8erculate testaN roun#e# at
the 8aseN %rooEe# at one s&#eN G&th an ar&llo#e at the o8l&Que #epresse# apeF+

8) )&croscop&c
Root P Coun% root shoGs eF,ol&ate#N s&n%le layere# ep&#erm&sM mature root shoGs
th&n Galle# cor*N compose# o, 15P1 layers o, rectan%ular cellsM secon#ary corteF cons&sts
o, /P 6 layers o, oEalN ell&pt&calN parenchymatous cellsM oEal to elon%ate# ell&pt&cal th&c*
Galle#N l&%n&,&e# cells G&th G&#e lumenM %roups o, stone cells an# a ,eG ,&8res present &n
th&s re%&onM en#o#erm &s an# per&cycle not #&st&nctM secon#ary phloem compose# o, s&eEe
elements an# parenchymaM secon#ary Fylem cons&sts o, EesselsN ,&8resN trache&#s an#
me#ullary raysM all elements th&c*PGalle# an# l&%n&,&e#M ,&8res an# Eessels haE&n% s&mple
p&tsM starch %ra&ns s&mpleN roun#e# to oEalN +3. &n #&aM ,oun# scattere# &n phloem re%&onM
rarely a ,eG o&l %lo8ules also present+
Stem P ShoGs a s&n%le layere# ep&#erm&s compose# o, th&c*PGalle#N ,latten#e#N tan%ent&ally
elon%ate# cellsM ol#er stem shoGs /P. layers o, cor* compose# o, th&nPGalle#N rectan%ularN
tan%ent&ally elon%ate# an# ra#&ally arran%e# cellsM corteF compose# o, /P. layers o, oEal to
rectan%ularN tan%ent&ally elon%ate# ell&pt&calN th&nPGalle# parenchymatous cellsM stone cells
oEal to elon%ate#N ell&pt&calN th&c*PGalle# l&%n&,&e#N G&th G&#e lumen present &n th&s re%&onM
en#o#erm&s not #&st&nctM per&cycle represente# 8y %roups o, l&%n&,&e# ,&8resM secon#ary
phloem narroGN compose# o, s&eEe elementsN phloem parenchyma an# a ,eG elon%ate#
lat&c&,erous sacsM secon#ary Fylem compose# o, EesselsN ,&8res an# trache&#sN traEerse# 8y
numerous Fylem raysM all elementsN th&c*PGalle# an# l&%n&,&e#N Eessels haE&n% s&mple p&tsM
,&8res elon%ate# an# aseptateM centre occup&e# 8y a p&thN cons&st&n% o, th&c*PGalle#N c&rcular
to oEalN parenchymatous cellsM some roun#e#N small lat&c&,erous sacs present &n per&pheral
p&th cellsN ,&lle# G&th yelloG&shP8roGn contentM starch %ra&ns more a8un#ant &n phloem an#
p&th re%&onN s&mpleN sol&tary or &n %roupsN roun#e# to oEalN measur&n% .+.P1=+. &n
#&ameter+
'ea,P
)&#r&8 P shoGs sl&%htly conEeF outl&neM ep&#erm&s s&n%le layere#N coEere# eFternally G&th
th&c*N str&ate# cut&cleM hypo#erm&s cons&sts o, s&n%le layere# collenchymatous cells toGar#s
loGer s&#eM Eascular 8un#le collateral an# surroun#e# 8y /P6 layers o, th&nPGalle#N
223
'am&na PshoGs sl&%htly GaEy outl&neM ep&#erm&s on e&ther coEere# G&th th&c* cut&cleM
paracyt&c stomata present on 8oth sur,acesM mesophyll #&,,erent&ate# &nto pal&sa#e an#
spon%y parenchymaM pal&sa#e s&n%le layere# present on 8oth s&#esM spon%y parenchyma /P.
layere# cons&st&n% o, &rre%ularly arran%e# cells present 8etGeen upper an# loGer pal&sa#eM a
,eG small collateral Eascular 8un#les em8e##e# &n spon%y parenchyma+
0oG#er P '&%ht yelloGM shoGs Eessels G&th s&mple p&tsN aseptate ,&8resM oEal to elon%ate#N
ell&pt&calN stone cells th&c*PGalle#N l&%n&,&e# G&th G&#e lumenM s&mpleN roun#e# to oEal starch
%ra&nsN measur&n% (P1= &n #&ameter+


T+'+C+
)ethanol (=.O.) shoGs un#er :+B+ ((66 nm) tGo 8lue ,luorescent -ones at R,+ 5+5/ an#
5+63+ On eFposure to 4o#&ne Eapour three spots appear at R,+5+5/N 5+/6N an# 5+.3 (all
yelloG)+ On spray&n% G&th .\ )ethanol&cPSulphur&c ac&# rea%ent an# heat&n% the plate ,or
ten m&nutes at 15.C tGo spots appear at R,+ 5+/6 (8roGn) an# 5+93 (E&olet)+

CONST4T:ENTS P 1lycoPal*alo&# (Euphor8&ne)+

224
1uSa O 'a%huN RT*UaN TV*USaN B&*LWV
BVrya O KVta
B&pL*a O KaRu
Karma O BLtalLN 0&ttaharaN KaphaharaN Ra*ta#oUaharaN B&Y8he#&nV
4)0ORTANT >OR):'AT4ONS P BrLhmV 1hXtaN )&Wra*a SnehaN NLrLyaSa CTrSa
THERA0E:T4C :SES P 1ulmaN :#LEartaN nLhaN :#araro%aN B&8an#haN B&sarpa
DOSE P .5 % o, the #ru% ,or #ecoct&on+

225
69+ SatahEa (>r+)
KATHB (>ru&t)
KatLhEL cons&sts o, the #r&e# r&pe ,ru&ts o, Anethum soGa RoF8+ eF >lem+ Syn+ A+
%raEeolens '&nn+ Ear+ soGa RoF8+M A+ %raEeolens DC+M 0euce#anum soGa RoF8+M 0+
%raEeolens Benth+ (>am+ Ap&aceae)M a tallN %la8rousN aromat&c her8 ,oun# throu%hout trop&cal
an# su8Ptrop&cal re%&ons o, the country an# cult&Eate#+
SCNONC)S
Sans*r&t O KatapuUpL
Assamese O PP
Ben%al& O SuEaN SulphaN ShulupaN SoGa
En%l&sh O 4n#&an D&l >ru&t
1u;rat& O SuEa
H&n#& O SoyaN SoEa
Kanna#a O Sa8as&%e
Kashm&r& O PP
)alayalam O PP
)arath& O Ba#&shepN ShepaN Shepu
Or&ya O PP
0un;a8& O Soya
Tam&l O Sata*uppa
Telu%u O Sa#apa
:r#u O Sh&8tN Soya
DESCR40T4ON
a) )acroscop&c
>ru&tsN #ar* 8roGnN o,ten stal* attache#N 8roa#ly oEal an# compresse#
#orsallyM mer&carps usually separate an# ,reeN / mm lon%N P( mm 8roa# an# 1 mm th&c*N
%la8rousN traEerse# ,rom the 8ase to apeF 8y . l&%hter coloure# pr&mary r&#%es o, Gh&ch (
226
#orsalN sl&%htly ra&se#N 8roGnN ,&l&,orm an# &ncosp&cuousN lateral prolon%e# &nto th&nN
yelloG&sh mem8ranous G&n%sM o#ourN ,a&ntly aromat&c resem8l&n% that o, caraGayN an# a
GarmN sl&%htly sharp tasteN a*&n to caraGay+

8) )&croscop&c
>ru&t P 0er&carp shoGs ep&#erm&s o, poly%onal ta8ular cells haE&n% th&c* outer Gall
an# str&ate# cut&cleM mesocarpN parenchymatousN some cells l&%n&,&e# an# shoG ret&culate
th&c*en&n%M en#ocarp cons&sts o, ta8ular cells somet&mes G&th s&nuous ant&cl&nal GallsM
E&ttaeN / on the #orsal Ealleculae an# on the comm&ssural sur,aceN eFten#&n% the len%th o,
each mer&carp G&th an en#othel&um o, 8roGn cells an# conta&n&n% Eolat&le o&lM #orsal costae
threeN one lar%er an# the tGo lateral 8roa#ly G&n%e#N each costae G&th Eascular stran#sM
en#osperm much ,lattene# an# cons&sts o, th&c*PGalle#N cellulos&cN parenchyma conta&n&n%
,&Fe# o&l an# numerous aleurone %ra&ns upto . &n #&ameter conta&n&n% m&croProsette
crystals o, calc&um oFalateM carpophore spl&tN pass&n% at the apeF &nto the raphe o, each
mer&carp conta&n&n% a Eascular stran# o, sclerenchymatous ,&8res an# sp&ral Eessels+
0oG#er P BroGnM shoGs sp&ral EesselsN m&croProsette crystals o, calc&um oFalate an# o&l
%lo8ulesN aleurone %ra&ns upto . &n #&ameter+

Bolat&le o&l Not less than ( per centN Appen#&F ++15

T+'+C+
T+'+C+ o, alcohol&c eFtract o, the #ru% on S&l&ca %el [1[ plate us&n% Toluene shoGs on
eFposure to 4o#&ne Eapour tGo spots at R,+ 5+.= an# 5+69 (all yelloG)+ On spray&n% G&th
227
An&sal#ehy#ePSulphur&c ac&# rea%ent an# heat&n% the plate ,or a8out ten m&nutes at 115 C
three spots appear at R,+ 5+(3 (p&n*) 5+.= (8lue) an# 5+69 (E&olet)+

CONST4T:ENTS P Essent&al O&l+

Rasa O KaRuN T&*ta
1uSa O Sn&%#ha
BVrya O :USa
B&pL*a O KaRu
Karma O BLtaharaN KaphaharaN DVpanaN KTlapraWamana
4)0ORTANT >OR):'AT4ONS P BXhat 0hala 1hXtaN 1orocanL#& BaRVN NLrLyaSa CTrSaN
!aY8&n#u Ta&la
THERA0E:T4C :SES P $EaraN Netra Ro%aN BraSaN KTlaN AtVsLra

228
6=+ S&%ru (',+)
K41R: ('ea,)
K&%ru cons&sts o, #r&e# lea, o, )or&n%a ole&,era 'am+ Syn+ )or&n%a ptery%osperma
1aertn+ (>am+ )or&n%aceae)M a small or me#&um s&-e# treeN ,oun# G&l# &n su8 H&malayan tractN
commonly cult&Eate# throu%hout the country+
SCNONC)S
Sans*r&t O Ko8hL];anaN BahalaN TV*USa%an#hLN A*UVEaN )oca*a
Assamese O PP
Ben%al& O Sa;&naN Sa;naN Sa;ne
En%l&sh O Horse Ra#&sh TreeN Drum St&c* Tree
1u;rat& O Sar%aEoN Se*atoN Sara%aEo 0arna
H&n#& O Sha;omaN )un%na
Kanna#a O Nee%%eN Nu%%e ele
Kashm&r& O PP
)alayalam O )ur&nnaN T&shna%an#haN )ur&n%aN )ur&n%a Ela&
)arath& O SeEa%aN Se%ataN Se%ata panaN SheG%ach& pane
Or&ya O Sa;anaN )un%aN )un&*a
0un;a8& O Sohan;ana
Tam&l O )urun%a&N )urun%a& 4la&
Telu%u O )una%a A*u
:r#u O Seh;an
DESCR40T4ON
a) )acroscop&c
'eaEes tr&p&nnate compoun#N aEa&la8le &n the ,orm o, lea,lets an# some
8ro*en p&eces o, rach&sN slen#erN th&c*ene#N an# art&culate# at the 8aseM lea,let 1+P cm lon%
an# 5+.P1 cm G&#eN ent&reN ell&pt&cN oEate or o8oEateN roun#e# or narroGe# at 8ase an#
o8tuse at apeFM smooth an# %reen&shP%rey to pale %reenM o#our an# taste not #&st&nct+
229

8) )&croscop&c
Rach&s P Rach&s shoGs s&n%le layere# ep&#erm&sN ,olloGe# 8y s&n%le layer o,
p&%mente# collenchymatous hypo#erm&sM corteF cons&st&n% o, .P15 layere#N oEal to
ell&pt&calN th&n Galle#N parenchymatous cellsM per&cycle ,orm&n% a 8ro*en r&n%N cons&st&n% o,
per&cycl&c ,&8resM Eascular 8un#le collateralM p&th compose# o, G&#e -one o, th&nPGalle#N
parenchymatous cellsM rosette crystals o, calc&um oFalate present &n corteFN p&th an# phloem
parenchyma+
'ea,let P 'ea,let shoGs #ors&Eentral structureM ep&#erm&s an# un&cellular ha&rs present on
8oth the sur,acesM pal&sa#e s&n%le layere#M spon%y parenchyma P( layersM central re%&on
occup&e# 8y a crescentPshape#N collateral Eascular 8un#le surroun#e# 8y P/ layers o,
collenchymatous cellsM rosette crystals o, calc&um oFalate present &n mesophyll an#
collenchymatous cellsM stomata anornocyt&cN present on 8oth sur,ace 8ut more on loGer sur
,aceM pal&sa#e rat&o 6P11M stomatal &n#eF 15P1(P1. stomatal num8er 155P1(3 upper sur,ace
an# =5P(.5 loGer sur,ace per mm sQuareM Ee&n &slets num8er .5P6.+
0oG#er P1rey&shP%reenM shoGs %roups o, spon%y parenchymaN pal&sa#e cellsM sp&ral EesselsN
un&cellular ha&rs G&th 8lunt t&pM p&eces o, polyhe#ral ep&#ermal cells &n sur,ace E&eGN
stomata an# rosette crystals o, calc&um oFalate+

Ac&#P&nsolu8le ash Not more than / per centN Appen#&F ++/+

T+'+C+
Ethylacetate (=O 1) shoGs s&F spots at R,+ 5+5.N 5+19N 5+6 (all %reen)N5+(6 (yelloG&sh
%reen)N 5+/6 (#ar* %reen) < 5+=/ (yelloG) &n E&s&8le l&%ht+ :n#er :+B+ ((66 nm) s&F
,luorescent -ones are E&s&8le at R,+ 5+5.N 5+19N 5+6N 5+(6N 5+/6 (all re#) < 5+=/
(8lue)+ On spray&n% G&th .\ )ethanol&c 0hosphomoly8#&c ac&# rea%ent s&F spots
230
appear on heat&n% the plate ,or ten m&nutes at 15. C at R,+ 5+(9N 5+/6 (8oth 8lue)N
5+. (%reen)N 5+.= (8lue)N 5+6= (8lue) an# 5+93 (8lue)+ On spray&n% G&th
An&sal#ehy#ePSulphur&c ac&# rea%ent ten spots appear on heat&n% the plate ,or ten
m&nutes at 15.C at R,+ 5+5.N 5+5N 5+6N (all %reen)N 5+(5 (p&n*)N 5+(6 (%reen)N 5+/6
(%reen)N 5+.( (yelloG)N 5+6= (yelloG)N 5+9 (yelloG) an# 5+=/ (E&olet)+

CONST4T:ENTS P Car8ohy#rateN 0rote&nN Carotene an# Ascor8&c ac&#+

Rasa O )a#hura
1uSa O 1uruN RT*UaN TV*USa
BVrya O KVta
B&pL*a O )a#hura
Karma O BLtaharaN 0&ttaharaN )e#oharaN Ku*ranLWa*aN KXm&haraN BXZhaSaN
Ca*UuUyaN S&roE&reca*a
4)0ORTANT >OR):'AT4ONS P B&Uat&n#u*a Ta&laN E*L_%aEVra RasaN Ratna%&r& Rasa
THERA0E:T4C :SES P KophaN KXm&ro%aN )e#oro%aN 0lVhLro%aN B&#ra#h&N 1ulmaN 1ala%aSYa
DOSE P 15 P 5 ml o, the ,resh #ru% &n ;u&ce ,orm+

231
35+ Sthulaela (S#+)
STHI'A4' (See#)
SthTla&lL cons&sts o, #r&e# see# o, Amomum su8ulatum RoF8+ (>am+ 7&n%&8eraceae)M a
her8 G&th lea,y stem an# perenn&al root stoc*M cult&Eate# &n sGampy places alon% the s&#es o,
mounta&n streams &n Ben%al an# Assam+
SCNONC)S
Sans*r&t O Bha#rLN Bha#ra&lL
Assamese O PP
Ben%al& O Baara al&ach
En%l&sh O 1reater or Nepal car#amom
1u;rat& O Ela&choN )oth& El&ch&
H&n#& O Bar& elach&
Kanna#a O Do##a Cala**&N Nep#& Ela**&
Kashm&r& O PP
)alayalam O Bal&ya ElamN 0erelam
)arath& O )oth& Elayach&
Or&ya O Ba#a ale&chaN Ale&cha
0un;a8& O Bu#& Ele&ch&
Tam&l O 0er&ya ElamN BeraelamN Kattu Elam
Telu%u O 0e##a Ela*ulu
:r#u O Ba#& Ela&ch&N Heel Kalan
DESCR40T4ON
a) )acroscop&c
See# 5+/ cm lon%N 5+( cm G&#eN &rre%ularly oEo&# G&th ( ,lattene# ,ace
coEere# eFternally G&th a colourlessN mem8raneous ar&lM 8roGn to #ar* 8roGnM o#ourN
aromat&cM tasteN sp&cy pun%ent+
232

8) )&croscop&c
See# PShoGs a Eery th&n mem8raneous ar&l compose# o, seEeral layers o, collapse#
cells conta&n&n% o&l %lo8ules an# pr&smat&c crystals o, calc&um oFalateM testa cons&sts o,
s&n%le layere# ep&#erm&s o, rectan%ular cells ,olloGe# 8y 1P layers o, collapse#N th&nP
Galle# parenchymatous cellsN 8eneath th&s a s&n%le layere# lar%e rectan%ular cells conta&n&n%
o&l %lo8ules presentN Gh&ch &s &nternally surroun#e# 8y seEeral layers o, ,lattene#N th&n
Galle#N parenchymatous cellsM per&sperm cons&sts o, poly%onalN th&nPGalle#N
parenchymatous cells conta&n&n% roun# to oEal starch %ra&ns measur&n% P. &n #&a+N an#
cluster crystals o, calc&um oFalateM per&sperm surroun#e# eFternally 8y th&c*PGalle#N
sclerenchymatousN ra#&ally elon%ate# #ar* 8roGn 8ea*er cellsM per&spenn encloses the
en#osperm an# em8ryoN 8oth compose# o, poly%onalN th&nPGalle#N parenchymatous cellsN
r&ch &n prote&n+
0oG#er P '&%ht 8roGnM shoGs ,ra%ments o, testaN poly%onalN th&nPGalle#N per&sperm cellsN o&l
%lo8ulesN rarely cluster crystals o, calc&um oFalateN roun#e# to oEalN s&mpleN starch %ra&ns
measur&n% P. &n #&ameter+

Bolat&le o&l Not less than 1 E^Gper centN Appen#&F ++15

CONST4T:ENTS P Bolat&le O&l (r&ch &n C&neole)+

Rasa O KaRuN T&*ta
233
BVrya O :USa
B&pL*a O KaRu
Karma O BLtaharaN KaphaharaN Roca*aN DVpanVN )u*haWo#ha*aN A
_%amar#apraWamana
4)0ORTANT >OR):'AT4ONS P SLr&Ea#yLsaEaN KarpTrL#yLr*aN KalyLSa*a 1hXtaN
BastyLmayLnta*a 1hXtaN )Lnasam&tra BaRa*a
THERA0E:T4C :SES P KELsaN KLsaN TXUSLN Char#&N )u*haro%aN HXllLsaN KaSYT
DOSE P 5+. P1 %+ o, the #ru% &n poG#er ,orm+
Note P Cluster crystals o, calc&um oFalate are present &n Sthulaela (Amomum su8ulatum
RoF8+(See#)N Gh&le a8sent &n Su*sama&la (Elettar&a car#amomum )aton+ (See#)+

234
31+ Te;oEat& (St+B*+)
TE$OBATA (Stem Bar*)
Te;oEatV cons&sts o, #r&e# stem 8ar* o, 7anthoFylum armatum DC+ Syn+ 7+ alatum
RoF8+ (>am+ Rutaceae)M an eEer%reen or su8P#ec&#uous shru8 or occas&onally a small tree upto
6 m h&%hN stem an# 8ranchesN arme# G&th lon%N sharp pr&c*lesN ,oun# &n the hot Ealleys o, the
H&malayas ,rom $ammu to Khas&a h&lls at 655P1955 m an# eastern %hats &n Or&ssa an# An#hra
0ra#esh at 155 mN also somet&mes plante# ,or he#%es &n Assam+
SCNONC)S
Sans*r&t O Te;ohEa
Ben%al& O Te;oEat&
En%l&sh O PP
1u;rat& O Te;a8alaN Te;8al
H&n#& O Te;8al
Kanna#a O Te;apatr&N $&mm&N Tum8uraN Tum8uru#raN Te;oEant&
Kashm&r& O PP
)alayalam O Thum8oonalN Thum8oon&N Bal&yaEalu-haEam
)arath& O Te;a8al
Or&ya O Te;a8ala
0un;a8& O Te;oEat&N Te;a8al
Tam&l O The;yoEath&
Telu%u O Te;oEath&
:r#u O Ka8a8PePKhan#an
DESCR40T4ON
a) )acroscop&c
Bar* cor*yN channelle# an# s&n%le Qu&lle# G&th lar%e mar*s o, tu8ercular
235
pr&c*lesM5+1P5+ cm th&c*N eFternal sur,ace pale 8roGnN rou%h G&th numerous scattere#
patches o, lent&celsN rather #eeply ,urroGe#M &nternal sur,ace smoothN l&%ht yelloG to pale
8roGnM ,ractureN shortM o#ourN aromat&cM tasteN aromat&c pun%ent+

8) )&croscop&c
Stem Bar* P ShoGs eF,ol&ate# cor* &nterrupte# 8y lent&cels at some placesM cor*
1.P5 layers o, ta8ularN 8roGn&shN th&c*PGalle# cellsM secon#ary corteF 15P5 layers o,
tan%ent&ally elon%ate# or oEalN th&nPGalle#N parenchymatous cellsM small %roups o, stone
cells an# some ,&8res ,oun# scattere# &n th&s re%&onM secon#ary phloem cons&st&n% o, s&eEe
elementsN parenchyma an# ,&8res traEerse# 8y phloem raysM phloem ,&8res th&c*PGalle#N
l&%n&,&e#N aseptate an# arran%e# &n tan%ent&al roGsM stone cells ,oun# &n tan%ent&al 8an#s
alternat&n% G&th phloem ,&8resM a num8er o, secretory cells ,oun# scattere# throu%hout
secon#ary phloemM phloem rays 1P cells G&#e an# 15P1. cells h&%hM secretory cells conta&n
&n% o&ly or res&nous su8stancesM pr&smat&c crystals o, calc&um oFalate an# s&mple starch
%ra&ns ,oun# scattere# &n secon#ary corteFN phloem parenchyma an# phloem raysM starch
%ra&ns roun# an# oEalN measur&n% +3. P 1(+3. &n #&ameter+
0oG#er P CelloG&shP8roGnM shoGs ,ra%ments o, cor* cellsM aseptate ,&8resN stone cellsN
pr&smat&c crystals o, calc&um oFalateN o&l %lo8ules an# starch %ra&nsN roun# an# oEal
measur&n% +3. P 1(+3. &n #&ameter+


CONST4T:ENTS P A 8&tter crystall&ne pr&nc&ple &#ent&cal G&th Ber8er&neN a Bolat&le O&l
an# Res&n+

236
Rasa O KaRuN T&*ta
1uSa O RT*Ua
BVrya O :USa
B&pL*a O KaRu
Karma O BLtaharaN KaphaharaN DVpanaN 0LcanaN RucyaN )e#hya
4)0ORTANT >OR):'AT4ONS P 0a]cat&*ta 1u%%ulu 1hXtaN KLla*a CTrSa ('epa)
THERA0E:T4C :SES P KELsaN KLsaN )u*haro%aN maELtaN ArucVN H&**L

237
3+ Tulas& (2+0+)
T:'ASA (2hole 0lant)
TulasV cons&sts o, #r&e# Ghole plant o, Oc&mum sanctum '&nn+ (>am+ 'am&aceae)M an
erectN (5 P 65 cm h&%hN much 8ranche#N annual her8N ,oun# throu%hout the country+
SCNONC)S
Sans*r&t O SurasLN KXUSatulasVN Bana TulasV
Assamese O Tulas&
Ben%al& O Tulas&
En%l&sh O Holy Bas&l
1u;rat& O Tulas&N Tuls&
H&n#& O Tulas&
Kanna#a O Tulas&N Shree Tulas&N B&shnu Tulas&
Kashm&r& O PP
)alayalam O Tulas&N Tulasa
)arath& O Tulas
Or&ya O PP
0un;a8& O Tulas&
Tam&l O Tulas&N Thulas&N Th&ru Thee-a&
Telu%u O Tulas&
:r#u O Ra&hanN Tuls&
DESCR40T4ON
a) )acroscop&c
Root P Th&nN G&ryN 8ranche#N ha&ryN so,tN 8lac*&shP8roGn eFternally an# pale+ E&olet
&nternally+
Stem P ErectN her8aceousN Goo#yN 8ranche#M ha&ryN su8 Qua#ran%ularN eFternally purpl&shP
8roGn to 8lac*N &nternally creamN coloure#M ,ractureN ,&8rous &n 8ar* an# short &n FylemM
o#our ,a&ntly aromat&c+
238
'ea, P +.P. cm lon% 1+6 P (+ cm G&#eN ell&pt&c o8lon%N o8tuse or acuteN ent&re or serrateN
pu8escent on 8oth s&#esM pet&ole th&nN a8out 1+.P( cm lon% ha&ryM o#ourN aromat&cM tasteN
character&st&c+
>loGer P 0urpl&sh or cr&mson coloure#N small &n close GhorlsM 8racts a8out ( mm lon% an#
8roa#N pe#&cels lon%er than calyFN slen#erN pu8escentM calyF oEo&# or campanulate (P/ mm
8&l&ppe#N upper l&p 8roa#ly o8oEate or su8or8&cularN shortly ap&culateN loGer l&p lon%er than
upper haE&n% ,our mucronate teethN lateral tGo short an# central tGo lar%estM corolla a8out /
mm lon%N pu8escentM o#ourN aromat&cM tasteN pun%ent+
>ru&t P A %roup o, / nutletsN each G&th one see#N enclose# &n an enlar%e#N mem8ranousN
Ee&ne# calyFN nutlets su8P%lo8ose or 8roa#ly ell&pt&cN sl&%htly compresse#N nearly smoothM
pale 8roGn or re##&sh G&th small 8lac* mar*&n% at the place o, attachment to the thalamusM
o#ourN aromat&cM tasteN pun%ent+
See# P Roun#e# to oEalM 8roGnN muc&la%&nous Ghen soa*e# &n GaterN 5+1 cm lon%N sl&%htly
notche# at the 8aseM no o#ourM tasteN pun%entN sl&%htly muc&la%&nous+

8) )&croscop&c
Root P ShoGs a s&n%le layere# ep&#erm&s ,olloGe# 8y corteFN cons&st&n% o, seEen or
more layers o, rectan%ularN roun# to oEal poly%onalN th&nPGalle#N parenchymatous cellsN
,&lle# G&th 8roGn contentN &nner layers o, corteF #eEo&# o, contentsM phloem cons&st&n% o,
s&eEe elementsN th&nPGalle#N rectan%ular parenchyma cells an# scattere# %roups o, ,&8resN
,oun# scattere# &n phloemM Fylem cons&sts o, EesselsN trache&#sN ,&8res an# parenchymaM
Eessels p&tte#M ,&8re trache&#esN lon%N p&tte# G&th po&nte# en#sM ,&8res th&c* Galle# an# G&th
po&nte# en#s+
Stem P ShoGs a s&n%le layere# ep&#erm&s G&th un&ser&ateN mult&cellular coEer&n% tr&chomes
haE&n% .P6 cellsN occas&onally a ,eG cells collapse#M corteF cons&sts o, 15 or more layers o,
th&nPGalle#N rectan%ularN parenchymatous cellsM phloem cons&sts o, s&eEe elementsN th&nP
Galle#N rectan%ular parenchyma cells an# ,&8resM ,&8res ,oun# scattere# mostly throu%hout
phloemN &n %roups an# rarely &n s&n%lesM Fylem occup&es ma;or port&on o, stem cons&st&n% o,
EesselsN trache&#s ,&8res an# parenchymaM Eessels p&tte#M ,&8res G&th po&nte# en#sM centre
occup&e# 8y nanPoG p&th cons&st&n% o, roun# to oEalN th&nPGalle#N parenchymatous cells+
'ea,P
0et&ole P shoGs someGhat cor#ate outl&neN cons&st&n% o, s&n%le layere# ep&#erm&s compose#
o, th&nPGalle#N oEal cells haE&n% a num8er o, coEer&n% an# %lan#ular tr&chomesM coEer&n%
tr&chomes mult&cellular 1P9 celle# lon%Nrarely sl&%htly re,leFe# at t&pM %lan#ular tr&chomes
239
shortN sess&le G&th 1P celle# stal* an# P9 celle# 8alloonPshape# hea#N measur&n% P3 &n
#&aM ep&#erm&s ,olloGe# 8y 1 or layers an# or ( layers o, th&nPGalle#N elon%ate#N
parenchyma cells toGar#s upper an# loGer sur,aces respect&EelyM three Eascular 8un#les
s&tuate# centrallyN m&##le one lar%er than other tGoM Fylem surroun#e# 8y phloem+
)&#r&8 P ep&#erm&sN tr&chomes an# Eascular 8un#les s&m&lar to those o, pet&ole eFcept
cort&cal layers re#uce# toGar#s ap&cal re%&on+
'am&na P ep&#erm&s an# tr&chomes s&m&lar to those o, pet&oleM 8oth anomocyt&c an# #&acyt&c
type o, stomata present on 8oth sur,acesN sl&%htly ra&se# a8oEe the leEel o, ep&#erm&sM
pal&sa#e s&n%le layere# ,olloGe# 8y /P6 layers o, closely pac*e# spon%y parenchyma G&th
chloroplast an# oleoPres&nM stomatal &n#eF 15P1P1. on upper sur,ace an# 1/ P 1. P 16 on
loGer sur,aceM pal&sa#e rat&o (+9M Ee&n &slet num8er (1 P (.+
0oG#er P 1reen&shO shoGs th&nPGalle#N parenchymatous cellsN a ,eG conta&n&n% re##&sh
8roGn contentsN un&cellular an# rnult&cellularPtr&chomes e&ther ent&re or &n p&ecesM th&n
Galle# ,&8resN Fylem Eessels G&th p&tte# th&c*en&n%sN ,ra%ments o, ep&#ermal cells &n sur,ace
E&eG haE&n% &rre%ular shapeN o&l %lo8ulesN roun#e# to oEalN s&mple as Gell as compoun#
starch %ra&ns haE&n% P. componentsN measur&n% (P13 &n #&ameter+


T+'+C+
T+'+C+ o, Tulas& o&l o8ta&ne# 8y stem #&st&llat&on &s carr&e# out on S&l&ca %el [1[ plate
us&n% Toluene O Ethylacetate (=(O3) Tulas& o&l &s #&lute# &n chloro,ormPtoluene (1O 15)+
Eu%enol to 8e appl&e# as stan#ar# also #&lute# &n 1(5 rat&o an# 15 l o, each to 8e appl&e# &n
240
8an# ,orm+ A,ter runn&n% #&stance o, 15 cm the plate &s a&r #ry&n% ,or 1. m&nutes an# than
*ept &n the oEer ,or to . m&nutes+ On cool&n% sprayN &n thorou%hly Ean&ll&n P Sulphur&c ac&#
rea%ent an# heat the plate at 115 C ,or . P 1P m&nutes :n#er o8serEat&on+ Recor# R,+ Ealues
o, eu%enol an# caryophyllence+ Eu%enol (oran%e 8roGn) approF+ R,+ Ealue 5+3N
caryophyllence (re##&sh E&olet) runs to solEent ,ront+

CONST4T:ENTS P Essent&al O&l+

1uSa O TV*USaN RT*UaN 'a%hu
BVrya O :USa
B&pL*a O KaRu
Karma O 0&ttaEar#h&nVN BLtaharaN KaphaharaN HX#yaN DVpanaN RucyaN
Dur%an#h&hara
4)0ORTANT >OR):'AT4ONS P Tr&8huEana*Vrt& RasaN )u*tLpa]cLmXta RasaN )u*tL#&
)ahL];anaN )Lnasam&tra BaRa*a
THERA0E:T4C :SES P KELsaN KLsaN H&**LN Char#&N KXm&ro%aN 0LrWEa KTlaN KuURhaN AWmar
VN Netraro%a
DOSE P 1P( ml o, the #ru% &n ;u&ce ,orm+
1P % o, the #ru% &n poG#er ,orm (see#)+

241
3(+ Tulas& (',+)
T:'ASA ('ea,)
TulasV cons&sts o, #r&e# lea, o, Oc&mum sanctum '&nn+ (>am+ 'am&aceae)N an erectN
(5P65 cm h&%hN much 8ranche# annual her8N ,oun# throu%hout the country+
SCNONC)S
Sans*r&t O Bana TulasVN KXUSatulasVN SurasL
Assamese O Tulas&
Ben%al& O Tulas&
En%l&sh O Sacre# Bas&lN Holy Bas&l
1u;rat& O Tulas&N Tuls&
H&n#& O Tulas&
Kanna#a O Tulas&
Kashm&r& O PP
)alayalam O Tulas&
)arath& O Tulas
Or&ya O PP
0un;a8& O Tulas&
Tam&l O Thulas&N Tulas&
Telu%u O Tulas&
:r#u O Ra&hanN Tuls&
DESCR40T4ON
a) )acroscop&c
'eaEes +.P. cm lon%N 1+6P(+ cm G&#eN ell&pt&cPo8lon%N o8tuse or acuteN ent&re or
serrateN pu8escent on 8oth sur,acesN pet&olateN th&nN pet&ole 1+.P( cm lon%N ha&ryM o#ourN
aromat&cM tasteN character&st&c+

242
8) )&croscop&c
'ea,P
0et&ole P shoGs cor#ate outl&neN cons&st&n% o, s&n%le layere# ep&#erm&s compose# o, th&n
Galle#N oEal cells haE&n% a num8er o, coEer&n% an# %lan#ular tr&chomesM coEer&n% tr&chomes
mult&cellularN un&ser&ate 1P9 celle# lon%N rarely sl&%htly re,leFe# at t&pM %lan#ular tr&chomes
shortN sess&le or G&th 1P celle# stal*N an# P9 celle#N 8alloonPshape# hea#N enclose# &n a
cut&cular 8la##erN measur&n% P3 #&a+N upper ep&#erm&sN ,olloGe# 8y (P/ layers o,
collenchymatous an# 1P layers o, parenchymatous cellsM loGer ep&#erm&s ,olloGe# 8y 1P(
layers o, collenchymatous an# P( layers o, parenchymatous cellsM three Eascular 8un#les
s&tuate# centrallyN m&##le one lar%er than the other tGoN cons&st&n% o, Fylem an# phloem+
)&#r&8 P ep&#erm&sN tr&chomes an# Eascular 8un#les s&m&lar to those o, pet&oleN eFcept
re#uce# &n cort&cal layers toGar#s ap&cal re%&on o, m&#r&8+
'am&na P ep&#erm&s an# tr&chomes s&m&lar to those o, pet&ole on 8oth sur,acesM stomata
anomocyt&c an# #&acyt&c present on 8oth sur,aces an# sl&%htly ra&se# a8oEe the leEel o,
ep&#erm&sM pal&sa#e s&n%le layere# ,olloGe# 8y /P6 layeres o, closely pac*e# spon%y
parenchyma G&th chloroplasts an# oleoPres&nM stomatal &n#eF 15P1(P1. on upper sur,ace an#
1/P1.P16 on loGer sur,aceM pal&sa#e rat&o (+9M Ee&n &slet num8er (1P((+
0oG#er P '&%htP%reenM shoGs ,ra%ments o, poly%onalN less GaEy Galle# ep&#ermal cells &n
sur,ace E&eGN coEer&n% an# %lan#ular tr&chomes as a Ghole or &n p&ecesN pal&sa#e an# spon%y
parenchymaN anomocyt&c an# #&acyt&c stomata+

Total Ash Not more than 1= per centN Appen#&F ++(+

ASSAC
243

T+'+C+
Ethylacetate (=O 1) shoGs &n E&s&8le l&%ht n&ne spots at R,+ 5+5( (#ar* %reen)N 5+5/N 5+59 (8oth
%reen)N 5+1 (l&%ht %reen)N 5+1N 5+(( (8oth %reen) 5+/. (yelloG&sh %reen)N 5+9. < 5+=( (8oth
l&%ht %reen)+ :n#er :+B+ ((66 nm) e&%ht ,luorescent -ones appear at R,+ 5+5/N 5+(5N 5+((N
5+/.N 5+9( (all p&n*) 5+9. (8lue)N 5+=( (p&n*) < 5+=9 (8lue)+ On eFposure to 4o#&ne Eapour
eleEen spots appear at R,+ 5+5/N 5+59N 5+1N 5+1N 5+((N 5+/.N 5+./N 5+3.N 5+9(N 5+99 an# 5+=(
(all yelloG)+ On spray&n% G&th Ban&ll&nPSulphur&c ac&# rea%ent an# heat&n% the plate at 115
5
C,or ten m&nutes ten spots appear at R,+ 5+59 (E&olet)N 5+1 (l&%ht E&olet)N 5+1 (8roGn)N 5+((
(E&olet)N 5+/. (E&olet)N 5+./ (8lue)N 5+3. (E&olet)N 5+9( (8lue)N 5+=( (E&olet) an# 5+=9 (8lue)+

CONST4T:ENTS P Essent&al O&l (CarEacrolN CaryophylleneN Nerol an# Camphene
etc+N)+

BVrya O :USa
B&pL*a O KaRu
Karma O BLtaharaN KaphaharaN 0&ttaharaN DVpanVN HX#yaN KXm&%hna
4)0ORTANT >OR):'AT4ONS P )Lnasam&tra BaRa*aN Tr&8huEana KVrt& RasaN )u*tL
0a]cLmXt RasaN )ahL;EarL_*uWa Rasa
THERA0E:T4C :SES P KELsaN KLsaN 0rat&WyLyaN 0LrWEaWTlaN ArucVN H&**LN KXm&ro%aN
KuURha

244
3/+ Bacha (R-+)
BAC (Rh&-ome)
BacL cons&sts o, #r&e# rh&-ome o, Acarus calamus '&nn+ (>am+ Araceae)M a sem&aQuat&c
her8N G&l# or cult&Eate# throu%hout the country ascen#&n% upto 1955 m &n the H&malayas+
SCNONC)S
Sans*r&t O :%ra%an#hLN :%rLN !aY%ranthL
Assamese O PP
Ben%al& O PP
En%l&sh O The SGeet >la%
1u;rat& O 1ho#uEa;N 1ho#Each
H&n#& O BachN 1oraP8ach
Kanna#a O Ba;eN Narru Berua
Kashm&r& O PP
)alayalam O Bayam8u
)arath& O BacaN Be*han#as
Or&ya O PP
0un;a8& O BarchN 1ho#aEaca
Tam&l O Basam8uN 0&lla& maruntho
Telu%u O Basa
:r#u O 2a;aPePTur*&
DESCR40T4ON
a) )acroscop&c
Dru% occurs &n s&mple or rarely G&th thum8Pl&*e 8ranches at no#esM su8
cyl&n#r&cal to sl&%htly ,lattene#N someGhat tortuous or rarely stra&%htN cut p&eces o, 1P. cm
lon%N an# 5+.P1+. cm th&c*M upper s&#e mar*e# G&th alternately arran%e#N lar%eN 8roa#lyN
tr&an%ularN transEerse lea, scars Gh&ch almost enc&rcle the rh&-omeM at no#es lea, sheath
mostly haE&n% an appearence presentM loGer s&#e shoGs eleEate# tu8ercular spots o, root
scarsM l&%htP8roGn G&th re##&shPt&n%e to p&n*&sh eFternallyN 8u,, coloure# &ntemallyM
,ractureN shortM o#ourN aromat&cM tasteN pun%ent an# 8&tter+
245
8) )&croscop&c
Rh&-ome P ShoGs s&n%le layere# ep&#erm&sM corteF compose# o, spher&cal to o8lon%N
th&nPGalle# cells o, Ear&ous s&-esN cells toGar#s per&pheryN smallerN someGhat
collenchymatousN more or less closely arran%e# cells toGar#s &nner s&#eN roun#e# an# ,orm a
netGor* o, cha&ns o, s&n%le roG o, cellsN enclos&n% lar%e a&r spacesN ,&8roPEascular 8un#les
an# secretory cells haE&n% l&%ht yelloG&shP8roGn contentsN present &n th&s re%&onM
en#o#erm&s #&st&nctM stele compose# o, roun#N parenchymatous cells enclos&n% lar%e a&r
spaces s&m&lar to those o, corteF an# seEeral concentr&c Eascular 8un#les arran%e# &n a r&n%
toGar#s en#o#erm&sN a ,eG Eascular 8un#les scattere# &n %roun# t&ssuesM starch %ra&ns
s&mpleN spher&calN measur&n% (P6 &n #&a+N present &n corteF an# %roun# t&ssue+
0oG#er P Bu,, coloure#M shoGs ,&8resN ret&culateN annular Eessels an# s&mple spher&cal starch
%ra&nsN measur&n% (P6 &n #&ameter+
O8serEat&on o, poG#er an# &ts eFtracts on eFposure un#er :B l&%ht OP
a+ 0oG#er as suchO P CelloG&shPcream
8+ EFtracts &n
&+ 0etroleum etherPNo chan%e
&&+ Chloro,ormP'&%ht %reen
&&&+ )ethanolPCelloG&sh %reen
&E+ Ben-enePNo chan%e

Bolat&le o&l Not less than per centN Appen#&F ++15

ASSAC

246
T+'+C+
Ethylacetate (=O1) shoGs tGo spots at R,+ 5+1/ (E&olet) an# 5+3( (E&olet) on spray&n% G&th
Ban&ll&nPSulphur&c ac&# rea%ent an# heat&n% the plate ,or ten m&nutes at 15.C+

CONST4T:ENTS P Bolat&le O&l (pr&nc&pal const&tuents o, the Bolat&le o&l are Asamyl
alcoholN Eu%enol an# Asarone)N also conta&ns a 8&tter pr&nc&ple Acor&n (1lucos&#e)N Starch
an# Tann&n+

Rasa O KaRuN T&*ta
BVrya O :USa
B&pL*a O KaRu
Karma O BLtaharaN KaphaharaN )ala )TtraE&Wo#hanVN DVpanVN KaSRhyaN
KXm&haraN BLma*aN )e#hya
4)0ORTANT >OR):'AT4ONS P BacL#& Ta&laN BacL 'aWunL#& Ta&laN SLrasEata CTrSaN
SLrasEatLr&URaN )Lnasam&tra BaRa*aN Can#rapra8hL BaRVN Kha#&rL#& BaRVN H&_%uEacL#& CTrSa
THERA0E:T4C :SES P ApasmLraN :nmL#aN B&8an#haN #hmLnaN KTlaN KarSa SrLEaN KLsaN
KELsaN SmXt& #aur8alya
DOSE P 65 P15 m% o, the #ru% &n poG#er ,orm+
1P %+ o, the #ru% &n poG#er ,orm ,or &n#uc&n% Eom&t&n%+
NoteO So#hana o, Baca &s to 8e #one 8e,ore &nternal use+

247
3.+ Batsana8ha (Rt+)
BATSANBHA (Root)
BatsanL8ha cons&sts o, #r&e# roots o, Acon&tum chasmanthum Stap,+ eF Holmes (>am+
Ranunculaceae)M plant &s an erectN perenn&al her8N occurs &n su8alp&ne an# alp&ne -ones o, the
Gestern H&malayasN &n h&%h plateaus 8etGeen 555P/555 mN roots are %enerally collecte# late
&n Septem8er+
SCNONC)S
Sans*r&t O AmraN B&Ua Ba;ranL%aN SthLEaraE&UaN BatsanL%a*a
Assamese O )&thaE&shN B&sh
Ben%al& O KathaE&sh
En%l&sh O Acon&te
1u;rat& O Bachhanaa%N Basanaa%
H&n#& O B&saN )eetha8&shaN Bachhnaa%N Tel&ya B&sh
Kanna#a O Basanall&N Batsana8haN Batsana8h&N Bachana%a
Kashm&r& O PP
)alayalam O Batsana8h&
)arath& O Bachna%a
Or&ya O TaharaN )ahuraN )&thE&sa
0un;a8& O )&tha B&shaN )&thatel&a
Tam&l O BasanaaE&N Batsana8h&N Na8h&N Basana8h&
Telu%u O Batsanaa8h&N Naa8h&
:r#u O Bachna*N )&thalel&aN BeeshN Atees
DESCR40T4ON
a) )acroscop&c
Roots pa&re#N occas&onally separate# #ue to 8rea*a%eN oEo&#N con&calN small port&ons
o, stem somet&mes attache#N taper&n% #oGnGar#s to a po&ntN P/+. cmN rarely . cm lon%N 5+/
P 1+9 cm th&c*N %ra#ually #ecrease &n th&c*ness toGar#s taper&n% en#M Gr&n*le#
lon%&tu#&nally an# transEerselyN rou%h #ue to root scarsM #ar* 8roGn to 8lac*&shP8roGnM
248
,ractureN cart&la%&nousN har# an# Gh&te G&th&n the cam8&um r&n% an# 8roGn&sh outs&#e
cam8&umM o#our &n#&st&nctN tasteN sl&%htly 8&tter ,olloGe# 8y a stron% t&n%l&n% sensat&onN
po&sonous+

8) )&croscop&c
Root PShoGs ep&#erm&s 1P( layere#N su8er&se#N pap&llose on outs&#eN pr&mary corteF
cons&st&n% o, 9P15 layers o, oEal to tan%ent&ally elon%ate#N th&nPGalle#N parenchymatous
cellsN G&thout or G&th a ,eG &ntercellular spacesN a ,eG rectan%ular or tr&an%ular stone cells
&n s&n%les ,oun# scattere# &n th&s -oneM pr&mary corteF separate# 8y #&st&nct en#o#erm&sM
&nner 8ar* parenchymatousN cons&st&n% o, roun# to oEal cellsN conta&n&n% a ,eG %roups o,
phloem stran#sN occupy&n% more than hal, the ra#&usM cam8&um haE&n% 6 P 15 an%lesM Fylem
Eessels arran%e# almost &n a r&n%N some scattere#N o,ten ,orm&n% [B[ shape# r&n%N enclos&n%
Fylem parenchyma &n ol#er port&onsM 8un#les compact o,ten Ge#%ePshape# haE&n% acute
apeFM Fylem eFarchN metaFylem Eessels met &n centreM starch %ra&ns s&mple measur&n% 6P19
&n #&a+ an# compoun# %ra&ns cons&st&n% o, P. components G&th h&lum &n centreN present &n
cort&cal cellsN phloem parenchyma an# Fylem parenchyma+
0oG#er P '&%ht %reyM shoGs EesselsN a ,eG aseptate ,&8resN an# numerous s&mple an#
compoun# starch %ra&ns haE&n% h&lum &n the centreN s&n%le %ra&n measur&n% 6P19 &n #&a+

Total Ash Not more than .+. per centN Appen#&F ++(+

T+'+C+
T+'+C+ o, alcohol&c eFtract o, the #ru% on S&l&ca %el [1[ plate us&n% Chloro,ormO
)ethanol (=5O15) shoGs s&F spots at R,+ 5+15N 5+5N 5+(=N 5+.6N 5+3/ an# 5+=6 (all yelloG) on
eFposure to 4o#&ne Eapour+ On spray&n% G&th Dra%en#or,, rea%ent tGo spots appear at R,+
5+(= an# 5+=6 (8oth oran%e)+
249


Rasa O )a#hura
1uSa O :USaN RT*UaN TV*USaN 'a%huN B&*LsVN B&yaELyVN Co%aELh&
BVrya O :USa
B&pL*a O )a#hura
Karma O Tr&#oUaharaN RasLyanaN SEi#alaN 0&ttaWantLpa*Lra*a
4)0ORTANT >OR):'AT4ONS P Tr&8huEana*Vrt& RasaN STtaWe*hara RasaN Anan#a8ha&raEa
RasaN BLtaE&#hEaZsana RasaN )ahLE&Ua%ar8ha Ta&la
THERA0E:T4C :SES P Sann&pLtaN BLta*apha;EaraN BLtaro%aN $EarLt&sLraN KaSRharo%a
DOSE P 1. P (5 m%s o, the #ru% &n poG#er ,orm+
NoteO 4t &s #an%erous to eFcee# the normal #ose+

250
36+ B&#ar& (Tu8+Rt+)
B4DRA (Tu8erous Root)
B&#LrV cons&sts o, sl&ce# an# #r&e# p&eces o, tu8erous root o, 0uerar&a tu8erosa DC+
(>am+ >a8aceae)M a perenn&al cl&m8er G&th Eery lar%e tu8erous rootN #&str&8ute# nearly
throu%hout the country eFcept &n Eery hum&# or Eery ar&# re%&ons an# ascen#&n% upto 155 m+
SCNONC)S
Sans*r&t O B&#LrVN B&#Lr&*LN Bhum&*uUmLnYa
Assamese O Bhe#eletonN Bhu&*umra
Ben%al& O B&#ar&N Bhum&*usman#aN Bhu&n*umra
En%l&sh O PP
1u;rat& O B&#ar&*antaN Bhony*oruN Ea%&oN Bho&*oluN Sa*harEel
H&n#& O B&#ar&*an#a
Kanna#a O Nela%um8ala 1u##eN Nela%um8alaN 1uma#& 8ell&N Nela%um8ulaN
1uma#&%&#a
Kashm&r& O PP
)alayalam O )u#a**u
)arath& O Bhu&*ohalaN 1ho#Eel
Or&ya O Bhu&an*a*haru
0un;a8& O PP
Tam&l O N&lapoosan&
Telu%u O Nela%ummu#aN Dar&%umma#&
:r#u O PP
DESCR40T4ON
a) )acroscop&c
Dru% aEa&la8le &n the ,orm o, lon%&tu#&nally sl&ce# p&eces o, Ear&a8le s&-eM outer
sur,ace re##&shP8roGnN smooth eFcept ,or protu8erances at some placesM cut sur,ace
cream&shP8roGnN starchy an# someGhat porousM usually #oes not 8rea*N 8ut pl&a8leM tasteN
251
sGeet&sh+

8) )&croscop&c
Tu8erous Root P )ature tu8er shoGs 5P(5 layers o, cor* cons&st&n% o, rectan%ularN
th&nPGalle#N tan%ent&ally elon%ate# an# ra#&ally arran%e# cells ,&lle# G&th #ar* re##&shP
8roGn content eFcept &n a ,eG &nner layersM secon#ary corteF cons&sts o, 6P1. layers o,
c&rcularN oEal to rectan%ular an# tan%ent&ally elon%ate#N th&nPGalle# cellsN yelloG 8an# o,
P6 layers o, compactly arran%e# stone cells present toGar#s &nner s&#e o, corteFM stone cells
mo#erately th&c*PGalle#N Eary&n% &n shape an# s&-e an# haE&n% Gell mar*e# str&at&ons an#
p&tsM a num8er o, pr&smat&c crystals o, calc&um oFalate ,oun# &n parenchymatous cellsN an#
also rarely &n stone cellsM secon#ary phloem cons&sts o, s&eEe elements an# phloem
parenchyma haE&n% a num8er o, stran#s o, phloem ,&8res an# a ,eG stone cellsM s&eEe
elements someGhat collapse# &n outer re%&on ,orm&n% tan%ent&al 8an#sM phloem ,&8res much
elon%ate#N h&%hly th&c*ene#N l&%n&,&e# G&th narroG lumenM a num8er o, tann&n&,erous #ucts
,&lle# G&th 8roGn contentN #&str&8ute# throu%hout th&s re%&onM Fylem ,orms Ghole o, &nner
Gh&te spon%y -oneN cons&st&n% o, seEeral concentr&c r&n%s o, one or a ,eG Fylem Eessels
assoc&ate# G&th a ,eG Fylem elementsM Eessels mostly #rumPshape# haE&n% ret&culate
th&c*en&n%M Fylem rays mult& ser&ate an# Gell mar*e# cons&st&n% o, th&n Galle#N ra#&ally
elon%ate# cellsN a ,eG lateF #uct also presentM plenty o, starch %ra&ns mostly s&mpleN
someGhat roun#N an%ular to oEalN haE&n% central h&lum an# str&at&onsN measur&n% .+. P 1(+3.
&n #&a+ present &n all parenchymatous cells+
0oG#er P Bu,, coloure#M shoGs plenty o, starch %ra&ns G&th central h&lum an# str&at&ons
measur&n% .+. P 1(+3. &n #&a+N ,ra%ments o, cor*N pr&smat&c crystals o, calc&um oFalateN a
,eG Fylem Eessels G&th ret&culate th&c*en&n% an# phloem ,&8res+

Ac&#P&nsolu8le ash Not more than /+. per centN Appen#&F ++/+

CONST4T:ENTS P 1lucon&c an# )al&c ac&#s+
252

Rasa O )a#hura
1uSa O Sn&%#haN 1uru
BVrya O KVta
B&pL*a O )a#hura
Karma O BLtaharaN 0&ttaharaN Stanya#aN Ku*ralaN )TtralaN $VEanVyaN RasLyanaN
BXZhaSVyaN SEaryaN BarSyaN Balya
4)0ORTANT >OR):'AT4ONS P B&#LryL#&*ELtha CTrSaN B&#LryL#& 1hXtaN )arma 1uR&*LN
)anmathL8hra RasaN 0T%a*haSYa (Apara`)
THERA0E:T4C :SES P DLhaN Ra*tap&ttaN A_%amar#aN Daur8alyaN KoUa

253
33+ CaEa (>r+)
CABA (>ru&t)
CaEa cons&sts o, #r&e# ,ru&t o, Hor#eum Eul%are '&nn+ Syn+ H+ sat&Eum 0ers+ (>am+
0oaceae)M an annualN erect her8N .5P155 cm h&%hN cult&Eate# ch&e,ly &n North 4n#&a+
SCNONC)S
Sans*r&t O DhLnyarL;aN TV*USaWu*aN HayeURL
Ben%al& O $auN $aE
En%l&sh O Barley
1u;rat& O ChenoN $au
H&n#& O $aE
Kanna#a O PP
Kashm&r& O PP
)alayalam O $aEe%am8u
)arath& O CaEaN $aEa
Or&ya O PP
0un;a8& O $aEo
Tam&l O Barley
Telu%u O Barl&8&yamN CaEa Dhanya
:r#u O $au
DESCR40T4ON
a) )acroscop&c
>ru&t a caryops&sN ell&pt&cN o8lon%N oEo&#Pan# taper&n% at 8oth en#sN smoothN
a8out 1 cm lon% an# 5+P5+( cm G&#eN #orsally compresse# an# ,lattene# on the s&#es G&th a
shalloG lon%&tu#&nal ,urroGN (P. r&#%es haE&n% shalloG #epress&on 8etGeen themN %ra&ns
t&%htly enclose# an# a#her&n% the lemma an# paleaM paleP%reen&shPyelloGM o#ourN not
#&st&nctM tasteN sGeet&shPacr&#+
254

8) )&croscop&c
>ru&t PShoGs s&n%le layere# ep&#erm&s cons&st&n% o, crescentPshape#N roun# to oEal
GaEy Galle# cellsN ,olloGe# 8y P( layersN th&c*PGalle#N sclerenchymatous ,&8resM 8eloG the
sclerenchyma are present &rre%ularN sQuare or Qua#r&lateralN spon%y parenchymatous cellsN a
,eG cell Galls haE&n% s&l&ca 8o#&es throu%h Gh&ch run the ,&8roPEascular 8un#les o, the r&8sN
,olloGe# 8y more or lessN poly%ortal &nner ep&#ermal cellsN a ,eG &nner ep&#ermal cells
haE&n% un&cellular claGPshape# ha&r an# stomataM per&carp compose# o, cells G&th more or
less compresse# parenchymatous cellsM see# coat appears as a colourless l&neM per&sperm
compose# o, cells G&th more or less GaEy Galls haE&n% narroG lumensM en#osperm #&E&#e#
&nto tGo -onesN P/ cells #eep aleurone layersN an# the rest starch layersM starch %ra&ns
s&mpleN roun# to oEalN measur&n% (P(5 &n #&ameter+
0oG#er P Cream&shPGh&teM shoGs %roups o, ,ra%ments o, poly%onalN th&nPGalle# ,loGer&n%
%lume cells &n sur,ace E&eGN sclerenchymatous ,&8resN scalar&,orm Eessels an# a8un#ant
roun# to oEalN s&mple starch %ra&nsN measur&n% (P(5 &n #&ameter+

2aterPsolu8le ash Not less than / per centN Appen#&F ++.
AlcoholPsolu8le eFtract&Ee Not less than +. per centN Appen#&F ++6+
2aterPsolu8le eFtract&Ee Not less than .+. per centN Appen#&F ++3

ASSAC

T+'+C+
T+'+C+ o, alcohol&c eFtract o, the #ru% on S&l&ca %el [1[ plate us&n% nPButanol O
Acet&c ac&#O 2ater (/O 1 O.) shoGs un#er :+B+ l&%ht ((66 nm) seEen ,luorescent -ones at R,+
255
5+15N 5+N 5+(1N 5+/.N 5+69N 5+9( (all E&olet) an# 5+= (yelloG)+ On spray&n% G&th
0hosphomoly8#&c ac&# rea%ent an# on heat&n% the plate ,or ten m&nutes at 15.C s&F spots
appear at R,+ 5+15N 5+N 5+(1N 5+69N 5+9( an# 5+= (all %rey)+ On spray&n% G&th N&nhy#r&n
rea%ent eleEen spots appear at R,+ 5+56N 5+1/N 5+16N 5+/N 5+(1N 5+(6N 5+//N 5+.(N 5+.6N 5+6. <
5+3 (all p&n*+)

CONST4T:ENTS P StarchN Su%arsN >atsN 0rote&ns (Al8um&nN 1lo8ul&nN 0rolam&n an#
1lut&l&n) also conta&ns >laEone 1lycos&#es E&-N Or&entos&#eN Or&ent&nN B&teF&n etc+

Rasa O KaULyaN )a#hura
1uSa O RT*UaN 1uruN 0&cch&laN )X#u
BVrya O KVta
B&pL*a O KaRu
Karma O BLta*XtN 0&ttaharaN KaphaharaN )e#oharaN BalyaN BXUyaN SEaryaN BarSyaN
Stha&rya*araN 0urVUa*XtN )TtraharaN 'e*hana
4)0ORTANT >OR):'AT4ONS P A%astyaharVta*V RasLyanaN ElL#ya )o#a*aN DL#h&*a
1hXtaN DhLnEantara 1hXtaN 1an#harEahasta Ta&laN DhLnEantara Ta&laN BXhatmLUa Ta&laN
SarUapL#& 0ralepaN KLyasthL#ya Bart&
THERA0E:T4C :SES P )e#oro%aN 0ramehaN TXUSLN :rustam8haN KaSRharo%aN KELsaN KLsaN 0
VnasaN TEa%ro%a
DOSE P 155 P 55 % o, the #ru%+

256
39+ CaEasa*a (2+0+)
CABSAKA (2hole 0lant)
CaELsa*a cons&sts o, #r&e# Ghole plant o, Alha%& pseu#alha%& (B&e8)+ DesE+ (>am+
>a8aceae)M a small thorny shru8N mostly ,oun# &n ar&# an# #ry re%&ons o, 1u;aratN 0un;a8N
:tter 0ra#esh an# Ra;asthan+
SCNONC)S
Sans*r&t O CaELsaN CLsaN CaELsa*a
Assamese O Bhatuasha*
Ben%al& O PP
En%l&sh O 0ers&an )anna 0lant
1u;rat& O $aEaso
H&n#& O $aEasa
Kanna#a O Turuchana %&#aN $aEasaN Nela#an%araN 8all&#ura8&N Durala8ha
Kashm&r& O PP
)alayalam O Ben*at&thuraN Bal&ya Kot&thuEa
)arath& O Dhamasa
Or&ya O PP
0un;a8& O PPP
Tam&l O 0una&*an;ur&N Kanchor&
Telu%u O Ch&nna#oola%on#&N DhanEayasamu
:r#u O Turan;a8een
DESCR40T4ON
a) )acroscop&c
Root P 2ell #eEelope#N 5P(5 cm lon% an# 5+P1 cm th&c*M %ra#ually taper&n%N
secon#ary an# tert&ary root a8sentM #ar* 8roGnM ,ractureN short+

257
8) )&croscop&c
Stem P Cyl&n#r&calN %la8rousN sl&%htly rou%h at 8asal re%&on G&th slen#erM har#N sharp
aF&llary sp&nes upto (+9 cm lon%M 8ranche#N tereteN str&ateN %la8rousN nearly 5+1P1 cm th&c*M
yelloG&shP%reen to yelloG&shP8roGn+
'ea, P S&mpleN alternateN o8lon%N mucronate o8tuseN #roop&n%N oppos&teN eFt&pulateN 5+.P1 cm
lon%N 5+.P5+3 cm 8roa#+ ell&pt&calN smooth or pu8erulous G&th Eery short pet&oleN st&pules
%reenM no taste an# o#our+
Root PShoGs 6P15 layers o, tan%ent&ally elon%ate#N ra#&ally arran%e# cor* cellsM cor*
cam8&um s&n%le layere#N ,&lle# G&th re##&shP8roGn contentsM secon#ary corteF almost
a8sentM phloem compose# o, s&eEe elementsN phloem parenchyma an# phloem ,&8resM some
phloem parenchyma cells ,&lle# G&th tann&nM Fylem cons&sts o, EesselsN trache&#sN ,&8res
parenchyma an# Fylem raysM Eessels mostly sol&tary G&th s&mple p&tsM trache&#s an# ,&8res
th&c*PGalle#N ascptate G&th 8luntly po&nte# en#sM me#ullary rays 1P/ cells G&#eN (P/. cells
lon%M p&th compose# o, a ,eG th&nPGalle#N an%ularN parenchymatous cellsM starch %ra&ns
s&mpleN roun#e# to oEalN .+.P1/+3. &n #&a+ present throu%hout the re%&on+
Stem P ShoGs a s&n%le layere# ep&#erm&s coEere# eFternally G&th th&c* cut&cleM corteF
compose# o, 9P1. layers o, oEalN tan%ent&ally elon%ate# cellsN numerous tann&n&,erous cells
,oun# scattere# &n th&s re%&onM per&cycle present &n ,orm o, ,&8re %roupsM phloem compose#
o, s&eEe elementsN parenchyma an# ,&8resM some parenchyma cells ,&lle# G&th tann&nM Fylem
cons&sts o, EesselsN trache&#sN Fylem ,&8resN Fylem parenchyma an# Fylem raysM Eessels
sol&tary or &n %roups o, P( G&th s&mple p&tsM trache&#s an# ,&8resN a ,eG G&th th&c* Gall an#
s&mple p&tsM me#ullary rays P( cells G&#e p&th compose# o, roun#e#N th&nPGalle#N
parenchymatous cellsN some cells ,&lle# G&th tann&n+
'ea,P
0et&ole P appears c&rcular &n outl&neM shoGs s&n%le layere# ep&#erm&s coEere# eFternally G&th
cut&cleM hypo#erm&s P( layere#N ,&lle# G&th tann&nN [D[[ shape# collateral Eascular 8un#le
present &n central re%&onM rest o, t&ssue 8etGeen Easculr 8un#le an# hypo#erm&s compose#
o, th&nPGalle#N parenchymtous cells some o, Gh&ch are ,&lle# G&th tann&n+
)&#r&8 P appears 8&conEeF &n outl&neM ep&#erm&s s&n%le layere#N coEere# eFternally G&th
th&c* cut&cleM hypo#erm&s 1P layere#N ,&lle# G&th tann&nM per&cycle present &n the ,orm o,
,&8res stran#sM Eascular 8un#le collateralM Fylem s&tuate# a8oEe phlomeN rest o, t&ssue
8etGeen Eascular 8un#le an# per&cycl&c stran# &s parenchymatous+
'am&na P ep&#erm&s cons&st&n% o, s&n%le layere# cellsN coEere# G&th cut&cleM paracyt&c
stomata present on 8oth sur,aces hypo#erm&s s&n%le layere# ,&ller E&th tann&nM mesophyll not
#&,,erent&ate# &nto pal&sa#e an# spon%y parenchymaN cons&st&n% o, th&nPGalle# oEal to
poly%onal cells haE&n% chlorophyllM roun#e# to elon%ate# tann&n&,erous cells ,oun# scattere#
258
&n mesophyll+
0oG#er P 1reen&shP8roGnM shoGs ,ra%ments o, ep&#ermal cells cons&st&n% o, rectan%ular to
poly%onalN elon%ate#N th&nPGalle#N parenchymatous cells G&th paracyt&c stomataN p&tte#
EesselsN ,&8resN tann&n&,erous cellsN s&mpleN roun# an# oEal starch %ra&ns measur&n% .+.P
1/+3. &n #&ameter+

Total Ash Not more than 1(+. per centN Appen#&F ++(+

T+'+C+

CONST4T:ENTS P Su%ars ()el&-&toseN SucroseN 4nEert Su%ars)+

Rasa O )a#huraN T&*taN KaULya
1uSa O 'a%huN Sara
BVrya O KVta
B&pL*a O )a#hura
Karma O KaphaharaN 0&ttaharaN DVpanaN Bala*Xt
259
4)0ORTANT >OR):'AT4ONS P Ch&nno#8haEL#& KELtha CTrSaN 1an#harEahastL#& KELtha
CTrSaN BhLr_%yL#& KELtha CTrSaN Ar&me#L#& Ta&la
THERA0E:T4C :SES P TXUSLN Char#&N KLsaN $EaraN BLtara*taN Ra*tap&ttaN B&sarpa
DOSE P 5 P .5 % o, the #ru% &n poG#er ,orm ,or #ecoct&on+

260
OF INDIA
PART- I
VOLUME III
GOVERNMENT OF INDIA
DEPARTMENT OF ISM & H
Contents | Monographs | Abbrevations | Appendices
i
CONTENTS
Legal Notices
General Notices
MONOGRAPHS
S.No. Plant Name Botanical Name
Page No.
(asper book)
1 HAK (Root) Cajanus cajan (Linnn) Millsp. 1
2 AGNlMANTHA (Root) Cleo!en!u" p#lo"i!is Linn $
$ AM%A&'HAK (Root) Hi(iscus sa(!ai))a Linn *
+ MRA (,ee!) Man-i)ea in!ica Linn. .
* MRA (,te" %a/) Man-i)ea in!ica Linn. 0
1 MRTA (,te") ,pon!ias pinnata (Linn.).) Ku2 . 11
. A3MRGA (Root) Ac#4ant#us aspea Ro5(. 1$
6 ARAL7 (,te" %a/) Ailant#us e5celsa ( Ro5(). 1*
0 ARKA (,te" %a/) Calotopis pocea (Ait.) R.%. 1.
18 A,ANA (,te" %a/) 3teocapus "asupiu" Ro5(. 10
11 A,TH9,AMH:TA (,te") Cissus ;ua!an-ulais Linn. 21
12 TMAG73T (,ee!) Mucuna puita Hoo/. 2$
1$ %HRA<G (Root) Cleo!e!on seatu" Linn. 2*
1+ %=A3>RA (?es# ?uit) Citus "e!ica Linn. 2.
1* %9L@A (Root) Ae-le "a"elos Co. 20
11 %9M% (A#ole plant) Coccinia in!ica AB A. $2
1. C<GCR (A#ole 3lant) D5alis coniculata Linn. $1
16 C9RA%9L@A (?uit) Holoptelea inte-i)olia 3lanc#. $0
10 EANT (Root) %aliospe"u" "ontanu" Muell
A-.
+1
28 EHATT>RA (,ee!) Eatua "etel Linn. +$
21 ERK& (?uit) @itis Fini)ea Linn. +*
22 E>R@ (Root) C4no!on !act4lon (Linn ) 3es. +.
2$ CRAGA (?es# Lea)) Ricinus co""unis Linn. +0
ii
2+ CRAGA (,ee!) Ricinus co""unis Linn. *1
2* GAM%HR (,te") G"elina a(oea Ro5(. *$
21 GD=9H@ (Aeial 3at) Dnos"a (acteatu" Aall. **
2. GRANTH93ARG (Root) Leonotis nepetae)olia R.%. *6
26 HAH,A3AE (A#ole 3lant) A!iantu" lunulatu" %u". 18
20 HA37& (?uit) =unipeus co""unis Linn. 1$
$8 9NERA@R7G (?uit) Citullus coloc4nt#is ,c#a!. 1*
$1 9NERAIA@A (,ee!) Holo#ena anti!4senteica Aall. 1.
$2 J@AR (Root) Aistoloc#ia in!ica Linn. 10
$$ =T (Lea)) =as"inu" o))icinale Linn. .1
$+ KAEAL (R#i2o"e) Musa paa!isica Linn. .$
$* KKA=A<GH (Root) 3estop#e (ical4culata Linn. .*
$1 KKAN,9K (,ee!) Mat4nia annua Linn. ..
$. KKDL (Tu(eous Root) Liliu" pol4p#4llu" E.Eon. .0
$6 KAMALA (R#i2o"e) Nelu"(o nuci)ea Gaetn. 61
$0 KARA@RA (Root) Neiu" in!icu" Mill. 6+
+8 KARAMAREA (Root) Caissa caan!as Linn. 61
+1 KJA (Root ,toc/) ,acc#aau" spontaneu" Linn. 66
+2 KA'3HALA (?uit) M4ica esculenta %uc#KHa". C5.
E.Eon.
08
+$ KA'3HALA (,te" %a/) M4ica esculenta %uc#KHa". C5.
E.Eon
02
++ KDLA (?uit 3ulp) L424p#us juju(a La". 0+
+* KDLA (,tea" %a/) L424p#us juju(a La". 01
+1 KD&TAK (A#ole 3lant) Lu))a acutan-ula (Linn) Ro5(. 06
+. K7M7E (?loMe) N4"p#aea al(a Linn. 182
+6 K7JA (Root ,toc/) Ees"ostac#4a (ippanata ,tap#. 18+
+0 L<GAL (Tu(eous Root) Gloiosa supe(a Linn. 181
*8 LAJ7NA (%ul() Alliu" satiFu" Linn. 186
iii
*1 MAH%AL (Root) ,i!a #o"(i)olia Linn. 118
*2 MAN=9&'H (,te") Ru(ia co!i)olia Linn. 112
*$ MAR9CA (?uit) 3ipe ni-u" Linn. 11*
*+ M&A3ARG (A#ole 3lant) Tea"nus la(ialis ,pen-. 116
** MA,>RA (,ee!) Lens culinais Me!ic. 121
*1 M7EGA (,ee!) 3#aseolus a!iatus Linn. 12$
*. M>LAKA (,ee!) Rap#anus satiFus Linn. 12*
*6 M7GT9K (Lea)) ,p#aeant#us in!icus Linn. 12.
*0 M7,T (R#i2o"e) C4peus otun!us Linn. 120
18 NGA@ALL (Lea)) 3ipe (etle Linn. 1$1
11 NR9KCLA (Cn!ospe") Cocos nuci)ea Linn. 1$+
12 N9C7LA (?uit) %in-tonia acutan-ula (Linn.)
Gaetn.
1$1
1$ NL (A#ole 3lant) 9n!i-o)ea tinctoia Linn. 1$6
1+ N9RG7G (Lea)) @ite5 ne-un!o Linn. 1+2
1* 3AEMAKA (Heat Aoo!) 3unus ceasoi!es E.Eon. 1+*
11 3'AL (Root) ,teeospe"u" suaFeolens EC. 1+.
1. 3HALG7 (?uit) ?icus #ispi!a Linn. 1+0
16 3HALG7 (Root) ?icus #ispi!a Linn. 1*1
10 3RA37NNA (,ee!) Cassia toa Linna. 1*$
.8 RAKTACANEANA (Heat Aoo!) 3teocapus santalinus Linn. 1**
.1 RAKTA37NRNA@A (Root) %oe#aaFia !i))usa Linn. 1*.
.2 RMAJ9TAL9K (A#ole 3lant) A"aant#us ticolo Linn. 1*0
.$ R,N (Leal) 3luc#ea lanceolata DliFe B
Hie".
112
.+ ,AHACARA (A#ole 3lant) %alaia pionitis Linn. 11*
.* ,AHAEC@9 (A#ole 3lant) @enonia cineea Liees. 110
.1 JA9LCIA (Lic#en) 3a"elia pelata ( Hu!s.) Ac#. 1.2
.. JKA (Heat Aoo!) Tectona -an!is Linn.?. 1.+
iv
.6 JKHD'AKA (,te" %a/) ,te(lus aspe Lou. 1.1
.0 JLA3ARG (Root) Ees"o!u" -an-eticu" EC. 1.6
68 JL (?uit) D42a satiFa Linn. 161
61 JLMAL9 (,te" %a/) %o"(a5 cei(a Linn. 16$
62 JAGA (,ee!) Cotalaia juncea Linn. 16*
6$ JARA (Root) ,acc#aua" (en-alense Ret2. 16.
6+ ,ARALA (Heat Aoo!) 3inus o5(u-#ii ,a-ent. 160
6* ,ARALA (Root) 3inus o5(u-#ii ,a-ent. 101
61 ,AR&A3A (,ee!) %assica ca"pestis Linn. 10$
6. JATA3ATR9K (?loMe) Rosa centi)olia Linn. 10*
66 J9HJA3 (Heat Aoo!) Eal(e-ia sissoo Ro5(. 10.
60 J9HJA3 (,te" %a/) Eal(e-ia sissoo Ro5(. 100
08 J9R&A (,te" %a/) Al(i22ia le((ec/ %ent. 281
01 ,THA7GCIA (Lea)) Ta5us (accata Linn. 28$
02 ,>RAGA (Co") A"op#op#allus ca"panulatus
(Ro5(.) %lu"e.
28*
0$ J@CTACANEANA (Heat Aoo!) ,antalu" al(u" Linn. 28.
0+ JIDNKA (Root) Do54lu" in!icu" @ent. 280
0* TLA (9n)loescence) %oassus )la(elli)e Linn. 211
01 TR9@:T (Root) Dpeculina tupet#u" (Linn.)
,ilFa Manso.
21$
0. T7M%9N (?es# ?uit) La-enaia siceaia (Mol.)
,tan!l.
21*
06 7E7M%ARA (?uit) ?icus -lo"eata Ro5(. 21.
00 7JRA (Root) @etiFeia 2i2anio!es (Linn.)
Nas#.
210
188 7T3ALA (?loMe) N4"p#aea stellata Aill!. 221
v
LEGAL NOTICES
+A.1.I./$ 1art3I$ 4ol. III$ is the boo5 of standards for single drugs included therein and
the standards prescribed in the A!urvedic 1harmacopoeia of India$ 1art3I$ 4ol. III
1harmacopoeia of India$ 1art3I$ 4ol. III$ would be deemed to have been amended
accordingl!.
vi
GENERAL NOTICES
o
6"
o
6 and
vii
deterioration"
authoritative"
viii
o
6"
thermometric scale"
changes"
ix

It is to be noted that the relation bet!een doses in metric and Ayurvedic systems
set forth in the te&t is of appro&imate e1uivalence" These 1uantities are for convenience
of prescriber and sufficiently accurate for pharmaceutical purposes"

m 3etre
l $itre
mm 3illimetre
cm 6entimetre
A 3icron %5"550 mm'
kg Bilogram
g Cramme
mg 3illigram
ml 3illilitre
in 4ormal solution
03 3olar solution
Fam" Family
Sansk" Sanskrit
Assam" Assamese
Deng" Dengali
#ng" #nglish
CuE" CuErati
Ban" Bannada
Bash" Bashmiri
3al" 3alayalam
3ar" 3arathi
:ri" :riya
PunE" PunEabi
Tam" Tamil
Tel" Telugu
x
6otyledon 6otldn"
Flo!er Fl"
Fruit Fr"
(eart *ood (t" *d"
$eaf $f"
<oot Dark <t" Dk"
<oot <t"
<hiFome <F"
Seed Sd"
Stem Dark St" Dk"
Stem St"
*ood *d"
*hole Plant *h" Pl"
xi
1. Adhaki (Rt.)
HAK (Root)
O#a/P consists o) !ie! oot o) Cajanus cajan (Linn.) Millsp. (?a". ?a(aceae)Q an
annual o peennialR eect s#u(R 1.2K$.1 " #i-#R cultiFate! al"ost t#ou-#out as a pulse cop
upto an altitu!e o) 16$8 " in t#e Hi"ala4as. 9t is "ainl4 -oMn in 7tta 3a!es#R Ma!#4a
3a!es#R %i#aR Ma#aas#ta an! Ta"il Na!u.
SYNONYMS
,ans/it S TuFaP
Assa"ese S Ru#a"a#
%en-ali S A!aR Aa#aeeR A#a
Cn-lis# S 3i-eon 3eaR Re! Ga"
Gujati S TuFaR TuFeaR TuR TuFe
Hin!i S Aa#a!R Aa#a
Kanna!a S To-aiR ToFaeeR To-aiR Kai 7!!uR To-ai(ele
Kas#"ii S KK
Mala4ala" S T#uFaaR TuFaa
Maat#i S TooR TooiR Tua
Di4a S Haa!aR Kan!ula-ac##a
3unja(i S A#a
Ta"il S ToFaaiR T#oFa4R A!a-i TuFaiR T#uFaaiR TuFaaiR T#oFaai
Telu-u S Kan!uluR Ka!ulu
7!u S A#a
DESCRITION
a) Ma!"o#!o$i!
Root stoutR (anc#e!R c4lin!icalR tapein- #aFin- a nu"(e o) secon!a4 oots an!
ootletsR su)ace ou-# !ue to tansFesel4 unnin- li-#t (oMn lenticelsR cea" to li-#t
4elloM e5tenall4R !it4 M#ite intenall4Q )actueR #a! an! )i(ousQ o!ouR c#aacteisticQ
12
tasteR aci!.
%) Mi!"o#!o$i!
Matue oot s#oMs $K. la4es o) co/ o) ectan-ulaR tan-entiall4 elon-ate!R t#in
Malle! cellsR inteupte! at cetain places (4 lenticelsQ secon!a4 cote5 consists o) oute
$K. la4es o) t#inKMalle!R so"eM#at tan-entiall4 elon-ate! paenc#4"atous cellR )olloMe!
(4 a oM o) oFal to elon-ate! stone cellsR t#ic/KMalle!R ellipticalR Mit# Mi!e lu"enQ so"e
a!joinin- paenc#4"atous cells contain pis"atic c4stals o) calciu" o5alateQ in t#e inne
e-ion stan!s o) isolate! o -oups o) 2K12 li-ni)ie! )i(es pesentQ secon!a4 p#loe"
consists o) sieFe ele"entsR )i(es an! p#loe" paenc#4"aR taFese! (4 p#loe" a4sQ
p#loe" )i(es li-ni)ie!R Faia(le in si2e Mit# pointe! tips an! Mi!e lu"en scattee!
t#ou-#out p#loe" e-ion in sin-le o in -oupsQ so"e stone cellsR "ostl4 in -oups an!
possessin- 4elloMis# contentsR also )oun! scattee! in inne p#loe"Q p#loe" a4s
nu"eousR uni to tiseiate an! stai-#tQ a4 cells ectan-ula to oun!e! in inne p#loe"
e-ionR oun!e! to tan-entiall4 elon-ate! in oute p#loe"Q ca"(iu" consistin- o) +K1 oMs
o) t#inKMalle!R naoMR tan-entiall4 elon-ate! colouless cellsQ 54le" occupies (ul/ o) oot
an! co"pose! o) FesselsR tac#ei!sR 54le" paenc#4"a an! )i(esQ Fessels o) Fa4in- si2es
#aFin- pitte! Malls occu in s"all -oups o) 2K$ an! also as occasionall4 isolate! units in
la-e -oups o) +K.Q )i(es s#ot Mit# Mi!e lu"en an! pointe! tipsQ paenc#4"a t#in Malle!
an! ectan-ulaQ 54le" a4s nu"eousR uni to tiseiateR (iseiate (ein- "oe co""onR
stai-#tR $K2* cells #i-#R a!iall4 elon-ate!.
o&d'" K Cea" coloue!Q s#oMs nu"eous pieces o) pitte! FesselsR )i(esR co/ cellsR
scleei!s an! a )eM pis"atic c4stals o) calciu" o5alate.
IDENTITY( )RITY AND STRENGTH

?oei-n "atte Not "oe t#an 2 pe centR Appen!i5 2.2.2.
Total As# Not "oe t#an $.* pe centR Appen!i5 2.2.$.
Aci!Kinsolu(le as# Not "oe t#an 8.. pe centR Appen!i5 2.2.+.
Alco#olKsolu(le e5tactiFe Not less t#an 2 pe centR Appen!i5 2.2.1.
AateKsolu(le e5tactiFe Not less t#an + pe centR Appen!i5 2.2...

T.L.C.
13
T.L.C. o) alco#olic e5tact on ,ilica -el TGT plate usin- Ct#4lacetate S Met#anol (08 S
18) v/v s#oMs un!e 7.@. ($11 n") si5 )luoescent 2ones at R). 8.81R 8.28R 8.10R 8.68R 8.08
(all (lue) an! 8.02 (4elloM). Dn spa4in- Mit# *U Met#anolic ,ulp#uic aci! si5 spots
appea on #eatin- t#e plate at 18*C )o a(out ten "inutes at R). 8.81R 8.22R 8.$8R 8.68R 8.66
an! 8.02 (all -e4).

CONSTIT)ENTS K ,aponins an! Re!ucin- ,u-as.

ROERTIES AND ACTION
Ra#a S KaVW4aR Ma!#ua
G*+a S RX/VaR La-#u
,-".a S JPta
,i$/ka S KaYu
Ka"0a S @Wta/aaR 3itta#aaR Kap#a#aaR GW#PR @aZ4aR Ruci/aaR @iVa-#na
IMORTANT 1ORM)LATIONS K Ma#W 3a[ca-aF4a G#\taR KW]/W4ana GuYi/W
THERAE)TIC )SES K Ra/taFi/Wa
DOSE K 2K1 - o) t#e !u- in poM!e )o"

14
2. A34i0a4tha (Rt.)
AGN5MANTHA (Root)
A-ni"ant#a consists o) !ie! "atue oots o) Clerodendrum phlomidis Linn. (?a".
@e(enaceae)Q a la-e s#u( o s"all tee eac#in- upto 0 " in #ei-#tR Mit# "oe o less
pu(escent (anc#esR )oun! in !4 pats t#ou-#out t#e count4.
SYNONYMS
,ans/it S GaZi/Wi/W R =a4antPR =a4W
Assa"ese S KK
%en-ali S Gani4aiR AniR Goniai
Cn-lis# S KK
Gujati S AaniR Aani"ulaR Ani
Hin!i S 7ni
Kanna!a S Ta--iR Ta--i %eu
Kas#"ii S KK
Mala4ala" S Munja
Maat#i S Ta/ali"ula
Di4a S Gania4
3unja(i S KK
Ta"il S Ta2#uta2#ai
Telu-u S Talu/i
7!u S 3an
DESCRITION
a) Ma!"o#!o$i!
Eu- pieces .K1* c" lon-R 8.2 K$.8 c" t#ic/R occasionall4 (anc#e!R c4lin!icalR
tou-#R 4elloMis#K(oMn e5tenall4R (a/ t#inR occasionall4 easil4 peele!R oute su)ace
ou-# !ue to e5)oliationR Moo! li-#t 4elloMR )actue #a!Q tasteR sli-#tl4 astin-ent.
15

%) Mi!"o#!o$i!
Root s#oMs e5)oliatin- co/R consistin- o) 18K1*R occasionall4 "oeR oMs o)
tan-entiall4 elon-ate!R t#inKMalle! cellsQ secon!a4 cote5 consists o) oun! to oFal
paenc#4"atous cellsR a )eM containin- #o"(oi!al c4stals o) calciu" o5alateQ secon!a4
p#loe" consists o) iso!ia"eticR t#inKMalle!R paenc#4"atous cellsR a )eM o) t#e"
containin- #o"(oi!al c4stals o) calciu" o5alateQ p#loe" a4s !istinctR consistin- o)
a!iall4 elon-ate! cellsQ secon!a4 54le" s#oMs a Mi!e 2oneR consistin- o) usual ele"entsR
all (ein- li-ni)ie!Q Fessels )oun! in sin-le as Mell as in -oups o) 2K$R scattee! t#ou-#out
54le" e-ionQ 54le" paenc#4"a si"ple pitte!R s;uais# Mi!e lu"enQ 54le" a4s 1K*
seiateR consistin- o) a!iall4 elon-ate! cellsQ #o"(oi!al c4stal o) calciu" o5alate pac/e!
in 54le" paenc#4"a an! 54le" a4sQ a(un!ant si"pleR oun! stac# -ains "easuin- 1K1.
in !ia.R )oun! scattee! t#ou-#out.
o&d'" K Eull 4elloMQ s#oMs )a-"ents o) co/ cellsR s"allR pointe!R aseptateR li-ni)ie!
)i(esR si"pleR pitte! FesselsR li-ni)ie! cells pac/e! Mit# #o"(oi!al c4stals o) calciu"
o5alate an! nu"eous si"pleR oun! to oFal stac# -ains #aFin- naoM #ilu"R "easuin-
1K11 in !ia"ete.

Total As# Not "oe t#an 1 pe centR Appen!i5 2.2.$.
Aci!Kinsolu(le as# Not "oe t#an 1 pe centR Appen!i5 2.2.+.
AateKsolu(le e5tactiFe Not less t#an * pe centR Appen!i5 2.2...

T.L.C.
T.L.C. o) t#e alco#olic e5tact on ,ilica -el TGT plate usin- C#loo)o" S Met#anol
(6* S 1*) s#oMs un!e 7.@. ($11 n") )ou )luoescent 2ones at R). 8.18 (li-#t 4elloM)R 8.$6R
8.*0 an! 8.08 (all (lue). Dn e5posue to 9o!ine Fapou si5 spots appea at R). 8.18R 8.$6R
16
8.*0R 8..6R 8.6. an! 8.06 (all 4elloM). Dn spa4in- Mit# *U Met#anolic3#osp#o"ol4(!ic
aci! ea-ent an! #eatin- t#e plate )o a(out ten "inutes at 18*C si5 spots appea at R).
8.18R 8.$6R 8.*0R 8..6R 8.6. an! 8.06 (all -e4).

CONSTIT)ENTS K ,teols

ROERTIES AND ACTION
Ra#a S KaYuR Ti/taR KaVW4a
G*+a S La-#uR RX/Va
,-".a S 7VZa
,i$/ka S KaYu
Ka"0a S @Wta#aaR Kap#a#aaR JFa4at#u#aaR @Wta/aa
IMORTANT 1ORM)LATIONS K Eaâ"XlWiVYaR Eaâ"Xla KFWt#a CXZaR 9n!u/Wnta G#
\taR E#WnFantaa G#\taR GoocanW!i @aYPR NWW4aZa Taila
THERAE)TIC )SES K Jot#aR 3WZOuR AâR @WtaFi/WaR @i(an!#aR A-ni"Wn!4aR !#"WnaR
Gul"aR MXta/\cc#aR MXtW-#Wta
DOSE K 12K2+ - o) t#e !u- in poM!e )o" )o !ecoction.

17
6. A0%a#thaki (Rt.)
AM7A89HAK (Root)
A"(aVY#a/P consists o) !ie! oots o) Hi(iscus sa(!ai))a Linn. (?a". MalFaceae)Q an
annualR eectR s#u(R -eneall4 cultiFate! in t#e #otte pats o) 9n!ia.
SYNONYMS
,ans/it S KK
Assa"ese S KK
%en-ali S Masts 3alR Mesta
Cn-lis# S =a"aican ,oel
Gujati S A"(o!i
Hin!i S 3atsanR 3atna
Kanna!a S 3u!isoppuR Ke"pu 3un!i/e 3ullic#e/i
Kas#"ii S KK
Mala4ala" S 3aicca/a"R 3ulic#eea
Maat#i S Lala"(ai
Di4a S K#ataaR KauniaR Ta/ %#en!
3unja(i S Kola!a
Ta"il S 3ulic#i/ie
Telu-u S 3un!i/uaR Gon-ua
7!u S 3atsan
DESCRITION
a) Ma!"o#!o$i!
Tap oot -e4is#K(oMn in colouR stoutR c4lin!ical Mit# "an4 lateal (anc#es
-a!uall4 tapein- toMa!s loMe en!R "o!eatel4 ou-# !ue to "inute lon-itu!inal
Min/lesR 1K2 c" t#ic/Q )actueR )i(ous in (a/ e-ion an! s#ot in Moo! e-ionQ no
c#aacteistic o!ou an! taste.
18

%) Mi!"o#!o$i!
Matue oot s#oMs $K* la4es o) co/ consistin- o) tan-entiall4 elon-ate! ectan-ula
cellsQ secon!a4 cote5 al"ost a(sentR M#en pesent 2K$ la4ee!R oFal to pol4-onalR t#inK
Malle!R paenc#4"atous cellsQ secon!a4 p#loe" co"pose! o) usual ele"entsQ secon!a4
54le" consists o) FesselsR tac#ei!sR )i(es an! paenc#4"a taFese! (4 54le" a4sQ Fessels
solita4 o 2K+ in -oups Mit# pitte! t#ic/enin-Q )i(es an! tac#ei!s s#ot to "o!eatel4
lon- Mit# pitte! MallsQ "e!ulla4 a4s 1K$ cells Mi!e an! "ulticelle! in #ei-#tQ stac# -ains
(ot# si"ple an! co"poun! an! t#e late #aFin- 2K$ co"ponentsR "easuin- *.*K1+ in !ia.
pesent in p#loe" paenc#4"aR 54le" paenc#4"a an! a4 cells.
o&d'" : Ge4is#K(oMnQ s#oMs pitte! FesselsR )a-"ents o) co/ cellsR )i(es an! tac#ei!sR
(ot# si"ple an! co"poun! stac# -ains "easuin- *.*K1+ in !ia. #aFin- 2K$ co"ponents.

Aci!Kinsolu(le as# Not "oe t#an $ pe centR Appen!i5 2.2.+.

T.L.C.
T.L.C. o) t#e alco#olic e5tact on ,ilica -el TGT plate usin- nK%utanol S Acetic aci! S
Aate (+S 1S *) s#oMs un!e 7. @. ($11 n") )ou )luoescent 2ones at R). 8.$1R 8.11R 8.02
(all (lue) an! 8.0* (pin/). Dn e5posue to 9o!ine Fapou tMelFe spots appea at R). 8.81R
8.12R 8.1.R 8.22R 8.20R 8.$1R 8.++R 8.*0R 8.11R 8..2R 8.62 an! 8.02 (all 4elloM). Dn spa4in-
Mit# *U Ct#anolic ,ulp#uic aci! ea-ent an! #eatin- t#e plate at 18*C )o ten "inutes
seFen spots appea at R). 8.20 (-e4)R 8.$1 (Fiolet)R 8.++R 8.11R 8..$R 8.62 an! 8.02 (all
-e4).

19

CONSTIT)ENTS K ,teols an! 3ol4sacc#ai!es

ROERTIES AND ACTION
Ra#a S Ma!#uaR A"laR Ti/taR KaVW4a
G*+a S La-#u
,i$/ka S A"la
Ka"0a S 3itta#aaR Kap#a#aaR Ast#isan!#Wna/aR @aZaopaZaR Ruci/aaR EPpanaR
KaZY#aô!#ana
IMORTANT 1ORM)LATIONS K 3uV4Wnu-a CXZa
THERAE)TIC )SES K 3a/FWtisWaR Kap#ao-aR Galao-aR @Wtao-aR Ast#i(#a-naR @aZa
DOSE K * K18 -

20
;. A0"a (Sd.)
MRA (S''d)
"a consists o) !ie! see! o) Mangifera indica Linn. (?a". Anaca!iaceae)R a tee
)oun! Mil! o cultiFate! t#ou-#out t#e count4.
SYNONYMS
,ans/it S "a(Pja"ajjW
Assa"ese S KK
%en-ali S A"
Cn-lis# S Man-o
Gujati S Aa"(aoR A"(anooR Aa"(oR Kei
Hin!i S Aa"
Kanna!a S A"aFina
Kas#"ii S KK
Mala4ala" S Man-a
Maat#i S Aa"(a
Di4a S A"/oiliR A"(a/oiti
3unja(i S A"(
Ta"il S Man-ottai 3auppuR Maan-ottai
Telu-u S Ma"i!iK=ee!i
7!u S Aa"
DESCRITION
a) Ma!"o#!o$i!
,ee! $K+.* c" lon-R 1.*K2.* c" Mi!eR oFoi!R o(lon- coFee! Mit# Min/le!
inte-u"entR (ot# oute an! inne inte-u"ent closel4 unite!R oute inte-u"ent (u)) coloue!R
inne inte-u"ent e!!is#K(oMnQ tasteR (itte an! astin-ent.

21
%) Mi!"o#!o$i!
,ee! s#oMs oute inte-u"ent consistin- o) tan-entiall4 elon-ate!R ie-ulaR t#inK
Malle!R paenc#4"atous cellsR Mit# pool4 !eFelope! con!uctin- tissues o) Fessels s#oMin-
spial t#ic/enin-s toMa!s inne inte-u"entR inne inte-u"ent consistin- o) sli-#tl4
ectan-ulaR MaF4 an! la-e t#inKMalle! paenc#4"atous cellsQ cot4le!ons 2R co"pose! o)
iso!ia"eticR paenc#4"atous cells )ull4 pac/e! Mit# si"ple an! co"poun! stac# -ainsQ
co"poun! stac# -ains consistin- o) 2K1 co"ponentsR eac# stac# -ain oun! to oFalR
"easuin- 2K26 in !ia.R a )eM con!uctin- tissues Mit# spial Fessels also )oun! scattee!
in paenc#4"atous cells o) cot4le!ons.
o&d'" : Ge4is#K(u))Q s#oMs e!!is#Koan-e coloue! cells o) inte-u"entR t#inKMalle!R
paenc#4"atous cellsR si"ple an! co"poun! stac# -ainsR consistin- o) 2K1 co"ponentsR
"easuin- 2K26 in !ia"ete.

Total As# Not "oe t#an $ pe centR Appen!i5 2.2.$.
Aci!Kinsolu(le as# Not "oe t#an 8.* pe centR Appen!i5 2.2.+.
AateKsolu(le e5tactiFe Not less t#an 18 pe centR Appen!i5 2.2...

ASSAY

T.L.C.
T.L.C. o) t#e alco#olic e5tact on ,ilica -el TGT plate usin- nK%utanol S Acetic aci!S
Aate (+S1S*) s#oMs un!e 7.@. ($11 n") tMo )luoescent 2ones at R). 8.12 (4elloMis#) an!
8.02 ((lue). Dn e5posue to 9o!ine Fapou )iFe spots appea at R). 8.8.R 8.20R 8.12R 8... an!
8.0$ (all 4elloM). Dn spa4in- Mit# *U Met#anolicK,ulp#uic aci! ea-ent an! #eatin- t#e
plate )o a(out ten "inutes at 118C )iFe spots appea at R). 8.8. (-e4)R 8.20 (-e4)R 8.12
(-e4)R 8... ((oMn) an! 8.0$ ((oMn).
22

CONSTIT)ENTS K Tannins K 34o-allotannins

ROERTIES AND ACTION
Ra#a S KaVW4aR Ma!#ua
G*+a S RX/Va
,-".a S JPta
,i$/ka S KaYu
Ka"0a S ,a_-W#PR @Wta/aaR K\"i-#na
IMORTANT 1ORM)LATIONS K 3uV4Wnu-a CXZaR %\#at Ga]-W!#aa CXZaR Aô/WiVYa
THERAE)TIC )SES K AtPsWaR 3aFW#i/WR C#a!iR EW#aR TFa-o-a

23
<. A0"a (St.7k.)
MRA (St'0 7a"k)
"a consists o) !ie! ste" (a/ o) Man-i)ea in!ica Linn. (?a". Anaca!iaceae)R a
tee )oun! Mil! o cultiFate! t#ou-#out t#e count4.
SYNONYMS
,ans/it S "a
Assa"ese S Aa"
%en-ali S A"R A"a
Cn-lis# S Man-o
Gujati S A"(o
Hin!i S A"a
Kanna!a S MaFu
Kas#"ii S KK
Mala4ala" S MaFu
Maat#i S A"(a
Di4a S A"R A"(a
3unja(i S A"(
Ta"il S Ma"aa"
Telu-u S A"aa"u
7!u S Aa"
DESCRITION
a) Ma!"o#!o$i!
Eu- occus in pieces o) Faia(le si2e an! t#ic/nessR su)ace ou-# !ue to
lon-itu!inal cac/sR )issues an! scattee!R aise! lenticelsR -e4is# to !a/ (oMn e5tenall4
an! 4elloMis#KM#ite to e!!is# intenall4Q o!ouR pleasantQ tasteR astin-ent.
24

%) Mi!"o#!o$i!
Matue (a/R s#oMs a Mi!e co/ consistin- o) tan-entiall4 elon-ate! cellsR a )eM
oute la4es (oMn an! inne li-#te in colouR at a )eM places lenticels appeaQ secon!a4
cote5 al"ost a(sentQ secon!a4 p#loe" Mi!eR consistin- o) sieFe ele"entsR paenc#4"a an!
p#loe" )i(esR taFese! (4 "e!ulla4 a4sR esin canals an! 4elloM coloue! elon-ate!R
tannin sacs a(un!antl4 scattee! t#ou-#out p#loe" e-ionQ stone cells t#ic/ Malle!R
li-ni)ie!R ectan-ula Mit# Mi!e lu"en also pesent in sin-le o in -oupsQ stac# -ains an!
pis"atic c4stals o) calciu" o5alate pesent in nu"(e o) p#loe" cellsQ p#loe" )i(es in
-oups co"pose! o) 2K1* o "oe cellsR lon- an! t#ic/ Malle!R p#loe" a4s 1K$ seiateR $
seiate a4s "oe co""onR so"eM#at MaF4R t#inKMalle!R a!iall4 elon-ate! an! )ille! Mit#
c4stals o) calciu" o5alate an! si"pleR oun! stac# -ainsR "easuin- 12K11 in !ia"ete.
o&d'" : %oMnQ s#oMs )a-"ents o) co/ cellsR stone cellsR sin-le o in -oupsQ p#loe"
)i(esR pis"atic c4stals o) calciu" o5alateQ si"pleR sp#eical to ellipticalR stac# -ains
"easuin- 12 K 11 in !ia"ete.

AateKsolu(le e5tactiFe Not less t#an 1+ pe centR Appen!i5 2.2...

ASSAY

T.L.C.
Aate (+ S 1 S *) s#oMs un!e 7.@. ($11 n") t#ee Fiolet spots at R). 8.12R 8..$ an! 8.6..
25
Dn e5posue to 9o!ine Fapou )ou 4elloM coloue! spots appea at R). 8.$$R 8.*1R 8..+ an!
8.66. Dn spa4in- Mit# *U Met#anolicK,ulp#uic aci! ea-ent an! a)te #eatin- t#e plate at
18*C )o ten "inutesR t#ee -e4 coloue! spots appea at R). 8.+0R 8.10 an! 8.66.

CONSTIT)ENTS K Tannins K 3otocatec#uic Aci!R Catec#inR Man-i)einR AlanineR
Gl4cineR KA"ino(ut4ic aci!R Kinic an! ,#i/i"ic Aci!s.

ROERTIES AND ACTION
Ra#a S KaVW4a
G*+a S La-#uR RX/Va
,-".a S JPta
,i$/ka S KaYu
Ka"0a S GW#PR Kap#apitta^W"a/aR @aZaopaZaR Ruc4a
IMORTANT 1ORM)LATIONS K N4a-o!#W!i CXZaR N4a-o!#W!i KFWt#a CXZaR
Can!anWsaFaR Ga#aZP"i#ia TailaR MXta ,a_-a#aZP4a KaVW4a CXZa
THERAE)TIC )SES K AtPsWaR @aZaR A-ni"Wn!4aR Ga#aZPR 3a"e#aR Ioni Ro-a
DOSE K $K1 - o) poM!e
2*K*8 - )o !ecoction

26
=. A0"ata (St)
MRTA (St'0)
"Wta consists o) !ie! ste" o) Spondias pinnata (Linn. ).) Ku2 ,4n. S. mangifera
Aill!.R S. acuminata Ro5(. non Ga"(le (?a". Anaca!iaceae)Q a s"allR ao"aticR !eci!uous
teeR upto 2. " #i-# an! 2K* " in -it#R )oun! Mil! o cultiFate! al"ost t#ou-#out t#e
count4R ascen!in- upto an altitu!e o) 1*88 " in t#e Hi"ala4asR an! also !isti(ute! in
An!a"ans.
SYNONYMS
,ans/it S "Wta/aR Ma/aYa"a#R KapPtana
Assa"ese S A"!a
%en-ali S A"!a
Cn-lis# S 9n!ian Ho- 3lu"R Ho- 3lu"
Gujati S =an-ali A"(oR A"(e!a
Hin!i S A"(a!a
Kanna!a S A"(ateR A"ate"aa
Kas#"ii S KK
Mala4ala" S A"(a2#a"
Maat#i S A"(a!a
Di4a S Aa(a!a
3unja(i S KK
Ta"il S Ma"pulecciR Ma"pulicci
Telu-u S A"(ala"u
7!u S 3an
DESCRITION
a) Ma!"o#!o$i!
,te" occus in cut piecesR a(out $.* K 18.8 c" lon-R 1.8K$.8 c" in !ia.R c4lin!icalR
"oe o less ou-# !ue to lon-itu!inal Min/lesQ occasionall4 a )eM oun!R po"inent lea)
27
scas also pesentR e!!is#K-e4 e5tenall4 #aFin- lenticelR M#ite o cea" coloue!
intenall4 Mit# po"inent !a/ (oMn centeR li-#t in Mei-#tQ )actue Fe4 #a!Q o!ou an!
taste not c#aacteistic.

%) Mi!"o#!o$i!
Matue ste" s#oMs a Mi!e 2one o) co/ an-in- )o" 1*K2* oMsR co"pisin- o)
tan-entiall4 elon-ate!R a!iall4 aan-e!R t#inKMalle! cells containin- e!!is#K(oMn
contentsR a )eM oute cells e5)oliatin-Q secon!a4 cote5 consistin- o) 1*K1. la4esR oFal to
pol4-onalR tan-entiall4 elon-ate!R t#inKMalle! cellsR )olloMe! (4 2K$ tan-ential (an!s
co"pisin- o) -oups o) stone cellsQ secon!a4 p#loe" consistin- o) usual ele"entsQ p#loe"
)i(es aan-e! in tan-ential (an!sR t#ic/KMalle!R li-ni)ie!Q po"inent l4si-enous caFities
suoun!e! (4 a nu"(e o) tannin sacs pesent in (etMeen t#e patc#es o) p#loe" )i(esQ
p#loe" paenc#4"a consistin- o) t#inKMalle! cells #aFin- a )eM pis"atic c4stals o)
calciu" o5alateQ secon!a4 54le" consists o) usual ele"entsR li-ni)ie!Q Fessels sin-le o in
-oups o) 2K+ #aFin- si"ple pitsR occasionall4 eticulate t#ic/enin-R )i(es )usi)o" Mit#
(lunt tipsQ tac#ei!s t#ic/KMalle!Q 54le" a4s 1K2 cells Mi!e an! $K11 cells #i-#Q stac#
-ains si"pleR oun! to oFal #aFin- concentic stiations an! #ilu"R "easuin- $K1+ in
!ia.R pesent in secon!a4 cote5R p#loe" paenc#4"aR 54le" paenc#4"a an! 54le" a4s.
o&d'" : Ge4Q s#oMs )a-"ents o) co/ cellsR p#loe" )i(esR stone cells "ostl4 in -oupsR
occasionall4 sin-leQ a )eM pis"atic c4stals o) calciu" o5alateR si"ple an! eticulate
FesselsQ stac# -ains si"pleR oun! to oFal #aFin- concentic stiations an! #ilu" in centeR
"easuin- $K1+ in !ia"ete.


28
T.L.C.
T.L.C. o) t#e alco#olic e5tact on ,ilica -el TGT plate usin- C#loo)o" S Ct#4lacetate
S ?o"ic aci! (* S + S 1) s#oMs in Fisi(le li-#t t#ee spots at R). 8.86R 8..+ an! 8.6$ (all
-e4). 7n!e 7@ ($11 n") )iFe )luoescent 2ones ae Fisi(le at R). 8.8+R 8..0R 8.6$R 8.6. (all
(lue) an! 8.0$ (s/4 (lue). Dn e5posue to 9o!ine Fapou si5 spots appea at R). 8.1$R 8.+6R
8..+R 8.6$R 8.6. an! 8.0$ (all 4elloM). Dn spa4in- Mit# 18U ?eic c#loi!e solution
(a;ueous) ea-ent tMo spots appea at R). 8.8+ an! 8.0$ ((ot# (lue).

CONSTIT)ENTS K Tannins

ROERTIES AND ACTION
Ra#a S KaVW4aR A"la
G*+a S Guu
,-".a S 7VZa
,i$/ka S KaYu
Ka"0a S @Wta-#naR ,Wa/a
IMORTANT 1ORM)LATIONS K EW!#i/a G#\ta
THERAE)TIC )SES K EW#aR KVa4aR Ra/ta @i/WaR AtPsWa
DOSE K 1K$ - o) poM!e

29
>. A$a0a"3a (Rt)
AMRGA (Root)
ApW"W-a consists o) !ie! oot o) Achyranthes aspera Linn. (?a". A"aant#aceae)Q a
sti)) eectR 8.1K8.0 " #i-#R #e( )oun! co""onl4 as a Mee! t#ou-#out t#e count4 up to 088
".
SYNONYMS
,ans/it S A!#a`âl4aR Ji/#aiR Ma4Xa/a
Assa"ese S C#ic#ita
%en-ali S Apan-
Cn-lis# S 3ic/l4 C#a)) ?loMe
Gujati S A-#e!o
Hin!i S C#ic#iaR Latjia
Kanna!a S 7ttaaneR 7ttaen
Kas#"ii S KK
Mala4ala" S Ka!ale!ee
Maat#i S An-#a!a
Di4a S KK
3unja(i S 3ut#a/an!aR Lattajeea
Ta"il S Na4uuFi
Telu-u S 7ttaeni
7!u S C#ic#ita
DESCRITION
a) Ma!"o#!o$i!
Tap oot c4lin!ical sli-#tl4 i((e!R upto 1.8 c" in t#ic/nessR -a!uall4 tapein-R
ou-# !ue to pesence o) so"e oot scasQ secon!a4 an! tetia4 oots pesentQ 4elloMis#K
(oMnQ o!ouR not !istinctQ taste not c#aacteistic.

30
%) Mi!"o#!o$i!
Matue oot s#oMs 1K18 la4ee!R ectan-ulaR tan-entiall4 elon-ate!R t#inKMalle!
co/ cellsQ secon!a4 cote5 consistin- o) 1K0 la4esR oFal to ectan-ulaR t#inKMalle!
paenc#4"atous cells #aFin- scattee!R t#ic/KMalle!R ie-ula li-ni)ie! stone cellsR
)olloMe! (4 *K1 !iscontinuous in-s o) ano"alous secon!a4 t#ic/enin-R co"pose! o)
Fascula tissuesQ s"all patc#es o) sieFe tu(es ae !istinct in t#e p#loe" paenc#4"a
!e"acatin- t#e 54le" in-sQ secon!a4 54le" co"pose! o) tac#ei!sR )i(es an!
paenc#4"aQ Fessels Mit# (ot# si"ple an! (o!ee! pits an! Mit# scalai)o" t#ic/enin-R
"easuin- 1$*K$+6 in len-t# an! $2K1+ in Mi!t#Q )i(es pointe! at (ot# en!s Mit# Malls
"o!eatel4 t#ic/ene!R "easuin- 218K.+8 in len-t# an! 12K2+ in Mi!t#Q tac#ei!s #aFe
tapein- en!sR "easuin- 11*K*$* in len-t# an! 1.K$+ in Mi!t#.
9n A. bidentata %L. Fessels s#oM (o!ee! pits an! eticulate t#ic/enin-Q "e!ulla4 a4s
not !istinctQ stone cells an! pis"atic c4stals a(sent in cote5.
o&d'" K IelloMis#K(oMnQ s#oMs )a-"ents o) ectan-ula co/ cellsR stone cellsR Fessels
s#oMin- (o!ee! pits an! scalai)o" t#ic/enin-R )i(es an! a )eM pis"atic c4stals o)
calciu" o5alate.


T.L.C.
T.L.C. o) t#e alco#olic e5tact on ,ilica -el TGT plate usin- C#loo)o"S Met#anol
(0*S*) s#oMs un!e 7@ ($11 n") )iFe )luoescent 2ones at R). 8.8*R 8.10R 8.+$R 8.*8 an!
8.0. (all li-#t (lue). Dn e5posue to 9o!ine Fapou si5 spots appea at R). 8.8*R 8.12R 8.+$R
8.*8R 8.02 an! 8.0. (all 4elloM). Dn spa4in- Mit# Ea-en!o)) ea-ent )olloMe! (4 *U
31
Met#anolicK,ulp#uic aci! ea-ent tMo spots appea at R) 8.12 an! 8.0. ((ot# li-#t oan-e).

CONSTIT)ENTS K ,aponins

ROERTIES AND ACTION
Ra#a S Ti/taR KaYu
G*+a S La-#uR RX/VaR TP/VZaR ,aa
,-".a S 7VZa
,i$/ka S KaYu
Ka"0a S EPpanaR 3WcanaR Ruc4aR @Wta#aaR Kap#anWâ/aR Me!o#aaR MXtalaR
@Wnti#aa
IMORTANT 1ORM)LATIONS K A-ast4a HaPta/P RasW4anaR Ma#W 3a[ca-aF4a G#\taR
@ast4W"a4Wnta/a G#\taR Ma#W @iVa-a(#a TailaR Apa"W-a KVWa TailaR KVWa TailaR
3anaFialW!i KVWa
THERAE)TIC )SES K C#a!iR !#"WnaR KaZOXR JXlaR ApacPR Gant#iR %#a-an!aaR H
\!o-aR =FaaR JFitaR %W!#i4aR 7!aa Ro-aR Ia/\t Ro-aR Eanta Ro-aR Ra/ta @i/Wa
DOSE K *K18 -

32
?. A"a5* (St.7k)
ARAL) (St'0 7a"k)
Aalu consists o) !ie! ste" (a/ o) Ailanthus excelsa Ro5(. (?a". ,i"au(aceae)Q a
la-e !eci!uous tee occuin- in %i#aR C##ota Na-puR Ma!#4a 3a!es#R )oests o) Ganja"R
@is#a/#apatna" an! Eeccan.
SYNONYMS
,ans/it S KaYFa]-aR EP-#aF\nta
Assa"ese S Aalu
%en-ali S KK
Cn-lis# S KK
Gujati S AalaFo
Hin!i S AluR Mau/R G#o!a Kaanj
Kanna!a S Hie"aa He((eFe
Kas#"ii S Meu"aa"R Mattipon-il4a"
Mala4ala" S Meu"aa"R Mattipon-il4a"
Maat#i S G#o!a Kaanj
Di4a S Ea/s#ina/a(alaR Ma#ala
3unja(i S Auo
Ta"il S 3euFa-ai
Telu-u S 3e!!"anu
7!u S 3an
DESCRITION
a) Ma!"o#!o$i!
%a/ t#ic/R e5tenal su)ace li-#t -e4R -anula an! ou-# !ue to pesence o)
lon-itu!inal i!-esR intenal su)ace 4elloMis#KM#ite an! )i(ousQ )actueR )i(ousQ o!ouR
!isa-eea(le M#en )es#Q tasteR (itte.

33
%) Mi!"o#!o$i!
,te" %a/ co/ "ultila4ee!R co"pactl4 aan-e!R tan-entiall4 elon-ate!R
t#inMalle! cells o(liteate! at cetain points !ue to #4ti!o"aQ secon!a4 cote5 naoMR
co"pose! o) tan-entiall4 elon-ate! cellsR a )eM cells contain osette an! pis"atic c4stals
o) calciu" o5alateQ p#loe"R Mi!eR consistin- o) sieFe ele"entsR paenc#4"aR )i(es an!
stone cellsQ a )eM la4es o) oute p#loe" collapse! )o"in- ceatenc#4"aQ stone cellsR in
-oups an! in sin-lesR pesent toMa!s oute e-ion o) p#loe"Q li-ni)ie! )i(es pesent in
-oups in a!ial oMs in inne p#loe" e-ionQ calciu" o5alate c4stals si"ila to t#ose
)oun! in secon!a4 cote5 also )oun! in p#loe" e-ionQ "e!ulla4 a4s not !istinct.
o&d'" K %oMnis#K4elloMR )a-"ents o) co/ cellsQ -oups o sin-leR oFal to pol4-onalR
t#ic/KMalle!R li-ni)ie!R stone cellsR #aFin- Mi!e lu"en Mit# !istinct stiationsR li-ni)ie!
p#loe" )i(esR a )eM osette an! pis"atic c4stals o) calciu" o5alate.

Total As# Not "oe t#an 6.* pe centR Appen!i5 2.2.$.
Alco#olKsolu(le e5tactiFe Not less t#an 1.* pe centR Appen!i5 2.2.1.
AateKsolu(le e5tactiFe Not less t#an *.* pe centR Appen!i5 2.2...

T.L.C.
(0* S *) s#oMs un!e 7.@. ($11 n") tMelFe )luoescent 2ones at R). 8.8. (s/4 (lue)R 8.18
(s/4 (lue) 8.21R 8.$6R 8.+. (all 4elloM)R 8.*. (s/4 (lue)R 8..1 (li-#t s/4 (lue)R 8..1R 8.61
((ot# 4elloM)R 8.6+ (s/4 (lue)R 8.0$ (M#itis# (lue) an! 8.0. (s/4 (lue). Dn e5posue to
9o!ine Fapou tMelFe spots appea at R). 8.8.R 8.18R 8.21R 8.$6R 8.+.R 8.*.R 8..1R 8..1R 8.61R
8.6+R 8.0$ an! 8.0. (all 4elloM). Dn spa4in- Mit# *U Met#anolicK,ulp#uic aci! ea-ent
an! #eatin- t#e plate at 18*C )o )i)teen "inutes t#iteen spots appea at R). 8.8.R
8.81((ot# -e4)R 8.21 (li-#t (oMn)R 8.2+ ((lue)R 8.$6R 8.+. ((ot# li-#t (oMn)R 8.*2 (pin/)R
8.*0 ((lue)R 8..1R 8..1 ((ot# li-#t (oMn)R 8.6+ ((lue)R 8.0$ an! 8.0. ((ot# !a/ -e4).
34

CONSTIT)ENTS K K,itosteolR auassinoi!sR Ailantic Aci!R 2K1 Ei"et#o54K
%en2o;uinone an! Melant#in.

ROERTIES AND ACTION
Ra#a S Ti/taR KaVW4a
G*+a S RX/Va
,-".a S JPta
,i$/ka S KaYu
Ka"0a S Kap#apitta JW"a/aR EPpanaR 3WcanaR GW#PR @aZaô!#anaR Jo!#a/a
IMORTANT 1ORM)LATIONS K 3uV4Wnu-a CXZaR %\#at Ga]-W!#aa CXZaR Aalu
3uYapW/a
THERAE)TIC )SES K AtPsWaR K\"iR AâR ,annipWta =FaaR %#a"aR TFa-o-aR C#a!iR
KuVY#aR 3aFW#i/WR Ga#aZPR 3a"e#aR JFWsaR Gul"aR MXVa/a @iVaja Ro-a
DOSE K 1K$ -

35
@. A"ka (St.7k)
ARKA (St'0 7a"k)
A/a consists o) !ie! ste" (a/ o) Calotropis procera (Ait.) R. %. (?a".
Asclepia!aceae)Q an eect s#u( e5u!in- "il/4 M#ite late5 )o" cut patsR )oun! Mil! "oe o
less t#ou-#out 9n!ia.
SYNONYMS
,ans/it S ,X4a
Assa"ese S A/an!R A/an
%en-ali S A/an!aR A/one
Cn-lis# S Ma!!a
Gujati S Aa/a!o
Hin!i S Aa/R Ma!aR A/aFana
Kanna!a S C//aR C//a-i!a
Kas#"ii S KK
Mala4ala" S Ci//u
Maat#i S Rui
Di4a S Aa//a
3unja(i S A//
Ta"il S @elleu//uR Cu//u
Telu-u S =ille!u
7!u S Ma!aR Aa/
DESCRITION
a) Ma!"o#!o$i!
Eu- occus in c#annelle!R ;uille! an! )i(ous piecesR upto 8.1 K 8.* c" t#ic/R
e5tenal su)ace 4elloMis# (oMn #aFin- lon-itu!inal cac/sR intenal su)ace -eenis#R
s"oot#R Mit# an occasional Moo! tissue attac#e!Q )actueR )i(ousQ o!ou an! taste not
!istinct.
36

%) Mi!"o#!o$i!
,te" (a/ s#oMs e5)oliate! co/R consistin- o) 1K6 la4es o) tan-entiall4 elon-ate!R
t#ic/KMalle! cellsQ M#ee co/ #as not !eFelope!R epi!e"is pesent consistin- o) a sin-le
la4ee! ectan-ula cells coFee! e5tenall4 Mit# stiate! cuticleQ secon!a4 cote5
co"pose! o) tan-entiall4 elon-ate!R oFalR oun!e! o ectan-ula t#inKMalle!R
paenc#4"atous cells #aFin- intecellula spacesR so"e cells contain osette c4stals o)
calciu" o5alateR a nu"(e o) oun!e!R oFal to elon-ate!R sin-le o -oups o) stone cells an!
late5 cells also )oun! scattee! in t#is e-ionQ peic4clic )i(es nu"eousR li-ni)ie!Q
secon!a4 p#loe" co"pose! o) sieFe ele"entsR p#loe" paenc#4"aR p#loe" )i(es an!
p#loe" a4sQ p#loe" paenc#4"a ectan-ula to pol4-onal in s#ape #aFin- osette c4stals
o) calciu" o5alateR late5 cells an! stone cells si"ila to t#ose )oun! in secon!a4 cote5Q
p#loe" )i(es aseptate Mit# (o!ee! pitsQ p#loe" a4s "ostl4 uniseiate an! un stai-#t.
o&d'" K Li-#t 4elloMis#K-eenQ s#oMs )i(esR stone cellsR osette c4stals o) calciu"
o5alate an! late5 cells.

Aci!Kinsolu(le as# Not "oe t#an 1* pe centR Appen!i5 2.2.+.
Alco#olKsolu(le e5tactiFe Not less t#an . pe centR Appen!i5 2.2.1.
AateKsolu(le e5tactiFe Not less t#an 1* pe centR Appen!i5 2.2...

ASSAY

T.L.C.
(1S 1) s#oMs un!e 7@ ($11 n") )ou )luoescent 2ones at R). 8.1$R 8..1R 8.61 an! 8.6. (all
37
(lue). Dn spa4in- Mit# Ea-en!o)) ea-ent )olloMe! (4 *U Met#anolic ,ulp#uic aci!
ea-ent one spot appeas at R). 8.86 (oan-e).

CONSTIT)ENTS K K an! K CalotopeolsR KA"4inR Gi-anteolR a Colouless Ma5R s"all
a"ount o) Tetac4clic Tepenes an! Taces o) ,teols.

ROERTIES AND ACTION
Ra#a S KaYuR Ti/ta
G*+a S La-#uR RX/VaR TP/VZaR ,aa
,-".a S 7VZa
,i$/ka S KaYu
Ka"0a S Jo!#anaR @iecanaR @Wta#aaR EPpanaR Le/#anaR RopaZa
IMORTANT 1ORM)LATIONS K A(#a4W LaFaZaR A/a LaFaZa
THERAE)TIC )SES K 7!aao-aR KuVY#aR KaZOXR @aZaR 3lP#Wo-aR Gul"aR AâR K
\"io-a
DOSE K 8.*K1 - in poM!e )o"

38
1A. A#a4a (St.7k)
ASANA (St'0 7a"k)
Asana consists o) !ie! ste" (a/ o) Pterocarpus marsupium Ro5(. (?a". ?a(aceae)Q a
"o!eate to la-e si2e!R !eci!uous teeR upto $8 " #i-# an! 2.* " in -it#R Mit# stai-#t clea
(oleR )oun! t#ou-#out !eci!uous )oests in peninsula 9n!ia.
SYNONYMS
,ans/it S Asana/aR %Pja/aR %PjasWaR 3PtasWa
Assa"ese S Aaja
%en-ali S 3itasalaR 3i4asala
Cn-lis# S 9n!ian Kino Tee
Gujati S %i4o
Hin!i S %ijaR @ija4asaa
Kanna!a S AsanaR %ijasaa
Kas#"ii S Lal C#an!eu
Mala4ala" S @en-a
Maat#i S %i(ala
Di4a S 3ias#ala
3unja(i S C#annanlalR C#an!an Lal
Ta"il S @en-ai
Telu-u S Ie-iR @e-isa
7!u S %ijasa
DESCRITION
a) Ma!"o#!o$i!
Eu- consists o) pieces o) ste" (a/R 1K1.* c" t#ic/R c#annele!R usuall4 4elloMis#K
-e4 Mit# (oMnis# spots !ue to e5u!atesR oute su)ace ou-# an! uneFen !ue to
potu(eances an! e5)oliationsR lon-itu!inal an! #oi2ontal cac/s pesentR inne su)ace
)ail4 s"oot#Q )actue )i(ousR (ea/s Mit# "uc# !i))icult4Q tasteR astin-ent.
39

%) Mi!"o#!o$i!
,te" (a/ s#oMs t#e pesence o) #4ti!o"aQ i!io(lasts consisun- o) l4si-enous
caFitiesR pesent in a oM just (eloM co/Q secon!a4 cote5 not !istinctQ secon!a4 p#loe"
occupies al"ost tMo t#i! o) t#e t#ic/ness o) (a/ consistin- o) sieFe ele"entsR p#loe"
paenc#4"aR p#loe" )i(esR c4stal )i(es an! taFese! (4 a nu"(e o) p#loe" a4sQ sieFe
ele"ents an! paenc#4"a )oun! collapse! toMa!s t#e "i!!le an! oute e-ions o) p#loe"R
)o"in- ceatenc#4"aQ p#loe" paenc#4"a t#inKMalle!R cicula to oFalQ p#loe" )i(es
sin-le usuall4 nu"eous in -oups )o"in- altenatin- (an!s t#ouK-#out p#loe" e-ionR
t#ic/KMalle! an! li-ni)ie! Mit# a s"all lu"enQ #o"(oi!al c4stals o) calciu" o5alate )oun!
scattee! t#ou-#out t#e e-ionQ l4si-enous caFities an! tannini)eous !ucts )ille! Mit# e!
colou "asses !isti(ute! t#ou-#out p#loe" e-ionQ p#loe" a4s Fe4 close to eac# ot#eR
"ostl4 uniseiate (ut (iseiate a4s also occasionall4 )oun! .
o&d'" K IelloMis#K(oMnQ s#oMs plent4 o) li-ni)ie! )i(esR c4stal )i(esR e!!is# K (oMn
contents an! )ee #o"(oi!al c4stals o) calciu" o5alate.

Alco#olKsolu(le e5tactiFe Not less t#an ..* pe centR Appen!i5 2.2.1.
AateKsolu(le e5tactiFe Not less t#an 11.* pe centR Appen!i5 2.2...

T.L.C.
T.L.C. o) t#e alco#olic e5tact on ,ilica -el TGT plate usin- nK%utanol S Acetic Aci!S
Aate (+S1S*) s#oMs si5 spots at R) 8.80R 8.22R 8.+1 8.*2R 8.1$ an! 8..6 (all (oMn). Dn
e5posue to 9o!ine Fapou si5 spots appea at R) 8.80R 8.22R 8.+1R 8.1$R8..6 (all (oMn) an!
8.02 (4elloM). Dn spa4in- Mit# *U Met#anolic 3#osp#o"ol4(!ic aci! ea-ent si5 spots
appea on #eatin- t#e plate at 18*C )o a(out ten "inutes at R). 8.80R 8.22 ((ot# (lue)R
8.+1 ()aint (lue)R 8.1$R 8..6 an! 8.02 (all (lue).
40

CONSTIT)ENTS K Tannins an! Gu" Kino (M#ic# contains KinoKTannic Aci!R 1KK
Cpicatec#in an! a e!!is# (oMn colouin- "atte).

ROERTIES AND ACTION
Ra#a S KaVW4aR KaYuR Ti/ta
G*+a S La-#uR RX/Va
,-".a S 7VZa
,i$/ka S KaYu
Ka"0a S ,Wa/aR @WtWti!oVanutR Gala!oVa-#naR Ke^4aR TFac4aR Ra/ta"aZOalnWîn
PR JleV"a#aaR 3itta#aa
IMORTANT 1ORM)LATIONS K NWasi_#a G#\ta RasW4ana
THERAE)TIC )SES K 3WZOuR 3a"e#aR Me!o!oVaR KuVY#aR K\"io-aR JFitaR Ma!#u"e#aR
,t#aul4a
DOSE K $2K*8 - o) t#e !u- )o !ecoction

41
11. A#thi#a0ha"aka (St.)
ASTHISAMHBTA (St'0)
Ast#isa_#\ta consists o) !ie! ste" o) Cissus quadrangularis Linn. (?a". @itaceae)Q a
peennial )les#4 cactusKli/e cli"(e Mit# ten!ils an! a ;ua!an-ula ste"R )oun! t#ou-#out
t#e #otte pats o) 9n!ia alon-si!e #e!-es.
SYNONYMS
,ans/it S @ajaFallPR Catu!#WW
Assa"ese S Hajaa
%en-ali S Ha!ajoa
Cn-lis# S KK
Gujati S Ha!asan/ala
Hin!i S Ha!jo!
Kanna!a S Man-aa(alli
Kas#"ii S KK
Mala4ala" S C#an-ala" 3aan!e
Maat#i S Kan!Fel
Di4a S Ha!(#an-a
3unja(i S Ha!!jo
Ta"il S 3ean!ai
Telu-u S Nalleu
7!u S Hat#jo!
DESCRITION
a) Ma!"o#!o$i!
Eu- occus as pieces o) ste" o) Fa4in- len-t#sQ sten ;ua!an-ulaR +KMin-e!R
inteno!es consticte! at no!esQ a ten!il occasionall4 pesent at no!esQ inteno!es +K1* c"
lon- an! 1K2 c" t#ic/Q su)ace s"oot#R -la(ousR (u)) coloue! Mit# -eenis# tin-eR an-ula
potion e!!is#K(oMnQ no taste an! o!ou.
42

%) Mi!"o#!o$i!
Matue sten s#oMs s;uais# outline Mit# po"inent pojection at eac# anula pointQ
epi!e"is sin-le la4ee!R coFee! e5tenall4 Mit# t#ic/ cuticleQ epi!e"al cells t#inKMalle!R
ectan-ula an! tan-entiall4 elon-ate!R )olloMe! (4 2K$ la4es o) co/ an! sin-le la4ee!
co/ ca"(iu"Q cote5 co"pose! o) 6K11 la4es o) t#inKMalle!R cicula to oFal
paenc#4"atous cellsQ )ou patc#es o) collenc#4"atous cells pesent in all t#e )ou an-ula
points e"(e!!e! in cotical e-ion li/e an u"(ella ac#in- oFe la-e Fascula (un!lesQ in
t#e pojecte! potion o) an-ula e-ion cotical cells )ille! Mit# (oMnKe! contents pesentQ
en!o!e"is not !istinctQ stele consists o) a la-e nu"(e o) Fascula (un!les Fa4in- in si2e
aan-e! in t#e )o" o) a in- sepaate! (4 a4s o) paenc#4"aQ $ K+ Fascula (un!les la-e
in si2eR in eac# an-ula e-ionR (eloM collenc#4"atous patc#R M#ile est o) (un!les s"alle
in si2eQ Fascula (un!les collateal an! open t4peR cappe! (4 sc1eenc#4"atous s#eat#
M#ic# is Mell !eFelope! in la-e (un!lesQ ca"(iu" an! inte)ascicula ca"(iu" ;uite
!istinctQ cental e-ion occupie! (4 a Mi!e pit# co"pose! o) t#inKMalle!R cicula to oFal
paenc#4"atous cellsQ i!io(lasts containin- ap#i!es an! isolate! acicula c4stals o)
calciu" o5alate pesent in t#e oute e-ion o) cote5 an! also in a nu"(e o) cells
t#ou-#out t#e e-ionQ osette c4stals o) calciu" o5alate also )oun! in "ost o) t#e cells in
cotical e-ionQ stac# -ains pesent t#ou-#out t#e cotical an! t#e pit# e-ions.
o&d'" K %oMnQ s#oMs )a-"ents o) FesselsR )i(esR paenc#4"atous cells an! a )eM
osette c4stals o) calciu" o5alateR stac# -ains an! i!io(lastR containin- ap#i!es an!
isolate! acicula c4stals o) calciu" o5alate.

Alco#olKsolu(le e5tactiFe Not less t#an + pe centR Appen!i5 2.2.1.

43
ASSAY

T.L.C.
T.L.C. o) t#e alco#olic e5tact on ,ilica -el TGT plate usin- TolueneS Ct#4lacetate
(0S1) s#oMs un!e 7.@. ($11 n") tMo )luoescent 2ones at R). 8.*0 an! 8.01 ((ot# (lue). Dn
e5posue to 9o!ine Fapou )ou spots appea at R). 8.+1R 8.*1R 8.11 an! 8.01 (all 4elloM). Dn
spa4in- Mit# @anillinK,ulp#uic aci! ea-ent an! #eatin- t#e plate )o ten "inutes at 118C
)iFe spots appea at R). 8.81R 8.+1 ((ot# Fiolet)R 8.*0 (li-#t Fiolet)R 8.11 an! 8.01 ((ot#
Fiolet).

CONSTIT)ENTS K Calciu" D5alateR Caotene an! Asco(ic Aci!

ROERTIES AND ACTION
Ra#a S KaYuR Ma!#ua
G*+a S La-#uR RX/VaR ,aa
,-".a S 7VZa
,i$/ka S Ma!#ua
Ka"0a S EPpanaR @WtW^leV"a#aaR Ast#isan!#Wna/aaR Ca/VuV4aR @\V4a
THERAE)TIC )SES K K\"iR AâR Ast#i(#a-naR ,an!#i C4uta
DOSE K 18K28 "l (,Faasa)
$K1 - (3oM!e)

44
12. At0a3*$ta (Sd.)
TMAG)T (S''d)
t"a-uptW consists o) !ie! "atue see! o) Mucuna prurita Hoo/.R ,4n. M. puiens
%a/e. (?a". ?a(aceae)Q a slen!e e5tensiFe cli"(in- plant )oun! al"ost all oFe t#e count4.
SYNONYMS
,ans/it S Kapi/acc#uR Ma/aYPR KaZOua
Assa"ese S %ana Ka/ua
%en-ali S KK
Cn-lis# S CoM#a-e
Gujati S KaFac#R Kauc#a
Hin!i S KeManc#R Kaunc#
Kanna!a S Nasu-unneR Nasu-unnee
Kas#"ii S KK
Mala4ala" S Nai/uuna
Maat#i S K#aj/u#ileeR KaFac#
Di4a S %ai/#ujnee
3unja(i S Tat-ajuliR KaMac#
Ta"il S 3oonai//ali
Telu-u S Eoola-on!iR Eua!a-on!i
7!u S KanMac#R Konc#
DESCRITION
a) Ma!"o#!o$i!
,ee! oFoi!R sli-#tl4 lateall4 co"pesse!R Mit# a pesistent o(lon-R )unicula #ilu"R
!a/ (oMn Mit# spotsQ usuall4 1.2K1.6 c" lon-R 8.6K1.2 c" Mi!eR #a!R s"oot# to touc#R
not easil4 (ea/a(leQ o!ouR not !istinctQ tasteR sMeetis#K(itte.

45
%) Mi!"o#!o$i!
Matue see! s#oMs a t#in see!Kcoat an! tMo #a! cot4le!onsQ oute testa consists o)
sin-le la4ee! palisa!eKli/e cellsQ inne testa co"pose! o) 2 o $ la4esR oute la4e o)
tan-entiall4 elon-ate!R oFoi!R t#inKMalle! cellsR inne 9 o 2 la4es o) !u"(K(ell o (ea/eK
s#ape!R t#ic/KMalle! cellsQ te-"en co"pose! o) a Mi!e 2one o) oFal to ellipticalR so"eM#at
co"pesse!R t#inKMalle!R paenc#4"atous cellsQ so"e cells contain stac# -ainsQ
cot4le!ons co"pose! o) pol4-onalR an-ulaR t#inKMalle!R co"pactl4 aan-e!R
paenc#4"atous cellsR containin- aleuone an! stac# -ainsQ stac# -ains s"allR si"pleR
oun!e! to oFal "easuin- 1K+1 in !ia.R (ut not oFe +* in !ia.Q a )eM Fascula (un!les
Mit# Fessels s#oMin- eticulate t#ic/enin- o pitte! pesentR
o&d'" K 3ale cea" coloue!Q s#oMs )a-"ents o) testa Mit# palisa!eKli/e cells t#inMalle!
paenc#4"aR eticulate an! pitte! FesselsR aleuone an! stac# -ains s"allR si"pleR oun!e!
to oFal "easuin- 1K+1 in !ia.R (ut not oFe +* . in !ia.

Total As# Not "oe t#an * pe centR Appen!i5 2.2.$.
Alco#olKsolu(le e5tactiFe Not less t#an $ pe centR Appen!i5 2.2.1.
AateKsolu(le e5tactiFe Not less t#an 2$ pe centR Appen!i5 2.2...
?i5e! oil Not less t#an $ pe centR Appen!i5 2.2.6

ASSAY

T.L.C.
T.L.C. o) alco#olic e5tact on ,ilica -el TGT plateR usin- nK%utanol S Acetic aci!S
Aate (+S1S*)R s#oMs in Fisi(le li-#t )ou spots at R). 8.*1R 8.*0R 8.10 (all -e4) an! 8.02
(li-#t 4elloM). 7n!e 7@ ($11 n") si5 )luoescent 2ones ae Fisi(le at R). 8.+* ((lue)R 8.*1R
8.*0R 8.10 (all -e4)R 8..0 (li-#t (lue) an! 8.02 ((lue). Dn spa4in- Mit# Nin#4!in ea-ent
46
an! #eatin- t#e plate )o ten "inutes at 118C seFen spots appea at R). 8.1.R 8.26R 8.$+ (all
pin/) 8.*1 (oan-e)R 8.*0 (pin/)R 8.10 (-e4) an! 8.02 (pin/).

CONSTIT)ENTS K ?i5e! DilR Al/aloi! an! $R+KEi#4!o54p#en4lalanine.

ROERTIES AND ACTION
Ra#a S Ma!#uaR Ti/ta
G*+a S GuuR ,ni-!#a
,-".a S JPta
,i$/ka S Ma!#ua
Ka"0a S @Wtaâ"anaR @\V4aR Kap#anWâ/aR 3ittanWâ/aR Ra/ta!oVanWâ/aR %
\_#aZaR %al4a
IMORTANT 1ORM)LATIONS K %\#at MWVa Taila
THERAE)TIC )SES K @WtaF4W!#iR Ka_paFWtaR Klai(4aR Ra/tapittaR EuVYaFaZaR Eau(al4a
DOSE K $K1 -

47
16. 7ha"a43i (Rt.)
7HRACG (Root)
%#Wa]-P consists o) !ie! oots o) Clerodendrum serratum (Linn.) Moon (?a".
@e(enaceae)Q a s#u( !isti(ute! t#ou-#out t#e count4.
SYNONYMS
,ans/it S A]-WaFallPR %W#"aZa4aVYi/W
Assa"ese S KK
%en-ali S %a"un HateeR %a"an #ateeR %#uija"
Cn-lis# S KK
Gujati S %#aan-ee
Hin!i S %#aan-ee
Kanna!a S Gantu(aan-ee
Kas#"ii S KK
Mala4ala" S C#eute/u
Maat#i S %#aan-eeR %#aan-
Di4a S C#in!s
3unja(i S %#a!an-ee
Ta"il S C#eute/u
Telu-u S Gantu(#aan-ee
7!u S %#aan-iR %a#aan-i
DESCRITION
a) Ma!"o#!o$i!
Matue oot #a!R Moo!4R c4lin!icalR upto * c" t#ic/R e5tenal su)ace li-#t (oMn
#aFin- elon-ate! lenticelsQ (a/R t#in an! easil4 sepaate! )o" a (oa! Moo! M#ic# s#oMs
"a/e! "e!ulla4 a4s an! concentic -oMt# in-s in a tansFesel4 cut su)aceQ )actueR
s#otQ tasteR aci!.

48
%) Mi!"o#!o$i!
Matue oot s#oMs stati)ie! co/ co"pose! o) 1+K28 la4es o) t#inKMalle!R
tan-entiall4 elon-ate! cellsQ eac# stati)ication consists o) $K* la4es o) cellsQ secon!a4
cote5 Mi!eR oute 2 o $ la4es a!iall4 aan-e! an! tan-entiall4 elon-ate!R inne cells
pol4#e!al o cicula to ellipsoi!al Mit# intecellula spacesQ a )eM cells "o!i)ie! into
stone cells Mit# -eatl4 t#ic/ene! Mall #aFin- concentic stiations an! a!iatin- canals
Mit# naoM lu"enQ so"e cells contain acicula c4stals o) calciu" o5alate an! a )eM
contain (oMn colouin- "atteQ secon!a4 p#loe" consists o) sieFe ele"ents an!
paenc#4"a "ostl4 collapse! in oute e-ionR )o"in- ceatenc#4"aQ so"e p#loe"
paenc#4"atous cells "o!i)ie! into stone cells si"ila to t#ose in secon!a4 cote5 (ut
so"eM#at s"alle an! Mit# -eate t#ic/enin-T o) MallsQ secon!a4 54le" !i))use! poous
consistin- o) FesselsR tac#ei!sR )i(es an! 54le" paenc#4"a taFese! (4 54le" a4sQ
"aceate! pepaation s#oM Mi!e Fessels c4lin!icalR !u"Ks#ape!R so"e (ein- elon-ate!
at one en! #aFin- (o!ee! pitsR ael4 eticulate o pitte!R M#ile naoMe ones elon-ate!
Mit# spial to eticulate t#ic/enK tac#ei!s lon-R c4lin!ical Mit# tapein- en!s an! (o!ee!
pitsQ 54le" )i(es "o!eatel4 t#ic/KMalle! Mit# "ostl4 tapein-R pointe! en!s an! o(li;ue
(o!ee! pitsQ 54le" paenc#4"a s;uae to ectan-ula Mit# si"ple pits on t#ei MallsQ
"e!ulla4 a4s 1K+ cells Mi!e an! 2K*8 cells #i-#R 2 o $ cell Mi!e a4s "oe co""onR
#aFin- si"ple pits on t#ei MallsQ acicula c4stals an! a(un!ant si"ple an! co"poun!
stac# -ains "easuin- up to 28 in !ia. pesent in a nu"(e o) cells t#ou-#out t#e
e-ion.
o&d'" K Li-#tK(oMnQ s#oMs Fessels eticulateR spial an! Mit# (o!ee! pitsR stac# -ains
si"ple an! co"poun!R oun! to oFalR "easuin- upto 28 in !ia. an! acicula c4stalsQ
stone cells as !esci(es un!e "icoscop4 pesent.


49
T.L.C.
Aate (+S1S*) s#oMs in Fisi(le li-#t tMo spots at R). 8.12 an! 8..+ ((ot# !it4 4elloM).
7n!e 7@ li-#t ($11 n") t#ee )luoescent 2ones ae Fisi(le at R). 8.12 (4elloMis# -een)R
8.16 ((lue) an! 8..+ (4elloMis# -een). Dn spa4in- Mit# *U Met#anolic ,ulp#uic aci! an!
#eatin- t#e plate )o ten "inutes at 118C tMo spots appea at R). 8.12 an! 8..+ ((ot# -e4).

CONSTIT)ENTS K ,aponins

ROERTIES AND ACTION
G*+a S La-#uR RX/Va
,-".a S 7VZa
,i$/ka S KaYu
Ka"0a S @Wta#aaR Kap#a#aaR EPpanaR 3WcanaR JFWsa#aaR Ruc4a
IMORTANT 1ORM)LATIONS K A4as/\tiR Kana/WsaFaR Eaâ"XlWiVYaR RWsnW!i KFWt#a C
XZaR E#WnFantaa G#\taR Ma#W @Wta-ajW]/uâ Rasa
THERAE)TIC )SES K Gul"aR =FaaR JFWsaR KWsaR Ia/V"WR 3PnasaR Jot#aR Hi//WR
Ra/ta!oVa
DOSE K $K1 - o) poM!e
18K28 - o) /Mat#a cuna

50
1;. 7iDa$*"a (1". 1"t.)
7EAFRA (1"'#h 1"*it)
%PjapXa consists o) )es# )uit o) Citrus medica Linn. (?a". Rutaceae)Q an eFe-een
s#u( o s"all teeR a(out $.1 " #i-# Mit# s#otR t#ic/ an! t#on4 (anc#esR cultiFate! spasel4
t#ou-#out t#e Ma"K"oist e-ions o) t#e eount4.
SYNONYMS
,ans/it S MWtulu]-a
Assa"ese S =aa!e!a
%en-ali S %ijipuaR Mutulan-a
Cn-lis# S Ail! Le"onR Citon
Gujati S %ijoa
Hin!i S %ijoua
Kanna!a S Ma!aFalaR Ma!ala#annuR Ma!ala
Kas#"ii S KK
Mala4ala" S Matala Naa/a"R Gonapatinaa/a"R %on-iR Mat#ulanaa/a"R Mat#ulan-a
Maat#i S Ma#alun-aR %ijoa
Di4a S =a"(#ia
3unja(i S Gal-al
Ta"il S Tuunji 3a2#a"R Ka!aan-ai
Telu-u S Ma!i 3#ala"
7!u S Tuanj
DESCRITION
a) Ma!"o#!o$i!
?uitK#espei!iu"R *K18 c" lon-R oFoi!R o(lon- o -lo(oseR nippleKs#ape! at t#e en!
Mit# t#ic/R ou-# o ie-ula o Mate! in!Q !a/ -een M#en unipe an! 4elloM M#en ipeQ
pulpR pale 4elloMQ tasteR aci!ic an! sMeetis#.

51
%) Mi!"o#!o$i!


?oei-n "atte Nil pe centR Appen!i5 2.2.2.
Aci!Kinsolu(le as# Not "oe t#an 8.2 pe centR Appen!i5 2.2.+.
AateKsolu(le e5tactiFe Not less t#an +* pe centR Appen!i5 2.2...

ASSAY

T.L.C.
T.L.C. o) alco#olic e5tact on ,ilica -el TGT plate usin- Toluene S Ct#4lacetate (0 S 1)
s#oMs un!e 7.@. ($111 n") seFen )luoescent 2ones at R). 8.8$ (li-#t s/4 (lue)R 8.86
(4elloMis# -een)R 8.11(li-#t s/4 (lue)R 8.10(li-#t s/4 (lue)R 8.$0 (li-#t s/4 (lue)R 8.*1
(!a/ s/4 (lue) an! 8.11 (li-#t s/4 (lue). Dn e5posue to 9o!ine Fapou ten spots appea at
R). 8.8$R 8.8+R 8.86R 8.11R 8.11R 8.$6R 8.+$R 8.*$R 8..2 an! 8.0$ (all 4elloM).

CONSTIT)ENTS K @olatile oil

ROERTIES AND ACTION
Ra#a S A"laR Ma!#ua
G*+a S La-#uR ,ni-!#a
52
,-".a S 7VZa
,i$/ka S A"la
Ka"0a S @Wta#aaR 3itta#aaR Kap#a#aaR EPpanaR H\!4aR KaZY#a Jo!#a/aR
=i#FWô!#a/aR @aZanWâ/aR Me!#4aR C#a!ini-a#aZaR Jo!#a/a
IMORTANT 1ORM)LATIONS K KVWa TailaR Hi]-FW!i CXZaR KW]/W4ana GuYi/WR
TauZW/a RasaR Ja]/#a EWFa/aR MW!ip#ala RasW4ana
THERAE)TIC )SES K Ra/tapittaR JFWsaR KWsaR AuciR T\VZWR 7!aa Ro-aR @i(an!#aR
Ma!Wt4a4aR Hi//WR A-ni"Wn!4a
DOSE K 18K28 "l o) juice

53
1<. 7i5Ga (Rt.)
7IL,A (Root)
%ilFa consists o) !ie! oot o) Aegle marmelos Co. (?a". Rutaceae)Q an a"e!R
"e!iu" si2e! teeR occuin- in t#e plains an! upto 1888 " in t#e #illsR as Mell as cultiFate!
t#ou-#out t#e count4R paticulal4 in sace! -oFes.
SYNONYMS
,ans/it S JPp#ala
Assa"ese S %aelR @ael
%en-ali S %elaR %ilFa
Cn-lis# S %ael RootR %en-al auince
Gujati S %iliFap#alR %illR %ilu"
Hin!i S %elR %elaR ,ip#al
Kanna!a S %ilFa
Kas#"ii S KK
Mala4ala" S KooFala"
Maat#i S %aelaR %el
Di4a S %ela
3unja(i S %il
Ta"il S @ilFa"
Telu-u S Mae!u
7!u S %el
DESCRITION
a) Ma!"o#!o$i!
Root cea" 4elloM o pale 4elloMis#K(oMnR t#inR ie-ulal4 an! s#alloMl4 i!-e!
!ue to )o"ation o) lon-itu!inal an! tansFese lenticelsR su)ace uptue!R peelin- o)) in
la4esR intenal su)ace cea" to li-#t 4elloMQ )actueR s#otQ tasteR sMeet.

54
%) Mi!"o#!o$i!
Root s#oMs li-ni)ie! an! stati)ie! co/ consistin- o) $ o + altenatin- (an!s o) +K1+
la4es o) s"alle cells an! a )eM la4es o) la-e cells #aFin- -ol!en 4elloM contentsQ
secon!a4 cote5R a Mi!e 2oneR consistin- o) la-eR pol4#e!alR paenc#4"atous cells an!
stone cells o) Fa4in- s#apes an! si2esR t#ic/KMalle!R li-ni)ie!R scattee! t#ou-#out e-ionQ
secon!a4 p#loe" consists o) sieFe ele"entsR )i(esR paenc#4"a an! c4stals )i(es
taFese! (4 p#loe" a4sQ so"e sieFe ele"ents co"pesse!R )o"in- tan-ential (an!s o)
ceatenc#4"a altenatin- Mit# (an!s o) li-ni)ie! p#loe" )i(es in oute p#loe" e-ionR (ut
intact in inne p#loe" e-ionQ p#loe" paenc#4"a a!iall4 an! tansFesel4 elon-ate!Q
p#loe" )i(e -oups aan-e! in concentic in-sR )i(e -oups in inne p#loe" e-ion
e5ten! tan-entiall4 )o" one "e!ualla4 a4 to anot#eR eac# -oup consistin- o) 2K$* o
"oe cellsQ )i(es lon-R -eneall4 Mit# tapein- en!s (ut occasionall4 )o/e!R li-ni)ie!R so"e
ot#es #aFe MaF4 MallsQ c4stal )i(es nu"eousR lon-R a(out 0K$8 c#a"(ee!R eac#
containin- a pis"atic c4stal o) calciu" o5alateQ "e!ulla4 a4s uni to tiseiate in inne
e-ion M#ile (i to pentaseiate in oute e-ion o) p#loe"Q ca"(iu" consists o) $K. oMs o)
tan-entiall4 elon-ate! to s;uais# cellsQ secon!a4 54le" consists o) Fessels tac#ei!sR
)i(es an! 54le" paenc#4"aQ Fessels scattee! t#ou-#out 54le" e-ionR in -oups o) 2K*R
sin-le Fessels also )oun!R Fa4in- in s#ape an! si2eR "ostl4 !u"Ks#ape!R Mit# (o!ee! pits
so"e #aFin- a pointe!R tailKli/e pocess at one en!Q )i(es t#ic/KMalle! Mit# (lunt o pointe!
tipsQ 54le" paenc#4"a ectan-ula in s#apeQ "e!ulla4 a4s uni to tiseiateR (i an!
tiseiate a4s "oe co""onR tiseiate a4s 12K+8 cells #i-#R uniseiate a4s +K18 cells #i-#Q
pis"atic c4stals o) calciu" o5alate pesentQ stac# -ains si"pleR *K10 in !ia.R "ostl4
oun! to oFal Mit# centic #ilu"Q co"poun! stac# -ains #aFin- 2K$ co"ponents pesent in
inne )eM la4es o) co/ cellsR secon!a4 cote5R p#loe" an! 54le" a4s.
o&d'" : Ge4 to -e4is#K(oMnQ s#oMs t#ic/KMalle!R an-ula cells o) co/R nu"eous
pis"atic c4stal o) calciu" o5alateR c4stal )i(esR stac# -ains si"pleR *K10 in !ia.R
"ostl4 oun! to oFal Mit# centic #ilu"Q co"poun! stac# -ains #aFin- 2K$ co"ponentsR
)a-"ents o) 54le" Fessels Mit# (o!ee! pits an! t#ic/KMalle! 54le" )i(es.

55
AateKsolu(le e5tactiFe Not less t#an . pe centR Appen!i5 2.2...

T.L.C.
Aate (+S1S*) s#oMs un!e 7@ ($11 n") t#ee )luoescent 2ones at R). 8.*+ ((i-#t s/4
(lue). 8.6+ (li-#t s/4 (lue) an! 8.0$ ((i-#t s/4 (lue). Dn e5posue to 9o!ine Fapou seFen
spots appea at R). 8.1*R 8.2.R 8.*+R 8.1.R 8..6 an! 8.0$ (all 4elloM). Dn spa4in- Mit# *U
Met#anolicK,ulp#uic aci! ea-ent an! #eatin- t#e plate at 18*C )o ten "inutes ei-#t
spots appea at R). 8.1*R 8.2.R 8.$2R 8.$6 (all -e4)R 8.*+ (4elloM) 8.1.R 8.6+ (li-#t -e4) an!
8.0$ ((oMn)

CONSTIT)ENTS K AuapteneR Cou"ainsR Gl4cosi!es
ROERTIES AND ACTION
Ra#a S Ma!#ua
G*+a S La-#u
,-".a S JPta
,i$/ka S Ma!#ua
Ka"0a S MXtalaR Ti!oVa-#na
IMORTANT 1ORM)LATIONS K MWnasa Mita @aYa/aR A"\tWiVYaR Eant4W!4aiVYaR
A-ast4a HaPta/P RasW4anaR Eaâ"XlWiVYaR Eaâ"Xla KFWt#a CXZaR %ilFW!i Le#a
THERAE)TIC )SES K @WtaF4W!#iR Jot#aR JXlaR A-ni"Wn!4aR C#a!iR MXta/\cc#aR
"aFWta
56
1=. 7i0%i (H.)
7IM7 (Hho5' $5a4t)
%i"(P consists o) !ie! M#ole.plant o) Coccinia indica A. B A. b C. cordifolia Cogn.
S4n. Cephalandra indica Nau!. (?a". Cucu(itaceae)Q a cli"(in- o postateR "uc# (anc#e!R
peennial #e(R -oMin- Mil! t#ou-#out t#e count4.
SYNONYMS
,ans/it S TuZOi/WR TuZOi/eP
Assa"ese S KaMa(#atui
%en-ali S %i"(uR Tela/uc#a
Cn-lis# S 9F4KGou!
Gujati S Ka!aFi-#ilo!iR G#ilo!i
Hin!i S Kun!au/iK%el
Kanna!a S Ton!eK%alli
Kas#"ii S KK
Mala4ala" S KoFaR Nalla/oFa
Maat#i S Ton!ale
Di4a S 3ita/un!iiR Kainc#i/a/u!i
3unja(i S Kan!ui
Ta"il S KoFai
Telu-u S Eon!a Ti-a
7!u S Kun!uu
DESCRITION
a) Ma!"o#!o$i!
Root KRoot aFaila(le in cut pieces Mit# a )eM lateal ootsR su)ace ou-# !ue to
lon-itu!inal stiations an! lenticelsR c4lin!icalR 8.* K2.* c" in !ia.R -e4is#K(oMn.
St'0 K,len!eR so)tR 8.$K1.* c" in !ia.R (anc#e!R lon-itu!inall4 -ooFe!R -la(ousR no!es
sMollenR M#itis# !ots oFe e5tenal su)aceR a )eM ten!ils attac#e! Mit# no!esR -e4is#
57
coloue! e5tenall4 an! cea" to li-#t 4elloM intenall4R )actueR )i(ousQ no o!ou an!
taste.
L'aI K3etiolateR petiole c4lin!icalR si"ple 2K$.2 c" lon-R $.6K0 c" o ael4 18 c" lon-R
pal"atel4 lo(e!R Mit# $ to * lo(es o an-lesR lo(es (oa!R o(tuse o acuteR "oe o less
sinuateR occasionall4 consticte! at t#e (aseR o)ten Mit# cicula patc#es o) -lan!s (etMeen
neFesQ la"ina (i-#t -een a(oFeR pale (eneat#R su)ace stu!!e! an! so"eti"es ou-# Mit#
papillae.
15o&'" KC(acteateR pe!icellateR inco"pleteR unise5ualR actino"op#icR penta"eous. Male
lo!er pe!icel 2K$.6 c" lon-R su()ili)o"R cal45 tu(e -la(ousR (oa!l4 ca"panulateR +.*
"" lon- lineaQ coolla 2.* c" lon-R M#iteR Feine!R pu(escent insi!eR -la(ous outsi!eR
se-"ents +.* K..* "" lon-R tian-ulaR acuteR sta"inal colu"n -la(ousR capitulu" o)
ant#es su(-lo(oseQ emale lo!er pe!icel 1.$ K 2.* c" lon-R cal45 an! coolla as in "ale
)loMesQ sta"ino!es $R su(ulateR $ "" lon-R oFa4 )usi)o"R -la(ousR sli-#tl4 i((e!R
sti-"a $R (i)i!.
1"*it KA pepoR oFoi!R -la(ousR $.* K +.* c" lon- an! 1.*K2 c" t#ic/R -eenis#K(oMn to
4elloMis#K(oMn Mit# M#ite linin-sQ no o!ou an! taste.
S''d K ,o"eM#at o(oFoi!R 8.. c" lon- an! 8.2K8.$ c" Mi!e oun!e! at ape5R "uc#
co"pesse!R 4elloMis#K-e4.

%) Mi!"o#!o$i!
Root K ,#oMs . o "oe oMs o) t#inKMalle! co/ cells #aFin- lenticels at placesQ
secon!a4 cote5 +K. la4ee!R oFal to ellipticalR tan-entiall4 elon-ate!R t#inKMalle!R
paenc#4"atous cells #aFin- -oups o) oFal to ectan-ulaR elon-ate! stone cells in loMe
e-ionQ secon!a4 p#loe" co"pose! o) usual ele"entsQ p#loe" )i(es a(sentQ secon!a4
54le" consists o) usual ele"entsQ Fessels "ostl4 solita4 Mit# si"ple pitsQ tac#ei!s si"ple
pitte!Q )i(es si"ple pitte! Mit# pointe! tips an! aan-e! aoun! t#e FesselsQ "e!ulla4
a4s 1K18 o "oe cells Mi!eQ stac# -ains a(un!antR si"pleR oun! to oFalR "easuin- $K11
in !ia.R an! co"poun! #aFin- 2K+ co"ponents pesent in secon!a4 cote5R p#loe" an!
54le" paenc#4"a an! a4 cells.
St'0 KMatue ste" Mit# i!-es an! )uoMsR s#oMs a sin-le la4ee! epi!e"is co"pose! o)
ta(ula cells e5tenall4 coFee! Mit# cuticleR o t#e epi!e"is inteupte! at cetain places
!ue to )o"ation o) co/ cellsQ collenc#4"a 2K+ la4ee! consistin- o) iso!ia"etic cellsQ
58
secon!a4 cote5 naoMR consistin- o) t#inKMalle!R paenc#4"atous cellsQ peic4cle pesent
in t#e )o" o) !iscontinuous in- o) peic4clic )i(esQ Fascula (un!les 18 in nu"(eR
(icollatealR Mi!el4 sepaate! (4 (oa! stips o) -oun! tissue aan-e! in a sin-le in-R
inne pat o) M#ic# al"ost "eetin- at cente o) ste"Q secon!a4 p#loe" consists o) sieFeK
tu(esR co"panion cells an! p#loe" paenc#4"aQ inne p#loe" se"iKluna in s#apeQ
secon!a4 54le" in t#e cente o) eac# (un!leR consists o) FesselsR tac#ei!sR )i(es an!
54le" paenc#4"aQ Fessels nu"eous uni)o"l4 scattee! t#ou-#out 54le"R li-ni)ie!R
pitte! an! Mit# spial t#ic/enin-Q tac#ei!s pitte!Q pit# s"allR co"pose! o) t#in Malle!
paenc#4"atous cells.
L'aI :
Petiole K ,#oMs sin-le la4ee! epi!e"isR consistin- o) )lattene!R tan-entiall4 elon-ate!
cellsR coFee! e5tenall4 Mit#R stiate! cuticleQ cote5 !i))eentiate! into 2K* la4ee!
collenc#4"a an! 2K1 la4ee! ciculaR t#inKMalle!R paenc#4"atous cells Mit# conspicuous
intecellula spacesQ Fascula (un!les (icollatealR aan-e! in a sin-le in-R usuall4 nineR
seFen la-e an! tMo s"alleR taFese! (4 Mi!e paenc#4"atous cells o) "e!ulla4 a4sQ
so"e (un!les cappe! (4 one o tMo la4ee!R t#ic/KMalle!R li-ni)ie!R pol4-onal peic4clic
scleenc#4"aQ cente occupie! (4 Fe4 Mi!e pit# co"pose! o) la-e iso!ia"etic
Midrib K,in-le la4ee! epi!e"isR on eit#e si!eR e5tenall4 coFee! Mit# stiate! cuticleR
)olloMe! (4 1K$ la4es o) Mell !eFelope! collenc#4"a on t#e !osal si!e an! $K* la4es on
t#e Fental si!eQ Fascula (un!lesR (icollatealR t#eeR Fental la-e an! tMo !osal s"alleQ
la4es o) collenc#4"atous cells -a!uall4 e!uce to 2 o $ toMa!s !osal si!eR 1 o 2 on
Fental si!e an! ulti"atel4 toMa!s ape5 o) lea)R collenc#4"a e!uces to 1 la4e on Fental
si!e an! 2 la4es on !osal si!eQ paenc#4"a 2K$ la4ee! on (ot# si!esQ Fascula (un!les
sin-leR se"iciculaQ Fessels aan-e! in a!ial oMs.
"amina KEosiFental stuctue Mit# sin-le la4ee! uppe an! loMe epi!e"isR e5tenall4
coFee! Mit# stiate! cuticlesQ epi!e"al cells s#oM al"ost stai-#t Malls an! ano"oc4tic
sto"ata in su)ace FieMQ (eloM uppe epi!e"is palisa!e sin-le la4ee!Q spon-4 paenc#4"a
epesente! (4 $K1 la4es o) loosel4 aan-e! cellsR a nu"(e o) Feins suoun!e! (4
paenc#4"aR pesent in "esop#4ll.
1"*it KCpicap sin-le la4ee!Q "esocap co"pose! o) a Mi!e 2one o) t#inKMalle!
paenc#4"atous cells !i))eentiate! into tMo e-ionsR oute *K1 la4es ectan-ula to
pol4-onalR s"alle in si2eR M#ile inne e-ion co"pose! o) oFal to pol4-onal cells o) la-e
si2eQ a )eM )i(oKFascula (un!les pesent in t#is e-ion.
59
S''d KTesta s#oM i!-es an! )uoMs at a )eM placesR "oe po"inent at lateal si!esR an!
consistin- o) oFal to pol4-onalR t#inKMalle! paenc#4"atous cellsR uppe "ost la4e )o"s
a!iall4 elon-ate! t#inKMalle! colouless cellsQ te-"en consists o) sin-le la4ee! a!iall4
elon-ate!R t#in Malle!R li-ni)ie! cellsR )olloMe! (4 a la4e o) t#inKMalle!R collapse!
paenc#4"atous cellsQ a )eM stac# -ains $K1 in !ia. scattee! in t#is e-ionQ e"(4o
consists o) #e5a-onal to pol4-onalR t#inKMalle! cells #aFin- a )eM oil -lo(ules.
o&d'" K Ge4is#K(oMnQ s#oMs -oups o) oun! to pol4-onal paenc#4"atous cellsR
eticulateR spial an! pitte! FesselsR aseptate )i(esR palisa!e cellsR stone cellsR si"ple an!
co"poun!R oun! to oFalR stac# -ainsR "easuin- $K11 in !ia"eteR )a-"ents o)
epi!e"is Mit# stai-#t Malle! cells an! ano"oc4tic sto"ata.


ASSAY

T.L.C.
T.L.C. o) t#e alco#olic e5tact on ,ilica -el TGT plate usin- C#loo)o"S Met#anol S
A""onia (08S16S2) s#oMs un!e 7@ ($11 n") t#ee )luoescent 2ones at R). 8.2$ ((lue)R
8.+. (e!) an! 8.11 ((lue). Dn spa4in- Mit# Ea-en!o)) ea-ent one spot appeas at R).
8.$6 (oan-e).

CONSTIT)ENTS K ,aponins an! ?i5e! Dil in see!s.
60

ROERTIES AND ACTION
Ra#a S Ti/taR Ma!#ua
G*+a S GuuR RX/Va
,-".a S JPta
,i$/ka S KaYu
Ka"0a S @Wta/aaR 3itta#aaR Atiuc4aR Le/#anaR ,ta"(#anaR
@i(an!#W!#"Wna/aaR C#a!i/aa
IMORTANT 1ORM)LATIONS K @ast4W"a4Wnta/a G#\ta
THERAE)TIC )SES K KWsaR JFWsaR =FaaR Ra/taFi/WaR EW#a R Jop#aR 3WZOu
DOSE K $K1 - o) t#e !u- in poM!e )o"
*K18 "l (,Faasa)

61
1>. Cha43'"i (H..)
CCGER (Hho5' 5a4t)
CW]-eP consists o) !ie! M#ole plant o) #xalis corniculata Linn. (?a". D5ali!aceae)Q
a s"all annual o peennialR "oe o less eect #e( Mit# ceepin- o su(teanean ste"R 1K2*
c" #i-#R )oun! t#ou-#out Ma"e pats o) t#e count4 an! also in all topical an! te"peate
cli"ateR -oMin- upto an eleFation o) $888 " in Not#K Aest Hi"ala4as.
SYNONYMS
,ans/it S CW]-ePR A"lapati/W
Assa"ese S C#en-eiten-a
%en-ali S A"ul
Cn-lis# S 9n!ian ,oel
Gujati S A"(oleeR C#an-eiR Teen 3ana/iR Ru/#a!i
Hin!i S A"(ilosaR Tinpati4aR C#an-ei
Kanna!a S 3ulla"oua!iR ,iFa-eeR 3uac#i ,oppu
Mala4ala" S 3ullipael
Maat#i S A"(uteeR A"(ateeR A"(tiR %#ui ,apati
3unja(i S K#at/alR K#at"itt#aR K#atti(ootee
Ta"il S 3uli4aai
Telu-u S 3ulic#inta
7!u S C#an-eiR Teen 3ati4a
DESCRITION
a) Ma!"o#!o$i!
Root K Ea/ (oMnis#R t#inR a(out 1K2 "" t#ic/R (anc#e!R ou-#R so)tQ no o!ou an!
taste.
St'0 K Ceepin-R (oMnis#Ke!R so)tR Fe4 t#inR easil4 (ea/a(leQ no o!ou an! taste.
L'aI K 3al"atel4 co"poun!R ti)oliateQ petioleK-eenR t#inR a(out $K0 c" lon-R c4lin!icalR
62
pu(escentQ lea)letK-eenR 1K2 c" lon-R o(co!ateR -la(ousR sessile o su( sessileR (ase
cuneateQ tasteR so"eM#at sou.
15o&'" KIelloMR a5illa4R su(Ku"(ellate.
1"*it K Capsules c4lin!icalR to"entose.
S''d KTin4R !a/ (oMnR nu"eousR (oa!l4 oFoi! tansFesel4 stiate.

%) Mi!"o#!o$i!
Root K ,#oMs $K+ la4es o) co/R co"pose! o) t#inKMalle! ectan-ula cellsR
(oMnis# in appeaanceQ cote5R a Mi!e 2oneR consistin- o) ectan-ula an! oFalR t#inK
Malle! paenc#4"atous cells )ille! Mit# si"ple stac# -ainsR 4elloMis# pi-"ent an!
tanninQ inne cotical cells ectan-ula an! pol4-onalR s"alle in si2e t#an "ite onesQ
cote5 )olloMe! (4 t#in stips o) p#loe" consistin- o) sieFe tu(esR co"panion cells an!
p#loe" paenc#4"aR ca"(iu" not !istinctQ 54le" consists o) FesselsR tac#ei!sR )i(es an!
54le" paenc#4"aQ Fessels c4lin!icalR pitte! so"e Mit# tailKli/e pojection at one en!Q
tac#ei!s pitte! Mit# pointe! en!sQ a )eM stac# -ains si"pleR oun! to oFal "easuin-
$K11 in !ia.R pesent scattee! t#ou-#out t#e e-ion.

St'0 K ,#oMs sin-le la4ee! epi!e"isR co"pose! o) ectan-ula to oFal cellsR so"e o)
M#ic# ae elon-ate! to (eco"e unicellula coFein- tic#o"esQ cote5 consists o) +K* la4es
o) t#inKMalle!R cicula an! pol4#e!al paenc#4"atous cellsQ en!o!e"is sin-le la4ee! o)
t#inKMalle! ectan-ula cellsQ peic4cle co"pose! o) tMo o t#ee la4es o) s;uais# an!
pol4-onal scleenc#4"atous cellsQ Fascula (un!les 1K. in nu"(eR aan-e! in a in-R
co"pose! o) a )eM ele"ents o) p#loe" toMa!s oute si!e an! 54le" toMa!s inne si!eQ
54le" co"pose! o) pitte! FesselsR tac#ei!sR )i(es an! 54le" paenc#4"aQ cental e-ion
occupie! (4 pit# co"pose! o) t#inKMalle!R paenc#4"atous cellsR a )eM si"pleR oun! to
oFal stac# -ains "easuin- $K11 in !iaR scattee! t#ou-#out t#e e-ion.
L'aI :
Petiole K ,#oMs oun!e! o planoKconFe5 outline consistin- o) sin-le la4ee! epi!e"is o)
ectan-ula o ciculaR t#inKMalle! cellsQ cote5 $K+ la4es o) t#inKMalle!R ciculaR oFal o
pol4-onal paenc#4"atous cellsR -eneall4 )ille! Mit# -een pi-"entQ en!o!e"is sin-le
la4ee! )olloMe! (4 2K$ la4es o) scleenc#4"atous peic4cleR less !eFelope! toMa!s
uppe si!e o) petioleQ Fascula (un!les * in nu"(eR aan-e! in a in-R consistin- o)
63
p#loe" toMa!s oute si!e an! 54le" toMa!s inne si!eQ cente occupie! (4 a s"all pit#Q a
)eM si"pleR oun! to oFal stac# -ainsR "easuin- $K11 in !ia.R scattee! t#ou-#out.
"amina K ,#oMs sin-le la4ee! epi!e"is on uppe an! loMe su)acesR co"pose! o)
ectan-ula cellsQ coFein- tic#o"es unicellulaQ palisa!e sin-le la4ee! co"pose! o) t#inK
Malle!R colu"na cellsR )ille! Mit# -een pi-"entQ (eloM palisa!e 2K$ la4es o) t#inMalle!R
spon-4 paenc#4"a consistin- o) cicula to oFal cells )ille! Mit# -een pi-"entQ sto"ata
paac4tic.
o&d'"K Geenis#K(oMnQ s#oMs )a-"ents o) tic#o"esR paenc#4"atousR
scleenc#4"atous cellsR )i(esR epi!e"is s#oMin- ie-ula cell Malls in su)ace FieMQ a
)eM si"pleR oun!e! to oFal stac# -ainsR "easuin- $K11 in !ia"ete.

Alco#olKsolu(le e5tactiFe Not less t#an * pe centR Appen!i5 2.2.1.

T.L.C.
T.L.C.o) t#e alco#olic e5tact on ,ilica -el 'GT plate usin- Toluene SCt#4lacetate (6 S
2) s#oMs un!e 7@ ($11 n") one )luoescent 2one at R). 8.1* ((lue). Dn e5posue to 9o!ine
Fapou t#ee spots appea at R). 8.2.R 8.*$ an! 8.1* (all 4elloM). Dn spa4in- Mit# *U
Met#anolicK,ulp#uic aci! ea-ent an! #eatin- t#e plate )o ten "inutes at 118C t#ee
spots appea at R). 8.2.R 8.*$ an! 8.1* (all -e4).

CONSTIT)ENTS K @ita"in CR CaoteneR Tataic Aci!R Citic Aci! an! Malic Aci!.

64

ROERTIES AND ACTION
Ra#a S A"laR KaVW4a
G*+a S La-#uR RX/Va
,-".a S 7VZa
,i$/ka S A"la
Ka"0a S GW#PR 3itta/aaR EPpanaR A-niFa!#a/aR Ruci/aaR @Wta#aaR Kap#a#aa
IMORTANT 1ORM)LATIONS K CW]-eP G#\ta
THERAE)TIC )SES K Ga#aZPR AâR KuVY#aR AtPsWa
DOSE K *K18 "l (,Faasa)
9t is also use! e5tenall4

65
1?. Chi"a%i5Ga (1"t.)
CIRA7IL,A (1"*it)
Cia(ilFa consists o) !ie! )uit o) $oloptelea integrifolia 3lanc#. (?a". 7l"aceae)Q a
la-eR spea!in-R -la(ousR !eci!uous teeR 1*K16 " #i-#R !isti(ute! t#ou-#out t#e -eate
pat o) 9n!ia upto an altitu!e o) 188 " an! so"eti"es -oMn on t#e oa! si!e.
SYNONYMS
,ans/it S 3Xti-an!#a
Assa"ese S KK
%en-ali S KK
Cn-lis# S KK
Gujati S KanjoR C#i(ilR C#i"il
Hin!i S C#ia(ilR C#ia"ilR 3api
Kanna!a S Tapasi"aaR C#ia(ilMa
Mala4ala" S AFalR AFil
Maat#i S @aFalaR %aFal
Di4a S KaanjR EuanjaR 3uti/aanj
3unja(i S 3apiR C#i(i!
Ta"il S AFil 3attai
Telu-u S Ne"alinaaR Tapa2i
7!u S 3api
DESCRITION
a) Ma!"o#!o$i!
?uit a one see!e! sa"aaQ li-#t (oMnR o(li;uel4 elliptic o o(iculaR 1.*K 2.* c"
Mi!eR 2.*K$.* c" lon-R Min-e! an! stal/e!R in!e#iscentR pu(escentR Min-s eticulatel4
Feine!.

66
%) Mi!"o#!o$i!
?uit s#oMs sin-le la4ee! epicap #aFin- nu"eousR pointe!R unicellula #aisQ
"esocap co"pose! o) $K* la4ee!R oFal to pol4-onalR elon-ate! paenc#4"atous cellsQ a
)eM Fascula (un!les an! tannin cells )oun! scattee! in t#is e-ionQ en!ocap consistin- o)
2K$ la4ee!R oun! to oFalR scleenc#4"atous cells Mit# stiations an! naoM lu"enQ
peispe" in see! co"pose! o) sin-le la4ee!R paenc#4"atous cells )ille! Mit# e!!is#K
(oMn contentQ en!ospe" an! e"(4o co"pose! o) colouless cells containin- oil
-lo(ules.
o&d'" K Re!!is#K(oMnQ s#oMs )a-"ents o) t#in Malle!R oFal to pol4-onal
paenc#4"atous cells o) en!ospe"R tanini)eous oil -lo(ulesR unicellula #aisR t#ic/K
Malle!R pol4-onalR scleenc#4"atous cellsR pol4-onal cells o) testa in su)ace FieM.


ASSAY

T.L.C.
T.L.C. o) t#e alco#olic e5tact on ,ilica -el TGT plate usin- TolueneS Ct#4lacetate (0 S
1) s#oMs un!e 7@ ($11 n") a )luoescent 2one at R) 8.6* ((lue). Dn e5posue to 9o!ine
Fapou )iFe spots appea at R) 8.11R 8.$6R 8.++R 8.*8 an! 8.6* (all 4elloM). Dn spa4in- Mit#
@anillinK,ulp#uic aci! ea-ent an! #eatin- t#e plate at 18*C )o ten "inutes )iFe spots
appea at R). 8.11R 8.$6R 8.++R 8.*8 an! 8.6* (all Fiolet)

67
CONSTIT)ENTS K ?i5e! Dil

ROERTIES AND ACTION
G*+a S La-#uR RX/Va
,-".a S 7VZa
,i$/ka S KaYu
Ka"0a S 3itta#aaR ,ta"(#a/a
IMORTANT 1ORM)LATIONS K 3P4XVaFallP RasaR Gan!#aFa#astW!i KFWt#a CXZa
THERAE)TIC )SES K C#a!iR AâR K\"iR KuVY#aR 3a"e#a
DOSE K 1K$ -

68
1@. Da4ti (Rt.)
DANT (Root)
EantP consists o) !ie! oot o) %aliospermum montanum Muell.KA-. (?a".
Cup#o(iaceae)Q a lea)4 un!es#u(R !isti(ute! in oute an-e o) Hi"ala4as )o" Kas#"i to
Assa" an! in "oist !eci!uous )oests elseM#ee in 9n!ia.
SYNONYMS
,ans/it S EantP
Assa"ese S Eanti
%en-ali S Eanti
Cn-lis# S Ail! Coton
Gujati S Eanti
Hin!i S Eanti
Kanna!a S Ka!u Haalu
Mala4ala" S EanttiR NeeFala"
Maat#i S Eanti
Di4a S Eanti
3unja(i S Eanti
Ta"il S Kon!a A"u!a"uR Eanti
Telu-u S Kon!a A"u!a"u
7!u S Eanti
DESCRITION
a) Ma!"o#!o$i!
Root pieces al"ost c4lin!icalR stai-#t o i((e! Mit# secon!a4 an! tetia4 ootsR
8.2K1 c" t#ic/ an! upto 18 c" o "oe in len-t#R tapein- at one en!R tou-#R e5tenall4
(oMnQ su)aceR ou-# !ue to lon-itu!inal stiationsR tansFese cac/s an! scas o) ootletsQ
intenall4 cea"Kcoloue!Q tansFesel4 s"oot#ene! oot s#oMs t#inR (oMn (a/ an!
4elloMis#KM#ite cental coeQ tasteR (itte.
69

%) Mi!"o#!o$i!
,#oMs *K16 la4ee! co/R consistin- o) (oMn coloue!R su(eise! o li-ni)ie! (ic/K
s#ape! cellsR a )eM cells containin- tannin an! e! colouin- "atteQ secon!a4 cote5
consists o) 2K. la4es o) oFal to ellipticalR tan-entiall4 elon-ate! cellsR a )eM cotical )i(es
ae also pesent in t#is e-ionQ secon!a4 p#loe" consists o) usual ele"entsR taFese! (4
uni to (iseiate p#loe" a4sQ secon!a4 54le" consists o) usual ele"entsQ Fessels an!
tac#ei!sR (o!ee! pitsR a )eM #aFin- eticulate t#ic/enin-Q )i(es sli-#tl4 t#ic/KMalle!R
naoM lu"en an! (lunt tipsQ 54le" a4s 1 o 2 cells Mi!eQ osette c4stals o) calciu"
o5alate an! stac# -ainsR pesent onl4 in secon!a4 cote5 an! p#loe"Q stac# -ains
solita4 an! in -oupsR si"pleR oun! to oFal "easuin- 1K1. in !ia.
o&d'" K %oMnQ s#oMs )a-"ents o) co/ "oe o less ectan-ulaR t#ic/KMalle! in su)ace
FieMQ osette c4stals o) calciu" o5alateQ nu"eous p#loe" )i(es Mit# naoM lu"en an!
(lunt tipsR (o!e pitte!K an! eticulate FesselsR tac#ei! an! tannin cellsR oun! to oFal
si"ple stac# -ains "easuin- 1K1. in !ia"eteR an! in -oups occasionall4.

AateKsolu(le e5tactiFe Not less t#an $ pe centR Appen!i5 2.2...

T.L.C.
1) s#oMs un!e 7.@. ($11 n") a )luoescent 2one at R) 8.1* ((lue). Dn e5posue to 9o!ine
Fapou tMo spots appea at R) 8.*1 an! 8.1* ((ot# 4elloM). Dn spa4in- Mit# *8U
Met#anolicK,ulp#uic aci! ea-ent an! #eatin- t#e plate )o ten "inutes at 118C tMo spots
appea at R) 8.*1 an! 8.1* ((ot# -e4).
70
CONSTIT)ENTS K K ,itosteol an! Titepenoi!sR Resinous Gl4cosi!esR 3#o(ol Cstes.

ROERTIES AND ACTION
Ra#a S KaYu
G*+a S TP/VZaR ,aaR La-#u
,-".a S 7VZa
,i$/ka S KaYu
Ka"0a S Kap#a#aaR Ra/ta!oVa#aaR @iO#aaR EPpanaR Roca/aR Jo!#a/aR @i/WîR
@aZa
IMORTANT 1ORM)LATIONS K Eant4W!4aiVYaR 3unanaFW MaZOuaR A(#a4WiVYaR KW
]/W4ana GuYi/WR EantP#aPta/PR Kal4aZa/a KVWaR Kaiôa Gu--ulu
THERAE)TIC )SES K TFa/ !oVaR EW#aR Jot#aR 7!aao-aR JXlao-aR K\"iR AâR A^"aPR
KaZOXR KuVY#aR @aZaR 3lP#W @\!!#iR Gul"aR KW"alW
DOSE K 1K$ - o) t#e !u- in poM!e )o"

71
2A. Dhatt*"a (Sd.)
DHATTFRA (S''d)
E#attXa consists o) !ie! see!s o) &atura metel Linn.Q ,4n. &. fastuosa L.R &. alba
Ra"p#Q &. cornucopaea Hot. (?a". ,olanaceae)Q occuin- Mil! t#ou-#out t#e count4.
SYNONYMS
,ans/it S Kana/aR E#ustXaR 7""atta
Assa"ese S E#atua
%en-ali S E#utuaR E#uta
Cn-lis# S A#ite T#on Apple
Gujati S E#atuo
Hin!i S E#atua
Kanna!a S 7"(e
Kas#"ii S KK
Mala4ala" S 7""a"
Maat#i S E#ata
Di4a S Eu!ua
3unja(i S E#atua
Ta"il S Do"attaiR 7"attai
Telu-u S 7""ett#aR Ciu""etta
7!u S E#atua
DESCRITION
a) Ma!"o#!o$i!
,ee! eni)o"R co"pesse!R )lattene!R su)ace )inel4 pitte!Q 8.1 c" lon-R 8.+ c"
Mi!eQ li-#t (oMn to 4elloMis#K(oMn in colouQ t#ic/e toMa!s t#e cuFe! e!-eR M#ic# is
u-oseQ la-eR pale stop#iole nea "icop4leQ o!oulessQ tasteR (itte.

72
%) Mi!"o#!o$i!
,#oMs in outline "oe o less elon-ate!R ie-ula o MaF4 stuctue #aFin- (ul-in-s
at eit#e si!eQ testa sin-le la4ee! consists o) t#ic/KMalle!R li-ni)ie!R scleenc#4"atous cells
)o"inclu(Ks#ape! stuctueR )olloMe! (4 $K* la4ee! "oe o less tan-entiall4 elon-ate!R
t#inKMalle!R paenc#4"atous cellsQ en!ospe" encloses "oe o less cuFe! e"(4o
co"pose! o) pol4-onalR t#inKMalle!R paenc#4"atous cellsR )ille! Mit# aleuone -ains an!
a(un!ant oil -lo(ules.
o&d'" : %oMn an! oil4Q s#oMs )a-"ents o) testa o) -oups o) t#ic/KMalle!R li-#t (oMn
scleenc#4"atous cellsQ pol4-onalR t#inKMalle! paenc#4"atous cells containin- oil
-lo(ules an! aleuone -ains.


T.L.C.
T.L.C. o) t#e alco#olic e5tact on ,ilica -el TGT plate usin- Toluene Ct#4lacetateS
Eiet#4la"ine (.S2S 9) s#oMs un!e 7.@. ($11 n") t#ee )luoescent 2ones at R) 8.16R 8.$$
((ot# li-#t (lue) an! 8.0$ ((lue). Dn e5posue to 9o!ine Fapou t#ee spots appea at R)
8.$$R 8.+. an! 8.0$ (all 4elloM). Dn spa4in- Mit# Ea-en!o)) ea-ent tMo spots appea at
R) 8.$$ an! 8.+. ((ot# oan-e).

CONSTIT)ENTS K Al/aloi!s K Topane Al/aloi!s K H4osc4a"ine etc. an! ?i5e! Dil

73

ROERTIES AND ACTION
Ra#a S Ma!#uaR KaYuR KaVW4aR Ti/ta
G*+a S TP/VZaR RX/VaR Guu
,-".a S 7VZa
,i$/ka S KaYu
Ka"0a S Ma!a/WPR Kap#a#aaR @iVa#aaR K\"i#aaR @aZa#aaR KaZOX#aaR
%#a"a#aaR @aZ4aR @W"a/a
IMORTANT 1ORM)LATIONS K Kana/WsaFaR ,Xtaê/#aa RasaR =FaW]/uâ RasaR La/V"P
@ilWsa Rasa (NWa!P4a)R Kana/asun!aa RasaR Eu-!#a @aYPR 3P4XVaFallP Rasa
THERAE)TIC )SES K K\"iR IX/WR Li/VW
DOSE K $8K18 "-

74
21. D"ak#ha (1"t.)
DRK8 (1"*it)
EW/VW consists o) !ie! "atue )uits o) 'itis vinifera Linn. (?a". @itaceae)Q a
!eci!uous cli"(eR "ostl4 cultiFate! in not# Mesten 9n!ia in 3unja(R Hi"ac#al 3a!es# an!
Kas#"i )o t#ei use as !esset )uit. HoMeFeR t#e !ie! )uitsR /noMn in ta!e as TRaisinsTR
ae "ostl4 i"pote! into 9n!iaR )o" t#e Mi!!le Cast an! ,out#en Cuopean counties.
SYNONYMS
,ans/it S M\!Fi/WR GostanP
Assa"ese S Ea/#R Muna;;a
%en-ali S Mane/a
Cn-lis# S E4 GapesR Raisins
Gujati S Ea/#R Eaa/#
Hin!i S Mun//a
Kanna!a S Ea/s#a
Kas#"ii S KK
Mala4ala" S Munt#in-4a
Maat#i S Ea/s#aR An-u
Di4a S Ea/4aR Gostoni
3unja(i S Munaca
Ta"il S Ea/s#aiR Kottai Ea/s#ai
Telu-u S Ea/s#a
7!u S Muna;;a
DESCRITION
a) Ma!"o#!o$i!
?uit a (e4R stic/4 an! pulp4R !a/ (oMn to (lac/Q o(lon- o oFalR so"eti"es
sp#eicalQ 1.* K2.* c" lon- an! 8.*K1.* c" Mi!eQ oute s/in ie-ulal4 Min/le! )o"in-
i!-es an! )uoMsQ usuall4 contain 1K+ see!sR +K. "" lon-R oFoi! oun!e! to tian-ula o
75
si"pl4 oFoi!R (oMn to (lac/Q o!ouR sMeetis# an! pleasantQ tasteR sMeet.

%) Mi!"o#!o$i!
A sin-le la4ee! epi!e"is cells )ille! Mit# e!!is#K(oMn contentsQ "esocap pulp4R
"a!e up o) t#inKMalle!R ie-ula cells containin- pis"atic c4stals o) calciu" o5alateR
"easuin- 1$..* K+1 in !ia.Q so"e )i(oKFascula (un!les also pesent in t#is e-ionQ
see!s co"pose! o) testa an! en!ospe"Q testa co"pose! o) t#ic/KMalle! 4elloMis# cellsQ
en!ospe" co"pose! o) an-ula paenc#4"atous cells containin- oil -lo(ules an! cluste
c4stals o) calciu" o5alateR "easuin- 11K11 in !ia"ete.

Alco#olKsolu(le e5tactiFe Not less t#an 2* pe centR Appen!i5 2.2.1.
AateKsolu(le e5tactiFe Not less t#an .8 pe centR Appen!i5 2.2...
Loss on !4in- Not "oe t#an 1* pe centR Appen!i5 2.2.0

ASSAY

T.L.C.
T.L.C o) t#e alco#olic e5tact on ,ilica -el TGT plate usin- nK%utanol S Acetic aci!S
Aate (+S 9S *) s#oMs un!e 7@ ($11 n") a )luoescent 2one at R). 8.20 ((lue). Dn e5posue
to 9o!ine Fapu )ou spots appea at R). 8.86R 8.20R 8.10 an! 8.6* (all 4elloM). Dn spa4in-
Mit# *U Met#anolicK,ulp#uic aci! ea-ent an! #eatin- t#e plate )o a(out ten "inutes at
118C t#ee spots appea at R). 8.86 ((lac/)R 8.20 ((lac/) an! 8.06 (Fiolet)

76
CONSTIT)ENTS K MalicR Tataic B D5alic Aci!sR Ca(o#4!ates an! Tannins.

ROERTIES AND ACTION
Ra#a S Ma!#uaR KaVW4a
G*+a S GuuR ,aaR ,ni-!#a
,-".a S JPta
,i$/ka S Ma!#ua
Ka"0a S %\_#aZaR Ca/VuV4aR @\V4aR @Wtapitta#aaR ,Fa4a
IMORTANT 1ORM)LATIONS K EW/VWsaFaR EW/VWiVYaR EW/VWFale#aR EW/VW!i KFWt#a
CXZaR EW/VW!i CXZaR ClW!i GuYi/W
THERAE)TIC )SES K T\VZWR =FaaR KWsaR JFWsaR EW#aR JoVaR KW"alWR Ra/tapittaR KVata KV
PZaR @i(an!#aR AâR A-ni"Wn!4aR Ma!Wt4a4aR 3WZOuR 7!WFataR s4a JoVaR @Wtaa/ta
DOSE K *K18 - o) t#e !u-

77
22. D*"Ga (Rt.)
DFR, (Root)
EXFW consists o) !ie! )i(ous oots o) Cynodon dactylon (Linn.) 3es. (?a".
3oaceae)Q an ele-antR #a!R peennialR ceepin- -ass -oMin- t#ou-#out t#e count4 an!
ascen!in- to 2++8 ".
SYNONYMS
,ans/it S JataFP4a
Assa"ese S KK
%en-ali S EuFa
Cn-lis# S Ceepin- C4no!onR Conc# Gass
Gujati S K#a!o!#oR Lili!#oR E#o
Hin!i S Eoo(
Kanna!a S Gai/e Hullu
Kas#"ii S KK
Mala4ala" S Kou/a 3ullu
Maat#i S EooFaR Hai4aleeR Halee
Di4a S KK
3unja(i S Eu(a!a
Ta"il S AuFa" 3ullu
Telu-u S Gai/aR 3acc#-a!!i
7!u S Eoo( G#asR Eoo(
DESCRITION
a) Ma!"o#!o$i!
Roots )i(ousR c4lin!icalR upto + "" t#ic/R "inute #aiKli/e oots aise )o" t#e
"ain ootsQ cea" coloue!.
78

%) Mi!"o#!o$i!
Matue oot s#oMs epi(le"a o pili)eous la4e co"pose! o) sin-le la4ee!R t#inK
Malle!R a!iall4 elon-ate! to cu(ical cellsQ #4po!e"is co"pose! o) 1K2 la4ee!R t#inK
Malle!R tan-entiall4 elon-ate! to ie-ula s#ape! cellsQ cote5 !i))eentiate! into tMo
2onesR 1 o 2 la4es o) s"alleR t#inKMalle!R pol4-onalR li-ni)ie! scleenc#4"atous an! +K1
la4es o) t#inKMalle!R elon-ate! paenc#4"atous cells (ein- la-eQ en!o!e"is ;uite
!istinct (ein- sin-le la4ee!R t#ic/KMalle!R tan-entiall4 elon-ate! cellsQ peic4cle 1K2 la4es
co"pose! o) t#inKMalle! scleenc#4"atous cellsQ Fascula (un!les consistin- o) 54le" an!
p#loe"R aan-e! in a in- on !i))eent a!ialsQ 54le" e5ac#R #aFin- usual ele"entsQ cente
occupie! (4 Mi!e pit#R co"pose! o) oFal to oun!e! t#ic/KMalle! paenc#4"atous cells
containin- nu"eous si"pleR oun! to oFal o an-ula stac# -ains "easuin- +K11 in
!ia.R an! co"poun! stac# -ains #aFin- 2K+ co"ponents.
o&d'" K Cea" coloue!Q )a-"ents o) 54le" Fessels Mit# pitte! MallsR t#ic/KMalle!
li-ni)ie! scleenc#4"atous cells an! nu"eous si"ple oun! to oFal o an-ula stac# -ains
"easuin- +K11 in !ia.R an! co"poun! stac# -ains #aFin- 2K+ co"ponents.

Total As# Not "oe t#an . pe centR Appen!i5 2.2.$.

ASSAY

T.L.C.
79
T.L.C o) t#e alco#olic e5tact on ,ilica -el TGT plate usin- nK%utanol S Acetic aci!S
Aate (+S1S*) s#oMs un!e 7@ ($11 n") t#ee )luoescent 2ones at R) 8..8R 8.60 ((ot# (lue)
an! 8.02 (pin/). Dn e5posue to 9o!ine Fapou si5 spots appea at R) 8.22R 8.$8R 8.$.R 8.68R
8.60 an! 8.02 (all 4elloM) Dn spa4in- Mit# *U Met#anolicK,ulp#uic aci! ea-ent an!
#eatin- t#e plate at 18*C )o ten "inutes si5 spots appea at R) 8.22R 8.$8R 8.$.R 8.68R 8.60R
8.02 (all -e4).

CONSTIT)ENTS K 3#enolic 3#4toto5ins an! ?laFonoi!s.

ROERTIES AND ACTION
Ra#a S KaVW4aR Ma!#uaR Ti/ta
G*+a S La-#u
,-".a S JPta
,i$/ka S Ma!#ua
Ka"0a S Kap#apitta^W"a/aR Ra/tapittanWâ/aR EW#a-#naR AtisWa-#naR Ja"a#aaR
T\pti/aa
IMORTANT 1ORM)LATIONS K %alW^Fa-an!#alW/VW!i TailaR Ma!#u4aVY4W!i TailaR
Ma"a GuYi/WR MWnasa Mita @aYa/aR Can!a/alW Rasa
THERAE)TIC )SES K Ra/tapittaR T\VZWo-aR EW#ao-aR @isapaR TFa-o-aR Aoca/aR
Eu`sFapnaR %#Xtao-aR C#a!iR MXcc#WR Ra/tapa!aaR MXta EW#a
DOSE K *K18 "l (,Faasa)

80
26. E"a4da (1".LI.)
ERAJA (1"'#h L'aI)
CaZOa consists o) )es# lea) o) (icinus communis Linn. Mit# entie petiole (?a".
Cup#o(iaceae)R a tall -la(ous s#u( o al"ost s"all teeR 2K+ " #i-#Q )oun! t#ou-#out
9n!iaR "ostl4 -oMin- Mil! on Maste lan! an! also cultiFate! )o its oil see!s.
SYNONYMS
,ans/it S Gan!#aFaKHastaR 3a[c#W]-ulR @WtWi
Assa"ese S Ci
%en-ali S %#een!a
Cn-lis# S Casto Dil 3lant
Gujati S Can!o
Hin!i S Can!R Ren!eeR An!u
Kanna!a S Halu
Kas#"ii S KK
Mala4ala" S A"(ana//aR AFana//u
Maat#i S Can!R Can!ee
Di4a S %#ean!a
3unja(i S Can!
Ta"il S A"ana//u
Telu-u S A"u!anuR A"u!"uc#etu
7!u S Can!
DESCRITION
a) Ma!"o#!o$i!
LeaFes -een o e!!is#K-eenR (oa!R pal"atel4 lo(e!R Mit# *K11 lo(esR $8K18 c".
!ia.R neal4 o(iculaR lo(es o(lon- lineaR acute o acu"inateR "a-in seateR Fa4 )o"
+K28 c" in len-t#R 2.* K..* c" in Mi!t#Q petiole 18K28 c" lon-R c4lin!ical o sli-#tl4
81
)lattene! toMa!s !istal an! peltatel4 attac#e! to t#e (la!eR soli! M#en 4oun-R (eco"es
#olloM on "atuit4.

%) Mi!"o#!o$i!


ROERTIES AND ACTION
Ra#a S Ma!#uaR KaYuR KaVW4a
G*+a S ,ni-!#aR TP/VZaR ,X/V"a
,-".a S 7VZa
,i$/ka S Ma!#ua
Ka"0a S Kap#aFWta^W"a/aR @\V4aR K\"i-#naR 3ittapa/opa/aR Ra/tapa/opa/aR
Ia/\tutteja/a
IMORTANT 1ORM)LATIONS K Catu(#uja RasaR Catu"u/#a RasaR CintW"aZi
Catu"u/#a Rasa
THERAE)TIC )SES K K\"iR MXta/\cc#aR Gul"aR @WtaF4W!#iR @asti JXlaR Aoca/aR
@i!a!#P
DOSE K 18K28 "l (,Faasa)
2K* - (3oM!e)
82
2;. E"a4da (1".)
ERAJA (S''d)
CaZOa consists o) !ie! see! o) (icinus communis Linn. (?a". Cup#o(iaceae)Q a tall
-la(ous s#u( o al"ost s"all teeR 2K+ " #i-#Q )oun! t#ou-#out 9n!iaR "ostl4 -oMin- Mil!
on Maste lan! an! also cultiFate! )o its oil see!s.
SYNONYMS
,ans/it S Gan!#aFaKHastaR 3a[c#W]-ulR @WtWi
Assa"ese S Ci
%en-ali S %#een!a
Cn-lis# S Casto Dil 3lant
Gujati S Can!o
Hin!i S An!eoR Can!R Ren!ee
Kanna!a S Halu
Kas#"ii S KK
Mala4ala" S AFana//uR A(ana//a
Maat#i S Ca"!R Ca"!ee
Di4a S %#ean!a
3unja(i S Can!
Ta"il S A"ana//u
Telu-u S A"u!a"uR A"u!"uc#etu
7!u S Can!
DESCRITION
a) Ma!"o#!o$i!
,ee!s o(lon-R one )ace conFe5 an! t#e ot#e sli-#tl4 )lattene!R 1K1.* c" lon-R
8.1K8.0 c" Mi!eR 8.+K8.6 c" t#ic/R testa #a!R -loss4R s"oot#R -e4 o (oMn to e!!is#K
(oMn o (lac/ an! "a4 (e Faiousl4 "a(le! o stipe!R ap#e e5ten!s )o" t#e cauncle to
c#ala2aQ o!ouR not !istinctQ tasteR Mea/l4 aci!.
83

%) Mi!"o#!o$i!
,ee! s#oMs a #a! testaR "e"(aneous te-"enR a )les#4 en!ospe"R an! t#in e"(4o
Mit# )latR (oa! cot4le!onsQ testa consists o) #a!R sin-le la4ee! epi!e"isR a!iall4
elon-ate!R co"pactl4 aan-e!R sli-#tl4 cuFe! ta(ula cellsR #aFin- e!!is#(oMn contents
)olloMe! (4 6K18 la4ee!R tan-entiall4 elon-ate! paenc#4"atous cellsR "ost o) t#e"
containin- oil -lo(ulesR )i(oKFascula (un!les )oun! scattee! in t#is 2oneQ en!ospe"
consistin- o) oFalR ie-ula cells )ille! Mit# oil -lo(ulesR a(un!ant aleuone -ainsR
"easuin- 6.2 K 1$..* in !ia.Q cot4le!onsR t#inR )lat an! lea)4.
o&d'" K Ea/ (oMnR oil4Q s#oMs )a-"ents o) nu"eous elon-ate! t#ic/KMalle!R
pol4-onal cells o) testaR e!!is#K(oMn ta(ula cellsR t#inKMalle! oFal to oun!
paenc#4"atous cells o) en!ospe" oil -lo(ulesR nu"eous aleuone -ains "easuin- upto
1$..* in !ia. an! inclu!in- c4stalloi!s an! -lo(oi!s Mit#in.

Total As# Not "oe t#an + pe centR Appen!i5 2.2.$.
Alco#olKsolu(le e5tactiFe Not less t#an $1 pe centR Appen!i5 2.2.1.
?i5e! oil Not less t#an $. pe centR Appen!i5 2.2.6

T.L.C.
T.L.C. o) t#e alco#olic e5tact on ,ilica -el TGT plate usin- C#loo)o"S Ct#4lacetate
(0* S *) s#oMs un!e 7.@. ($11 n") a )luoescent spot at R). 8.0* (s/4 (lue). Dn e5posue
to 9o!ine Fapou seFen spots appea at R). 8.$0R 8.*8R 8.1+R 8..2R 8.68R 8.60 an! 8.0* (all
4elloMis# (oMn). Dn spa4in- Mit# *U Met#anolicK,ulp#uic aci! ea-ent an! #eatin- t#e
plate )o a(out ten "inutes at 18* C seFen spots appea at R). 8R$0R 8.*8R 8.1+R 8..2R 8.68R
8.60 an! 8.0* (all (oMn).
84

CONSTIT)ENTS K K ?i5e! Dil.

ROERTIES AND ACTION
Ra#a S Ma!#uaR KaYuR KaVW4a
G*+a S ,ni-!#aR TP/VZaR ,X/V"a
,-".a S 7VZa
,i$/ka S Ma!#ua
Ka"0a S EPpanaR "apWcanaR @iO(#e!anaR Anulo"anaR ,otoô!#anaR
@a4ast#WpanaR Me!o#aa
IMORTANT 1ORM)LATIONS K %\#at ,ain!#aFW!i TailaR Gan!#aFa#astW!i TailaR
,i_#anW!a Gu--uluR Miâ/a ,ne#a
THERAE)TIC )SES K "aFWtaR @i(an!#aR Ia/\t Ro-aR 3lP#o!aaR AâR KaYi JXlaR G
\!#asP
DOSE K 1c2 K $ - (3oM!e)

85
2<. Ga0%ha"i (St.)
GAM7HR (St'0)
Ga"(#WP consists o) !ie! ste" o) )melina arborea Ro5(. (?a". @e(enaceae)R an
una"e!R "o!eate si2e!R !eci!uous teeR )oun! scattee! in !eci!uous )oest t#ou-#out t#e
-eate pat o) 9n!ia upto an altitu!e o) 1*88 ".R an! t#e An!a"ans
SYNONYMS
,ans/it S KW^"aP
Assa"ese S Go"ai
%en-ali S Ga"aR Ga"(a
Cn-lis# S Can!a#a TeeR Cas#"ee Tee
Gujati S ,aManR ,#eMan
Hin!i S Ga"(#ai
Kanna!a S ,eeFaniR Kas"iiK"aa
Kas#"ii S KK
Mala4ala" S ,eFanaR Ku"i2#u
Maat#i S ,iFan
Di4a S Ga"(#ai
3unja(i S K#a"(#ai
Ta"il S 3eun/u"i2#
Telu-u S Gu""a!ite/u
7!u S 3an
DESCRITION
a) Ma!"o#!o$i!
,te" occus as lon-itu!inall4 an! tansFesel4 cut pieces #aFin- Fa4in- len-t# an!
t#ic/nessQ #a!R Moo!4R s"oot# e5cept )o a )eM scas o) (anc#esQ 4elloMis#K-e4
e5tenall4 an! cea" coloue! intenall4.

86
%) Mi!"o#!o$i!
T#in ste" s#oMs 18K1* o "oe la4es o) li-ni)ie! co/R consistin- o) tan-entiall4
elon-ate!R ectan-ula cellsQ secon!a4 cote5 *K18 la4esR oFal to ellipticalR t#inKMalle!
cells Mit# tan-ential -oups o) )i(esQ peic4cle pesent in t#e )o" o) continuous in-
consistin- o) patc#es o) )i(es altenatin- Mit# stone cellsS secon!a4 p#loe" co"pose! o)
usual ele"entsR p#loe" )i(es a(sentQ in t#ic/ ste" secon!a4 cote5 al"ost a(sentQ
secon!a4 p#loe" Mell !eFelope!R consistin- o) usual ele"entsQ -oups o) stone cells an!
)i(es scattee! t#ou-#out t#is e-ionQ secon!a4 54le" consists o) usual ele"entsQ Fessels
solita4 o 2K+ in -oups #aFin- spial t#ic/enin- an! (o!ee! pitsQ )i(es "ostl4 aseptate
(ut so"e septate Mit# Mi!e lu"enQ paenc#4"a paatac#ealR a )eM in nu"(eQ "e!ulla4
a4s $K22 cells #i-# an! 1K+ cells Mi!eQ stac# -ainsR si"ple as Mell as co"poun! #aFin-
2K+ co"ponents "easuin- $K11 in !ia.R pesent in secon!a4 cote5R p#loe" an! 54le"
paenc#4"a an! a4 cells.
o&d'" K Ceanis#K-e4Q s#oMs )a-"ents o) li-ni)ie! co/ cellsR t#inKMalle!R
paenc#4"atous cellsR aseptate an! a )eM septate )i(e Mit# Mi!e lu"enQ Fessels Mit# spial
t#ic/enin- an! (o!ee! pitsR stone cellsR si"pleR oun! to oFal stac# -ainsR "easuin- $K1
in !ia.

Aci!Kinsolu(le as# Not "oe t#an 8.$ pe centR Appen!i5 2.2.+.

T.L.C.
T. L C. o) t#e alco#olic e5tact on ,ilica -el TGT plate usin- C#loo)o" S Met#anol
(0* S *) s#oMs un!e 7.@. ($11 n") tMo )luoescent 2ones at R) 8.$0 an! 8+6 ((ot# (lue)
Dn e5posue to 9o!ine Fapou t#ee spots appea at R) 8.$0R 8.+6 an! 8.6* (all 4elloM). Dn
87
spa4in- Mit# *U Met#anolicK,ulp#uic aci! ea-ent an! #eatin- t#e plate )o a(out ten
"inutes at 18*C t#ee spots appea at R) 8.$0R 8.+6 an! 8.6* (all Fiolet)

CONSTIT)ENTS K Li-nans

ROERTIES AND ACTION
Ra#a S Ma!#uaR Ti/taR KaVW4aR KaYu
G*+a S Guu
,-".a S 7VZa
,i$/ka S Ma!#ua
Ka"0a S @Wta#aaR 3itta#aaR Kap#a#aaR EPpanaR 3WcanaR %#e!anPR Me!#4aR
@iecanopa-aR @iVa#aaR Ja"a#aa
IMORTANT 1ORM)LATIONS K KapXW!i Ku2a"(u (La-#u)R Can!anWsaFaR
Eant4W!4aiVYaR 7^PWsaFa
THERAE)TIC )SES K Jop#aR =FaaR EW#aR T\VZWR Ra/ta!oVaR @iVaFi/WaR AâR JXlaR
Ra/tapittaR %#a"aR JoVaR "a JXla
DOSE K *K18 - o) t#e !u- )o !ecoction

88
2=. GoDihGa (A'"ia5 a"t)
GOEIH, (A'"ia5 a"t)
Goji#FW consists o) !ie! lea) an! ste" potion o) #nosma bracteatum Aall. (?a".
%oa-inaceae)Q a peennialR #isute o #ispi! #e(R spasel4 !isti(ute! in Not# Aesten
Hi"ala4as )o" Kas#"i to Ku"aon at altitu!es o) $R*88K+R*88 ".
SYNONYMS
,ans/it S EaFPpataR @\Vaji#FWR K#aapaZinP
Assa"ese S KK
%en-ali S Goji/a ,a/R GojialataR Ea!is#a
Cn-lis# S KK
Gujati S %#onpat#aiR Galaji(#i
Hin!i S Gauja(anR Goji4a
Kanna!a S ,#an/#a HuliR Aa/alanali-eR Goja(a
Kas#"ii S KK
Mala4ala" S Ko2#uppu
Maat#i S GoFja(anR 3aat#aee
Di4a S K#asanR K#aapta
3unja(i S Ka2(an
Ta"il S E#aFiptaR K#aaptaR Ko2#a
Telu-u S Ie!!unalu/a
7!u S Gao2a(an
DESCRITION
a) Ma!"o#!o$i!
St'0 K Cut pieces aFaila(le in *K0 c" lon- an! $.2 to +.. c" in !ia.R )lattene!R eectR
stoutQ ou-# !ue to M#iteR #a!R #ispi! #ais an! cicaticesR an! lon-itu!inal Min/lesQ
colou -eenis#K4elloMQ )actueR s#otQ o!ou an! taste not c#aacteistic.
L'aI K Lanceolate to oFateKlanceolateR 12K$8 c" lon-R 1.*K$.* c" (oa!R acu"inate
89
tu(ecleK(ase! #ispi! #ais pesent on (ot# su)acesQ -eenis# to li-#t 4elloM on top an!
M#ite (eneat#.

%) Mi!"o#!o$i!
St'0 K s#oMs sin-leKla4ee! epi!e"isR coFee! Mit# t#ic/ cuticleR so"e epi!e"al
cells elon-ate to )o" lon-R Mat4R tu(ecleK(ase! unicellula #aisR cote5 !i))eentiate! in
tMo 2onesR *K. la4ee! oute collenc#4naR $K+ la4ee! inne paenc#4"atous cellsR
consistin- o) t#inKMalle!R oun! to oFal cellsQ p#loe" co"pose! o) usual ele"entsQ p#loe"
)i(es a(sentQ 54le" consistin- o) usual ele"entsR Fessels "ostl4 solita4 o ael4 2K$ in
-oups #aFin- spial t#ic/enin-R an! )i(es an! tac#ei!s #aFin- (lunt tips an! si"ple pitsQ
54le" a4 not !istinctS pit# consistin- o) oun!R t#inKMalle!R paenc#4"atous cells.
L'aI :
Midrib Ksin-le la4ee! epi!e"is Mit# t#ic/ cuticle an! lon- Mat4R tu(ecleK(ase!
unicellula #ais pesent on (ot# su)aces )olloMe! (4 *K. la4es o) collenc#4"atous an!
$K+ la4es paenc#4"atous cotical cellsQ Fascula (un!le situate! centall4.
"amina K iso(ilatealR sin-le la4ee! epi!e"is on eit#e su)ace coFee! Mit# t#ic/ cuticleR
lon- Mat4R tu(ecleK(ase!R si"pleR unicellula #ais pesent on (ot# su)acesQ palisa!e 2
la4ee!R spon-4 paenc#4"a 6K18 la4ee!R sto"ata paac4tic
o&d'" K Geenis#K(oMnQ s#oMs -oups o) oFal to pol4-onalR t#inKMalle! stai-#t
epi!e"al cellsQ spial FesselsQ a )eM )i(es entie o in piecesR elon-ate! Mit# (lunt tipsQ
lon- Mat4R tu(ecleK(ase! unicellula #ais an! a )eM paac4tic sto"ata.

Aci!Kinsolu(le as# Not "oe t#an + pe centR Appen!i5 2.2.+.
K
90

T.L.C.
T.L.C. o) t#e alco#olic e5tact on ,ilica -el TGT plate usin- nK%utanol Q Acetic aci!S
Aate (+ S 1 S *) s#oMs in Fisi(le li-#t si5 spots at R). 8.$6 (4elloM)R 8.** (-e4)R 8.12R 8.10
((ot# 4elloM)R 8..1 (-e4) an! 8.00 (-een). 7n!e 7@ ($11 n") si5 )luoescent 2ones at R).
8.$8 (pale (lue)R 8.** (Fiolet)R 8.12R 8.10 ((ot# 4elloM)R 8..1 (-een) an! 8.00 (e!). Dn
e5posue to 9o!ine Fapou ei-#t spots appea at R). 8.20R 8.$6R 8.+1 (all 4elloM)R 8.*1
(-e4)R 8.12R 8.11 ((ot# 4elloM)R 8..1 an! 8.00 ((ot# -e4). Dn spa4in- Mit# @anillinK
,ulp#uic aci! ea-ent an! #eatin- t#e plate at 18*C )o ten "inutesR si5 spots appea at
R). 8.20R 8.*1R 8.12R 8.11R 8..1 an! 8.00 (all Fiolet).

CONSTIT)ENTS K Tannin an! ,u-as

ROERTIES AND ACTION
Ra#a S KaVW4aR Ti/taR Ma!#ua
G*+a S La-#u
,-".a S JPta
,i$/ka S Ma!#ua
Ka"0a S @WtalaR 3itta#aaR Kap#a#aaR H\!4aR GW#P
THERAE)TIC )SES K Ra/tapittaR KuVY#aR =FaaR JFWsaR KWsaR AuciR 3a"e#aR Ra/taFi/WaR
@aZaR Eanta Ro-a
DOSE K $K1 - o) t#e !u- in poM!e )o"

91
2>. G"a4thi$a"4i (Rt.)
GRANTHIARJ (Root)
Gant#ipaZP consists o) oot o) "eonotis nepetaefolia R. %. (?a". La"iaceae)R an
ona"ental #e( o s#u(R 1.2 K1.6 " #i-#R cultiFate! an! natuali2e! t#ou-#out t#e #otte
pats o) t#e count4.
SYNONYMS
,ans/it S KW/apucc#a
Assa"ese S Gant#i/a
%en-ali S Hejuc#ei
Cn-lis# S Kno! Gass
Gujati S Hatisul
Hin!i S Gat#iFan
Kanna!a S KK
Kas#"ii S KK
Mala4ala" S KK
Maat#i S Eip"al
Di4a S KK
3unja(i S KK
Ta"il S KK
Telu-u S Ranat#e"
7!u S 3an
DESCRITION
a) Ma!"o#!o$i!
Root s4ste" Mell !eFelope!R nu"eous lateal oots aise )o" "ain ootR a(out 8.6
c" in !ia.R secon!a4 an! tetia4 oots t#in an! )i(ousR -e4is# coloue!R "ain oot
sli-#tl4 (oMnis# coloue! Mit# a )eM lon-itu!inal )uoMsQ )actueR #a! an! s#otQ no
92

%) Mi!"o#!o$i!
Matue oot s#oMs a t#in (a/ an! a Fe4 Mi!e 54le"Q co/ e5)oliatin-R -eneall4
!etac#e!R M#ee pesentR consists o) a )eM la4es o) tan-entiall4 elon-ate! co"pesse! cells
possessin- (oMn contentsQ secon!a4 cote5R a naoM 2oneR co"pose! o) $K1 la4es o
"oeR oun!e!R ie-ula o tan-entiall4 elon-ate!R t#inK Malle!R paenc#4"atous cells
#aFin- (oMn contentsQ secon!a4 p#loe" consists o) t#inKMalle! cells o) sieFe ele"entsQ
)i(es a(sentQ secon!a4 54le" )o"s "ajo pat o) oot consistin- o) FesselsR 54le" )i(es
an! 54le" paenc#4"aQ Fessels "oe o less uni)o"l4 !isti(ute! t#ou-#out secon!a4
54le"Q Fessels Mit# (o!ee! pits an! o) Faious s#apes an! si2esR a )eM #aFin- elon-ate!
pojection at one o (ot# en!sQ 54le" )i(es elon-ate!R li-ni)ie! Mit# pointe! en!s Mit#
"o!eatel4 Mi!e lu"enQ 54le" paenc#4"a ectan-ula o s;uae in s#ape an! pitte!Q
"e!ulla4 a4s uni to tiseiateR uni an! (iseiate a4s (ein- "oe co""on.

o&d'" K %oMnQ s#oMs nu"eous paenc#4"atous cells o) secon!a4 cote5R a )eM
)a-"ents an! entie 54le" Fessels Mit# (o!ee! pitsR )i(es an! 54le" paenc#4"a


T.L.C.
1) on e5posue to 9o!ine Fapou s#oMs si5 spots at R). 8.8+R 8.8*R 8.86R 8.10R 8.2$ an! 8.$*
(all 4elloM). Dn spa4in- Mit# @anillin ,ulp#uic aci! ea-ent an! #eatin- t#e plate )o ten
"inutes at 118C t#ee spots appea at R). 8.8+R 8.86 an! 8.$* (all Fiolet).

93

CONSTIT)ENTS K ,teols.

ROERTIES AND ACTION
Ra#a S Ti/ta
G*+a S La-#uR TP/VZa
,-".a S 7VZa
,i$/ka S KaYu
Ka"0a S EPpanaR Kap#aFWta#aaR Eau-an!#4anWâna
IMORTANT 1ORM)LATIONS K %\#at GuOXcP TailaR M\tasa[jPFanP ,uW
THERAE)TIC )SES K JFWsaR KaZOXR @iVa
DOSE K *K18 - o) t#e !u- in poM!e )o"

94
2?. Ha0#a$adi (H..)
HAKSAAD (Hho5' 5a4t)
Ha_sapa!P consists o) !ie! M#ole plant o) Adiantum lunulatum %urm. (?a".
3ol4po!iaceae)Q a )en )oun! t#ou-#out "oist placesR -eneall4 on t#e slopes o) #illsR
ascen!in- up to an eleFation o) a(out 1$.8 ".
SYNONYMS
,ans/it S Ha_sapW!PR Ra/tapW!PR KiYa"WtWR TipW!i/W
Assa"ese S ,#aul AjR ,#aujeenaR 3asi4aF
%en-ali S Kali =#at
Cn-lis# S Mai!en Hai
Gujati S Hansaaja
Hin!i S Hanspa!eeR Hansaaj
Kanna!a S Ha"sapa!i
Kas#"ii S KK
Mala4ala" S KK
Maat#i S Ha"saaj
Di4a S KK
3unja(i S Ha"saaj
Ta"il S KK
Telu-u S Ha"sapa!i
7!u S 3an
DESCRITION
a) Ma!"o#!o$i!
Root K @e4 t#inR )i(ousR a(out 18K1* c" lon-R e!!is#K(lac/ in colouR so)t an!
(anc#e!.
RhiLo0' K Lon-R upto 2 "" t#ic/R -la(ousR postate o eectR !a/ e!!is#K(oMn o a
(lac/ in colou.
95
1"o4d K Rac#is s#in4 (lac/R si"pl4 pinnateR pinna ou-#l4 lunulateR su(!i"i!iateR loMe
e!-e neal4 in line an! o(li;ue Mit# its (lac/ s#in4 petioleR uppe e!-e (luntl4 oun!e! an!
"oe o less lo(e!R a )eM soi in a continuous line on t#e un!e su)ace alon- t#e e!-eR Mit#
a )alse in!usiu".

%) Mi!"o#!o$i!
Root "atue oot s#oMs sin-le la4ee! epi!e"is consistin- o) t#inKMalle!R s"all an!
ie-ula cellsR )olloMe! (4 $K+ la4es o) la-e t#ic/KMalle!R pol4-onalR paenc#4"atous
cells o) cote5Q en!o!e"is sin-le la4ee! co"pose! o) s;uae o so"eM#at oun!e! cellsQ
peic4cle sin-le la4ee! co"pose! o) s;uae s#ape! scleenc#4"atous t#ic/ an! !a/
e!!is#K(oMn MallQ peic4cle encloses a !iac# stele Mit# a )eM ele"ents o) 54le" an!
p#loe".
RhiLo0' K Matue #i2o"e consists o) t#ic/ Malle!R ectan-ulaR s"all cells o) epi!e"isR
)olloMe! (4 $K+ la4es o) scleenc#4"atous cells o) #4po!e"isR co"pose! o) t#ic/Malle!
cellsQ cote5 Mi!eR "a!e up o) t#inKMalle!R oun!e! o oFalKs#ape! paenc#4"atous cellsR
enclosin- an a"p#ip#loic sip#onosteleQ en!o!e"is pesentQ Fascula (un!le Mit# 54le"
consistin- poto54le" toMa!s (ot# en!s an! "eta54le" in centeQ p#loe" suoun!s t#e
54le" e5tenall4 an! also intenall4Q tac#ei! Mit# scalai)o" to eticulate t#ic/enin-
pesentQ a cental pit# consists o) t#ic/KMalle! cellsR an! )i(esR an! is scleenc#4"atous.
1"o4dK
Petiole K ,#oMs concaFeKconFe5 outlineQ epi!e"is sin-le la4ee!Q #4po!e"is consists o) 2
o $ la4esR li-ni)ie!R t#ic/KMalle!R scleenc#4"atous cellsQ -oun! tissue co"pose! o) oFal
to pol4-onalR t#inKMalle! paenc#4"atous cellsQ stele sin-leR sli-#tl4 tian-ula in s#apeR
locate! centall4 an! suoun!e! (4 pei c4cle an! en!o!e"is.
Pinnule K ,#oMs sin-le la4ee! epi!e"is on eit#e su)aceQ "esop#4ll oun! to oFal in
s#ape an! not !i))eentiate! into palisa!e an! spon-4 paenc#4"aQ a )eM sto"ata pesent
onl4 on loMe su)aceQ a )eM soi also seen.
o&d'" K Ea/ e!!is#K(oMn in colouQ s#oMs !a/ e!!is#K(oMn pieces o)
scleenc#4"atous cells an! li-#t coloue! cus#e! cells o) cote5R a )eM tac#ei!s #aFin-
eticulate t#ic/enin-R )i(es an! a )eM spoes.
96


T.L.C.
Aate (+ S1 S *) s#oMs un!e 7@ ($11 n") tMo )luoescent 2ones at R). 8.68 an! 8.01 ((ot#
(lue). Dn e5posue to 9o!ine Fapou t#ee spots appea at R). 8.10R 8.$8 an! 8.68 (all
4elloM). Dn spa4in- Mit# *U Met#anolicK,ulp#uic aci! ea-ent an! #eatin- t#e plate )o
a(out ten "inutes at 1l8C t#ee spots appea at R). 8.10R 8.$8 an! 8.68 (all 4elloMis#
(oMn).

ROERTIES AND ACTION
Ra#a S KaVW4aR Ti/ta
G*+a S Guu
,-".a S JPta
,i$/ka S KaYu
Ka"0a S Ra/taFi/Wa#\tR @iVa-#na
IMORTANT 1ORM)LATIONS K Ma!#u4aVY4W!i TailaR MWnasa Mita @aYa/aR Mu/tW
3a[cW"\ta RasaR ,FaZa(#Xpati RasaR KWla/XYa Rasa
97
THERAE)TIC )SES K @isapaR @aZaR EW#aR AtPsWaR LutW @iVaR %#Xta Ga#aR Ka/Va
,p#oYaR Ra/ta @i/Wa
DOSE K 1K$ -

98
2@. Ha$*#ha (1"t.)
HA)8 (1"*it)
HapuVW consists o) !ie! )uit o) *uniperus communis Linn (?a". Cupessaceae)Q a
!enseR "oe o less pocu"(ent s#u(R ael4 a s"all teeR )oun! in t#e Hi"ala4as )o"
Ku"aon MestMa!s at an altitu!e o) 1*88K+2*8 ".
SYNONYMS
,ans/it S HaFuVWR Mats4a-an!#a
Assa"ese S AaR A(a#alR Ha((ul
%en-ali S Ha4us#a
Cn-lis# S =unipe %e4R Co""on =unipe
Gujati S 3alas#
Hin!i S HaFu(eR HaFu(ai
Kanna!a S 3a!"a %eeja
Kas#"ii S KK
Mala4ala" S KK
Maat#i S Hos#
Di4a S KK
3unja(i S HaFul(e
Ta"il S KK
Telu-u S Hapus#a
7!u S A(#alR Aaa
DESCRITION
a) Ma!"o#!o$i!
?uit su(Ksp#eicalR (e4 li/eR puplis#K(lac/R occasionall4 s#oMin- a T(loo"TR a(out
8.*K1.8 c" in !ia.R ape5 s#oMs tia!iate "a/ an!.!epession in!icatin- t#e sutue o) t#ee
)les#4K(actsQ at t#e (ase ae si5R s"allR pointe!R (acts aan-e! in 2 M#olsR (ut
occasionall4 $ o + M#ols pesentQ t#ee #a!R tian-ula see!s ae e"(e!!e! in t#e )les#4
"esocapR eac# Mit# a Moo!4 testa (eain- la-e patl4 sun/ oil4 -lan!sQ o!ou tee(int#ine
99
an! taste (itte.

%) Mi!"o#!o$i!
Dute la4e o) )uit s#oMs $K+R la-eR cu(ic o ta(ula cells #aFin- t#ic/R (oMn
poous Malls e5tenall4 coFee! (4 sin-le la4ee!R colouless cuticleQ sacocap consists o)
la-eR ellipticalR t#inKMalle!R loosel4 co#eent cellsR containin- !ops o) essential oil an!
pis"atic c4stals o) calciu" o5alateQ oFal to elon-ate!R ellipticalR tian-ula o ie-ula
s#ape! cells a(un!ant in t#is e-ionQ see! coat s#oMs 2 o $ la4es o) ta(ulaR t#inKMalle!
cells coFee! e5tenall4 (4 a t#in cuticle an! )olloMe! intenall4 (4 a Mi!e 2one o) t#ic/K
Malle! pol4-onal scleenc#4"atous cellsQ en!ospe" an! e"(4o not !istinct.
o&d'" K %oMnQ s#oMs oFal to elon-ate!R elliptical an! ie-ula s#ape!R t#ic/KMalle!
stone cellsQ ectan-ula to #e5a-onalR stai-#tR t#ic/ Malle! epi!e"al cells in su)ace FieMQ
pis"atic c4stals o) calciu" o5alate an! oil -lo(ules.


T.L.C.
1) s#oMs un!e 7@ ($11 n") t#ee )luoescent 2ones at R). 8.11 (li-#t (lue)R 8.28 (li-#t
(lue) an! 8.*6 ((lue). Dn e5posue to 9o!ine Fapou ten spots appea at R). 8.1.R 8.2*R 8.$8R
8.$1R 8.+1R 8.*6R 8.1+R 8.1.R 8.08 an! 8.01 (all 4elloM). Dn spa4in- Mit# @anillin ,ulp#uic
aci! an! #eatin- t#e plate )o ten "inutes at 118C tMelFe spots appea at R). 8.11R 8.1.R
8.2*R 8.$8 (all (oMn)R 8.$1 (li-#t (oMn)R 8.+1R 8.*2 ((ot# (oMn)R 8.*6 (!it4 4elloM)R 8.1+
((oMn)R 8..$ (li-#t (oMn)R 8.08 (li-#t (oMn) an! 8.01 ((oMn).
100

CONSTIT)ENTS K Cssential Dil an! ?laFonoi!s

ROERTIES AND ACTION
Ra#a S Ti/taR KaYuR KaVW4a
G*+a S GuuR M\!u
,-".a S 7VZa
,i$/ka S KaYu
Ka"0a S A-ni!Ppa/aR @WtanWâ/aR Kap#anWâ/aR @iVa-#na
IMORTANT 1ORM)LATIONS K Ku"W4WsaFaR ,aptaFi_âti/a Gu--uluR EW!#i/a G#\taR
NWW4aZa CXZaR Ta4o!aVW]-a Gu--uluR 3a!aWnta/a Lau#aR Nit4Wnan!a Rasa
THERAE)TIC )SES K 3itto!aaR AâR Ga#aZPR Gul"aR JXlaR K\"iR @Wto!aaR 3lP#Wo-a
DOSE K 2K1 - in poM!e )o"

101
6A. I4d"aGa"*4i (1"t.)
INDRA,R)J (1"*it)
9n!aFWuZP consists o) !ie!cpeele! cut pieces o) t#e )uit o) Citrullus colocynthis
Schrad. (?a". Cucu(itaceae)Q an annual o peennial ceepe -oMin- Mil! in t#e Ma"R ai!
an! san!4 tacts o) Not# AestR Cental an! ,out#en pats o) t#e count4.
SYNONYMS
,ans/it S GaFW/VPR 9n!aFallPR Ain!P
Assa"ese S GaFa!ani
%en-ali S Ra/#al
Cn-lis# S Coloc4nt#
Gujati S 9n!a4an
Hin!i S 9n!a4an
Kanna!a S HaFu"e//e
Kas#"ii S KK
Mala4ala" S Kattu @ellai//aiR @ali4a 3e//u""atti
Maat#i S Cn!a4ana
Di4a S Got#a/a/u!iR 9n!a4analataR Gau/#i4a
3unja(i S 9n!a4ana
Ta"il S 3eitu""atti
Telu-u S C#e!upuc#c#aR 3ei/u""atti
7!u S Hanjal
DESCRITION
a) Ma!"o#!o$i!
A#ite o pale 4elloMis#KM#iteR li-#tR pit#4 )a-"ents upto a(out 1 c" lon- an! 2 c"
t#ic/Q e5tenall4 conFe5 Mit# i!-es an! )lattene! aeas *K18 "" Mi!e eultin- )o" peelin-
Mit# a /ni)eQ intenall4 ie-ulal4 concaFe an! s#oMin- nu"eous oFoi! !epessions a(out
18 "" lon-R le)t (4 t#e e"oFal o) t#e see!sQ pulp (itteR see!s )lattene!R oFoi!R 4elloMis#K
M#ite to !a/ (oMnR a(out . 5 * 5 2 ""Q en!ospe" naoM an! oil4Q cot4le!ons 2R oil4Q
102
a!icleR s"allQ epicap Moo!4R a(out 9 "" t#ic/R (u)) coloue! e5tenall4Q o!oulessQ tasteR
intensel4 (itte.

%) Mi!"o#!o$i!
3ulp consists o) la-eR t#inKMalle!R pitte! paenc#4"a o) oun!e! cells s#oMin- oFalR
)latR pitte! aeas M#ee t#e4 ae in contact Mit# "an4 slen!e (icollateal Fascula stan!s
#aFin- spial Fessels an! occasional associate! late5 FesselsQ epicapR M#ee pesentR Mit#
epi!e"is o) a!iall4 elon-ate! cells #aFin- t#ic/ oute Malls an! t#in inne Malls an!
patiall4 t#ic/ene! anticlinal Malls Mit# occasional sto"ata o) t#e ano"oc4tic t4peQ t#e
a!jacent paenc#4"atous la4e a(out 1* cells t#ic/R an! an inne la4e o) scleei!sR t#e
oute scleei!s Fe4 t#ic/R s"alleR a(out 1* to $8 in !ia"eteR iso!iaoetic an! t#e inne
scleei!s la4e upto a(out 18 R a!iall4 elon-ate!R Mit# t#inne MallsQ see!R testa Mit# oute
epi!e"is o) t#ic/KMalle! unli-ni)ie! palisa!e cells #aFin- etical stips o) t#ic/enin- on t#e
anticlinal MallsR Mit# inne la4es o) Fe4 t#ic/KMalle!R stiate!R pitte!R li-ni)ie! scleei!sR
an! an inne "ost la4e o) scleei!s Mit# eticulatel4 t#ic/ene! MallsQ en!ospe" an!
cot4le!ons paenc#4"atous Mit# )i5e! oil an! aleuone -ains upto . in !ia"ete.
o&d'" K IelloMis#K(oMnQ s#oMsR -oups o) pitte! paenc#4"atous cellsR annula an!
spial FesselsR stone cellsR oil -lo(ules an! aleuone -ains "easuin- up to . !ia.

Total As# Not "oe t#an 1+ pe centR Appen!i5 2.2.$.
Aci!Kinsolu(le as# Not "oe t#an . pe centR Appen!i5 2.2.+.
Li-#t petoleu" solu(le "atte S Dn continous e5taction Mit# li-#t petoliu"
((.p.+8TC to 18TC) an! !4in- at 188TCR not "oe t#an

$.8 pecent

T.L.C.
103
Aate (+S 1 S*) s#oMs un!e 7.@. ($11 n") tMo )luoescent 2ones at R). 8.66 (li-#t (lue)
an! 8.06 (4elloM). Dn e5posue to 9o!ine Fapou tMo spots appea at R). 8.66 an! 8.06 ((ot#
4elloM). Dn spa4in- Mit# *U Met#anolicK3#osp#o"ol4(!ic aci! ea-ent an! #eatin- t#e
plate )o ten "inutes at 18*C )ou spots appea at R). 8.1* ((lue)R 8.6+ ((lue)R 8.01 ((lue)
an! 8.06 (!a/ (lue).

CONSTIT)ENTS K Resins K Resinous Gl4cosi!es (Coloc4nt#in an! Coloc4nt#itin)R
3#4tosteol Gl4cosi!eR CitullolR 3ectin an! Al(u"inoi!sR Cucu(itacins K Cucu(itacin C B
9.

ROERTIES AND ACTION
Ra#a S Ti/ta
G*+a S La-#uR RX/VaR TP/VZa
,-".a S 7VZa
,i$/ka S KaYu
Ka"0a S @W"a/aR RecanaR K\"i-#naR JleV"a#aaR @iVa#aa
IMORTANT 1ORM)LATIONS K =Faa-#ni GuYi/W (99)
THERAE)TIC )SES K K\"io-aR KW"alWR JFWsaR KWsaR KuVY#aR Gul"aR 7!aao-a
DOSE K 8.12* K 8.* - o) poM!e
8.2* K 8.* - o) poM!e

104
61. I4d"a.aGa (Sd.)
INDRAYA,A (S''d)
9n!a4aFa consists o) !ie! see!s o) $olarrhena antidysenterica Aall. (?a".
Apoc4naceae)Q a s"all to "e!iu" si2e! teeR )oun! t#ou-#out 9n!ia.
SYNONYMS
,ans/it S %#a!a IaFaR Kali]-aR Ja/aR @atsa/a
Assa"ese S Eu!#/ui
%en-ali S Kuc#i
Cn-lis# S Cste TeeR Conessi ,ee!s
Gujati S Ku!aR Ku!o
Hin!i S 9n!ajuR Kuc#iR Kuai4a
Kanna!a S Ko!asi-e %eeja
Kas#"ii S KK
Mala4ala" S Kuta/appala
Maat#i S Ku!a4ac#e %eej
Di4a S KueiR Keuan
3unja(i S 9n!ajauR Kauasa/#R Kua
Ta"il S Ku!asapalai
Telu-u S Ko!isapala @ittuluR 3ala/o!isaK@ittulu
7!u S Tu/#"KeKKuc#iR 9n!ajao Tal/#
DESCRITION
a) Ma!"o#!o$i!
,ee!s co"pesse!R lineaR o o(lon-R elon-ate!R "a-ins cuFe! insi!eR one si!e
conFe5 an! ot#e si!e concaFe Mit# a lon-itu!inal stiationQ 1K2 c" lon-R 8.2K8.$ c" t#ic/R
su)ace li-#t 4elloMis#K (oMnQ o!ouR not !istinctQ tasteR (itte.

105
%) Mi!"o#!o$i!
,ee! s#oMs 2K$ la4ee! inte-u"ent consistin- o) sin-le la4ee!R oun!e!R oFal o
a!iall4 elon-ate!R t#ic/KMalle!R e!!is#K(oMn paenc#4"atous cellsR so"e o) t#e"
elon-ate outMa!s )o"in- s"all papillose stuctueR coFee! (4 a )eM unicellulaR an!
uniseiateR "ulticellula t4pes o) tic#o"esQ (eloM t#is la4eR 1 o 2 la4es o) s"all oun!e!
o ie-ula cellsR a )eM #aFin- sin-le pis"atic c4stals o) calciu" o5alateR )olloMe! (4 a
)eM la4es o) collapse!R (oMn coloue! cellsQ en!ospe" +K1 la4ee! consistin- o) oun!e!R
oFal o pol4-onalR t#inKMalle!R paenc#4"atous cellsR containin- aleuone -ainsQ "ost o)
t#e cells also contain oil -lo(ulesQ e"(4o #aFin- conical a!icle an! tMo )oliaceousR
conFolute! cot4le!ons consistin- o) sin-le la4ee! ta(ula epi!e"al cells toMa!s !osal
si!e an! ectan-ula cells toMa!s Fental si!eR an! e5tenall4 coFee! Mit# cuticleQ est o)
t#e cot4le!on cells co"pose! o) oun!e!R oFal o ectan-ula paenc#4"atous cells
containin- osette c4stals o) calciu" o5alate an! oil -lo(ules.
o&d'" K Li-#t 4elloMis#K(oMnQ s#oMs )a-"ents o) en!ospe"R pi-"ent cellsR oil
-lo(ulesR pis"atic an! osette c4stals o) calciu" o5alate.


T.L.C.
(1S1) s#oMs un!e 7.@. ($11 n") )ou )luoescent 2ones at R). 8.1.R 8..2R 8..1 an! 8.0$ (all
(lue). Dn spa4in- Mit# Ea-en!o)) ea-ent )olloMe! (4 *U Met#anolicK,ulp#uic aci!
ea-ent )iFe spots appea at R). 8.1*R 8.26R 8.+$R 8.*0 an! 8.1. (all oan-e).

106
CONSTIT)ENTS K Al/aloi!s K,teoi!al Al/aloi!R Conessine etc.R ?atsR Tannin an! esin.

ROERTIES AND ACTION
Ra#a S KaYuR Ti/ta
G*+a S La-#uR RX/Va
,-".a S JPta
,i$/ka S KaYu
Ka"0a S EPpanaR Ti!oVa^W"a/aR ,a_-W#P
IMORTANT 1ORM)LATIONS K 3a[ca Ni"(a CXZaR 3alWâ %PjW!i CXZaR La-#u Ga
]-W!#aa CXZaR K\"i KuY#Wa RasaR 3P4XVaFallP RasaR =Faa-#ni GuYi/WR ,i!!#a 3WZe^Faa
RasaR A#ip#enWsaFa
THERAE)TIC )SES K AtPsWaR KuVY#aR =FaWtisWaR K\"iR @isapaR Ga#aZPR Ra/tWtisWaR J
XlaR C#a!iR TFa-o-aR EW#a
DOSE K $K1 - (CXna)
28K$8 - (Eecoction)

107
62. I#Ga"i (Rt.)
M,AR (Root)
^FaP consists o) !ie! oot o) Aristolochia indica LinnR (?a". Aistoloc#iaceae)Q a
peennial s#u((4R tMineR )oun! t#ou-#out t#e loM #ills an! plains o) 9n!iaR
SYNONYMS
,ans/it S Gan!#nW/ulPR NW-a!a"anP
Assa"ese S =aFan!e
%en-ali S 9s#ei
Cn-lis# S 9n!ian %it#MotR ,epent Root
Gujati S Ru#i"oolR 9sMai"ool
Hin!i S 9s#Mai
Kanna!a S 9s#Mai %euR Toppalu
Kas#"ii S KK
Mala4ala" S Kaale4an
Maat#i S ,apsan
Di4a S Gopi/aon
3unja(i S KK
Ta"il S 3eu"aun!uR 9c#c#ua"ule
Telu-u S 9sMaiR NallaisMai
7!u S LaaMan! Hin!i
DESCRITION
a) Ma!"o#!o$i!
Root consi!ea(l4 lon-R c4lin!icalR a )eM ie-ulal4 (entQ 2K18 "" in !iaQ su)ace
al"ost s"oot# Mit# )ine lon-itu!inal Min/les an! tansFese cac/sQ e5tenal su)aceR li-#t
-e4is#K(oMnQ inne M#itis#Q )actueR s#ot an! splinte4Q o!ouR ca"p#oaceousQ tasteR
ston-l4 (itte.

108
%) Mi!"o#!o$i!
Co/ 6K18 la4esR co"pose! o) ta(ulaR t#inKMalle! cells e5ceptin- t#e oute "ost
la4eR #aFin- t#ic/KMalle! cells e5tenall4 an! )ille! Mit# (oMnis# contentQ co/ ca"(iu"
sin-le la4ee!Q secon!a4 cote5 1* to 1. la4es o) t#inKMalle!R so"eM#at oun!e! an!
iso!ia"etic cells in t#e oute e-ion (ut tan-entiall4 elon-ate! in t#e inne e-ionQ plent4
o) si"pleR oun! to oFal stac# -ains "easuin- *K16 in !ia. an! co"poun! stac# -ains
#aFin- 2K+ co"ponents "easuin- 18K1* in !ia. an! oil -lo(ules pesent in a )eM cellsQ in
t#e "i!!le e-ion stone cells oun!R ectan-ulaR oFal o elon-ate! pesent in s"all ie-ula
patc#es #aFin- si"ple pits an! a!iatin- canalsQ cente occupie! (4 54le"R split into stips
o) a!iatin- a"s (4 Me!-es#ape! "asses o) paenc#4"aQ eac# 54le" a" is cappe! (4 t#in
patc#es o) p#loe" consistin- o) sieFe ele"ents an! p#loe" paenc#4"aR p#loe" )i(esR an!
occasionall4 stone cells also )oun! in t#is e-ionQ a in- o) ca"(iu" pesent (etMeen
p#loe" an! 54le"Q 54le" consists o) la-e FesselsR tac#ei!sR )i(es tac#ei!s an!
paenc#4"aR all (ein- li-ni)ie!Q in ol!e ootsR t4loses )o"ation ta/es place in FesselsQ
"e!ulla4 a4s 6 to l8 in nu"(eR "ultiseiate an! !ilatin- toMa!s peip#e4 an!
altenatin- Mit# a!iatin- a"s o) Moo!Q scattee! -oup o) stone cells pesent in a )eM
Mi!e a4sQ "icoKc4stals Mit# a )eM appeain- as elon-ate! s"all pis"s an! una))ecte!
(4 aci!sR ae pesent in a )eM cotical an! a4 cells.
o&d'" K %oMnis#K4elloMQ )a-"ents o) co/ cellsR Fe4 )eMR oFal to ectan-ulaR li-ni)ie!R
t#ic/KMalle! stone cells #aFin- !istinct stiations Mit# naoM lu"enR Fessels Mit# spial
t#ic/enin-sR nonKli-ni)ie!R t#ic/KMalle! tac#ei!sR nu"eous si"pleR oun! to oFalR stac#
-ains "easuin- *K16 in !ia.R an! co"poun! -ains #aFin- 2 to + co"ponentsR "easuin-
18 K 1* in !ia.R a )eM c4stals an! oil -lo(ules


T.L.C.
109
T.L.C. o) t#e alco#olic e5tact on ,ilica -el TGT plate usin- Toluene. Ct#4lacetate
(6* S 1*) s#oMs un!e 7@ ($11 n") )ou )luoescent 2ones at R) 8.21R 8.18 ((ot# (lue)R 8.60
(e!)R 8.01 ((lue). Dn e5posue to 9o!ine Fapou si5 spots appea at R) 8.11R 8.21R 8.*8R
8.1$R 8.01 an! 8.06 (all 4elloM) Dn spa4in- Mit# @anillinK,ulp#uic aci! ea-ent an!
#eatin- t#e plate )o ten "inutes at 118C t#ee spots appea at R) 8.1+R 8.1$ ((ot# Fiolet)
an! 8.01 ((oMn)

CONSTIT)ENTS K Al/aloi!sR Cssential DilsR %itte 3inciples an! ?i5e! Dil.

ROERTIES AND ACTION
G*+a S La-#uR RX/Va
,-".a S 7VZa
,i$/ka S KaYu
Ka"0a S Kap#aFWta^W"a/aR Jot#a#aaR Ra/Vo-#naR Ga#a(W!#a-#na
IMORTANT 1ORM)LATIONS K Ma#W @iVa-a(#a TailaR GoocanW!i GuYi/W
THERAE)TIC )SES K ,apaFiVaR LXtW @iVaR =Wla-a!a(#aR @\^ci/aFiVaR =FaaR K\"iR @aZa
DOSE K 1K2 - (?o e5tenal use also)

110
66. Eati (LI.)
ET (L'aI)
=WtP consists o) !ie! leaFes o) *asminum officinale Linn. (?a". Dleaceae)Q a la-e
cli"(in- s#u( Mit# !a/ -een tMi-s an! pinnate leaFesR )oun! in Kas#"i at an altitu!e o)
088 K 2.88 " an! cultiFate! t#ou-#out t#e count4.
SYNONYMS
,ans/it S MWlatP
Assa"ese S Ias"een
%en-ali S C#a"elee
Cn-lis# S =as"ine
Gujati S C#a"elee
Hin!i S C#a"elee
Kanna!a S =ati Malti-aR ,anna =ati Malli-e
Kas#"ii S KK
Mala4ala" S 3ic#i
Maat#i S C#a"elee
Di4a S KK
3unja(i S C#a"elee
Ta"il S 3ic#iR =ati"alli
Telu-u S =atiR ,annajati
7!u S C#a"eliR Ias"een
DESCRITION
a) Ma!"o#!o$i!
Lea) sin-le o in -oups o) 2K. lea)letsR upto ..* c" lon- an! upto 2.* c" (oa!Q
i"paipinnatel4 co"poun!Q te"inal lea)let la-eQ oFate o lanceolateR acu"inateQ lateal
lea)lets s#oteR acuteR sessile o s#otl4 petiolateQ (oMnis#K-eenQ tasteR (itte

111
%) Mi!"o#!o$i!
(achis K Rac#is s#oMs "oe o less conFe5 outline Mit# tMo lateal Min-sQ epi!e"is
sin-le la4ee! coFee! (4 t#ic/ cuticleQ #ais "ostl4 unicellula Mit# pointe! ape5R
-lan!ula ael4 )oun! onl4 on t#e uppe su)aceQ collenc#4"a 2 K * la4ee!Q peic4cle
epesente! (4 sli-#tl4 li-ni)ie! s"all )i(e -oupsQ Fascula (un!les t#eeR "e!ian
cescentKs#ape!R s"all accesso4 (un!le pesent in eac# Min-.
Midrib K s#oMs si"ila stuctue as ac#isQ $ K * la4es o) collenc#4"atous cells toMa!s
loMe su)aceQ peic4cle pesent in t#e )o" o) nonKli-ni)ie! )i(e -oupsQ Fascula (un!le
sin-le an! cescentKs#ape!.
"amina K s#oMs !osiFental stuctueR epi!e"is sin-le la4ee! on eit#e si!eR coFee! (4 a
t#ic/ stiate! cuticleQ #ais as in ac#isQ palisa!e 1K 2 la4ee!Q spon-4 paenc#4"a +K1
la4esQ sto"ata ano"oc4tic onl4 in loMe su)ace.
o&d'" K IelloMis#K-eenQ s#oMs palisa!e an! spon-4 paenc#4"aR unicellula #aisR )i(es
an! Fessels Mit# spial t#ic/enin-R pol4-onal epi!e"al cells an! ano"oc4tic sto"ata in
su)ace FieM.


T.L.C.
T.L.C. o) t#e alco#olic e5tact on ,ilica -el TGT plate usin- Toluene. Ct#4lacetate (0 S
1) s#oMs un!e 7@ ($11 n") t#ee )luoescent 2ones at R) 8.++ ((lue)R 8.*2 (li-#t (lue) an!
8.01 ((lue). Dn e5posue to 9o!ine Fapous ten spots appea at R). 8.86R 8.16R 8.$6R 8.++R
8.+0R 8.*$R 8.*0R 8.1.R 8.61 an! 8.01 (all 4elloM). Dn spa4in- Mit# Ea-en!o)) ea-ent
112
)olloMe! (4 *U Met#anolicK,ulp#uic aci! ea-ent )ou spots appea at R). 8.86R 8.16 ((ot#
oan-e)R 8.++ an! 8.01 ((ot# li-#t oan-e). Dn spa4in- Mit# @anillinK,ulp#uic aci!
ea-ent an! #eatin- t#e plate )o ten "inutes at 118C "an4 spots o) (oMnR 4elloMR (lue
an! Fiolet colou appea )o" t#e point o) application to t#e solFent )ont.

CONSTIT)ENTS K ResinR ,alic4lic Aci!R Al/aloi! (=as"inine) an! Cssential Dil.

ROERTIES AND ACTION
G*+a S La-#uR ,ni-!#aR M\!u
,-".a S 7VZa
,i$/ka S KaYu
Ka"0a S JioFiecanaR Ca/VuV4a
IMORTANT 1ORM)LATIONS K =Wt4W!i TailaR =Wt4W!i G#\taR @asanta Kusu"W/aa Rasa
THERAE)TIC )SES K Jioo-aR A/Vio-aR @iVao-aR KuVY#a R @aZaR AâR Mu/#apW/aR 3Xt
P/aZaR ,tana Jot#aR Ra/taFi/Wa
DOSE K 18K28 - o) poM!e )o !ecoction

113
6;. Kada5i (RL.)
KADAL (RhiLo0')
Ka!alP consists o) )es# #i2o"e o) Musa paradisiaca Linn. (?a". Musaceae)Q plant
)oun! cultiFate! t#ou-#out 9n!iaR upto 1288 ".
SYNONYMS
,ans/it S @WaZWR A"(usWWR Ra"(#W
Assa"ese S KalR Tal#a
%en-ali S KelaR KalaR Kanc# KalaR Ko!ali
Cn-lis# S %anana
Gujati S Kela
Hin!i S Kela
Kanna!a S %ale Ga!!e
Kas#"ii S KK
Mala4ala" S @a2#a
Maat#i S Kela
Di4a S Ka!aliR Ka!ila
3unja(i S Kela
Ta"il S @a2#ai
Telu-u S Aati Ga!!a
7!u S Kela
DESCRITION
a) Ma!"o#!o$i!
Eu- aFaila(le in 8.1K+ c" t#ic/R tansFesel4 cut piecesR pin/is#K(oMn to -e4is#K
(oMnR occasionall4 attac#e! Mit# a )eM oots.

114
%) Mi!"o#!o$i!

K
K
K
K
K

T.L.C.
(0 S 1) s#oMs un!e 7.@. ($11 n") tMo )luoescent 2ones at R) 8.2* (oan-e) an! 8.$$
(-een). Dn e5posue to 9o!ine Fapou t#ee spots appea at R). 8.11R 8.2* an! 8..$ (all
4elloM).

CONSTIT)ENTS K ?i5e! Dil an! + KMet#4l ,teol Ketone.

ROERTIES AND ACTION
G*+a S JPtaR GuuR RX/Va
,-".a S JPta
,i$/ka S Ma!#ua
Ka"0a S %al4aR Kap#a#aaR 3itta#aaR EPpanaR Ruc4aR Ke^4a
115
IMORTANT 1ORM)LATIONS K A(#a/a %#as"a (JatapuYP)R KVWa Taila
THERAE)TIC )SES K K\"iR KuVY#aR KaZa JXlaR ,o"ao-aR A"lapittaR EW#aR Ra/taFi/WaR
Rajo!oVaR MXta/\cc#a
DOSE K 18K28 - in poM!e )o"
18K28 "l in juice )o".

116
6<. KakaDa43ha (Rt.)
KKAEACGH (Root)
KW/aja]-#W consists o) !ie! oot o) Peristrophe bicalyculala Nees (?a". Acant#aceae)
an eectR #ispi!R #e( o un!es#u(R 18K168 c" #i-# )oun! in )oest un!e-oMt#R #e!-es an!
Maste lan!s al"ost t#ou-#out t#e count4.
SYNONYMS
,ans/it S Na!P/WntWR KW/ati/tWR 3Wci(alWR ,ulo"a^W
Assa"ese S KK
%en-ali S Nasa(#a-aR Nas/a-a
Cn-lis# S KK
Gujati S Kalia!#e!iR Kaia!#e!iR Lasia!#e!i
Hin!i S AtilalR 9telalR MasiR Nas(#an-aR Ka/ajan-#a
Kanna!a S Ci(i-i!R Ci(isoppu
Kas#"ii S KK
Mala4ala" S KK
Maat#i S G#atipittapapa!aR Ra"/ia4atR 3itpapa
Di4a S KK
3unja(i S KK
Ta"il S C#e(isa
Telu-u S C#e(ia
7!u S 3an
DESCRITION
a) Ma!"o#!o$i!
Root occus upto 8.. c" t#ic/R an! upto + c" lon- c4lin!ical Mit# (anc#e! lateal
ootsR !it4 (oMnQ )actueR )i(ousQ o!ou an! taste not c#aacteistic.

117
%) Mi!"o#!o$i!
,#oMs pool4 !eFelope! co/R consistin- o) 2K+ la4es o) tan-entiall4 elonate!R t#inK
Malle! cellsQ M#ee co/ is not !eFelope!R epi!e"is pesentR consistin- o) sin-le la4ee!
cellsQ secon!a4 cote5 naoMR consistin- o) *K. la4es o) elliptical o tan-entiall4
elon-ate!R t#inKMalle!R paenc#4"atous cellsQ secon!a4 p#loe" naoMR consistin- o)
sieFe ele"ents an! paenc#4"aQ p#loe" a4s not !istinctQ secon!a4 54le" consistin- o)
pitte! FesselsR )i(esR tac#ei!s an! paenc#4"aQ Fessels occu sin-l4 o in -oups o) 2K+ o
"oe an! aan-e! a!iall4 t#ou-#out secon!a4 54le"Q Fessels Mit# si"ple pitsR tac#ei!s
t#ic/KMalle! an! li-ni)ie!.
o&d'" K Eit4K(oMnQ s#oMs paenc#4"atous cellsR aseptate )i(es an! pitte! Fessels.


T.L.C.
(0$S.) s#oMs un!e 7.@. ($11 n") )iFe )luoescent 2ones at R). 8.1*R 8.$8R 8.*2R 8.08 an!
8.06 (all li-#t (lue). Dn e5posue to 9o!ine Fapou si5 spots appea at R). 8.8.R 8.1*R 8.$8R
8.+$R 8.*. an! 8.06 (all 4elloM). Dn spa4in- Mit# @anillinK,ulp#uic aci! ea-ent an!
#eatin- t#e plate )o ten "inutes at 118C )iFe spots appea at R). 8.8.R 8.$8R 8.+$R 8.*. an!
8.06 (all Fiolet).

CONSTIT)ENTS K @olatile Dil.
118

ROERTIES AND ACTION
G*+a S ,aaR 3icc#ila
,-".a S JPta
,i$/ka S KaYu
Ka"0a S 3itta#aaR Kap#a#aaR @aZ4a
IMORTANT 1ORM)LATIONS K a-Fa!#W!i KFWt#a CXZa
THERAE)TIC )SES K @aZaR =FaaR Ra/tapittaR KaZOXR K\"iR KuVY#aR Ra/taFi/WaR @iVa
@i/WaR ,i!#"aR JlPpa!aR %Wla-a#aR Ai/W#ni/ajFaaR %W!#i4aR Ani!WR RWja4a/V"WR 3a!aaR
Eanta/\"iR ,apaFiVa
DOSE K 1K* - in poM!e )o".

119
6=. Kaka4a#ika (Sd.)
KKANSIK (S''d)
KW/anWsi/W consists o) !ie! see! o) Martynia annua Linn. ,4n. M !ian!a Glo5.
(?a". Mat4niaceae)Q an annual #e( )oun! t#ou-#out t#e count4 in Maste places.
SYNONYMS
,ans/it S KW/W]-PR Jio(alR Ceasna4a
Assa"ese S KK
%en-ali S Ku/iR Kai#R %a-#no/i
Cn-lis# S Ti-es ClaMR EeFilTs ClaM
Gujati S KK
Hin!i S %ic#u Hat#ajoiR KaMat#o!i
Kanna!a S Gau!a Mu-u
Kas#"ii S KK
Mala4ala" S KK
Maat#i S @inc#uac#aja!a
Di4a S KK
3unja(i S Ka/tun!iR %ic#uR Hat#ajai
Ta"il S Ka/atun!i
Telu-u S Gau!a"u//uR Telu/on!i/a4a
7!u S 3an
DESCRITION
a) Ma!"o#!o$i!
,ee! o(lon-R #a!R Moo!4R 2K* c" lon- an! 1.*K1.. c" Mi!eQ su)ace Min/le!R li-#t
(oMn to (lac/Q tMo s#ap ecuFe! #oo/s pesent at anteio en!Q )ou po"inent -ooFes
pesent eac# on conFe5 an! concaFe si!e an! on lateal si!esR 2K+ #ai4 spines pesent
insi!e -ooFe on concaFe si!eQ no taste an! o!ou.
120

%) Mi!"o#!o$i!
o&d'": %lac/ an! ou-#Q s#oMs -oups o) t#ic/KMalle! cellsR nu"eous )i(esR
unicellula #ais an! oil -lo(ules.


T.L.C.
(0S1) s#oMs un!e 7.@. ($11 n") tMo )luoescent 2ones at R). 8.11 an! 8.0* ((ot# (lue). Dn
e5posue to 9o!ine Fapou )ou spots appea at R). D.11R 8.+2R 8.*. an! 8.0* (all 4elloM).
Dn spa4in- Mit# @anillinK,ulp#uic aci! ea-ent an! #eatin- t#e plate )o ten "inutes at
18*
8
C )ou spots appea at R). 8.11R 8.+2R 8.*. an! 8.0* (all Fiolet).

CONSTIT)ENTS K ?i5e! DilK (,e"i!4in- t4pe).

ROERTIES AND ACTION
Ra#a S Ma!#ua
G*+a S JPta
,-".a S JPta
,i$/ka S Ma!#ua
121
Ka"0a S 3itta-#naR EWO#4a/aaR RasW4ana
IMORTANT 1ORM)LATIONS K C4aFanapWâR AFale#aR T4XVaZW!i G#\ta
THERAE)TIC )SES K 3alita
DOSE K 2 K * -

122
6>. Kako5i (T*%.Rt.)
KKOL (T*%'"o*# Root)
KW/olP consists o) !ie! tu(eous oot o) "ilium polyphyllum E.Eon (?a". Liliaceae)Q
a plant )oun! -oMin- in Aesten te"peate Hi"ala4as )o" 1688K$188 " )o" Ku"aon to
Kas#"i.
SYNONYMS
,ans/it S @W4asolPR ,FW!u"Wnisi
Assa"ese S KK
%en-ali S Ka/oli
Cn-lis# S KK
Gujati S Ka/oli
Hin!i S Ka/oli
Kanna!a S Ka/oli
Kas#"ii S KK
Mala4ala" S Ka/oli
Maat#i S Ka/oli
Di4a S Ka/oli
3unja(i S KK
Ta"il S Ka/oli
Telu-u S Ka/oliR Ka/oli MoolaR Kan!#a"(u
7!u S Ka/oli
DESCRITION
a) Ma!"o#!o$i!
Roots stai-#t o cuFe!R !a/ (oMn an! occu in (unc#es o) +K1*Q eac# oot a(out
2K18 c" lon-R upto 8.. c" t#ic/Q e5tenal su)ace ou-# !ue to pesence o) lon-itu!inal
Min/lesQ o!ouR sli-#tl4 ao"aticQ tasteR aci!.

123
%) Mi!"o#!o$i!
Tu(eous oot s#oMs i!-es an! )uoMs in outlineQ co/ 6K18 la4ee!R consistin- o)
t#inKMalle!R tan-entiall4 elon-ate!R al"ost a!iall4 aan-e! cellsR uppe cells )ille! Mit#
e!!is#K(oMn contentQ secon!a4 cote5 consistin- o) oFal to elon-ate!R t#inKMalle!R
paenc#4"atous cells )ille! Mit# a(un!antR si"pleR oFoi! to ellipsoi!al stac# -ainsR
"easuin- *K11 in !ia.Q Fascula (un!les co"pose! o) usual ele"entsR Fessels aan-e!
altenatiFel4 Mit# p#loe" patc#esR Fessels "ostl4 solita4 Mit# spial t#ic/enin-Q pit#
co"pose! o) oFal to pol4-onalR t#inKMalle!R paenc#4"atous cells.

o&d'" K Geenis#K4elloMQ sli-#tl4 ao"atic in s"ellQ s#oMs spial FesselsR )a-"ents o)
co/ cells an! si"pleR oFoi! to ellipsoi!al stac# -ainsR "easuin- *K11 in !ia.


T.L.C.
1) s#oMs in Fisi(le li-#t tMo spots at R). 8.6+ (4elloM) an! 8.0. (li-#t 4elloM). 7n!e 7@
($11 n") )iFe )luoescent 2ones Fisi(le at R). 8.2$R 8.$1 ((ot# 4elloM)R 8.++ (li-#t 4elloM)R
8.*+ an! 8.0. ((ot# (lue). Dn e5posue to 9o!ine Fapou t#iteen spots appea at R). 8.1*R
8.22R 8.2$R 8.2*R 8.$1R 8.++R 8.*+R 8.16R 8..6R 8.6+R 8.66R 8.02 an! 8.0. (all 4elloM). Dn
spa4in- Mit# @anillinK,ulp#uic aci! ea-ent an! #eatin- t#e plate )o ten "inutes at 118C
)iFe spots appea at R). 8.++R 8.*+R 8..6R 8.6+ an! 8.0. (all Fiolet).

CONSTIT)ENTS K ,u-as.
124

ROERTIES AND ACTION
Ra#a S Ma!#ua
G*+a S GuuR JPta
,-".a S JPta
,i$/ka S Ma!#ua
Ka"0a S @Wta#aaR 3itta#aaR Ju/alaR %\_#aZa
IMORTANT 1ORM)LATIONS K %\#at A^Fa-an!#W G#\taR %\#acc#W-alW!4a G#\taR Eaâ"
XlWiVYaR JiFW GuYi/WR A"\tapWâ G#\ta
THERAE)TIC )SES K Ra/tapittaR JoVaR =FaaR JFWsaR KWsaR KVa4aR EW#a
DOSE K $K1 -

125
6?. Ka0a5a (RL.)
KAMALA (RhiLo0')
Ka"ala consists o) !ie! #i2o"e Mit# oots attac#e! at no!es o) +elumbo nucifera
Gaetn. ,4n. +elumbium nelumbo EuceR +. speciosum Aill!. (?a". N4"p#aeaceae)Q an
a;uatic #e(R Mit# stout ceepin- #i2o"e )oun! in la/es an! pon!s t#ou-#out t#e Ma"e
pats o) t#e count4R ascen!in- upto 1888 ".
SYNONYMS
,ans/it S 3a!na/an!aR ,Wlu/aR A"(#ou#a
Assa"ese S Ka"al Ka/!i
%en-ali S KK
Cn-lis# S ,ace! Lotus
Gujati S Lo!a
Hin!i S Ka"al Kan!R Ka"al Ka/!i
Kanna!a S TaFae Kan!a
Kas#"ii S KK
Mala4ala" S Ta"aa Ki2an-u
Maat#i S Ka"al Kan!
Di4a S 3a!"a
3unja(i S KaulR %#ein
Ta"il S Ta"a!i Ki2an-u
Telu-u S Ta"aa Ga!!a
7!u S KanMal Ka/!i
DESCRITION
a) Ma!"o#!o$i!
Eu- occus as cut pieces o) #i2o"e Mit# !istinct no!es an! inteno!esR c4lin!icalR
8.*K2.* c" in !ia.R lon-itu!inall4 "a/e! Mit# (oMn patc#esR s"oot#R 4elloMis#M#ite to
4elloMis#K(oMnQ oot a!FentitiousR less !eFelope!R 8.*K1 "" t#ic/R attac#e! to no!e o)
126
#i2o"eQ !a/ (oMn.

%) Mi!"o#!o$i!
RhiLo0' K ,#oMs a sin-le la4ee! epi!e"is )olloMe! intenall4 (4 2K+ la4ee!
li-ni)ie! cellsQ cote5 !i))eentiate! into t#ee e-ionsQ oute cote5 consistin- o) a Mi!e
2one o) iso!ia"etic t#inKMalle! cells o) M#ic# oute *K1 la4es collenc#4"atous an! est
paenc#4"atousR #aFin- intecellula spaces an! -oups o) )i(esQ "i!!le cote5 "ostl4
co"pose! o) ai caFities taFese! (4 ta(eculae o) t#inKMalle! s"all an! neal4
iso!ia"etic cellsQ inne cote5 )o"in- cental coeR consists o) sp#eical cells enclosin-
la-e intecellula spacesQ Fascula stan!s consists o) scattee! close! Fascula (un!les
suoun!e! (4 t#ic/KMalle!R li-ni)ie! scleenc#4"atous )i(esR ese"(lin- a
"onocot4le!onous stuctueQ Fessels #aFin- spial an! spioKeticulate t#ic/enin-Q p#loe"
co"pose! o) sieFe tu(es an! co"panion cellsQ ai caFities la-eR elliptic o oun!e!R la-est
at "i!!le cote5 an! s"alle toMa!s inne cote5Q ai caFities line! (4 t#inKMalle!R
elon-ate!R paenc#4"atous epit#elial cellsQ stac# -ains a(un!antR oun!e! to oFalR "ostl4
si"pleR ael4 co"poun! "easuin- 6K2. in !ia.R loa!e! in cells.

Root K Appeas "oe o less cicula in outlineR epi!e"is consists o) oFalR t#inKMalle!
paenc#4"atous cellsQ cote5 co"pose! o) *K6 la4es o) oFal to pol4-onalR t#inKMalle!
paenc#4"atous cellsR Fascula ele"ents suoun!e! (4 sli-#tl4 li-ni)ie! en!o!e"isQ
p#loe" cellsR 54le" )i(es aseptate Mit# (lunt en!sQ Fessels Mit# spial t#ic/enin-R oun!e!
to oFalR pool4 !eFelope! an! consistin- o) usual ele"entsQ 54le" co"pose! o) FesselsR
tac#ei!s an! paenc#4"aQ Fessels an! tac#ei!s #aFe si"ple pits.
o&d'" KLi-#t (oMnQ s#oMs -oups o) oFal to elon-ate!R paenc#4"atous cellsR 54le"
)i(es aseptate Mit# (lunt en!sQ Fessels Mit# spial t#ic/enin-R oun!e! to oFal si"ple stac#
-ains "easuin- 6K2. in !ia.

Aci!Kinsolu(le as# Not "oe t#an $.* pe centR Appen!i5 2.2.+.
127

T.L.C.
(+S1) s#oMs in Fisi(le li-#t one spot at R). 8.0. (li-#t 4elloM). 7n!e 7.@. ($11 n") seFen
)luoescent 2ones Fisi(le at R). 8.81 ((lue)R 8.1$ ((lue) 8.+$ ((lue) 8.** ((lue)R 8..6 ((lue)
8.01 ((lue) an! 8.06 (e!!is#). Dn e5posue to 9o!ine Fapou ei-#t spots appea at R). 8.1$R
8.$1R 8.+*R 8.1+R 8..1R 8.61R 8.0$ an! 8.01 (all 4elloM). Dn spa4in- Mit# *U Met#anolicK
,ulp#uic aci! an! #eatin- t#e plate )o a(out ten "inutes at 118C )ou spots appea at R).
8.18 (-e4)R 8.1+ ((oMn)R 8..1 ((oMn) an! 8.01 ((oMn).

CONSTIT)ENTS K ,tac# an! Re!ucin- ,u-as.

ROERTIES AND ACTION
Ra#a S Ti/taR Ma!#uaR KaVW4aR KaYuR LaFaZa
G*+a S GuuR RX/Va
,-".a S JPta
,i$/ka S Ma!#ua
Ka"0a S 3itta#aaR Kap#a#aaR Ruc4aR @iVYa"(#a/aaR @\V4aR Ca/VuV4aR @aZ4aR
K\"i-#naR EW#a^W"a/aR Ra/ta!uVYi#aaR EujaaR ,tan4ajananaR ,a_-W#PR MXtaFiecanP4aR
@iVa-#naR @Wta/aa
IMORTANT 1ORM)LATIONS K GuOXc4W!i Mo!a/a
THERAE)TIC )SES K EW#aR T\VZWR C#a!iR Ra/tapittaR MXcc#WR KWsaR @Wta-ul"aR
@isapaR @isp#oYaR MXta/\cc#aR Ea_ô!(#aFaR =FaaR %#a"aR JoVaR H\!o-a
DOSE K 18K28 "l o) t#e !u- in juice )o"
*K18 - o) t#e !u- in poM!e )o"
128
6@. Ka"aGi"a (Rt.)
KARA,RA (Root)
KaaFPa consists o) !ie! oot o) +erium indicum MillR ,4n. +. odorum Soland (?a".
Apoc4naceae)Q a la-e -la(ousR eFe-eenR Moo!4 s#u( Mit# "il/4 juiceR )oun! t#ou-#out
t#e 4ea in uppe Gan-etic plainsR Hi"ala4as )o" Nepal to Kas#"i upto 2888 "R Cental an!
,out#en 9n!iaQ also cultiFate! nea t#e te"ples an! -a!ens.
SYNONYMS
,ans/it S A^Fa"Wa/aR Jata/u"(#aR EiF4apuVpaR Ha4a"aa
Assa"ese S Ei)leeR ,a""ul#i"a
%en-ali S Ka((eR Ka(ee
Cn-lis# S ,MeetK,cente! Dlean!e
Gujati S Kane
Hin!i S Kane
Kanna!a S Kana-iluR K#aja#aR Kani-aleR Kana-ile
Kas#"ii S KK
Mala4ala" S KanaFeea"
Maat#i S Kan#e
Di4a S KK
3unja(i S Kani
Ta"il S ,eFFaaliR Aali
Telu-u S KastooipatteR Cu-u"eu
7!u S Kane
DESCRITION
a) Ma!"o#!o$i!
Eu- aFaila(le in cut piecesR 8.*K2.1 c" t#ic/R (anc#e!R c4lin!icalR e5tenal su)ace
-e4is# Mit# lon- ie-ula stea/s cause! (4 uptue o) (a/R intenal su)ace cea"
coloue!Q )acuteR s#otQ tasteR (itte.
129

%) Mi!"o#!o$i!
Root s#oMs co/ consistin- o) *K12 la4ee!R t#inKMalle!R ectan-ulaR co"pactl4
aan-e!R paenc#4"atous cellsR Mit# a )eM oute la4es occasionall4 e5)oliate!Q secon!a4
cote5 consistin- o) 1K18 la4es o) oFalR tan-entiall4 elon-ate!R t#inMalle!R paenc#4"atous
cellsR a )eM t#ic/KMalle! latici)eous cells pesent in t#is e-ionQ secon!a4 p#loe"
co"pose! o) oFal to pol4-onalR t#inKMalle!R paenc#4"atus cellsQ secon!a4 54le"
consistin- o) usual ele"entsR #aFin- pitte! FesselsR )i(es Mit# pointe! tipsQ 54le" a4s
usuall4 uniseiate an! ael4 (iseiateQ pis"atic c4stals o) calciu" o5alate an! si"ple
stac# -ains scattee! in secon!a4 cote5R secon!a4 p#loe" an! p#loe" a4sQ si"pleR oFal
to oun!R elliptical stac# -ains "easuin- $K11 in !ia.R )oun!Kscattee! in cotical cellsR
p#loe" an! 54le" a4s.
o&d'" K Ge4is#K(oMnQ s#oMs t#inKMalle!R paenc#4"atous cellsR )a-"ents o) co/ cellsR
pitte! 54le" )i(es an! FesselsR a )eM pis"atic c4stals o) calciu" o5alateR si"pleR oun!
to oFalR elliptical stac# -ains "easuin- $K11 in !ia"ete.

Total As# Not "oe t#an ..* pe centR Appen!i5 2.2.$.
Aci!Kinsolu(le as# Not "oe t#an $.* pe centR Appen!i5 2.2.+.

T.L.C.
(6 S 2) s#oMs un!e 7.@. ($11 o") ten )luoescent 2ones at R). 8.11R 8.1* ((ot# 4elloM) 8.10
((lue)R 8.21 (4elloM)R 8.+0 (pin/)R 8.18R 8.1+R 8..2R 8.66 (all (lue) an! 8.0* (4elloM). Dn
e5posue to 9o!ine Fapou ten spots appea at R). 8.11R 8.22R 8.$8R 8.+0R 8.*$R 8.1+R 8.16R
8..2R 8.08 an! 8.0* (all 4elloM). Dn spa4in- Mit# *U Met#anolic ,ulp#uic aci! ea-ent
an! #eatin- t#e plate at 18*
C )o a(out ten "inutes eleFen spots appea at R). 8.8*R 8.11R

130
8.22R 8.$8R 8.+0R 8.*$ (all -e4) 8.1+ (4elloM)R 8.16R 8..2 ((ot# -e4)R 8.08 (Fiolet) an! 8.0*
((oMn).

CONSTIT)ENTS K Gl4cosi!esKCa!iac Gl4cosi!es an! Resinous Matte.

ROERTIES AND ACTION
,-".a S 7VZa
,i$/ka S KaYu
Ka"0a S Jot#a-#naR K\"i-#naR KaZOX-#naR KuVY#a#aaR JioFiecanaR Ca/VuV4a
IMORTANT 1ORM)LATIONS K %\#an"aicW!4a TailaR KaaFPW!4a Taila
THERAE)TIC )SES K @aZaR 7pa!a_âR KuVY#aR =alo!aaR KaZOX
DOSE K $8K12* "- o) t#e !u- in poM!e )o".

131
;A. Ka"a0a"da (Rt.)
KARAMARDA (Root)
Kaa"a!a consists o) !ie! oot o) Carissa carandas Linn. (?a". Apoc4naceae)Q a
!ic#oto"ousl4 (anc#e! la-e s#u( o s"all tee Mit# ston- si"ple o )o/e! t#ons in paisR
)oun! t#ou-#out t#e count4.
SYNONYMS
,ans/it S Kaa"laR Kaa"a!a/a
Assa"ese S KK
%en-ali S Kaa"ac#a
Cn-lis# S KK
Gujati S Kaa"a!a
Hin!i S Kaaon!aR Kaaon!i
Kanna!a S Kaa4i-e
Kas#"ii S KK
Mala4ala" S Mo!a/a"
Maat#i S Kaa(an!a
Di4a S KK
3unja(i S KK
Ta"il S Kala//ai
Telu-u S @a/aR KaaFan!e
7!u S 3an
DESCRITION
a) Ma!"o#!o$i!
Root consi!ea(l4 lon-R o)ten ie-ulal4 (entR Moo!4R c4lin!icalQ ust4 o
4elloMis#K(oMnQ 1K1.* c" t#ic/Q su)ace s"oot#Q )actueR #a!Q o!ou an! tasteR not
!istinct.

132
%) Mi!"o#!o$i!
Matue oot s#oMs a stati)ie! co/R li-ni)ie! an! tan-entiall4 elon-ate! cellsR
consistin- o) altenatin- (an!s o) s"alle an! la-e cellsQ a )eM inne la4es )ille! Mit# e!
contentsQ secon!a4 cote5 Fe4 naoMR co"pose! o) 1 o 2 la4es o) t#inMalle! cellsQ
secon!a4 p#loe" co"pose! o) usual ele"ents #aFin- a nu"(e o) caFitiesR pesent in a
oM just (eloM t#e secon!a4 cote5Q a nu"(e o) stone cells pesent in la-e co"pact
patc#es in !i))eent oMsR in oute an! inne p#loe" e-ions inteuptin- p#loe" a4sQ
p#loe" a4s uniKto (iseiateQ pis"atic c4stals o) calciu" o5alate occu in a nu"(e o)
cells t#ou-#out p#loe" e-ionQ ca"(iu" not !istinctQ secon!a4 54le" Fe4 Mi!e
consistin- o) 54le" FesselsR )i(esR tac#ei!s an! 54le" paenc#4"aR all ele"ents (ein-
li-ni)ie!R 54le" a4s uni to (iseiateR consistin- o) a!iall4 elon-ate! cellsQ si"pleR oun! to
oFalR stac# -ains "easuin- *.*K11 in !ia.R pesent t#ou-#out.
o&d'" K IelloMis#K(oMnQ s#oMs patc#es o) stati)ie! co/R 54le" )i(esR stone cellsR
pis"atic c4stals o) calciu" o5alate an! si"pleR oun! to oFalR stac# -ainsR "easuin- *.*
K 11 in !ia.


ASSAY

T.L.C.
T.L.C. o) t#e alco#olic e5tact on silica -el TGT plate usin- TolueneS Ct#4lacetate (0S
1) s#oMs un!e 7.@. ($11 n") a conspicuous )luoescent 2one at R). 8.8. (s/4 (lue). Dn
133
e5posue to 9o!ine Fapou )ou spots appea at R). 8.8.R 8.21R 8.+1 an! 8.68 (all 4elloMis#
(oMn). Dn spa4in- Mit# *U Met#anolicK,ulp#uic aci! ea-ent an! #eatin- t#e plate )o
a(out ten "inutes at 118C )iFe spots appea at R). 8.8.R 8.21R 8.+1R 8.68 an! 8.02 (all
Fiolet).

CONSTIT)ENTS K Gl4cosi!es KCa!iac Gl4cosi!es

ROERTIES AND ACTION
Ra#a S KaYuR Ti/ta
G*+a S La-#uR RX/Va
,-".a S JPta
,i$/ka S KaYu
Ka"0a S @W"a/aR MXtala
IMORTANT 1ORM)LATIONS K Ma"a GuYi/W
THERAE)TIC )SES K MXta Ro-aR @isp#oYaR @i!a!#PR @aZa
DOSE K 1K$ - o) t#e !u- in poM!e )o".

134
;1. Ka#a (Rt. Sto!k)
KMA (Root Sto!k)
KWâ consists o) !ie! oot stoc/ Mit# attac#e! ste" potion o) Saccharum spontaneum
Linn. (?a". 3oaceae)R a peennial -ass Mit# slen!e cul"sR )oun! t#ou-#out t#e count4 in
Ma"e pats ascen!in- upto 1R688 " in t#e Hi"ala4as.
SYNONYMS
,ans/it S KWâR JFetacW"aa
Assa"ese S KK
%en-ali S C##oteKKaseR Kas#R Kes#e
Cn-lis# S T#atc#KGass
Gujati S Kansa!oR KansaR Kansa!oR G#ans
Hin!i S KansR Kasa
Kanna!a S Kia4i/a-ac#c##aR Kasalu
Kas#"ii S KK
Mala4ala" S NannanaR KusaR KuuFi/ai"pu
Maat#i S Kasai
Di4a S KK
3unja(i S Kani
Ta"il S NanalR NanaluR Kau"(uR KasaR A"aFe
Telu-u S Ka/ic#ea/uR Relu
7!u S KansaR Kasa
DESCRITION
a) Ma!"o#!o$i!
Eu- occus in t#e )o" o) oot stoc/ Mit# attac#e! ste" potions #aFin- nu"eous
!a/ (oMn ootsQ c4lin!icalR 4elloMis#K(oMn to (oMnR 2K2* c" o "oe in len-t# an!
8.2K1 c" t#ic/Q )actueR splinte4.

135
%) Mi!"o#!o$i!
Root stoc/ s#oMs sin-le la4ee! epi!e"isR consistin- o) sli-#tl4 oFalR t#inMalle!
cellsR a )eM elon-ate!R pointe!R aseptateR lon- unicellula #ais aise )o" epi!e"isQ cote5
co"pose! o) 2K$ la4ee!R elon-ate!R t#ic/K Malle!R palisa!eKli/e cells an! $K+ la4es o)
t#inKMalle!R oFal to pol4-onal paenc#4"atous cellsQ en!o!e" is consistin- o) t#inK
Malle!R sin-le la4ee! cellsR )olloMe! (4 1K0 la4ee!R t#ic/KMalle!R li-ni)ie!R pol4-onalR
continuous in- o) scleenc#4"atous cellsQ peic4cle sin-le la4ee!R co"pose! o) Fe4
s"allR t#inKMalle! cells (eneat# en!o!e" isQ -oun! tissues Mi!eR co"pose! o) t#inK
Malle!R oFal to pol4-onalR elon-ate! paenc#4"atous cells #aFin- nu"eousR oun! to oFal
stac# -ains "easuin- 6K2+ in !ia.R scattee! T7T s#ape! Fascula (un!le Mit# s#eat#R
also seen in t#is e-ion.
o&d'" K Ea/ (oMnQ s#oMs )a-"ents o) t#inKMalle!R ta(ulaR so"eM#at ectan-ulaR
epi!e"al cells in su)ace FieMR oFal to pol4-onalS t#inKMalle! paenc#4"atous an! t#ic/K
Malle! pol4-onal scleenc#4"atous cellsR pointe! unicellula #aisR Fessels Mit# eticulate
t#ic/enin-R s"all oun! to oFal stac# -ainsR "easuin- 6K2+ in !ia.


T.L.C.
Aate (+S1S*) s#oMs un!e 7.@. ($11 un) one )luoescent 2one at R). 8.6$ (-een). Dn
e5posue to 9o!ine Fapou t#ee spots appea at R). 8.$8R 8.6$ an! 8.08 (all 4elloM). Dn
spa4in- Mit# *U Met#anolicK,ulp#uic aci! ea-ent an! #eatin- t#e plate )o ten "inutes at
18*C si5 spots appea at R). 8.1$R 8.2$R 8.$8 (all !ull 4elloM)R 8.10R 8.6$ an! 8.08 ( all
-e4).
136
ROERTIES AND ACTION
G*+a S ,aa
,-".a S JPta
,i$/ka S Ma!#ua
Ka"0a S 3itta#aaR %ala/\tR @\V4aR Ja"a#aaR RXci/\t
IMORTANT 1ORM)LATIONS K KapXW!4a/aR %W#"a RasW4anaR ,u/u"Wa G#\taR
Tai/aZYa/a G#\taR T\Zapa[ca"Xla KFWt#a CXZaR MXtaFiecanP4a KaVW4a CXZaR
,tan4ajanana KaVW4a CXZaR A^"aP#aa KaVW4a CXZa
THERAE)TIC )SES K Ra/tapittaR MXta/\cc#aR A^"aPR EW#aR Ra/ta!oVaR JoVaR KVa4a
DOSE K $K1 - o) t#e !u- in poM!e )o".

137
;2. Kat$ha5a (1"t.)
KA9HALA (1"*it)
KaYp#ala consists o) !ie! )uit o) Myrica esculenta %uch.K Ha". C5 E. Eon ,4n. M.
nagi Hoo/.). (?a". M4icaceae)Q a !ioeciousR eFe-eenR s"all o "o!eate si2e! teeR $K1* "
#i-#R )oun! in su(Ktopical Hi"ala4as )o" RaFi eastMa!s to Assa"R an! in K#asiR =aintiaR
Na-a an! Lus#ai #ills a eleFation o) 088K2188 "R
SYNONYMS
,ans/it S Ma#WFal/ala
Assa"ese S AjooeeR @!ul(a/
%en-ali S Ka4ac##alR Katp#alR Ka4p#al
Cn-lis# S %o5 M4tleR %a4 %e4
Gujati S Ka4p#al
Hin!i S Ka4p#ajl
Kanna!a S Ka!ujai KaiR Katp#alaR KiisiFaiR Kiis#iFane
Kas#"ii S KK
Mala4ala" S Maut
Maat#i S Kaa4p#al
Di4a S KK
3unja(i S Kanp#alR Ka4p#al
Ta"il S Mau!a"R Mau!a"patai
Telu-u S Kai!a4a"u
7!u S Kaip#al
DESCRITION
a) Ma!"o#!o$i!
1"*it K A !upeR ellipsoi! o oFoi!R 8..K1.8 c" lon-R 8.*K8.. c" Mi!eR !a/ (oMnR
su)ace tu(ecle!R Fe4 #a!Q tasteR souis# sMeet.
138
S''d K DFoi!R 8.1 c" lon-R 8.$ c" Mi!eR su)ace Fe4 s"oot#R li-#t (oMnQ tasteR oil4.

%) Mi!"o#!o$i!
1"*it K ,#oMs epicap cells iso!ia"etic in su)ace FieMR "ass o) e!!is#K(oMnR
t#inMalle!R paenc#4"atous cellsR a )eM elon-ate! tu(ecle! cells Mit# s"oot# MallsQ
en!ocap #a! an! ston4 consistin- o) scleenc#4"atous cells.

S''d K ,ee! coat s#oMs sin-le la4ee!R t#ic/R (oMn coloue! cellsQ cot4le!ons co"pose! o)
sin-le la4ee!R t#inKMalle! epi!e"al cells containin- oil -lou(les an! aleuone -ainsQ
"esop#4ll cells t#inKMalle!R iso!ia"eticR )ull4 pac/e! Mit# oil -lou(les an! aleuone
-a"s.
o&d'" K IelloMis#K(oMnQ s#oMs ectan-ula to #e5a-onalR t#inKMalle! see! coat an!
pol4-onal epi!e"al cells in su)ace FieMQ tu(ecle! paenc#4"atous cellsR oil -lo(ules an!
aleuone -ains.

AateKsolu(le e5tactiFe Not less t#an 1. pe centR Appen!i5 2.2...

T.L.C.
T.L.C. o) t#e alco#olic e5tact on ,ilica -el TG? 2*+T plate usin- nK%utanolS Acetic
aci!S Aate (+S1S*) s#oMs in Fisi(le li-#t )iFe spots at R). 8.2*R 8.+$R 8.*.R 8..* (all -e4)
an! 8.66 (4elloMis# -een). 7n!e 7.@. ($11 n") seFen )luoescent 2ones ae Fisi(le at R).
8.80R 8.16 an! 8.$8 (all li-#t (lue)R 8.+$ (-een)R 8.+0 ((lue)R 8.1* ((lue) an! 8..1 (pin/). Dn
e5posue to 9o!ine Fapou eleFen spots appea at R). 8.8.R 8.80R 8.12R 8.2*R 8.$8R 8.$*R 8.+$R
8.*2R 8.*.R 8..* an! 8.66 (all 4elloM). Dn spa4in- Mit# *U Met#anolicK,ulp#uic aci!
139
ea-ent an! #eatin- t#e plate )o ten "inutes at 118C si5 spots appea at R). 8.80 ((lac/)R
8.$8 ((lac/)R 8.*. (li-#t (oMn)R 8..1 (li-#t pin/)R 8.62 (li-#t pin/) an! 8.66 (4elloMis#
-een).

CONSTIT)ENTS K Aa54 Mateial.

ROERTIES AND ACTION
,-".a S 7VZa
,i$/ka S KaYu
Ka"0a S Kap#aFWta#aaR EW#a#aaR Mu/#ao-a^W"a/aR E#WtuFi/WajitR Ruc4a
IMORTANT 1ORM)LATIONS K %\#atp#ala G#\taR 3uV4Wnu-a CXZaR Ai"e!W!i TailaR
%alW TailaR Ma#W @iVa-a(#a TailaR K#a!iW!i GuYi/W (KWsa)R K#a!iW!i GuYi/W (Mu/#a Ro-a)R
Ma#W @Wta-ajW]/uâ Rasa
THERAE)TIC )SES K Gul"aR Me#aR =FaaR AâR Ga#aZPR 3WZOu Ro-aR H\llWsaR Mu/#a
Ro-aR KWsaR JFWsa
DOSE K $K* -

140
;6. Kat$ha5a (St.7k.)
KA9HALA (St'0 7a"k)
KaYp#ala consists o) !ie! ste" (a/ o) Myrica esculenta %uch.K Ha". C5 E. EonR
,4n. M. nagi Hoo/.). (?a". M4icaceae)Q a !ioecious eFe-eenR s"all o "o!eate si2e! teeR
$K1* " #i-#R )oun! in su(topical Hi"ala4as )o" RaFi eastMa! to Assa"R K#asiR =aintiaR
Na-a an! Lus#ai #ills upto an eleFation o) 088K2188 ".
SYNONYMS
,ans/it S Ma#WFal/ala
Assa"ese S @!ul(a/R Ajooee
%en-ali S Katp#alR Ka4p#alR Ka4c##al
Cn-lis# S %a4 %e4R %o5 M4tle
Gujati S Ka4p#al
Hin!i S Ka4p#al
Kanna!a S Ka!ujai KaiR Katp#alaR Kiis#iFaneR KiisiFai
Kas#"ii S KK
Mala4ala" S Maut
Maat#i S Kaa4p#al
Di4a S KK
3unja(i S Kanp#alR Ka4p#al
Ta"il S Mau!a"R Mau!a"patai
Telu-u S Kai!a4a"u
7!u S Kaip#al
DESCRITION
a) Ma!"o#!o$i!
Eu- occus in pieces o) Faia(le len-t#R 1K2.* c" t#ic/R sli-#tl4 ;uille!R )issue!
lon-itu!inall4 an! tansFesel4R oute su)ace ou-#R -e4 to (oMnis#K-e4R inne su)ace
!a/ (oMn an! s"oot#Q )actueR #a!Q tasteR (itte.
141

%) Mi!"o#!o$i!
Matue ste" (a/ s#oMs "ultila4ee! co/R co"pose! o) ectan-ulaR tan-entiall4
elon-ate!R t#inKMalle! cellsR so"e )ille! Mit# e! contentsQ secon!a4 cote5 a Mi!e 2oneR
co"pose! o) t#inKMalle!R ectan-ula to pol4-onalR paenc#4"atous cellsR a nu"(e o) cells
)ille! Mit# e! colouin- "atte an! si"pleR oun! to oFal stac# -ains "easuin- 1K11 in
!ia.Q a nu"(e o) stone cellsR in sin-les o in -oupsR cicula pol4-onal o oFalR t#ic/K
Malle!R li-ni)ie! Mit# si"ple pits an! a!iatin- canalsR )oun! scattee! t#ou-#out
secon!a4 cote5Q secon!a4 p#loe" consists o) sieFe ele"entsR p#loe" )i(esR c4stal
)i(esR stone cells an! p#loe" paenc#4"a taFese! (4 p#loe" a4sQ nu"eous pis"atic
c4stals o) calciu" o5alate pesent in secon!a4 p#loe"Q p#loe" )i(es Mit# (lunt o
pointe! en! an! #i-#l4 t#ic/KMalle!R Mit# Fe4 naoM lu"en pesent in -oupsQ stone cells
si"ila to t#ose )oun! in secon!a4 cote5R "ostl4 in sin-les o in -oups o) 2K$R so"eti"es
associate! Mit# )i(e -oups in p#loe" paenc#4"aQ in isolate! pepaation an! tan-ential
sections c4stal )i(es s#oM "oe t#an tMent4 c#a"(es #aFin- sin-le pis"atic c4stals o)
calciu" o5alate in eac# c#a"(eQ a nu"(e o) p#loe" paenc#4"a cells containin- e!
colouin- "atteQ p#loe" a4s 1K+ seiateR containin- e! colouin- "atte.
o&d'" K Rust4 e!Q s#oMs a nu"(e o) stone cellsR p#loe" )i(esR c4stal )i(es an!
pis"atic c4stals o) calciu" o5alate an! si"pleR oun! to oFalR stac# -ains "easuin-
1K11 in !ia.

Alco#olKsolu(le e5tactiFe Not less t#an 1$ pe centR Appen!i5 2.2.1.

142
T.L.C.
T.L.C. o) t#e alco#olic e5tact on ,ilica -el TGT plate usin- TolueneS Ct#4lacetate (. S
$) in Fisi(le li-#t s#oMs )ou spots at R). 8.86 (-e4)R 8.$2 (4elloM)R 8.*1 (-e4) an! 8.*6
(4elloM). 7n!e 7@ ($11 n") t#ee )luoescent 2ones appea at R). 8.+0R 8.1. ((ot# li-#t
(lue) an! 8.61 ((lue). Dn spa4in- Mit# *U Met#anolicKsulp#uic aci! ea-ent an! #eatin-
t#e plate at 118C )o ten "inutes si5 spots appea at R) 8.86R 8.21 ((ot# -e4)R 8.$* (3in/)R
8.*2R 8.1. an! 8.68 (all -e4).

CONSTIT)ENTS K Tannin an! Gl4cosi!es.

ROERTIES AND ACTION
,-".a S 7VZa
,i$/ka S KaYu
Ka"0a S Kap#aFWta#aaR EW#a#aaR Mu/#ao-a^W"a/aR E#WtuFi/WajitR KaYp#alW!i
Nas4a
IMORTANT 1ORM)LATIONS K %\#atp#ala G#\taR 3uV4Wnu-a CXZaR Ai"e!W!i TailaR
%alW TailaR Ma#W @iVa-a(#a TailaR K#a!iW!i GuYi/W (Mu/#a Ro-a)R K#a!iW!i GuYi/W (KWsa)R
Ma#W @Wta-ajW]/uâ Rasa
THERAE)TIC )SES K Gul"aR Me#aR =FaaR AâR Ga#aZPR 3WZOu Ro-aR H\llWsaR Mu/#a
Ro-aR KWsaR JFWsaR A-ni"Wn!4aR AuciR KaZY#ao-a
DOSE K $K* -

143
;;. Ko5a (1"t. *5$)
KOLA (1"*it *5$)
Kola consists o) !ie! )uit pulp (!eFoi! o) see!) o) ,i-yphus mauritiana La". ,4n. ,.
jujuba La". (?a". R#a"naceae)Q a s"allR eFe-een su(K!eci!uous teeR Mil! an! also
e5tensiFel4 cultiFate! t#ou-#out t#e count4 an! )oun! in Hi"ala4an e-ion upto a(out 1$.8
".
SYNONYMS
,ans/it S KolPR %a!aP
Assa"ese S @a-ai
%en-ali S Kul @a!aR @a!aR @a!aiR Na/oli/ul
Cn-lis# S =uju(e
Gujati S %o
Hin!i S Eesi %e
Kanna!a S %oe#annu
Kas#"ii S KK
Mala4ala" S LantaR Lanta//ua
Maat#i S %o
Di4a S %oa/oli
3unja(i S Eesi (e
Ta"il S 9lan!ai
Telu-u S Re-i
7!u S %e
DESCRITION
a) Ma!"o#!o$i!
3ulp pieces ie-ula in s#apeR s#un/R Mit# e5tenal su)ace s"oot# an! -loss4R 2
"" in t#ic/nessR (ittleR colouR oan-e e!Q o!ouR not !istinctQ tasteR sou.
144
%) Mi!"o#!o$i!
?uit pulp s#oMs sin-le la4ee! epicap consistin- o) t#inKMalle!R paenc#4"atous
cellsR coFee! Mit# t#in la4e o) cuticleQ "esocap !i))eentiate! into tMo 2onesR oute 2one
consistin- o) *K18 la4es o) ectan-ulaR t#inKMalle!R paenc#4"aous cellsR inne "esocap
consistin- o) oFal to pol4-onalR t#inKMalle!R cus#e! paenc#4"atous cellsR "ost o) t#e
"esocap cells )ille! Mit# e!!is#K(oMn su(stanceR M#ic# is tannin M#en teste!Q a )eM
)i(oK Fascula (un!les )oun! scattee! in t#is e-ionR
o&d'" K Dan-eQ s#oMs oun! to oFalR t#inKMalle!R e!!is#K(oMn cells o) "eso capR
sli-#tl4 t#ic/KMalle!R pol4-onal epicap cells in su)ace FieM.

Total As# Not "oe t#an +.* pe centR Appen!i5 2.2.$.
AateKsolu(le e5tactiFe Not less t#an +* pe centR Appen!i5 2.2...

T.L.C.
Aate (0S 1S 18) s#oMs un!e 7.@. ($11 n") a )luoescent 2one at R). 8.$+ (li-#t (lue). Dn
e5posue to 9o!ine Fapou seFen spots appea at R). 8.11R 8.1.R 8.$+R 8.+$R 8.*+R 8.11 an!
8.6+ (all 4elloM). Dn spa4in- Mit# 18 U Met#anolicK,ulp#uic aci! ea-ent an! #eatin- t#e
plate )o ten "inutes at 128C )iFe spots appea at R). 8.1.R 8.$+ ((ot# (lac/)R 8.+$R 8.11
an! 8.6+ (all -e4). Dn spa4in- Mit# *U Met#anolicK,ulp#uic aci! ea-ent an! #eatin- t#e
plate )o ten "inutes at 118C tMo spots appea at R). 8.1. an! 8.$+ ((ot# (lac/).

CONSTIT)ENTS K @ita"in CR ,u-as an! Mineals.

145

ROERTIES AND ACTION
Ra#a S Ma!#uaR A"laR KaVW4a
G*+a S GuuR ,ni-!#a
,-".a S 7VZa
,i$/ka S Ma!#ua
Ka"0a S GW#PR @Wta#aaR Ruc4aR EPpanaR 3Wcana
IMORTANT 1ORM)LATIONS K E#WnFantaa TailaR IaFWnP &WOaFa
THERAE)TIC )SES K EW#aR Ra/taFi/WaR T\VZWR Auci
DOSE K $K1 - (Eie! 3ulp).

146
;<. Ko5a (St.7k.)
KOLA (St'a0 7a"k)
Kola consists o) !ie! ste" (a/ o) ,i-yphus mauritiana La". ,4n ,. jujuba La".
(?a" R#a"naceae)Q a s"allR eFe-een su(K!eci!uous teeR Mil! an! also e5tensiFel4
cultiFate! t#ou-#out t#e count4 an! )oun! on Hi"ala4an e-ion upto a(out 1$.8 ".
SYNONYMS
,ans/it S %a!aPR KolPR %a!aaR Ka/an!#X
Assa"ese S %a-oiR %a4u
%en-ali S Kula
Cn-lis# S =uju(e
Gujati S %o
Hin!i S Eesi %e
Kanna!a S %oe#annu"aa
Kas#"ii S KK
Mala4ala" S Lanta
Maat#i S %o
Di4a S %oa/ali
3unja(i S Eesi (e
Ta"il S 9lan!ai
Telu-u S Re-iR Re-u
7!u S %e
DESCRITION
a) Ma!"o#!o$i!
%a/ aFaila(le in pieces o) Faia(le len-t#R usuall4 8.1 K 1 c" t#ic/R e5tenal su)aceR
(lac/is#K-e4R #a!R ou-# !ue to !eep )uoMs an! )issuesR e5)oliatin- in ie-ula scales
e5posin- inne (oMnis#Ke! )i(ous 2onesQ no taste o o!ou

147
%) Mi!"o#!o$i!
,te" (a/ s#oMs a t#ic/ potion o) #4ti!o"aR "a!e up o) a(out 2* K $8 altenate
(an!s o) co/ an! !ea! cells o) secon!a4 cote5 an! secon!a4 p#loe"R co/ consists o)
t#inKMalle!R ectan-ulaR a(out *K1 la4ee!R cus#e!R paenc#4"atous cellsR "ostl4 )ille!
Mit# !a/ (oMn pi-"entQ secon!a4 cote5 consists o) oun!R oFal an! cus#e! ectan-ula
cellsQ -oups o) stone cellsR )i(es an! pis"atic c4stals o) calciu" o5alate scattee!
t#ou-#out #4ti!onaQ secon!a4 p#loe" consists o) sieFe ele"entsR p#loe" )i(esR c4stal
)i(esR p#loe" paenc#4"aR a )eM stone cells an! p#loe" a4sQ p#loe" )i(es aan-e! in
altenate (an!s Mit# p#loe" paenc#4"aR p#loe" paenc#4"a consists o) ectan-ulaR t#inK
Malle! cellsR a )eM contain pis"atic c4stals o) calciu" o5alateQ c4stal )i(es pesentR
!iFi!e! into nu"eous c#a"(esR eac# containin- sin-le pis"atic c4stal o) calciu"
o5alateQ p#loe" a4s uniseiate to (iseiateR upto 18 cells #i-#R consists o) oun!R t#inK
Malle!R paenc#4"atous cellsQ stone cellsR "ostl4 ectan-ulaR occu associate! 9n -oups o)
2K+ Mit# (an!s o) p#loe" )i(es.
o&d'" K Re!!is#K(oMnQ s#oMs )a-"ents o) co/ cellsR p#loe" )i(es Mit# Mi!e lu"en
an! pointe! tipsR c4stal )i(esR p#loe" a4sR ectan-ula stone cells an! pis"atic c4stals
o) calciu" o5alate.

Total As# Not "oe t#an 1$ pe centR Appen!i5 2.2.$.
Aci!Kinsolu(le as# Not "oe t#an 1* pe centR Appen!i5 2.2.+.
T.L.C.
(0* S *) s#oMs un!e 7.@. ($11 n") a )luoescent 2one at R). 8.6+ (li-#t (lue). Dn e5posue
to 9o!ine Fapou tMo spots appea at R). 8.68 an! 8.6+ ((ot# 4elloM). Dn spa4in- Mit#
Ea-en!o)) ea-ent )olloMe! (4 *U Met#anolicK,ulp#uic aci! a spot appeas at R). 8.6+
(oan-e).
148
CONSTIT)ENTS K Tannins an! Al/aloi!s.
ROERTIES AND ACTION
Ra#a S KaVW4a
G*+a S La-#uR RX/Va
,-".a S JPta
,i$/ka S KaYu
Ka"0a S @isp#oYaâ"anPR ,ta"(#anaR @aZaô!#ana
IMORTANT 1ORM)LATIONS K N4a-o!#W!i KFWt#a CXZa
THERAE)TIC )SES K TFa/R Ra/tWtisWaR @aZa
DOSE K $K* -. (3oM!e)
18K2K - (Eecoction).

149
;=. Ko#hataki (H..)
KO8TAK (Hho5' 5a4t)
KoVWta/P consists o) !ie! M#ole plant o) "uffa acutangula (Linn.) Ro5(. (?a".
Cucu(itaceae)Q a la-e "onoeciousR annual cli"(eR )oun! Mil! an! also cultiFate!
t#ou-#out t#e -eate pat o) 9n!ia.
SYNONYMS
,ans/it S K\taFe!#anWR =WlPR E#W"W-
Assa"ese S KK
%en-ali S Lin-a
Cn-lis# S Ri((e! Gou!
Gujati S Tui4aR Ka!aMaR Tui4a
Hin!i S TuaiR ,atputia
Kanna!a S HieK@alli
Kas#"ii S KK
Mala4ala" S 3ee/a" Kai
Maat#i S Eo!/a Tui4a
Di4a S Taa!a
3unja(i S Tui4a
Ta"il S 3ee//u
Telu-u S %eeaR C#e!u (ee#aR @ai (eea
7!u S Tuai
DESCRITION
a) Ma!"o#!o$i!
Root K Dccus in cut piecesR 6K12 c" lon-R an! 8.*K8.. c" t#ic/R 4elloMis#K(oMnQ
al"ost c4lin!icalR ou-# !ue to lon-itu!inal Min/lesR #aFin- a )eM a!Fentitious ootsQ
)actueR s#ot
St'0 K 8.2K8.+ c" t#ic/R * an-le!R -la(ousR sca(i!R #aFin- ten!ilsQ (oMnis#K4elloM.
150
L'aI K petiole $K6 c" lon-Q so"eM#at tMiste!R Min/le!R sca(i!R an-ulaQ (oMnis#K4elloMQ
la"ina ci"ple!R cule!R cou-ate!R pale o li-#tK-eenR 1K0 c" lon- an! (oa!Q pal"atel4
*K. an-le! o su( lo(ateR sca(i! on (ot# su)acesR (ase co!ateR neFes an! Feins po"inent
(eneat#
15o&'" K Male )loMe in s"all ace"es o sin-leR cal45 pu(escentR 1.$ c" lon-R lo(es
lanceolateR li-#t -eenis#K4elloMQ coolla 4elloMR 2 c" lon-R spea!in-R o(oFateQ sta"ens $Q
?e"ale )loMe solita4R 4elloMQ pe!icel *K18 c" lon-Q oFa4 ston-l4 i((e!Q sti-"aR ti)i!.
1"*it K A pepoQ 0K12 c" lon-R an! 2K+ c" (oa!Q c4lin!ical o clu(Ks#ape!R o(oFate in
s#apeR tapein- toMa!s t#e (aseQ pale 4elloMis#K(oMnQ oute su)ace coFee! Mit# 6K18
po"inent lon-itu!inal i(sQ t#ee c#a"(esR inne pat (ein- )i(ous an! easil4 !etac#a(le
as a M#ole )o" t#e oute pat.
S''d K DFoi!Ko(lon-R 8.1K8.6 c" lon-R an! 8.*K8.1 c" Mi!eQ "uc# co"pesse!R sli-#tl4
cou-ate! on t#e e!-esR (lac/Q tasteR (itte.
%) Mi!"o#!o$i!
Root K ,#oMs MaF4 outline co"pose! o) co/ cellsR a )eM oute"ost la4es o)
secon!a4 cote5 !isinte-ate!R e"ainin- oute cotical cells li-ni)ie!R an! a nu"(e o)
la-eR t#inMalle!R li-ni)ie!R Faiousl4 s#ape! stone cells Mit# Fe4 Mi!e lu"en )oun!Q inne
cotical cells t#inKMalle! an! paenc#4"atousQ secon!a4 p#loe" consistin- o) t#inKMalle!
cells o) usual ele"entsQ secon!a4 54le" tissues li-ni)ie! taFese! (4 "ulti seiateR
a!iall4 elon-ate!R t#inKMalle! a4 cellsQ 54le" Fessel si"ple pitte!Q a )eM si"pleR oun! to
oFal stac# -ains "easuin- +K. in !ia.R #aFin- stiations an! !istinct #ilu" )oun! in secK
on!a4 cote5.
St'0 K ,#oMs * po"inent i!-esQ epi!e"is sin-le la4ee!R coFee! (4 cuticleQ cote5
co"pose! o) 1 K18 o "oe la4ee!R oFal to pol4-onalR collenc#4"a cells un!e i!-esR
)olloMe! (4 +K1 la4ee!R co"pact (an! o) t#ic/KMalle!R pol4-onalR li-ni)ie! cellsQ -oun!
tissues co"pose! o) oun! to oFalR t#inKMalle!R paenc#4"atous cellsR e"(e!!e! Mit# 18
(icollatealR openR conjointR en!ac# Fascula (un!lesR * o) oute in- pesent opposite t#e
i!-es M#ile est * o) t#e inne in- )ace t#e )uoMsQ secon!a4 p#loe" an! 54le"
consistin- o) usual ele"entsQ 54le" Fessel (o!ee! pitte!Q a )eM si"ple stac# -ainsR
oun! to oFalR #aFin- stiations Mit# !istinct #ilu"R "easuin- *K6 in !ia.R )oun! scattee!
in cotical an! pit# e-ion.
L'aI :
Petiole K s#oMs 1K. po"inent i!-es #aFin- sin-le la4ee! epi!e"isR coFee! (4 t#ic/
cuticleQ secon!a4 cote5 KMi!e in eac# i!-eR co"pose! o) t#inKMalle!R paenc#4"atous
151
cellsQ -oun! tissue a Mi!e 2one #aFin- 1 o . (icollatealR Fascula (un!les pesent in eac#
i!-e.
"amina K s#oMs sin-le la4ee! epi!e"is on (ot# su)acesR #aFin- si"ple unicellula #ais
Mit# (lunt tips an! -lan!ula #ais Mit# unicellula stal/ o) Faia(le len-t# an! sp#eical
#ea! #aFin- $ o + cellsQ "esop#4ll !i))eentiate! into palisa!e an! spon-4 paenc#4"aQ
Fascula (un!les (icollatealQ sto"ataR ano"oc4ticR pesent on (ot# su)acesQ sto"atal
nu"(e *0 K 1+ on loMe su)ace an! 20 K$0 on uppe su)aceQ sto"atal in!e5 1$K1+ on
loMe su)ace an! 0K18 on uppe su)aceQ palisa!e atio not oFe $Q Fein islets nu"(e.
1+K10 pe s;. "".
1"*it K ,ection s#oMs ie-ula outline !ue to 6K18 po"inent i(sQ epicap consist o) sin-le
la4ee! papillose epi!e"is coFee! Mit# t#ic/R stiate! cuticle #aFin- a )eM (istlesR
)olloMe! (4 +K1 la4es o) t#inKMalle!R tan-entiall4 elon-ate! paenc#4"atous cellsR so"e
cells especiall4 nea t#e i(sR #aFin- (oMnis# contentsQ (eloM t#is t#ic/KMalle!R
pol4#e!alR continuous (an! o) stone cells pesentR "easuin- 2+K+8 in !ia.Q oute 1K6
la4es o) t#is (an! consists o) closel4 pac/e! t#ic/KMalle! scleei!sR M#ile t#e inne 2K+
la4esR t#ic/KMalle! an! !istinctl4 pitte!Q nesocap (oa!R co"pose! o) a 2one o) oun!e!
to tan-entiall4 elon-ate!R paenc#4"atous cells #aFin- (icollateal Fascula (un!lesR
)olloMe! (4 6K18 la4es o) t#ic/KMalle!R pol4#e!alR scleenc#4"a an! )i(es.
S''d K Testa consists o) a sin-le la4e o) ectan-ulaR t#ic/KMalle!R scleenc#4"atous cellsR
)olloMe! (4 a te-"enR co"pose! o) * o 1 la4ee!R oFal to pol4-onalR paenc#4"atous cells
an! a sin-le la4ee! elon-ate!R li-ni)ie!R scleotic palisa!eKli/e cellsQ en!ospe" co"pose!
o) t#inKMalle!R paenc#4"atous cellsQ cot4le!ons )latR consistin- o) t#inKMalle!R oFal to
pol4-onalR paenc#4"atous cells.
o&d'" K Ge4is#K(oMnQ s#oMs )a-"ents o) co/ cellsR t#ic/KMalle!R MaF4 o sinuous
epi!e"al cellsR li-ni)ie! scleotic o palisa!eKli/e cells o) testaR scleenc#4"atous cellsR
pieces o) unicellula an! -lan!ula #aisR Fessel Mit# spial an! eticulate t#ic/enin-R si"ple
o -oups o) elon-ate!R li-ni)ie! stone cellsR si"pleR oun!e! to oFal stac# -ains #aFin-
concentic stiations an! naoM #ilu"R "easuin- +K. in !ia.

152

T.L.C.
(6S2) s#oMs un!e 7@ ($11 n") )ou )luoescent 2ones at R). 8.$+R 8..+R 8.68 an! 8.01 (all
(lue). Dn e5posue to 9o!ine Fapou ei-#t spots appeaK at R). 8.1$R 8.1.R 8.$+R 8.*1R 8.1*R
8..+R 8..6 an! 8.01 (all 4elloM). Dn spa4in- Mit# *U Met#anolicK,ulp#uic aci! ea-ent
an! #eatin- t#e plate at 18*C )o ten "inutes t#ee spots appea at R). 8.$+R 8..6 an! 8.01
(all -e4).

CONSTIT)ENTS K %itte 3inciplesR ,aponinsR ,apo-enins an! ?i5e! Dil.

ROERTIES AND ACTION
Ra#a S Ti/taR KaYuR Alpa KaVW4a
G*+a S TP/VZaR La-#u
,-".a S JPta
,i$/ka S KaYu
Ka"0a S Kap#apitta-#naR MalaFiô!#anPR @a"anopa-aR Ti!oVa#aa
IMORTANT 1ORM)LATIONS K A(#a4W LaFaZa
THERAE)TIC )SES K KuVY#aR 3WZOuR 3lP#Wo-aR Jop#aR Gul"aR !#"WnaR GaaFiVaR AâR
KW"alWR GaZOa"WlW
DOSE K * K 18 -

153
;>. K*0*da (15.)
K)M)D (15o&'")
Ku"u!W consists o) !ie! )loMes o) +ymphaea alba Linn. (?a". N4"p#aeaceae)Q a
peennial a;uatic #e(R Fe4 co""on in pon!sR stea"s an! )es# Mate la/es an! upto 1688
".
SYNONYMS
,ans/it S Ku"u!a"R ,itolpala"R Jaî/WntWR J4W"aF\ntW
Assa"ese S KK
%en-ali S Ku"u!aR ,#an!# ,#alu/a
Cn-lis# S 9n!ian %lue Aate Lil4
Gujati S 3i4anu
Hin!i S KuiR KanFalR Ko//a
Kanna!a S %ilena4!ileR %iletaFae
Kas#"ii S KK
Mala4ala" S A"pal
Maat#i S Ka"o!
Di4a S KK
3unja(i S KK
Ta"il S Nalla KalaFR @ella"palR Allitta"aai
Telu-u S Alli/a!aR Tella/aluFa
7!u S Ka"al
DESCRITION
a) Ma!"o#!o$i!
?loMe M#iteR solita4R 18K1$ c" acossQ sepals +R outsi!e -eenis# to (oMnis#R
insi!e M#itis#Q petals a(out 18R M#iteQ sta"ens "an4R oute ones (ein- tans)o"e!
successiFel4 )o" petalsQ ant#es linea s"all Mit#out appen!a-esQ pistil s4ncapousR capels
18K11R sun/ in )les#4 !is/R oFa4 "ulticellula an! coMne! (4 a la-e sti-"a Mit# 11 a4sR
eac# Mit# a c4lin!ical appen!a-esR oFules "an4R )uit a (e4.
154

%) Mi!"o#!o$i!
o&d'" K Li-#tK(oMnQ s#oMs pol4-onalR t#inKMalle! epi!e"al cells in su)ace
FieMR stellate #ais an! sp#eical o ti-onal pollen -ainsR "easuin- 11K2+ in !ia.


T.L.C.
(6* S 1*) s#oMs un!e 7.@. ($11 n") t#ee )luoescent 2ones at R). 8.11 (e!)R 8... ((lue)
an! 8.66 ((lue). Dn e5posue to 9o!ine Fapou t#ee spots appea at R). 8.11R 8.02 an! 8.01
(all (oMn).

CONSTIT)ENTS K Al/aloi!s an! Gl4cosi!es.

ROERTIES AND ACTION
Ra#a S Ma!#uaR KaVW4aR Ti/ta
G*+a S La-#uR ,ni-!#aR 3icc#ila
,-".a S JPta
,i$/ka S Ma!#ua
155
Ka"0a S @Wta#aaR 3itta#aaR ,ta"(#anaR H\!4aR Ga(#a ,t#WpanaR %al4aR
Ja"a#aa
IMORTANT 1ORM)LATIONS K Tip#alW!i TailaR %alW^Fa-an!#alW/VW!i Taila
THERAE)TIC )SES K Ra/ta!oVaR EW#aR H\!o-aR Ra/tapitta
DOSE K $K1 -

156
;?. K*#ha (Rt. Sto!k)
K)MA (Root Sto!k)
Kuâ consists o) !ie! oot stoc/ o) &esmostachya bipinnata Stapf. (?a". 3oaceae)Q a
tallR tu)te!R peennial -assR $8K1*8 c" #i-#R )oun! t#ou-#out t#e count4 in #ot an! !4
places.
SYNONYMS
,ans/it S Ia-4a(#XVaZaR ,Xc4a-a
Assa"ese S Kus#
%en-ali S Kus#
Cn-lis# S ,aFe! Ga"
Gujati S Ea((
Hin!i S Kus#
Kanna!a S Ea(#a Hullu
Kas#"ii S KK
Mala4ala" S Ea(#aR Ea(#apullu
Maat#i S Ea(#a
Di4a S Kus#a
3unja(i S Kus#R Eale
Ta"il S Ea(aipul
Telu-u S Ea(#a-a!!i
7!u S 3an
DESCRITION
a) Ma!"o#!o$i!
Eu- occus in 1K28 c" lon-R 8.$K8.* c" t#ic/ cut piecesR al"ost c4lin!icalQ
inteno!es s"oot#R stoutR "ostl4 coFee! Mit# s#inin- s#eat#R #aFin- !istinct no!esQ
(oMnis#K4elloMQ a )eM t#inR )i(ousR as# coloue! oots aise at no!esQ )actueR s#ot.

157
%) Mi!"o#!o$i!
Root stoc/ s#oMs sin-le la4ee! epi!e"isR coFee! Mit# stiate! cuticleQ #4po!e"is
co"pose! o) $K* la4ee!R cicula to pol4-onalR scleenc#4"atous cellsQ cote5 consistin- o)
*K0 la4ee!R cicula paenc#4"atous cells Mit# s"all intecellula spacesQ a )eM collateal
Fascula (un!les )oun! scattee! in t#is 2oneR )olloMe! (4 *K6 la4ee!R !iscontinuous
scleenc#4"atous in-Q -oun! tissue co"pose! o) continuous "ass o) sli-#tl4 t#ic/KMalle!R
nonKli-ni)ie!R paenc#4"atous cellsQ nu"eousR collatealR Fascula (un!les )oun! scattee!
in t#is 2one an! eac# coFee! (4 scleenc#4"atous s#eat#Q 54le" Fessels si"ple pitte!Q
stac# -ains si"ple oun! to oFalR Mit# centic #ilu"R "easuin- 6K1+ in !ia.R an!
co"poun! #aFin- tMo co"ponentsR )oun! scattee! in #4po!e"isR cote5 an! -oun!
tissues.
o&d'" K IelloMis#K(oMnQ s#oMs )a-"ents o) cicula to pol4-onal scleenc#4"atous
cells Mit# !istinct lu"en an! stiationsQ lon-R pointe! )i(esQ si"ple pitte! 54le" FesselsQ
stac# -ains si"ple oun! to oFal Mit# centic #ilu" "easuin- 6K1+ . in !ia. an!
co"poun! #aFin- tMo co"ponents.


T.L.C.
Aate (+S 1 S*) s#oMs un!e 7.@. ($11 n") seFen )luoescent 2ones at R). 8.81R 8.1*R 8.2+R
8.$1R 8.1+R 8.6$ an! 8.0+ (all (lue). Dn e5posue to 9o!ine Fapou tMelFe spots appea at R).
8.81R 8.1*R 8.2+R 8.$1R 8.+.R 8.**R 8.1+R 8..8R 8..1R 8.6$R 8.08 an! 8.0+ (all 4elloM). Dn
spa4in- Mit# *U Met#anolicK,ulp#uic aci! ea-ent an! #eatin- t#e plate )o a(out ten
"inutes at 18*C ei-#t spots appea at R). 8.1*R 8.2+R 8.$1R 8.1+R 8..1R 8.6$R 8.08 an! 8.0+
158
(all -e4).

CONSTIT)ENTS K Tepenes.

ROERTIES AND ACTION
G*+a S La-#u
,-".a S JPta
,i$/ka S Ma!#ua
Ka"0a S Kap#apitta#aaR MXtala
IMORTANT 1ORM)LATIONS K KapXW!4a/aR ,u/u"Wa G#\taR A^"aP#aa KaVW4a C
XZaR T\Zapa[ca"Xla KFWt#a CXZaR MXtaFiecanP4a KaVW4a CXZaR ,tan4ajanana KaVW4a C
XZa
THERAE)TIC )SES K MXta/\cc#aR @isapaR EW#aR A^"aPR T\VZWR %astio-aR
3a!aao-aR Ra/tapitta
DOSE K *8K188 - o) poM!e )o !ecoction.

159
;@. La43a5i (T*%. Rt.)
LCGAL (T*%'"o*# Root)
LW]-alP consists o) !ie! tu(eous oot o) )loriosa superba Linn. (?a". Liliaceae) a
cli"(e Mit# lea) ten!il an! la-eR solita4 o co4"(oseR s#oM4 )loMes Mit# peiant#
se-"ents #aFin- MaF4 "a-insR -eenis# at )istR late (eco"in- 4elloM an! )inall4 scalet o
ci"son coloue!R an! )oun! Mil! t#ou-#out t#e topical e-ions upto 2R888 ".
SYNONYMS
,ans/it S Kali#WPR Ga(#anutR HalinPR A-niî/#W
Assa"ese S KK
%en-ali S %isalan-uli
Cn-lis# S Glo4 Lil4
Gujati S K#a!i4ana-
Hin!i S Kali#ai
Kanna!a S Koli/utu"ana Ga!e
Kas#"ii S KK
Mala4ala" S Mat#onni
Maat#i S Kaiana-
Di4a S KK
3unja(i S Kai4ai
Ta"il S Ki2#an-uR Kalappai
Telu-u S 3ott#i!u"pa
7!u S 3an
DESCRITION
a) Ma!"o#!o$i!
Tu(eous oots t#ic/R al"ost c4lin!ical o sli-#tl4 lateall4 )lattene!R occuin- in
pieces o) 1*K$8 e" lon- an! 2.* K $.6 c" t#ic/R o)ten (i)ucate! Mit# tapein- en!sR
ese"(lin- a plou-#Ks#aeR one a" -eneall4 "oe t#an !ou(le t#e len-t# o) t#e ot#eQ
160
(oMnis# e5tenall4 an! 4elloMis# intenall4Q )actueR s#otQ tasteR aci! an! (itte.

%) Mi!"o#!o$i!
Tu(eous oot s#oMs sin-le la4ee! epi!e"isR e5tenall4 cuticulaise!R consistin- o)
ectan-ula cellsR )olloMe! (4 -oun! paenc#4"aR Mit# scattee! s"all Fascula (un!lesQ
paenc#4"a cells la-eR t#inKMalle!R pol4-onal to ciculaR #aFin- conspicuous intecellula
spacesR "ost o) t#e cells speciall4 o) t#e oute la4es )ille! Mit# stac# -ainsR si"pleR oun!
to o(lon-R o pol4#e!alR "easuin- 6K$$ in !ia.R s#oMin- clea #ilu" an! concentic
stiationsR occasionall4 co"poun! Mit# 2K$ co"ponentsR "easuin- 2+K$1 in !ia.Q Fascula
(un!les collatealR nu"eousR scattee! t#ou-#out -oun! tissueR consistin- o) 54le" an!
p#loe"Q eac# Fascula (un!le enclose! (4 scleenc#4"atous s#eat#R 54le" co"pose! o)
FesselsR tac#ei!s an! paenc#4"aQ Fessels #aFin- "ostl4 eticulate t#ic/enin-R s"alle
ones #aFin- spial t#ic/enin-R tac#ei!s Mit# eticulate t#ic/enin-Q 54le" paenc#4"a cells
usuall4 ectan-ulaQ p#loe" consistin- o) sieFe tu(esR co"panion cells an! p#loe"
paenc#4"aQ p#loe" paenc#4"a cells Fe4 s"all an! t#inKMalle!.
o&d'" K %oMnQ s#oMs )a-"ents o) paenc#4"a cellsR si"ple stac# -ainsR oun! to
o(lon- o pol4#e!al "easuin- 6K$$ !ia. s#oMin- clea #ilu" an! concentic stiationsR
occasionall4 co"poun! Mit# 2K$ co"ponentsR "easuin- 2+K$1 in !ia.R scleenc#4"atous
cellsR a )eM 54le" Fessels an! tac#ei!s.


T.L.C.
T.L.C. o) t#e alco#olic e5tact on ,ilica -el TGT plate usin- C#loo)o" S Met#anol (0
161
S 1) s#oMs un!e 7@ ($11 n") t#ee )luoescent 2ones at R). 8.2+ ((lue)R 8.66 an! 8.0+
((ot# (lac/). Dn e5posue to 9o!ine Fapou ei-#t spots appea at R). 8.80R 8.11R 8.2+R 8.$6R
8.*0R 8..*R 8.66 an! 8.0+ (all 4elloM). Dn spa4in- Mit# Ea-en!o)) ea-ent )olloMe! (4
*U Met#anolicK,ulp#uic aci! tMo spots appea at R). 8.66 an! 8.0+ ((ot# oan-e).

CONSTIT)ENTS K Al/aloi!s an! Resins.

ROERTIES AND ACTION
Ra#a S Ti/taR KaVW4aR KaYu
G*+a S ,aaR TP/VZa
,-".a S 7VZa
,i$/ka S KaYu
Ka"0a S @Wta#aaR 3itta#aaR Kap#a#aaR Ga(#apWtana
IMORTANT 1ORM)LATIONS K Ni-uZOP TailaR KWsisW!P TailaR Ma#W @iVa-a(#a Taila
THERAE)TIC )SES K KuVY#aR Jop#aR AâR @aZaR JXlaR K\"iR %asti^XlaR Ga(#aR Jal4aR
@WtaF4W!#i
DOSE K 12*K2*8 "- o) pui)ie! !u-.

162
<A. La#h*4a (7*5%)
LAM)NA (7*5%)
Laûna consists o) (ul( o) Allium sativum Linn. (?a". Liliaceae)Q a peennial (ul(ous
plantR cultiFate! as an i"potant con!i"ent cop in t#e count4.
SYNONYMS
,ans/it S RasonaR IaFaneVYa
Assa"ese S Ma#au
%en-ali S Lasun
Cn-lis# S Galic
Gujati S LasanR Lassun
Hin!i S La#asun
Kanna!a S %ulluci
Kas#"ii S KK
Mala4ala" S @ellulliR Nellut#ulli
Maat#i S Lasun
Di4a S KK
3unja(i S Lasan
Ta"il S @ellaipoon!u
Telu-u S @ellulliR Tellap4aR Tella-a!!a
7!u S La#sanR ,ee
DESCRITION
a) Ma!"o#!o$i!
Eu- occus as entie (ul( o isolate! cloFes ((ul(lets)Q (ul( su(K-lo(ulaR +K1 c" in
!ia"eteR consistin- o) 6K28 cloFesR suoun!e! (4 $K* M#itis# pape4 "e"(anous scales
attac#e! to a s#otR !iscKli/e Moo!4 ste" #aFin- nu"eousR Mi4 ootlets on t#e un!e si!eQ
eac# cloFe is ie-ulal4 oFoi!R tapein- at uppe en! Mit# !osal conFe5 su)aceR 2K$ c"
lon-R 8.* K 8.6 c" Mi!eR eac# suoun!e! (4 tMo Fe4 t#in pape4 M#itis# an! (ittle scales
#aFin- 2K$ 4elloMis#-een )ol!e! leaFes containe! Mit#in tMo M#ite )les#4R "o!i)ie! lea)
163
(ases o scalesQ o!ouR peculial4 pun-ent an! !isa-eea(leQ tasteR aci! -iFes Ma"t# to t#e
ton-ue.

%) Mi!"o#!o$i!
A cloFe o) (ul( s#oMs ti to tetan-ula appeaance in outlineQ oute scale consists o)
an oute epi!e"isR )olloMe! (4 #4po!e"al c4stal la4eR "esop#4ll "a!e o) paenc#4"a
cells an! an inne epi!e"isQ (ot# oute an! inne epi!e"is consists o) su( ectan-ula
cellsQ #4po!e"is consists o) co"pesse!R ie-ulaR tan-entiall4 elon-ate! cellsR eac# cell
#aFin- la-e pis"atic c4stals o) calciu" o5alateR M#ile "an4 cells contain s"all pis"atic
c4stals alsoR "esop#4ll seFeal la4es o) paenc#4"atous cells #aFin- a )eM Fascula
tissues Mit# spial FesselsQ inne epi!e"is si"ila to oute oneQ inne scale si"ila to oute
scale (ut oute epi!e"is co"pose! o) scleenc#4"atous cellsQ pis"atic c4stals in
#4po!e"is sli-#tl4 s"alle.
9n su)ace FieM cells o) oute epi!e"is elon-ate!R naoM Mit# t#in poous Mall
M#ile t#ose o) inne epi!e"is si"ila to oute one (ut nonKpoousQ cells o) #4po!e"al
c4stals la4e ellipsoi!al Mit# t#ic/ poous MallsR eac# cell #aFin- la-e pis"atic c4stals
o) calciu" o5alateR "an4 cells also contain s"all pis"atic c4stals in a!!ition to (i--e
onesQ inne scale s#oMs "a/e!l4 scleenc#4"atous cells Mit# -eatl4 t#ic/ene! Malls an!
Fe4 naoM lu"enQ cells o) #4po!e"al c4stal la4e so"eM#at s"alle Mit# Malls "oe
)e;uentl4 pitte!R si2e o) c4stals also s"alle.

@olatile Dil Not less t#an 8.1 pe centR Appen!i5 2.2.18.

T.L.C.
164
T.L.C. o) t#e alco#olic e5tact on ,ilica -el TGT plate usin- nK%utanol S 9sopopanol
Acetic aci!S Aate ($ S 1S 1 S 1) s#oMs un!e 7@ ($11 n") tMo )luoescent 2ones at R). 8.*6
an! 8..2 ((ot# li-#t (lue). Dn e5posue to 9o!ine Fapou nine spots appea at R). 8.16R 8.21R
8.$+R 8.$6R 8.+1R 8.*6R 8..2R 8... an! 8.0$ (all 4elloM)S Dn spa4in- Mit# Nin#4!in ea-ent
an! #eatin- t#e plate )o ten "inutes at 118C seFen spots appea at R). 8.21R 8.$6R 8.+1R
8.*6R 8.1.R 8..2 an! 8.0$ (all pin/). Dn spa4in- Mit# @anillinK,ulp#uic aci! ea-ent an!
#eatin- t#e plate )o ten "inutes at 118C seFen spots appea at R). 8.21R 8.$6R 8.+1R 8R*6R
8.1.R 8..2 an! 8.0$ (all -e4).

CONSTIT)ENTS K @olatile Dil containin- All4l Eisulp#i!e an! Eiall4l Eisulp#i!e. 9t also
contains AllinR AllicinR Mucila-e an! Al(u"in.

ROERTIES AND ACTION
Ra#a S KaYuR Ma!#ua
G*+a S GuuR ,ni-!#aR TP/VZaR ,aaR 3icc#ila
,-".a S 7VZa
,i$/ka S KaYu
Ka"0a S @Wta#aaR Kap#a#aaR 3itta !XVana/aaR Ra/ta!oVa#aaR
%#a-nasan!#Wna/aaR EPpanaR RasW4anaR %al4aR H\!4aR @\V4aR @aZ4aR Me!#4aR =antu-#naR
KaZY#4aR Ast#i MW_sa ,an!#Wna/aaR Ca/VuV4a
IMORTANT 1ORM)LATIONS K LaûnW!i @aYPR LaûnW!i G#\taR @acW LaûnW!i Taila
THERAE)TIC )SES K =PZaR =FaaR K\"io-aR Gul"aR KuVY#aR AâR KWsaR JFWsaR 3PnasaR
JXlaR KaZa^XlaR @WtaF4W!iR Hi//WR Me!oo-aR Ioni @4WpatR @isuci/WR 3lP#W @\!!#iR KVa4aR
@iVa"a =FaaR Apas"WaR 7n"W!aR JFWsaR Jop#aR H\!o-aR @Wta^XlaR Ti/a^XlaR @aZa K\"i
DOSE K $ - o) t#e !u-.

165
<1. Maha%a5a (Rt.)
MAH7AL (Root)
Ma#W(alW consists o) !ie! oots o) Sida rhombifolia Linn. (?a". MalFaceae)R an eect
annual o peennial un!es#u(R 1.* " #i-#R !isti(ute! t#ou-#out t#e count4 especiall4 in
"oist e-ionsR ascen!in- to an altitu!e o) 1688 " in t#e Hi"ala4as.
SYNONYMS
,ans/it S Ati(alWR 3PtapuVpi
Assa"ese S KK
%en-ali S 3ita(e!alaR K#eiti
Cn-lis# S Count4 MalloM
Gujati S Ma#a(ala
Hin!i S 3ita(alaR 3ita(ai4a
Kanna!a S Kisan-i#ettuttiK-i!a
Kas#"ii S KK
Mala4ala" S Ana//uuntotti
Maat#i S Ma#(ala
Di4a S KK
3unja(i S K#uunti
Ta"il S Kuunt#otti
Telu-u S Gu(ata!aR 3e!!a Mut#eea 3ula-u"
7!u S 3an
DESCRITION
a) Ma!"o#!o$i!
Eu- occus as entie oot o cut pieces o) Fa4in- len-t#sR .K6 "" in t#ic/nessR
Mit# MaF4 lateal oots co"paatiFel4 t#inne t#an "ain oots #aFin- nu"eous ootletsR
(oMnis#K4elloMR su)aceR ou-# !ue to scas o) s"all ootlets an! lenticelsQ )actueR #a!
an! splinte4.
166

%) Mi!"o#!o$i!
Matue oot s#oMs co/ consistin- o) $K18 oMs o) naoMR ectan-ulaR tan-entiall4
elon-ate!R t#inKMalle!R paenc#4"atous cellsR a )eM containin- osette c4stals o) calciu"
o5alateQ secon!a4 p#loe" co"pose! o) p#loe" )i(es in Me!-es#ape! patc#es Mit# t#inK
Malle! paenc#4"a in (etMeenQ p#loe" a4s t#inKMalle!R tan-entiall4 elon-ate! toMa!s
secon!a4 cote5Q a )eM osette c4stals o) calciu" o5alate )oun! scattee! in p#loe"
paenc#4"aQ secon!a4 54le" co"pose! o) FesselsR )i(eR paenc#4"a an! a4sQ Fessels
aan-e! in a!ial oMsR )i(es "o!eatel4 lon-R t#ic/KMalle!R li-ni)ie! Mit# Mi!e lu"en an!
pointe! ape5Q 54le" a4s 2K$ cells Mi!eR a )eM containin- osette c4stals o) calciu"
o5alateQ in %ala (,. cordifolia Linn.) 1K$ cells Mi!e Mit# osette c4stals o) calciu" o5alateQ
1 o 2 cells Mi!e Mit# #o"(oi!al c4stals o) calciu" o5alate in Ati(ala .Abutilon indicum
,M.)R an! osette c4stals o) calciu" o5alate pesent in secon!a4 cote5 an! a(sent in
54le" a4s in Na-a(ala .S. veronicaefolia La".).
o&d'" K Cea"is#K-e4Q s#oMs "o!eatel4 la-eR t#ic/KMalle!R li-ni)ie! )i(esR Mit# Mi!e
lu"en an! pointe! tipsR )a-"ents o) co/ cells si"pleR pitte! Fessels an! a )eM osette
c4stals o) calciu" o5alate.


T.L.C.
S 2) s#oMs un!e 7.@. ($11 n") )iFe )luoescent 2ones at R). 8.86 ((lue)R 8.$* ((lue)R 8.+1
((lue)R 8..6 ((lue) an! 8.0* (pin/). Dn e5posue to 9o!ine Fapou ei-#t spots appea at R).
8.86R 8.1*R 8.$0R 8.*8R 8.11R 8.61R 8.60 an! 8.00 (all 4elloM). Dn spa4in- Mit# Ea-en!o))
167
ea-ent )olloMe! (4 *U Met#anolicK,ulp#uc aci! ea-ent tMo spots appea at R). 8.8+ an!
8..+ ((ot# oan-e).

CONSTIT)ENTS K Al/aloi!s (@asicinone an! @asicine).

ROERTIES AND ACTION
Ra#a S Ma!#ua
G*+a S GuuR ,ni-!#aR 3icc#ila
,-".a S JPta
,i$/ka S Ma!#ua
Ka"0a S @Wta-#naR 3itta-#naR GW#PR Ju/aF\!!#i/aaR DjoFa!#a/aR
KWntiFa!#a/aR %al4a
IMORTANT 1ORM)LATIONS K Ma#W @iVa-a(#a TailaR NaFatnaWja"\-W]/a Rasa
THERAE)TIC )SES K Ju/a/Va4aR KVataR KVa4aR @iVa"ajFaaR Eau(al4aR @WtaF4W!#iR
@Wtaa/taR Ra/tapittaR Jop#a

168
<2. Ma4Di#hta (St.)
MANEI89H (St'0)
Ma[jiVY#W consists o) !ie! ste" o) (ubia cordifolia Linn. (?a". Ru(iaceae)Q a
peennial #e(aceous pic/l4 ceepe o cli"(e upto 18" lon-R )oun! t#ou-#out t#e count4
ascen!in- to $.*8 ".
SYNONYMS
,ans/it S IojnaFallPR @astaajinPR Ra/ta
Assa"ese S 3#uFFa
%en-ali S Manjist#aR Manjit#
Cn-lis# S 9n!ian Ma!!a
Gujati S Manjit#a
Hin!i S Manjit#aR Manjit
Kanna!a S Manjust#a
Kas#"ii S KK
Mala4ala" S Manjatti
Maat#i S Manji#t#a
Di4a S KK
3unja(i S Manjist#aR Manjit
Ta"il S Manjitte
Telu-u S Manjis#t#a
7!u S Majeet#
DESCRITION
a) Ma!"o#!o$i!
,te" slen!eR "oe o less c4lin!icalR sli-#tl4 )lattene!R Mi4R a(out 8.* c" t#ic/R
(oMn to puple coloue!Q su)ace sca(ousR sti)) an! -ooFe! Mit# lon-itu!inal cac/sQ
pic/les pesent in t#e i""atue ste"Q no!es !istinct #aFin- tMo lea) scasR one on eit#e
si!eQ )actueR s#ot.
169
%) Mi!"o#!o$i!
Matue ste" s#oMs e5)oliatin- co/R uptue! at placesR )o"in- !o"eKs#ape!
stuctueR consistin- o) $K12 o "oe la4ee! a!iall4 aan-e!R s;uais# an! tan-entiall4
elon-ate!R t#inKMalle! cellsR appeain- pol4-onal in su)ace FieMQ secon!a4 cote5 $K*
la4ee! consistin- o) tan-entiall4 elon-ate!R t#inKMalle! cellsR so"e o) M#ic# contain
acicula c4stals o) calciu" o5alate as isolate! o in (un!lesQ a )eM cells contain san!4
c4stals as (lac/ -anula "assesQ secon!a4 p#loe"R a Mi!e 2one o) e!!is# colouR
co"pose! o) sieFe ele"ents an! p#loe" paenc#4"aR )i(es a(sentQ p#loe" paenc#4"a
s"alle toMa!s inne si!e -a!uall4 (eco"in- la-e an! tan-entiall4 elon-ate! toMa!s
peip#e4R a )eM cells contain san!4 c4stals o) calciu" o5alateQ secon!a4 54le" )o"s a
continuous c4lin!e o) e!!is# colouR co"pose! o) FesselsR tac#ei!sR )i(es an! 54le"
paenc#4"aQ Fessels nu"eousR !isti(ute! uni)o"l4 t#ou-#out 54le"R la-e toMa!s
oute si!e an! s"alle toMa!s centeQ in "aceate! pepaationR Fessels s#oM -eat
Faiation in s#ape an! si2e #aFin- li-ni)ie! Malls an! pitte! t#ic/enin-Q 54le" )i(es t#ic/K
Malle!R lon- an! s#otR lon-e ones #aFe naoM lu"en M#ile s#ote ones #aFe Mi!e lu"en
Mit# pitte! t#ic/enin-sQ 54le" paenc#4"a also Fa4 in s#ape an! si2e #aFin- pitte! o
eticulate t#ic/enin-Q cente occupie! (4 naoM pit# consistin- o) t#inMalle!R
paenc#4"atous cellsR a )eM cells contain san!4 c4stals o) calciu" o5alate.
o&d'" K 3in/Q s#oMs nu"eous )a-"ents o) co/R li-ni)ie! 54le" FesselsR tac#ei!sR an!
)i(es Mit# pitte! an! eticulate 54le" paenc#4"a #aFin- e! coloue! contentsQ acicula
an! san!4 c4stals as (lac/ -anula "asses.


T.L.C.
170
T.L.C. o) t#e alco#olic e5tact on ,ilica -el TGT plate usin- nK%utanol S Acetic aci! S
Aate (+S 1 S*) s#oMs in Fisi(le li-#t tMo spots at R). 8.02 (-e4) an! 8.06 (-een). 7n!e
7@ ($11 un) tMo )luoescent 2ones ae Fisi(le at R). 8.02 (-e4) an! 8.06 (pin/). Dn
e5posue to 9o!ine Fapou si5 spots appea at R). 8.26R 8.$.R 8.*$R 8..2R 8.02 an! 8.06 (all
4elloM). Dn spa4in- Mit# *U Met#anolicK,ulp#uic aci! ea-ent an! #eatin- t#e plate )o
ten "inutes at 118C si5 spots appea at R). 8.26R 8.$. ((ot# -e4)R 8.*$ ((luis# -e4)R 8..2
(-e4)R 8.02 (-e4) an! 8.06 (Fiolet)

CONSTIT)ENTS K Gl4cosi!es

ROERTIES AND ACTION
Ra#a S KaVW4aR Ti/taR Ma!#ua
G*+a S Guu
,-".a S 7VZa
,i$/ka S KaYu
Ka"0a S Kap#apitta^W"a/aR @aZ4aR ,Fa4aR @iVaR Jot#a-#naR KuVY#a-#naR
3a"e#a-#naR @\V4aR K\"i-#naR ,ta"(#anaR taFajananaR RasW4anaR JoZitast#Wpana
IMORTANT 1ORM)LATIONS K AaFin!WsaFaR A^Fa-an!#WiVYaR 7^PWsaFaR Can!anWsaFaR
%\#an"anjiVY#W!i KFWt#aR Ma[jiVY#W!i TailaR K#a!iW!i GuYi/W (Mu/#a)
THERAE)TIC )SES K Ioni Ro-aR A/Vi Ro-aR JleV"aja Jot#aR KaZa Ro-aR Ma[jiVY#W
Me#aR Ra/tWtisWaR KuVY#aR @isapaR 3a"e#aR ,apaFiVaR %#a-naR AâR @4a]-a
DOSE K 2K+ - o) t#e !u-.

171
<6. Ma"i!ha (1"t.)
MARICA (1"*it)
Maica consists o) )ull4 "atue !ie! )uit o) Piper nigrum Linn. (?a". 3ipeaceae)Q a
cli"(eR cultiFate! )o" Kon/an ,out#Ma!sR especiall4 in Not# Kon/an KealaR an! also in
Assa"Q )uits ipen )o" Eece"(e to Mac#R !epen!in- upon cli"atic con!itionsQ )uits
#aFeste! )o" Eece"(e to Apil.
SYNONYMS
,ans/it S @ellajaR K\VZaR 7VaZa
Assa"ese S KK
%en-ali S Gol"oic#R Kala"oic#R Moic#
Cn-lis# S %lac/ 3eppe
Gujati S Kali"oi
Hin!i S Kali"ic#
Kanna!a S Kai"onauR Menau
Kas#"ii S KK
Mala4ala" S Kuu"ula/u
Maat#i S Kala"ii
Di4a S KK
3unja(i S Gal"iic#R Kali"ic#
Ta"il S Mila-u
Telu-u S Mii4aluR Maic#a"u
7!u S ?il)il ,i4a#R Kali"iic#
DESCRITION
a) Ma!"o#!o$i!
?uits -e4is#K(lac/ to (lac/R #a!R Min/le!R 8.+K8.* c" in !ia.Q o!ouR ao"aticQ
tasteR pun-ent.
172

%) Mi!"o#!o$i!
?uit consists o) a t#ic/ peicap )o a(out one t#i! o) )uit an! an inne "ass o)
peispe"R enclosin- a s"all e"(4oQ peicap consists o) epicapR "esocap an! en!ocapQ
epicap co"pose! o) sin-le la4ee!R sli-#tl4 sinuousR ta(ula cells )o"in- epi!e"isR (eloM
M#ic#R ae pesent 1 o 2 la4es o) a!iall4 elon-ate!R li-ni)ie! stone cells a!jacent to -oup
o) cells o) paenc#4"aQ "esocap Mi!eR co"pose! o) (an! o) tan-entiall4 elon-ate!
paenc#4"atous cells #aFin- a )eM isolate!R tan-entiall4 elon-ate! oil cells pesent in oute
e-ion an! a )eM )i(oKFascula (un!lesR a sin-le oM o) oil cells in t#e inne e-ion o)
"esocapQ en!ocap co"pose! o) a oM o) (ea/es#ape! stone cellsQ testa sin-le la4ee!R
4elloM coloue!R t#ic/KMalle! scleenc#4"atous cellsQ peispe" contains paenc#4"atous
cells #aFin- a )eM oil -lo(ules an! pac/e! Mit# a(un!antR oFal to oun!R si"ple an!
co"poun! stac# -ains "easuin- *.*K11.8 in !ia.Q #aFin- 2K$ co"ponents an! a )eM
"inute aleuone -ains.
o&d'" K %lac/is#K-e4Q s#oMs !e(is Mit# a c#aacteisticR in -oupsR "oe o less
iso!ia"etic o sli-#tl4 elon-ate! stone cellsR intespese! Mit# t#inKMalle!R pol4-onal
#4po!e"al cellsQ (ea/eKs#ape! stone cells )o" en!ocap an! a(un!ant pol4#e!alR
elon-ate! cells )o" pei spe"R pac/e! ti-#tl4 Mit# "asses o) "inute co"poun! an!
sin-leR oFal to oun!R stac# -ains "easuin- *.*K11.8 in !ia.Q #aFin- 2K$ co"ponent an!
a )eM aleuone -ains an! oil -lo(ules.


T.L.C.
T.L.C. o) t#e alco#olic e5tact on ,ilica -el TGT plate usin- TolueneS Ct#4lacetate (. S
173
$) s#oMs in Fisi(le li-#t )ou spots at R). 8.8*R 8.86 ((ot# li-#t -een)R 8.2. (li-#t 4elloM)
an! 8.*2 (4elloM). 7n!e 7@ ($11 n") ten )luoescent 2ones ae Fisi(le at R). 8.8*R 8.86
((ot# li-#t (oMn)R 8.28 (li-#t (lue)R 8.+1 ((lue)R 8.*2 (-eenis# 4elloM)R 8.*. ((luis#
4elloM)R 8.11 (li-#t (lue)R 8..+ (li-#t pin/)R 8.62 an! 8.0. ((ot# (lue). Dn e5posue to
9o!ine Fapou eleFen spots appea at R). 8.8*R 8.86R 8.1+R 8.28R 8.2.R 8.$+R 8.+1R 8.*.R 8.11R
8..+ an! 8.0. (all 4elloM). Dn spa4in- Mit# Ea-en!o)) ea-ent )olloMe! (4 *U
Met#anolicK,ulp#uic aci! ea-ent nine spots appea at R). 8.8* (li-#tKoan-e)R 8.1+R 8.28R
8.2. (all oan-e)R 8.+1R 8.*. ((ot# 4elloMis# oan-e)R 8.11R 8..+ ((ot# oan-e) an! 8.0.
(li-#t oan-e). Dn spa4in- Mit# @anillinK,ulp#uic aci! ea-ent an! #eatin- t#e plate )o
ten "inutes at 118C tMelFe spots appea at R). 8.8*R 8.86R 8.28R 8.2.R 8.+1R 8.*2R 8.*.R
8.11R 8..+R 8.62R 8.08.an! 8.0. (all Fiolet).
T.L.C. O1 IERINE:
"'$a"atio4 oI th' EOt"a!tP
C5tact 1 - o) 3eppe poM!e (4 #eatin- un!e e)lu5 )o 1* "inutes Mit# 18 "l "et#anol.
?ilteR eFapoate t#e )iltate so as to e!uce it to 2 "l an! use )o TLC application.
Sta4da"d i$'"i4'P
Eilute * -" in * "l "et#anol
A!so(entS ,ilica -el plate
,olFent ,4ste"S TolueneS Ct#4l acetate (.S$) (satuate t#e c#a"(e )o at least $8 "inutes)
ApplicationS 3eppe e5tact S 28 }
dKK (an! )o"
3ipeine S 18 }
Runnin- !istanceS 18 to 12 c"s
E4in-S Ai 4in- )o 1* to 28 "in. an! t#en in an oFen )o * "in.
EetectionS Cool an! spa4 t#e plate t#oou-#l4 Mit# @anillinK,ulp#uic aci! ea-ent an!
#eat at 118
8
C )o *K18 "in. un!e o(seFation. A#en pipeine spots appea le"on 4elloMR
t#e plate is to (e ta/en out. DFeK#eatin- tuns 4elloM spots to Fiolet.
174
R). o) 3ipeineS Appo5i"atel4 8.* in case o) #an! "a!e plates

CONSTIT)ENTS K Al/aloi!s (3ipeineR C#aFicineR 3ipei!ineR 3ipeetine) an! essential
Dil.

ROERTIES AND ACTION
Ra#a S KaYuR Ti/ta
,-".a S 7VZa
,i$/ka S KaYu
Ka"0a S JleV"a#aaR 3itta/aaR Kap#aFWtajitR @Wta#aaR C#e!anaR EPpanaR Ruc4aR
=antunWânaR Me!o#aaR C#e!iR H\!o-aR @Wtao-a
IMORTANT 1ORM)LATIONS K MaicW!i GuYi/WR MaicW!i TailaR Ti/aYu CXZa
THERAE)TIC )SES K JFWsaR JXlaR K\"io-aR TFa-o-a
DOSE K 2*8 "- K 1 - o) t#e !u- in poM!e )o".

175
<;. Ma#ha$a"4i (H..)
M8AARJ (Hho5' 5a4t)
MWVapaZP consists o) !ie! M#ole plant o) /eramnus labialis Spreng. (?a".
?a(aceae)R a Fe4 Faia(le cli"(in- o spea!in- #ai4 #e(R )oun! t#ou-#out t#e count4.
SYNONYMS
,ans/it S Ma#Wsa#WR ,X4asaniR KW"(ojR 3aZOuto"aâ 3asZP
Assa"ese S KK
%en-ali S Mas#anceR %an/alaaiR Mas#ani
Cn-lis# S @o-elKTep#osis
Gujati S %anu!a!R =an-lee A!a!
Hin!i S Mas#FanR %anF!a!R Mas#oni
Kanna!a S Ka!u 7!!u
Kas#"ii S KK
Mala4ala" S Katu 7lan!u
Maat#i S Ran 7!i!
Di4a S KK
3unja(i S =an-ali 7a!
Ta"il S KattuK7lan!u
Telu-u S Kau"inu"R Mas#peni
7!u S 3an
DESCRITION
a) Ma!"o#!o$i!
Root K Tap oot Mit# lateal oots occus in c4lin!icalR (anc#e! piecesR $K* c"
lon-R an! upto 1c" in !ia.R li-#t (oMn to !a/ (oMnR Mit# lon-itu!inal an! tansFese
cac/sQ lateal oots t#inR s"oot#R "o!eatel4 Moo!4Q )actueR la"inate! an! s#ot.
St'0 K Cut pieces *K6 c" lon-R upto 8.6 c" in !iaR so"eM#at tMiste! an! (anc#e!R o
c4lin!icalR slen!eR ou-# !ue to cac/s an! lon-itu!inal i!-es an! )uoMsR (oMnis#-e4Q
176
)actueR s#ot an! )i(ous.
L'aI K Ti)oliateR lea)let oFateKo(lon-R 1K12 c" lon-R (ase oun! o acuteR li-#t (oMnis#K
4elloM.
15o&'" K La5 a5illa4 ace"esR *K1* c" lon-R )loMes e!R pin/R puple o M#iteR slen!eR
"oe o less #ai4 ac#is.
1"*it K 3o! upto * c" lon-R stai-#t o so"eti"es sli-#tl4 ecuFe!R (oMnis#K(lac/ to !a/
(oMnR #aFin- 1K6 o 12 see!s.
S''d K D(lon-R c4lin!icalR sli-#tl4 oun!e! at t#e en!sQ 2K$ "" lon- upto 2 "" in !ia.Q
!a/ (oMn.

%) Mi!"o#!o$i!
Root K 3ool4 !eFelope! co/R +K18 la4ee!R consistin- o) tan-entiall4 elon-ate!
cells Mit# (oMn MallsR e5)oliatin- stips o) cus#e! co/ cells occasionall4 pesentQ
secon!a4 cote5 consistin- o) $K6 oMs o) tan-entiall4 elon-ate!R t#inKMalle! cellsQ
secon!a4 p#loe" appeain- !o"eKs#ape!R co"pose! o) sieFe tu(esR co"panion cellsR
paenc#4"aR )i(esR an! c4stal )i(esR t#e M#ole (ein- taFese! (4 p#loe" a4s t#at )unnel
out (e4on! p#loe"Q p#loe" paenc#4"a t#inKMalle!R pol4-onalQ p#loe" )i(es nu"eousR
li-ni)ie!R t#ic/KMalle!R septateR occu "ostl4 in -oupsR a"on- p#loe" paenc#4"aQ c4stal
)i(es pesent containin- a pis"atic c4stal o) calciu" o5alateQ ca"(iu" not !istinctQ
secon!a4 54le" consistin- o) FesselsR )i(es an! c4stal )i(es all taFese! (4 54le" a4sQ
Fessels solita4 o in -oups o) 2K$ Mit# pitte! t#ic/enin-sQ tac#ei!s pesentR )i(es septate
Mit# t#ic/KMalls an! pointe!Q 54le" paenc#4"a nonKli-ni)ie!R t#ic/KMalle! elon-ate!
cellsQ c4stal )i(esR elon-ate!R t#ic/KMalle!R !iFi!e! (4 tansFese patitions into c#a"(esR
eac# c#a"(e containin- a pis"atic c4stal o) calciu" o5alateQ 54le" a4sR 1 to 1 cells
Mi!eR t#inKMalle! a!iall4 elon-ate!Q pis"atic c4stals o) calciu" o5alateR an! stac#
-ains pesent in secon!a4 cote5R p#loe" )i(esR p#loe" paenc#4"a an! "e!ulla4 a4sQ
stac# -ainsR nu"eousR "ostl4 si"pleR ael4 co"poun!R oFal to oun!e! Mit# cental
#ilu" "easuin- $K1+ in !ia.
St'0 K ,#oMs 1K11 la4esR t#inKMalle!R ectan-ulaR e5)oliate! co/ cellsQ secon!a4 cote5
consistin- o) t#inKMalle!R oFal to ectan-ulaR paenc#4"atous cells #aFin- nu"eous
-oups o) cotical )i(esR aan-e! in a!ial oMsQ peic4cle co"pose! o) isolate! stan!s o)
)i(esR occasionall4 Mit# stone cells (etMeen t#e"Q secon!a4 p#loe" co"pose! o) usual
ele"ents alon- Mit# seceto4 cellsQ secon!a4 54le" co"pose! o) usual ele"entsQ 54le"
177
)i(es lon-R li-ni)ie!Q Fessels si"ple pitte!Q a4 1 o 2 cells Mi!eR pit# co"pose! o) oFal to
pol4-onalR t#inKMalle!R paenc#4"atous cells containin- seceto4 cells.
L'aI :
Midrib K sin-le la4ee! epi!e"is coFee! (4 t#ic/ cuticleR an! #aFin- a )eM unicellula
#ais on (ot# su)acesQ t#is is )olloMe! (4 + o * la4ee!R t#ic/KMalle! pol4-onalR collenK
c#4"atous cells on (ot# loMe an! uppe su)acesQ 2 o $ la4es o) oFal to pol4-onalR t#inK
Malle! paenc#4"atous cells pesent on (ot# su)acesQ T7T s#ape! Fascula (un!les #aFin-
usual ele"ents.
"amina K sin-le la4ee! epi!e"is coFee! (4 t#ic/ stiate! cuticle an! #aFin- a )eM
unicellula #ais on (ot# su)acesQ sin-le la4ee! palisa!e cellQ 1 o 2 la4es o) t#inMalle!R
pol4-onal paenc#4"atous cells containin- c#loop#4ll on loMe su)aceR a )eM s"all
Fascula (un!les #aFin- usual ele"ents scattee! in cental e-ionsQ sto"ata paac4tic on
(ot# su)acesQ sto"atal in!e5 26K$+ on loMe su)aces an! 16K2+ on uppe su)acesQ
palisa!e atio not "oe t#an *Q FeinKislet nu"(e 1K6Q Feinlet te"ination nu"(e not "oe
t#an +.
1"*it K ,in-le la4ee!R t#ic/KMalle!R a!iall4 elon-ate!R epi!e"al cellsR )olloMe! (4 one
oM o) t#ic/KMalle!R oun!e! to ectan-ulaR stone cells o) Faious si2es #aFin- naoMR
lu"en an! centic stiationsR $ o + la4es o) t#inKMalle! a!iall4 elon-ate!R paenc#4"aK
tous cells an! seFeal la4es o) t#ic/KMalle!R li-ni)ie! scleenc#4"atous cells o) "esocap.
S''d K Testa containin- t#ic/KMalle!R tan-entiall4 elon-ate!R li-ni)ie!R scleenc#4"atous
cellsR )olloMe! (4 2 la4es o) t#inKMalle!R palisa!eKli/e cellsR palisa!e intenall4 suppote!
(4 a sin-le la4ee! (eae cellsQ cot4le!ons consist o) oFal to pol4-onalR t#in Malle!
o&d'" K Li-#t 4elloMis#Kcea"Q s#oMs )a-"ents o) co/R paenc#4"aR tac#ei!sR
unicellula #aisR t#ic/KMalle!R elon-ate!R pol4-onal cells o) testaR si"ple pitte! FesselR
septateR t#ic/KMalle! an! pointe! )i(esQ pis"atic c4stals o) calciu" o5alateR si"pleR oFal
to oun!e! stac# -ains "easuin- $ K1+ in !ia.

178

T.L.C.
1) s#oMs un!e 7@ ($11 n") seFen )luoescent 2ones at R). 8.8*R 8.18R 8.1* (all (lue)R 8.21
(li-#t (lue)R 8.+0R 8..+ ((ot# (lue) an! 8.6* (li-#t (lue). Dn e5posue to 9o!ine Fapou )ou
spots appea at R). 8.8*R 8.18R 8.$$ an! 8.10 (all 4elloM). Dn spa4in- Mit# @anillinK
,ulp#uic aci! ea-ent an! #eatin- t#e plate )o ten "inutes at 118 C )ou spots appea at
R). 8.8*R 8.18R 8.$$ (all Fiolet) an! 8.01 (!a/ Fiolet).

CONSTIT)ENTS K Gl4cosi!es.

ROERTIES AND ACTION
G*+a S La-#uR RX/Va
,-".a S JPta
,i$/ka S Ma!#ua
Ka"0a S @Wtapitta^W"a/aR Kap#aFa!#a/aR GW#PR %al4aR @\V4aR Ju/ala
IMORTANT 1ORM)LATIONS K A"\tapWâ G#\taR Aô/a G#\taR @i!W4W!i G#\taR
E#WnFantaa G#\taR NWW4aZa TailaR %\#at MWVa TailaR %alW TailaR Ma#W NWW4aZa Taila
THERAE)TIC )SES K AtPsWaR 3aFW#i/WR @Wtapitta =FaaR Ju/WlpataR Ra/tapittaR
Ra/taFi/WaR EW#aR Jot#aR Jia`^Xla
DOSE K *K18 - o) t#e poM!e.

179
<<. Ma#*"a (Sd.)
MASFRA (S''d)
MasXa consists o) !ie! see! o) "ens culinaris Me!ic. (?a". ?a(aceae)R a s"allR eectR
pu(escent #e(R 1*K.* c" #i-#R cultiFate! t#ou-#out not# 9n!iaR paticulal4 in 7tta
3a!es#R Ma!#4a 3a!es#R %i#a an! Aest %en-alR an! to a s"alle e5tent in 3unja(.
Rajast#anR Ma#aas#ta an! Gujaat.
SYNONYMS
,ans/it S ,up4aR 3itta(#eVaja
Assa"ese S KK
%en-ali S Masui
Cn-lis# S Lentil
Gujati S MasuaR MasooR Masu
Hin!i S Masu
Kanna!a S Masua %ele
Kas#"ii S KK
Mala4ala" S C#ana" pa4aR @attuppaupu
Maat#i S MasuR Massoa
Di4a S KK
3unja(i S MasuR Masaa
Ta"il S Masoo 3auppu
Telu-u S Masua 3appuR Masooalu
7!u S Masu
DESCRITION
a) Ma!"o#!o$i!
,ee! lensKs#ape!R s"oot#R a(out + "" t#ic/R -e4is#K(oMn an! )aintl4 "ottle!R
cot4le!ons pin/Q tasteR c#aacteistic.
180

%) Mi!"o#!o$i!
,ee! testa consists o) a sin-le la4e o) epi!e"is co"pose! o) palisa!eKli/e cellsR
colu"na an! scleenc#4"atousR Mit# a tin4 pojection an! s#oMs a li-#tR tanspaent lineQ
(eloM t#isR a sin-le la4e o) #4po!e"is consistin- o) (ea/e o !u"((ell s#ape! cells
pesentQ testa )olloMe! (4 cot4le!onsR consistin- o) a t#in la4e o) uppe an! loMe
epi!e"is coFee! Mit# a t#in la4e o) cuticleQ epi!e"is "a!e up o) ectan-ula cells
oiente! alon- t#ei lon- a5isQ (eloM epi!e"isR "esop#4ll consists o) t#inKMalle!R oun!e!
o oFal s#ape!R paenc#4"atous cellsR -eneall4 )ille! Mit# si"pleR oun! to oFalR stac#
-ains "an4 Mit# stiations s#oMin- a )issue! #ilu"Q "ostl4 "easuin- (etMeen $8K+8 in
!ia.
o&d'" : Cea" coloue!Q s#oMs (lac/ paticles !ue to pieces o) testaQ )a-"ents o) t#ic/K
Malle!R elon-ate!R oFal to pol4-onal cells o) testa an! a )eM scleenc#4"atous cells in
su)ace FieMQ ie-ulaR MaF4 palisa!eKli/e cellsR an! si"pleR oun! to oFalR stac# -ains
upto +8 in !ia.R Mit# stiations an! a )issue! #ilu".


ASSAY

T.L.C.
Mate (+S1S*) s#oMs on e5posue to 9o!ine Fapou si5 spots at R). 8.11R 8.+8R 8.++R 8.*8R
181
8.1* an! 8.68 (all 4elloM). Dn spa4in- Mit# Nin#4!in ea-ent an! #eatin- t#e plate )o
a(out ten "inutes at 118C seFen spots appea at R). 8.11R 8.16R 8.2+R 8.$$R 8.++R 8.*8 an!
8.1* (all pin/).

CONSTIT)ENTS K ?laFonoi!s an! @ita"ins.

ROERTIES AND ACTION
G*+a S La-#uR RX/Va
,-".a S JPta
,i$/ka S Ma!#ua
Ka"0a S ,a_-W#PR Kap#apitta^W"a/aR @WtW"a4a/aaR @aZ4aR %al4a
THERAE)TIC )SES K AtPsWaR MXta/\cc#aR =FaaR Ra/tapitta
DOSE K 18K28 -

182
<=. M*d3a (Sd.)
M)DGA (S''d)
Mu!-a consists o) !ie! see!s o) Phaseolus radiatus Linn. (?a". ?a(aceae)Q an eect o
su(KeectR "uc# (anc#e!R 8.* K1.$ " tallR annual #e(R e5tensiFel4 cultiFate! all oFe t#e
count4 as a pulse cop.
SYNONYMS
,ans/it S Mun-al4a
Assa"ese S KK
%en-ali S Moon-
Cn-lis# S Geen Ga"
Gujati S Mu-R Ma-
Hin!i S Mun-a
Kanna!a S HesaaR Hesou(alli
Kas#"ii S KK
Mala4ala" S C#eupa4a
Maat#i S Mun-
Di4a S Mu-aR =ai"u-a
3unja(i S Mun-iR Mun-a
Ta"il S 3attc#ai 3a4auR 3asi 3a4auR ,iu Mu-
Telu-u S 3esaluR 3ac##a 3esalu
7!u S Moon-
DESCRITION
a) Ma!"o#!o$i!
,ee! s"allR -lo(ulaR a(out 8.+ c" lon- ou-#l4 s;uaeR s"oot# Mit# M#ite lateal
#ilu"Q usuall4 -een (ut so"e ti"es 4elloMis#K-eenQ o!ouR not !istinctQ tasteR sli-#tl4
sMeet
183

%) Mi!"o#!o$i!
,ee! coat s#oMs a sin-le la4ee!R a!iall4 elon-ate!R palisa!eKli/e cellsR coFee!
Mit# a stiate! cuticle an! suppote! intenall4 (4 a sin-le la4ee!R t#inMalle! (eae cellsR
)olloMe! (4 +K1 la4ee!R t#inKMalle!R tan-entiall4 elon-ate!R ellipticalR paenc#4"atous
cellsQ cot4le!ons consist o) oFal o) pol4-onalR t#inKMalle!R paenc#4"atous cells #aFin-
oun! to oFalR si"pleR stac# -ains "easuin- 6K$$ in !ia. an! ael4R oil -lo(ules.
o&d'" K Cea" coloue!Q s#oMs palisa!eKli/e cellsR oFal to pol4-onalR t#inKMalle!R
paenc#4"atous cellsQ oun! to oFalR si"pleR stac# -ains "easuin- 6K$$ in !ia. an!
occasional oil -lo(ules.


ASSAY

T.L.C.
Aate (+S 1 S*) s#oMs un!e 7@ ($11 n" ) )ou )luoescent 2ones at R). 8.*1R 8.1*R 8.62 an!
8.0* (all (lue). Dn e5posue to 9o!ine Fapou seFen spots appea at R). 8.81R 8.$+R 8.*1R
8.1*R 8..6R 8.61 an! 8.0* (all 4elloM). Dn spa4in- Mit# *U Met#anolic ,ulp#uic aci!
ea-ent an! #eatin- t#e plate )o ten "inutes at 18*C seFen spots appea at R). 8.21 (-e4)R
8.$+ (Fiolet)R 8.1* (pin/)R 8..$ (pin/)R 8.62 (Fiolet)R 8.01 (Fiolet) an! 8.0* (pin/).

184

CONSTIT)ENTS K ,aponinR ,tac#R Al(u"inoi!s an! Dil.

ROERTIES AND ACTION
G*+a S La-#uR RX/Va
,-".a S JPta
,i$/ka S Ma!#ua
Ka"0a S 3itta#aaR Kap#a#aaR GW#PR %alapa!aR @aZ4aR Net4a
IMORTANT 1ORM)LATIONS K %alW#aY#W!i TailaR Ma"a GuYi/WR KW4ast#4W!i @ati
THERAE)TIC )SES K =FaaR Neta Ro-aR A"lapitta
DOSE K *8K188 - )o 4usa.

185
<>. M*5aka (Sd.)
MFLAKA (S''d)
MXla/a consists o) !ie! see! o) (aphanus sativus Linn. (?a". %assicaceae)Q a
(iennial #e(R cultiFate! t#ou-#out 9n!iaR upto $888 " in t#e Hi"ala4as an! ot#e #ill4
e-ionsR )o its oots.
SYNONYMS
,ans/it S JWlW"a/aYa/aR @isaR JWle4aR Mausa"(#aFa
Assa"ese S Mulo
%en-ali S Mula
Cn-lis# S Ra!is#
Gujati S Mulo
Hin!i S Muli
Kanna!a S Mullan-iR Mu-uni-a!!eR Moolan-iR Moolao-i
Kas#"ii S KK
Mala4ala" S Mullan/i
Maat#i S Mula
Di4a S MulaR Ra/#4as"ula
3unja(i S Moola/R MooleeR Moola
Ta"il S Mullan-iR Mula/a"R Mullan-uR Millan-i
Telu-u S Mullan-i
7!u S Tu(R Mooli
DESCRITION
a) Ma!"o#!o$i!
,ee! e!!is#K(oMnR ie-ulal4 -lo(oseR so"eti"es )lattene!R 2K+ "" lon- an! 2
"" Mi!eQ su)ace -eneall4 s"oot# an! so"eti"es Min/le! an! -ooFe! at "icop4la en!Q
tasteR oil4.
186

%) Mi!"o#!o$i!
,ee! s#oMs testaQ consistin- o) sin-le la4e o) neal4 ectan-ula cellsR coFee! Mit#
t#in cuticleR )olloMe! (4 a la4e o) a!iall4 elon-ate!R e!!is#K(oMn colu"na cellsR an!
inte-u"ent 2K$ la4es o) co"pesse!R t#inKMalle!R paenc#4"atous cellsQ cot4le!ons an!
e"(4o consist o) oFal to pol4-onalR t#inKMalle!R paenc#4"atous cells containin- aleuone
-ains an! oil -lo(ules.
o&d'" K %oMnis#K4elloMQ s#oMs )a-"ents o) testa Mit# #e5a-onalR t#inKMalle! epi!e"is
cells in su)ace FieMQ oFal to pol4-onalR t#inKMalle!R paenc#4"atous cells o) e"(4o an!
cot4le!onQ oil -lo(ules an! aleuone -ains pesent.

Total As# Not "oe t#an *.* pe centR Appen!i5 2.2.$.
Alco#olKsolu(le e5tactiFe Not less t#an +.* pe centR Appen!i5 2.2.1.

ASSAY

T.L.C.
T.L.C. o) t#e alco#olic e5tact on ,ilica -el TGT plate usin- TolueneS Ct#lacetate (0S
1) s#oMs un!e 7.@. ($11 n") a )luoescent 2one at R). 8.0* ((lue). Dn e5posue to 9o!ine
Fapou )iFe spots appea at R). 8.1.R 8.$1R 8.$0R 8..8 an! 8.0* (all 4elloM). Dn spa4in-
Mit# @anillinK,ulp#uic aci! ea-ent an! #eatin- t#e plate at 18*C )o ten "inutes )ou
spots appea at R). 8.1.R 8.$1R 8.$0 an! 8.0* (all Fiolet).

187

CONSTIT)ENTS K ?i5e! Dil an! @olatile Dil.

ROERTIES AND ACTION
,-".a S 7VZa
,i$/ka S KaYu
Ka"0a S @iVa#aaR @Wta^leV"a#aaR H\!4aR @a#ni!PpanaR KaZY#4aR GW#PR
Kap#aFWta#aaR Ga(#Wâ4asa]/oca/aR Kap#anissWa/aR MXtalaR 3Wca/aR @WtWnulo"anaR M
\!ueca/a
IMORTANT 1ORM)LATIONS K ,aVpW!i Lepa
THERAE)TIC )SES K Gul"aR H\!o-aR KaZY#a Ro-aR ,i!#"a/uVY#a R =FaaR JFWsaR NWsi/W
Ro-aR A/Vi Ro-aR AnWtaFa

188
<?. M*4ditika (LI.)
M)JTIK (L'aI)
MuZOPti/W consists o) !ie! lea) o) Sphaeranthus indicus Linn. (?a". Asteaceae)Q an
ao"aticR "uc# (anc#e! #e(R $8K18 c" #i-# )oun! a(un!antl4 in !a"p an! s#a!4 places in
plains all oFe t#e count4R ascen!in- to an altitu!e o) 1R*88 " in t#e #ills.
SYNONYMS
,ans/it S MuZOPR JWFaZPR Ka!a"(aR 3uVpi/WR Ala"(usta
Assa"ese S Ka"a!aus
%en-ali S ,u"ui4aR C##a-al Na!iR Mu!"u!i4a
Cn-lis# S KK
Gujati S Goa/#"un!i
Hin!i S Mun!i
Kanna!a S Mun!i
Kas#"ii S KK
Mala4ala" S Mina-neeR Atoo/a"anniR Mian-nee
Maat#i S Mun!iR %aas %on!i
Di4a S %ui/a!a"
3unja(i S Goa/#"un!i
Ta"il S Kotoo/R Kaan!aiR Kotta/at#ai
Telu-u S %o!asaa"uR %o!ataa"u
7!u S Mun!i
DESCRITION
a) Ma!"o#!o$i!
Lea) sessileR !ecuentR 2K. c" lon-R 1K1.* c" Mi!eR o(oFateKo(lon-R naoMe! to t#e
(aseR !entate o seateR #ai4R -eenis#K(oMnQ o!ouR sli-#tl4 ao"aticR (ut !isappeas on
lon- stoa-eQ tasteR (itte.

189
%) Mi!"o#!o$i!
L'aI :
Midrib K ,#oMs a sin-le la4ee! epi!e"isR coFee! Mit# o!ina4 tic#o"es upto * cells
#i-# an! -lan!ula tic#o"es #aFin- unicellula stal/ an! -oup o) +K18 cells #ea!R on (ot#
su)acesR )olloMe! in tun (4 +K1 la4ee! collenc#4"a an! $K+ la4ee! paenc#4"a cells at
(ot# su)acesQ Fascula (un!les $K+R situate! centall4 #aFin- usual ele"entsR 54le" Fessels
aan-e! a!iall4.
"amina K ,#oMs a sin-le la4ee! epi!e"is #aFin- nu"eous tic#o"es si"ila to t#ose o)
"i!i( on (ot# su)acesQ "esop#4ll not !i))eentiate! into palisa!e an! spon-4 paenc#4"a
cellsQ sto"ata anisoc4tic pesent on (ot# su)acesR sto"atal in!e5 $2K$6 on loMe su)ace
an! 28K 20 on uppe su)aceR sto"atal nu"(e +.K*+ on loMe su)ace an! 1*K22 on uppe
su)aceR Fein islet nu"(e 28K21.
o&d'" : Li-#t -eenis#K(oMnQ s#oMs )a-"ents o) paenc#4"aR -lan!ula #aisR
"ulticellula tic#o"esR 54le" FesselsR pol4-onalR MaF4R t#inKMalle! epi!e"al cells in
su)ace FieMR sto"ataR o!ina4 tic#o"es upto * cells #i-# an! -lan!ula tic#o"es #aFin-
unicellula stal/ an! a #ea! o) +K1 8 cells.


T.L.C.
(0 S 1) s#oMs t#ee spots at R). 8.2.R 8..2 an! 8.08 (all 4elloMis# -een) in Fisi(le li-#t.
7n!e 7.@. ($11 n") )iFe )luoescent 2ones ae Fisi(le at R). 8.2.R 8.+2 ((ot# (lue). 8.*+
(oan-e)R 8..2 an! 8.08 ((ot# (lue). Dn spa4in- Mit# *U @anillinK,ulp#uic aci! ea-ent
190
an! #eatin- t#e plate at 118C )o ten "inutes t#ee spots appea at R). 8.2.R 8..2 ((ot# -e4
coespon!in- to Cital) an! 8.01 ((lue).

CONSTIT)ENTS K Cssential Dil.

ROERTIES AND ACTION
Ra#a S KaYuR Ma!#uaR Ti/taR KaVW4a
G*+a S La-#u
,-".a S 7VZa
,i$/ka S KaYu
Ka"0a S @Wta/ap#a#aaR Me!#4aR Aâ!oVa @inWâ/aR @iVa-#naR .
IMORTANT 1ORM)LATIONS K NaFaatnaWja"\-W]/a RasaR A/a MuZOP
THERAE)TIC )SES K GaZOa"WlWR ApacPR KuVY#aR K\"iR 3WZOuR JlPpa!aR Me!oo-aR
Apas"WaR KWsaR MXta/\cc#aR TFa/ Ro-aR ,tana Jait#il4aR Ionio-WR "WtisWaR "ao-aR
@Wtao-aR Gu!ao-aR 3lP#Wo-aR C#a!iR "aFWtaR GWta!au-an!#4aR ,X4WFataR
A!#WFa(#e!a/a
DOSE K $K1 - o) t#e !u-.

191
<@. M*#ta (RL.)
M)ST (RhiLo0')
MustW consists o) !ie! #i2o"e o) Cyperus rotundus Linn. (?a". C4peaceae)Q
occuin- t#ou-#out t#e count4R co""on in Maste -oun!sR -a!ens an! oa!si!esR upto an
eleFation o) 1688 ".
SYNONYMS
,ans/it S Musta/aR @Wi!a
Assa"ese S Mut#aR ,o"a! Koop#ee
%en-ali S Mut#aR Musta
Cn-lis# S Nut Gass
Gujati S Mot#R Na-a"ot#
Hin!i S Mot#aR Na-a"ot#a
Kanna!a S Konnai Ga!!e
Kas#"ii S KK
Mala4ala" S Mut#an-aR Kai Mustan
Maat#i S Mot#R Na-a"ot#R Mot#aR %i"(al
Di4a S KK
3unja(i S Mut#aR Mot#a
Ta"il S KoaiR KoaiKKi2#an-u
Telu-u S Tun-a"ustalu
7!u S ,a! Ku)i
DESCRITION
a) Ma!"o#!o$i!
Eu- consists o) #i2o"e an! stolon #aFin- a nu"(e o) Mi4 ootsR stolon 18K28 c"
lon- #aFin- a nu"(e o) #i2o"esR coM!e! to-et#e on t#e stolonsR #i2o"es (luntl4
conical an! Fa4 in si2e an! t#ic/nessR coMne! Mit# t#e e"ains o) ste" an! leaFes
)o"in- a scal4 coFein-R !a/ (oMn o (lac/ e5tenall4R cea"is#K4elloM intenall4Q
o!ouR pleasant.
192
() Mi!"o#!o$i!
R#i2o"e s#oMs sin-le la4ee! epi!e"isR )olloMe! (4 2K1 la4esR su(eise!
scleenc#4"atous cellsQ epi!e"is an! oute scleenc#4"atous la4es )ille! Mit# !a/ (oMn
contentQ -oun! tissue o) cote5 consists o) cicula to oFalR t#inKMalle!R paenc#4"atous
cells Mit# s"all intecellula spacesQ a )eM )i(oKFascula (un!les pesent in t#is e-ionQ
en!o!e" is !istinct an! suoun!in- t#e steleQ Mi!e cental 2one (eneat# en!o!e"isR
co"pose! o) cicula to oFalR t#inKMalle!R paenc#4"atous cells Mit# intecellula spacesR
nu"eous collatealR close!R Fascula (un!les suoun!e! (4 (un!le s#eat#R scattee! in t#is
e-ionQ Fessels naoM #aFin- si"ple eticulateR an! scalai)o" t#ic/enin- an! o(li;ue
poeQ si"ple oun! to oFal stac# -ains "easuin- 1K26 in !ia.R a nu"(e o) pi-"ente!
cells )ille! Mit# e!!is#K(oMn contentR pesent t#ou-#out t#e cote5 an! stele.

o&d'" K Cea"is#K(oMnQ s#oMs e!!is#K(oMn cellsR eticulate an! si"ple pitte! FesselsQ
)i(eKli/eR closel4 pac/e! sclei)ie! cellsR naoM Fessels Mit# scalai)o" t#ic/ness an!
o(li;ue poe )o" t#e e"nants o) leaFes si"pleR oun! to oFalR stac# -ainsR "easuin-
1K26 in !ia"ete.

@olatile oil Not less t#an 1 pe centR Appen!i5 2.2.18.

T.L.C.
(0S1) s#oMs un!e 7@ ($11 n") a )luoescent 2one at R). 8.66 ((lue). Dn e5posue to 9o!ine
Fapou t#ee spots appea at R). 8.++R 8.** an! 8..$ (all 4elloM). Dn spa4in- Mit# @anillinK
,ulp#uic aci! ea-ent an! #eatin- t#e plate )o ten "inutes at 18*C t#ee spots appea at
R). 8.++R 8.** an! 8..$ (all Fiolet).

193

CONSTIT)ENTS K @olatile Dil

ROERTIES AND ACTION
G*+a S La-#uR RX/Va
,-".a S JPta
,i$/ka S KaYu
Ka"0a S 3itta/ap#a#aaR ,t#aul4a#aaR Jot#a#aaR EPpanaR 3WcanaR GW#PR T
\VZWni-a#aZaR K\"i-#naR TFa/ !oVa#aaR =Faa-#naR @iVa-#na
IMORTANT 1ORM)LATIONS K Musta/WiVYaR Musta/W!i KFWt#aR Aô/WiVYaR Musta/W!i
CXZaR Musta/W!iR Musta/W!i Le#4aR E#Wn4apa[ca/a KFWt#a CXZaR 3P4XVaFallP RasaR Gul"a
KWlWnala RasaR Ma#WlW/VW!i TailaR JaOa]-apWnP4a
THERAE)TIC )SES K A-ni"Wn!4aR AjPZaR T\VZWR =FaaR ,a_-a#aZPR JFWsaR KWsaR M
Xta/\cc#aR @a"anaR ,tan4aFi/WaR ,uti/Wo-aR AtPsWaR "aFWtaR K\"io-a
DOSE K $K1 - (3oM!e)
28K$8 "l (KMat#a)

194
=A. Na3aGa55i (LI.)
NGA,ALL (L'aI)
NW-aFallP consists o) lea) o) Piper betle Linn. (?a". 3ipeaceae)Q a !ioeciousR
peennial ceepeR cli"(in- (4 "an4 s#ot a!Fentitious ootletsR Mi!el4 cultiFate! in #otte
an! !a"pe pats o) t#e count4.
SYNONYMS
,ans/it S TW"(ulP
Assa"ese S 3an
%en-ali S 3an
Cn-lis# S %etel Lea)
Gujati S 3an
Hin!i S 3an
Kanna!a S @eel4a!ele Cle
Kas#"ii S KK
Mala4ala" S @ettila
Maat#i S 3anR Na-FelR @i!4ac#epan
Di4a S KK
3unja(i S 3an
Ta"il S @ettilai
Telu-u S Ta"ulapa/uR Ta"alapa/u
7!u S 3an
DESCRITION
a) Ma!"o#!o$i!
Lea) Faies -eatl4 in si2eR ..*K28.8 c"R oFate co!ateR entieR -la(ousR ape5
acu"inate to acuteR la"ina "e"(anousR uppe su)ace !eep -een an! loMe su)ace li-#te
in colouR pi"a4 o su(Kpi"a4 neFes usuall4 .R so"eti"es *K0Q o!ouR ao"aticQ tasteR
sti-#tl4 pun-ent.
195
%) Mi!"o#!o$i!
L'aI :
Petiole K ,in-le la4ee! epi!e"is co"pose! o) cu(ical to sli-#tl4 tan-entiall4 elon-ate!
cells coFee! Mit# t#ic/R stiate! cuticleQ epi!e"al cells elon-ate to )o" uni to (icellulaR
occasionall4 "ulticellula #aisQ epi!e"is )olloMe! (4 a !iscontinuous collenc#4"atous
2one in t#e )o" o) acsR an! a "ultila4ee! paenc#4"atous 2oneQ Fascula (un!les
aan-e! in t#e acsR p#loe" suoun!s 54le"Q Fascula (un!les usuall4 o) tMo si2es la-e
ones . in nu"(e an! s"alle ones 2 in nu"(e.
Midrib K Cpi!e"is sin-le la4ee!R co"pose! o) colouless cu(ical cellsR coFee! Mit# MaF4
cuticleQ epi!e"is )olloMe! (4 2K$ la4es o) ie-ula colouless cells o) #4po!e"is an! a
)eM la4es o) collenc#4"aR toMa!s loMe si!e collenc#4"a "ultila4ee!Q Fascula (un!le
s#oMs p#loe" suoun!in- 54le"Q loMe epi!e"is sin-le la4ee! an! coFee! Mit# MaF4
cuticleQ so"e epi!e"al cells elon-ate to )o" uni to (icellulaKoccasionall4 "ulticellula
#ais.
"amina K ,#oMs !osi Fental stuctueQ epi!e"is sin-le la4ee!R tan-entiall4 elon-ate!R
coFee! Mit# t#ic/ stiate! cuticle on (ot# si!esQ #4po!e"is 2K$ la4ee!Q #aFin-
c#looplastsR occasionall4 Mit# seceto4 cellsQ "esop#4ll !i))eentiate! into palisa!e an!
spon-4 paenc#4"aQ palisa!e sin-le la4ee!Q spon-4 paenc#4"a $K+ la4ee! co"pose! o)
ie-ulal4 oun! cellsR a )eM seceto4 cells also pesent in t#is e-ionQ #ais a )eM uni to
(icellulaR occasionall4 "ulticellulaR all (ein- uniseiate pesent on (ot# su)acesQ sto"ata
anisoc4tic palisa!e atio not oFe +Q sto"atal in!e5 11K1$Q Fein islet nu"(e 2K..
o&d'" K Ge4is#K-eenQ s#oMs pol4-onal epi!e"al cells in su)ace FieMR si"ple pitte!
Fessels an! a )eM uni to ticellula #aisR anisoc4tic t4pe o) sto"ataR palisa!e an! spon-4
paenc#4"a cells an! si"ple pitte! Fessel.

Total As# Not "oe t#an 1. pe centR Appen!i5 2.2.$.
196

ASSAY

T.L.C.
1) s#oMs in Fisi(le li-#t )iFe spots at R). 8.11 (-een)R 8.16 (li-#t -een)R 8.2$ (4elloM)R
8.$+ (-e4) an! 8.11 (-e4is# -een). 7n!e 7.@. ($11 n") seFen )luoescent 2ones ae
Fisi(le at R). 8.11R 8.11 ((ot# pin/)R 8.2$ ((oMn)R 8.$+ (pin/)R 8.+$ (pin/)R 8.11 (pin/) an!
8..1 (-e4). Dn e5posue to 9o!ine Fapou seFen spots appea at R). 8.86R 8.11. 8.16. 8.$+R
8.11R 8..1 an! 8.66 (all 4elloM). Dn spa4in- Mit# @anillinK,ulp#uic aci! ea-ent an!
#eatin- t#e plate )o ten "inutes at 118C seFen spots appea at R). 8.86R 8.11R 8.16 (all t#e
t#ee -eenis# -e4)R 8.$+ (-e4)R 8.+$ (Fiolet)R 8.11 an! 8..1 ((ot# li-#t -een).

CONSTIT)ENTS K Cssential DilR A"ino Aci!sR @ita"ins an! Cn24"es.
ROERTIES AND ACTION
Ra#a S KaVW4aR Ti/taR KaYu
G*+a S TP/VZaR ,aaR La-#uR @iâ!a
,-".a S 7VZa
,i$/ka S KaYu
Ka"0a S Ruc4aR %al4aR JleV"a#aaR Mu/#a!au-an!#4a#aaR Mu/#a"ala#aaR
@Wta#aaR Ja"a#aaR Ra/tapitta/aaR ,Fa4a_R @\V4a
IMORTANT 1ORM)LATIONS K Lo/anWt#a RasaR 3uVpa!#anFW RasaR %\#at ,aFajFaa#aa
Lau#aR La-#u ,utaê/#aa RasaR %\#at @iVa"ajFaWnta/a Rasa
THERAE)TIC )SES K KaZOXR H\llWsaR A-ni"Wn!4aR =FaaR H\!o-aR ,Faa(#e!a
DOSE K 18K28 "l o) ,Maasa.

197
=1. Na"ik'5a (E4do#.)
NRIKELA (E4do#$'"0)
NWi/ela consists o) !ie! en!ospe" o) Cocos nucifera Linn. (?a". Aecaceae)R a tall
pal"R (eain- a coMn o) la-e pinnate leaFesR cultiFate! in coastal an! !eltaic e-ions o)
,out# 9n!ia.
SYNONYMS
,ans/it S NWi/elaR T\ZaWja
Assa"ese S K#opa
%en-ali S Na/elR Na/el
Cn-lis# S Coconut 3al"
Gujati S NaliaR Nai4elR ,#ip#alR Kopun
Hin!i S Nai4alR Gola
Kanna!a S K#o((aiR Ten-na"aaR Te"-uR T#en-uR T#en-ina"aa
Kas#"ii S KK
Mala4ala" S Nali/ea"R TenR T#en-uR Kea"
Maat#i S Naal
Di4a S Nai4al
3unja(i S NaelaR K#opaR Gai-ola
Ta"il S Ten/aiR Koppaai
Telu-u S Nai/ela"uR Ten/a4R Ko((ai
7!u S NajilR Naial
DESCRITION
a) Ma!"o#!o$i!
Eu- aFaila(le M#ole as Mell as in (o/en pieces o) en!ospe"R M#ole !u- 6 K1+ c"
in si2eQ oFoi!R t#ee an-le!R oute su)ace (oMnR so"eM#at ou-# !ue to s#alloMR
eticulate! stiationsQ tansFesel4 (o/enQ M#ole !u- s#oMs 8.6K1.2 c" t#ic/R M#ite
en!ospe" an! a la-e cental caFit4Q )actueR s#otQ o!ouR )aintQ tasteR sMeetis# an! oil4.
198

%) Mi!"o#!o$i!
Cn!ospe" s#oMs testaR consistin- o) ie-ulal4 aan-e!R (oMnR co"pactR
paenc#4"atous cellsQ (eneat# testa a Fe4 Mi!e 2oneR consistin- o) oute 2K$ la4esR t#inK
Malle!R s"alle an! an-ula paenc#4"atous cellsR )olloMe! (4 a!iall4 elon-ate!R la-e
an! t#inKMalle! paenc#4"atous cellsR containin- nu"eous aleuone -ainsR ap#i!esR
pis"atic c4stals o) calciu" o5alate an! oil -lo(ules.
o&d'" K A#ite an! oil4Q s#oMs t#inKMalle!. paenc#4"atous cellsR )a-"ents o)
pol4#e!alR t#inKMalle!R testa cells in su)ace FieMR aleuone -ainsR oil -lo(ulesR ap#i!esR a
)eM pis"atic c4stals o) calciu" o5alate an! Fessels.

?oei-n "atte Nil Appen!i5 2.2.2.
Total As# Not "oe t#an 2.* pe centR Appen!i5 2.2.$.
Alco#olKsolu(le e5tactiFe Not less t#an 1$ pe centR Appen!i5 2.2.1.
?i5e! oil Not less t#an *0 pe centR Appen!i5 2.2.6

T.L.C.
(0$ S .) s#oMs un!e 7.@. ($11 nn) tMo )luoescent 2ones at R). 8.01 an! 8.06 ((ot# (lue).
Dn e5posue to 9o!ine Fapou t#ee spots appea at R). 8.$$R 8.01 an! 8.06 (all 4elloM). Dn
spa4in- Mit# Anisal!e#4!eK,ulp#uic aci! ea-ent an! #eatin- t#e plate at 18*C )o
)i)teen "inutes t#ee spots appea at R). 8.$$R 8.01 an! 8.06 (all Fiolet).

CONSTIT)ENTS K ?i5e! Dil.
199

ROERTIES AND ACTION
Ra#a S Ma!#ua
G*+a S GuuR ,ni-!#a
,-".a S JPta
,i$/ka S Ma!#ua
Ka"0a S @Wta#aaR 3itta#aaR Kap#a/aaR %al4aR @\V4aR %\_#aZaR H\!4aR
%astiô!#a/aR @iVYa"(#i
IMORTANT 1ORM)LATIONS K NWi/ela K#aZOaR NWi/ela LaFaZa
THERAE)TIC )SES K EW#aR KVataR KVa4aR Ra/tapittaR T\VZWR JoVaR JXla
DOSE K 18K28 - o) t#e !u- in poM!e )o".

200
=2. Ni!h*5a (1"t.)
NIC)LA (1"*it)
Nicula consists o) !ie! )uit o) %arringtonia acutangula (Linn.) Gaetn. (?a".
Lec4t#i!aceae)Q a "o!eate si2e!R eFe-eenR -la(ous teeR )ail4 co""on in su( Hi"ala4an
tacts %i#aR DissaR %en-alR Assa"R Cental an! ,out# 9n!ia. 9t pe)es "oist situations (ut is
not )oun! in "an-oFe )oests.
SYNONYMS
,ans/it S HijjalaR @i!ula
Assa"ese S Hin!ole
%en-ali S Hijjala
Cn-lis# S KK
Gujati S ,a"u!ap#ala
Hin!i S HijjalaR ,a"u!ap#ala
Kanna!a S Neu-ane-aluR Hole-onFa"aa
Kas#"ii S KK
Mala4ala" S Manjal Ka!a"(aR Manjal Ka!a"
Maat#i S ,a"u!ap#ala
Di4a S Kijolo
3unja(i S ,a"u!ep#al
Ta"il S ,a"u!apullaniR ,a"utapala"
Telu-u S KanapuR Ka!aps
7!u S Hijjal
DESCRITION
a) Ma!"o#!o$i!
1"*it K A !upeR 4elloMis#K(oMnR o(lon-R 2.*K$.$ (4 1.88 K 1.$ c"R (luntl4
;ua!an-ulaR (oa!est in t#e "i!!leR sli-#tl4 naoM an! tuncate at eac# en!R )i(ousQ no
201
S''d K ,in-leR 2K2.* (4 8..K1.8 c"R Min/le! lon-itu!inall4R !a/ (oMn in colou.

%) Mi!"o#!o$i!
1"*it K Cpicap s#oMs seFeal la4es o) tan-entiall4 elon-ate!R t#inKMalle!
paenc#4"atous cellsQ "esocap co"pose! o) seFeal la4es o) loosel4 aan-e!R t#inK
Malle! paenc#4"atous cells Mit# intecellula spaces )o"in- caFitiesQ Fascula (un!les
)oun! scattee! in t#is e-ionQ en!ocap not !istinctQ a )eM osette c4stals o) calciu"
o5alate in t#e )o" o) ie-ula clusteR pesent in t#is e-ion.

S''d K ,#oMs tMo inte-u"entsR en!ospe" an! e"(4oQ oute inte-u"ent consists o) sin-le
la4ee! epi!e"isR 2K$ la4ee! scleei!s an! .K18 la4ee! closel4 aan-e! cellsQ Fascula
(un!les also )oun! scattee! in t#is e-ionQ inne inte-u"ent consists o) 1K2 la4ee!R
cus#e! cellsQ en!ospe" an! e"(4o consists o) iso!ia"etic cells #aFin- s"all
intecellula spacesQ a(un!antR ie-ula stac# -ainsR sin-le an! co"poun! )oun! scattee!
in cells o) en!ospe" si"pleR +K2. in !ia.R oun! to oFal.
o&d'" K A#itis#KpupleQ s#oMs a )eM paenc#4"atousR (oMn coloue! cells osettes o)
calciu" o5alate c4stals in cluste nu"eous si"ple an! co"poun! stac# -ainsR "easuin-
+K2. in !ia. a )eM 54le" Fessels Mit# spial t#ic/enin-.


T.L.C.
Aate (+S 1 S*) s#oMs un!e 7.@. ($11 n") t#ee )luoescent 2ones at R). 8.*1 ((lue)R 8.61
202
((lac/) an! 8.0+ ((lue). Dn e5posue to 9o!ine Fapou ei-#t spots appea at R). 8.+1R 8.+6R
8.*1R 8.11R 8.61R 8.6.R 8.02 an! 8.01 (all 4elloM). Dn spa4in- Mit# *U Met#anolicK
,ulp#uic aci! ea-ent an! #eatin- t#e plate at 18*C )o ten "inutes ei-#t spots appea at
R). 8.1+ ((oMn)R 8.+1R 8.+6R 8.*1R 8.11 (all Fiolet)R 8.6. ((lue)R 8.02 (Fiolet) an! 8.01
((oMn).

CONSTIT)ENTS K ,aponins an! ,apo-enins.

ROERTIES AND ACTION
Ra#a S Ti/taR KaVW4aR KaYu
G*+a S RX/VaR La-#u
,-".a S 7VZa
,i$/ka S KaYu
Ka"0a S ,a_-W#PR @aZaô!#anaR Kap#a#aaR Reca/aR Ra/ô-#naR @iVa-#naR
@W"a/aR @Wta#aa
IMORTANT 1ORM)LATIONS K Ma#W 3a[ca-aF4a G#\taR La/V"P @ilWsa Rasa (NWa!
P4a)R N4a-o!#W!i GaZa KFWt#a
THERAE)TIC )SES K Ra/tapittaR "WtisWaR Ca/VusWFaR Gala-aZOaR %#Xta(W!#WR
Ga#a(W!#WR 3a"e#a
DOSE K 1K$ -

203
=6. Ni5i (H..)
NL (Hho5' 5a4t)
NPlP consists o) !ie! M#ole plant o) 0ndigofera tinctoria Linn. (?a". ?a(aceae)Q a
s#u(R 1.2K1.6 " #i-#R )oun! neal4 t#ou-#out t#e count4 an! Mi!el4 cultiFate! in "an4
pats o) t#e count4.
SYNONYMS
,ans/it S NPlinPR NPlpuVpaR KWl/e^P
Assa"ese S Nil(a"
%en-ali S Nil
Cn-lis# S 9n!i-o 3lant
Gujati S NilR Gali
Hin!i S Nili
Kanna!a S Ka!u NiliR Nili
Kas#"ii S KK
Mala4ala" S AFuiR A"ai
Maat#i S NiliR Neel
Di4a S KK
3unja(i S Neel
Ta"il S AFui
Telu-u S NiliR Kon!annili
7!u S Neel
DESCRITION
a) Ma!"o#!o$i!
Root K Tap oot #aFin- lateal ootsR pale 4elloM to li-#t 4elloMis#K(oMnR #a!R
Moo!4R c4lin!icalR neal4 s"oot# e5cept )o a )eM #aFin- scattee! lenticelsQ o!ouR not
!istinctQ tasteR sli-#tl4 (itte.
St'0 K 3ieces Moo!4R #a!R slen!eR c4lin!icalR 8.1 to 1.* c" in !ia.R su)aceR s"oot#R
204
lenticels pesentQ 4elloMis#K-een to -e4is#K(oMn in colouQ no c#aacteistic o!ou an!
taste.
L'aI K Co"poun!R i"paipinnateQ lea)letsR 1K* c" lon- an! 8.$K1.2 c" Mi!eR o(lon- o
o(lanceolate Mit# s#ot "uconate tipQ pale -een to -eenis#K(lac/Q no c#aacteistic o!ou
an! taste.
15o&'" K Nu"eous in neal4 sessile spicate ace"esR 18.8 c" lon-Q cal45 1.2K1.* "" lon-R
#ai4 outsi!eR teet# tian-ulaR acuteR as lon- as tu(eQ coolla pin/R papilionaceousR + ""
lon-R (ac/ o) stan!a! petal pu(escentR sta"en 18R !ia!elp#ousQ oFa4 sessileR lineaR
!oMn4Q sti-"a capitate.
1"*it K 3o! neal4 c4lin!ical. stai-#t o sli-#tl4 cuFe!R apiculateR 2K$.2 c" lon- an!
8.1*K8.2 c" in !ia.R #aFin- 6K12 see!sQ s"oot#R (oMn to !a/ (oMn.
S''d K ,o"eM#at ;ua!an-ula Mit# tuncate en!sR 8.2 c" lon- an! 8.1 c" Mi!eR s"oot#R
4elloMis#K(oMn to -eenis#K(oMn in colou.

%) Mi!"o#!o$i!
Root K ,#oMs a naoM 2one o) co/R consistin- o) +K18 la4es o) tan-entiall4
elon-ate!R ectan-ulaR t#inKMalle! cellsR Mit# lenticelsQ secon!a4 cote5 a naoM 2oneR
consistin- o) ectan-ula to pol4-onalR t#inKMalle! cells containin- #o"(oi!al to
#e5a-onal c4stals o) calcai" o5alateQ an! -oups o) )i(esQ secon!a4 p#loe" co"pose! o)
usual ele"entsQ secon!a4 54le" consistin- o) 54le" paenc#4"aR FesselsR )i(es an! a4sQ
)i(es la-e aseptate Mit# pointe! en!Q Fessels solita4 o 2K+ in -oups #aFin- si"ple pitsQ
"e!ulla4 a4 1K+ cells Mi!eQ pis"atic c4stals o) calciu" o5alate pesent in secon!a4
cote5R p#loe"R 54le" paenc#4"a an! a4sQ oil -lo(ules pesent in cote5 an! p#loe"
paenc#4"aQ stac# -ains si"pleR oun! to oFalR "easuin- $K11 in !ia. pesent in cote5R
p#loe"R 54le" paenc#4"a an! a4s. .
St'0 K Ioun- ste" )uoMe! an! i!-e! in outlineQ epi!e"is sin-le la4ee!R *K18 la4es o)
collenc#4"atous cells pesent in i!-esQ "atue ste" s#oMs *K1* la4es o) tan-entiall4
elon-ate!R ectan-ulaR t#inKMalle! co/ cellsR (o/en (4 lenticelsR a )eM uppe ecta-ula
cells )ille! Mit# e!!is#K(oMn contentsQ secon!a4 cote5 consists o) *K. la4es o) oFal to
ellipticalR t#inKMalle!R paenc#4"atous cellsR peic4cle a !iscontinuous in- o) )i(esQ
205
secon!a4 p#loe" an! secon!a4 54le" co"pose! o) usual ele"entsQ 54le" taFese! (4
a4sQ Fessels solita4 o 2K. in a!ial oMsR isolate! Fessels s#oM spial t#ic/enin- an!
si"ple pitsQ )i(es #aFin- naoM lu"en an! pointe! en!sQ tac#ei!s pitte!Q c4stal )i(es
+K12 c#a"(ee!Q eac# containin- lo 2 pis"atic c4stals o) calciu" o5alateQ pit# occupie!
(4 iso!ia"eticR t#inKMalle!R paenc#4"atous cellsQ a )eM cells o) secon!a4 cote5R p#loe"
an! pit# contain (oMn coloue! su(stancesQ pis"atic c4stals o) calciu" o5alate an!
si"ple stac# -ains "easuin- $K1 in !ia. )oun! in secon!a4 cote5R p#loe" an! 54le"
paenc#4"aR pit# an! a4s.
L'aI :
Petiole K appeas neal4 cicula in outline #aFin- tMo lateal Min-sQ epi!e"is sin-le
la4ee!R coFee! e5tenall4 Mit# t#in cuticle an! )olloMe! intenall4 (4 sin-le la4ee!
collenc#4"atous #4po!e"isQ unicellula #ais scant4T to "o!eate Mit# (lunt tipQ cote5
+K1 la4ee!R consistin- o) oFal to pol4-onalR elon-ate!R t#inKMalle! c#loenc#4"atous cellsQ
peic4cle scant4R pesent in t#e )o" o) continuous o !iscontinuous in-Q Fascula (un!le
collateal an! t#ee in nu"(eQ la-e one pesent in cente an! tMo s"alle in lateal Min-sQ
pit# co"pose! o) oun!e! to oFalR t#inKMalle! paenc#4"atous cellsQ a )eM pis"atic
c4stals o) calciu" o5alate pesent in p#loe" an! pit# e-ion.
Midrib K s#oMs a si"ila stuctue o) epi!e"isR cuticle an! #ais as in petiolesQloMe an!
uppe epi!e"is )olloMe! (4 sin-le an! 2 o $ la4es o) collenc#4"atous #4po!e"is
espectiFel4Q paenc#4"a 2 o $ la4ee!R pesent on (ot# si!esQ Fascula (un!le sin-leR
collatealR cescentKs#ape!R pesent centall4.
"amina K s#oMs a !osiFental stuctueQ epi!e"isR cuticle an! #ais as in petiole an!
"i!i(Q palisa!e 2 la4ee!Q spon-4 paenc#4"a 2K+ la4ee!Q a )eM patc#es o) Feins scattee!
(etMeen palisa!e an! spon-4 paenc#4"aQ a )eM pis"atic c4stals o) calciu" o5alate
pesent in "esop#4ll cellsQ sto"ata paac4tic an! unicellula #ais pesent on (ot# su)ace
(ut a(un!ant on loMe su)aceQ palisa!e atio not "oe t#an +Q sto"atal in!e5 16K+8 on
loMe su)ace an! 18K11 on uppe su)aceQ Fein islet nu"(e 1*K16.
1"*it K ,#oMs sin-le la4ee! epicapQ "esocap .K6 la4ee!R "oe o less ellipticalR
tan-entiall4R elon-ate!R t#inKMalle!R paenc#4"atous cellsR a )eM uppe cells contain
e!!is# (oMn contentQ Fascula (un!le pesent in t#e "esocap e-ion toMa!s (ot# en!sR
coFee! (4 scleenc#4"atous s#eat#Q en!ocap pesent in t#e )o" o) $K* la4es o)
scleenc#4"atous cells.

S''d K ,#oMs a sin-le la4ee!R a!iall4 elon-ate!R t#inKMalle!R palisa!eKli/e cellsR coFee!
e5tenall4 (4 a t#in cuticle an! intenall4R )olloMe! (4 a sin-le la4e o) (eae cellsQ
206
(eneat# (eae cells 2K+ tan-entiall4 elon-ate! ellipticalR t#inKMalle! paenc#4"atous cells
pesentQ cot4le!ons consists o) oFal to an-ulaR elon-ate!R t#inKMalle! paenc#4"atous
cells.
o&d'" K IelloMis# -e4Q s#oMs aseptate )i(esR Fessels Mit# spial t#ic/enin- an! si"ple
pitsQ -oups o) "esop#4ll cellsR unicellula #aisQ pieces o) #e5a-onalR stai-#t Malle!R
epi!e"al cells in su)ace FieMQ pis"atic c4stals o) calciu" o5alateR ael4 oil -lo(ulesR
an! si"pleR oun!e! to oFalR stac# -ains "easuin- $K11 in !ia.

Total As# Not "oe t#an *.2 pe centR Appen!i5 2.2.$.
AateKsolu(le e5tactiFe Not less t#an ..* pe centR Appen!i5 2.2...

T.L.C.
T.L.C. o) t#e alco#olic e5tact on ,ilica -el TGT plate usin- nK%utanol S -lacial Acetic
aci!S Aate (* S 1S +) in Fisi(le li-#t s#oMs t#ee spots at R). 8.$6R 8..* an! 8.66 (all -e4).
Dn e5posue to 9o!ine Fapou seFen spots appea at R). 8.1*R 8.$6R 8.*8R 8.*0R 8.1.R 8..*
an! 8.66 (all 4elloM). Dn spa4in- Mit# *U Met#anolicKsulp#uic aci! ea-ent an! #eatin-
t#e plate at 118C )o ten "inutes nine spots appea at R). 8.1*R 8.2*R 8.$6R 8.*8R 8.*0R 8.1.R
8..*R 8.6+ an! 8.66 (all -e4).

CONSTIT)ENTS K Gl4cosi!e (9n!ican).

ROERTIES AND ACTION
Ra#a S Ti/taR KaYu
207
G*+a S ,aa
,-".a S 7VZa
,i$/ka S KaYu
Ka"0a S @Wta#aaR Kap#a#aaR RecanPR Ke^4aR @iVa-#naR =antu-#na
IMORTANT 1ORM)LATIONS K NPli/W!4a TailaR GoocanW!i @aYP
THERAE)TIC )SES K @Wta Ra/taR 7!aao-aR 3lP#Wo-aR K\"io-aR Mo#aR %#a"aR
7!WFataR KaYiFWtaR KWsaR "ao-aR @iVo!aaR =FaaR KVa4aR K\"i!anta
DOSE K 18K28 - o) t#e !u- )o !ecoction.

208
=;. Ni"3*4di (LI.)
NIRG)J (L'aI)
Ni-uZOP consists o) !ie! lea) o) 'itex negundo Linn. (?a". @e(enaceae)Q a la-e
ao"atic s#u( o a s"all teeR upto +.* " in #ei-#tR co""on t#ou-#out t#e count4
ascen!in- to an altitu!e o) 1*88 " in t#e oute Hi"ala4as. 9t is co""on in Maste places
aoun! Filla-esR iFe (an/sR "oist localities an! in t#e !eci!uous )oests.
SYNONYMS
,ans/it S ,in!uFWaR ,a"p#Wli/aR NPla
Assa"ese S Asla/
%en-ali S Ni-un!iR Nis#in!a
Cn-lis# S ?iFe LeaFe! C#aste tee
Gujati S Na-o!
Hin!i S Ni-un!iR ,in!uaR ,a"(#alu
Kanna!a S La//i-i!aR Ne//i-i!a
Kas#"ii S KK
Mala4ala" S 9n!aneeR Ni-un!i
Maat#i S Ni-un!i
Di4a S KK
3unja(i S ,a"(#aluR %anna
Ta"il S Kaunoc#c#iR Nocc#i
Telu-u S NallaFaFilliR @aFili
7!u S ,a"(#aluR 3anjan-us#t
DESCRITION
a) Ma!"o#!o$i!
LeaFes pal"atel4 co"poun!R petiole 2.* K $.6 c" lon-Q "ostl4 ti)oliateR
occasionall4 penta)oliateQ in ti)oliate lea)R lea)let lanceolate o naoMl4 lanceolateR "i!!le
lea)let *K 18 c" lon- an! 1.1 K$.2 c" (oa!R Mit# 1K 1.$ c" lon- petioluleR e"ainin- tMo
209
su(KsessileQ in penta)oliate lea) inne t#ee lea)lets #aFe petiolule an! e"ainin- tMo su(K
sessileQ su)ace -la(ous a(oFe an! to"entose (eneat#Q te5tueR leat#e4.

%) Mi!"o#!o$i!
Petiole K s#oMs sin-le la4ee! epi!e"is #aFin- a nu"(e o) unicellulaR (icellula
an! uniseiate "ulticellula coFein- tic#o"es an! also -lan!ula tic#o"es Mit# uni to
ticellula stal/ an! uni to (icellula #ea!Q cote5 co"pose! o) oute collenc#4"atous tissue
an! inne 1 K 6 la4es o) paenc#4"atous tissueQ collenc#4"a Mell !eFelope! in (asal
e-ion an! -a!uall4 !eceases in "i!!le an! apical e-ionsQ peic4clic )i(es a(sent in
(asal e-ion o) petiole an! pesent in t#e )o" o) a !iscontinuous inin apical e-ion
suoun!in- cental #ose s#oeKs#ape! Fascula (un!leQ a )eM s"alle Fascula (un!les
pesent Fentall4 (etMeen a"s o) cental Fascula (un!le an! tMoR o ael4 t#eeR (un!les
situate! outsi!e t#e a"s.
"amina 1 s#oMs sin-le la4ee! epi!e"is #aFin- "ostl4 unicellula #aisR (i an!
"ulticellula an! -lan!ula tic#o"es (ein- aeQ #4po!e"is 1 K $ la4ee! inteupte! at
places (4 +K 6 palisa!e la4es containin- c#loop#4llQ a la-e nu"(e o) Feins enclose! (4
(un!le s#eat# taFese "esop#4llQ sto"ata pesent onl4 on t#e Fental su)aceR coFee!
!ensel4 Mit# tic#o"esQ FeinKislet an! Fein te"ination nu"(e o) lea) ae 2$K2* an! *K.
espectiFel4.
o&d'" K s#oMs nu"(e o) pieces o M#oleR uniK(i an! "ulticellula coFein- tic#o"esR
-lan!ula tic#o"esR palisa!e tissues Mit# #4po!e"isR an! uppe an! loMe epi!e"isR
54le" Fessels Mit# pitte! Malls.


210
T.L.C.
(0S1) s#oMs un!e 7.@. ($11 n") tMo )luoescent 2ones at R). 8.16 ((lue) an! 8.+. (e!).
Dn e5posue to 9o!ine Fapou )ou spots appea at R). 8.11R 8.+.R 8.1. an! 8.01 (all 4elloM).
Dn spa4in- Mit# @anillinK,ulp#uic aci! ea-ent an! on #eatin- t#e plate )o ten "inutes at
18* C )ou spots appea at R). 8.8.R 8.+.R 8.*6 an! 8.1. (all (lue).

CONSTIT)ENTS K Al/aloi!s an! Cssential Dil.

ROERTIES AND ACTION
G*+a S La-#u
,-".a S 7VZa
,i$/ka S KaYu
Ka"0a S Kap#a^W"a/aR @Wta^W"a/aR Jop#a#aaR Ke^4aR Ca/VuV4aR @iVa-#naR ,"
\tipa!aR Anulo"ana
IMORTANT 1ORM)LATIONS K @Wta-ajW]/uâ RasaR Ma#W @Wta @i!#Fa_sana RasaR Ia/
\tplP#Wi Lau#aR Eaâ"ula TailaR TiFi/a"a RasaR Ni-uZOP TailaR Ti(#uFana/Pti RasaR @iVa
Tin!u/a Taila
THERAE)TIC )SES K JXlaR Jop#aR @WtaF4W!#iR "aFWtaR KuVY#aR KaZOXR KWsaR 3a!aaR
!#"WnaR 3lP#W Ro-aR Gul"aR AuciR K\"iR @aZaR NWOP @aZaR KaZa^XlaR ,Xti/WR =Faa
DOSE K 18K28 "l (,Maasa).

211
=<. ad0aka (Ht.Hd.)
ADMAKA (H'a"t Hood)
3a!"a/a consists o) #eat Moo! o) Prunus cerasoides2 E. Eon (?a". Rosaceae)Q a
"i!!le o la-e si2e! teeR )oun! in te"peate Hi"ala4an e-ion )o" Ga#Mal to ,i//i" upto
an eleFation o) 018K1628 ".
SYNONYMS
,ans/it S 3a!"a-an!#iR 3itaa/ta
Assa"ese S Eien-so#Kio-KKe"s
%en-ali S 3a!"a/ast#a
Cn-lis# S %i4! C#e4
Gujati S 3a!"a/ast#aR 3a!"a/a
Hin!i S 3a!"a/#aR 3a!"a Kast#aR 3aja
Kanna!a S 3a!"a/a
Kas#"ii S KK
Mala4ala" S 3at#i"u/a"
Maat#i S 3a!"a/ast#aR 3a!"a/a
Di4a S KK
3unja(i S 3ajja
Ta"il S 3a!"a/as#!#a"
Telu-u S 3a!"a/as#t#a"
DESCRITION
a) Ma!"o#!o$i!
Eu- aFaila(le in Faia(le piecesR 4elloMis#K(oMn to oan-eR to M#ic# so"e M#itis#
potion o) sap Moo! still attac#e!Q #eaF4R !enseR "o!eatel4 #a! an! Fe4 ston-R o!ouR
Fe4 )aintQ no taste.

212
%) Mi!"o#!o$i!
Matue #eat Moo! consistin- o) FesselsR )i(esR tac#ei!s an! 54le" paenc#4"a
taFese! (4 54le" a4sQ Fessels li-ni)ie!R "o!eatel4 t#ic/KMalle!R eticulate t#ic/enin-R
)ail4 la-eR Mit# (o!ee! pits #aFin- an oFalKs#ape!R lateal pe)oation at eac# en!R
"easuin-R upto 228 in len-t# an! upto 16 in Mi!t#Q )i(es occu "ostl4 in -oupsR
usuall4 )oun! associate! Mit# ot#e 54le" ele"entsR "o!eatel4 t#ic/KMalle!R naoM
lu"enR pointe! at (ot# en!sR **K1$. lon-Q tac#ei!s usuall4 t#ic/KMalle!R li-ni)ie!R
elon-ate! cellsQ 54le" paenc#4"a co"pose! o) t#ic/KMalle!R )oun! associate! Mit#
Fessels an! )i(esR oFal to elon-ate!R pol4-onal cellsQ 54le" a4s uni to "ultiseiateR uni
an! (iseiate "oe co""onR "ultiseiateR -eneall4 $K1 cells Mi!eR +8K*8 cells #i-#Q cut
"ateialsR M#en teate! Mit# )eic c#loi!e solution tun t#e 4elloM pi-"ents (lue o (lac/R
in!icatin- tannin
o&d'" K Re!!is#K(oMnQ s#oMs )a-"ents o) a(un!ant -oups o sin-le pointe! )i(es
"easuin- **K1$. in len-t#R "o!eatel4 t#ic/KMalle!R )ail4 la-e Fessels Mit# eticulate
t#ic/enin- an! (o!ee! pitsR t#ic/KMalle!R li-ni)ie! tac#ei! cellsR pieces o) a4 cells an!
54le" paenc#4"a cells.


ASSAY

T.L.C.
1) s#oMs un!e 7@ ($11 n") a )luoescent 2one at R). 8.1+ ((lue). Dn e5posue to 9o!ine
Fapou seFen spots appea at R). 8.1*R 8.$2R 8.+2R 8.*$R 8.*0R 8.1+ an! 8..1 (all 4elloM). Dn
spa4in- Mit# @anillinK,ulp#uic aci! ea-ent an! #eatin- t#e plate )o ten "inutes at 18*C
213
)ou spots appea at R). 8.1*R 8.$2R 8.*$ an! 8.*0 (all Fiolet).

CONSTIT)ENTS K ?laFonoi!s.

ROERTIES AND ACTION
G*+a S La-#u
,-".a S JPta
,i$/ka S KaYu
Ka"0a S Ga(#ast#WpanaR Ruc4aR @Wtala
IMORTANT 1ORM)LATIONS K K#a!iW!i GuYi/WR Gu!Xc4W!i KFWt#a CXZaR %
\#acc#W-alW!4a G#\taR JatWFa4W!i G#\taR Gu!Xc4W!i TailaR 7^PWsaFaR Can!anWsaFaR Eaâ"
XlWiVYaR M\tasa[jPFanP ,uWR KapXW!4a/a
THERAE)TIC )SES K @isp#oYaR EW#aR KuVY#aR Ra/tapittaR @a"iR T\VZWR %#a"aR @isapa
DOSE K 1K$ - (CXna).

214
==. ata5a (Rt.)
9AL (Root)
3WYalW consists o) !ie! oot o) ,tereospermum suaveolens EC. (?a". %i-noniaceae)Q a
la-e !eci!ucus tee upto 16 " #i-# an! 1.6 " in -it# Mit# a clea (ole o) a(out 0 "R )oun!
t#ou-#out t#e "oist pats o) t#e count4.
SYNONYMS
,ans/it S A"o-#WR Ma!#u!XtPR K\VZF\ntWR TW"apuVpP
Assa"ese S 3aul
%en-ali S 3aul
Cn-lis# S Rose ?loMe ?a-ant
Gujati S 3o!al
Hin!i S 3a!al
Kanna!a S 3a!a"oa
Kas#"ii S KK
Mala4ala" S 3a!ii
Maat#i S 3a!al
Di4a S %ooR 3atulee
3unja(i S 3a!al
Ta"il S 3a!ai
Telu-u S Kali-ottuR Ko//esaR 3o!ia
DESCRITION
a) Ma!"o#!o$i!
Root occus in a(out 1K0 c" lon-R 1K1.* c" t#ic/ cut piecesR c4lin!icalR e5tenall4
(oMn to cea"4R ou-# !ue to Fetical )issuesR cac/sR i!-es an! tansFese )ine lenticelsR
intenall4 !a/ (oMnR la"ellation o stati)ication !ue to pesence o) concentic (an!s o)
)i(esQ )actue tou-# an! )i(ousQ o!ouR not !istinctQ tasteR (itte.

215
%) Mi!"o#!o$i!
Root co/ consists o) 2*K$* la4es o) ectan-ula cells Mit# $K* stati)ie! la4esR
li-ni)ication (ein- "oe po"inent M#ee t#e stati)ication statsR aan-e! Mit# 1K$
tan-ential oMs o) naoM cells altenatin- Mit# $K* tan-ential oMs o) Mi!e cellsQ co/
ca"(iu" co"pose! o) 1 K2 la4es o) tan-entiall4 elon-ate! cellsQ secon!a4 cote5 aan-e!
"oe o less a!iall4R (eco"es pol4#e!al to iso!ia"eteic in inne e-ionR a )eM cells
-ettin- conFete! into stone cells M#ic# ae e-ula in s#ape an! s#oM pojectionQ secon!a4
p#loe" Mi!eR )o"s ceantenc#4"a (etMeen tMo o(li;uel4 unnin- a4sQ so"e a4s an!
p#loe" cells -et conFete! into ie-ulaR pol4-onal s#ape! stone cellsR "easuin- 18K 1*8
in Mi!t#R p#loe" paenc#4"a (ein- intactQ "e!ulla4 a4s "ultiseiateR (ein- $K+ cells
Mi!eR an! 6K11K1* cells #i-#Q )i(es tapein-R pointe! o sli-#tl4 (luntR Mit# a s"all pe-Kli/e
pojection at (ot# en!sQ sieFe tu(e -ets collapse! in oute e-ion )o"in- stips o)
ceatenc#4"aQ a )eM s"all "icosp#enoi!al c4stals o) calciu" o5alate pesent in p#loe"
paenc#4"a an! a4sQ secon!a4 54le" Mi!e #aFin- usual ele"entsQ Fessels si"pleR pitte!R
li-ni)ie!Q )i(es la-eR pointe!R aseptateQ a4s "ultiseiateR 2K $ cells Mi!e.
o&d'" K Ea/ (oMnQ s#oMs )a-"ents o) ectan-ula co/ an! p#loe" paenc#4"a cellsQ
-oups o) sin-leR t#ic/K Malle!R cu(ical to ectan-ulaR li-ni)ie! stone cells #aFin- stiations
an! Mi!e lu"enQ a nu"(e o) "icosp#enoi!al c4stals o) calciu" o5alateR intact an!
scattee! outsi!e.


T.L.C.
Aate (+S 1 S*) s#oMs in Fisi(le li-#t t#ee spots at R). 8.12R 8.6* an! 8.02 (all li-#t 4elloM).
216
7n!e 7@ ($11 n") )iFe )luoescent 2ones ae Fisi(le at R). 8.+.R 8.*$ ((ot# li-#t (lue)R
8.12 ((luis# pin/)R 8..+ ((lue) an! 8.6* (li-#t -een). Dn e5posue to 9o!ine Fapou seFen
spots appea at R). 8.1+R 8.26R 8.+.R 8.*$R 8..+R 8.6* an! 8.02 (all 4elloM). Dn spa4in- Mit#
*U Met#anolic 3#osp#o"ol4(!ic aci! ea-ent an! #eatin- t#e plate )o ten "inutes at
118C )ou spots appea at R). 8.+.R 8..+R 8.6* an! 8.02 (all (luis# -e4).

CONSTIT)ENTS K %itte ,u(stancesR ,teolsR Gl4cosi!es an! Gl4coKAl/aloi!s.

ROERTIES AND ACTION
G*+a S La-#uR RX/Va
,-".a S AnuVZa
,i$/ka S KaYu
Ka"0a S Ti!oVa#aaR Ruc4a
IMORTANT 1ORM)LATIONS K A"\tWiVYaR Eaâ"XlWiVYaR %#W]-P GuOaR 9n!u/Wnta G#
\taR E#WnFantaa TailaR Eaâ"Xla KFWt#a CXZa
THERAE)TIC )SES K JFWsaR Jot#aR AâR C#a!iR Hi//WR T\VZWR A"lapittaR Ra/ta @i/WaR
MXtaFi/WaR A-ni!a-!#aR @aZa RujWR @isp#oYaR Me!oo-a
DOSE K *K18 - (3oM!e).
2*K*8 "l (Eecoction).

217
=>. ha53* (1"t.)
HALG) (1"*it)
3#al-u consists o) !ie! )uits o) icus hispida Linn. ). (?a". Moaceae)Q a "o!eate
si2e! tee o. s#u(R !isti(ute! t#ou-#out t#e oute Hi"ala4an an-e )o" C#ena( eastMa!s
to %en-alR Cental an! ,out# 9n!ia an! An!a"an 9slan!s.
SYNONYMS
,ans/it S KW/o!u"(uR Mala4uR Malpu
Assa"ese S K#os/a!u"aR TanFa!iR Teen(aee
%en-ali S Ka/!u"uR Kat#!u"uR Ka/a!u"(a
Cn-lis# S Ail! ?i-R EeFil ?i-
Gujati S Te!u"(aoR E#e!a!a"(aoR E#e!#u"(o
Hin!i S KoneaK!u"(aR Kat#u"a
Kanna!a S Ka!aattiR Ajeeu Ha"uR AnjeeuR Dna-i!aR HannaR A!ane
Kas#"ii S KK
Mala4ala" S 3e4attiR KattattiR Cu"ana//uR 3aa/asi"i
Maat#i S Ra"(alR Kalo!u"(aR %#uiu"(a
Di4a S Ei"iiR Ani Ea"(ua
3unja(i S Ru"(al
Ta"il S 3e4atti
Telu-u S %a#"a "e!iR Ka/i"e!i
7!u S Kat# Gula
DESCRITION
a) Ma!"o#!o$i!
Eie! s4conus )uitR oFoi! Mit# a cental cicula #ole an! s#ot stal/R 1K2 c" in !ia.R
Min/le!Q -e4is#K(oMnQ see!s less t#an 1 "" in !ia. an! 4elloMis#K(oMn in colouR o!ou
an! taste not c#aacteistic.
218

%) Mi!"o#!o$i!
?uit s#oMs a sinl-e la4ee! epi!e"isR coFee! Mit# t#ic/ cuticle #aFin- a )eM
unicellula tic#o"esR epi!e"isR )olloMe! (4 +K1 la4es o) #e5a-onal to pol4-onalR
collenc#4"atous cellsR a )eM cells contain osette c4stals o) calciu" o5alateQ "esocap
co"pose! o) la-eR oFal to pol4-onalR t#ic/KMalle! paenc#4"atous cellsR a )eM Fascula
Fessels s#oMin- spial t#ic/enin-.
o&d'" K Ge4is#K(oMnQ s#oMs -oups o) oFal to pol4-onalR t#inKMalle! cells o) "esocap
an! en!ospe"R )a-"ents o) pol4#e!alR t#ic/KMalle! epi!e"al cells in su)ace FieMR
spial Fessels an! a(un!ant unicellula tic#o"es.


T.L.C.
T.L.C. o) t#e alco#olic e5tact o) t#e !u- on ,ilica -el TGT plate usin- nK%utanol S
Acetic aci!S Mate (+S1S*) s#oMs un!e 7.@. ($11 n") tMo )luoescent 2ones at R) 8.$1 an!
8.02 ((ot# (lue). Dn e5posue to 9o!ine Fapou )ou spots appea at R). 8.28R 8.$1R 8.+1 an!
8.02 (all 4elloM). Dn spa4in- Mit# *U Met#anolicK,ulp#uic aci! ea-ent an! #eatin- t#e
plate )o ten "inutes at 18*C tMo spots appea at R). 8.28 (-e4) an! 8.02 ((oMn).

CONSTIT)ENTS K Tannins an! ,aponins

219

ROERTIES AND ACTION
Ra#a S Ma!#uaR A"laR KaYuR Ti/taR KaVW4a
G*+a S ,ni-!#aR Guu
,-".a S JPta
,i$/ka S Ma!#ua
Ka"0a S @Wta#aaR 3itta#aaR Kap#a#aaR MW_sa/aaR Ju/a/aaR Mala ,ta"(#anaR
T\pti/Wa/aR GW#PR %\_#aZaR @iVYa"(#P
IMORTANT 1ORM)LATIONS K Cita/W!i Taila
THERAE)TIC )SES K @aZaR JFeta KuVt#aR 3WZOuR AâR KW"alWR AtPsWaR EW#aR KVataR
@iVao-aR TFa-o-aR Ra/taFi/WaR KaZOXR KuVY#aR Jop#aR Ra/tapittaR @Wtapittajao-a
DOSE K 18K28 -

220
=?. ha53* (Rt.)
HALG) (Root)
3#al-u consists o) !ie! oot o) icus hispida Linn. ). (?a". Moaceae)Q a "o!eate
si2e! tee o s#u(R !isti(ute! t#ou-#out t#e oute Hi"ala4an an-e )o" C#ena( eastMa!s
to %en-alR Cental an! ,out# 9n!ia an! An!a"an 9slan!s.
SYNONYMS
,ans/it S MalpuR KW/o!u"(uR MalW4u
Assa"ese S K#os/a!u"aR TanFa!iR Teen(aee
%en-ali S Ka/a!u"(aR Ka/!u"uR Kat#!u"u
Cn-lis# S EeFil ?i-R Ail! ?i-
Gujati S E#e!#u"(oR Te!u"(aoR E#e!a"(ao
Hin!i S Kat#u"aR KoneaK!u"(a
Kanna!a S A!aneR AnjeeuR Ajeeu Ha"uR HannaR Dna-i!aR Ka!atti
Kas#"ii S KK
Mala4ala" S Cu"ana//uR KattattiR 3aa/asi"iR 3e4atti
Maat#i S %#uiu"(aR Kalo!u"(aR Ra"(al
Di4a S Ani Ea"(uaR Ei"ii
3unja(i S Ru"(al
Ta"il S 3e4atti
Telu-u S %a#"a "e!iR Ka/i"e!i
7!u S Kat# Gula
DESCRITION
a) Ma!"o#!o$i!
Roots + K1. c" lon-R 1.8K2.* c" t#ic/R al"ost c4lin!icalR occasionall4 so"eM#at
co"pesse! at placesR e5tenal su)ace (oMn to !a/ (oMn Mit# !eepR elliptical cac/s an!
tan-entiall4 aan-e! oMs o) lenticelsQ )actueR splinte4.

221
%) Mi!"o#!o$i!
Root s#oMs *K18 la4es o) co/R consistin- o) t#inKMalle!R co"pesse! cellsR oute
la4es e5)oliatin-Q secon!a4 cote5 a Mi!e 2one consistin- o) ie-ulal4 aan-e!R
tan-entiall4 elon-ate!R t#inKMalle!R paenc#4"atous cellsR so"e o) M#ic# contain osette
c4stals o) calciu" o5alate an! !a/ e! coloue! contentsQ secon!a4 p#loe" consistin- o)
usual ele"entsR co"pisin- o) t#inKMalle! cellsQ cellulosic p#loe" )i(es )oun! scattee!
t#ou-#out secon!a4 p#loe" in sin-les an! in -oups o) 2K$Q a )eM p#loe" paenc#4"a an!
p#loe" a4 cells contain osette c4stals o) calciu" o5alateQ secon!a4 54le" situate!
centall4R consistin- o) usual ele"entsR all (ein- li-ni)ie!Q 54le" Fessels nu"eousR e;uall4
!isti(ute! t#ou-#out secon!a4 54le" e-ionR in sin-les as Mell as in -oups o) 2K1R 54le"
a4s nu"eousR stai-#t an! 1K* cells Mi!e.
o&d'" K IelloMis#K(oMnQ s#oMs cellulosic p#loe" )i(esR 54le" Fessels in (o/en pieces
Mit# pitte! t#ic/enin-s an! osette c4stals o) calciu" o5alate.


T.L.C.
1) on e5posue to 9o!ine Fapou s#oMs si5 spots at R). 8.8*R 8.1*R 8.$8R 8.$+R 8.02 an! 8.06
(all 4elloM). Dn spa4in- Mit# Ea-en!o)) ea-ent )olloMe! (4 *U a;ueous ,o!iu" Nitite
solution )ou spots appea at R). 8.$8R 8.$+R 8.02 an! 8.06 (all li-#t (oMn).

CONSTIT)ENTS K Al/aloi!s.
222

ROERTIES AND ACTION
G*+a S GuuR JPta
,-".a S JPta
,i$/ka S Ma!#ua
Ka"0a S 3itta#aaR Kap#a#aaR Malasta"(#a/a
IMORTANT 1ORM)LATIONS K Ma#W 3a[ca-aF4a G#\ta
THERAE)TIC )SES K JFitaR KaZOXR KuVY#aR @aZaR Ra/tapittaR Jop#aR 3WZOuR
Ra/taFi/WaR KW"alWR Aâ

223
=@. "a$*44ada (Sd.)
RA)NNA (S''d)
3apunnWOa consists o) !ie! see! o) Cassia tora Linn. (?a". ?a(aceae)Q a #e(aceous
annual occuin- as a Mee! t#ou-#out t#e count4 in plainsR ascen!in- 1*88 " in t#e Cental
Hi"ala4as.
SYNONYMS
,ans/it S COa-ajaR Ea!u-#na
Assa"ese S Kul(
%en-ali S C#aFu/aR C#a/un!aR 3aneFa
Cn-lis# S Rin- Ao" 3lantR ?eti! Cassia
Gujati S KoFaa4a
Hin!i S 3aFan!
Kanna!a S Ta-ac#e
Kas#"ii S KK
Mala4ala" S Ta-aaa
Maat#i S Tan/ala
Di4a S KK
3unja(i S 3anMalR C#a/un!aR C#a/Ma!
Ta"il S @s#itt-aai
Telu-u S Ta-iis
7!u S 3anMa
DESCRITION
a) Ma!"o#!o$i!
,ee! #a!R 1 c" lon-R $K+ "" t#ic/R o(lon- o #o"(o#e!alR (ot# en!s appea as i)
cut o)) o(li;uel4R -eenis#K(oMn to (oMnis#K(lac/R s"oot# an! s#in4Q o!oulessQ tasteR
(itte.

224
%) Mi!"o#!o$i!
,ee! s#oMs see! coat consistin- o) lon-itu!inall4 elon-ate! cellsR coFee! Mit#
t#ic/R s"oot# cuticleR )olloMe! (4 palisa!e la4e co"pose! o) closel4 pac/e!R a!iall4
aan-e!R nonKli-ni)ie!R t#ic/ene! colu"na cellsR an! (4 a sin-le la4e o) !u"(K(ell
s#ape!R t#ic/KMalle!R paenc#4"atous cellsQ a Mi!e 2one o) t#ic/KMalle!R paenc#4"atous
cells )o"in- inne la4e o) testa pesentR !i))eentiate! into oute 6 K 18 la4es o)
tan-entiall4 elon-ate!R paenc#4"atous cells an! a sin-le la4e o) (oa! cells M#ic# ae
s;uais# in s#apeQ a )eM Fascula (un!les scattee! in t#is 2oneQ e"(4o consists o) a!icleR
plu"ule an! tMo cot4le!onsQ epi!e"is o) cot4le!on consists o) a sin-le la4eR e5tenall4
coFee! Mit# cuticleR )olloMe! (4 tMo la4es o) palisa!eKli/e cells o) "esop#4llQ "esop#4ll
o) Fental si!e co"pose! o) ectan-ula to pol4-onal cells )ille! Mit# oun! to oFal stac#
-ainR "easuin- 6K12 in !ia.R a )eM Fascula (un!les an! a )eM osette c4stals o)
calciu#olllalate upto +0 in !ia.Q scattee! in t#is e-ion.
o&d'" K Li-#t (oMnQ s#oMs )a-"ents o) testaR paenc#4"atous cellsR Fe4 s"allR
nu"eo"S si"pleR oun! to oFalR stac# -ains "easuin- 6K12 in !ia.R an! a )eM osette
c4stals o) calciu" o5alate upto +0 in !ia"ete.


T.L.C.
Aate (+S1S*) s#oMs in Fisi(le li-#t t#ee spots at R) 8.$$R 8.+. an! 8.*. (all li-#t 4elloM).
7n!e 7@ ($11 n") t#ee )luoescent 2ones ae Fisi(le at R). 8.$$ ((lue)R 8.+. (li-#t pin/)
an! 8.*. ((lue). Dn e5posue to 9o!ine Fapou seFen spots appea at R). 8.2.R 8.$$R
8.+.R8.*.R 8R12R 8..1 an! 8.62 (all 4elloM).
225

CONSTIT)ENTS K Ant#a;uinonesR ?i5e! Dil

ROERTIES AND ACTION
Ra#a S KaYu
G*+a S La-#uR RX/Va
,-".a S 7VZa
,i$/ka S KaYu
Ka"0a S Kap#aFWta^W"a/aR K\"i-#naR RecanaR Le/#anaR KuVY#a-#naR @iVa-#naR
TFa/ @aZapasW!a/aa"R TFac4a
IMORTANT 1ORM)LATIONS K Ni"(W!i CXZaR KWsPsW!i G#\taR Ma#W @iVa-a(#a TailaR
%\#an"aicW!4a Taila
THERAE)TIC )SES K Kap#aFWtajan4a @i/WaR KuVY#aR @aZa @i/WaR Ea!uR 3a/VW-#WtaR
@i(an!#aR Gul"aR K\"iR 3W"WR KaZOXR JFWsaR KWsa
DOSE K 1K$ - o) poM!e.

226
>A. Rakta!ha4da4a (Ht.Hd.)
RAKTACANDANA (H'a"t Hood)
Ra/tacan!ana consists o) #eat Moo! o) Pterocarpus santalinus Linn. ). (?a".
?a(aceae)Q a "e!iu" si2e!R !eci!uous tee upto 18K11 " #i-# an! 1.* " in -it#R "ostl4 )oun!
in An!#a 3a!es# an! nei-#(ouin- aea o) C#ennai an! Kanata/a at an altitu!e o) 1*8K088
".
SYNONYMS
,ans/it S Ra/tW]-aR KVu!acan!anaR Ra/tasWa
Assa"ese S ,an!aleR ,an!al A#"a
%en-ali S Ra/tac#an!ana
Cn-lis# S Re! ,an!esR Re! ,an!al Aoo!
Gujati S RatanjaliR Lalc#an!an
Hin!i S Ra/tac#an!ana"R Lalc#an!ana
Kanna!a S Ra/t#a C#an!ana"
Kas#"ii S KK
Mala4ala" S Ra/ta C#an!ana"
Maat#i S Ra/ta C#an!ana
Di4a S KK
3unja(i S Lal C#an!an
Ta"il S ,anc#an!ana"
Telu-u S Ca C#an!ana"u
7!u S ,an!al ,u/#
DESCRITION
a) Ma!"o#!o$i!
Eu- occus as ie-ula piecesR !eep (loo!Ke! to !a/ puplis#Ke! o al"ost (lac/R
#a!R (ut can (e easil4 splitR o!oulessQ tasteR sli-#tl4 astin-ent.
227

%) Mi!"o#!o$i!
Heat Moo! s#oMs altenatin- (an!s o) !a/e an! li-#te 2onesQ Fessels la-eR
"ostl4 isolate! an! connecte! (4 )ineR (i-#t e! a4sR consistin- o) 54le" paenc#4"aQ
pis"atic c4stals o) calciu" o5alate occu in a )eM cel9sQ e! colouin- "atte pesent in a
nu"(e o) cells o) Fessels an! ot#e cellsQ )i(es a(un!antQ 54le" a4s "ostl4 uniseiate.
o&d'" K Re! o puplis#Ke!Q s#oMs a nu"(e o) )i(esR Fessels an! 54le" paenc#4"a
cells an! pis"atic c4stals o) calciu" o5alate.
Id'4tiIi!atio4 :
15*o"'#!'4!' t'#t o4 aQ*'o*# a4d a5!oho5i! 'Ot"a!t# P:
i) * -. poM!e e5tacte! in 188 "l o) Mate an! )iltee! s#oMs in !a4 li-#t K pale 4elloM to
(oMnis#Ke! colouQ un!e 7.@. li-#t ($11 n") e"eal! -eenR an! un!e 7.@. li-#t
(2*+ n") li-#t -een.
ii) * -. poM!e e5tacte! in 188 "l o) alco#ol an! )iltee! s#oMs in !a4 li-#t (oMnis# K
e!colouQ un!e 7.@. li-#t ($11 n") e!!is# K(oMnR an! un!e 7.@. li-#t (2*+)
4elloMis#K-een colou.


T.L.C.
228
(0S1) s#oMs in Fisi(le li-#t a spot at R). 8.$. (li-#t pin/). 7n!e 7.@. ($11 n") )iFe
)luoescent 2ones ae Fisi(le at R). 8.8. ((lue)R 8.1$ (-e4)R 8.$e ((lue)R 8.$. (-e4)R an!
8.*. ((lue). Dn e5posue to 9o!ine Fapou ei-#t spots appea at R). 8.8.R 8.1$R 8.11R 8.21R
8.$.R 8.+$R 8..+ an! 8.68 (all 4elloM). Dn spa4in- Mit# @anillinK,ulp#uic aci! ea-ent an!
#eatin- t#e plate )o ten "inutes at 118C seFen spots appea at R). 8.8+ (Fiolet)R 8.8.R 8.1$
((ot# li-#t Fiolet)R 8.$.R 8.+$ ((ot# Fiolet)R 8..+ an! 8.68 ((ot# li-#t Fiolet).

CONSTIT)ENTS K Gl4cosi!esR Colouin- Matte.

ROERTIES AND ACTION
G*+a S GuuR RX/Va
,-".a S JPta
,i$/ka S KaYu
Ka"0a S 3itta#aaR Netao-aR @iVa-#naR @\V4a
IMORTANT 1ORM)LATIONS K Can!ana %alW La/VW!i TailaR Can!anW!i Lau#a
THERAE)TIC )SES K C#a!iR T\VZWR Ra/ta!oVa#aaR =FaaR @aZa
DOSE K $K1 - o) t#e !u- (poM!e).

229
>1. Rakta$*4a"4aGa (Rt.)
RAKTA)NRNA,A (Root)
Ra/tapunanaFWconsists o) !ie! oot o) %oerhaavia diffusa Linn. (?a".
N4cta-inaceae)Q a tailin- #e( Mit# stout oot stoc/ an! "an4 !i))use!R slen!eR postate o
ascen!in- (anc#esR occuin- t#ou-#t t#e plains o) 9n!ia.
SYNONYMS
,ans/it S Jot#a-#nPR Ra/ta 3uspW
Assa"ese S Ron-a 3unana(#a
%en-ali S Ra/ta 3unanaFa
Cn-lis# S Ho- Aee!
Gujati S ,atu!i
Hin!i S Ga!apunaR LalpunanaFa
Kanna!a S Ko""e(eu
Kas#"ii S KK
Mala4ala" S C#uFanna Ta2#uta"a
Maat#i S Ra/ta 3unanaFa
Di4a S Laalapuiuni
3unja(i S 9teit (Lal)R K#attan
Ta"il S Moo/aattai (,#i#appu)
Telu-u S Ati/a"a"i!iR Ca-alijeu
7!u S ,u/# 3unanaFa
DESCRITION
a) Ma!"o#!o$i!
Root Mell !eFelope!R )ail4 lon-R so"eM#at totuousR c4lin!icalR 8.2 K 1.* c" in
!ia.Q 4elloMis#K(oMn to (oMnQ su)aceR ou-# !ue to "inute lon-itu!inal stiations an!
oot scasQ )actueR s#otQ o!ouR not !istinctQ tasteR sli-#tl4 (itte.

230
%) Mi!"o#!o$i!
Matue oot s#oMs ano"alous -oMt#Q co/ co"pose! o) t#inKMalle!R tan-entiall4
elon-ate! cells in t#e oute )eM la4esQ co/ ca"(iu" 1K2 la4es o) t#inKMalle! cellsQ
secon!a4 cote5 consists o) 2K$ la4es o) paenc#4"atous cellsR )olloMe! (4 cote5
co"pose! o) *K12 la4es o) t#inKMalle!R oFal to pol4-onal cellsQ seFeal concentic (an!s o)
54le" tissueR altenatin- Mit# 2one o) paenc#4"atous tissueR pesent (eloM cotical e-ionQ
nu"(e o) (an!s Fa4 acco!in- to t#ic/ness o) oot an! consist o) FesselsR tac#ei!s an!
)i(esQ Fessels "ostl4 )oun! in -oups o) 2K6 in a!ial oMsR #aFin- si"ple pits an!
eticulate t#ic/enin-Q tac#ei!sR t#ic/KMalle! Mit# si"ple pitsQ )i(es aseptateR elon-ate!R
t#ic/KMalle! Mit# pointe! en!sQ p#loe" occus as #e"isp#eical o cescent patc#es outsi!e
eac# -oup o) 54le" Fessels an! co"pose! o) sieFe ele"ents an! paenc#4"aQ a (oa! 2one
o) paenc#4"atous tissueR in (etMeen tMo successiFe in-s o) 54le" ele"entsR co"pose! o)
t#inKMalle!R "oe o less ectan-ula cells aan-e! in a!ial oMsQ cental e-ion o) oot
occupie! (4 pi"a4 Fascula (un!lesQ nu"eous ap#i!es in sin-le o in -oup pesent in
cotical e-ion an! in paenc#4"atous an! 54le" tissueQ stac# -ains si"ple an!
co"poun!R #aFin- 2K+ co"ponentsR )oun! in a(un!ance in "ost o) t#e cells o) cote5 an!
54le" ele"entsQ si"ple stac# -ains "ostl4 oun! in s#apeR "easuin- 2..*K11 in !ia.
o&d'" K Li-#t 4elloMQ s#oMs Fessels Mit# eticulate t#ic/enin- o si"ple pitsR )i(esR
)a-"ents o) co/ cellsR ap#i!es o) calciu" o5alate an! si"pleR oun!e!R stac# -ainsR
"easuin- 2..* K 11 in !ia.R an! co"poun! stac# -ains #aFin- 2K+ co"ponents.


T.L.C.
231
S 2) s#oMs un!e 7@ ($11 n") si5 )luoescent 2ones at R). 8.11R 8.$6 ((ot# (lue)R 8..8R 8.6+
((ot# li-#t (lue)R 8.08 (li-#t pin/) an! 8.0+ (li-#t (lue). Dn e5posue to 9o!ine Fapou seFen
spots appea at R). 8.8*R 8.11R 8.26R 8.$6R 8.+$R 8.6+ an! 8.0+ (all 4elloM). Dn spa4in- Mit#
Ea-en!o)) ea-ent )olloMe! (4 *U Met#anolicK,ulp#uic aci! ea-ent tMo spots appea at
R). 8.86 an! 8.0+ ((ot# oan-e).

CONSTIT)ENTS K Al/aloi!R HentiacontaneR K,itosteolR 7solic Aci!.

ROERTIES AND ACTION
Ra#a S Ti/taR KaVW4aR KaYuR Ma!#ua
G*+a S La-#uR RX/VaR JPtaR ,aa
,-".a S 7VZa
,i$/ka S KaYu
Ka"0a S Jop#a#aaR Kap#a-#naR EPpanaR @Wta/aaR 3itta#aa
IMORTANT 1ORM)LATIONS K Ku"W4WsaFaR EW!#i/a G#\taR E#WnFantaa G#\taR
3unanaFW!4aiVYa
THERAE)TIC )SES K Jop#aR 3WZOuR H\!o-aR KWsaR AâR @aZaR 7a`/Vata^XlaR Jot#a
DOSE K 1K$ - o) poM!e.
18K28 "l (?es# =uice).

232
>2. Ra0a#hta5ika (H..)
RMAMITALIK (Hho5' 5a4t)
RW"a^Ptali/W consists !ie! M#ole plant o) Amaranthus tricolor Linn.Q ,4n. A.
gangeticus Linn.Q A. melancholicus Linn. A. polygamus Linn. Hoo/. ?.R A. tristis Linn.Q (?a".
A"aant#aceae)R an eectR !i))useR stoutR annual #e(R )oun! t#ou-#out t#e count4.
SYNONYMS
,ans/it S MWiVaa/taR W"a^Ptali/W
Assa"ese S KK
%en-ali S Lal ,#a/
Cn-lis# S KK
Gujati S Tan!aljo (Lal)
Hin!i S Lal Masa
Kanna!a S EantuR HaaFe ,oppuR Eantina ,oppuR C#i//aiFe
Kas#"ii S KK
Mala4ala" S Aa"aseetala"
Maat#i S Mas#
Di4a S KK
3unja(i S Lal Masa ,a-
Ta"il S Mulai//eeai
Telu-u S Ca Tota/ua
DESCRITION
a) Ma!"o#!o$i!
Root KTap ootR c4lin!icalR 4elloMis#R 8.$K8.* c" t#ic/R Mit# a )eM secon!a4 oots
an! nu"eous ootlets.
St'0 K ,te" c4lin!ical Mit# lon-itu!inal i!-es an! )uoMsR (anc#e!R li-#t -eenis#K
4elloMR 8.2K8.+ c" t#ic/Q )actueR s#ot.
233
L'aI K Lea) si"pleR *K12 c" lon-R 2.*K. c" Mi!eR Fe4 Faia(le in s#apeR #o"(oi!KoFateR
lanceolate o !eltoi!KoFateR o(tuseR petiolateR "e"(anous.
15o&'" K ?loMes clustee! in t#e a5ils an! )o"in- a lon- te"inalR "oe o less
inteupte! spi/eQ (acteole $ "" lon-R lanceolateR "e"(anousR peiant# + "" lon-Q
sepals $R M#ite Mit# pin/is# tin-eR sta"ens t#eeR ant#es !osi)i5e!.
S''d K ,ee! 1.* "" in !ia.R (iconFe5R s"oot#R s#in4 (lac/.

%) Mi!"o#!o$i!
Root K ,#oMs co/ consistin- o) $K1 oMs o) t#inKMalle! cellsR a )eM oute la4es
e5)oliatin-Q secon!a4 cote5 consistin- o) 1K11 oMs o) tan-entiall4 elon-ate!R ta(ulaR
t#inKMalle! paenc#4"atous cellsR a )eM o) t#e" containin- "icosp#enoi!al c4stals o)
calciu" o5alateQ secon!a4 p#loe" aan-e! in continuous in-R consistin- o) t#inKMalle!
cellsQ p#loe" paenc#4"a cells containin- "icosp#enoi!al c4stals o) calciu" o5alateQ
secon!a4 54le" aan-e! in t#e )o" o) a in-R (eneat# M#ic# t#ee ae scattee! Fascula
(un!les consistin- o) 54le" an! p#loe"Q Fascula (un!lesR situate! in t#e cente ae
co"paatiFel4 la-eQ -oun! tissue consistin- o) t#inKMalle!R paenc#4"atous cellsR a )eM
cells containin- "icosp#enoi!al c4stals o) calciu" o5alate.
St'0 K ,#oMs "an4 t#ic/KMalle!R oFal to pol4-onalR collenc#4"atous cells pesent in t#e
i!-es seen in outlineQ epi!e"is sin-le la4ee! Mit# ta(ula cells un!e a t#ic/cuticleQ
cote5 !i))eentiate! into $K0 la4ee!R t#ic/KMalle!R tan-entiall4 elon-ate!R c#loenc#4"a
cells #aFin- a )eM "icosp#enoi!al c4stals o) calciu" o5alateQ Fascula (un!les collateal
aan-e! in a concentic (an! consistin- o) p#loe" an! 54le" ele"entsQ insi!e t#e (an!R in
t#e -oun! tissue a nu"(e o) conjoint Fascula (un!les )oun! scattee!Q -oun! tissue
consistin- o) oFal o oun!R t#inKMalle!R paenc#4"atous cellsR t#ese cells ae s"alle
toMa! peip#e4 an! la-e toMa!s centeR a )eM o) t#ese cells contain "icosp#enoi!al
c4stals o) calciu" o5alate.
L'aI:
Petiole K ,#oMs tMo notc#es M#ic# ae lateal in positionR epi!e"is sin-le la4eR )olloMe!
(4R 1 o 2 la4es Fentall4 an! 1 to . la4es !osall4 o) collenc#4"aQ est o) t#e cote5
consistin- o) t#inKMalle! paenc#4"atous cellsR a )eM o) t#e" containin- "icosp#enoi!al
c4stals o) calciu" o5alateQ Fascula (un!les acKs#ape! in t#ee sepaate patc#esR elon-ate!
in t#e notc#es cental one neal4 ciculaR eac# consistin- o) 54le" an! p#loe".
234
Midrib K ,#oMs sin-le la4ee! epi!e"is on (ot# su)acesR )olloMe! (4 1K2 la4ee!
collenc#4"aQ est o) t#e cote5 consistin- o) t#inKMalle!R paenc#4"atous cells a )eM o)
t#e" containin- nicosp#enoi!al c4stals o) calciu" o5alateQ Fascula (un!les + in nu"(e
in (asal e-ion an! sin-le in nu"(e toMa!s apical e-ion.
"amina K ,#oMs sin-le la4ee! epi!e"is on (ot# su)acesQ uppe epi!e"al cellsR t#inK
Malle!R oFal to pol4-onalR Mit# a )eM uniKto (icellula pointe! #aisR sinuous Malls an! a
)eM sto"ata in su)ace FieMQ loMe epi!e"al cells co"pose! o) t#inKMalle! cells oFal to
pol4-onalR #aFin- a nu"(e o) osette c4stals o) calciu" o5alate an! a )eM
"icosp#enoi!al c4stals o) calciu" o5alateQ Malls sinuousR sto"ata (ot# ano"oc4tic an!
anisoc4tic t4peQ palisa!e paenc#4"a 2 o $ la4ee!Q spon-4 paenc#4"a $ o + la4ee!
consistin- o) ciculaR ie-ulal4 aan-e! cells
o&d'" KLi-#t -eenQ s#oMs li-ni)ie! Fessels Mit# spial t#ic/enin-R osette an!
"icosp#enoi!al c4stals o) calciu" o5alateR )a-"ents o) ie-ulaR sinuousR pol4#e!alR
t#inKMalle!R paenc#4"atous epi!e"al cells an! palisa!e cellsR ano"oc4tic an! anisoc4tic
t4pe o) sto"ata.

Total As# Not "oe t#an 1. pe centR Appen!i5 2.2.$.

T.L.C.
T.L.C. o) t#e alco#olic e5tact on ,ilica -el TGT plate usin- TolueneS Ct#4lacetate (0S
1) s#oMs Kun!e 7.@. ($11n") )ou )luoescent 2ones at R). 8.8*R 8.1.R 8.$+ an! 8.+8 (all
pin/). Dn e5posue to 9o!ine Fapou )iFe spots appea at R). 8.1.R 8.$+R 8.+8R 8.*1 an! 8.06
(all 4elloM). Dn spa4in- Mit# *U Met#anolicK3#osp#o"ol4(!ic aci! ea-ent an! #eatin-
t#e plate at 18*C )o ten "inutes t#ee spots appea at R). 8.1.R 8.*1 an! 8.06 (all Fiolet).
235

CONSTIT)ENTS K ?att4 DilsR ,itosteolR Calciu" an! Ma-nesiu".

ROERTIES AND ACTION
G*+a S Ki[cit GuuR RX/VaR ,aa
,-".a S JPta
,i$/ka S KaYu
Ka"0a S 3itta#aa
IMORTANT 1ORM)LATIONS K Can!a/alW Rasa
THERAE)TIC )SES K EW#aR JoVaR @isp#oYaR @aZa
DOSE K 18K28 "l o) t#e !u- in juice )o".

236
>6. Ra#4a (LI. )
RSN (L'a5)
RWsnW consists o) !ie! lea) o) Pluchea lanceolata DliFe B Hien.(?a". Asteaceae)Q
an annualR as#4 an! pu(escentR un!es#u( #aFin- spea!in- oots e5ten!in- to seFeal "etesQ
it -oMs a(un!antl4 in san!4 soils in uppe Gan-etic plain an! Rajast#an. 9t )loMes !uin-
col! season.
SYNONYMS
,ans/it S ,uFa#WR ,u-an!#WR Iu/tW
Assa"ese S Rasnapat
%en-ali S Rasna
Cn-lis# S KK
Gujati S KK
Hin!i S Ra4asanR Ra4asanaR Rasna
Kanna!a S RasnaR Eu""eKRasna
Kas#"ii S KK
Mala4ala" S KK
Maat#i S RasnaR Ra4asana
Di4a S KK
3unja(i S Res#ae
Ta"il S KK
Telu-u S ,anna Ras#ta"u
7!u S RauasanR Rasna
DESCRITION
a) Ma!"o#!o$i!
LeaFes si"pleR $K* c" lon-R 8.1K2 c" (oa!Q sessileR o(tuseR lanceolate to oFateK
lanceolateQ "a-in entie o toot#e! aoun! t#e ape5R une;ual at (aseQ (ot# su)aces
pu(escentR !istinct s"all #ais "oe po"inent nea FeinsQ te5tueR (ittleR pape4Q o!ouR
237
c#aacteisticQ tasteR astin-ent an! sli-#tl4 (itte.

%) Mi!"o#!o$i!
L'aI:
Midrib K s#oMs sin-le la4ee! epi!e"is coFee! (4 t#ic/R stiate! cuticleQ collenc#4"a 2K*
la4ee! toMa!s 54le"R 1K$ la4ee! toMa!s p#loe"Q (eneat# collenc#4"a 2K* la4es o)
paenc#4"a pesent on (ot# si!esQ cental potion occupie! (4 a la-e Fascula (un!leR
54le" )acin- toMa!s uppe an! p#loe" toMa!s loMe epi!e"isQ Fascula (un!le
suoun!e! (4 scleenc#4"atous s#eat# appeain- as a cap a(oFe an! (eloMQ Fascula
(un!le consists o) Mi!e p#loe"R a t#in ca"(iu" an! 54le"Q p#loe" consists o) p#loe"
paenc#4"a an! a )eM p#loe" )i(esQ 54le" consists o) tac#ei!sR Fessels an! 54le"
paenc#4"aQ Fessels aan-e! a!iall4Q paenc#4"a an! palisa!e cells o) lea) contain oil
-lo(ulesR scattee! osette c4stals o) calciu" o5alate ae (ot# in la"ina an! "i!i(.
"amina K s#oMs iso(ilateal stuctue Mit# palisa!e occuin- in uppe an! loMe "esop#4ll
e-ionsQ epi!e"al cells tan-entiall4 elon-ate!R coFee! (4 t#ic/R stiate! cuticleQ uniseiateR
un(anc#e! coFein- tic#o"es 2K$ cells lon-R pesent on (ot# su)acesR (asal cell s#ot an!
sli-#tl4 sMollenR apical cells lon-Q sto"ataR anisoc4tic an! ano"oc4tic pesent on (ot#
su)aces (ut "oe on loMe su)aceQ palisa!e tissue 2 o $ la4ee! on (ot# si!esR co"pose!
o) a!iall4 elon-ate!R t#inKMalle! cellsQ spon-4 paenc#4"a co"pose! o) t#inKMalle!R
cicula to ellipticalR paenc#4"atous cells containin- a(un!ant c#looplasts Mit# po"inent
intecellula spacesQ a nu"(e o) s"all FeinsR suoun!e! (4 a scleenc#4"atous s#eat#
pesent in "esop#4llQ Fascula tissue "uc# e!uce! an! epesente! (4 a )eM p#loe" an!
54le" ele"entsQ aFea-e Falue o) sto"atal in!e5 on uppe su)ace 1+K2+ an! on loMe
su)ace 28K2+Q palisa!e atio not "oe t#an *Q aFea-e Falue o) Fein islet nu"(e 2..
o&d'" K Li-#t -eenQ s#oMs )a-"ents o) paenc#4"aR palisa!e cellsR pointe! 2K* celle!
tic#o"esR a )eM oil -lo(ules an! osette c4stals o) calciu" o5alate.

238

T.L.C.
Aate (+S1S*) s#oMs in Fisi(le li-#t t#ee spots at R). 8.$.R 8..1 an! 8.62 (all -e4). 7n!e
7.@. ($11 n") t#ee )luoescent 2ones ae Fisi(le at R). 8.2.R 8..1 an! 8.62 (all !a/
(oMn). Dn e5posue to 9o!ine Fapou seFen spots appea at . R). 8.86R 8.$.R 8.12R 8.1.R
8..1R 8.62 an! 8.02 (all 4elloM). Dn spa4in- Mit# *U Met#anolicK,ulp#uic aci! ea-ent
an! #eatin- t#e plate )o a(out ten "inutes at 118C ei-#t spots appea at R). 8.86 (-e4is#
(oMn)R 8.1. (Fiolet)R 8.$. ((oMn)R 8.12 (Fiolet)R 8.1.R 8..1R 8.62 (all -e4is# (oMn) an!
8.02 (Fiolet).

CONSTIT)ENTS K ?laFonoi!s K auecetin an! 9so#a"netin

ROERTIES AND ACTION
Ra#a S Ti/ta
G*+a S Guu
,-".a S 7VZa
,i$/ka S KaYu
Ka"0a S Kap#aFWta#aaR "apWcana
IMORTANT 1ORM)LATIONS K Eaâ"XlWiVYaR EeFa!WFWiVYaR KWpWsWst#4W!i TailaR
RWsnW!i KFWt#a CXZaR RWsnaiaZOW!i KFWt#a CXZa
THERAE)TIC )SES K Jot#aR @WtaF4W!#iR JFWsaR KWsaR =FaaR 7!aao-aR ,i!#"aR
O#4aFWtaR "aFWtaR @Wtaa/ta
DOSE K 2*K*8 - (Eecoction).

239
>;. Sa!ha!ha"a (H..)
SAHACARA (Hho5' 5a4t)
,a#acaa consists o) !ie! M#ole plant o) %arleria prionitis Linn.(?a". Acant#aceae)Q a
(us#4R pic/l4 un!es#u(R 8.1K1.* " #i-#R )oun! t#ou-#out #otte pats o) t#e count4 an!
also cultiFate! as a #e!-e plant.
SYNONYMS
,ans/it S KuanYa/aR KoanOaR KeanOa/a
Assa"ese S ,#inti
%en-ali S KK
Cn-lis# S KK
Gujati S KantaK,aeioR Kantasalio
Hin!i S ,a#acaa
Kanna!a S ,a#acaa
Kas#"ii S KK
Mala4ala" S Kii"/uunjiR Kai" Kuunni
Maat#i S KoantaR Koanti
Di4a S Easa/ean!a
3unja(i S ,a#aca
Ta"il S ,a""ulli
Telu-u S Mulu Gointa C#ettu
7!u S 3ila %ansaR 3i4a %ansa
DESCRITION
a) Ma!"o#!o$i!
Root K Aell !eFelope!R upto 1 c" t#ic/ at t#e topR c4lin!ical an! tapein-R (eain-
lateal (anc#es an! nu"eous ootletsQ su)ace ou-# !ue to nu"eous !otKli/e lenticels an!
oot scas o) )allen ootsQ e5tenal su)ace -e4is#K(oMnR (a/ t#in Mit# s"oot# intenal
su)aceQ Moo! cea" coloue!Q )actueR #a! an! la"inate!Q o!ou an! taste not
c#aacteistic.
240
St'0 K CectR 1K6 "" t#ic/R teeteR #a!R -la(ousR no!es sMollenR (anc#inat no!esR
4oun- ste" -e4R sli-#tl4 )ou an-le!R usuall4 Mit# $K+ !iFaicate spines at a5il o) lea)Q
"atue ste" c4lin!ical Mit# lon-itu!inall4 aan-e! o scattee! !otKli/e lenticelsQ
e5tenall4 -e4is# to li-#t (oMnQ a )eM "atue ste" sli-#tl4 #olloM.
L'aI K EosiFentalR Faia(le in si2eR1K0.* c" lon-R 2.* K $.* c" Mi!eR si"pleR ellipticR
acu"inateR entieR acuteR eticulateR unicostateR -la(ous a(oFeR -la(ous o pu(escent
(eneat#Q petiole s#ot.
15o&'" K ,essileR o)ten solita4 in t#e loMe a5ils.. (eco"in- spicate a(oFeQ (acts
)oliaceousR 11 (4 +.* ""R o(lon- o lanceolateR acuteR (istleKtippe!R neal4 -la(ousQ
(acteoles 1.$ c" lon-R naoMl4 lineaR su(ulate (al"ost spinous)R (istleKtippe!Q cal45R
!iFi!e! al"ost to t#e (aseR one o) t#e oute sepals at#e "oe t#an 1.$ c" lon-R t#e
opposite sepal at#e less t#an 1.$ c" lon-R $.+ "" (oa!R (ot# o(lon-KlanceolateR
"uconateQ t#e 2 inne sepals 1.* "" Mi!e an! as lon- as t#e s#ote o) t#e oute onesR
linea lanceolateR "uconateQ coonaR $.2K+.* c" lon-R 4elloMR sli-#tl4 pu(escent outsi!eR
-la(ous insi!eR so"eM#at 2 lippe!Q uppe lip 2 c" lon- o "oeR !eepl4 + lo(e!R t#e lo(es
o(lon-Ko(oFateR oun!Q loMe lip o(lon-Ko(oFateR oun!R entieQ tu(e 1.0 K 2.2 c" lon-Q
sta"ens 2 )etile an! 2 sta"ino!esQ )ila"ents o) t#e )etile sta"ens e5sete! (e4on! t#e
coona tu(eR t#ose o) t#e sta"ino!e Fe4 s#otQ oFa4 supeio o) tMo )use! capelsQ st4leR
si"pleR usuall4 lon- Mit# tMo sti-"a.
1"*it K CapsulesR 2K2.* c" lon-R oFoi! Mit# a lon- tapein- soli! (ea/Q 2 see!e!.
S''dK Co"pesse!R 8.6 c" in !ia"ete an! clot#e! Mit# sil/4 appesse! #ais.

%) Mi!"o#!o$i!
Root K Matue oot s#oMs co/ o) 1K2* la4es o) t#inKMalle!R tan-entiall4 elon-ate!
cellsQ co/ ca"(iu" sin-le la4ee!Q secon!a4 cote5 co"pose! o) la-eR tan-entiall4
elon-ate!R paenc#4"atous cells Mit# s"all intecellula spacesQ secon!a4 p#loe" consists
o) sieFe tu(esR co"panion cellsR p#loe" paenc#4"aR an! taFese! (4 p#loe" a4sR p#loe"
)i(es )oun! scattee! t#ou-#out p#loe" e-ion in sin-le an! -oupsR sin-le )i(es
elon-ateaR t#ic/KMane! Mit# naoM lu"enQ secon!a4 54le" Mi!eR FesselsR tac#ei!sR
paenc#4"aR 54le" )i(es pesentQ FesselsR pitte!R Mit# tansFese to o(li;ue aticulationQ
tac#ei!s sli-#tl4 (oa!e in "i!!le Mit# tapein- en!s #aFin- pitte! MallsQ 54le" )i(es
241
t#ic/KMane!R li-ni)ie! an! pitte!Q 54le" paenc#4"a ectan-ula Mit# li-ni)ie! MallsQ
54le" a4s uni to (iseiateR uniseiate a4s "oe co""on.
St'0 K Co/ 1K2+ o "oe la4es o) ectan-ula an! a!iall4 aan-e! cellsQ secon!a4
cote5 co"pose! o) t#inKMane!R tan-entiall4 elon-ate!R 6K1* la4es o) paenc#4"atous
cellsR )ille! Mit# (oMn contentsQ secon!a4 p#loe" naoMR consistin- o) #eteo-enous t4pe
o) cellsQ p#loe" )i(es )oun! scattee! uni)o"l4 t#ou-#out p#loe" e-ion in sin-les o in
-oupsQ )i(es "o!eate in len-t#R li-ni)ie! Mit# pointe! tipsQ secon!a4 54le" consists o)
FesselsR tac#ei!sR )i(esR 54le" paenc#4"a taFese! (4 54le" a4sQ Fessels nu"eousR
Fa4 in si2eR !isti(ute! t#ou-#out 54le" e-ion Fessels #aFin- tailli/e pojections at one
o (ot# en!s an! tansFese to o(li;ue pe)oations Mit# spial o pitte! t#ic/enin-sQ
tac#ei!s pitte! #aFin- pointe! tipsQ 54le" paenc#4"a "ostl4 ectan-ulaR t#ic/KMane!R
li-ni)ie! Mit# si"ple pitsQ 54le" a4s usuall4 uniseiateR occasionall4 (iseiateQ pit#
iso!ia"etic o) paenc#4"atous cells "ost o) M#ic# contain sin-le o -oup o) acicula
c4stals o) calciu" o5alateR "easuin- 10K26 in len-t# an! $ in Mi!t#.
L'aI K
Petiole K A sin-le la4ee! uppe an! loMe epi!e"is coFee! e5tenall4 Mit# a t#ic/
cuticleR a )eM epi!e"al cells elon-ate to )o" unicellula #aisRc4stolit# !eFelops in so"e
epi!e"al cellsQ 2K1 la4es o) collenc#4"atous cells pesent in (ot# uppe an! loMe
epi!e"isQ paenc#4"a $K6 la4ee! in uppe su)ace an! .K18 la4ee! in loMe su)ace
toMa!s po5i"al en! an! *K. la4ee! at !istal en!R cicula to pol4-onal an! t#inKMalle!Q
so"e contain ap#i!es o) calciu" o5alateQ Fascula (un!le se"ilunaR situate! centall4 in
paenc#4"atous -oun! tissueQ 54le" Fessels aan-e! in a!ial oMsR poto54le" toMa!s
centeQ tMo s"alle Fascula (un!les pesent on eit#e si!es o) cental Fascula (un!le.
Midrib K ,in-le la4ee! epi!e"is on (ot# su)aces coFee! e5tenall4 Mit# t#ic/ cuticleQ
collenc#4"a 2K* la4ee! on (ot# su)acesR )olloMe! (4 $K1 la4esR t#inKMalle!R
paenc#4"atous cellsQ Fascula (un!le sin-leR cescentKs#ape! #aFin- usual ele"ents.
"amina ,in-le la4ee! epi!e"is coFee! Mit# t#ic/ cuticle on (ot# su)acesR -lan!ula
tic#o"es pesent on (ot# su)acesR M#ile t#e nonK-lan!ulaR unicellulaR elon-ate! Mit#
pointe! tipsR pesent onl4 on loMe su)aceQ palisa!e sin-le la4ee!Q spon-4 paenc#4"a
t#inKMalle!R ie-ula in s#apeQ sto"ata !iac4tic an! pesent on (ot# su)aces (ut "oe
a(un!ant on loMe su)aceQ a )eM Feins pesent in t#is e-ion.
o&d'" K GeenQ s#oMs )a-"ents o) co/R 54le" Fessels Mit# spial an! pitte! t#ic/enin-R
acicula c4stals o) calciu" o5alateR "easuin- 10K26 in len-t# an! $ in Mi!t#R )i(esR
)a-"ents o) la"ina o) lea) Mit# palisa!e an! "esop#4ll cellsQ -lan!ula an! nonK-lan!ula
242
#aisR epi!e"al cells Mit# !iac4tic sto"ata.


ASSAY

T.L.C.
Aate (+S1S*) s#oMs )ou spots at R). 8.*.R 8...R 8.01 an! 8.0+ (all li-#t 4elloM) in t#e
Fisi(le li-#t. 7n!e 7.@. ($11 n") )ou )luoescent 2ones ae Fisi(le at R). 8.*.R 8...R 8.01
(all (lue) an! 8.0+ ((lac/). Dn e5posue to 9o!ine Fapou si5 spots appea at R). 8.16R 8.+$R
8.*.R 8...R 8.66 an! 8.0+ (all 4elloM). Dn spa4in- Mit# *U Met#anolicK,ulp#uic aci!
ea-ent an! #eatin- t#e plate at 18* C )o ten "inutes )iFe spots appea at R). 8.*.
(4elloM)R 8...R 8.66 ((ot# pin/)R 8.6+ an! 8.0+ ((ot# Fiolet).

CONSTIT)ENTS K Al/aloi!sR K,itosteolR 3otassiu".

ROERTIES AND ACTION
Ra#a S Ma!#uaR Ti/taR A"la
G*+a S ,ni-!#a
,-".a S 7VZa
243
,i$/ka S KaYu
Ka"0a S Kap#a#aaR Ke^4aR KWsaR Ra[janaR @iVa#aa
IMORTANT 1ORM)LATIONS K ,a#acaW!i TailaR NPli/W!4a TailaR AVYaFa-a KFWt#a C
XZaR RWsnaiaZOW!i KFWt#a CXZa
THERAE)TIC )SES K KuVY#aR KaZOXR @Wtaa/taR 3alita
DOSE K *8K188 - o) t#e !u- )o !ecoction.

244
><. Sahad'Gi (H..)
SAHADE,I (Hho5' 5a4t)
,a#a!eFi consists o) !ie! M#ole plant o) 'ernonia cinerea Lees. (?a". Asteaceae)Q
an eectR ael4 !ecu"(entR (anc#e! #e(R 12K.* c" #i-#R )oun! t#ou-#out 9n!ia ascen!in-
to an altitu!e o) 1688 ".
SYNONYMS
,ans/it S 7tta"/an4a/aR EaZOotpalW
Assa"ese S ,c#!eFi
%en-ali S Ku/si"
Cn-lis# S 3uple ?lea(aneR ?lea(ane
Gujati S ,a!oeeR ,a!o!ee
Hin!i S ,a#a!eFi
Kanna!a S ,a#a!eFeeR D/ac#en!#i
Kas#"ii S KK
Mala4ala" S 3ooFan KuuntalaR Mu//ut#aipo
Maat#i S ,a!o!eeR ,a#!eFee
Di4a S KK
3unja(i S ,e#!ei
Ta"il S Naic#otte 3oon!e
Telu-u S Gaita Ka""iR ,e#a!eFi
7!u S 3an
DESCRITION
a) Ma!"o#!o$i!
Root K *K12 c" lon-R 1K. "" t#ic/R o(li;ue an! -a!uall4 tapein-R (eain- a )eM
ootletsQ e5tenal su)aceR !it4 (oMnQ )actueR s#ot.
St'0 K Gla(ousR c4lin!icalR #ai4R sli-#tl4 (anc#e!Q 18K1. c" lon-R 1K6 "" t#ic/R
-ooFe! an! i((e!Q (asal e-ion o) (anc#es -eenis#K(oMnR apical e-ion !a/ -eenR
245
(eain- a nu"(e o) )loMesQ )actueR s#ot.
L'aI K ,i"pleR !a/K-eenR s"oot#R altenateR oppositeR e5stipulateR 2.*K* c" lon-R 1.6K$.1
c" (oa!R ellipticalR lanceolateR o(tuse o acutel4 toot#e!Q s#ape an! si2e Faia(leQ petiole
s#otQ o!ouR sli-#tl4 c#aacteistic.

%) Mi!"o#!o$i!
Root K Matue oot s#oMs +K* la4ee! co/R consistin- o) ta(ulaR tan-entiall4
elon-ate!R t#ic/KMalle! cells )ille! Mit# e!!is#K(oMn contentsQ secon!a4 cote5 consists
o) a Mi!e 2one o) t#inKMalle!R paenc#4"atous cells #aFin- a )eM esin !uctsQ secon!a4
p#loe"R a naoM 2oneR co"pose! o) sieFe ele"ents an! p#loe" paenc#4"aR taFese! (4
p#loe" a4sQ 54le" MellK!eFelope!R co"pose! o) FesselsR tac#ei!sR )i(es an! 54le"
paenc#4"aR taFese! (4 1K* seiate 54le" a4sQ 54le" Fessels usuall4 solita4 o 2K+ in
-oups Mit# eticulate t#ic/enin-Q )i(es aseptate an! pointe!.
St'0 K Matue ste" s#oMs seFeal (ul-es at places an! consists o) a sin-le la4ee!
epi!e"isR e5tenall4 coFee! Mit# a stiate! cuticleQ a nu"(e o) epi!e"al cells elon-ate
to )o" "ulticellula coFein- an! TKs#ape! tic#o"es Mit# 2K1 celle! stal/Q cote5 $K*
la4es o) t#inKMalle!R tan-entiall4 elon-ate! paenc#4"atous cellsR a )eM )ille! Mit#
e!!is#(oMn contentR (ul-es s#oM a )eM la4es o) collenc#4"a (etMeen epi!e"is an!
paen2#4"atous cote5Q en!o!e"is sin-le la4ee!R co"pose! o) (aelKs#ape! cellsQ
peic4cle occus in t#e )o" o) -oups o) peic4clic )i(esQ p#loe" consists o) stan!s o)
sieFe tu(esR co"panion cells an! p#loe" paenc#4"aQ 54le" consists o) FesselR paenc#4"a
an! )i(esQ 54le" Fessls s#oM eticulate t#ic/enin-Q paenc#4"a in a(un!ance an!
paatac#ealQ )i(es t#ic/KMalle!R aseptateR s#otR Mit# pointe! en!sQ "e!ulla4 a4s 2K11
cells Mi!eQ cental potion occupie! (4 pit# co"pose! o) #e5a-onal to pol4-onalR t#inK
Malle! paenc#4"atous cellsQ a )eM si"ple stac# -ains pesent in cotical cellsQ cluste
c4stals o) calciu" o5alate occasionall4 )oun! in pit#.
L'aI :
Petiole K s#oMs a so"eM#at cicula outline Mit# tMo lateal pojections one on eac# si!eQ
epi!e"is on (ot# su)acesR coFee! e5tenall4 Mit# stiate! cuticle an! #aFe (ot# t4pe o)
tic#o"es as !esci(e! in case o) ste"R )olloMe! (4 2K$ la4es o) collenc#4"a on uppe an!
loMe si!eQ stele co"pose! o) t#ee collateal Fascula (un!les locate! in centeR cental one
la-e an! lateal tMo s"alleQ -oun! tissue co"pose! o) t#inKMalle! paenc#4"atous cellsR
a )eM #aFin- oil -lo(ules an! osette c4stals o) calciu" o5alate.
246
Midrib K s#oMs si"ila stuctue as !esci(e! in petiole e5cept )o 1 o 2 la4es o)
collenc#4"atous cells (eloM (ot# epi!e"is an! a sin-le Fascula (un!le in centeQ oil
-lo(ules an! osette c4stals o) calciu" o5alate pesent in a )eM cells o) -oun! tissue.
"amina K s#oMs !osiFental stuctueQ epi!e"is sin-le la4ee! on eit#e su)aceR co"pose!
o) t#inKMalle!R tan-entiall4 elon-ate! cellsR coFee! e5tenall4 Mit# stiate! cuticleQ
tic#o"es si"ila to t#ose o) ste"Q palisa!e sin-le la4ee!Q spon-4 paenc#4"a +K* la4ee!R
loosel4 aan-e! cellsQ Fascula (un!les e"(e!!e! in spon-4 paenc#4"aQ osette c4stals
o) calciu" o5alate an! oil -lo(ules pesent in t#is e-ionQ ano"oc4tic sto"ata pesent on
(ot# su)aces.
o&d'" K Geenis#K(oMnQ s#oMs eticulate FesselsR t#ic/KMalle! )i(esR a )eM osette
c4stals o) calciu" o5alateR "ulticullula coFein- an! T Ks#ape! tic#o"es Mit# 2K1 celle!
stal/R an! epi!e"al cells ie-ula in s#ape in su)ace FieMR s#oMin- ano"oc4tic sto"ata.


T.L.C.
T.L.C. o) t#e alco#olic e5tact on ,ilica -el TGT plate usin- TolueneS Ct#4lacetate (0*
S *) s#oMs on e5posue to 9o!ine Fapou tMo spots at R). 8.** an! 8.01 ((ot# 4elloMis#
(oMn)R Dn spa4in- Mit# *U Met#anolicK,ulp#uic aci! ea-ent an! #eatin- t#e plate )o
a(out ten "inutes at 118C t#ee spots appea at R). 8.+8R 8.** an! 8.01 (all Fiolet).

CONSTIT)ENTS K ,aponinsR ,apo-eninsR ?laFonoi!s.
247

ROERTIES AND ACTION
Ra#a S Ti/taR KaYu
G*+a S La-#uR RX/Va
,-".a S 7VZa
,i$/ka S KaYu
Ka"0a S Kap#aFWta^W"a/aR Jot#a#aaR JFaa-#naR Ni!W/aa
IMORTANT 1ORM)LATIONS K Can!a/alW RasaR Al"ottW!i KaVW4a" (,.I.)
THERAE)TIC )SES K =FaaR @iVa"ajFaaR ,i!#"aR @isp#oYaR %#Xta(W!#WR Ga#a(W!#WR
,p#oYa/aR 3a!aaR JlPpa!a
DOSE K 18K28 "l (,Maasa).
*K18 - (3oM!e )o e5tenal use onl4).

248
>=. Shai5'.a (Li!h'4)
MAILEYA (Li!h'4)
Jaile4a consists o) t#e M#ole t#allus o) Parmelia perlata (Hu!s.) Ac#. (?a".
3a"eliaceae)R a peennial lic#en )oun! on oc/s o !ea! Moo! in te"peate Hi"ala4as.
SYNONYMS
,ans/it S JPtaîFaR JilWpuVpa
Assa"ese S KK
%en-ali S ,#ailaj
Cn-lis# S ,tone ?loMeR Roc/ Moss
Gujati S 3att#a 3#oolR C##a!ilo
Hin!i S C#aelaR C##ailaR C##a!ila
Kanna!a S ,#ilapus#paR Kallu#oo
Kas#"ii S KK
Mala4ala" S ,#ele4a"R KalppuFu
Maat#i S Ea-a! p#ool
Di4a S KK
3unja(i S Ausne#R C##a!ila
Ta"il S Kalpas#ee
Telu-u S RatipuFFu
7!u S C##a!ila
DESCRITION
a) Ma!"o#!o$i!
T#allus consists o) a )lattene!R )oliose stuctue Mit# a "oe o less !eepl4 incise!
uppe su)aceR 4elloMis#KM#ite on top an! (lac/ on t#e loMe su)aceR leat#e4 to touc#Q
!elicate #i2oi!s aise )o" loMe su)aceQ o!ou an! taste not !istinctQ (u!Kli/e (o!ies
/noMn as soe!ia ae also pesent on t#e uppe su)ace o) t#e t#allus.
249

%) Mi!"o#!o$i!
T#allus s#oMs uppe cote5 consistin- o) co"pact #4p#ae o) )un-usR )olloMe! (4
-oni!ial la4es Mit# al-al cellsQ "e!ulla consistin- o) loosel4 aan-e! "ass o) )un-al
#4p#al tissueQ loMe cote5 (lac/R consistin- o) co"pact "ass o) )un-al #4p#aeQ a )eM asci
Mit# ascospoes e"(e!!e! in t#e uppe potion o) t#e t#allusQ t#allus on soa/inin Mate
-iFes oan-e colou.
o&d'" K %oMnR s#oMs )un-al #4p#aeR -oni!iaR co"pact "ass o) cote5 an! spoesR an!
al-al cells.


T.L.C.
Aate (+S 1 S *) s#oMs in Fisi(le li-#t )ou spots at R). 8.11R 8.26R 8.+8R 8.01. (all -e4).
7n!e 7.@. ($11 n") si5 )luoescent 2ones ae Fisi(le at R). 8.11(!a/ (lue)R 8.26 (!a/
(lue)R 8.+8R 8.11 ((ot# (lue)R 8.6$ (!it4 4elloM) an! 8.01 (li-#t 4elloM). Dn e5posue to
9o!ine Fapou si5 appea at R). 8.11R 8.26R 8.+8R 8.11R 8.6$ an! 8.01 (all 4elloM). Dn
spa4in- Mit# *U Met#anolicK,ulp#uic aci! ea-ent an! on #eatin- t#e plate )o ten
"inutes at 18*C si5 spots appea at R). 8.11R 8.26R 8.+8R 8.11R 8.6$ an! 8.01 (all -e4)

250
CONSTIT)ENTS K Lic#en aci!s K Atanoin an! Lecanoic aci!.

ROERTIES AND ACTION
,-".a S JPta
,i$/ka S KaYu
Ka"0a S H\!4aR Kap#apitt#aaR Ruc4aR ,ta"(#a/aR 3itta#aa
IMORTANT 1ORM)LATIONS K @WsWcan!anW!i TailaR =Pa/W!i Mo!a/aR ,au(#W-4a JuZY#
PR Can!anW!i TailaR E#WnFantaa TailaR NWW4aZa TailaR Ma#W NWW4aZa TailaR TW/V4a GuOaR
-aFa!#4a TailaR Jaile4W!i TailaR M\tasa[jPFanP ,uWR A[jana @aYP
THERAE)TIC )SES K KaZOXR KuVY#aR A^"aPR EW#aR @iVaR H\llWsaR T\VZWR @aZaR H\!a4a
Ro-aR Ra/ta @i/WaR JFWsaR =FaaR MXta/\cc#aR MXtW-#WtaR Jia`^Xla
DOSE K 1K$ -

251
>>. Shaka (Ht.Hd.)
MKA (H'a"t Hood)
JW/a consists o) !ie! #eat Moo! o) /ectona grandis Linn. ). (?a" @e(enaceae)Q a
la-e !eci!uous tee )oun! in peninsula e-ion an! Ma!#4a 3a!es# e5ten!in- to pats o)
Rajast#anR ,out#en 7tta 3a!es# an! DissaR an! also in plantations.
SYNONYMS
,ans/it S %#X"isa#aR EMWa!WuR K#aacc#a!a
Assa"ese S C#in-ja-u ,a-un
%en-ali S ,e-una-ac##
Cn-lis# S 9n!ian Tea/
Gujati S ,a-ManR ,a-R ,a-a
Hin!i S ,a-ManR ,a-aunaR ,a-u
Kanna!a S Te-uR ,a-aManiR T#e-a
Kas#"ii S KK
Mala4ala" S T#e//u
Maat#i S ,a-Man
Di4a S ,a-uanaR ,a-anR ,a-un
3unja(i S ,a-Man
Ta"il S Te//u
Telu-u S Te/uR 3e!!a
7!u S ,a-Man
DESCRITION
a) Ma!"o#!o$i!
Eu- aFaila(le in pieces o) Fa4in- len-t# an! t#ic/nessR "o!eatel4 #a!R in-
poousR te5tueR coaseR li-#t (oMn to -ol!en (oMn in colouQ o!ouR c#aacteistic.

252
%) Mi!"o#!o$i!
Heat Moo! s#oMs Mell !eFelope! 54le"R consistin- o) FesselsR paenc#4"aR )i(es
an! "e!ulla4 a4sQ Fessels solita4 o 2K+ in -oupsR aan-e! in a!ial oMsR a )eM #aFin-
t4losesQ "e!ulla4 a4s "ultiseiateR t#inKMalle!R oFal to elon-ate!R 2K+ celle! Mi!e.
o&d'" K Li-#t (oMnQ s#oMs si"ple pitte! FesselsR a )eM Mit# t4losesR aseptate )i(es Mit#
pointe! en!s an! paenc#4"atous cells.

Aci!Kinsolu(le as# Not "oe t#an * pe centR Appen!i5 2.2.+.

T.L.C.
1) s#oMs in Fisi(le li-#t )iFe spots at R). 8.86 (pin/)R 8.$1 (pin/)R 8.$. (pin/) 8.61 (li-#t
4elloM)R an! 8.02 (li-#t 4elloM). 7n!e 7.@. ($11 n") )iFe )luoescent 2ones ae Fisi(le at
R). 8.86R 8.$1R 8..1R 8.61 an! 8.02 (all -e4). Dn e5posue to 9o!ine Fapou ten spots appea
at R). 8.8$R 8.8*R 8.86R 8.$1R 8.$.R 8.+6R 8.1+R 8..1R 8.61 an! 8.02 (all 4elloM). Dn spa4in-
Mit# @anillinK,ulp#uic aci! ea-ent an! #eatin- t#e plate )o a(out ten "inutes at 118C
seFen spots appea at R). 8.8$R 8.8*R 8.86R 8.$1R 8.+6R 8..1 an! 8.02 (all Fiolet).

CONSTIT)ENTS K ResinR Cssential DilR ?att4 Dil an! Tecto;uinone

ROERTIES AND ACTION
Ra#a S KaVW4a
253
G*+a S La-#uR RX/Va
,-".a S JPta
,i$/ka S KaYu
Ka"0a S 3itta#aaR Kap#a#aaR Ra/tapasW!anaR Ga(#ast#ai4a/aa
IMORTANT 1ORM)LATIONS K A4as/\ti
THERAE)TIC )SES K KuVY#aR Ra/tapittaR MXtao-aR 3WZOuR 3a"e#aR Me!oo-aR EW#aR
Ja"aR T\VZWR K\"io-aR Ga(#asWFaR Ga(#apWtana
DOSE K $ K 1 - o) t#e !u- in poM!e )o"
$8 K 18 - o) t#e !u- )o !ecoction.

254
>?. Shakhotaka (St.7k.)
MKHO9AKA (St'0 7a"k)
JW/#oYa/a consists o) ste" (a/ o) Streblus asper Lou. (?a". Moaceae)Q an
eFe-eenR i-i! -nale! tee upto 1* " #i-# an! 1.* " in -it#R #aFin- a (ole o) +K. "
!isti(ute! in t#e Hi"ala4as )o" Hi"ac#al 3a!es# to Aest %en-al an! in #ills an! plains o)
Assa" an! TipuaR ascen!in- to an altitu!e o) +*8 "Q also occus (ot# in t#e peninsula 9n!ia
upto 188 "R especiall4 in !ie patsR an! in An!a"ans.
SYNONYMS
,ans/it S K#aacc#a!aR JW/#oYaR 3Ptap#ala/aR %#XtWFWsa
Assa"ese S KK
%en-ali S ,#eo!a
Cn-lis# S ,an! 3ape Mul(e4
Gujati S ,a#o!a
Hin!i S ,a#oaR ,i#o!aR ,i#a
Kanna!a S Mittla"aa
Kas#"ii S KK
Mala4ala" S 3ia4anR 3iai
Maat#i S ,a#o!R KaFatee
Di4a S ,a#o!
3unja(i S ,#e(!a
Ta"il S 3ia4an piai
Telu-u S %een/aR %anin/a
7!u S ,e#o!a
DESCRITION
a) Ma!"o#!o$i!
Matue ste" (a/ occus in c#annelle! piecesQ t#ic/ness Faies )o" 8.$K1 c"Q oute
su)ace li-#t -e4 to silFe4 (oMn Mit# )aint i!-es an! a nu"(e o) lenticels "a/in- t#e
255
su)ace ;uite ou-#Q inne su)ace s"oot# an! (oMnis# in colouQ )actueR tou-#R (ittle on
t#e oute potion an! )i(ous in t#e inne potionQ no taste an! o!ou.

%) Mi!"o#!o$i!
,#oMs a co/ consistin- o) +K18 la4es o) t#inKMalle!R ectan-ula an! tan-entiall4
aan-e! cellsQ co/ ca"(iu" sin-le la4ee!Q secon!a4 cote5 Consists o) $K+ la4es o)
t#inKMalle!R so"eM#at ectan-ula o cicula to pol4-onal cellsQ a nu"(e o) stone cells
pesent eit#e in sin-les o in -oups in tan-ential (an!sQ stone cells o) tMo t4pesR one
#aFin- t#ic/KMalle! an! naoM lu"en M#ile t#e ot#e #aFin- co"paatiFel4 t#inne Mall
an! Mi!e lu"enQ t#e4 Fa4 in s#apeR (ein- ectan-ulaR oFalR cicula to conicalR eac# Mit#
si"ple pits on t#ei Malls an! a!iatin- canalsQ secon!a4 p#loe" consists o) sieFe ele"entsR
paenc#4"aR p#loe" )i(es an! stone cellsR taFese! (4 p#loe" a4sQ p#loe" paenc#4"a
t#inKMalle!R cicula to oFal in s#apeR p#loe" )i(es "o!eatel4 t#ic/KMalle! an! li-ni)ie!
Mit# Mi!e lu"enR occuin- in sin-les o in -oups an! a!iall4 aan-e!Q stone cells si"ila
to t#ose pesent in cotical e-ionR occu t#ou-#out t#e p#loe"Q p#loe" a4s t#inKMalle!R
ectan-ula an! a!iall4 elon-ate! in tansFese sectionR a )eM a4 cells also conFete! into
stone cellsQ pis"atic c4stals o) calciu" o5alate occu t#ou-#out t#e tissues o) (a/.
o&d'" K Li-#tK-e4Q s#oMsR p#loe" )i(esR t#ic/ an! t#inKMalle! stone cells an! a la-e
nu"(e o) o(li;ueR ectan-ulaR pis"atic c4stals o) calciu" o5alate.

Total As# Not "oe t#an 1* pe centR Appen!i5 2.2.$.

T.L.C.
256
1) s#oMs un!e 7@ ($11 n") si5 )luoescent 2ones at R). 8.11R 8.16 ((ot# li-#t (lue)R 8.26
(pin/)R 8.$1 ((lue)R 8.+1 (pin/) an! 8.0$ ((lue). Dn e5posue to 9o!ine Fapou ei-#t spots
appea at R). 8.11R 8.26R 8.+1R 8.*2R 8.18R 8..1R 8.61 an! 8.0$ (all 4elloM). Dn spa4in- Mit#
@anillinK,ulp#uic aci! ea-ent an! #eatin- t#e plate )o ten "inutes at 118C seFen spots
appea at R). 8.11R 8.26 ((ot# li-#t (oMn)R 8.$1R 8.+1R 8.*2R 8..1 (all li-#t Fiolet) an! 8.0$
(!a/ (oMn).

CONSTIT)ENTS K Gl4cosi!esR ,aponins an! ,apo-enins.

ROERTIES AND ACTION
G*+a S RX/VaR La-#u
,-".a S 7VZa
,i$/ka S KaYu
Ka"0a S @Wta^leV"a#aaR Me!o#aaR Jot#a#aa
IMORTANT 1ORM)LATIONS K %\#an"anjiVY#W!i KFWt#a CXZa
THERAE)TIC )SES K Ra/tapittaR AâR JlPpa!aR ApacPR 3a"e#aR KuVY#aR GaZOa"WlW
DOSE K 1K$ - (3oM!e).
18K28 - ()o !ecoction).

257
>@. Sha5a$a"4i (Rt.)
MLAARJ (Root)
JWlapaZP consists o) !ie! oot o) &esmodium gangeticum &C. (?a". ?a(aceae)R a
neal4 eect un!e s#u(R 8.1 K1.2 " #i-#R -oMin- Mil! al"ost t#ou-#out 9n!ia in t#e plains
an! Aesten G#atsR an! upto 1*88 " in t#e not# upto ,i//i".
SYNONYMS
,ans/it S ,t#iWR @i!Wi-an!#WR A_û"atP
Assa"ese S KK
%en-ali S ,alpani
Cn-lis# S KK
Gujati S ,alMan
Hin!i S ,aiFanR ,alapani
Kanna!a S Muelc#onne
Kas#"ii S KK
Mala4ala" S MooFila
Maat#i S ,alpaniR ,alMan
Di4a S ,aloponi
3unja(i S ,#alpuni
Ta"il S MooFilai
Telu-u S Na//oto/aponnaR KolaponnaR Kola/uponna
DESCRITION
a) Ma!"o#!o$i!
Tap ootR pool4 !eFelope!R (ut lateal oots 1*K$8 c" lon-R an! 8.1K8.6 c" t#ic/R
uni)o"l4 c4lin!ical Mit# a nu"(e o) (anc#esQ su)ace s"oot# (eain- a nu"(e o)
tansFeseR li-#t (oMn lenticelsR (acteial no!ules )e;uentl4 pesentQ li-#t 4elloMQ )actue
)i(ousQ o!ou not c#aacteisticQ tasteR sMeetis# an! "ucila-inous.

258
%) Mi!"o#!o$i!
Matue oot s#oMs co/R $K. la4es o) t#inKMalle!R tan-entiall4 elon-ate! cellsR
#aFin- a )eM pis"atic c4stals o) calciu" o5alateQ co/ ca"(iu" sin-le la4ee!Q secon!a4
cote5 +K18 la4es o) t#inKMalle!R tan-entiall4 elon-ate! cells #aFin- a )eM isolate! cotical
)i(esQ secon!a4 p#loe" co"pose! o) paenc#4"aR sieFe tu(esR co"panion cells an! )i(esR
taFese! (4 p#loe" a4sQ sieFe tu(es collapse! in oute e-ionR (ut intact in inne e-ionQ
p#loe" )i(es sli-#tl4 elon-ate!R li-ni)ie!Q p#loe" a4s uni to "ultiseiateR 1K+ cells Mi!e
an! +K1* cells #i-#Q oute p#loe" e-ion #aFin- occasionall4 pis"atic c4stals o) calciu"
o5alateQ ca"(iu" 2K$ la4esQ secon!a4 54le" #aFin- 1K2 -oMt# in-sR consistin- o)
FesselsR tac#ei!sR 54le" paenc#4"aR an! 54le" )i(esR taFese! (4 54le" a4sQ FesselsR
li-ni)ie!R la-eR naoMR Mit# (ot# eticulate t#ic/enin- o (o!ee! pitsQ 54le" paenc#4"a
Mit# ectan-ula o sli-#tl4 elon-ate! cellsR ese"(lin- t#ose o) p#loe" paenc#4"a in
s#ape (ut la-e in si2e an! 54le" )i(es ese"(le t#ose o) p#loe" )i(es in s#ape (ut la-e
in si2eQ 54le" a4s t#ic/KMalle! possessin- si"ple pitsR 1K* cells Mi!e an! +K12 cells #i-#Q
si"pleR oun! to oFal stac# -ains "easuin- .K2* in !ia. an! pis"atic c4stals o)
calciu" o5alate pesent in secon!a4 p#loe" an! secon!a4 54le".
o&d'" KLi-#t (oMnQ s#oMs )a-"ents o) ectan-ula co/ cellsR Fessels #aFin- eticulate
t#ic/enin- an! (o!ee! pitsR 54le" )i(esR a4 cellsR pis"atic c4stals o) calciu" o5alate
an! si"ple oun! to oFal stac# -ainsR "easuin- .K2* in !ia.


T.L.C.
(0S 1) s#oMs un!e 7@ ($11 n") t#ee )luoescent 2ones at R). 8.+8R 8.6* an! 8.01 (all
259
(lue). Dn e5posue to 9o!ine Fapou t#ee spots appea at R). 8.+8R 8.6* an! 8.01 (all
4elloM).

CONSTIT)ENTS K Al/aloi!s.

ROERTIES AND ACTION
G*+a S Guu
,-".a S 7VZa
,i$/ka S Ma!#ua
Ka"0a S Ti!oVa#aaR %al4aR A]-a"a!apaâ"anaR @\V4aR ,u/#apasaFa/aaR
,aFa!oVa#aaR @Wta!oVajitR RasW4anPR %#a"a#aaR @iVa#aaR ,antWpanWînP
IMORTANT 1ORM)LATIONS K Eaâ"XlWiVYaR 9n!u/Wnta G#\taR A"\tapWâ G#\taR
Eaâ"XlaVaYpala/a G#\taR E#WnFantaa TailaR NWW4aZa TailaR Ma#W @iVa-a(#a TailaR Ma#W
NWW4aZa Taila
THERAE)TIC )SES K =FaaR Me#aR AâR C#a!iR Jop#aR JFWsaR KWsa#aaR K\"iR
RWja4a/V"WR Neta Ro-aR H\!a4a Ro-aR Ra/ta-ata @WtaR @Wta A!#FW(#e!a/aR MXO#a Ga(#a
DOSE K * K18- o) t#e !u- in poM!e )o".
18K28 - )o !ecoction.

260
?A. Sha5i (1"t.)
ML (1"*it)
JWlP consists o) !ie! )uit o) #ry-a sativa Linn.(?a". 3oaceae)Q an annual #e(R
cultiFate! t#ou-#out 9n!ia.
SYNONYMS
,ans/it S TaZOula"aR E#Wn4a
Assa"ese S KK
%en-ali S E#anR C#aFalR C#anFal
Cn-lis# S RiceR 3a!!4
Gujati S %#atR C#o4aR C#o/#a
Hin!i S C#aFalR E#an
Kanna!a S A//ie-eR Nellu
Kas#"ii S KK
Mala4ala" S Ai
Maat#i S Tan!ulR ,ali %#at
Di4a S KK
3unja(i S KK
Ta"il S As#eeR NelluR Aisi
Telu-u S E#an4a"uR @a!luR %i44a"u
DESCRITION
a) Ma!"o#!o$i!
?uit s"allR one see!e!R ca4opsisR a(out 8.1K1 c" lon- an! 8.2K8.$ c" Mi!eR o(lon-
to oFoi!R so"eM#at an-ulaR (luntR so"eti"es pointe!Q su)ace ou-# !ue to "inutes
tic#o"esR )aintl4 lon-itu!inal i!-es an! )uoMsR "ostl4 1 oMsR so"eM#at co"pesse! R
)lattene! an! ti-#tl4 enclose! (4 le""a an! paleaQ 4elloMis#K(oMnQ see!R s"oot# upto 8.1
c" lon-R oFal to o(lon-R sli-#tl4 )lattene!Q (luntR o(li;ueR sli-#tl4 an-le! in e"(4o e-ionQ
li-#t cea"4 to M#iteQ o!ou not c#aacteisticQ tasteR sMeet.

261
%) Mi!"o#!o$i!
?uit s#oMs MaF4 ie-ula outlineQ peicap an! testa )use! to-et#eQ peicap
consists o) sin-le la4ee!R t#ic/R li-ni)ie! scleenc#4"atous oute epi!e"is Mit# clea pitsR
coFee! (4 a )eM t#ic/R (luntR so"eti"es pointe! tic#o"es an! 2K$ la4ee! cicula to oFal
)i(eR )olloMe! (4 $K* la4ee!R tan-entiall4 elon-ate!R t#ic/KMalle!R ta(ula paenc#4"atous
cellsR #aFin- a )eM scattee! )i(o Fascula. (un!les an! sin-le la4ee!R t#inR elon-ate!R
sli-#tl4 MaF4 inne epi!e"al cellsQ testa consists o) t#inMalle!R elon-ate!R 2K$ la4ee!
paenc#4"atous cells Mit# a inteupte! tu(e cells )olloMe! (4 sin-le la4ee!R oFal to
ectan-ulaR paenc#4"atous la4e containin- aleuone -ainsQ en!ospe" al(u"inousR
consistin- o) Mi!eR t#inKMalle!R elon-ate! to pol4-onalR paenc#4"atous cells pac/e! Mit#
nu"eousR "inuteR sin-le pol4#e!al stac# -ainsR #aFin-R #ilu" Mit#out concentic
stiationsR "easuin- $K12 in !ia.R co"poun! stac# -ains 2K1*8 co"ponentsQ e"p4o
s"allR l4in- in a -ooFe at one en! o) t#e en!ospe"R sepaate! (4 a la4e o) epit#eliu"Q
e"p4o consists o) a s#iel!s#ape! cot4le!on /noMn as scutellu".
o&d'" K Li-#t cea"Q )a-"ents o) elon-ate! t#ic/KMalle!R li-ni)ie! scleenc#4"atous
cellsR en!ospe"s cells )ille! Mit# stac# -ainsR paenc#4"atous cells o) en!ospe" )ille!
Mit# -anulesR s"all pieces o) (lunt tic#o"esQ "inuteR sin-leR pol4#e!al Mit# stac#
-anules #aFin- #ilu" Mit#out concentic stiationsR "easuin- $K12 in !ia.R an!
co"poun! stac# -anules Mit# 2K1*8 co"ponents.

Aci!Kinsolu(le as# Not "oe t#an * pe centR Appen!i5 2.2.+.

T.L.C.
(0S1) s#oMs un!e 7@ ($11 n") ei-#t )luoescent 2ones at R). 8.11R 8.1*R 8.1. (all (lue)R
262
8.21 (-een)R 8.2. ((lue)R 8.$8 ((lue)R 8.$* (-een) an! 8.0+ ((lue). Dn spa4in- Mit# *U
Met#anolicK3#osp#o"ol4(!ic aci! ea-ent an! #eatin- t#e plate )o a(out ten "inutes at
118C t#ee spots appea at R). 8.21R8.$8 an! 8.0+ (all (lue).

CONSTIT)ENTS K Ca(o#4!ate K,tac#.

ROERTIES AND ACTION
Ra#a S Ma!#uaR AnuasaKKaVW4aR KaVW4a
G*+a S ,ni-!#aR La-#u
,-".a S JPta
,i$/ka S Ma!#ua
Ka"0a S ,Falpa @Wta/aaR ,Falpa Kap#a KaaR 3itta#aaR H\!4aR Ruci/aaR @\V4aR
MXtalaR %\_#aZaR @iVa-#naR %a!!#aFacasa/aR ,Fa4a
IMORTANT 1ORM)LATIONS K LaûnW!i G#\taR EW!#i/a G#\taR TaZOulo!a/a"
THERAE)TIC )SES K =FaaR T\VZWR @aZaR AtPsWaR %WlWtisWaR 3a!aa
DOSE K 188 "l Tan!ulo!a/a.

263
?1. Sha50a5i (St.7k.)
MLMALI (St'0 7a"k)
JWl"alP consists o) t#e "atue ste" (a/ o) %ombax ceiba Linn. ,4n. %. malabaricum
EC.R Salmalia malabarica Schott. B Cn!l. (?a". %o"(acaceae)R a !eci!uous tee attainin- a
#ei-#t upto +8 " an! a -it# upto 1 " o "oe an! !isti(ute! t#ou-#out t#e #otte pats o)
t#e count4 upto 1*88 " o "oe.
SYNONYMS
,ans/it S MocaR 3icc#ilaR Ra/tapuVpaR KaZYa/W!#4aR TXlinP
Assa"ese S ,e"ul
%en-ali S ,#i"ulR ,i"ul
Cn-lis# S ,il/KCotton Tee
Gujati S ,#e"alo
Hin!i S ,e"alR ,e"a
Kanna!a S Ke"pu(uun-a
Kas#"ii S KKK
Mala4ala" S MullilaFu
Maat#i S ,anFaR KatesaFa
Di4a S KK
3unja(i S ,i"(le
Ta"il S ClaFa"
Telu-u S %uu-a
7!u S ,e"(#al
DESCRITION
a) Ma!"o#!o$i!
%a/ 8.*K1 c" t#ic/R paleKas#4 to silFe4K-e4 e5tenall4R (oMnis# intenall4R
e5tenal su)ace ou-# Mit# Fetical an! tansFese cac/sR "ucila-inous on c#eMin-Q
)actueR )i(ous.
264

%) Mi!"o#!o$i!
,te" (a/ s#oMs 18K1* la4ee!R tansFesel4 elon-ate!R a!iall4 aan-e!R t#inK
Malle!R co/ cells Mit# a )eM oute la4es #aFin- (oMn coloue! contentsQ #4ti!o"a
pesent at cetain places inteuptin- t#e co/Q secon!a4 cote5 conK sists o) "o!eatel4
t#ic/KMalle!R paenc#4"atous cells containin- oan-e (oMn contentsQ stone cells in sin-les
o in -oupsR t#ic/KMalle!R oFal to ie-ulaR an! tan-ential (an!s o) stone cells #aFin-
stiations Mit# naoM lu"enR "easuin- 1$K$$ in !ia.R occu t#ou-#out t#e secon!a4
cote5Q secon!a4 p#loe" consists o) usual ele"ents taFese! (4 p#loe" a4sR ele"ents in
t#e oute e-ion )o" tan-ential (an!s o) ceatenc#4"aQ a nu"(e o) concentic (an!s o)
)i(es altenatin- Mit# -oups o) sieFe ele"ents also pesentQ )i(es li-ni)ie! #aFin- naoM
lu"en an! pointe! tipsQ p#loe" a4s nu"eous an! MaF4R 1K1 seiateR cells (ein- a!iall4
elon-ate! an! "o!eatel4 t#ic/KMalle!Q osette c4stals o) calciu" o5alate scattee!
t#ou-#out t#e secon!a4 cote5R p#loe" paenc#4"a an! a4 cellsQ "ucila-e canals an!
tannin cells pesent in t#e paenc#4"atous cells o) cote5.
o&d'" K Re!!is#K(oMnQ s#oMs )a-"ents o) co/ cellsR paenc#4"atous cellsR sin-le o
-oups o) t#ic/KMalle!R oFal to ie-ulaR stone cells #aFin- stiations Mit# naoM lu"enR
"easuin- 1$K$$ in !ia.R osette c4stals o) calciu" o5alateR p#loe" )i(es an! nu"eous
e!!is#K(oMn coloue! "asses an! tannin cells.


T.L.C.
(0S1) s#oMs un!e 7.@. ($11 n") one )luoescent 2one at R). 8.*0 ((lue). Dn e5posue to
265
9o!ine Fapou )ou spots appea at R). 8.11R 8.++R 8.*0 an! 8.02 (all 4elloM). Dn spa4in-
Mit# @anillinK,ulp#uic aci! ea-ent an! #eatin- t#e plate )o ten "inutes at 118C t#ee
spots appea at R). 8.++R 8.*0 an! 8.02 (all Fiolet).

CONSTIT)ENTS K ,aponinsR Tannins an! Gu"s

ROERTIES AND ACTION
G*+a S La-#uR ,ni-!#aR 3icc#ila
,-".a S JPta
,i$/ka S Ma!#ua
Ka"0a S Jot#a#aaR EW#apaâ"anaR 3itta#aaR @Wta#aaR Kap#aFa!#a/a
THERAE)TIC )SES K Ra/tapittaR @aZaR EW#aR IuFWnapiOi/W
DOSE K *K18 - (3oM!e).

266
?2. Sha4a (Sd.)
MAJA (S''d)
JaZa consists o) !ie! see! o) Crotolaria juncea Linn. (?a". ?a(aceae)R an eect
s#u((4 annualR cultiFate! neal4 t#ou-#out t#e count4R an! also )oun! Mil! as an escape.
SYNONYMS
,ans/it S JaZaR Mal4a 3uVpa
Assa"ese S AusaR ,uila
%en-ali S ,#anpat
Cn-lis# S ,unn#e"p
Gujati S ,unR He"p
Hin!i S ,unnR ,an
Kanna!a S ,ena(u
Kas#"ii S KK
Mala4ala" S C#ana"pa4auR 3uliFanji
Maat#i S ,anaFu
Di4a S C#a"pal %eeja
3unja(i S ,ann
Ta"il S ,anal
Telu-u S Gili-inta
7!u S ,an
DESCRITION
a) Ma!"o#!o$i!
,ee! 8.*K8.. c" lon-R 8.$K8.+ c" Mi!eR )lat an! co"pesse!R as4""eticall4
eni)o"Q su)aceR -loss4Q colouR oliFeK -een to -e4Q tasteR "ucila-inous.

267
%) Mi!"o#!o$i!
,ee! s#oMs testaR consistin- o) palisa!e li/e "acoscleei!sR coFee! e5tenall4 (4
s"oot#R t#ic/ cuticleR )olloMe! (4 sin-le la4e o) li-ni)ie! )las/ s#ape! cells Mit#
intecellula spacesQ t#e tissue (eneat#R consistin- o) tan-entiall4 elon-ate!R t#inKMalle!R
cus#e! paenc#4"atous cellsQ en!ospe" consistin- o) an aleuone la4e containin-
aleuone -ains an! associate! paenc#4"atous cellsQ cot4le!ons tMoR consistin- o) "an4
la4ee!R t#inKMalle!R co"pactl4 aan-e! paenc#4"atous cells containin- a(un!ant
aleuone -ains.
o&d'" K Ge4is#K4elloMQ s#oMs pol4-onalR sli-#tl4 t#ic/KMalle! cells o) t#e testa in
su)ace FieMR (ea/e o )las/ s#ape! cellsR palisa!e li/e "acoscleei!sR oFal to pol4-onalR
t#in Malle! paenc#4"atous cells an! aleuone -ains.

Alco#olKsolu(le e5tactiFe Not less t#an *.* pe centR Appen!i5 2.2.1.

T.L.C.
1) s#oMs un!e 7.@. ($11 n") t#ee )luoescent 2ones at R). 8.8* ((lue)R 8.$2 ()aint s/4
(lue) an! 8.0+ (s/4 (lue). Dn e5posue to 9o!ine Fapou ei-#t spots appea at R). 8.8*R 8.28R
8.21R 8.$0R 8.1.R 8..+R 8.0+ an! 8.06 (all 4elloM). Dn spa4in- Mit# *U Met#anolicK
3#osp#o"ol4(!ic aci! ea-ent an! #eatin- t#e plate )o a(out ten "inutes at 18*C ei-#t
spots appea at R). 8.8*R 8.28R 8.21R 8.$0R 8.1.R 8..+ (all -e4)R 8.0+ an! 8.06 ((ot# (lue).

CONSTIT)ENTS K A (itte pinciple TCoc#oinT

268

ROERTIES AND ACTION
Ra#a S KaYuR Ti/taR A"laR KaVW4a
G*+a S RX/VaR TP/VZa
,-".a S 7VZa
,i$/ka S KaYu
Ka"0a S @Wta#aaR Kap#a#aaR 3itta#aaR Ga(#a Anulo"a/aR @Wnti/\tR Ra/ta
3aFata/a
IMORTANT 1ORM)LATIONS K ,asapW!i 3alepaR Eaâ"XlW!4a G#\taR Mu/tW!4a CXZaR
Kulatt#W!4a G#\ta
THERAE)TIC )SES K A-ni"Wn!4aR =FaaR H\!o-aR Mu/#ao-aR Ra/ta!oVaR Ca"a Ro-aR
Ti"iaR A]-a"a!aR Ga(#asWFa/aa

269
?6. Sa"a (Rt.)
MARA (Root)
JWa consists o) !ie! oots o) Saccharum bengalense Ret2. ,4n. S. sara Ro5(.Q S.
munja Ro5(. (?a". 3oaceae)Q an eect -ass attainin- a #ei-#t o) *.* "R )oun! "ainl4 in
3unja(R 7tta 3a!es#R %i#aR %en-al an! Dissa.
SYNONYMS
,ans/it S %#a!WR MXnjW
Assa"ese S KK
%en-ali S ,aa
Cn-lis# S KK
Gujati S ,a/at
Hin!i S ,a/an!R Moonja
Kanna!a S Munji HulluR Ho!a/e Hullu
Kas#"ii S KK
Mala4ala" S A"aR A"aFeuR ,aaR Munjappullu
Maat#i S MunjaR Ti/an!e
Di4a S ,aa
3unja(i S MoonjaR ,a/an!a
Ta"il S MunjipulR Munjappullu
Telu-u S Munja
7!u S MunjaR ,a/an!a
DESCRITION
a) Ma!"o#!o$i!
Roots nu"eousR aisin- )o" a co""on oot stoc/R c4lin!icalR *K$8 c" lon-R
8.1K8.* c" in !ia.R pale staM coloue! Mit# attac#e! ootletsR (a/ pape4Q )actue
splinte4.

270
%) Mi!"o#!o$i!
Root s#oMs sin-le la4ee! epi!e"is consistin- o) cu(icula to ectan-ulaR t#inK
Malle! cellsQ #4po!e"is sin-le la4ee! co"pose! o) paenc#4"atous cellsQ (eneat#
#4po!e"is continuous in- o) 2K* la4ee!R t#ic/KMalle!R li-ni)ie!R scleenc#4"atous cells
)oun! scattee!Q cote5 consistin- o) oFal to oun!R t#inMalle! paenc#4"atous cellsR t#ose
o) inne la4es (eco"in- s"alle in si2e an! ectan-ula in s#apeQ en!o!e" is sin-le
la4ee! )o"in- a in- aoun! steleR consistin- o) tan-entiall4 elon-ate! cellsQ peic4cle
sin-le la4ee! co"pose! o) t#inMalle! cellsQ 54le" an! p#loe" )o" e;ual nu"(e o)
(un!lesR aan-e! altenatel4 in in-s consistin- o) usual ele"entsQ "eta54le" ele"ents
"uc# (i--e t#an poto54le"Q pit# !istinct consistin- o) t#inKMalle!R pol4-onalR
paenc#4"atous cells #aFin- intecellula spaces.
o&d'" K Li-#t -e4is#K(oMnQ s#oMs li-ni)ie!R t#ic/KMalle!R scleenc#4"atous cellsR an!
Fessels Mit# eticulate t#ic/enin-s.

AateKsolu(le e5tactiFe Not less t#an $.* pe centR Appen!i5 2.2...

T.L.C.
T.L.C. o) t#e alco#olic e5tact on ,ilica -el TGT plate usin- nK%utanol S Acetic Aci!S
Aate (+S1S*) s#oMs in Fisi(le li-#t tMo spots at R). 8.10 an! 8.0. ((ot# -e4). 7n!e 7@
($11 n") )iFe (lue )luoescent 2ones appea at R). 8.18R 8.10R 8.$*R 8.10 an! 8.0.. Dn
e5posue to 9o!ine Fapou ei-#t spots appea at R). 8.8*R 8.18R 8.10R 8.$*R 8.++R 8.10R 8.68
an! 8.0. (all 4elloMis# (oMn). Dn spa4in- Mit# *U Met#anolicK,ulp#uic aci! ea-ent
an! #eatin- t#e plate at 118C )o ten "inutes ei-#t spots appea at R). 8.18R 8.10R8.$*R8.11
(all -e4)R 8.68 (Fiolet)R 8.02 (-e4)R 8.0* an! 8.0. ((ot# Fiolet).

271

CONSTIT)ENTS K ,u-as.

ROERTIES AND ACTION
Ra#a S Ma!#uaR Ti/taR KaVW4a
G*+a S La-#u
,-".a S AnuVZa
,i$/ka S Ma!#ua
Ka"0a S Kap#a#aaR T\Y !oVa#aaR %al4aR @\V4aR Ca/VuV4aR EW#a#aaR T\VZW#aa
IMORTANT 1ORM)LATIONS K T\Zapa[ca"Xla KFWt#a CXZaR %W#"a RasW4anaR
,u/u"Wa G#\ta
THERAE)TIC )SES K EW#aR A/Vio-aR T\VZWR @isapaR MXta/\cc#aR %asti^XlaR MXcc#WR
%#a"a
DOSE K 28 K*8 - o) KFat#a Cuna )o !ecoction.
1 K18 - (3oM!e).

272
?;. Sa"a5a (Ht.Hd.)
SARALA (H'a"t Hood)
,aala consists o) !ie! #eat Moo! o) Pinus roxburghii Sargent (?a". 3inaceae)R a
la-e tee upto $8 " #i-# an! 2.* " in -it#R -oMin- on t#e Hi"ala4as )o" 188 " to l6$8".
SYNONYMS
,ans/it S ,u!#iasu/aR 3Pta @\/Va
Assa"ese S KK
%en-ali S Tape Tela-aac#R ,aala Gac#
Cn-lis# S Lon- LeaFe! 3ine
Gujati S ,aal
Hin!i S C#ee!
Kanna!a S ,aal
Kas#"ii S KK
Mala4ala" S ,aalR ,aala"
Maat#i S ,aal
Di4a S KK
3unja(i S C#eel
Ta"il S ,aalR ,#isal
Telu-u S ,aal
7!u S C#eelR ,ano(a
DESCRITION
a) Ma!"o#!o$i!
Eu- aFaila(le as c#ips o) #eat Moo!R 4elloMis#K(oMn M#en )es# an! (eco"in-
(oMn on e5posueQ su)aceR s"oot#Q )actueR s#otQ esin canal stan!s an! -oMt# in-s
seen on )actue! su)aceQ tasteR not !istinctQ o!ouR esinous an! ao"atic.

273
%) Mi!"o#!o$i!
Aoo! nonKpoousQ "e!ulla4 a4s an! sc#i2o-enous esin !ucts pesentR altenatin-
(an!s o) autu"n Moo! an! spin- Moo! pesentQ tac#ei!s o) spin- Moo!R la-eR pol4-onal
in s#ape an! t#inne t#an autu"n tac#ei!sQ autu"n tac#ei!s s"all an! neal4 s;uais# in
s#ape Mit# seFeal (o!ee! pits aan-e! uniseiatel4 on t#e a!ial Malls o) tac#ei!sQ
"e!ulla4 a4s "ostl4 uniseiate an! upto 1 cells #i-#R (iseiate a4sR upto 28 cells #i-#R (ut
onl4 occasionall4 seenQ sc#i2o-enous esin !ucts )ail4 a(un!ant in autu"n Moo! an! spin-
Moo!Q eac# !uct associate! Mit# so"e t#in Malle!R cellulosic paenc#4"a.
o&d'" K IelloMis#K(oMnQ s#oMs nu"eous tac#ei!s an! pieces o) "e!ulla4 a4sR an!
)eM esin !e(is.


T.L.C.
2) s#oMs un!e 7@ ($11 n") )ou )luoescent 2ones at R). 8.1+ (4elloM)R 8.26R 8.+6 an!
8.** (all s/4 (lue). Dn e5posue to 9o!ine Fapou )iFe spots appea at R). 8.1+R 8.10R
8.2+R8.26 an! 8.11 (all 4elloM). Dn spa4in- Mit# @anillinK,ulp#uic aci! ea-ent an! on
#eatin- t#e plate at 18*C )o ten "inutes t#ee spots appea at R). 8.26R 8.11 an! 8.02 (all
Fiolet).

CONSTIT)ENTS K DleoKesin an! ?laFonoi!s.

274
ROERTIES AND ACTION
Ra#a S Ma!#uaR Ti/taR KaYu
G*+a S La-#uR ,ni-!#aR TP/VZa
,-".a S 7VZa
,i$/ka S KaYu
Ka"0a S Kap#aFWta^W"a/aR @aZaô!#a/aR ,Fe!a#aa
IMORTANT 1ORM)LATIONS K KapXW!4a/aR Rajan4W!i CXZaR ,u!aâna CXZa
THERAE)TIC )SES K KaZao-aR KaZY#a Ro-aR A/Vio-aR EW#aR MXcc#WR @aZaR KWsaR
,Faa(#a_âR IX/W
DOSE K 1K$ - in poM!e )o".

275
?<. Sa"a5a (Rt.)
SARALA (Root)
,aala consists o) !ie! oot o) Pinus roxburghii Sargent. (?a". 3inaceae)Q a la-e tee
upto $8 " #i-# an! 2.* " in -it#R -oMin- on t#e Hi"ala4as )o" 188" to 16$8".
SYNONYMS
,ans/it S 3Pta @\/VaR ,ua(#i!Wu/a
Assa"ese S KK
%en-ali S Tapin Tela-aac#R ,aala Gaac#
Cn-lis# S Lon- LeaFe! 3ine
Gujati S ,aala
Hin!i S C#eel
Kanna!a S ,aala
Kas#"ii S KK
Mala4ala" S ,aala"R ,aala
Maat#i S ,aala
Di4a S KK
3unja(i S C#eel
Ta"il S ,#isalR ,aala
Telu-u S ,aala
7!u S C#eeR ,ano(a
DESCRITION
a) Ma!"o#!o$i!
Root MellK!eFelope!R $K$.* c" t#ic/R #a!R Moo!4R c4lin!icalQ e!!is#(oMnQ
su)ace ou-# !ue to lon-itu!inal an! tansFese stiationsQ )actueR #a!Q no s"ell an!
taste.

276
%) Mi!"o#!o$i!
Matue oot s#oMs 18K1* la4es o) t#inKMalle!R tan-entiall4 elon-ate! co/ cells
)ille! Mit# tanninQ secon!a4 cote5 consists o) a Mi!e 2one o) t#inKMalle!R ectan-ula to
pol4-onal elon-ate! cells "ostl4 )ille! Mit# stac# -ainsR an! o) e"(e!!e! esin canalsQ
p#loe" a naoM stan! co"pose! o) sieFe tu(esR paenc#4"a an! p#loe" a4sQ tannin an!
stac# -ains also pesent in t#is e-ionQ 54le" co"pose! o) tac#ei!sR "e!ulla4 a4s an!
e"(e!!e! esin !uctsQ tac#ei!s t#ic/Malle!R Mit# (o!ee! pitsQ 54le" a4s 1K2 cells Mi!e
an! )ille! Mit# stac# -ainsQ si"pleR oun! to oFalR ael4 elon-ate! stac# -ainsR
"easuin- 11K2* in !ia.
o&d'" K Re!!is#K(oMnQ s#oMs )a-"ents o) co/ cellsR tac#ei!s Mit# (o!ee! pitsR esin
canalsR si"ple oun! to oFalR stac# -ains "easuin- 11K2* in !ia. an! )a-"ent o)
p#loe" an! 54le" a4s )ille! Mit# stac# -ains.


T.L.C.
(0S1) s#oMs un!e 7.@. ($11 n") t#ee )luoescent 2ones at R). 8..*R 8.66 an! 8.01 (all
(lue). Dn e5posue to 9o!ine Fapou )iFe spots appea at R). 8.1.R 8.*$R 8..*R 8.66 an! 8.01
(all 4elloM). Dn sp4ain- Mit# *U Met#anolicK,ulp#uic aci! ea-ent an! #eatin- t#e plate
at 18*C )o ten "inutes t#ee spots appea at R). 8..*R 8.66 an! 8.01 (all -e4).

CONSTIT)ENTS K Resins K DleoKesin.

277

ROERTIES AND ACTION
Ra#a S Ma!#uaR Ti/taR KaYu
G*+a S La-#uR ,ni-!#aR TP/VZa
,-".a S 7VZa
,i$/ka S KaYu
Ka"0a S Kap#aFWta^W"a/aR @aZaô!#a/aR ,Fe!a#aa
IMORTANT 1ORM)LATIONS K KapXW!4a/aR Rajan4W!i CXZaR ,u!aâna CXZa
THERAE)TIC )SES K KaZa Ro-aR KaZY#a Ro-aR A/Vi Ro-aR EW#aR @aZaR KWsaR
,Faa(#a_â
DOSE K 1K$ - in poM!e )o".

278
?=. Sa"#ha$a (Sd.)
SAR8AA (S''d)
,aVapa consists o) !ie! see! o) %rassica campestris Linn. (?a". %assicaceae)R an
eectR stoutR si"ple o (anc#e!R -laucousR annual #e(R *8 to 18 c" tall Mit# a"ple5icaul
leaFesR co""onl4 cultiFate! in %en-alR %i#aR E.3. an! 3unja(R an! also )oun! occasionall4
as an escape in Maste places an! )iel!s.
SYNONYMS
,ans/it S KaYusne#aR ,i!!#Wt#a
Assa"ese S KK
%en-ali S ,aisa
Cn-lis# S Musta!
Gujati S ,aasa!R Rai
Hin!i S ,aaso
Kanna!a S ,asuFeR ,asuFaeR ,asiFe
Kas#"ii S KK
Mala4ala" S Katu/a
Maat#i S Mo#ai
Di4a S KK
3unja(i S ,aa4oR ,ason
Ta"il S Ka!u-u
Telu-u S AFalu
7!u S ,ason
DESCRITION
a) Ma!"o#!o$i!
,ee!s s"allR sli-#tl4 o(lon-R pale o e!!is#K(oMnR (i-#tR s"oot#R 1.2K 1.* "" in
!ia.Q un!e "a-ni)4in- -lass it is seen to (e "inutel4 eticulate!Q tasteR (itte an! s#ap.

279
%) Mi!"o#!o$i!
,ee! s#oMs sin-le la4ee! colouless testa )olloMe! (4 $K* la4ee!R nonKli-ni)ie!R
#e5a-onalR t#ic/KMalle! cells )ille! Mit# 4elloMis#K(oMn contentsQ e"(4o an! en!ospe"
consists o) #e5a-onalR t#inKMalle! paenc#4"atous cells containin- oil -lo(ules.
o&d'" K IelloM in colou Mit# (oMn paticles an! oil4R sli-#tl4 (itte an! s#ap in tasteQ
s#oMs )e;uentl4 t#ic/KMalle!R )a-"ents o) e!!is#K(oMn cells o) #4po!e"isR 4elloMis#
#4aline "asses.

?i5e! Dil Not less t#an $* pe centR Appen!i5 2.2.6

T.L.C.
1) s#oMs un!e 7@ ($11 n") tMo )luoescent 2ones at R). D. 12 an! 8.*0 ((ot# (lue). Dn
e5posue to 9o!ine Fapou t#ee spots appea at R). 8.12R 8.*0 an! 8..8 (all 4elloM). Dn
spa4in- Mit# Anisal!e#4!eK,ulp#uic aci! ea-ent an! #eatin- t#e plate )o ten "inutes at
18*
8
C t#ee spots appea at R). 8.12R 8.*0 an! 8..8 (all Fiolet).

CONSTIT)ENTS K ?i5e! Dil.

ROERTIES AND ACTION
280
Ra#a S KaYuR Ti/ta
G*+a S TP/VZaR ,ni-!#a
,-".a S 7VZa
,i$/ka S KaYu
Ka"0a S Kap#a#aaR @Wta#aaR 3itta/aaR EPpanaR @i!W#aR H\!4a
IMORTANT 1ORM)LATIONS K Ma#W Io-aWja Gu--uluR KWpWsWst#4W!i TailaR Ku
]/u"W!i TailaR 3a(#a[jana @i"a!ana TailaR @aja/a Taila
THERAE)TIC )SES K KaZOXR KuVY#aR KoVY#a/\"iR Ga#a(W!#W
DOSE K 8.*K1 - in paste )o".

281
?>. Sata$at"ika (15.)
MATAATRIK (15o&'")
Jatapati/W consists o) !ie! )loMe o) (osa centifolia Linn. (?a". Rosaceae)Q a s"all
eect s#u(R 1K1.6 " #i-#R cultiFate! in -a!ens.
SYNONYMS
,ans/it S EeFatauZPR KaZi/W
Assa"ese S @a!e A#a"a
%en-ali S Golap
Cn-lis# S Rose
Gujati S Mos#a"ee Gula(
Hin!i S Gula(
Kanna!a S Roja#u
Kas#"ii S K
Mala4ala" S RosappooFu
Maat#i S Gula(
Di4a S KK
3unja(i S Gula(
Ta"il S Rojapoo
Telu-u S RojapuFFuR Gula(i
7!u S Gula(R Aa!
DESCRITION
a) Ma!"o#!o$i!
?loMe stal/e!R pin/is#K4elloMR consists o) sepalsR petals an! sta"ens attac#e! to
pe!icel Mit# t#ala"us at t#e (aseQ stal/ 8.1K$.* c" lon-R li-#t -eenR slen!eR coFee! Mit#
nu"eous pic/les an! #aisQ t#ala"us 1.8K1.6 c" lon-R li-#t -eenis#(oMnR coFee! Mit#
nu"eous pic/les an! #aisQ sepal *R )eeR 1.$K2.+ c" lon-R une;ualR lea)Kli/eR uppe pat
282
cea"is#K-een an! li-#t 4elloMis#K-een on loMe patR #aFin- -lan!ula #aisQ petals
nu"eousR pin/is#K4elloMR 1.*K+.2 c" lon-R 1.$K2.* c" Mi!eR s"oot# o(oFate to su(K
co!ateQ sta"ens nu"eousR )eeR une;ualR !osi)i5e!R !a/K(oMnQ )ila"ent 8.$K8.* c" lon-Q
capels "an4 )eeR oFa4 in)eioQ st4les latealR #ai4R )eeQ sti-"a te"inalQ tasteR
astin-entQ o!ouR ao"atic.

%) Mi!"o#!o$i!
S'$a5 K ,#oMs sin-le la4ee! epi!e"is on (ot# su)acesQ nu"eous lon-R unicellula
#ais pesent on uppe su)aceR a )eM -lan!ula #ais on loMe su)aceQ (ot# epi!e"ises
)olloMe! (4 a Mi!e 2one o) "esop#4ll consistin- o) oun! to oFalR t#inKMalle!R
paenc#4"atous cellsQ a nu"(e o) Fascula (un!les )oun! scattee! in t#is e-ion.
'ta5 K ,#oMs loMe epi!e"is papillose an! Mit#out cuticleQ uppe epi!e"is sin-le la4ee!
Mit# t#in stiate! cuticleR )olloMe! (4 "esop#4ll consistin- o) oFal to pol4-onalR ellipticalR
t#inKMalle!R paenc#4"atous cellsQ a nu"(e o) Fascula (un!les )oun! scattee! in t#is
2one.
o&d'" K Li-#tK(oMn in colouQ )a-"ents o) petal o) epi!e"is consistin- o) t#inMalle!R
sinuous cells e5ten!e! to )o" papillaeQ 54le" Fessel Mit# spial t#ic/enin-s lon-R pointe!R
uniseiateR unicellula #ai an! stal/e! capitate -lan!ula #aisQ a(un!antR s"oot#R sp#eical
pollen -ainsR "easuin- 2.K +1 in !ia.R containin- clea intine an! e5ine Mit# t#ee
!istinct poes.


T.L.C.
283
T.L.C. o) t#e alco#olic e5tact on ,ilica -el TGT usin- nK%utanol S Acetic aci!S Aate
(*S1S+) s#oMs in Fisi(le li-#t si5 spots at R). 8.+2 (Fiolet)R 8.*8 (pin/)R 8.11R 8.62R 8.6. an!
8.02 (all 4elloM). 7n!e 7.@. ($11 n") )iFe )luoescent 2ones ae Fisi(le at R). 8.+2 ((lue)R
8.*8 (pin/)R 8.62R 8.6. an! 8.02 (all (lue). Dn e5posue to 9o!ine Fapou si5 spots appea at
R). 8.+2 (-e4)R 8.*8 (pin/is# -e4)R 8.11R 8.62R 8.6. an! 8.02 (all 4elloM). Dn spa4in- Mit#
*U Met#anolicK,ulp#uic aci! ea-ent an! #eatin- t#e plate )o a(out ten "inutes at 118C
ei-#t spots appea at R). 8.10 (-e4is# (lac/)R 8.$2 (-e4is# (lac/)R 8.+2R 8.*8 ((ot# Fiolet)R
8.11R 8.62R 8.6. an! 8.02 (all (oMn).

CONSTIT)ENTS K Cssential Dil

ROERTIES AND ACTION
G*+a S La-#u
,-".a S JPta
,i$/ka S KaYu
Ka"0a S @Wta#aaR 3itta#aaR Kap#a#aaR Ju/a/aaR Net4aR EPpanaR H\!4aR
@aZ4a
IMORTANT 1ORM)LATIONS K @asanta Kusu"W/aa RasaR TauZW/a (Gula(jala)R
3aFWla 3iVYiR Mu/tW 3iVYiR =a#aa"o#aW 3iVYiR T\Za/Wnta"aZi 3iVYi
THERAE)TIC )SES K KuVY#aR EW#aR Mu/#asp#oYaR Ra/tapittaR Ra/taFi/Wa

284
??. Si0$#ha$a (Ht.Hd.)
MIKMA (H'a"t Hood)
Ji_âpW consists o) !ie! #eat Moo! o) &albergia sissoo Ro5(. (?a". ?a(aceae)R a
"e!iu" si2e!R !eci!uous teeR )oun! in Mesten Hi"ala4as upto 1228 " altitu!e an! )o"
,i//i" to uppe Assa"R an! e5tensiFel4 plante! t#ou-#out t#e count4.
SYNONYMS
,ans/it S K\saZa ,WaR J4W"W
Assa"ese S KK
%en-ali S ,#is#u
Cn-lis# S ,issoo Tee
Gujati S ,isa"
Hin!i S ,eesa"
Kanna!a S Ca-un!i"aFuR %in!i
Kas#"ii S KK
Mala4ala" S 9upoola
Maat#i S ,isuR ,#isaF
Di4a S ,isuR ,insapa
3unja(i S ,#ees#a"
Ta"il S 9upoolai
Telu-u S 9u-u!uR @iu-u!uR ,issoo
7!u S ,#ees#a"
DESCRITION
a) Ma!"o#!o$i!
Eu- consists o) pieces o) Moo! o) Faia(le len-t#s an! Mi!t#sR (oMnR Fe4 #a! an!
ston-Q closeK-aine!R annual in- not !istinctR a4s )ineR poes uni)o"l4 !isti(ute! joine!
(4 MaF4 concentic (an!sQ )actue #a! an! tou-#.

285
%) Mi!"o#!o$i!
Heat Moo! s#oMs Mell !eFelope! 54le"R consistin- o) usual ele"entsR Fessels
si"ple pitte!R solita4 o 2K$ in -oupsR aan-e! in a!ial in-sR a )eM contain e!!is#K
(oMn contentQ paenc#4"a t#ic/ Malle! an! paatac#ealQ "e!ulla4 a4s 1K$ cells Mi!eQ
)i(es a(un!ant in nu"(es an! pesent in -oups altenatin- Mit# t#e (an!s o) 54le"
paenc#4"a.
o&d'" K %oMnQ un!e "icoscope s#oMs )i(esR tac#ei!s an! paenc#4"atous cells.
IDENTITY( )RITY AND STRENGTH :
Id'4tiIi!atio4 K
15*o"'#!'4!' t'#t o4 aQ*'o*# a4d a5!oho5i! 'Ot"a!t#
i) * -. e5tacte! in 188 "l o) Mate an! )iltee! s#oMs in !a4 li-#t K li-#tK(oMn colouQ
un!e 7.@. li-#t ($11 n") -eenis#K(oMnR an! un!e 7.@. li-#t (2*+ un) 4elloMis#K-een.
ii) * -. e5tacte! in 188 "l o) alco#ol an! )iltee! s#oMs in !a4 li-#t K !a/(oMn colouQ
un!e 7.@. li-#t ($11 n") !a/K(oMnR an! un!e 7.@. li-#t (2*+) !a/K(oMn.


T.L.C.
T.L.C. o) t#e alco#olic e5tact 81d ,ilica -el TGT plate usin- TolueneS Ct#4lacetate (.S
$) in Fisi(le li-#t s#oMs nine spots at R). 8.1+R 8.10R 8.2. (all -e4)R 8.*2 (4elloM)R 8.*1R
8.12R 8..8R 8..* an! 8.61 (all -e4. 7n!e 7@ ($11 n") )iFe )luoescent 2ones appea at R).
286
8.10 (4elloMis# (lue)R 8.2.R 8.+2 ((ot# li-#t (lue)R 8.*2 an! 8..8 ((ot# (lue). Dn spa4in-
Mit# *U Met#anolicKsulp#uic aci! ea-ent an! #eatin- t#e plate )o ten "inutes at 118C
eleFen spots appea at R). 8.10(oan-e)R 8.2.R 8.$8 ((ot# -e4)R 8.$1 (4elloMis# -e4)R 8.+.
(-e4)R 8.*2 (-een)R 8.*1 (-e4)R 8.12 (li-#t -een)R 8..8 (-e4)R 8.61 (-een) an! 8.66 (-e4).

CONSTIT)ENTS K ?i5e! DilR Cssential DilR Tannins an! ?laFonoi!s.

ROERTIES AND ACTION
G*+a S GuuR 3icc#ila
,-".a S 7VZa
,i$/ka S KaYu
Ka"0a S @Wta#aaR 3itta#aaR Kap#a#aaR Me!o#aaR Kap#aFiôVaZaR
Me!oFiôVaZaR Ju/a!oVa#aaR @aZ4aR Ruci/aaR Ga(#apWtinP ,ai4a R JoVa#aiZPR 3ipana
IMORTANT 1ORM)LATIONS K A4as/\tiR NWasi_i#a G#\taR Ma#W/#a!ia G#\ta
THERAE)TIC )SES K KuVY#aR K\"iR EW#aR JFitaR @aZaR MXtaâ/aWR %asti Ro-aR
Hi//WR 3a"e#aR AâR =FaaR Gul"aR A^"aPR AtPsWaR Ra/ta @i/WaR JoVaR Jop#aR 3WZOuR
C#a!iR 3PnasaR EuVYaFaZaR @asW"e#aR ,aFajFaa
DOSE K * K18 - o) t#e !u- in poM!e )o".
18 K28 - )o !ecoction.

287
?@. Si0$#ha$a (St.7k.)
MIKMA (St'0 7a"k)
Ji_âpW consists o) !ie! ste" (a/ o) &albergia sissoo Ro5(. (?a". ?a(aceae)Q a
"e!iu" si2e!R !eci!uous teeR )oun! in Aesten Hi"ala4as upto 1228 " altitu!eR an! )o"
,i//i" to uppe Assa"R an! e5tensiFel4 plante! t#ou-#out t#e count4.
SYNONYMS
,ans/it S J4W"WR K\saZa ,Wa
Assa"ese S KK
%en-ali S ,#is#u
Cn-lis# S ,issoo Tee
Gujati S ,isa"
Hin!i S ,eesa"
Kanna!a S %in!iR Ca-un!i"aFu
Kas#"ii S KK
Mala4ala" S 9upoola
Maat#i S ,#isaFR ,isu
Di4a S ,insapaR ,isu
3unja(i S ,#ees#a"
Ta"il S 9upoolai
Telu-u S 9u-u!uR ,issooR @iu-u!u
7!u S ,#ees#a"
DESCRITION
a) Ma!"o#!o$i!
%a/ $K* c" lon-R cuFe! o )latR )i(ousR cut piecesQ e5tenal su)ace ou-# Mit#
s#alloMR (oa! lon-itu!inal )issuesR e5)oliatin- in ie-ulaR Moo!4 stips an! scalesQ pale
4elloM to !a/ e!!is#K(oMnQ )actueR )i(ous.
288

%) Mi!"o#!o$i!
Matue ste" (a/ consists o) 1K2* o "oe oMs o) ectan-ulaR t#inKMalle!R a!iall4
aan-e! co/ cellsR a )eM oute la4es e5)oliatin-Q secon!a4 cote5 Mi!e consistin- o)
oun! o oFalR t#inKMalle!R paenc#4"atous cellsR a nu"(e o) -oups o) scleenc#4"atous
cellsR )oun! scattee! t#ou-#out secon!a4 cote5R a )eM cotical cells contain pis"atic
c4stals o) calciu" o5alateQ secon!a4 p#loe" Fe4 Mi!e consistin- o) usual ele"ents o)
t#inKMalle! cells an! tan-ential stips o) p#loe" )i(esQ collapse!R t#inKMalle!R
paenc#4"atous cells pesent in tan-ential stips t#ou-#out t#e secon!a4 p#loe"Q "ost o)
p#loe" )i(es an! paenc#4"a cells contain pis"atic c4stals o) calciu" o5alateQ p#loe"
a4s s#otR uni to tiseiateR consistin- o) a!iall4 elon-ate!R t#inKMalle!R paenc#4"atous.
cells.
o&d'" K Li-#t (oMnQ s#oMs t#inKMalle! paenc#4"atous cellsR p#loe" )i(esR )a-"ents
o) co/ cells an! pis"atic c4stals o) calciu" o5alate.


T.L.C.
1) s#oMs un!e 7@ ($11 n") )iFe )luoescent 2ones at R). 8.26R 8.*0R 8..1R 8..6 an! 8.0$
(all (lue). Dn e5posue to 9o!ine Fapou si5 spots appea at R). 8.$+R 8.*1R 8.*0R 8..1. 8..*
an! 8..6 (all 4elloM). Dn spa4in- Mit# @anillinK,ulp#uic aci! ea-ent an! #eatin- t#e
plate )o )i)teen "inutes at 18* C si5 spots appea at R). 8.$+R 8.*1R 8.*0R 8..1R 8..*R 8..6
(all Fiolet).
289

CONSTIT)ENTS K ?laFonoi!s.

ROERTIES AND ACTION
Ra#a S KaVW4aR KaYuR Ti/ta
G*+a S La-#uR RX/Va
,-".a S 7VZa
,i$/ka S KaYu
Ka"0a S Ti!oVa#aaR @aZaô!#anaR Ga(#apWta/aaR %al4aR Ruci/aaR Me!o#aaR
@W"a/a
IMORTANT 1ORM)LATIONS K NWasi_#a-#\ta RasW4ana
THERAE)TIC )SES K KuVY#aR JFitaR K\"iR %astio-aR EusYaR @aZaR EW#aR KaZOXR Hi//WR
Jop#aR @isapaR 3Pnasa
*8K188 "l o) t#e !u- )o !ecoction.

290
@A. Si"i#ha (St.7k.)
MIR8A (St'0 7a"k)
JiPVa consists o) ste" (a/ o) Albi--ia lebbec3 %enth. (?a". ?a(aceae)R a la-e teeR
co""on t#ou-#out t#e count4R ascen!in- to 1288 " on t#e Hi"ala4as.
SYNONYMS
,ans/it S %#aZOiR JPtapuVpaR Ju/api4aR M\!upuVpa
Assa"ese S KK
%en-ali S ,iis#R ,iis
Cn-lis# S ,iis TeeR Le((ec/ Tee
Gujati S ,#iis#
Hin!i S ,iisR ,#iis
Kanna!a S %a-e4R %a-e MaaR Ho"(a-e
Kas#"ii S KK
Mala4ala" S @a/aR Nen"eniFa/a
Maat#i S ,iis
Di4a S ,esuanR ,iis#a
3unja(i S ,iis#R ,aee#n
Ta"il S @a/ai
Telu-u S Eiisena
7!u S ,iis
DESCRITION
a) Ma!"o#!o$i!
%a/ 1.* K 2.* c" t#ic/R e5tenal su)ace !a/ (oMnR ou-# !ue to lon-itu!inal
)issues an! tansFese cac/sR #4ti!o"a )o"in- "ajo pat o) (a/ an! peelin- o)) in
)la/es e5posin- (u)) coloue! su)aceR "i!!le (a/ (oMnR inne (a/ "uc# )i(ous. li-#t
4elloM to -e4Q )actueR la"inate! in oute e-ion an! )i(ous in inne e-ionQ tasteR Fe4
astin-ent.

291
%) Mi!"o#!o$i!
Matue (a/ a(out 2 c" t#ic/R s#oMs !ea! tissue o) #4ti!o"aQ co/ consists o) a
)eM la4es o) t#inKMalle!R tansFesel4 elon-ate! an! a!iall4 aan-e! cellsQ secon!a4
cote5 Mi!eR co"pose! o) a!iall4 elon-ate! to s;uais#R "o!eatel4 t#ic/Malle! cells
containin- oan-e to e!!is#K(oMn contentsQ a )eM o) t#e cells contain pis"atic c4stals o)
calciu" o5alateQ stone cellsR Faia(le in s#ape an! si2eR pesent in sin-les o in -oups
t#ou-#out t#e e-ionQ secon!a4 p#loe" consists o) sieFe ele"entsR p#loe" paenc#4"aR
p#loe" )i(es an! c4stal )i(esR taFese! (4 p#loe" a4sQ pis"atic c4stals o) calciu"
o5alate pesent in "ost o) t#e p#loe" paenc#4"a cellsQ tan-ential (an!s o) ceatenc#4"a
pesent in "i!!le an! oute p#loe" e-ionQ p#loe" )i(es. elon-ate!R t#ic/KMalle!R
li-ni)ie!R pesent in "an4 concentic stipsR "ostl4 enclose! (4 c4stals s#eat# t#ou-#out
t#e "i!!le an! inne e-ions o) p#loe"Q c4stal )i(es #aFin- a nu"(e o) septaR eac#
c#a"(e containin- a sin-le pis"atic c4stal o) calciu" o5alateQ p#loe" a4s nu"eousR
a!iall4 elon-ate!R so"eM#at MaF4 in oute p#loe" e-ion an! (i to "ultiseiate in t#e
inne p#loe" e-ion. (ein- 2 K * cells Mi!e an! . K 2* cells #i-#.
o&d'" K Ge4is#K(oMnQ s#oMs la-e nu"(e o) stone cellsR pis"atic c4stals o) calciu"
o5alateR c4stal )i(es an! p#loe" )i(es.


T.L.C.
1) s#oMs un!e 7@ ($11 n") a )luoescent 2one at R). 8.1$ ((lue). Dn e5posue to 9o!ine
Fapou tMo spots appea at R). 8.8. an! 8.21 ((ot# 4elloM). Dn spa4in- Mit# *U
Met#anolicK3#osp#o"ol4(!ic aci! ea-ent an! #eatin- t#e plate at 18*C )o ten "inutes
292
tMo spots appea at R). 8.8. an! 8.21 ((ot# li-#t (lue).

CONSTIT)ENTS K ,aponins an! Tannins.

ROERTIES AND ACTION
Ra#a S Ti/taR KaVW4aR Ma!#uaR KaYu
G*+a S La-#u
,-".a S AnuVZa
,i$/ka S KaYu
Ka"0a S @iVa-#naR TFa-!oVaR Ti!oVa#aaR Jot#a#aaR @aZ4a
IMORTANT 1ORM)LATIONS K @aja/a TailaR Ea^Wn-a LepaR A4as/\tiR EeFa!WFWiVYaR
%\#an"aicW!4a Taila
THERAE)TIC )SES K 3W"WR KuVY#aR KaZOXR @isapaR KWsaR @aZaR Jot#aR JFWsaR MXVa/a
@isaR JPta 3ittaR Ra/ta!uVYiR 3PnasaR @iVa"ajFaaR 3atis4W4aR ,apa!a_âR (Casa/e)R @iVa!uVYiR
,u4WFataR A!#WFa(#e!a/aR K\"io-aR NetW(#iV4an!a
DOSE K 2*K*8 - (KMat#a)
$K1 - (Cuna).

293
@1. Stha*4'.a (LI.)
STHA)JEYA (L'aI)
,t#auZe4a consists o) !ie! lea) o) /axus baccata Linn. (?a". Ta5aceae)Q an eFe-een
coni)eR a(out 1.* " #i-#R !isti(ute! in t#e te"peate Hi"ala4as at altitu!es (etMeen
1688K$$88 " an! in t#e #ills o) Me-#ala4a an! Manipu at an altitu!e o) 1*88".
SYNONYMS
,ans/it S Ju/apuVpaR @i/aZa
Assa"ese S KK
%en-ali S %i"iR %#i"ieR Talis# 3ataR %#a!a Getela
Cn-lis# S Hi"ala4an IeM
Gujati S Get#ela %a"i
Hin!i S T#uneR Talispata %#e!
Kanna!a S ,t#aune4a/
Kas#"ii S KK
Mala4ala" S T#uian-a"R Tuni4an/a"
Maat#i S ,t#aune4 %a"i
Di4a S Talisa(#e!R C#alisa 3ata
3unja(i S %i"i
Ta"il S TalisapatiK%#e!a"
Telu-u S Taleesa 3ati %#e!a"u
7!u S %i"iR Lana(
DESCRITION
a) Ma!"o#!o$i!
Eu- occus as M#ole o (o/en lea) piecesR entie lea) )latten!e!R linea Mit#
ecuFe! "a-insR 1.$K+.8 c" lon- an! 8.1K8.$ c" Mi!eR tip s#ap pointe! an! pic/l4R
entie. t#ic/R (oMn a(oFeR (ut pale (eloMQ petioleR Fe4 s#otQ o!ou. pleasantQ tasteR
aci!R (itte an! !isa-eea(le.
294

%) Mi!"o#!o$i!
L'aI:
"amina K s#oMs !osi Fental stuctueR "a-in sli-#tl4 tune! !oMnMa!Q uppe epi!e"is
sin-le la4ee! coFee! Mit# t#ic/R stiate! cuticleQ loMe epi!e"is sin-le la4ee! Mit#
papillate pojectionQ sun/en sto"ata pesent onl4 on loMe su)aceR oFe#un- (4 su(si!ia4
cellsQ palisa!e tMo la4ee!Q spon-4 paenc#4"a $K* la4ee!. t#inKMalle!R oFal o ie-ula
in s#apeR containin- e!!is#K(oMn contentsQ Fascula (un!le sin-leR pesent in t#e "i!i(
Mit#in an en!o!e"is.
o&d'" K %oMnQ s#oMs )a-"ents o) e!!is#K(oMn spon-4 paenc#4"a cells an! Fe4
ael4 54le" tac#ei!sR pol4-onal epi!e"al cells Mit# stiate! cuticle an! a )eM sun/en
sto"ata in su)ace FieM.


T.L.C.
Aate (+ S 1 S *) s#oMs un!e 7@ ($11 n") t#ee )luoescent 2ones at R). 8.1. (pin/)R 8.0*
(-e4) an! 8.06 (pin/). 7n!e Fisi(le li-#t s#oMs t#ee spots at R). 8.01 (pin/)R 8.0* (pin/)
an! 8.06 (-eenis# 4elloM). Dn e5posue to 9o!ine Fapou seFen spots appea at R). 8.86R
8.20R 8.18R 8..8R 8.62R 8.01 an! 8.0* (all 4elloM).

295

CONSTIT)ENTS K Al/aloi!s K Ta5ineR Cp#e!ineR Gl4cosi!eR TanninsR ResinsR Re!ucin-
,u-as an! ?o"ic Aci!.

ROERTIES AND ACTION
Ra#a S KaYuR Ti/taR Ma!#ua
G*+a S ,ni-!#aR Guu
,-".a S JPta
,i$/ka S Ma!#ua
Ka"0a S Me!#4aR Ju/aFa!#a/aR Kap#a#aaR @Wta#aaR 3itta^W"a/aR =antu-#naR
@aZa 3asW!anaR Lo"asa[janana
IMORTANT 1ORM)LATIONS K Ma#W NWW4aZa TailaR %alW Taila
THERAE)TIC )SES K Ra/ta @i/WaR T\VZWR Tila KWla/aR EW#aR KuVY#aR K\"io-aR 3iOi/WR
A(u!a (Ka/aYa)

296
@2. S*"a4a (Co"0)
SFRAJA (Co"0)
,XaZa consists o) !ie! co" o) Amorphophallus campanulatus (Ro5(.) %lu"e. (?a".
Aaceae)Q a stoutR #e(aceous plantR cultiFate! t#ou-#out t#e plains o) t#e count4.
SYNONYMS
,ans/it S Aô-#naR Kan!ala
Assa"ese S KK
%en-ali S Dle
Cn-lis# S Clep#ant ?oot
Gujati S ,ooan
Hin!i S ,uana/an!aR La"i/an!a
Kanna!a S ,uana-a!!e
Kas#"ii S KK
Mala4ala" S C#enaR Kattuc#enaR Kattuc#enaiR Cena Kaana
Maat#i S =un-li ,uanR ,uan
Di4a S Dlooa/an!aR ,uan
3unja(i S Gi"i/an!a
Ta"il S Kaunai Ki2#an-u
Telu-u S Mancai Kan!a Eua!a Ga!!a
7!u S La"inK;an!R La"i/an!
DESCRITION
a) Ma!"o#!o$i!
Eu- occus as cut pieces o) !i))eent s#apes an! si2esQ e5tenal su)ace o) co/
(lac/is#K(oMnR ou-# !ue to nu"eous scas an! a )eM a!Fentitious ootsR intenal potion
cea"is# M#iteQ )actueR s#otQ tasteR aci!.

297
%) Mi!"o#!o$i!
Co" s#oMs a Mi!e 2one o) co/ consistin- o) *K2* tan-entiall4 elon-ate!R
ectan-ulaR t#inKMalle! cellsR a )eM inne la4es containin- osette c4stals o) calciu"
o5alateR an! plent4 o) si"ple an! co"poun! stac# -ainsQ -oun! tissue Fe4 Mi!e
consistin- o) t#inKMalle!R paenc#4"atous cellsQ a )eM cells containin- (ot# osette an!
acicula c4stals o) calciu" o5alateQ stac# -ains (ot# si"ple an! co"poun!R sp#eical in
s#ape consistin- o) 2K+ co"ponentsR "easuin- $K$1 in !ia"eteQ Fascula (un!les pool4
!eFelope!R scattee! in -oun! tissueQ Fessels aan-e! in -oups o) 2K$R #aFin- spial
t#ic/enin-sQ a )eM paenc#4"a cells o) -oun! tissue containin- 4elloMis# cell contents.
o&d'" K Cea"is#K-e4Q s#oMs a(un!ant si"ple an! co"poun! stac# -ainsR "easuin-
$K$1 in !ia.R )a-"ents o) co/ cellsR a )eM osette an! acicula c4stals o) calciu"
o5alate.


T.L.C.
T.L.C. o) t#e alco#olic e5tact on ,ilica -el TGT plate usin- %en2eneS Ct#4lacetate (0S
1) on e5posue to 9o!ine Fapou s#oMs )o )ou spots at R). 8.80R 8.11R 8..+ an! 8.6* (all
4elloM). Dn spa4in- Mit# *U Met#anolicK3#osp#o"ol4(!ic aci! an! #eatin- t#e plate at
18*C )o ten "inutes )ou spots appea at R). 8.80R 8.11R 8..+ an! 8.6* (all -e4).

CONSTIT)ENTS K %etulinic Aci!R K,itosteolR ,ti-"asteolR LupeolR TiacontaneR
GlucoseR GalactoseR R#a"nose an! e4lose.

298

ROERTIES AND ACTION
Ra#a S KaYuR KaVW4a
G*+a S La-#uR RX/VaR @iâ!a
,-".a S 7VZa
,i$/ka S KaYu
Ka"0a S @Wta/aaR 3itta/aaR Kap#a#aaR EPpanaR @iVYa"(#PR Ruc4aR Gu!a/Pla#\tR
Ra/tapitta/aaR Ea!u/aaR KuVY#a/aa
IMORTANT 1ORM)LATIONS K ,XaZWFale#aR ,XaZaFaYa/aR ,W"u!W!4a CXZa
THERAE)TIC )SES K AâR 3lP#W-ul"aR JFWsaR KWsaR Vt#PlW
DOSE K 2K18 - o) t#e !u- in poM!e )o".

299
@6. SG'ta!ha4da4a (Ht. Hd.)
M,ETACANDANA (H'a"t Hood)
JFetacan!ana consists o) !ie! #eat Moo! o) Santalum album Linn. (?a".
,antalaceae)R an eFe-eenR se"i paasitic teeR 6 to 16 " in #ei-#t an! 2 to + " in -it#R
Mi!el4 !isti(ute! in t#e count4R co""onl4 )oun! in t#e !4 e-ions o) peninsula 9n!ia )o"
@in!#4a "ountains sout#Ma!sR especiall4 in Kanata/a an! Ta"ilna!uQ it is cultiFate! )o its
ao"atic Moo! an! oil.
SYNONYMS
,ans/it S JP/#aZOaR JFetacan!ana
Assa"ese S ,an!ale AF4aj
%en-ali S C#an!an
Cn-lis# S ,an!al Aoo!
Gujati S ,u/#a!
Hin!i S C#an!anR ,a)e! C#an!an
Kanna!a S ,#i-an!#a"aaR ,#i-an!#aR C#an!
Kas#"ii S KK
Mala4ala" S C#an!ana"
Maat#i S C#an!an
Di4a S KK
3unja(i S C#an!an
Ta"il S C#an!ana "aa"R ,an!ana"R 9n-a"
Telu-u S Gan!#apu C#e//aR Manc#i Gan!#a"R Tella C#an!ana" R ,i-a
7!u S ,an!al ,a)e!
DESCRITION
a) Ma!"o#!o$i!
IelloMis#K(oMn to paleKe!!is# oan-eR #eaF4R !enseR #a! (ut split easil4Q
tansFesel4 s"oot# su)ace s#oMs altenatin- li-#t an! !a/ concentic 2ones Mit#
300
nu"eous poesR taFese! (4 Fe4 )ine "e!ulla4 a4sQ o!ouR pesistentl4 ao"aticQ tasteR
sli-#tl4 (itte.

%) Mi!"o#!o$i!
Aoo! consists o) tac#ei!sR FesselsR )i(esR 54le" paenc#4"a an! taFese! (4
"e!ulla4 a4sQ Fessels nu"eous scattee! sin-l4 t#ou-#out t#e e-ionR ael4 tMo
to-et#eR (aelKs#ape!R pitte! an! Mit# tansFese to o(li;ue pen oation Mit# tailKli/e
pojectionsR at one o (ot# en!sQ a )eM tac#ei!s elon-ate! Mit# tapein- en!s an! possess
(o!ee! pits on t#ei MallsQ )i(es "an4R li-ni)ie! Mit# pointe! tipsQ 54le" paenc#4"a
"ostl4 ectan-ulaR a )eM o) t#e" contain pis"atic c4stals o) calciu" o5alateQ 54le" a4s
nu"eousR un stai-#tR uni to tiseiateR "ostl4 (iseiateR t#ic/KMalle!R a!iall4 elon-ate!
#aFin- -ol!en 4elloM to (oMnis# contents an! contain a )eM pis"atic c4stals o) calciu"
o5alate.
o&d'" K Li-#tK(oMn an! ao"aticQ s#oMs pitte! Fessels Mit# tailsR isolate! o associate!
Mit# )i(esR )a-"ents o) )i(esR s;uae to ectan-ulaKs#ape! paenc#4"aR pis"atic
c4stals o) calciu" o5alateR an! nu"eous oil -lo(ules.

@olatile Dil Not less t#an 1.* pe centR Appen!i5 2.2.18.

T.L.C.
T.L.C. o) t#e alco#olic e5tact on ,ilica -el TGT plate usin- TolueneS Ct#4lacetate (0$
S .) s#oMs on e5posue to 9o!ine Fapou si5 spots at R) 8.8*R 8.18R 8.2. (all 4elloMis#
(oMn)R 8.18 (!a/ (oMn)R 8.62 an! 8.01 ((ot# 4elloMis# (oMn). Dn spa4in- Mit#
Anisal!e#4!eK,ulp#uic aci! ea-entK an! #eatin- t#e plate )o a(out ten "inutes at 198OC
301
si5 spots appea at R). 8.8*R 8.18R 8.2. (all (luis# Fiolet)R 8.18 (Fiolet). 8.62 an! 8.01 ((ot#
(luis# Fiolet).

CONSTIT)ENTS K @olatile oil (K an! K ,antalol)

ROERTIES AND ACTION
G*+a S La-#uR RX/Va
,-".a S JPta
,i$/ka S KaYu
Ka"0a S 3itta#aaR Kap#a#aaR Eu-an!#a#aaR EW#apaâ"anaR @aZ4aR H\!4aR T
\VZW#aaR @\V4aR K\"i-#naR @iVa-#na
IMORTANT 1ORM)LATIONS K A4as/\tiR A^Fa-an!#W!4aiVYaR ,WiFW!4WsaFaR Ai"e!W!i
TailaR %alW!#Wt4W!i TailaR Ma"a GuYi/WR Can!anWsaFaR Can!anW!i CXZaR Can!anW!i Taila
THERAE)TIC )SES K JoVaR EW#aR Ra/tapittaR Ra/tWâR Hi//WR @a"anaR Ra/tWtisWaR
3a!aaR Ju/a"e#aR Neta Ro-aR MXtW-#WtaR %#a"aR Ra/taFi/WaR K\"io-a

302
@;. S.o4aka (Rt.)
MYONKA (Root)
J4onW/a consists o) !ie! oot o) #roxylum indicum @ent. (?a". %i-noniaceae)Q a
s"all teeR !isti(ute! t#ou-#out t#e count4R c#ie)l4 in eFe-een )oest upto 188 ".
SYNONYMS
,ans/it S EP-#aF\ntaR KaYFa]-aR 3\t#sui"(a
Assa"ese S Kein-
%en-ali S ,ona-ac##
Cn-lis# S KK
Gujati S Tentoo
Hin!i S ,onapat#aR ,#4ona/R Tentoo
Kanna!a S Ti-u!u
Kas#"ii S KK
Mala4ala" S 3ala-ipa4anni
Maat#i S Tentoo
Di4a S 3a"poni4a
3unja(i S Tatpalin-R TalFap#ali
Ta"il S 3euFa-ai
Telu-u S Eun!ilu"uR Gu"penaR 3a"pini
7!u S ,onapat#a
DESCRITION
a) Ma!"o#!o$i!
Eu- aFaila(le in cut piecesR #aFin- secon!a4 ootsR -e4is#K(oMn to li-#t (oMnR
cut su)ace (oMnis#Kcea"R c4lin!icalR i((e! at )eM placesR *K11 c" lon-R 1K$ c" t#ic/R
e5tenal su)ace ou-# !ue to lon-itu!inal an! tansFese cac/sR )actueR s#otQ tasteR
sli-#tl4 sMeet.

303
%) Mi!"o#!o$i!
Root "atue oot s#oMs 18K$8 o "oe la4es o) tan-entiall4 elon-ate!R a!iall4
aan-e! co/ cells )ille! Mit# e!!is#K(oMn contentQ secon!a4 cote5 co"pose! o) oFal to
pol4-onalR paenc#4"atous cellsQ stone cellsR t#ic/KMalle!R li-ni)ie! o) Faious s#apes an!
si2es Mit# naoM lu"enR !istinct pits an! stiationsQ secon!a4 p#loe" co"pose! o) sieFe
tu(esR paenc#4"aR )i(es an! -oups o) stone cellsQ -oups o) )i(es taFese! (4 2K6 cells
Mi!e p#loe" a4sQ secon!a4 54le" consists o) usual ele"entsQ 54le" Fessels o) Faious
si2esR occu in sin-les an! -oups o) 2K* cells aan-e! a!iall4 #aFin- eticulate t#ic/enin-Q
54le" a4s 2K+ cells Mi!eQ )i(es #aFin- Mi!e lu"en an! pointe! tipsR an! tac#ei!s pesent.
o&d'" K %oMnis#Kcea"Q s#oMs -oups o) stone cellsR )a-"ents o) co/R p#loen )i(es
Mit# Mi!e lu"en an! pointe! tips an! eticulate Fessels an! tac#ei!s.

AateKsolu(le e5tactiFe Not less t#an +2 pe centR Appen!i5 2.2...

T.L.C.
Aate (+S 1 S *) s#oMs un!e 7@ ($11 n") a )luoescent 2one at R). 8.18 ((lue). Dn
e5posue to 9o!ine Fapou si5 spots appea at R). 8.18R 8.$8R 8.*6R 8..8R 8.6* an! 8.0* (all
4elloM). Dn spa4in- Mit# *U Met#anolicK,ulp#uic aci! an! #eatin- t#e plate )o ten
"inutes at 18*C )iFe spots appea at R). 8.2*R 8.*6R 8..8R 8.6* an! 8.0* (all -e4).

CONSTIT)ENTS K ?laFonoi!s an! Tannins.
304

ROERTIES AND ACTION
G*+a S La-#uR RX/Va
,-".a S JPta
,i$/ka S KaYu
Ka"0a S Kap#apitta^W"a/aR EPpanaR GW#P
IMORTANT 1ORM)LATIONS K A"\tWiVYaR Eant4W!4aiVYaR Eaâ"XlWiVYaR NWW4aZa
TailaR E#WnFantaa G#\taR %W#"a RasW4anaR Eaâ"Xla KFWt#a CXZaR C4aFanapWâ AFale#aR
K
THERAE)TIC )SES K @WtWtisWaR KWsaR AuciR %asti Ro-aR "aFWtaR 7!aa Ro-aR
>usta"(#aR @WtaF4W!#iR KaZa Ro-aR Jot#a
DOSE K *K18 - in poM!e )o".
2*K*8 - in !ecoction.

305
@<. Ta5a (I4I5.)
TLA (I4I5o"'#!'4!')
TWla consists o) !ie! "ale in)loescence o) %orassus flabellifer Linn. (?a". Aaceae)Q
a tallR stoutR !ioecious pal" tee #aFin- a #ei-#t o) 11.6K$8 " an! -it# 1K2 "R (eain- a
te"inal coMn o) $8K+8 la-e )an li/e leaFesR 08 c" K 1.1 " in Mi!t#R cultiFate! an! also
)oun! Mil! t#ou-#out 9n!ia in t#e 3eninsula coastal aeas an! in )iel!s.
SYNONYMS
,ans/it S Le/#4apata
Assa"ese S KK
%en-ali S Tala
Cn-lis# S 3al"4a 3al"
Gujati S Ta!aR Ta!
Hin!i S Tal
Kanna!a S Tali"eaR Dle4a-i!aR Nelatalea Tali"aa
Kas#"ii S KK
Mala4ala" S 3anaFiala
Maat#i S Ta!aR Toa!
Di4a S KK
3unja(i S Ta!
Ta"il S 3anai"aa"R 3anai
Telu-u S Ta!iR Tati
7!u S Taa!
DESCRITION
a) Ma!"o#!o$i!
Eu- aFaila(le in tansFesel4 cut pieces o) in)loescenceR "easuin- upto 1 c" t#ic/
an! 2.* K $ c" in !ia.R tansFesel4 cut su)ace s#oMs a cental a5is Mit# a nu"(e o) "ale
)loMes aan-e! aoun! itR e5tenal su)ace 4elloMis#K-e4 an! ou-# !ue to scalesQ )loMe
306
unise5ualR actino"op#icR sessileR aan-e! in a close spial on t#e in)loesence a5isR $K+
"" lon-R e!!is#K(oMn in colouQ peiant# consists o) 1 sepalsR tou-#R pesistentR )eeR
FalFateQ sta"en 1R in tMo M#ols o) t#ee eac#R 1K1.* "" lon-R 4elloMis# in colouQ )ila"ent
)eeR unite! at (ase into a in-Q ant#e linea an! (asi)i5e!Q no s"ell an! taste.

%) Mi!"o#!o$i!
o&d'" KRe!!is#K(oMnQ s#oMs )a-"ents o) t#inKMalle!R sli-#tl4 MaF4R la-eR oFal
to pol4-onal paenc#4"atous cells o) peiant# epi!e"is in su)ace FieMQ nu"eousR si"pleR
4elloMis#Koan-eR sp#eicalKs#ape! pollen -ainsR "easuin- 11K++ in !ia.R Mit# !istinct
e5ine an! intineQ la-e (oMn pieces o) t#ic/KMalle!R sin-le la4ee! pollen sacR $+ la4ee!R
en!ot#elial cells #aFin- a )eM s"all pollen -ains.


T.L.C.
Aate (+ S 1 S *) s#oMs un!e 7@ ($11 n") a (lue )luoescent 2one at R). 8.0$. Dn spa4in-
Mit# *U Met#anolicK,ulp#uic aci! an! #eatin- t#e plate )o ten "inutes at 118C )ou
spots appea at R). 8.++R 8.11R 8..$ (all li-#t (oMn) an! 8.0$ ((oMn).

CONSTIT)ENTS K Kenels contain Galacto"annan (3ol4sacc#i!e)

307
ROERTIES AND ACTION
Ra#a S Ma!#ua
G*+a S JPtaR GuuR ,ni-!#a
,-".a S JPta
,i$/ka S Ma!#ua
Ka"0a S Ju/alaR %\_#aZaR @\V4aR Tapa/aR JioFieca/aR @astiû!!#i/aaR
Me!#W/aaR @Wta#aaR 3itta#aaR @aZanWâ/aR K\"i-#na
IMORTANT 1ORM)LATIONS K AFittolW!i %#as"a (KVWa)R 3anaFialW!i %#as"a (TWla
3uspo!(#aFa KVWa)R GuOa 3ippalP
THERAE)TIC )SES K Ra/tapittaR 7a`/VataR JFWsaR EW#aR K\"iR MXta/\cc#aR
Jop#a-#naR @an!#4W/aa
DOSE K 1K$ -

308
@=. T"iG"it (Rt.)
TRI,BT (Root)
TiF\t consists o) !ie! oot o) #perculina turpethum (Linn.) ,ilFa Manso ,4n.
0pomoea turpethum R. %. (?a". ConFolFulaceae)Q a la-e peennial tMine Mit# "il/4 juice
an! )les#4 ootsR )oun! -oMin- Mil! neal4 t#ou-#out t#e count4R ascen!in- to 088 "R also
occasionall4 -oMn in -a!ensQ t#e oots (ein- )les#4R cae is ta/en in !4in- as t#e4 !eca4
easil4Q oots t#ee)oe cut into pieces an! t#e cut potions ae e5pose! to sun )o a !a4 o soR
a)te M#ic# it is )inall4 !ie! in s#a!e.
SYNONYMS
,ans/it S J4W"WR Ti(#aZOP
Assa"ese S KK
%en-ali S Teu!iR TFuiR E#!#a/ala"i
Cn-lis# S Tepet# RootR 9n!ian =alap
Gujati S Kala Nasottaa
Hin!i S Nis#ot#a
Kanna!a S @ili Ti-a!e
Kas#"ii S KK
Mala4ala" S Ti/olpo/anna
Maat#i S Nisotta
Di4a S Eu!#olo"o
3unja(i S Nisot#
Ta"il S Kau" ,iFa!ai
Telu-u S TellaR Te-a!a
7!u S Tu(u!R Nis#ot#
DESCRITION
a) Ma!"o#!o$i!
Roots occu in piecesR 1.*K1* c" lon-R 1K* c" !ia.R usuall4 un(anc#e!R c4lin!icalR
309
elon-ate!R (eain- t#in ootletsQ t#ic/e piecesR occasionall4 split an! s#oM cental Moo!
potionQ su)ace !ull -e4R e!!is#K-e4 to li-#t (oMnR s#oMin- !eep )uoMs o
lon-itu!inal Min/les -iFin- a opeKli/e o colu"na appeaanceQ tansFesel4 cut su)ace
s#oMs t#ic/R M#itis# (a/ an! li-#t 4elloM centeQ )actue in (a/R s#otQ in Moo!R )i(ousQ
o!ouR in!istinctQ tasteR sli-#tl4 aci! an! nauseatin- M#en /ept in "out# )o so"e ti"e

%) Mi!"o#!o$i!
Matue oot s#oMs t#in co/R consistin- o)$K* oMs o) (oMn cellsQ secon!a4 cote5
+K1 la4ee!R co"pose! o) tan-ential elon-ate!R t#inKMalle! cellsQ so"e o) t#e cotical cells
(eco"e t#ic/KMalle! appeain- as isolate!R oFal to su(ectan-ula scleenc#4"atous cells
#aFin- Mi!e lu"enQ seceto4 caFities suoun!e! (4 su(si!ia4 cells an! esin canals )oun!
scattee! in secon!a4 cote5Q secon!a4 p#loe"R a Mi!e 2oneR consistin- o) sieFe ele"ents
an! p#loe" paenc#4"aQ Fascula (un!les aan-e! in a continuous an! a !iscontinuous
in-R taFese! (4 uni an! (iseiate "e!ulla4 a4sQ nu"eous esin cells also seen in p#loe"
in lon-itu!inal oMsQ 54le" s#oMs $K* a!iatin- a"sQ s"all patc#es o) inta54la4 p#loe"
o)ten )o"e!Q 54le" Fessels in sin-les o 2K$ in -oupsR #aFin- si"ple pits on t#ei MallsQ
calciu" o5alate c4stals as pis"s an! osettes )oun! scattee! in cote5R p#loe"
paenc#4"aR 54le" paenc#4"a an! "e!ulla4 a4 cellsQ stac# -ainsR (ot# si"ple .an!
co"poun!R si"ple ones elliptical to sp#eical Mit# cental cle)t #ilu"R co"poun! -ains
consistin- o) 2K+ co"ponentsR si2e Fa4 )o" *K++ in !ia.R )oun! scattee! in cote5R
p#loe" paenc#4"aR 54le" paenc#4"a an! "e!ulla4 a4 cells.
o&d'" K Ge4is# to li-#t (oMnQ s#oMs paenc#4"atous cellsR cellulosic )i(es Mit#
pointe! tipsR Fessels Mit# si"ple pitsR si"ple an! co"poun! stac# -ains elliptical to
sp#eical Mit# cental cle)tR "easuin- *K++ in !ia.R #aFin- 2K+ co"ponentsR osette an!
pis"atic c4stals o) calciu" o5alate.

310

T.L.C.
T.L.C. o) t#e alco#olic e5tact on ,ilica -el TGT plate usin- Toluene S Ct#4lacetate
(0S1) s#oMs un!e 7@ ($11 n") t#ee )luoescent 2ones at R). 8.86R 8.21 ((ot# li-#t (lue)
an! 8.*6 ((lue). Dn e5posue to 9o!ine Fapou seFen spots appea at R). 8.21R 8.+1R 8.+0R
8.*6R 8..1R 8.08 an! 8.0. (all 4elloM). Dn spa4in- Mit# @anillin,ulp#uic aci! ea-ent an!
#eatin- t#e plate )o ten "inutes at 118C seFen spots appea at R). 8.21R 8.+1R 8.+0 (all
li-#t Fiolet)R 8.*6R 8..8R 8.08 an! 8.0. (all Fiolet).

CONSTIT)ENTS K Resinous Gl4cosi!es.

ROERTIES AND ACTION
Ra#a S Ma!#uaR KaYuR Ti/taR KaVW4a
G*+a S RX/VaR La-#uR TP/VZa
,-".a S 7VZa
,i$/ka S KaYu
Ka"0a S @WtalaR @iecanaR Kap#apitta#aaR ,u/#aFieca/aR 3itta#aaR =Faa#aa
IMORTANT 1ORM)LATIONS K H\!4aFiecana Le#aR A^Fa-an!#WiVYaR AFipatti/aa C
XZaR MWZi(#a!a GuOa
THERAE)TIC )SES K Mala(an!#aR Gul"aR 7!aa Ro-aR =FaaR Jop#aR 3WZOuR 3lP#WR
@aZaR K\"iR KuVY#aR KaZOX

311
@>. T*0%i4i (1". 1"t.)
T)M7IN (1"'#h 1"*it)
Tu"(inP consists o) )es# )uit (!eFoi! o) stal/) o) "agenaria siceraria (Mol.) ,tan!9.
,4n. ". leucantha Rus(4.R ". vulgaris Ser. (?a". Cucu(itaceae)Q a la-eR pu(escentR cli"(in-
o tailin- #e(R cultiFate! t#ou-#out t#e count4.
SYNONYMS
,ans/it S AlW(uR Tu"(P
Assa"ese S KK
%en-ali S LausR Lo/i
Cn-lis# S %ottle GouS!
Gujati S Eu!iR Tu"(a!i
Hin!i S Lau/iR G#ia
Kanna!a S 9su-u"(alaR Tu"(i
Kas#"ii S KK
Mala4ala" S C#oa//aR C#uanR C#oai//aR 3iccuaR Tu"(uiniR CuaR Tu"(uu
Maat#i S 3#opla
Di4a S KK
3unja(i S Tu"(iR Eani
Ta"il S ,#oa//aiR ,uaiR ,uai//ai
Telu-u S ,oa/a4aR Anapa/a4a
7!u S G#i4aR Lau/i
DESCRITION
a) Ma!"o#!o$i!
?uit a pepoR $8 K 18 c" lon-R (ottleR "ace o clu(Ks#ape!R #a! M#en ipeQ e5tenal
su)aceR s"oot#Q pale -een in colou.

312
%) Mi!"o#!o$i!


?oei-n "atte Nil Appen!i5 2.2.2.

T.L.C.
(6* S 1*) s#oMs un!e 7@ ($11 n") t#ee )luoescent 2ones at R). 8.1$ (li-#t (lue)R 8.11
(pin/) an! 8.66 (li-#t pin/). Dn e5posue to 9o!ine Fapou t#ee spots appea at R). 8.1$R
8.$$ an! 8.*. (all 4elloM). Dn spa4in- Mit# *U Met#anolicK,ulp#uic aci! ea-ent an!
#eatin- t#e plate )o ten "inutes at 118C tMo spots appea at R). 8.1$ an! 8.*. ((ot# li-#t
(oMn).

CONSTIT)ENTS K ,aponin an! ?att4 Dil

ROERTIES AND ACTION
Ra#a S Ma!#ua
G*+a S ,ni-!#a
,-".a S JPta
313
,i$/ka S Ma!#ua
Ka"0a S 3itta#aaR Kap#a#aaR %#e!a/aR Ruci/aaR H\!4aR @\V4a
IMORTANT 1ORM)LATIONS K Ma#W @iVa-a(#a Taila
THERAE)TIC )SES K =FaaR KWsaR JFWsaR @iVa Ro-aR Jop#aR @aZaR JXla
DOSE K 18K28 "l o) )es# !u- in juice )o".

314
@?. )d*0%a"a (1"t.)
)D)M7ARA (1"*it)
7!u"(aa consists o) !ie! )uit o) icus glomerata Ro5(. ,4n. . racemosa Linn.
(?a". Moaceae)Q a la-e !eci!uous tee !isti(ute! t#ou-#out eFe -een )oests in 9n!iaR
upto an eleFation o) 9688 "R in "oist localities an! (an/ o) stea"sR an! also o)ten plante! in
Filla-es )o s#a!e an! its e!i(le )uits.
SYNONYMS
,ans/it S =antup#alaR He"a!u-!#W
Assa"ese S =a"(#aijR =a"ij
%en-ali S =o-"a!u"u
Cn-lis# S Cluste ?i-
Gujati S 7"a!o
Hin!i S GullaR GulaR 7"a
Kanna!a S At#i"ao
Kas#"ii S KK
Mala4ala" S Atti
Maat#i S 7"(a
Di4a S Eu"(uiR Eu"ui
3unja(i S GullaR 7"(aR Ru"(n
Ta"il S Atti
Telu-u S AttiR Me!i
7!u S GoolaR Gula
DESCRITION
a) Ma!"o#!o$i!
Eie! s4conus )uitR su(K-lo(ose Mit# pesistent pe!uncleQ 1.8 K2.$ c" lon-R 8.. K 1.6
c" in !ia.R (oMnis#K-e4R Min/le! ostiole in ape5 e-ionR inne #olloM eceptacleR a )eM
insect !e(is also )oun! in inne Malls o) s4conusQ o!ouR not !istinctQ tasteR astin-ent o
315
aci! in unipe )uit.

%) Mi!"o#!o$i!
?uit s#oMs sin-le la4ee! epi!e"is coFee! Mit# t#ic/ Kcuticle #aFin- nu"eous
unicellula #oo/e! #ais an! e!!is#K(oMn contentQ epi!e"is )olloMe! (4 *K6 la4es oFal
to pol4-onalR collenc#4"atous cells an! oFal to pol4-onalR t#inMalle! paenc#4"atous cells
espectiFel4Q a )eM osette c4stals o) calciu" o5alate an! e!!is# content )oun! in
collenc#4"atous cellsQ Fascula tacesR latici)eous caFities an! pitte!R oun! to oFal
li-ni)ie! stone cellsR Mit# Mi!e lu"en pesent in paenc#4"atous 2one.
o&d'" K %oMnQ s#oMs unicellula #oo/e! #aisR epi!e"al cells an! stone cells.


T.L.C.
1) s#oMs un!e 7@ ($11 n") ei-#t )louescent 2ones at R). 8.8* (li-#t (lue)R 8.1+ ((lue)R
8.2+ (li-#t (lue)R 8.$6 (li-#t (lue)R 8.+* (li-#t (lue)R 8.** ((lue)R 8.0$ ((lue) an! 8.01 ((lue).
Dn e5posue to 9o!ine Fapou nine spots appea at R). 8.8*R 8.2+R 8.$6R 8.+*R 8.*1R 8.**R
8.1*R 8.0$ an! 8.01 (all 4elloM). Dn spa4in- Mit# *U Met#anolicK,ulp#uic aci! ea-ent
an! #eatin- t#e plate )o ten "inutes at 118C nine spots appea at R). 8.8*R 8.2+R8.$6R8.+*R
8.*1R8.**R8.1$R8.0$ an! 8.01 (all -e4).

316
CONSTIT)ENTS K K ,itosteolR Lupeol Acetate an! Ca(o#4!ates

ROERTIES AND ACTION
G*+a S RX/VaR Guu
,-".a S JPta
,i$/ka S Ma!#ua
Ka"0a S 3itta#aaR Kap#a#aaR @aZ4a @aZa RopaZaR @aZa Jo!#anaR %#a-na
,an!#Wna/aR Ra/ta!oVa#aa
IMORTANT 1ORM)LATIONS K Ma"a GuYi/W
THERAE)TIC )SES K Ra/tapittaR MXcc#WR EW#aR T\VZWR 3a!aaR Gant#i Ro-a
DOSE K 18K1* - o) t#e !u- in poM!e )o".

317
@@. )#hi"a (Rt.)
)MRA (Root)
7îa consists o) !ie! )a-ant )i(ous oots o) 'etiveria -i-anioides (Linn.) Nas#
(?a". 3oaceae)Q a !ensel4 tu)te! -assR )oun! t#ou-#out t#e plains an! loMe #ills o) t#e
count4R especiall4 on t#e (an/s o) iFes an! ic# "as#4 soilR ascen!in- to an altitu!e o)
1288 ".
SYNONYMS
,ans/it S @PaZaR O#a4aR ,eF4a
Assa"ese S 7siR @iina
%en-ali S @enaa"ulaR K#as/#as
Cn-lis# S Cuscus Gass
Gujati S ,u-an!#i @aloR @alo
Hin!i S K#asaR Gan!aR %enaR K#as
Kanna!a S Mu!iFalaR %ala!a(euR La"anc#R %ala Ee(eu
Kas#"ii S KK
Mala4ala" S Ra"acea"R @etiFeR La"ajjaR Ra"ac#a"
Maat#i S %alaR @ala
Di4a S 7s#iaR %enac#ea
3unja(i S 3anniR K#as
Ta"il S @etiFeR @ila"ic#aFe
Telu-u S @etiFeluR @ettiFeu
7!u S K#as
DESCRITION
a) Ma!"o#!o$i!
Clustes o) Mi4 oots upto 2 "" in !ia"eteR "inuteR lon-itu!inall4 -ooFe!Q colou
Faies )o" cea"R -e4 o li-#t 4elloM to (oMnQ )actueR s#ot an! splinte4Q o!ouR ston-
ao"aticQ tasteR sli-#tl4 (itte.
318

%) Mi!"o#!o$i!
Root s#oMs an epi!e"is consistin- o) tan-entiall4 elon-ate! cells #aFin- (oMnis#
contentR )olloMe! (4 a la4e o) #4po!e"isR consistin- o) t#inKMalle! cellsR si"ila to
epi!e"isQ cote5 consistin- o) 2K$ la4es o) t#ic/KMalle!R li-ni)ie! scleenc#4"atous cells
toMa!s peip#e4 an! aeenc#4"atous cells toMa!s centeQ en!o!e" isR sin-le la4ee! o)
(aelKs#ape! cells Mit# #i-#l4 t#ic/ene! inne MallsQ peic4cle "an4 la4ee! Mit# t#ic/K
Malle!R scleenc#4"atous cells enclosin- a!ial Fascula (un!les aan-e! in a in-Q si"pleR
oun! to oFalR stac# -ains "easuin- 6K12 in !ia"ete pesent in aeenc#4"aR peic4cle
an! pit# cells.

@olatile oil Not less t#an 1 pe centR Appen!i5 2.2.18.

T.L.C.
Aate (+S1 S*) s#oMs un!e 7.@. ($11 n") tMo )luoescent 2ones at R). 8.+0 an! 8..2 ((ot#
(lue). Dn e5posue to 9o!ine Fapou t#ee spots appea at R). 8.26R 8..* an! 8.0+ (all
4elloM). Dn spa4in- Mit# *U Met#anolic ,ulp#uic aci! ea-ent an! #eatin- t#e plate at
18*C )o ten "inutes )ou spots appea at R). 8.10R 8.$$R 8..$ an! 8.0+ (all -e4).

319
CONSTIT)ENTS K Cssential Dil.

ROERTIES AND ACTION
,-".a S JPta
,i$/ka S Ma!#ua
Ka"0a S @Wta-#naR Ee#a/lWnti#aaR 3itta-#naR 3WcanaR ,ta"(#anaR Kap#apitta#\t
IMORTANT 1ORM)LATIONS K 7^PWsaFaR Io-aWja Gu--uluR &aOa]-a KFWt#a CXZa
THERAE)TIC )SES K =FaaR T\VZWR MXta/\cc#aR @aZa
DOSE K $K1 - o) t#e !u- in poM!e )o" )o in)usion.

320
1AA. )t$a5a (15.)
)TALA (15o&'")
7tpala consists o) !ie! )loMe o) +ymphaea stellata Aill!. (?a". N4"p#aceae)Q an
a;uatic #e(R -eneall4 )oun! in tan/s an! pon!s t#ou-#out t#e Ma"e pats o) t#e count4.
SYNONYMS
,ans/it S Ku"u!aR NPlotpal
Assa"ese S KK
%en-ali S Ku"u!R ,un!i
Cn-lis# S 9n!ian %lue Aate ?il4
Gujati S 3o4anu
Hin!i S Neel Ka"alR Ku"u!inee
Kanna!a S Neeltae
Kas#"ii S KK
Mala4ala" S A"(al 3ooFu
Maat#i S Ka"o!aR Neel Ka"al
Di4a S KK
3unja(i S Neel Ka"alR Ka"alini
Ta"il S AlliR A"(al
Telu-u S Allita"aaR KaluFapooFu
7!u S Neelo)a
DESCRITION
a) Ma!"o#!o$i!
Eu- occus "ostl4 in (o/en )o" o) Fa4in- si2es o) !ie! pieces o) )loMes an!
(u!sR !a/ (oMnR attac#e! Mit# a pe!icel o) 8.*K1.8 c" lon- M#en pesentQ sepalsK* K 1 c"
lon-R 1.* K 2.8 c" Mi!eR o(lon-R lanceolateR tip acute o su(acuteR )eeR a!nate to (ase o)
!iscQ petals K $.* K +.* c" lon- 2.8K2.* c" Mi!eR lineaKo(lon- o lanceolateR 4elloMis#K
(oMnQ sta"enK 1 to in!e)initeR )eeR a!nate to )les#4 t#ala"usQ )ila"entsK!ilate! at (aseQ
ant#e K Mit# lin-ual appen!a-esR intoseR !it#ecousQ -4noeciu" $ to in!e)initeR enclose!
321
(4 t#ala"usQ st4le s#otQ oFa4 unilocula.

%) Mi!"o#!o$i!
S'$a5 K ,in-le la4ee! epi!e"is on eit#e si!eR unicellula #ais pesent on uppe
epi!e"isQ (ot# epi!e"is )olloMe! (4 +K1 la4es o) collenc#4"atous cells Mit# an-ula
t#ic/enin-sQ cental e-ion occupie! (4 +K* la4es o) elon-ate!R t#inKMalle!R spon-4
paenc#4"atous cellsQ la-e stellate ai canals an! Fascula tissues pesent in t#is e-ionQ
tannini)eous content pesent in collenc#4"atous cells.
'ta5 KCpi!e"is on eit#e si!eR )olloMe! (4 2K$ la4es o) collenc#4"atous cellsR cental
e-ion co"pose! o) $K+ la4esR elon-ate! spon-4 paenc#4"aQ stellate ai canals an!
Fascula stellate tissues pesent in t#is e-ionQ tannini)eous contents also )oun! scattee! in
petals.
Sta0'4 K ,in-le la4ee! uppe an! loMe epi!e"isR )olloMe! (4 2K$ la4esR oun!e! to
oFalR la-e paenc#4"atous cellsQ $K+ la4es elon-ate! paenc#4"atous cells pesent in
centeQ stellate ai canals pesent in t#is e-ionQ ant#e s#oMs + splittin- pollen c#a"(es
attac#e! Mit# paenc#4"atous connectiFe tissuesR Fascula tissues an! stellate i!io(lasts
pesent in t#is e-ionR en!ot#eciu" consistin- o) sin-le la4ee! colu"na cellsR sto"iu" in
(ot# t#e c#a"(es an! a )eM oun!e! 22 K 2. in !ia.R pollen -ains #aFin- t#ic/ s"oot#R
e5ine an! a t#in intine.
o&d'" : %oMnQ s#oMs -oups o) paenc#4"atous cellsR stellate ai canalsR uniseiate #aisR
4elloMis#K(oMn oun!e! pollen -ainsR "easuin- 22 K 2. in !ia.R #aFin- Tt#ic/R s"oot#R
e5ine an! t#in intine.

322

T.L.C.
T.L.C. o) t#e alco#olic e5tact on ,ilica -el TGT plate usin- C#loo)o" S Ct#4lacetate
S ?o"ic aci! (* S + S 1) s#oMs in Fisi(le li-#t t#ee spots at R). 8.*0R 8.16 an! 8.61 (all
(luis# -e4). Dn spa4in- Mit# 18U ?eic C#loi!e solution (a;ueous) tMo spots appea at
R). 8.16 an! 8.61 ((ot# (lue an! coespon! to t#at o) Tannic aci!).

CONSTIT)ENTS K Tannins.

ROERTIES AND ACTION
G*+a S 3icc#ilaR ,ni-!#a
,-".a S JPta
,i$/ka S Ma!#ua
Ka"0a S Ruc4aR RasW4anaR Ke^4aR Ee#apauVYi/aaR Me!#4aR EW#aR EWO#4a/aaR
3ittanWâ/aR Ra/tapasW!a/a
IMORTANT 1ORM)LATIONS K Aô/WiVYaR AaFin!WsaFaR 7^PWsaFaR Can!anWsaFaR
Kal4WZa/a G#\taR ,a"a]-W!i CXZaR Kana/a TailaR =Wt4W!i TailaR Tu]-a!u"W!i TailaR
Ma[jiVY#W!i TailaR Can!anW!i Lau#aR Tip#alW G#\ta
THERAE)TIC )SES K 3ipWsWR EW#aR Ra/tapittaR C#a!iR MXcc#WR H\!o-aR MXta/\cc#aR
=FaWtisWa
DOSE K $K1 - o) t#e !u-.

323
OF INDIA
PART- I
VOLUME IV
GOVERNMENT OF INDIA
DEPARTMENT OF AYUSH
i
CONTENTS
Legal Notices
General Notices
MONOGRAPHS
S.No Plant Name Botanical Name
Page No.
(as per
book)
1 HAK (Seed) Cajanus cajan Linn 1
2 AGARU (Hear !""d) A#ui$aria a%a$$"c&a R"'() *
+ AKLR, (End"s-er.) L"d"icea .a$di/ica 0ers 1
* A0AR2,T (Lea3) C$i"ria ernaea Linn 4
5 T6AGU0T (R"") 6ucuna -ruria H""7) 18
1 9,L:A (Se. 9ar7) Ae%$e .ar.e$"s C"rr 18
; CA60AKA (<$"=er) 6ic&e$ia c&a.-aca Linn 12
4 C,>C (<rui 0u$-) Ta.arindus indica$ Linn 1*
? @,6A (<res& <rui) 0unica %ranau. Linn 11
18 @,6A (<rui Rind) 0unica %ranau. Linn 14
11 @,6A (Lea3) 0unica %ranau. Linn 1?
12 @E:A@RU (Hear !""d) Cedrus de"dara ( R"'()) L"ud 2+
1+ @HATTARA (!&"$e 0$an) @aura .ea$ Linn 25
1* @AR: (!&"$e 0$an) CBn"d"n dacB$"n (Linn) 24
15 GA69HR (Se. 9ar7) G.e$ina ar("rea Linn +1
11 ,KCU (R"" S"c7) Sacc&aru. "33icinaru. Linn ++
1; KA@AL (<$"=er) 6usa -aradisiaca$ Linn +5
14 KARCARA (R&iD".e) Curcu.a Ded"aria R"sc +;
1? KASTARLAT,K (Seed) Hi(iscus a(e$."sc&us Linn +?
28 KATAKA (Seed) SrBc&n"s -"a"ru. Linn)3 *1
21 KHAR2ARA (@ried <rui) 0&"eni' dacB$i3era *+
22 KHAR2ARA (<res& <rui) 0&"eni' dacB$i3era *5
2+ KECFASR,: (R"") CrB-"$e-is (uc&anani R"e. G Sc&u$ *;
ii
2* KUN@URU (E'udae) 9"s=e$$ia serraa R"'( 58
25 KUHKU6A (SB$e and Si%.a) Cr"cus sai/us Linn 52
21 KAC6FA (<rui) 9enincasa &is-ida (T&un()C"%n) 55
2; 6A@AIANT (Lea3) La=s"nia iner.is Linn 5;
24 6AHN,69A (Se. 9ar7) 6e$ia aDedarac& Linn 5?
2? 6AFAKA0ARF (!&"$e 0$an) Cene$$a asiaica (Linn)) Ur(an) 11
+8 6AIAKKU J 6IUKA6 (Ga$$) Kuercus in3ec"ria O$i/) 1*
+1 6U@GA0ARF (!&"$e 0$an) :i%na ri$"(aa (Linn) :erdc) 1;
+2 6UFT,K (!&"$e 0$an) S-&aeran&us indicus Linn ;8
++ NIAGRO@HA 2AL (Aeria$
R"")
<icus (en%a$ensis Linn ;+
+* N,69A (<res& <rui) Cirus $i."n (Li$nn) 9ur. )3 ;5
+5 N,RGUF (R"") :ie' ne%und" Linn ;1
+1 0ALMA ( <$"=er) 9uea ."n"s-er.a (La. ) KunDe ;4
+; 0ALMA (Gu.) 9uea ."n"s-er.a (La. ) KunDe 48
+4 0ALMA (Seed) 9uea ."n"s-er.a (La. ) KunDe 42
+? 0AR0ALA (!&"$e 0$an) <u.aria -ar/i3$"ra La. 4*
*8 0LAL (Se. 9ar7) Sere"s-er.u. c&e$"n"ides (L)<) @C 4;
*1 0ATTAHGA (Hear !""d) Caesa$-ina sa--an Linn 4?
*2 0,00AL (<rui) 0i-er L"n%u. Linn ?1
*+ 0LAKCA (<rui) <icus $ac"r 9uc&N &a. ?+
** 0R,ILA (Se. 9ar7) 9uc&nania $anDan S-ren% ?5
*5 0R,IAHGU (<rui) Ca$$icar-a .acr"-&B$$a :a&$) ?;
*1 0EMN,0ARF (!&"$e 0$an) Uraria -ica @es/) ??
*; 0UCKARA (R"") ,nu$a race."sa H""7)3 182
*4 RU@RKCA (Seed) E$ae"car-us s-&aericus Gaern)
K)Sc&u.
18*
*? SAR2A (E'udae) :aeria indica Linn 181
iii
58 MAT:AR (R"") As-ara%us race."sus !i$$d 184
51 M,GRU (R"" 9ar7) 6"rin%a "$ei3era La. 118
52 M,GRU (Seed) 6"rin%a "$ei3era La. 112
5+ M,GRU (Se. 9ar7) 6"rin%a "$ei3era La. 11*
5* MEHGLAKA (@ried Seed) Tra-a naans Linn 111
55 SRU::EKCA (Lea3) <$ac"uria indica 6err) 128
51 SRU::EKCA (Se. 9ar7) <$ac"uria indica 6err) 122
5; TLA6AL (R&iD".e) Curcu$i%" "rc&i"ides Gaern 12*
54 TLSA (Lea/es) A(ies =e((iana Lind$ 121
5? T,LA (Seed) Sesa.u. indicu. $inn 124
18 TULAS (Seed) Oci.u. sancu. Linn 124
11 TU69URU (<rui) Oan&"'B$u. ar.au. @C 1+8
12 UL,HGAFA (Seed) 9$e-&aris -ersica ( 9ur.)3) O)KunDe 1+2
1+ :RH, (R&iD".e) @i"sc"rea (u$(i3era Linn 1+*
1* :ARC9HA (R"") Trian&e.a -"ru$acasru. Linn 1+1
15 :S (R"") Ad&a"da DeB$anica 6edic 1+4
11 :,CA6UCL (Seed) SrBc&nus nu'/".ica Linn 1*8
1; :EMC,KL (!&"$e 0$an) Tra%ia in/"$ucraa Linn 1*+
14 IA:A (!&"$e 0$an) H"rdeu. /u$%are Linn 1*1
iv
LEGAL NOT,CES
+A.1.I./$ 1art3I$ 4ol. I4$ is the boo5 of standards for single drugs included therein and
the standards prescribed in the A!urvedic 1harmacopoeia of India$ 1art3I$ 4ol. I4
1harmacopoeia of India$ 1art3I$ 4ol. I4$ would be deemed to have been amended
accordingl!.
v
GENERAL NOT,CES
o
6"
o
6 and
vi
deterioration"
authoritative"
vi
Per cent v/! %percentage volume in !eight' e&presses the number of
millilitres of active substance in 055 grammes of product"
Percentage of alcohol - All statements of percentage of alcohol %6.(/:(' refer
to percentage by volume at 0/"/>
o
6"
thermometric scale"
changes"
vi

It is to be noted that the relation bet!een doses in metric and Ayurvedic
systems set forth in the te&t is of appro&imate e1uivalence" These 1uantities are for
convenience of prescriber and sufficiently accurate for pharmaceutical purposes"

m 3etre
l $itre
mm 3illimetre
cm 6entimetre
A 3icron %5"550 mm'
kg Bilogram
g Cramme
mg 3illigram
ml 3illilitre
in 4ormal solution
03 3olar solution
Fam" Family
ix
Sansk" Sanskrit
Assam" Assamese
Deng" Dengali
#ng" #nglish
CuE" CuErati
Ban" Bannada
Bash" Bashmiri
3al" 3alayalam
3ar" 3arathi
:ri" :riya
PunE" PunEabi
Tam" Tamil
Tel" Telugu
6otyledon 6otldn"
Flo!er Fl"
Fruit Fr"
(eart *ood (t" *d"
$eaf $f"
<oot Dark <t" Dk"
<oot <t"
<hiFome <F"
Seed Sd"
Stem Dark St" Dk"
Stem St"
*ood *d"
*hole Plant *h" Pl"
x
1) Ad&a7i (Sd))
HAK (Seed)
P&a7Q c"nsiss "3 dried seed "3 Cajanus cajan Linn) (<a.) <a(aceae)R an erec s&ru(
1)5 " + . &i%&R cu$i/aed near$B &r"u%&"u &e c"unrB as a -u$se cr"-)
SINONI6S
Sans7ri S Tu/ari
Assa.ese S Ru&ar.a&
9en%a$i S Ar&ar
En%$is& S 0i%e"n 0ea
Gujrai S Tu/er
Hindi S Ar&ar
Kannada S T"%ari
Kas&.iri S NN
6a$aBa$a. S T&u/ara
6ara&i S T""r
OriBa S HaradaR Kandu$a%ac&&a
0unja(i S Ar&ar
Ta.i$ S Ada%i Tu/ariR T&u/araiR Tu/arai
Te$u%u S Kandu$u
Urdu S Ar&ar
@ESCR,0T,ON
a) 6acr"sc"-ic
Seed r"unded " "/a$R 8)* " 8); c. dia)R &a/in% a =&ie &i$u.T /arBin% in c"$"ur
3r". Be$$"= and red " (r"=nT "d"ur and ase n" disinc)

1
() 6icr"sc"-ic
Seed c"a s&"=s sin%$e $aBeredR radia$$B e$"n%aedR -a$isadeN$i7eR &inN=a$$ed ce$$sR
c"/ered e'erna$$B (B sriaed cuic$e and inerna$$B su--"red (B a sin%$e $aBered (earer
ce$$sR 3"$$"=ed (B 4 " 18 $aBers "3 an%enia$$B e$"n%aedR e$$i-ica$R &inN=a$$edR
-arenc&B.a"us ce$$sT c"B$ed"n c".-"sed "3 "/a$ " -"$B%"na$R &inN=a$$edR
-arenc&B.a"us ce$$s ."s "3 &e. c"nainin% %r"u-s "3 si.-$eR r"unded " "/a$ sarc&
%rainsR .easurin% 5 " +1 in dia)
0"=derN Li%& (r"=nT seed c"a in sur3ace /ie= s&"=s -"$B%"na$R &inN=a$$ed ce$$s =i&
inerce$$u$ar s-acesT %r"u-s "3 "/a$ " -"$B%"na$R -arenc&B.a"us ce$$sR and r"unded " "/a$
sarc& %rains .easurin% 5 " +1 in dia)
,@ENT,TIR 0UR,TI AN@ STRENGTH

<"rei%n .aer N" ."re &an 2 -er cenR A--endi' 2)2)2)
T"a$ As& N" ."re &an * -er cenR A--endi' 2)2)+)
AcidNins"$u($e as& N" ."re &an 8)5 -er cenR A--endi' 2)2)*)
0r"ein c"nen N" $ess &an 28 -er cen N
(as deer.ined (B 3"$$"=in% .e&"d)

ASSAI
6e&"dS
@eer.inai"n "3 T"a$ Nir"%enSN
0$ace an a--r"-riae a."un "3 &e su(sanceR accurae$B =ei%&edR in a 588 .$
Kje$da&$Us 3$as7 "3 &ard %$ass) T&e .aeria$ " (e esedR i3 s"$id "r se.iNs"$idR .aB (e
=ra--ed in a s&ee "3 nir"%en 3ree 3i$er -a-er 3"r c"n/enience in rans3errin% i in" &e
3$as7) Add 18 % "3 -"=dered -"assiu. su$-&aeR 8)5 % "3 -"=dered c"--er su$-&ae and +8
.$ "3 nir"%en 3ree su$-&uric acid) ,nc$ine &e 3$as7 a an an%$e "3 a("u *5 and %en$B &ea
&e .i'ureR 7ee-in% &e e.-eraure (e$"= &e ("i$in% -"in "3 &e .i'ure uni$ 3r"&in%
&as ceased) ,ncrease &e &ea uni$ &e acid ("i$s and c"ninue &e &eain% 3"r 3"ur &rs uni$
&e s"$ui"n ac#uires a c$ear %reenis& c"$"ur) A$$"= &e .i'ure " c""$R add 158 .$ "3
=aerR &"r"u%&$B .i' &e c"nens "3 &e 3$as7 and c""$ a%ain) Add caui"us$BR s" as "
cause &e s"$ui"n " 3$"= d"=n inside &e 3$as7 " 3"r. a $aBer under &e acid s"$ui"nR 188
.$ "3 a +8 V =J/ s"$ui"n "3 s"diu. &Bdr"'ide in =aer) Add a 3e= -ieces "3 %ranu$aed
DincR and c"nnec &e 3$as7 (B .eans "3 7je$da&$ c"nnecin% (u$( =i& a c"ndenserR &e
de$i/erB u(e 3r". =&ic& di-s (enea& &e sur3ace "3 a .i'ure "3 +8 .$ "3 8)5 N HC$ "r 8)5
N H
2
S8
*
and 25 .$ "3 =aer c"nained in an Er$en.eBer 3$as7 "r a =ide ."u&ed ("$e "3
1
a("u 588 .$ ca-aciB) 6i' &e c"nens "3 &e 3$as7 (B %en$e r"ai"nR and disi$ uni$ a("u
=" &irds "3 &e c"nens "3 &e 3$as7 &a/e disi$$ed "/er) Add a("u + dr"-s "3 s"$ui"n "3
.e&B$ red " &e c"nens "3 &e recei/in% /esse$ and deer.ine &e e'cess "3 acid (B
irai"n =i& 8)5 N s"diu. &Bdr"'ide) Re-ea &e e'-eri.en =i& &e sa.e #uaniies "3
rea%ens and in &e sa.e .annerR (u ".iin% &e su(sance under es) T&e di33erence
(e=een &e =" irai"ns re-resen &e acid re#uired " neura$iDe &e a.."nia) Eac& .$ "3
8)5 N &Bdr"c&$"ric acid "r 8)5 N Su$-&uric acid is e#ui/a$en " 8)88;88* % "3 N)
!&en &e nir"%en c"nen "3 &e su(sance under es is 7n"=n " (e $"=R 8)5 N
&Bdr"c&$"ric "r 8)5 N su$-&uric acid .aB (e re-$aced (B 8)1N &Bdr"c&$"ric acid "r 8)1 N
su$-&uric acid and 8)1 N s"diu. &Bdr"'ide s&"u$d &en (e used in irain% &e e'cess acid)
Eac& .$ "3 8)1 N &Bdr"c&$"ric acid "r 8)1 N su$-&uric acid is e#ui/a$en " 8)881*81 % "3 N
T"a$ 0r"ein WT"a$ Nir"%en X 1)25)

T)L)C)
T)L)C) "3 a$c"&"$ic e'rac "3 &e dru% "n Si$ica %e$ UGU usin% T"$ueneS E&B$
aceae (?8S 18) s&"=s under U):) (+11 n.) 3"ur 3$u"rescen D"nes a R3) 8)11R 8)2+R 8)+8
and 8)*8 (a$$ ($ue)) On e'-"sure " ,"dine /a-"ur &ree s-"s a--ear a R3) 8)2+R 8)+8 and
8)?1 (a$$ Be$$"=))

0RO0ERT,ES AN@ ACT,ON
Rasa S KaYZBaR 6ad&ura
Gu[a S R\7YaR La%&u
:QrBa S MQa
:i-Z7a S Ka]u
Kar.a S :Za7araR Ka-&a&araR 0ia7araR 6ed"&araR Sa^%ra&iR :ar[BaR :iYZ-a&aR
SanBa/_dd&i
,60ORTANT <OR6ULAT,ONS N KZ`7ZBana Gu]i7Z
THERA0EUT,C USES N Ais&au$BaR Ra7a/i7ZraR Ra7a-iaR :iYar"%aR S&au$BaR 6ed"r"%aR
Araa
@OSE N As direced (B &e -&Bsician

1
2) A%aru (H)!d))
AGARU (Hear !""d)
A%aru c"nsiss "3 dried &ear =""d "3 A#ui$aria a%a$$"c&a R"'() (<a.)
T&B.e$acaceae)R a $ar%e e/er%reen reeR disri(ued in N"r& Eas -ar "3 &e c"unrB)
SINONI6S
Sans7ri S A%uruR Lau&aR K_.ija
Assa.ese S A%aru
9en%a$i S A%aruR A%ar7as&&aR A%ar C&andan
En%$is& S Ea%$e !""d
Gujrai S A%ar
Hindi S A%ar
Kannada S Kris&na A%aru
Kas&.iri S NN
6a$aBa$a. S A7i$
6ara&i S A%ar
OriBa S NN
0unja(i S O"daR ""daR -&arsi
Ta.i$ S A7i$ 7aai
Te$u%u S A%aru
Urdu S O"d HindiR A%ar
@ESCR,0T,ON
a) 6acr"sc"-ic
@ru% a/ai$a($e in cu -iecesR dar7 (r"=n " near$B ($ac7T 3racureR &ardT n"
c&aracerisic s.e$$ and ase)

() 6icr"sc"-ic
S&"=s ."s$B uniseriae s".ei.es (iseriae 'B$e. raBsT /esse$s is"$aed &a/in%
1
si.-$e -ied &ic7enin% and 3i$$ed =i& dar7 (r"=n c"nensT 'B$e. 3i(res s&"r &a/in%
narr"= $u.en "ccu-Bin% a .aj"r -"ri"n "3 =""dT 'B$e. -arenc&B.a $ess in nu.(er and
si.-$e -iedT inc$uded -&$"e. issues in -"c7es -aria$$B dis"r%anisedR $ea/in% $ar%e
circu$ar "r "/a$ &"$esR c"nainin% c"$$a-sed and (r"7en issues)
0"=der N @ar7 (r"=nT s&"=s nu.er"us ase-ae 3i(resR si.-$e -ied /esse$s =i& dar7
(r"=n c"nens)

T"a$ As& N" ."re &an 1+ -er cenR A--endi' 2)2)+)
A$c"&"$Ns"$u($e e'raci/e N" $ess &an 1 -er cenR A--endi' 2)2)1)
!aerNs"$u($e e'raci/e N" $ess &an 2 -er cenR A--endi' 2)2);)

T)L)C)
T)L)C) "3 &e a$c"&"$ic e'rac "n Si$ica %e$ UGU -$ae usin% T"$ueneS E&B$aceae
(?S1) s&"=s in /isi($e $i%& =" s-"s a R3) 8)1; and 8)2; (("& $i%& (r"=n)) Under U):)
(+11 n.) 3i/e 3$u"rescen D"nes a--ear a R3) 8)1;R 8)2;R 8)+1R 8)5; and 8)48 (a$$ ($ue)) On
e'-"sure " ,"dine /a-"ur ei%& s-"s a--ear a R3) 8)85R 8)11R 8)15R 8)2*R 8)++R 8)5;R 8);+
and 8)48 (a$$ Be$$"=)) On s-raBin% =i& :ani$$inNSu$-&uric acid rea%en and a3er &eain%
&e -$ae 3"r en .inues a 185C 3i/e s-"s a--ear a R3) 8)1+R 8)14R 8)25R 8)+; and 8)5?
(a$$ /i"$e))

CONST,TUENTS N Essenia$ Oi$

Rasa S Ka]uR Ti7a
1
Gu[a S Sni%d&aR TQ7Y[aR La%&u
:QrBa S UY[a
:i-Z7a S Ka]u
Kar.a S T/acBaR 0ia$a.R :Za&araR Ka-&a&araR Mir"/irecana
,60ORTANT <OR6ULAT,ONS N 6ad&u7Zsa/aR 6_d/Q7Zsa/aR Kar-\rZdBar7aR
CBa/ana-rZaa A/a$e&aR A[u Tai$aR CandanZdi Tai$aR K&adirZdi Gu]i7ZR M/Zsa&ara KaYZBa
C\r[aR GuP\cBZdi Tai$a
THERA0EUT,C USES N KuY]&aR Kar[a R"%aR A7Yir"%aR :iYaR M/Zsa
@OSE N 1N+ %

1
+) A7$ari (End.))
AKLR, (End"s-er.)
A7$Zri c"nsiss "3 dried end"s-er. "3 L"d"icea .a$di/ica 0ers) SBn) L) seBc&e$ $aru.
La(i$$) (<a.) Arecaceae)R a a$$R di"eci"us -a$. =i& srai%&R s.""&R annu$aed run7R 14 "
+8 . &i%& and 8)+ . diaR %r"=in% "n a$$ B-es "3 s"i$s 3r". &e sandB s&"re " &e arid
."unain "- and a$s" cu$i/aed in ,ndia)
SINONI6S
Sans7ri S Sa.udra NZri7bca
Assa.ese S NN
9en%a$i S Nari7e$R 2"ra Nari7e$
En%$is& S @"u($e c"c"nu
Gujrai S @"rai Narea$
Hindi S @ari Bai NariBa$
Kannada S 2"dien%u
Kas&.iri S NN
6a$aBa$a. S A7$ari
6ara&i S @ariBac&a Nara$
OriBa S Sa.udra Nari7e$a
0unja(i S @ariBai NariBa$
Ta.i$ S T&un%aR Kada$ T&en%ai
Te$u%u S Sa.udra Ten7aBa K"&ari
Urdu S Narjee$ @arBaee
@ESCR,0T,ON
a) 6acr"sc"-ic
@ru% "ccurs in /arBin% siDesR a("u 2)8 c. &ic7T /erB &ard &a/in% .uc& &e
a--earance and e'ure "3 /e%ea($e i/"rBT "uer sur3ace ."derae$B r"u%& " s.""&R dar7
(r"=n in c"$"urT inner sur3ace r"u%&R dirB =&ie in c"$"ur =i& nu.(er "3 s.a$$ ""&N$i7e
1
-r"jeci"nsR =&en s"a7ed in =aer i s"3ens a $i$e and can (e s-$i in" &in 3i(r"us
(und$esT 3racureR /erB &ardT "d"ur and ase n" c&aracerisic)

() 6icr"sc"-ic
Tesa s&"=s * " 1 $aBers "3 -"$B%"na$R an%enia$$B e$"n%aedR $i%ni3iedR &ic7N
=a$$ed ce$$s 3i$$ed =i& reddis&N(r"=n c"nensR 3"$$"=ed (B a =ide D"ne "3 "/a$ "
-"$B%"na$R &ic7N=a$$ed ce$$sT end"s-er. c"nsiss "3 s-ind$eNs&a-ed ce$$s =i& &ic7 =a$$s
&a/in% a cenra$ $u.en =i& c$u(Ns&a-ed cana$s e'endin% " &e ce$$ =a$$T a 3e= si.-$e
sarc& %rains -resen in end"s-er. .easurin% 1+ " 14 in dia)R and s.a$$ .inue a$eur"ne
%rainsT "i$ %$"(u$es -resen &r"u%&"u &e re%i"n)
0"=der N @irB (r"=nT s&"=s &ic7N=a$$edR e$"n%aedR s-ind$eNs&a-ed end"s-er. ce$$sR
."derae$B &ic7N=a$$edR -"$B%"na$R s$i%&$B =a/B ce$$s "3 esa in sur3ace /ie=R a 3e= "3
&e. c"nainin% "i$ %$"(u$es and s.a$$ .inue a$eur"ne %rains and si.-$e sarc& %rains
.easurin% 1+ " 14 in dia)

T"a$ As& N" ."re &an 2 -er cenR A--endi' 2)2)+)
AcidNins"$u($e as& N" ."re &an 8)* -er cenR A--endi' 2)2)*)
A$c"&"$Ns"$u($e e'raci/e N" $ess &an 8)+ -er cenR A--endi' 2)2)1)
!aerNs"$u($e e'raci/e N" $ess &an * -er cenR A--endi' 2)2);)

T)L)C)
T)L)C) "3 a$c"&"$ic e'rac "n Si$ica %e$ UGU -$ae usin% nN9uan"$ S Aceic acidS
!aer (*S1S5) /J/ s&"=s under U: (+11 n.) "ne 3$u"rescen D"ne a R3) 8)?* (($ue)) On
1
e'-"sure " ,"dine /a-"ur 3"ur s-"s a--ear a R3) 8)*8R 8)18R 8);; and 8)?* (a$$ Be$$"=)) On
s-raBin% =i& 18V 6e&an"$icNSu$-&uric acid rea%en and &eain% &e -$ae a 128C 3"r en
.inues =" s-"s a--ear a R3) 8)+1 ((r"=n) and 8)?* (dar7 (r"=n))

CONST,TUENTS N Su%ars and Ser"$s)

Rasa S 6ad&uraR Ka]u
Gu[a S La%&u
:QrBa S UY[a
:i-Z7a S Ka]u
Kar.a S :Za&araR Ka-&a&araR H_dBaR :iYa%&naR T_Y[ani%ra&a[aR MQa-raaa.anaR
A%nidQ-i7ara
,60ORTANT <OR6ULAT,ONS N G"r"canZdi :a]QR 6_asadjQ/anQ Gu]i7ZR 2a/a&ara 6"&ara
THERA0EUT,C USES N :is\ci7aR H_dr"%aR MQa 2/ara
@OSE N 5N18 %. "3 &e dru% in &e -"=der 3"r.

1
*) A-arajia (L3))
A0AR2,T (Lea3)
A-arZjiZ c"nsiss "3 dried $ea3 "3 C$i"ria ernaea Linn) (<a.) <a(aceae)R a -erennia$
=inin% c$i.(er c".."n a$$ "/er &e r"-ica$ -ars "3 c"unrB (ein% cu$i/aed and a$s" 3"und
=i$dR %r"=in% "/er &ed%es and &ic7es
SINONI6S
Sans7ri S Giri7ar[i7a
Assa.ese S NN
9en%a$i S A-arajia
En%$is& S !in%edN$ea/ed c$i"ria
Gujrai S Garnee
Hindi S A-arajiaR K"Ba$
Kannada S Giri7arni7e
Kas&.iri S NN
6a$aBa$a. S S&an7&-us&-a.
6ara&i S G"7arnee
OriBa S A-arajia
0unja(i S A-arajia
Ta.i$ S Ka77ana.
Te$u%u S @inenaR San7u-us&-a.
Urdu S NN
@ESCR,0T,ON
a) 6acr"sc"-ic
@ru% %enera$$B "ccurs in &e 3"r. "3 $ea/es and $ea3$esR rac&is (r"7en =i& "r
=i&"u inac $ea3$esT $ea3$e =i& s.a$$ -ei"$u$eR "/ae "r e$$i-ic "($"n%R rare$B r"undis&R
"(useR enireR %$a(r"us "r =i& a 3e= s&"r a--ressed &airsR su(c"riace"usR (ase "(use "r
acueT 2)5 " 5)8 c. $"n%R 1)4 " +)8 c. =ideR Be$$"=is&N%reenT n" "d"ur "r ase)

2
() 6icr"sc"-ic
Rac&isN s&"=s sin%$e $aBered e-ider.is e'erna$$B c"/ered =i& &ic7R s.""&
cuic$eT uni " rice$$u$arR &""7ed &air =i& =arB cuic$eR 3"und "n e-ider.is "3 ei&er sideT
/ascu$ar (und$e crescen s&a-ed c"nsisin% "3 'B$e. and -&$"e.T -ericBc$e -resen in &e
3"r. "3 (r"7en rin%T res "3 &e issues (e=een e-ider.is and -ericBc$e c".-"sed "3 "/a$
" -"$B%"na$R &inN=a$$edR + " 5 $aBeredR -arenc&B.a"us ce$$s)
Lea3$e N s&"=s d"rsi/enra$ srucureT ("& u--er and $"=er e-ider.is c"nsiss "3 sin%$e
$aBered ce$$sR c"/ered e'erna$$B =i& &ic7 cuic$eT s".e e-ider.a$ ce$$s "3 ("& sur3aces
e$"n%ae "u=ards 3"r.in% uni " riNce$$u$ar =arB &airsR (asa$ ce$$s s.a$$er and a-ica$ ce$$s
$"n%erT -a$isade sin%$e $aBeredT -a$isade rai" + "r *T s-"n%B -arenc&B.a * "r 5 $aBered
=i& inerce$$u$ar s-aces and c"nainin% a 3e= -ris.aic crBsa$s "3 ca$ciu. "'a$aeT s".aa
-aracBicR -resen "n ("& sur3acesT s".aa$ inde' 54 " 1* "n $"=er sur3aceR +1 " *2 "n
u--er sur3aceT /ein is$e nu.(er 22 " 2*T /ein$e er.ina$ nu.(er +* " +; -er s#) ..)
0"=der N Ie$$"=is&N%reenT s&"=s %r"u-s "3 s-"n%B -arenc&B.aR -a$isade ce$$sR 3i(resR
'B$e. /esse$s =i& s-ira$ &ic7enin%sR 3ra%.ens "3 &airs =i& "r =i&"u =arB cuic$e)
=a/B &inN=a$$edR e-ider.a$ ce$$s =i& -aracBic s".aa in sur3ace /ie=)

AcidNins"$u($e as& N" ."re &an * -er cenR A--endi' 2)2)*)
A$c"&"$Ns"$u($e e'raci/e N" $ess &an ; -er cenR A--endi' 2)2)1)

ASSAI
2

T)L)C)
T)L)C) "3 a$c"&"$ic e'rac "3 &e dru% "n Si$ica %e$ eGe -$ae usin% nN9uan"$ S
Aceic AcidS !aer (*S1S5) s&"=s under U: (+11 n.) &ree s-"s a R3) 8)+* (/i"$e)) 8)5?
(($ue) 8)?+ (red)) On e'-"sure " ,"dine /a-"ur &ree s-"s a--ear a R3) 8)2?) 8)5* and 8)?+
(a$$ Be$$"=)) On s-raBin% =i& 5V 6e&an"$icNSu$-&uric acid rea%en and &eain% &e -$ae
a 185C 3"r en .inues &ree s-"s a--ear a R3) 8)25 ((r"=n)R 8)+5 (%reB)) and 8)5?
(Be$$"=))

CONST,TUENTS N G$Bc"sides N <$a/"na$ %$Bc"sides and Resin %$Bc"sides

Rasa S Ti7aR Ka]uR KaYZBa
Gu[a S La%&u
:QrBa S MQa
:i-Z7a S Ka]u
Kar.a S 6ed&BaR Ka[]&BaR Ca7YusBaR 0i"-adra/anaainiR Trid"Ya MZ.a7aR
:iYZ-a&aR Gra&a%&ni
,60ORTANT <OR6ULAT,ONS N :Za Ra7Zna7a Rasa
THERA0EUT,C USES N KuY]&aR 6\rad"YaR M"&aR :ra[aR :iYaR Un.ZdaR Ard&Z/a(&eda7aR
M\$aR Gra&a 9Zd&ZR .ad"YaR Ra7ZisZraR 9&ra.aR M/ZsaR KZsaR 2/araR @Z&aR :a.ana
@OSE N R"" -"=der 1N+%Seed -"=der 1N+ %Lea3 -"=der 2N5 %

2
5) A.a%u-a (R))
T6AGU0T (R"")
.a%u-a c"nsiss "3 dried r"" "3 6ucuna -ruria H""7) SBn) 6) -ruriens (L)) @C)
(<a.) <a(aceae)R a &er(ace"us =inin% annua$ 3"und =i$d a$."s a$$ "/er &e c"unrB and in
Anda.an and Nic"(ar ,s$ands)
SINONI6S
Sans7ri S Ka-i7acc&uR 6ar7aiR KanduraR M\7aai.(iR Ka-i-ra(&a
Assa.ese S NN
9en%a$i S Aa$7us&eeR A$7usa
En%$is& S C"=&a%eR C"=ic&
Gujrai S Kauc&aR Ka/ac&
Hindi S Ke/anc&R Kaunc&R K&ujanee
Kannada S Nasu7unneeR Nasu%anniR NaBis"nan%u(a$$i
Kas&.iri S NN
6a$aBa$a. S S&"riBana.R NaB77"ranaR NaB77uran
6ara&i S K&aj7u&i$ee
OriBa S 9ai7&ujnee
0unja(i S Aa$7us&eeR Ka/anc&
Ta.i$ S 0unai7NKa$eeR 0unai77a$eeR 0unai--idu77a.
Te$u%u S 0i$iBadu%uR 0i$$ee adu%u
Urdu S Kaunc&
@ESCR,0T,ON
a) 6acr"sc"-ic
R"" $"n%R ; .. "r ."re in &ic7nessR &ardR &a/in% $aera$ r""sR dar7 (r"=n "
($ac7T 3racureR 3i(r"usT "d"ur and ase n" disinc)

2
() 6icr"sc"-ic
R"" s&"=s a narr"= c"r7 c"nsisin% "3 * "r 5 r"=s "3 an%enia$$B e$"n%aed ce$$sT
sec"ndarB c"re' narr"= c"nsisin% "3 2 " 5 r"=s "3 &inN=a$$edR -arenc&B.a"us ce$$sR a
3e= c"nainin% (r"=nis& c"nensT sec"ndarB -&$"e. =ideR 3"r.in% (u$7 "3 &e (ar7 in &e
3"r. "3 $"n%R radia$ sri-s &a are c"nica$ due " &e .edu$$arB raBs 3unne$in% "u in &e
-&$"e. re%i"nT -&$"e. 3i(res are arran%ed in %r"u-s "r "ccasi"na$$B sin%$eT -&$"e. raBs uni
" (iseriaeT ca.(iu. disinc 1 "r 2 $aBeredT sec"ndarB 'B$e. /erB =ide c".-"sed "3 usua$
e$e.ensR /esse$s $ar%e as =e$$ as s.a$$R surr"unded (B 'B$e. -arenc&B.a and 3i(resT
.edu$$arB raBs in &e 'B$e. a$s" ."s$B uniseriaeR s".e=&a =a/BR c"nsisin% "3 radia$$B
e$"n%aed &inN=a$$ed ce$$s)
0"=der N GreB " dar7 (r"=nT s&"=s 3ra%.ens "3 c"r7R 3i(res sin%$B "r %r"u-s and 'B$e.
/esse$s)

AcidNins"$u($e as& N" ."re &an 1 -er cenR A--endi' 2)2)*)
A$c"&"$Ns"$u($e e'raci/e N" $ess &an * -er cenR A--endi' 2)2)1)

T)L)C)
T)L)C) "3 &e a$c"&"$ic e'rac "n Si$ica %e$ UGU -$ae usin% nN9uan"$ S Aceic acidS
!aer (*S1S5) s&"=s under U: (+11 n.) 3"ur 3$u"rescen D"nes a R3) 8)++R 8)51R 8)11 and
8)41 (a$$ ($ue)) On e'-"sure " ,"dine /a-"ur se/en s-"s a--ear a R3) 8)18R 8)28R 8)+4R
8)*4R 8)5?R 8);; and 8)41 (a$$ Be$$"=)) On s-raBin% =i& Nin&Bdrin and "n &eain% &e -$ae
a 118
"
C 3"r en .inues 3"ur c"ns-icu"us s-"s a--ear a R3) 8)+4R 8)*4R 8)5? and 8)41 (a$$
$i%& -in7))

CONST,TUENTS N C&"$ine

2

Rasa S Ti7aR KaYZBa
Gu[a S GuruR Sni%d&a
:QrBa S MQa
:i-Z7a S Ka]u
Kar.a S 0ia&araR Ka-&a&araR :_YBaR 9_^&a[aR 9a$BaR I"nisa`7Qr[a7araR :Zj
Q7ara[a
,60ORTANT <OR6ULAT,ONS N N
THERA0EUT,C USES N @uY]a :ra[aR 0a7/ZisZraR Ra7a-iaR KuY]&aR K_aaaR MQa 0iaR
:Za/BZd&iR I"ni Mi&i$aa
@OSE N +N1 % "3 &e dru% in &e -"=der 3"r. 3"r dec"ci"n

2
1) 9i$/a (S)97)
9,L:A (Se. 9ar7)
9i$/a c"nsiss "3 dried se. (ar7 "3 Ae%$e .ar.e$"s C"rr) (<a.) Ruaceae)R an ar.edR
.ediu. siDed ree "ccurrin% in &e -$ains and u-" 1888 . in &e &i$$s as =e$$ as cu$i/aed
&r"u%&"u &e c"unrBR -aricu$ar$B in sacred %r"/es)
SINONI6S
Sans7ri S MrQ-&a$a
Assa.ese S 9ae$R :ae$
9en%a$i S 9e$aR 9i$/a
En%$is& S 9en%a$ KuinceR 9ae$
Gujrai S 9i$$R 9i$u.
Hindi S 9e$aR Sri-&a$R 9e$
Kannada S 9i$/a
Kas&.iri S NN
6a$aBa$a. S K""/a$a.
6ara&i S 9e$R 9ae$a
OriBa S 9e$a
0unja(i S 9i$
Ta.i$ S :i$/a.
Te$u%u S 6aredu
Urdu S 9e$%iriR (9ae$)
@ESCR,0T,ON
a) 6acr"sc"-ic
9ar7 "ccurs as -ieces "3 a("u 8)5 " 1 c. &ic7R 3$a "r c&anne$$edT sur3ace r"u%&
and =arB due " a nu.(er "3 $enice$sR rid%es and 3urr"=sT 3racure "u%&R %riB in "uer
and 3i(r"us in inner re%i"nT "d"ur and aseR n" c&aracerisic)

2
() 6icr"sc"-ic
C"r7 srai3iedR an%enia$$B e$"n%aedR $i%ni3iedR =i& 3"ur " ei%& (ands a$ernain%
=i& s.a$$er ce$$s "3 2 " 11 $aBers and $ar%er ce$$s "3 2 " 28 $aBersT sec"ndarB c"re' =ideR
c"nsisin% "3 -arenc&B.aR and a $ar%e nu.(er "3 %r"u-s "3R "r s".e i.es sin%$eR &ic7
=a$$edR $i%ni3iedR s"ne ce$$s s&"=in% rans/erse sriai"ns due " radiain% cana$sT s.a$$er
"nes 11 " 1* =ide and *4 " 118 $"n% and $ar%er "nes +2 " 118 =ide and 118 " 1*8
$"n%T sec"ndarB -&$"e. c"nsisin% "3 3i(resR sie/e e$e.ens and crBsa$ 3i(reR ra/ersed
(B -&$"e. raBsT -&$"e. 3i(res $"n%R a-erin%R s&ar-$B -"ined " ($unT 3i(re %r"u-s
arran%ed in rin%sT -&$"e. raBs uni " riseriaeR (iseriae raBs (ein% ."re c".."nR
uniseriae raBs + " 1 ce$$s &i%&R =&i$e (iseriae raBs 1 " 25 ce$$s &i%&)
0"=der N Ie$$"=is&T 3ra%.ens "3 recan%u$ar e$"n%aedR $i%ni3ied c"r7 ce$$sT -ieces "3
3i(res =i& -"ined "r ($un endsT sie/e e$e.ens and crBsa$s 3i(re -iecesT uni " (iseriae
-&$"e. raBsT $i%ni3iedR &ic7N=a$$ed s"ne ce$$s in %r"u-s "r sin%$BR =i& narr"= $u.en
s&"=in% sriai"ns and .easurin% 11 " 1*8 in dia)

!aerNs"$u($e e'raci/e N" $ess &an ? -er cenR A--endi' 2)2);)

T)L)C)
T)L)C) "3 a$c"&"$ic e'rac "n Si$ica %e$ UGU -$ae usin% T"$ueneS E&B$ aceae (?5S5)
s&"=s under U):) (+11 n.) 3i/e 3$u"rescen s-"s a R3) 8)8; (%reenis& ($ue)R 8)1* (%reenis&
($ue)R 8)25R 8)+? and 8)1; (a$$ ($ue)) On e'-"sure " ,"dine /a-"ur &ree s-"s a--ear a R3)
8)1*R 8)25 and 8)?; (a$$ Be$$"=)) On s-raBin% =i& @ra%end"r33 rea%en "ne s-" a--ears a
R3) 8)25 ("ran%e))

2
CONST,TUENTS N C"u.arins and Ser"$s)

Rasa S KaYZBaR Ti7aR 6ad&ura
Gu[a S TQ7Y[aR R\7YaR La%&u
:QrBa S UY[a
:i-Z7a S Ka]u
Kar.a S @Q-anQBaR Ka-&a&araR :Za&araR Sa^%rZ&iR 0ia7araR :iYa%&na
,60ORTANT <OR6ULAT,ONS N 0uYBZnu%a C\r[aR Gra&a[Q 6i&ira TZi$aR Sudaraana
C\r[aR CandanZdi Tai$aR A[u Tai$a
THERA0EUT,C USES N C&ardiR :Za/BZd&iR M\$aR M"&aR AQsZraR Ra7ZisZraR Ku7Yia\$aR
.aa\$aR AraaR 6ed"r"%aR Gra&a[Qr"%aR 6ad&u.e&aR 0ra/Z&i7Z
@OSE N 15N+8 .$

2
;) C&a.-a7a (<$))
CA60AKA (<$"=er)
Ca.-a7a c"nsiss "3 dried (uds and 3$"=ersR inc$udin% ca$B'R "3 6ic&e$ia c&a.-aca
Linn) (<a.) 6a%n"$iaceae)R a a$$R e/er %reen reeR usua$$B u-" +8 . in &ei%& and +)5 . in
%ir& =i& a srai%& run7R 3"und in easern Hi.a$aBasR N"r&NEas ,ndia and !esern G&asT i
is -$aned &r"u%&"u ,ndia in %ardens and near e.-$es)
SINONI6S
Sans7ri S Ca.-bBaR Ha.a-uY-a
Assa.ese S NN
9en%a$i S C&a.-a7aR C&a.-a
En%$is& S G"$den C&a.-a
Gujrai S Raic&a.-"R 0i$" C&a.-"
Hindi S C&a.-a
Kannada S Sa.-i%e
Kas&.iri S NN
6a$aBa$a. S Ca.-a7a--u/
6ara&i S S"nac&an-&a
OriBa S NN
0unja(i S C&a.-a
Ta.i$ S Sa.-a%i
Te$u%u S C&au Sa.-an%i
Urdu S C&a.-a
@ESCR,0T,ON
a) 6acr"sc"-ic
@ru% c"nsiss "3 (r"7en -ieces "3 -edice$R se-a$R -ea$R an&ersR %Bn"-&"re ("rus)R
3$"=ers s"$iarBR 3ra%ranR cru.($edR ($ac7is&N(r"=n in c"$"urT se-a$ (r"=nR $inearR acueT
-ea$ dar7 (r"=nR "($"n%T sa.ens nu.er"usT an&er $inearR adnaeR inr"rseT %Bn"-&"reR
2)5N* c. $"n%T cur/ed sB$e =i& (ea7Ns&a-ed si.-$e si%.a)
2

() 6icr"sc"-ic
0edice$ NS&"=s rid%es and 3urr"=s in "u$ine =i& a sin%$e $aBered e-ider.is &a/in%
a 3e= unice$$u$ar &airsT c"re' c".-"sed "3 a =ide D"ne "3 c"$$a-sedR &inN=a$$edR
-arenc&B.a"us ce$$s &a/in% a 3e= "i$ %$"(u$esT c"$$aera$ /ascu$ar (und$e and secre"rB
ce$$s are -resenT -i& c"nsisin% "3 &inN=a$$edR "/a$ " -"$B%"na$R -arenc&B.a"us ce$$sT
irre%u$arR e$"n%aedR $i%ni3ied s"ne ce$$s is"$aed "r in %r"u-sR &a/in% narr"= $u.en and
-isR 3"und in c"re' and -i&)
Se-a$ N Sin%$e $aBered e-ider.isR s$i%&$B sinu"us in sur3ace /ie=R -resen "n ("& sur3acesR
a 3e= unice$$u$ar &airs are in "uer sur3aceT %r"und issue c".-"sed "3 &inN=a$$edR "/a$ "
-"$B%"na$R -arenc&B.a"us ce$$s &a/in% a 3e= -ris.aic crBsa$s "3 ca$ciu. "'a$aeT a 3e=
/ascu$ar (und$es -resen in %r"und issue)
0ea$ NE-ider.is sin%$e $aBered "3 recan%u$ar ce$$sR s$i%&$B sinu"us in sur3ace /ie=R
-resen "n ("& sur3acesT a 3e= 3i(r"N/ascu$ar (und$es -resen in %r"und issue a$"n% =i& a
3e= c$user crBsa$s "3 ca$ciu. "'a$ae)
0"=der N @ar7N(r"=nT s&"=s 3ra%.ens "3 -arenc&B.a"us ce$$sR (r"7en unice$$u$ar &airsR
/esse$s =i& s-ira$ &ic7enin%R a 3e= -ris.aic and c$user crBsa$s "3 ca$ciu. "'a$aeT a 3e=
irre%u$ar s&a-edR e$"n%aedR $i%ni3iedR s"ne ce$$s =i& narr"= $u.en in sin%$es "r %r"u-sT
3air$B $ar%e circu$ar " s-&erica$R (r"=n c"$"uredR nu.er"us s.""& -"$$en %rains .easurin%
1;N42 in dia) &a/in% c$ear e'ine and inine and a 3e= "i$ %$"(u$es)

A$c"&"$Ns"$u($e e'raci/e N" $ess &an ? -er cenR A--endi' 2)2)1)
3

ASSAI

T)L)C)
T)L)C) "3 a$c"&"$ic e'rac "n Si$ica %e$ UGU usin% T"$ueneS E&B$aceae (?S1) s&"=s
under U: (+11 n.) "ne 3$u"rescen s-" a R3) 8)?2 (($ue)) On e'-"sure " ,"dine /a-"ur
nine s-"s a--ear a R3) 8)28R 8)25R 8)+5R 8)*8R 8)51R 8)5;R 8);;R 8)44 and 8)?2 (a$$ Be$$"=))
On s-raBin% =i& :ani$$inNSu$-&uric acid rea%en and "n &eain% &e -$ae 3"r en .inues a
185C se/en s-"s a--ear a R3) 8)28R 8)25R 8)*8R 8)51R 8)5;R 8);; and 8)?2 ($i%& /i"$e))

CONST,TUENTS N :"$ai$e Oi$

Rasa S Ka]uR Ti7aR KaYZBaR 6ad&ura
Gu[a S La%&uR R\7Ya
:QrBa S MQa
:i-Z7a S Ka]u
Kar.a S 0iajiR Ka-&a-iZsra NZaa7aR :iYa%&naR H_dBa
,60ORTANT <OR6ULAT,ONS N Candana(a$Z$a7YZdi Tai$aR 9a$Zd&ZrBZdi Tai$a
THERA0EUT,C USES N K_.iR 6\ra7_cc&raR :Zara7aR KuY]&aR Ka[P\R :ra[a
@OSE N 0uY-a C\r[a 1N+ %.

3
4) C&ic&a (<) 0$))
C,>C (<rui 0u$-)
CidcZ c"nsiss "3 3rui -u$- =i&"u seeds "3 Ta.arindus indica Linn) (<a.)
<a(aceae)R a ."derae siDed " $ar%e e/er%reen ree u-" 2* . in &ei%& and ; . in %ir&R
cu$i/aed &r"u%&"u ,ndiaR "r se$3 s"=n in =ase -$aces and in 3"res $andsT a$s" -$aned as
a/enue rees
SINONI6S
Sans7ri S A.$i7aR TiniPi7a
Assa.ese S Ta.arR Tee$i
9en%a$i S Teu$aR Tenu$R A.($i
En%$is& S Ta.arind Tree
Gujrai S An/a$i
Hindi S ,.$i
Kannada S Hunise.a$e
Kas&.iri S NN
6a$aBa$a. S 0u$iR A.$a.
6ara&i S C&inc&
OriBa S K"inaR O.$i7a
0unja(i S ,.$iR A.$i
Ta.i$ S 0u$iR Aan/i$a.
Te$u%u S C&inR C&ina
Urdu S ,.$i
@ESCR,0T,ON
a) 6acr"sc"-ic
<rui -u$- "ccurs as a reddis&N(r"=nR ."isR sic7B .assR in =&ic& Be$$"=is&N(r"=n
3i(res are readi$B seenT "d"urR -$easanT aseR s=eeis& and acidic)

3
() 6icr"sc"-ic
<rui -u$- c"nsiss "3 &inN=a$$edR e$"n%aed " -"$B%"na$R -arenc&B.a"us ce$$s "3
c"nsidera($e siDeR ra/ersed (B a nu.(er "3 $"n% 3i(r"N/ascu$ar (und$es and &a/in% a /erB
3e= s.a$$ sarc& %ranu$esR and nu.er"us -ris.aic crBsa$s "3 ca$ciu. "'a$ae)

A$c"&"$Ns"$u($e e'raci/e N" $ess &an *1 -er cenR A--endi' 2)2)1)
!aerNs"$u($e e'raci/e N" $ess &an 5? -er cenR A--endi' 2)2);)

T)L)C)
T)L)C) "3 a$c"&"$ic e'rac "n Si$ica Ge$ UGU usin% nN9uan"$ S Aceic acid S !aer
(5S1S*) s&"=s under U):) (+11 n.) =" s-"s a R3) 8)2; and 8)*1 (("& Be$$"=is& ($ue)) On
e'-"sure " ,"dine /a-"ur 3i/e s-"s a--ear a R3) 8)2;R 8)*1R 8)5;R 8)15 and 8)4; (a$$
Be$$"=)) On s-raBin% =i& 5V 6e&an"$icNSu$-&uric acid rea%en and &eain% &e -$ae a
185C 3"r en .inues 3i/e s-"s a--ear a R3) 8)*1R 8)5;) 8)15R 8);1 and 8)4; (a$$ %reB)

CONST,TUENTS N ,n"r%anic acidsR Su%arsR Sa-"nin and (ier -rinci-$e N Ta.arindinca

Rasa S A.$aR 6ad&uraR KaYZBa
3
Gu[a S GuruR R\7YaR Sara
:QrBa S UY[a
:i-Z7a S A.$a
Kar.a S Ka-&a/ZanuR @Q-anaR 9asiaudd&i7araR 9&ediR :iY]a.(&iR @Q-anaR
H_dBa
,60ORTANT <OR6ULAT,ONS N Man7&a @rZ/a7aR Man7&a:a]Q
THERA0EUT,C USES N Udarar"%aR A%ni.ZndBaR Ar"ca7aR 0a7ia\$aR T_Y[ZR K$a.aR Mra.aR
9&rZniR K_.iR Kar[aa\$aR NZPQ :ra[a
@OSE N *N18 % "3 &e dru%

3
?) @adi.a (<r)<rui))
@,6A (<res& <rui)
@ZPi.a c"nsiss "3 3res& 3rui "3 0unica %ranau. Linn) (<a.) 0unicaceae)R a $ar%e
decidu"us s&ru( "r a s.a$$ reeT 3"und %r"=in% =i$d in &e /a$$eB and "uer &i$$s "3
Hi.a$aBasR (e=een ?88 and 1488 . and cu$i/aed in .anB -ars "3 &e c"unrB)
SINONI6S
Sans7ri S @ana(QjaR Lf&ia-uY-a
Assa.ese S @a$i.
9en%a$i S @adi.aR @a$i.%ac&R @a$i.
En%$is& S 0".ena%rae
Gujrai S @ada.R @ada. -&a$a
Hindi S AnarR AnarN7eN-er
Kannada S @a$i.(aR @a$i.(e &a"nu
Kas&.iri S NN
6a$aBa$a. S 6a&a$a.
6ara&i S @a$i.(a
OriBa S @a$i.(a
0unja(i S Anar
Ta.i$ S 6adu$a. 0aD&a.
Te$u%u S @adi.(a7aBaR @adi..a
Urdu S Anar
@ESCR,0T,ON
a) 6acr"sc"-ic
<rui a (a$ausaR %$"("seR * " 4 c. dia.T de-ressedR ($un$B 5 " 4 an%$ed and i--ed
=i& -ersisen ca$B' a$"n%=i& =i&ered sa.ensT c"riace"usR s.""&T Be$$"=is& (r"=n "r
redT "d"urR n" disincT car-e$ 3"ur " 3i/eR =i& -a-erBR &inN=a$$edR 3used in 2 =&"r$sR
seeds nu.er"usR c".-ressed =i& a =&iis&N-in7 "r (ri%& redR rans-arenR 3$es&B esaT
3
aseR s"ur " s=eeT seed a--ears &ardR an%u$arR =&ie " (u33 =i& an asrin%en ase)

() 6icr"sc"-ic
3

<"rei%n .aer Ni$
T"a$ As& Ni$
AcidNins"$u($e as& Ni$
A$c"&"$Ns"$u($e e'raci/e Ni$
!aerNs"$u($e e'raci/e Ni$

Rasa S A.$aR 6ad&uraR KaYZBa
Gu[a S La%&uR Sni%d&a
:QrBa S UY[a
:i-Z7a S 6ad&ura
Kar.a S :Za&araR 0ia&araR Ka-&a&araR @Q-anaR 0ZcanaR RucBaR GrZ&QR
6u7&a%and&a&araR H_dBaR 6ed&BaR Mra.a&araR Mu7ra$aR Tar-a7aR :arc"/i(and&anQBaR 9a$BaR
6ed&Ba
,60ORTANT <OR6ULAT,ONS N @Zd&i7a G&_aR @ZPi.ZY]a7a C\r[aR 9&Zs7ara$a/a[a
C\r[aR 9_&a C&Z%a$ZdBa G&_a
THERA0EUT,C USES N @Z&aR 2/araR T_Y[ZR KZsaR .a/ZaR AQsZraR Ra7a-iaR Ar"ca7a
@OSE N 15N+8 .$

3
18) @adi.a (<) Rind))
@,6A (<rui Rind)
@ZPi.a c"nsiss "3 dried 3rui rind (-ericar-) "3 0unica %ranau. Linn) (<a.)
0unicaceae)R a $ar%e decidu"us s&ru( "r a s.a$$ reeR 3"und =i$d in &e =ar. /a$$eBs "3 &e
"uer &i$$s "3 Hi.a$aBas (e=een ?88 " 1488 . and a$s" cu$i/aed in .anB -ars "3 &e
c"unrB)
SINONI6S
Sans7ri S Lf&i]a-uY-aR @an]a(Qja
Assa.ese S @a$i.
9en%a$i S @adi.aR @a$i.R @a$i.%ac&
Kas&.iri S NN
6a$aBa$a. S 6a&a$a.
6ara&i S @a$i.(a
OriBa S @a$i.(a
0unja(i S Anar
Urdu S Anar
@ESCR,0T,ON
a) 6acr"sc"-ic
@ru% "ccurs in 8)1 " 8)5 c. &ic7R ."re "r $ess c"nca/eR sa$/erN s&a-ed -iecesR
s".e -ieces s&"=in% residua$ car-e$ =a$$s and s".e &a/in% -ersisen ""&ed ca$B' u(e
a$"n%=i& =i&ered sa.ensR sB$es and a 3e= seedsT c"riace"usR "u%& and near$B s.""&T
(r"=n " reddis&N(r"=n e'erna$$B and (r"=nis&NBe$$"= inerna$$BT (earin% i.-ressi"ns $e3
3
(B seedsT 3racureR s&"rT "d"ur n" disincT aseR asrin%en)

() 6icr"sc"-ic
E-icar- sin%$e $aBered c"/ered =i& &ic7 cuic$eT .es"car- c"nsiss "3 a =ide D"ne
"3 "/a$ " -"$B%"na$ &in =a$$ed -arenc&B.a"us ce$$sT a 3e= 3i(r"N/ascu$ar (und$esR
annini3er"us /esse$sR secre"rB cana$sR "i$ %$"(u$esR sin%$e and a nu.(er "3 %r"u-s "3 r"und
"r "/a$ " e$"n%aed s"ne ce$$sR si.-$e and c".-"und sarc& %rains &a/in% 2 "r +
c".-"nens =i& c"ncenric sriai"ns and cenra$ &i$u.R and r"see crBsa$s "3 ca$ciu.
"'a$ae -resen in .es"car-)
0"=der N Ie$$"=is&N(r"=nT s&"=s sin%$e "r %r"u-s "3 s"ne ce$$sT "/a$ " -"$B%"na$R
-arenc&B.a"us ce$$s in sur3ace /ie=T /esse$s =i& sca$ari3"r. &ic7enin%R annini3er"us
/esse$s and a 3e= r"see crBsa$s "3 ca$ciu. "'a$ae and r"unded " "/a$ sarc& %rainsR
.easurin% + " 5 in dia)


T)L)C)
T)L)C "3 a$c"&"$ic e'rac "n Si$ica %e$ UGU -$ae usin% C&$"r"3"r.S E&B$aceae S
<"r.ic acid (5S*S1) s&"=s in /isi($e $i%& "ne s-" a R3) 8);* (($uis& %reB)) Under U):)
(+11 n.) "ne 3$u"rescen D"ne is /isi($e a R3) 8);* (dar7 ($ue)) On e'-"sure " ,"dine
/a-"ur =" s-"s a--ear a 8);* (dirB Be$$"=) and 8)?5 (Be$$"=)) On s-raBin% =i& 18V
a#ue"us <erric c&$"ride rea%en "ne s-" a--ears a R3) 8);*)(($ue)) On s-raBin% =i& 5V
3
6a&an"$icNSu$-&uric Acid and &eain% &e -$ae 3"r en .inues a 118C =" s-"s a--ear
a R3) 8);* ((r"=nis& %reB) and 8)?5 (/i"$e)

CONST,TUENTS N Tannic acidR Su%ar and Gu.

Rasa S KaYZBaR A.$a
:QrBa S AnuY[a
:i-Z7a S Ka]u
Kar.a S :Za Ka-&a&araR :ra[ar"-a7aR GrZ&Q
,60ORTANT <OR6ULAT,ONS N K&adirZdi Gu]i7ZR 6_asadjQ/anQ SurZR Ka$BZ[a7a G&_aR
6aricZdi Gu]i7ZR NQ$i7ZdBa Tai$a
THERA0EUT,C USES N @Z&aR 2/araR Ka[]&a R"%aR 6u7&a daur%and&BaR AruciR A.$a-iaR A
QsZraR 0ra/Z&i7ZR Ra7a-iaR Ra7a/i7ZraR KZsa
@OSE N 0"=der +N1 %

3
11) @adi.a (L3))
@,6A (Lea3)
@ZPi.a @adi.a c"nsiss "3 dried $ea3 "3 0unica %ranau. Linn) (<a.) 0unicaceae)R a
s.a$$ decidu"us s&ru( "r s.a$$ reeR 3"und =i$d in &e =ar. /a$$eBs "3 &e "uer &i$$s "3
Hi.a$aBas (e=een ?88 " 1488 . and a$s" cu$i/aed in .anB -ars "3 &e c"unrB)
SINONI6S
Sans7ri S Lf&ia-uY-aR @an]a(Qja
Assa.ese S @a$i.
9en%a$i S @adi.aR @a$i.R @a$i.%ac&
Kas&.iri S NN
6a$aBa$a. S 6a&a$a.
6ara&i S @a$i.(a
OriBa S @a$i.(a
0unja(i S Anar
Urdu S Anar
@ESCR,0T,ON
a) 6acr"sc"-ic
Lea/es 2 " 4 c. $"n%R 8); " 2)8 c. (r"adR "($"n%R $ance"$aeR acueR enireR
%$a(r"usR %reBis&N%reen " Be$$"=is&N%reen)

4
() 6icr"sc"-ic
Lea3N
0ei"$e N s&"=s sin%$e $aBered e-ider.is c"/ered (B &in cuic$eR e-ider.is 3"$$"=ed (B 2 "r
+ $aBered c"$$enc&B.a"us &B"der.isT sin%$eR (ic"$$aera$R crescenNs&a-edR /ascu$ar (und$e
siuaed in cenreT res "3 &e issues (e=een /ascu$ar (und$e and &B-"der.is c"nsiss "3 +
$aBers "r ."reR "/a$ " -"$B%"na$R &inN=a$$edR -arenc&B.a"us ce$$sR s".e &a/in% r"see
and a 3e= -ris.aic crBsa$s "3 ca$ciu. "'a$ae)
6idri( Ns&"=s sin%$e $aBered e-ider.is c"/ered (B a &in cuic$eR e-ider.is 3"$$"=ed (B 2
"r + $aBers "3 r"und " an%u$ar c"$$enc&B.a"us ce$$sT (enea& c"$$enc&B.a + "r * $aBers "3
-arenc&B.a -resenR s".e c"nainin% a 3e= r"see and -ris.aic crBsa$s "3 ca$ciu.
"'a$aeR si.-$e and c".-"und sarc& %rainsR c"nsisin% "3 2 "r + c".-"nensR r"und " "/a$
s&a-edR .easurin% 5)5 " 4)5 in dia)T /ascu$ar (und$e siuaed cenra$$BR si.i$ar " &a "3
-ei"$e)
La.ina Ns&"=s e-ider.is "n ("& sur3acesR sin%$e $aBeredT -a$isade sin%$e $aBeredT s-"n%B
-arenc&B.a + "r * $aBeredT idi"($as c"nainin% /erB $ar%e s"$iarB crBsa$ "3 ca$ciu.
"'a$aeT a 3e= s.a$$ s"$iarB ca$ciu. "'a$ae crBsa$s a$s" -resen in s-"n%B -arenc&B.aT
-a$isade rai" * " 1T s".aa$ inde' 12 " 25T an"."cBic s".aaR -resen "n$B "n $"=er
sur3ace)
0"=der N GreBis&N%reenT s&"=s s-ira$ /esse$sR -a$isade and s-"n%B -arenc&B.a ce$$sR
r"see and -ris.aic crBsa$s "3 ca$ciu. "'a$aeT 3ra%.ens "3 u--er and $"=er e-ider.is
=i& (eaded srai%& =a$$ed and sinu"us =a$$ed res-eci/e$B in sur3ace /ie=R si.-$eR r"und
" "/a$R sarc& %rain .easurin% 5)5 " 4)5 in dia)R and c"5.-"und sarc& %rains &a/in% 2
"r + c".-"nens)

T"a$ As& N" ."re &an 18)5 -er cenR A--endi' 2)2)+)

T)L)C)
T)L)C) "3 a$c"&"$ic e'rac "3 &e dru% "n Si$ica %e$ UGU -$ae usin% 9enDeneS
E&B$aceae (?S 1) /J/ s&"=s in /isi($e $i%& 3"ur s-"s a R3) 8)81 ($i%& %reen)R 8)*4 ($i%&
4
%reen)R 8)14 ($i%& %reen) and 8);? (%reen)) Under U):) (+11 n.) 3"ur 3$u"rescen D"nes
/isi($e a R3) 8)81R 8)1*R 8)5* and 8)?* (a$$ ($ue)) On e'-"sure " ,"dine /a-"ur nine s-"s
a--ear a R3) 8)82R 8)8?R 8)+4R 8)12R 8)11R 8);1R 8)4;R 8)?1 and 8)?; (a$$ Be$$"=)) On s-raBin%
=i& 5V 6e&an"$icN0&"s-&"."$B(dic acid rea%en and &eain% &e -$ae a 185C 3"r en
.inues nine s-"s a--ear a R3) 8)81R 8)18R 8)++R 8)*1R 8)5*R 8)12R 8);?R 8)4? and 8)?; (a$$
%reB))

CONST,TUENTS N Tannins and NSi"ser"$

Rasa S KaYZBaR Ti7a
Gu[a S La%&u
:QrBa S MQa
:i-Z7a S Ka]u
Kar.a S Ka-&a&araR @Q-anaR RucBa
THERA0EUT,C USES N AruciR A%ni.ZndBaR AQsZraR 0ra/Z&i7ZR K_.iR Ra7a-iaR KZsaR
2/araR 6u7&a-Z7a
@OSE N 0ara S/arasa S 5N18 .$0ara Ka$7a S 5N18 %

4
12) @e/adaru (H)!d))
@E:A@RU (Hear !""d)
@e/adZru c"nsiss "3 dried &ear =""d "3 Cedrus de"dara (R"'()) L"ud) (<a.)
0inaceae)R a /erB $ar%e and a$$ e/er %reen reeR u-" ;5. in &ei%& and ran%in% 3r". 2)* " +)1
. in %ir&R "ccasi"na$$B e/en u-" 1+)5 . in %ir&R 3"und in N"r& !esern Hi.a$aBas 3r".
Kas&.ir " Gar&=a$R (e=een 1288 " +888 . and a$s" cu$i/aed in Ku.a"n)
SINONI6S
Sans7ri S 9&adradZruR Sura(&\ru&aR A.aradZruR @b/a7ZY&aR @ZruR SuradZruR
A.araaru
Assa.ese S S&ajar Tu$jeen
9en%a$i S @e/dar""
En%$is& S @e"darR Hi.a$aBan Cedar
Gujrai S @e/darR Te$iB" @e/dar
Hindi S @e/darR @e/dar""
Kannada S @ee/dar
Kas&.iri S NN
6a$aBa$a. S @e/ara.
6ara&i S @e/darR Te$Ba @edar""
OriBa S NN
0unja(i S @iBarR @e=dar
Ta.i$ S @e/dar""
Te$u%u S @e/dari C&euR @e/daree
Urdu S @e"dar
@ESCR,0T,ON
a) 6acr"sc"-ic
!""d ."derae$B &ardR $i%& Be$$"=is&N(r"=n " (r"=nT =""d s-$is readi$B
$"n%iudina$$BT annua$ rin%s =e$$ .ar7edT .edu$$arB raBs a--ear as =&iis& $inesT resin
4
cana$sR i3 -resenR arran%ed in $"n% an%enia$ r"=sR s&"=in% u- as dar7R narr"= $ine "n &e
radia$ sur3ace "3 &e =""d -iecesT "d"urR ar".aicT aseR n" disinc)

() 6icr"sc"-ic
6aure =""d a$."s enire$B "3 narr"=R #uadran%u$ar "r rare$B 3i/e "r si' sided
rac&eidsR &a/in% /erB &ic7N=a$$ =i& -is and a narr"= $u.enT 'B$e. raBs /erB 3ineR
nu.er"us and run srai%& &r"u%&"u &e re%i"nR uniseriae and 2 " 11 ce$$s &i%& in
an%enia$ seci"nT /esse$s a(sen)
0"=der N 9r"=nis&NBe$$"= in c"$"ur and "i$BR s&"=s enire "r 3ra%.ens "3 rac&eids and
'B$e. raB ce$$s)

!aerNs"$u($e e'raci/e N" $ess &an 1)5 -er cenR A--endi' 2)2);)

T)L)C)
T)L)C) "3 a$c"&"$ic e'rac "n Si$ica %e$ UGU usin% T"$ueneS E&B$aceae (?S1) s&"=s
under U):) (+11 n.) si' 3$u"rescen D"nes a R3) 8)11) 8)14) 8)+2) 8)*1R 8)15 and 8);5 (a$$
($ue)) On e'-"sure " ,"dine /a-"ur se/en s-"s a--ear a R3) 8)1*) 8)*2) 8)51R 8)1;R 8);4R
8)4* and 8)?2 (a$$ Be$$"=)) On s-raBin% =i& 6e&an"$icNSu$-&uric acid rea%en and "n
&eain% &e -$ae 3"r en .inues a 185C ei%& s-"s a--ear a R3) 8)18 (/i"$e)R 8)14
(/i"$e)R 8)52 (%reB)R 8)1* (/i"$e)R 8);1 (/i"$e)) 8);4 (/i"$e)) 8)4? (/i"$e)R 8)?2 (%reen))

4

CONST,TUENTS N Ter-en"idsR <$a/"n"ids and G$Bc"sides)

Rasa S Ti7a
:QrBa S UY[a
:i-Z7a S Ka]u
Kar.a S :Za&araR Ka-&a&araR @uY]a/ra[a M"d&a7a
,60ORTANT <OR6ULAT,ONS N K&adirZriY]aR @aaa.\$ZriY]aR @e/adZr/ZriY]aR 6_asadj
Q/anQ SurZR Kar-\rZdBar7aR 0ra.e&a.i&ira Tai$aR CandanZdi C\r[aR Sudaraana C\r[aR
NZraBa[a Tai$aR 0radarZna7a Lau&aR :Zara7Zna7a Lau&aR 6a&Z :iYa%ar(&a Tai$a
THERA0EUT,C USES N :i(and&aR d&.ZnaR M"&aR TandrZR Hi77ZR 2/araR 0ra.e&aR 0QnasaR
KZsaR Ka[P\R K_.iR KuY]&aR .a/ZaR Ra7a/i7ZraR S\i7Zr"%a
@OSE N +N1 % "3 &e dru% in -"=der 3"r.

4
1+) @&aura (!)0))
@HATTARA (!&"$e 0$an)
@&a\ra c"nsiss "3 dried =&"$e -$an "3 @aura .ee$ Linn) SBn) @) 3asu"sa L)T
(<a.) S"$anaceae)R "ccurrin% =i$d &r"u%&"u &e c"unrB)
SINONI6S
Sans7ri S Kana7aR Un.aaR @&usura
Assa.ese S @&aura
9en%a$i S @&aura
En%$is& S !&ie T&"rn A--$e
Gujrai S @&anur"
Hindi S NN
Kannada S U..aiR 6ada%una7iR @a&ura
Kas&.iri S NN
6a$aBa$a. S U..anR U..aR U..au
6ara&i S @&"ra
OriBa S @udura
0unja(i S @&aura
Ta.i$ S U.aai
Te$u%u S Te$$aNu..e&a
Urdu S @&aura
@ESCR,0T,ON
a) 6acr"sc"-ic
R"" N CB$indrica$ =i& $aera$ (ranc&esR (r"=n c"$"uredR r"u%& due " 3issures and
r"" scarsT 3racureR s-$inerBT "d"urR n" c&aracerisicT aseR (ier)
Se. N @ic&""."us$B (ranc&edR cB$indrica$R ($ac7is&Ndar7 " -ur-$e c"$"urR inern"de /erB
s&"rT 3racureR s&"rT "d"urR n" c&aracerisicT aseR (ier)
4
Lea3 N 0ei"$aeR -u(escenT 1 " 11 c. $"n%R 2 " 4 c. (r"adT "/aeR acueR re-and and
denaeR (u s".ei.es enireR (ase une#ua$R "d"urR n" c&aracerisicT aseR (ier)
<$"=er N Sa$7edR sa$7 3ine$B -u(escenR ca$B' u-" 18 c. $"n%R u(u$arR $"(es acu.inaeT
c"r"$$a -ur-$e "r -ur-$e in%ed "usideR u-" 15 c. $"n%R usua$$B d"u($eR s".ei.e ri-$e (+
=&"r$s)R 3unne$Ns&a-edR $"(es 5 3"r eac& =&"r$T sa.en N5R e-i-ea$"us =i&Nc"nni/en
an&ersR an&er 18 " 12 .. $"n%T %Bn"eciu.N(icar-e$$arBR car-e$s -$aced "($i#ue$B in
re$ai"n " ."&er a'isR -$acenai"n a'i$eR -$acena s="$$enR "/u$e nu.er"us)
<rui N Ca-su$eR "/ae " "("/ae =i& -ersisen re3$e'ed ca$B'T a("u * c. $"n%R + c.
=ideR c"/ered =i& s&"rR s"uR s-inesT aseR (ier and acrid)
Seed N Li%& (r"=nR reni3"r.R c".-ressedR 3$aenedR 8)* " 8)5 c. $"n%R and 8)* c. =ideR
3"/eaeR sur3ace 3ine$B -iedT aseR (ier and acrid (=arnin% N-"is"n"us))

() 6icr"sc"-ic
R"" N S&"=s * " ; $aBers "3 &inN=a$$edR recan%u$ar c"r7 ce$$sT sec"ndarB c"re'
c".-"sed "3 + " * $aBersR &inN=a$$edR -arenc&B.a"usR an%enia$$B e$"n%aed ce$$sT
sec"ndarB -&$"e. c".-"sed "3 usua$ e$e.ensR ra/ersed (B -&$"e. raBsT sec"ndarB 'B$e.
c".-"sed "3 usua$ e$e.ensT /esse$s =" B-es =i& s-ira$ &ic7enin% "r =i& ("rdered -isT
'B$e. raBs 1 " * ce$$s =ideT sandB .icr"s-&en"ida$ crBsa$ "3 ca$ciu. "'a$ae scaered in
&e sec"ndarB c"re' and -&$"e. -arenc&B.a)
Se. N S&"=s a sin%$e $aBeredR e-ider.is c"/ered (B sriaedR &ic7 cuic$e &a/in% a 3e=
unice$$u$ar ric&".esR 3"$$"=ed (B 2 "r + $aBeredR ru-uredR recan%u$ar c"r7 ce$$sT
sec"ndarB c"re' c"nsisin% "3 * " ; $aBeredR c"$$enc&B.a"us and 2 " 5 $aBered
-arenc&B.a"us ce$$sT end"der.is disincR c"nainin% sarc& %rainsT -ericBc$e c"nsiss "3 1
"r 2 $aBers "3 -arenc&B.a and -ericBc$ic 3i(res in sin%$es "r %r"u-s "3 2 "r + "r ."reT
sec"ndarB -&$"e. c".-"sed "3 sie/e e$e.ens and -arenc&B.a (u n" 3i(resT sec"ndarB
'B$e. c".-"sed "3 /esse$sR rac&eidsR 3i(res and -arenc&B.aT /esse$s =i& s-ira$
&ic7enin% and -isT sandB crBsa$s "3 ca$ciu. "'a$ae are 3"und scaered in sec"ndarB
c"re' and -&$"e. -arenc&B.aT sarc& %rains "/a$ " r"undedR si.-$eR .easurin% + " ;
in dia)R -resen in sec"ndarB c"re' and -&$"e. -arenc&B.a)
Lea3
4
0ei"$e N s&"=s -$an"Nc"n/e' "u$ineR cuicu$arised sin%$e $aBered e-ider.isR 3"$$"=ed (B
c"re' c".-"sed "3 ; "r 4 r"=s "3 r"und " -"$B%"na$R &ic7N=a$$edR c"$$enc&B.a ce$$s and
2 "r + r"=s "3 &inN=a$$edR r"und " -"$B%"na$R -arenc&B.a ce$$sT /ascu$ar (und$es
(ic"$$aera$ in a disc"ninu"us rin%R nu.(er "3 sandB .icr"s-&en"ida$R a 3e= r"see and
-ris.aic crBsa$s "3 ca$ciu. "'a$ae -resen in c"re' and -i& re%i"n)
6idri( N s&"=s si.i$ar srucure " &a "3 -ei"$eT c"$$enc&B.a =e$$ de/e$"-ed in (asa$
re%i"n and -""r$B in .idd$e and u--er re%i"nT c"re' and end"der.a$ ce$$s c"nainin%
si.-$e and c".-"undR "/a$ " r"undR ."s$B eccenric sarc& %rains .easurin% 2 " * in
dia) =i& 2 "r + c".-"nensT c"rica$ ce$$s $ar%e &e'a%"na$ " r"undR =i&"u anB crBsa$s)
La.ina N s&"=s cuicu$arised sin%$e $aBered e-ider.a$ ce$$s (earin% ("& %$andu$ar and n"nN
%$andu$ar ric&".es "n ("& sur3acesT n"nN%$andu$ar ric&".es uniseriaeR ."s$B
.u$ice$$u$arT a 3e= unice$$u$ar ric&".es =i& =arB sur3aceT %$andu$ar ric&".es s&"rR
sa$7ed =i& .u$ice$$u$arR %$"("se &eadT .es"-&B$$ di33ereniaed in" -a$isade -arenc&B.a
"3 sin%$e $aBer and s-"n%B -arenc&B.a "3 1 " 4 $aBersR &a/in% nu.er"us r"see and a 3e=
.icr" s-&en"ida$ crBsa$s "3 ca$ciu. "'a$aeT s".aa anis"cBicR -resen "n ("& sur3acesT
s".aa$ inde' 11 " 1; "n u--er sur3aceR 1; " 2+ "n $"=er sur3aceT -a$isade rai" 5 " 1T
/ein is$e nu.(er 1? " 22 -er s#) ..)
Seed N S&"=s an "u$ine =i& (u$%es a + -$acesR sin%$e $aBered e-ider.is =i& e$"n%aed
ce$$sT seed c"a c"nsiss "3 &ic7N=a$$edR $i%ni3iedR sc$erenc&B.a"us ce$$sR 3"r.in% c$u(
s&a-ed srucureR 3"$$"=ed (B + " 5 $aBeredR ."re "r $ess an%enia$$B e$"n%aedR
-arenc&B.a"us ce$$sT end"s-er. c".-"sed "3 -"$B%"na$R &inN=a$$edR -arenc&B.a"us
ce$$s 3i$$ed =i& a$eur"ne %rains and a(undan "i$ %$"u($esR e.(rB" ."re "r $ess cur/ed)
0"=der N GreBis&N(r"=nT s&"=s 3ra%.ens "3 ("& %$andu$ar and n"nN%$andu$ar ric&".esT
%$andu$ar ric&".es s&"r sa$7ed =i& .u$ice$$u$ar %$"("se &eadsT n"n %$andu$ar ric&".es
un(ranc&edR $"n%R ."s$B .u$ice$$u$arR a 3e= unice$$u$ar ric&".es =i& =arB sur3acesT
anis"cBic s".aaR /esse$s =i& s-ira$ &ic7enin%R a 3e= sandB .icr" s-&en"ida$ and r"see
crBsa$s "3 ca$ciu. "'a$aeT si.-$eR "/a$ " r"und sarc& %rains .easurin% 2 " ; in dia)R
and c".-"und sarc& %rains =i& 2 "r + c".-"nens)

4

T)L)C)
T)L)C) "3 a$c"&"$ic e'rac "n Si$ica %e$ UGU -$ae usin% C&$"r"3"r.S 6e&an"$
(48S28) s&"=s under U):) (+11 n.) &ree 3$u"rescen D"nes a R3) 8)15 (($ue)R 8)1; (-in7)
and 8)?4 (-in7)) On e'-"sure " ,"dine /a-"ur nine s-"s a--ear a R3) 8)8;R 8)15R 8)+;R
8)*4R 8)11R 8)1;R 8)4+R 8)4? and 8)?4 (a$$ Be$$"=)) On s-raBin% =i& @ra%end"r33 rea%en
3"$$"=ed (B s"diu. nirie s"$ui"nR =" s-"s a--ear a R3) 8)11 and 8)?4 (("& "ran%e
Be$$"=))

CONST,TUENTS N A$7a$"ids (HB"scine) and =" =i&an"$ide G$uc"sides (@&aura.ee$in
A G 9)

Rasa S Ka]uR KaYZBaR 6ad&uraR Ti7a
Gu[a S TQ7Y[aR Guru
:QrBa S UY[a
:i-Z7a S Ka]u
Kar.a S 6ada7ZrQR Ka-&a&araR A%ni :_dd&i7araR :ar[BaR 2Z`%a.a :iYa&ara
,60ORTANT <OR6ULAT,ONS N Kana7Zsa/aR E7Z`%a/Qra RasaR 0uY-ad&an/a RasaR
Tri(&u/ana KQri RasaR Mri 2aBa.a`%a$a RasaR La%&u :iYa%ar(&a Tai$aR :iYaindu7a Tai$aR
@&a\ra Tai$a
4
THERA0EUT,C USES N KZsaR M/ZsaR 2/araR KuY]&aR :ra[aR 6\ra7_cc&raR T/a7 @"YaR I\7a
Li7YaR K_.iR A$ar7a :iYaR Kar.a NZPQR Ka[P\R ,ndra$u-aR 0ZdadZ&aR Sanas&ia 0QPZR
Un.Zda
@OSE N 188 N 288 .%

5
1*) @ur/a (!)0))
@AR: (!&"$e 0$an)
@\r/a c"nsiss "3 dried =&"$e -$an "3 CBn"d"n dacB$"n (Linn)) 0ers) (<a.)
0"aceae)R an e$e%anR enaci"usR -erennia$R cree-in% %rass %r"=in% &r"u%&"u &e c"unrB and
ascendin% " 2**8 .)
SINONI6S
Sans7ri S Maa-ar/aR Maa/a$$iR NQ$ad\r/a
Assa.ese S Us&(
9en%a$i S @""r/aR Nee$ @""r/a
En%$is& S Cree-in% CBn"d"nR @&u( Grass
Gujrai S @&r"R K&add&r"R Lee$"d&r"R Nee$ad&r"
Hindi S @""(R Nee$ee @""(
Kannada S Gari7aiNHa$$uR Gari7eR Gari7 Ha$$u
Kas&.iri S NN
6a$aBa$a. S Karu7R Karu7a--u$$u
6ara&i S Har$eeR Nee$ dur/aR HarBa$i
OriBa S NN
0unja(i S @u(ea
Ta.i$ S Aru7a.-i$$u
Te$u%u S @""$uR Har/a$iR Garic&%addi
Urdu S @""( G&as
@ESCR,0T,ON
a) 6acr"sc"-ic
R"" N<i(r"usR cB$indrica$R u-" * .. &ic7R .inue &airN$i7e r""s arise 3r". &e
.ain r""sT crea. c"$"ured)
Se. NS$enderR -r"sraeR u-" 1)8 .. &ic7R j"inedR $ea3BR /erB s.""&R Be$$"=is& %reen in
c"$"ur)
Lea3 N 2 " 18 c. $"n% and 1)25 " + .. =ideR narr"=$B $inear "r $ance"$aeR 3ine$B acue
5
."re "r $ess %$auc"usR s"3R s.""&R usua$$B c"ns-icu"us$B disic&"us in &e (arren s&""s
and a &e (ase "3 &e se.sT s&ea& $i%&R %$a(r"us "r s".ei.es (eardedR $i%u$e a /erB 3ine
ci$iae ri.)

() 6icr"sc"-ic
R"" N 6aure r"" s&"=s e-i($e.a "r -i$i3er"us $aBer c".-"sed "3 a sin%$e $aBer "3
&inN=a$$edR radia$$B e$"n%aed " cu(ica$ ce$$sT &B-"der.is c".-"sed "3 1 "r 2 $aBeredR
&inN=a$$edR an%enia$$B e$"n%aed " irre%u$ar s&a-ed ce$$sT c"re' di33ereniaed in" ="
D"nesR) 1 "r 2 $aBers "3 s.a$$erR &inN=a$$edR -"$B%"na$R $i%ni3ied sc$erenc&B.a"us and * "
1 $aBers "3 $ar%er &inN=a$$edR e$"n%aed -arenc&B.a"us ce$$sT end"der.is #uie disincR
sin%$e $aBeredR &ic7N=a$$edR an%enia$$B e$"n%aed ce$$sT -ericBc$e 1 "r 2 $aBers c".-"sed
"3 &inN=a$$ed sc$erenc&B.a"us ce$$sT /ascu$ar (und$es c"nsisin% "3 'B$e. and -&$"e.R
arran%ed in a rin% "n di33eren radia$sT 'B$e. e'arc&R &a/in% usua$ e$e.ensT cenre
"ccu-ied (B =ide -i&R c".-"sed "3 "/a$ " r"unded &ic7N=a$$ed -arenc&B.a"us ce$$s
c"nainin% nu.er"us si.-$eR r"und " "/a$ "r an%u$ar sarc& %rains .easurin% * " 11 in
dia)R and c".-"und sarc& %rains &a/in% 2 " * c".-"nens
Se. N O/a$ in "u$ine =i& a $i$e de-ressi"n "n "ne sideR s&"=s a cuicu$arised e-ider.is
sin%$e $aBeredR &a/in% $i%ni3ied =a$$sT &B-"der.is 1 "r 2 $aBersR sc$erenc&B.a"usT c"re'
c".-"sed "3 + " 5 $aBers "3 r"und " "/a$ &in =a$$ed -arenc&B.a"us ce$$sT end"der.is
n" disincT -ericBc$e -resen in &e 3"r. "3 c"ninu"us rin% "3 2 " 5 $aBers "3
sc$erenc&B.a"us 3i(resT /ascu$ar (und$e c"$$aera$R c$"sed and scaered &r"u%&"u &e
%r"und .ass "3 -arenc&B.aR eac& surr"unded (B sc$erenc&B.a"us s&ea&T /esse$s si.-$eR
s-ira$R sca$ari3"r.R and annu$arT .edu$$arB raBs n" disincT 3i(res s&"rR &ic7 =a$$edR
&a/in% narr"= $u.en and -"ined i-sT sarc& %rains si.-$e and c".-"und &a/in% 2 " *
c".-"nensR -resen in c"re' and %r"und issueR si.-$e %rains .easurin% * " 11 in dia)
Lea3 N La.ina s&"=s near$B s#uare " "/a$ e-ider.is &a/in% irre%u$ar$B cuinised "uer
=a$$R (u$$i3"r. ce$$s -resen "n &e d"rsa$ side =&ic& are %r"u-ed "%e&er and $ie a &e
("". "3 a =e$$ de3ined %r""/e in (e=een &e /einsT &ese are &in =a$$ed and $ac7
c&$"r"-&B$$R e'end dee- in" &e .es"-&B$$T .es"-&B$$ n" di33ereniaed in" -a$isade and
s-"n%B -arenc&B.aT r"= "3 /ascu$ar (und$es near$B a$i7eR e'ce- &a &e .edian (und$e is
$ar%erT (und$e s&ea& sin%$eR and c"nsiss "3 &inN=a$$ed ."re "r $ess is"dia.eric
-arenc&B.a ce$$s c"nainin% c&$"r"-$asT .es"-&B$$ issue (r"7en (B 1 "r 2 &inN=a$$ed
c"$"ur$ess ce$$s =&ic& e'end 3r". (und$e s&ea& " &e &in =a$$ed -arenc&B.a"us (and "3
sere".e near u--er and $"=er e-ider.is)
0"=der N Ie$$"=is&N%reenT si.-$e -iedR sca$ari3"r.R annu$ar and s-ira$R /esse$sT s&"r
$i%ni3iedR &ic7 =a$$edR -"ined 3i(resR -aracBic s".aaT e-ider.is in sur3ace /ie=R "3
e$"n%aedR recan%u$ar $"n% ce$$s and near$B s#uare s.a$$ ce$$s &a/in% sinu"us =a$$sT si.-$e
and c".-"und sarc& %rainsR .easurin% * " 11 in dia)
5

T"a$ As& N" ."re &an ? -er cenR A--endi' 2)2)+)
AcidNins"$u($e as& N" ."re &an *)5 -er cenR A--endi' 2)2)*)
A$c"&"$Ns"$u($e e'raci/e N" $ess &an + -er cenR A--endi' 2)2)1)
!aerNs"$u($e e'raci/e N" $ess &an ?)5 -er cenR A--endi' 2)2);)

T)L)C)
T)L)C) "3 a$c"&"$ic e'rac "3 &e dru% "n Si$ica %e$ UGU -$ae usin% T"$ueneS
E&B$aceae (?8 S 18) s&"=s in /isi($e $i%& 3i/e s-"s a R3) 8)1 (%reen)R 8)*8 (Be$$"=)R 8)*5
(%reen)R 8)51 (Be$$"=) and 8)5; (%reen)) On e'-"sure " ,"dine /a-"ur si' s-"s a--ear a
R3) 8)22R 8)*8R 8)*5R 8)51R 8)5; and 8)1* (a$$ Be$$"= in c"$"ur)) On s-raBin% =i& 5V
6e&an"$icNSu$-&uric acid rea%en and &eain% &e -$ae a 185C 3"r en .inues si' s-"s
a--ear a R3) 8)22R 8)*8R 8)*5R 8)51 (a$$ %reB)R 8)5; (%reen) and 8)1* (%reB))

CONST,TUENTS N 0&en"$ic 0&B""'ins (<eru$icR SBrin%icR 0Nc"u.aricR :ani$$icR 0N
HBdr"'B(enD"ic and ONHBdr"'B-&eni$ aceic acid)

Rasa S KaYZBaR 6ad&uraR Ti7a
Gu[a S La%&u
:QrBa S MQa
:i-Z7a S 6ad&ura
5
Kar.a S 0ia&araR Ka-&a&araR Sra^sanaR RucBa
THERA0EUT,C USES N Ra7a-iaR T_Y[ZR C&ardiR @Z&aR 6\rcc&ZR :isar-aR Ra7a/i7ZraR
T/a7 R"%aR AQsZraR Ka-&aja 2/araR :Zaja 2/araR 2/araR NZsZ%aa Ra7a-ia
@OSE N S/arasa 18N28 .$

5
15) Ga.(&ari (S)97))
GA69HR (Se. 9ar7)
Ga.(&ZrQ c"nsiss "3 dried se. (ar7 "3 G.e$ina ar("rea Linn) (<a.) :er(enaceae)R a
$ar%e decidu"us reeR ."s$B 3"und in s"u&ern -eninsu$a and u-" Kas&.ir
SINONI6S
Sans7ri S Kaa.ariR Kaa.arBaR MrQ-ar[i
Assa.ese S Ga.ari
9en%a$i S Ga.ar
En%$is& S Cand&ar Tree
Gujrai S S&i/ani &annuR S&e=an
Hindi S Ga.(&ar K&a.(&ari
Kannada S S&i/aniR S&i/ani%ida
Kas&.iri S NN
6a$aBa$a. S Ku.iD&uR Ku.(i$R Ku.-i$R Ku.iD&in
6ara&i S S&i/an
OriBa S Ga.(&ari
0unja(i S Gu.&arR Ku.&ar
Ta.i$ S Ni$a7u.iD&
Te$u%u S 0e%%u.uduR 0e%%u.addi
Urdu S NN
@ESCR,0T,ON
a) 6acr"sc"-ic
6aure se. (ar7 8)2 " 8); c. &ic7R c&anne$$ed -iecesR ri((edR #ui$$ed a s".e
-$acesT "uer sur3ace Be$$"=is&N(r"=n in c"$"ur and r"u%& due " s".e $"n%iudina$ and
&"riD"na$ crac7sR inner sur3ace 3air$B s.""& and reddis&N(r"=n " ($ac7 in c"$"urT
3racureR s&"rT "d"ur and ase n" disinc)

5
() 6icr"sc"-ic
S&"=s a =ide D"ne "3 c"r7 c"nsisin% "3 recan%u$arR &ic7N=a$$edR $i%ni3ied ce$$sT
c"r7 ca.(iu. 1 "r 2 $aBersR 3i$$ed =i& reddis&N(r"=n c"nensT sec"ndarB c"re' c"nsiss
"3 2 "r + $aBersR an%enia$$B e$"n%aedR e$$i-ica$R &inN=a$$edR -arenc&B.a"us ce$$sT
sec"ndarB -&$"e. c".-"sed "3 sie/e e$e.ensR -arenc&B.a and -&$"e. raBsT -arenc&B.a
recan%u$ar " -"$B%"na$R -&$"e. raBs 1 " ; ce$$s =ideR + " 11 ce$$s &i%&T raBs * "r 5 ce$$s
=ide and 4 " 18 ce$$s &i%& ."re c".."nT s"ne ce$$s "/a$ " e$$i-ica$R $i%ni3iedR -iedR
=i& =ide $u.enT s"ne ce$$s and $Bsi%en"us ca/iies -resen &r"u%&"u -&$"e.)
0"=der N Reddis&N(r"=nT s&"=s 3ra%.ens "3 c"r7 ce$$sR &ic7N=a$$edR e$$i-ica$R $i%ni3iedR
-ied s"ne ce$$s =i& =ide $u.en)

AcidNins"$u($e as& N" ."re &an 8)+ -er cenR A--endi' 2)2)*)
!aerNs"$u($e e'raci/e N" $ess &an 2+ -er cenR A--endi' 2)2);)

ASSAI

T)L)C)
T)L)C) "3 a$c"&"$ic e'rac "3 &e dru% "n Si$ica %e$ UGU -$ae usin% C&$"r"3"r.
6e&an"$ (?5S5) s&"=s under U):) (+11 n.) n" 3$u"rescen s-") On e'-"sure " ,"dine
/a-"ur =" s-"s a--ear a R3) 8)28 and 8)18 (("& Be$$"=))

5

CONST,TUENTS N A$7a$"idsR in races)

Rasa S Ti7aR Ka]uR 6ad&ura
Gu[a S Guru
:QrBa S UY[a
:i-Z7a S Ka]u
Kar.a S Ka-&a&araR M"&a&araR @Q-anaR 0ZcanaR 6ed&BaR 9&edanaR :iYa&araR
@Z&a 0raaa.ana
,60ORTANT <OR6ULAT,ONS N CandanZsa/a
THERA0EUT,C USES N M\$aR AraaR 2/araR Ra7a-iaR T_Y[ZR 9&ra.aR M"&a
@OSE N +N5 %.

5
11) ,7s&u (R) S"c7))
,KCU (R"" S"c7)
,7Yu c"nsiss "3 r"" s"c7 "3 Sacc&aru. "33icinaru. Linn) (<a.) 0"aceae)R a -$an
%enera$$B cu$i/aed in a$$ &"er -ars "3 &e c"unrB 3"r e'raci"n "3 su%ar)
SINONI6S
Sans7ri S Asi-araR 9&urirasaR @Qr%&acc&adaR Guda.u$aR T_[arasa
Assa.ese S Ku&iBare
9en%a$i S A7&R Ganna
En%$is& S Su%arNcane
Gujrai S S&eradi
Hindi S GannaR ,7&
Kannada S ,7s&uR Ka((u
Kas&.iri S NN
6a$aBa$a. S Kari.-u
6ara&i S Us
OriBa S NN
0unja(i S Ganna
Ta.i$ S Karu.(u :er
Te$u%u S C&era7uR C&eru7u
Urdu S GannaR Nais&7ar
@ESCR,0T,ON
a) 6acr"sc"-ic
@ru% "ccurs in 3"r. "3 r"" s"c7 =i& aac&ed Be$$"=is&N(r"=n se. -"ri"nR
&a/in% 18 " 15 c. $"n%R nu.er"us %reB " ($ac7is&N(r"=n 3i(r"us r""sT s"$idR j"inedR
."re "r $ess cB$indrica$R 2 " 2)5 c. &ic7 and /arBin% in $en%&R r"u%&T 3racureR s-$inerBT
"d"ur and aseR n" disinc)

5
() 6icr"sc"-ic
R"" S"c7 N S&"=s sin%$e $aBered e-ider.is 3"$$"=ed (B + " * $aBers "3 "/a$ "
e$$i-ica$R $i%ni3iedR &ic7N=a$$ed ."re "r $ess radia$$B e$"n%aedR sc$erenc&B.a"us ce$$sT
c"re' c"nsiss "3 u--er 12 " 15 $aBers "/a$ " -"$B%"na$R &inN=a$$ed and $"=er 5 $aBersR
e$$i-ica$R -arenc&B.a"us ce$$sT end"der.is sin%$e $aBeredT -ericBc$e + "r * $aBersR
sc$erenc&B.a"usT 3i(r"N/ascu$ar (und$eR c"/ered =i& sc$erenc&B.a"us s&ea&R scaered
&r"u%&"u &e %r"und .ass "3 -arenc&B.a"us ce$$s)
R"" N S&"=s sin%$e $aBered e-ider.is "3 &inN=a$$edR recan%u$ar ce$$sR 3"$$"=ed (B a $aBer
"3 &B-"der.is "3 &inN=a$$edR recan%u$ar ce$$sR "uer c"re' c".-"sed "3 2 "r + $aBers "3
&ic7N=a$$edR -"$B%"na$ " circu$arR sc$erenc&B.a"us ce$$s 3i$$ed =i& dar7 (r"=n "r
($ac7is& -i%.enR inner c"re' c".-"sed "3 $ar%e aerenc&B.a"us ce$$sT end"der.is
c".-"sed "3 (arre$Ns&a-edR &inN=a$$ed ce$$sR enc$"sin% a $aBer "3 -ericBc$e c"nsisin% "3
recan%u$ar ce$$s &a/in% inner =a$$ &ic7enedR and /ascu$ar issueT 'B$e. and -&$"e. 3"r.
an e#ua$ nu.(er "3 se-arae (und$es) arran%ed in a rin%T cenre "ccu-ied (B a $ar%e -i&)
c".-"sed "3 circu$ar " "/a$) -arenc&B.a"usR &inN=a$$ed ce$$s)
0"=der N 9$ac7is& in c"$"urT s&"=s sc$erenc&B.a"us ce$$s "3 c"re') 'B$e. /esse$s and
3i(res) %r"u-s "3 s-ind$eNs&a-edR e$"n%aedR e-ider.a$ ce$$s in sur3ace /ie=)

!aerNs"$u($e e'raci/e N" $ess &an ; -er cenR A--endi' 2)2);)

T)L)C)
5
(*S1S5) s&"=s under /isi($e $i%& =" s-"s a R3) 8)48 and 8)?1 (("& %reB)) Under U):)
(+11 n.) 3"ur 3$u"rescen D"nes are /isi($e a R3) 8)1; ($i%& ($ue)) 8)48 (dar7 ($ue)) 8)41
($i%& ($ue) and 8)?1 (dar7 ($ue)) On e'-"sure " ,"dine /a-"ur se/era$ s-"s a--ear "u "3
=&ic& &ree s-"s are c"ns-icu"us a R3) 8)+8) 8)48 and 8)?1 (a$$ Be$$"=)) On s-raBin% =i&
5V 6e&an"$icN Su$-&uric acid rea%en and &eain% &e -$ae 3"r en .inues a 118C
se/era$ s-"s a--ear "u "3 =&ic& &ree are c"ns-icu"us a R3) 8)18) 8)41 and 8)?1 (a$$ %reB))

Rasa S 6ad&ura
Gu[a S SaraR GuruR Sni%d&a
:QrBa S MQa
:i-Z7a S 6ad&ura
Kar.a S 9_^&a[aR :_aBaR :ZaaZ.a7aR Ka-&a7araR 0ia&araR 6\ra$aR 9a$Ba
,60ORTANT <OR6ULAT,ONS N T_[a-adca.\$a K/Z&aR Su7u.ara G&_aR 9ra&.a
RasZBana
THERA0EUT,C USES N Ra7a-iaR 6\ra7_cc&raR Oj"7YaBaR NZsZ Ra7asrZ/aR Gra&a[QR
0Z[PuR KYaaja KZsaR :isar-a
@OSE N 15N+8 %. in dec"ci"n 3"r.)

6
1;) Kada$i (<$))
KA@AL (<$"=er)
Kada$Q Kada$i c"nsiss "3 dried 3$"=er "3 6usa -aradisiaca Linn) (<a.) 6usaceae)R a
."n"eci"us &er(R cu$i/aed =ide$B in &e c"unrB in ."s "3 &e saes)
SINONI6S
Sans7ri S 6"ucaR :aranaR A.(usZra
Assa.ese S Ka$R Ta$&a
9en%a$i S Ke$aR Ka$aR Kanc& Ka$a
En%$is& S 9anana
Gujrai S Ke$a
Hindi S Ke$a
Kannada S 9a$e %addeR Kadu(a$eR Kae(a$eR Kada$i
Kas&.iri S NN
6a$aBa$a. S Kada$iR Ksera7
6ara&i S Ke$R Ke$a
OriBa S Kada$iR Kadi$a
0unja(i S Ke$a
Ta.i$ S :aD&aiR 0aD&a.
Te$u%u S Arai c&eu
Urdu S Ke$a (6"uD)
@ESCR,0T,ON
a) 6acr"sc"-ic
<$"=er N,n3$"rescence s-i7eR dru% "ccurs in cu and cru.-$ed -iecesR 2)5 " *)8 c.
$"n% sessi$eR unise'ua$T ca$B' and c"r"$$a -resenT ca$B' 2)5 " * c. $"n% cru.-$edR u(u$ar
s-a&ace"usR dar7 (r"=n &a/in% rid%es and 3urr"=sT c"r"$$a 1)5 " 2)5 c. $"n%R c"nnaeR
cru.-$edR ("aNs&a-ed crea.is&NBe$$"=R .e.(ran"usR ""&ed a a-e'T sa.ens 5 g 1
rudi.enarBR 8)4 " 1)2 c. $"n% dar7 (r"=nT 3i$a.en erecR sr"n%$B 3i$i3"r.T an&ers $inearR
6
(i&ec"usT car-e$s +R sBncar-"usR "/arB in3eri"rR ri$"cu$arR eac& =i& se/era$ "/u$esT a'i$e
-$acenai"nT sB$e +)8 " *)5 c. $"n% $i%& (r"=nR 3i$i3"r.T si%.a ca-iae "r su( %$"("seR +
"r * $"(edR %reBis&N(r"=nT ase arid "d"ur n" c&aracerisic)

() 6icr"sc"-ic
Ca$B'N S&"=s &inN=a$$edR sin%$e $aBeredR u--er and $"=er e-ider.isR 3"$$"=ed (B
&in =a$$edR -arenc&B.a"us .es"-&B$$R e.(eddin% /ascu$ar (und$eR &a/in% usua$ e$e.ens
surr"unded (B s".e $ar%eR &inN=a$$edR s-ecia$ised ce$$s c"nainin% "$e"Nresin ducsR annin
ce$$s and a 3e= "i$ %$"(u$es)
C"r"$$a NS&"=s &inN=a$$edR sriaed sin%$e $aBered e-ider.is "n ei&er sur3ace and "/a$ "
-"$B%"na$ in sur3ace /ie=T .es"-&B$$ 2 "r + $aBered c"nsisin% "3 &inN=a$$edR
-arenc&B.a"us ce$$sT nu.er"us -ris.aic crBsa$s "3 ca$ciu. "'a$ae -resen in .es"-&B$$)
Andr"eciu. N <i$a.en s&"=s sin%$e $aBered e-ider.isR 3"$$"=ed (B %r"und issues
c"nsisin% "3 "/a$ " -"$B%"na$R &inN=a$$edR -arenc&B.a"us ce$$s &a/in% crescen s&a-ed
/ascu$ar (und$es and "$e"Nresin ce$$sT an&er $"(e s&"=s =" $aBered =a$$R * " 1 ce$$ed
a-eu.T -"$$en %rains s-&erica$ .easurin% 21 " *; in dia.)R s.""&R Be$$"=is&N(r"=nR
&a/in% c$earR &ic7N=a$$edR -i%.ened e'ineR &inN=a$$edR c"$"ur$ess inine)
GBn"eciu.NO/arB s&"=s sin%$e $aBeredR cuicu$arised e-ider.is 3"$$"=ed (B %r"und issue
c"nsisin% "3 "/a$R -"$B%"na$R &inN=a$$edR -arenc&B.a"us ce$$s e.(eddin% a 3e= &ic7ened
-ied ce$$sT si%.a c"nsiss "3 1 c&a.(ers &a/in% sin%$e $aBered e-ider.is)
0"=der N 9r"=nR s&"=s 3ra%.ens "3 srai%& =a$$edR -"$B%"na$R &in =a$$ed e-ider.a$R
ce$$sR si.-$e -ied ce$$sR /esse$s =i& s-ira$ &ic7enin%R anis"cBic s".aaR a 3e= -ris.aic
crBsa$s "3 ca$ciu. "'a$aeR s-&erica$R s.""&R Be$$"=is&N(r"=n -"$$en %rainsR &a/in% c$ear
e'ine and inine and .easurin% 21 " *; in dia)R a 3e= "i$ %$"(u$esR and "$e"resin ce$$sT a
3e= si.-$eR "/a$ "r irre%u$ar sarc& %rains .easurin% u-" 15 in $en%& and +5 in
=id&)
6


ASSAI

T)L)C)
T)L)C) "3 a$c"&"$ic e'rac "3 &e dru% "n Si$ica %e$ UGU usin% T"$ueneS E&B$aceae
(? S1) s&"=s under U):) (+11 n.) si' 3$u"rescen D"nes a R3) 8)8? (($ue)R 8)2+ (%reB)R 8)+1
(($ue)R 8)+1 (/i"$e)R 8)11 (($ue) and 8)?; (/i"$e)) On e'-"sure " ,"dine /a-"ur 3i/e s-"s
a--ear a R3) 8)2+R 8)+1R 8)++R 8)11 and 8)?; (a$$ Be$$"=)) On s-raBin% =i& :ani$$inN
Su$-&uric acid rea%en and &eain% &e -$ae a 185C 3"r en .inues 3"ur s-"s a--ear a
R3) 8)8?R 8)2+R 8)11 and 8)?; (a$$ ($ue))

CONST,TUENTS N Sa-"ninsR TanninsR reducin% and n"nNreducin% Su%arsR Ser"$s and
Trier-enes)

Rasa S KaYZBaR 6ad&uraR Ti7a
Gu[a S 6_du
:QrBa S UY[a
:i-Z7a S 6ad&ura
6
Kar.a S 0ianaaa7aR RucBaR Ka-&a%&naR 9a$BaR :_aBaR Sa.(&a7aR GrZ&QR @
Q-ana
,60ORTANT <OR6ULAT,ONS N He.anZ&a Rasa
THERA0EUT,C USES N K_.iR M/Zsa R"%aR Ra7a-iaR 0radara
@OSE N 18N28 %.

6
14) Karc&ura (RD))
KARCARA (R&iD".e)
Karc\ra c"nsiss "3 dried -ieces "3 r&iD".e "3 Curcu.a Ded"aria R"seR (<a.)
Oin%i(eraceae)R a $ar%e -erennia$ &er( =i& under%r"und u(er"us r""Ns"c7R %r"=in% =i$d$B
in easern Hi.a$aBas and in ."is decidu"us 3"ress "3 &e cenra$ re%i"n "3 Karnaa7aT a$s"
cu$i/aed &r"u%&"u &e c"unrB)
SINONI6S
Sans7ri S KaccuraR @ra/iPa
Assa.ese S Kauri
9en%a$i S Sa$iR E7an%iR SariR Kac&ura
En%$is& S Oed"arB
Gujrai S Kac&ur"R S&aa7ac&ur"
Hindi S Kacura
Kannada S Kac&"ra
Kas&.iri S NN
6a$aBa$a. S Kac&a$a.
6ara&i S Kac&"ra
OriBa S Kac&"ra.uR Gand&a Sun&iR Karc&ura
0unja(i S Kac&ur
Ta.i$ S Kic&i$iR KiD&an%uR Kic&i$i7i O&an%uR 0ada. KiD&an%u
Te$u%u S Kac&"ra.uR Kic&i$i Gadda
Urdu S Oara.(ad
@ESCR,0T,ON
a) 6acr"sc"-ic
@ru% "ccurs as =&"$e "r $"n%iudina$$B and an%enia$$B cu -iecesT &e =&"$e dru% 2
" 1 c. $"n%R cB$indrica$T rans/erse$B cu -ieces 2 " +)5 c. in dia)R sur3ace r"u%& due "
$"n%iudina$ =rin7$es and "ccasi"na$ -r"u(erancesT n"des and inern"des disincR a 3e=
-ieces (ear &in r"" and r"" scars a -$acesT c"$"ur e'erna$$B %reBis&N(u33 and inerna$$B
crea.T "d"urR ca.-&"race"usT aseR s$i%&$B (ier)
6

() 6icr"sc"-ic
S&"=s a &in D"ne "3 c"r7 c".-"sed "3 * " ; $aBers "3 &inN=a$$edR an%enia$$B
e$"n%aedR recan%u$ar ce$$sR s".ei.es e-ider.is inac =i& c"r7 &a/in% uniseriae
c"/erin% ric&".esT %r"und issue c"nsis "3 &inN=a$$edR circu$arR "/a$ "r -"$B%"na$R
-arenc&B.a"us ce$$sR ."s$B 3i$$ed =i& si.-$e sarc& %rains (u s".e ce$$s a$s" c"nain
Be$$"= "$e"NresinT se$ar re%i"n de.ar7ed 3r". c"re' (B s".e=&a c"$$a-sed ce$$s "3
end"der.is and c"nsiss "3 r"unded and "/a$ " -"$B%"na$ ce$$s ."s$B 3i$$ed =i& sarc&
%rains (u s".e &a/in% Be$$"= .asses "3 "$e"NresinT /ascu$ar (und$es c$"sed and c"$$aera$R
disri(ued &r"u%&"u c"rica$ and se$ar re%i"nR c"nsisin% "3 a 3e= 'B$e. and -&$"e.
e$e.ensT /ascu$ar (und$es 3"und in &e 3"r. "3 a rin% in &e c"rica$ re%i"n and in &e se$ar
re%i"nR jus (e$"= end"der.isT ."s "3 &e /ascu$ar (und$es in res "3 &e se$ar re%i"n
s.a$$er in siDe and scaeredT nu.(er "3 /esse$s in eac& (und$e /aries 3r". 2 " 18R (und$e
=i& sin%$e /esse$s (ein% /erB rareT sarc& %rains r"und " "/a$R a 3e= =i& s$i%& -r"jeci"n
a "ne end sriai"ns disincR nu.er"usT &i$u. c$e3R indisinc a &e narr"= endR 28 " ;8
in $en%& and 15 " +5 in =id&)
0"=der N GreBis&NBe$$"=T ar".aicT s&"=s 3ra%.ens "3 c"r7R "$e"Nresin ce$$sR si.-$e
circu$ar " "/a$R a(undan sarc& %rains .easurin% 28 " ;8 in $en%& and 15 " +5 in
=id&)

T"a$ As& N" ."re &an ; -er cenR A--endi' 2)2)+)
:"$ai$e "i$ N" $ess &an 2 -er cenR A--endi' 2)2)18

T)L)C)
6
T)L)C) "3 a$c"&"$ic e'rac "n Si$ica %e$ UGU -$ae usin% T"$uene E&B$aceae (?+ S ;)
/J/ s&"=s under U):) (+11 n.) 3i/e 3$u"rescen D"nes a R3) 8)25R 8)*;R 8);1 (a$$ $i%& ($ue)R
8)4+ (($ue) and 8)?; ($i%& ($ue)) On e'-"sure " ,"dine /a-"ur ei%& s-"s a--ear a R3)
8)25R 8)+*R 8)*;R 8)54R 8)1;R 8);1R 8)4+ and 8)?; (a$$ Be$$"=)) On s-raBin% =i& :ani$$inN
Su$-&uric acid rea%en and &eain% &e -$ae 3"r en .inues a 118C ei%& s-"s a--ear a
R3) 8)25 (/i"$e)R 8)+* ($i%& /i"$e)R 8)*; (/i"$e)R 8)54 (/i"$e)R 8)1; ($i%& (r"=n)R 8);1
(($uis& %reB)R 8)4+ (/i"$e) and 8)?; ($i%& (r"=n))

CONST,TUENTS N Essenia$ Oi$ and Resin)

Rasa S Ka]uR Ti7a
Gu[a S La%&uR TQ7Y[a
:QrBa S UY[a
:i-Z7a S Ka]u
Kar.a S :Za&araR Ka-&a&araR RucBaR @Q-anaR 6u7&a/aiaadBa7ara
,60ORTANT <OR6ULAT,ONS N Karc\rZdi C\r[a (Karc\rZdi Le-a)R Kar-\rZdBar7aR
S\aae7&ara Rasa
THERA0EUT,C USES N Hi77ZR M/ZsaR KZsaR KuY]&aR AraaR Gu$.aR 2/araR :ra[aR 0$Q&ZR
Ga$a%a[PaR K_.i
@OSE N 1N+ %. "3 &e dru% in -"=der 3"r.)

6
1?) Kasuri$ai7a (Sd))
KASTARLAT,K (Seed)
Kas\rQ$a7Z c"nsiss "3 seed "3 Hi(iscus a(e$."sc&us Linn) SBn) A(e$."sc&us
."sc&aus 6edi7 (<a.) 6a$/aceae)R an e/er%reen s&ru( a("u 1)22 . in &ei%& cu$i/aed in
&"er -ars "3 ,ndia)
SINONI6S
Sans7ri S NN
Assa.ese S NN
9en%a$i S Laa7asuri
En%$is& S NN
Gujrai S 9&ind"R 9&inda
Hindi S NN
Kannada S Kasuri KandeR Kadu Kasuar
Kas&.iri S NN
6a$aBa$a. S Kau Kas&uriR Kasuri Kanda
6ara&i S Kasur(&endi
OriBa S NN
0unja(i S 6us&a7 @anaR Laa Kasuri
Ta.i$ S KasuriN/endai
Te$u%u S Kasuri 9enda
Urdu S NN
@ESCR,0T,ON
a) 6acr"sc"-ic
Seeds %reBis&N(r"=n and ($ac7is&R n" /e$/eB " "uc&R 7idneBNs&a-edR s$i%&$B
c".-ressed =i& s&a$$"= de-ressi"ns "n ("& sidesR .ar7ed =i& .inue -ara$$e$ rid%es and
3urr"=sT &i$u. s.a$$ and disincT "d"urR .us7N$i7eT n" ase)

6
() 6icr"sc"-ic
S&"=s =" ine%u.ensR "uer ine%u.en 3"r.s rid%es and 3urr"=sT e-ider.is
c"nsiss "3 sin%$e $aBered an%enia$$B e$"n%aed ce$$sR 3"$$"=ed (B 1 " + $aBers "3 &inN
=a$$ed an%enia$$B e$"n%aed ce$$s in &e re%i"n "3 3urr"=sT 1 " * r"=s "3 r"undedR &ic7N
=a$$ed ce$$s c"nainin% Be$$"=is&N(r"=n .asses =i& 1 "r 2 "3 &e u--er ."s r"=s &inN
=a$$edR an%enia$$B e$"n%aed and -"ined ce$$s -resen in &e re%i"n "3 rid%esT inner
ine%u.en re-resened (B -a$isade $i7e ce$$sR c"nainin% s".e %ranu$ar .asses 3"$$"=ed (B
&in and &ic7N=a$$ed -arenc&B.aT &e &ic7N=a$$ed (ein% * " 4 $aBeredR c".-ac$B
arran%edR an%enia$$B e$"n%aedR &a/in% reddis&N(r"=n c"nensR 3"$$"=ed (B &e &inN
=a$$ed and c"$"ur$ess ce$$sT 4 " 12 $aBers "3 ce$$s $ar%eR is"dia.eric " "/a$T a sin%$e $aBer
"3 an%enia$$B e$"n%aed ce$$s -resenT c"B$ed"ns ="R c"nsisin% "3 sin%$e $aBered cu(ica$
" irre%u$ar ce$$s "3 e-ider.is c"/ered (B cuic$e and 3"$$"=ed (B a sin%$e $aBered -a$isade
$i7e ce$$sT &e res "3 &e c"B$ed"ns c"nsiss "3 * " 1 r"=s "3 &inN=a$$edR is"dia.eric ce$$s
3i$$ed =i& %ranu$ar .assesT $"=er e-ider.is c".-"sed "3 a sin%$e $aBer "3 ce$$s c"/ered
=i& cuic$e)
0"=der N GreBis&N(r"=nT s&"=s (r"=n c"$"ured -arenc&B.a ce$$sR r"undedR &ic7 =a$$ed
ce$$sR a 3e= -a$isade ce$$s and -"$B%"na$ and srai%& =a$$s e-ider.a$ ce$$s in sur3ace /ie=

<i'ed Oi$ N" $ess &an 18 -er cenR A--endi' 2)2)4
6

T)L)C)
T)L)C) "3 &e a$c"&"$ic e'rac "n Si$ica %e$ UGU -$ae usin% T"$ueneS E&B$aceae (?S
1) under U: (+11 n.) s&"=s =" 3$u"rescen D"nes a R3) 8)+1 and 8)?+ (("& ($ue)) On
e'-"sure " ,"dine /a-"ur 3i/e s-"s a--ear a R3)) 8)1?R 8)+1R 8)5+R 8);1 and 8)?+ (a$$
Be$$"=)) On s-raBin% =i& 5V 6e&an"$icNSu$-&uric acid rea%en and &eain% &e -$ae 3"r
a("u en .inues a 118C 3i/e s-"s a--ear a R3) 8)1?R 8)+1R 8)5+R 8);1 and 8)?+ (a$$
%reB)) On s-raBin% =i& 5V :ani$$inNSu$-&uric acid rea%en and &eain% &e -$ae 3"r en
.inues a 118C 3i/e s-"s a--ear a R3) 8)1?R 8)+1R 8)5+R 8);1 and 8)?+ (a$$ %reB))

CONST,TUENTS N <i'ed Oi$ and :"$ai$e Oi$s

Rasa S Ka]uR Ti7aR 6ad&ura
Gu[a S La%&u
:QrBa S MQa
:i-Z7a S 6ad&ura
Kar.a S Ca7YusBaR C&ediniR :_YBaR Ka-&a&araR 6u7&adaur%and&BanZYa7aR :asi
:ia"d&ani
,60ORTANT <OR6ULAT,ONS N Kar-\rZdBar7a
THERA0EUT,C USES N T_Y[ZR :asi R"%aR 6u7&a R"%a
@OSE N 2N* %. "3 &e dru% in -"=der 3"r.)

7
28) Kaa7a (Sd))
KATAKA (Seed)
Kaa7a c"nsiss "3 dried seed "3 SrBc&n"s -"a"ru. Linn) 3)(<a.) L"%aniaceae)R a
a$$ ree "ccurrin% -$eni3u$$B in decidu"us 3"ress in ."s "3 &e -ars "3 &e c"unrB u-"
*88.)
SINONI6S
Sans7ri S Nir.a$iR 0aBa& 0rasadisa
Assa.ese S NN
9en%a$i S Nir.a$i
En%$is& S C$earin% nu
Gujrai S Nir.a$i
Hindi S C&i$$i7a/i
Kannada S Kaa7a.R Tera.a(ara$
Kas&.iri S NN
6a$aBa$a. S Kaa7a.
6ara&i S Nir.a$
OriBa S NN
0unja(i S Nir.a$i
Ta.i$ S K"ai
Te$u%u S C&i$$a
Urdu S NN
@ESCR,0T,ON
a) 6acr"sc"-ic
Seed u-" 4 .. dia)R circu$arR ($un$B $enicu$arR s&inB =i& s&"rR a--ressed si$7B
&airsT crea.N=&ie in c"$"ur =i& a s$i%&$B -r".inen rid%e r"und &e ("rderR n" (iernessR
(Seeds "3 SrBc&n"s nu'N/".ica (ier))

7
() 6icr"sc"-ic
S&"=s esaR c"nsis.% "3 2 "r + $aBersR &ic7N=a$$edR e$"n%aedR $i%ni3ied
sc$erenc&B.a"us ce$$s c"/ered =i& nu.er"usR cB$indrica$R unice$$u$arR $i%ni3iedR ric&".es
&a/in% (asa$ -"ri"n ra.i3iedT "uer end"s-er. c".-"sed "3 + " 4 $aBers "3 &ic7N=a$$edR
e$"n%aed -a$isadeN$i7e ce$$s arran%ed in r"=sR an inner end"s-er. c".-"sed "3 &inN
=a$$edR "/a$ " -"$B%"na$R -arenc&B.a"us ce$$s &a/in% nu.er"us s.a$$ a$eur"ne %rains and
"i$ %$"(u$es)
(,n seed "3 SrBc&n"s nu'N/".ica (ase "3 ric&".e is -iedR (u$("usR ra.i3ied =i& a
-r"jeci"n n"r.a$$B e$"n%aed and &ic7N=a$$ed))
0"=der N Crea.is&NBe$$"= and "i$BT s&"=s 3ra%.ens "3 esaR ric&".esR end"s-er. ce$$s
and "i$ %$"(u$es)


T)L)C)
T)L)C) "3 &e a$c"&"$ic e'rac "n Si$ica %e$ UGe -$ae usin% T"$ueneS E&B$aceae S
@ie&B$a.ine (;8S28S 1 8)) On s-raBin% =i& @ra%end"r33 rea%en =i& araric acid ="
s-"s a--ear a R3) 8)+4 ("ran%e and c"rres-"ndin% " &a "3 9rucine) and a R3) 8)55 (3ain
"ran%e and c"rres-"ndin% " &a "3 SrBc&nine))

CONST,TUENTS N A$7a$"ids)
7

Rasa S 6ad&uraR Ti7aR KaYZBa
Gu[a S GuruR MQa
:QrBa S UY[a
:i-Z7a S Ka]u
Kar.a S Ca7YusBaR :Za&araR M$eY.a&araR :iYa%&naR 0ia$aR au @_Y]i-rasZda7_
(KZaBa-a)R 2a$a 0rasZda7ara
,60ORTANT <OR6ULAT,ONS N @aaa.\$ZriY]aR Nir\rBZdi Gu]i7Z
THERA0EUT,C USES N 6\ra7_cc&raR 6\rZa.arQR K_.iR AruciR T_Y[ZR M\$aR Nerar"%aR
Mar7ara.e&aR Ra7a A(&iYBandaR 0ra.e&aR :_aci7a :iYaR A-as.Zra
@OSE N +N1 %.

7
21) K&arjura (@rd) <))
KHAR2ARA (@ried <rui)
K&arjura c"nsiss "3 dried 3ruiR =i& seeds re."/edR "3 0&"eni' dacB$i3era Linn)
(<a.) Araceae )R a a$$ ree u-" +1 . &i%&R cu$i/aed "r "ccasi"na$$B se$3Ns"=n in arid -ars
"3 &e c"unrB)
SINONI6S
Sans7ri S 0inPa K&arjura
Assa.ese S Ta.ar
9en%a$i S S"&ara
En%$is& S @ried @aes
Gujrai S K&are7R K&ari7a
Hindi S C&u&araR C&"&ara
Kannada S Karinc&u$aR K&ajura
Kas&.iri S NN
6a$aBa$a. S ,na--aD&a.R ,n&a--ana
6ara&i S K&ari7aR K&ari7 0&a$aR K&ajurR K&ari7
OriBa S K&arjjuriR K&ajur
0unja(i S K&ajur
Ta.i$ S 0eric&a.R Karc&ura.R 0eric&e&anaB
Te$u%u S K&arjuraR K&arjura.u
Urdu S K&ur.a (K&aj""r)
@ESCR,0T,ON
a) 6acr"sc"-ic
<rui an "($"n% (errBR 2)5 " ;)5 c. $"n%R =rin7$edR &ardR reddis&N(r"=nR and s=ee

() 6icr"sc"-ic
7
S&"=s a =ide -ericar- c"nsisin% "3 a sin%$e $aBered e-ider.is c"/ered =i& sriaed
cuic$eT (e$"= e-ider.is + " 5 $aBers "3 an%enia$$B e$"n%aedR a(u$arR &in =a$$ed ce$$s
3"$$"=ed (B a $aBer "3 s"ne ce$$s =i& narr"= $u.enR &ic7 =a$$edR 24 " 55 in dia)R =i&
c$ear sriai"nsT (e$"= &is a =ide D"ne "3 "/a$ " e$"n%aedR &inN=a$$ed -arenc&B.a"us
ce$$s -resenT ce$$s "3 "uer 18 $aBers ."re e$"n%aed &an &e inner "nesT s".e /ascu$ar
(und$esR %r"u-s "3 annini3er"us idi"($ass and "i$ %$"(u$es -resen scaered in &is re%i"n)
0"=der N Reddis&N(r"=nT s&"=s %r"u-s "3 &inN=a$$ed -arenc&B.aT s"ne ce$$sR "i$ %$"(u$es
and annini3er"us idi"($ass)

T"a$ As& N" ."re &an + -er cenR A--endi' 2)2)+)
!aerNs"$u($e e'raci/e N" $ess &an ;* -er cenR A--endi' 2)2);)

T)L)C)
T)L)C) "3 a$c"&"$ic e'rac "n Si$ica %e$ UGU usin% nN9uan"$ S Aceic acid S !aer
(5S1S*) s&"=s in /isi($e $i%& "ne s-" a R3) 8)12 (%reB)) On e'-"sure " ,"dine /a-"ur ="
s-"s a--ear a R3) 8)12 and 8)25 (("& Be$$"=)) On s-raBin% =i& 5V 6e&an"$icNSu$-&uric
acid rea%en 3"ur s-"s a--ear a R3) 8)12R 8)25 (("& ($ac7)R 8)++ and 8)12 (("& %reB))

CONST,TUENTS N Su%arsR Tannins and :ia.ins)

7
Rasa S 6ad&uraR KaYZBa
:QrBa S MQa
:i-Z7a S 6ad&ura
Kar.a S :Za&araR 0ia&araR Ka-&a&araR H_dBaR Tar-a[aR 9a$BaR 9_^&a[aR :_aBaR
Mu7ra$a
,60ORTANT <OR6ULAT,ONS N @rZ7YZdi C\r[aR E$ZdBa 6"da7aR E$Zdi Gu]i7ZR Mi/a
Gu]i7Z (La%&u)
THERA0EUT,C USES N KYaBaR KYaa KYaBaR @Z&aR Ra7a-iaR 6\rcc&ZR T_Y[ZR 6adZBaBaR
A(&i%&ZaR KZsaR M/ZsaR Mra.aR Gu$.aR 2/araR 6u7&a :airasBaR Hi77ZR 0ra.e&aR 0iaa\$a
@OSE N 18N15 %.

7
22) K&arjura (<r) <)
KHAR2ARA (<res& <rui)
K&arj\ra c"nsiss "3 ri-e and .aure 3rui =i& seed re."/edR "3 0&"eni' dacB$i3era
Linn) (<a.) Araceae)R a a$$ -a$. ree u-" +1 . &i%&R cu$i/aed "r "ccasi"na$$B se$3Ns"=n in
arid -ars "3 &e c"unrB
SINONI6S
Sans7ri S A&arj\raR 0i[Pa K&arjr\ra
Assa.ese S NN
9en%a$i S K&ejur
En%$is& S @ae
Gujrai S K&ajur
Hindi S K&ajurR 0indaR K&ajur
Kannada S K&arjuraR 0inda K&arajura
Kas&.iri S NN
6a$aBa$a. S 0ran&a 0uDa.
6ara&i S K&ajur
OriBa S K&ejuri
0unja(i S 0inda K&ajur
Ta.i$ S 0eric&a. 0aD&a.
Te$u%u S K&ajur -u-andu
Urdu S K&ur.a (K&aj""r)
@ESCR,0T,ON
a) 6acr"sc"-ic
<rui a (errBR "/a$ " "($"n%R c".-ressedR "3 /arBin% s&a-esT 2 " + c. $"n%R s.""&
"r s$i%&$B =rin7$edR reddis&N(r"=n " Be$$"=is&N(r"=nT -u$- 3$es&BR sic7BR s"3R /isc"usT
"d"urR n" disincT aseR s=ee)

7
() 6icr"sc"-ic
<rui s&"=s sin%$e $aBered e-ider.is =i& sriaed cuic$eR c"nainin% &ea/i$B
cuiniDed ce$$s and &a/in% s".aaT (e$"= e-ider.isR * "r 5 $aBered an%enia$$B e$"n%aedR
&inN=a$$edR -arenc&B.a"us &B-"der.is -resenR 3"$$"=ed (B a r"= "3 s"ne ce$$s =i&
narr"= $u.enR &ic7N=a$$edR 24 " 55 in dia)R =i& c$ear sriai"nsT .es"car-
di33ereniaed in" =" D"nesR "uer c"nsisin% "3 &inN=a$$ed -arenc&B.a ce$$s =i&
scaered anninR and "i$ %$"(u$esR inner c"nsisin% "3 c"$$a-sedR crus&ed and dis"r%aniDed
ce$$s a--earin% as $""seR s&inin%R U3i(r"usU .assR re-resenin% &e s" ca$$ed era%)e scaered
sc$er"sed ce$$s a$s" "ccur in &is re%i"nT end"car- c".-"sed "3 sin%$e $aBered inner
e-ider.is "%e&er =i& under$Bin% c".-ac issues)


T)L)C)
(5S1S*) s&"=s in /isi($e $i%& "ne s-" a R3) 8)12 (%reB)) On e'-"sure " ,"dine /a-"ur ="
s-"s a--ear a R3) 8)12 and 8)25 (("& Be$$"=)) On s-raBin% =i& 5V 6e&an"$icNSu$-&uric
acid rea%en 3"ur s-"s a--ear a R3) 8)12R 8)25 (("& ($ac7)R 8)++ and 8)12 (("& %reB))

CONST,TUENTS N Su%arsR 0r"ein and :ia.ins

7
:QrBa S MQa
:i-Z7a S 6ad&ura
Kar.a S :Za&araR 0ia&araR Ka-&a&araR 6Z^sa/ard&a7aR Mu7ra7araR Ruci7araR
H_dBaR 9a$BaR Tar-a7aR K"Y]&a%aa :ZBunZaa7aR :Z.a7aR KYud&Z&araR Mra.a&ara
,60ORTANT <OR6ULAT,ONS N @rZ7YZdi C\r[aR E$ZdBa 6"da7aR E$Zdi Gu]i7ZR Mi/a
Gu]i7Z (La%&u)
THERA0EUT,C USES N KYaa KYaBaR Ra7a-iaR 2/arZisZraR T_Y[ZR KZsaR M/ZsaR 6\rcc&ZR
6adZBaBaR @Z&aR A(&i%&Za
@OSE N 18N58 %.

7
2+) Kris&na Sari/a (R))
KECFASR,: (R"")
K_YnasZri/a c"nsiss "3 dried r""s "3 CrB-"$e-is (uc&anani R"e.) G Sc&u$) (<a.)
Asc$e-iadaceae)R a -erennia$R .uc& (ranc&ed c$i.(er =i& .i$7B juiceR 3"und &r"u%&"u &e
c"unrB 3r". !esern Kas&.ir " Assa.R ascendin% " 1288 . in &e Hi.a$aBas and in s"u&
u-" Kera$a)
SINONI6S
Sans7ri S 2a.(u 0araR MBZ.aR K_Y[a/a$$iR K_Y[a.\$i
Assa.ese S NN
9en%a$i S S&Ba.a$aaR Kris&na Saari/aa
En%$is& S NN
Gujrai S NN
Hindi S Ka$eesarR Ka$ee Anan.""$
Kannada S Karccu.(u
Kas&.iri S NN
6a$aBa$a. S Ka$i-a$/a$$i
6ara&i S 6"&i Ka=a$eeR Ka$$ee Ka=a$ee
OriBa S NN
0unja(i S NN
Ta.i$ S NN
Te$u%u S Na$i%R Ada/i-a$ai%eR R"7a$$i-a$a
Urdu S NN
@ESCR,0T,ON
a) 6acr"sc"-ic
R""s /arB in $en%& and are 1 " 1)5 c. &ic7T s$enderR cB$indrica$R dar7 (r"=n "r
($ac7is&T r"u%& due " 3ine $"n%iudina$ rid%es and =rin7$es runnin% sinu"us$B $en%&=iseT
&ic7er r""s s&"= a 3e= rans/erse crac7sR 3issures and $"n%iudina$ =rin7$es =i& re.nans
"3 r""$es and a 3e= $enice$sT c"r7 easi$B -ee$a($eT 3racureR s&"r and 3i(r"usT "d"urR
8
s$i%&$B ar".aicT aseR s=ee and asrin%en)

() 6icr"sc"-ic
S&"=s &in c"r7 c"nsisin% "3 * " 1* $aBers "3 &inN=a$$edR recan%u$ar "
an%enia$$B e$"n%aed ce$$sR arran%ed radia$$BT c"r7 ca.(iu. sin%$e $aBeredR 3"$$"=ed (B a
=ide D"ne "3 sec"ndarB c"re' c".-"sed "3 -"$B&edra$R "/a$ " an%enia$$B e$"n%aed ce$$s
&a/in% 3i(res in sin%$e "r in %r"u-s "3 =" " enT 3i(res $"n%R &ic7N=a$$ed (u /erB
"ccasi"na$$B a--ear a$s" as e$"n%aed s"ne ce$$sT sec"ndarB -&$"e. =ide c"nsisin% "3
sie/e e$e.ensR -&$"e. -arenc&B.aR 3i(res and a 3e= crBsa1 3i(resR and ra/ersed (B
-&$"e. raBsT -&$"e. 3i(res "ccur in s.a$$ %r"u-s "r rare$B in sin%$esR s".e=&a si.i$ar in
s&a-e " &"se "3 sec"ndarB c"re' =i& c".-arai/e$B &ic7er =a$$sT crBsa$ 3i(res
e$"n%aedR &ic7N=a$$ed and di/ided in" c&a.(ersR usua$$B ; " 1; in nu.(erR eac& c&a.(er
c"nainin% a -ris.aic crBsa1 "3 ca$ciu. "'a$aeT .edu$$arB raBs urnN" riseriaeT ca.(iu.
2 " * $aBeredT sec"ndarB 'B$e. c".-"sed "3 /esse$sR rac&eidsR 3i(reNrac&eidsR 3i(res and
-arenc&B.a and ra/ersed (B 'B$e. raBsT /esse$s =i& ("rdered -isR and 3i$$ed =i& B$"sesT
rac&eids $"n% and narr"= &a/in% ("rdered -isR and ."derae$B &ic7N=a$$sT 'B$e.
-arenc&B.a usua$$B recan%u$ar in s&a-e =i& -ied =a$$s (u s".e "3 &e -is (ec".e T "r
I s&a-ed =i& reicu$ae &ic7enin%T 'B$e. e$e.ens &ic7N=a$$ed and $i%ni3iedT si.-$e and
c".-"und sarc& %rains 3"und in a(undance in a$$ -arenc&B.a"us ce$$s si.-$e (ein%
e$$i-ica$ " "/a$R .easurin% + " 1? in dia)R =i& cenra$ &i$u. and c".-"und =i& 2 "r +
c".-"nens)
0"=der N Li%& %reBT s&"=s 3ra%.ens "3 c"r7 ce$$sR /esse$s &a/in% ("rdered -isR rac&eidsR
3i(resR -ris.aic crBsa$s "3 ca$ciu. "'a$aeR sarc& %rains nu.er"usR si.-$e and c".-"undR
e$$i-ica$ " "/a$R .easurin% + " 1? in dia)R =i& cenra$ &i$u. and c".-"und =i& 2 "r +
c".-"nens)


8
ASSAI

T)L)C)
T)L)C) "3 a$c"&"$ic e'rac "n Si$ica %e$ UGU -$ae usin% C&$"r"3"r.S 6e&an"$ (?8 S
18) s&"=s under U):) (+11 n.) en 3$u"rescen D"nes a R3) 8)85R 8)18R 8)22R 8)+8 (a$$ ($ue)R
8)+? (Be$$"=)R 8)*?R 8)18R 8);2R 8)48 (a$$ ($ue) and 8)44 (/i"$e)) On e'-"sure " ,"dine
/a-"ur nine s-"s a--ear a R3) 8)8?R 8)1;R 8)21R 8)+5R 8)*+R 8)11R 8);*R 8)44 and 8)?1 (a$$
Be$$"=)) On s-raBin% =i& :ani$$inNSu$-&uric acid rea%en and &eain% &e -$ae 3"r a("u
en .inues a 118C ei%& s-"s a--ear a R3) 8)8?R 8)1; (("& %erB)R 8)21 (($ue)R 8)+5R
8)*+R 8)*?R 8)11 and 8)?1 (a$$ /i"$e))

CONST,TUENTS N A$7a$"ids)

Rasa S 6ad&uraR Ti7a
:QrBa S MQa
:i-Z7a S 6ad&ura
Kar.a S Mu7ra7araR Ka-&anaaa7aR :iYa%&naR RucBaR Sa^%rZ&iR Ra7a :i7Zra
NZaa7aR .a :iYa%&naR Trid"Ya&araR T_Y[Z&ara
,60ORTANT <OR6ULAT,ONS N MaZ/arQ GuPaR Ka$BZ[a7a G&_aR Tri-&a$Z G&_aR 9_&a
0&a$a G&_aR 6a&Z Ka$BZna7a G&_aR 6a&Z Ti7a7a G&_aR 6a&Z 0anca%a/Ba G&_aR
:asBZ.aBZna7a G&_aR CandanZdi Tai$aR 9_&a C&Z%a$ZdBa G&_a
THERA0EUT,C USES N A%ni.ZndBaR AruciR M/ZsaR KZsaR 2/araR 0ra.e&aR 6u7&a
@aur%and&BaR AQsZraR KuY]&aR Ka[P\R 0radaraR :Zara7aR @e&adur%and&aR Ra7a-ia
@OSE N 5N18 %.
8
2*) Kunduru (E'ud))
KUN@URU (E'udae)
Kunduru c"nsiss "3 e'udae "3 9"s=e$$ia serraa R"'() (<a.) 9urseraceae)R a
."derae siDedR decidu"us reeR u-" 14 . in &ei%& and u-" 2)* . in %ir&R c".."n$B 3"und
in &e drB 3"ress 3r". 0unja( " !es 9en%a$ and in -eninsu$ar ,ndia)
SINONI6S
Sans7ri S Ma$$a7i
Assa.ese S Sa$$a7i
9en%a$i S Lu(anR Sa$aiR Sa$%ai
En%$is& S NN
Gujrai S S&a$edu.R Sa$edaR Sa$adiR Gu%a$R Sa$ed&i
Hindi S Sa$aiR La(ana
Kannada S 6adi.arR C&i$a7du-aR Ta$$a7iR 6addi
Kas&.iri S Kunuru77a.R Sa.-rani
6a$aBa$a. S NN
6ara&i S Sa$ai c&a din7
OriBa S NN
0unja(i S Sa$ai G"nda
Ta.i$ S 0aran%i Sa.(rani
Te$u%u S 0aran%i sa.(raniR Andu%aR K"nda%u%i a.u
Urdu S Kundur
@ESCR,0T,ON
a) 6acr"sc"-ic
@ru% "ccurs in sa$aciicR rans-arenR ears 3"r.in% a%%$".eraes "3 /ari"us s&a-es
and siDesR (r"=nis&NBe$$"=R u-" 5 c. $"n%R 2 c. &ic7R 3ra%ranR 3racure (ri$eT 3racured
sur3ace =a'B and rans$ucenT (urns readi$B and e.anaes an a%reea($e c&aracerisicR
(a$sa.ic resin"us "d"urT aseR ar".aic and a%reea($e)

8
() 6icr"sc"-ic
@e(ris "3 3i(resR recan%u$ar c"r7 ce$$sR /erB 3e= Be$$"=is& "i$ %$"(u$es and
nu.er"usR s.a$$ "r $ar%eR "/a$ " r"und "r r&".("ida$ crBsa$$ine 3ra%.ens -resen)
,deni3icai"n N Triurai"n =i& =aer 3"r.s an e.u$si"nT =&en i..ersed in a$c"&"$ (?8V)
a ear "3U Kunduru is n" a$ered .uc& in 3"r. (u (ec".es a$."s "-a#ue and =&ieT =&en
a dr"- "3 c"n) H
2
S8* is added "n a 3res&$B 3racured sur3aceR i (ec".es c&errB red =&ic&R
=&en =as&ed =i& =aer c&an%es " a =&ie e.u$si"nR &en urn " a (u33 c"$"ur)
<$u"rescence Tes N 9r"=nis&NBe$$"= c"$"ur in daB $i%&T a#ue"us e'rac under U):) $i%&
(+11 n.) $i%& %reen and in (25* n.) s&"=s dar7 ($ue c"$"urT a$c"&"$ic e'rac under U):)
$i%& (+11 n.) is c"$"ur$ess and in (25* n.) s&"=s $i%& %reen c"$"ur)

A$c"&"$Ns"$u($e e'raci/e N" $ess &an *5 -er cenR A--endi' 2)2)1)

T)L)C)
T)L)C) "3 a$c"&"$ic e'rac "n Si$ica Ge$ UGU usin% T"$uene S E&B$aceae (?S 1)
s&"=s under U):) (+11n.) 3"ur 3$u"rescen D"nes a R3) 8)2+ ($i%& ($ue)R 8);? ($i%& ($ue)R
8)?1 (($ue) and 8)?1 (($ue)) On e'-"sure " ,"dine /a-"ur nine s-"s a--ear a R3) 8)84R
8)2+R 8)2?R 8)*1R 8)*;R 8)55R 8)42R 8)?1 and 8)?1 (a$$ Be$$"=)) On s-raBin% =i& :ani$$in
Su$-&uric acid rea%en and &eain% &e -$ae 3"r en .inues a 118C ai$in% =i& 3"ur
c"ns-icu"us s-"s a--ear a R3) 8)2+R 8)55R 8);? and 8)?1 (a$$ /i"$e))

CONST,TUENTS N O$e"N%u.Nresins)
8

Rasa S 6ad&uraR Ka]uR Ti7a
Gu[a S GuruR TQ7Y[aR Sni%d&a
:QrBa S UY[a
:i-Z7a S 6ad&ura
Kar.a S Ka-&a-ia&araR Ka-&a&araR :Za&araR Ra7a Sa.(&a&araR 9a$BaR
S/eda&ara
,60ORTANT <OR6ULAT,ONS N Kar-\rZdBar7aR 2Qra7Zdi 6"da7aR 9a$Z Tai$aR 9a$Z
GuP\cBZdi TZi$a
THERA0EUT,C USES N M/ZsaR 0iZ(&iYBandaR 0radaraR 2/araR Mar7arZ.e&aR :_Ya[a M\$aR
6u7&ar"%aR U7a
@OSE N 1N+ %.

8
25) Ku.7u.a (SB G S%))
KUHKU6A (SB$e and Si%.a)
Kun7u.a c"nsiss "3 dried sB$e and si%.a 3r". &e 3$"=ers "3 Cr"cus sai/us Linn)
(<a.) ,ridaceae)R a s.a$$ (u$("us -erennia$R 15 " 25 c. &i%& and cu$i/aed (B c"r.s in &e
Kas&.ir /a$$eBR s-ecia$$B in &e 0a.-"r -$aeauR a a("u 1188 .)
SINONI6S
Sans7ri S KbaaraR G&uai[aR KZa.QraR Ra7a
Assa.ese S Ku.7u.
9en%a$i S 2a3ran
En%$is& S Sa33r"n
Gujrai S Kes&arR Kesar
Hindi S Kes&arR Kes&ara
Kannada S Kun7u.aR Kesari
Kas&.iri S NN
6a$aBa$a. S Kun7u.a 0u/u
6ara&i S Kes&ar
OriBa S NN
0unja(i S KesarR Kes&ar
Ta.i$ S Kun%u.a-u/u
Te$u%u S Kun7u.a 0u//u
Urdu S Oa3ran
@ESCR,0T,ON
a) 6acr"sc"-ic
Ie$$"=is& sB$eR (r"7en "r inac a$"n% =i& ri3id si%.aT si%.a is dar7 red "r
reddis&N(r"=nR c"rnuc"-ia s&a-edR =i& 3i.(riae .ar%inR and a("u 25 .. $"n%T (r"7en
sB$e are /erB &inR u-" a("u 18 .. "n%T "d"urR sr"n%$B ar".aicT aseR s$i%&$B (ier)

8
() 6icr"sc"-ic
Si%.a c".-"sed ."s$B "3 e$"n%aedR &inN=a$$edR -arenc&B.a ce$$s c"nainin%
c"$"urin% .aerT a &e u--er end nu.er"us cB$indrica$ -a-i$$ae "r ric&".es u- " 158
.icr"ns $"n% -resenT -"$$en %rainsR a 3e=R s-&erica$R near$B s.""&R 3r". *8 " 128
.icr"ns in diaT "ccasi"na$$B %er.inaed and e'&i(iin% -"$$en u(es)
0"=der N 0a$e reddis&N(r"=nT ar".aicR s&"=s e$"n%aedR &inN=a$$edR -arenc&B.a"us
ce$$sR unice$$u$ar ric&".esR a 3e= s-&erica$R s.""&R -"$$en %rains .easurin% *8 " 128
in dia) and 'B$e. /esse$s =i& annu$ar and s-ira$ &ic7enin%s)
,@ENT,TIR 0UR,TI AN@ STRENGTHN
,deni3icai"n
i) !&en s-rin7ed "n su$-&uric acidR &e si%.as urn ($ue i..ediae$BR %radua$$B c&an%in%
" -ur-$e and 3ina$$B -ur-$is& red)
ii) Sa.ens "3 sa33$"=er and 3$"res "3 .ari%"$d s&"u$d (e a(senT s&"u$d (e 3ree 3r".
ari3icia$$B dBed c"rn si$7 "r 3i(res)
Or%anic dBes S
i) @i%es a("u 8)1 % in 18 .$ "3 =aer 3"r 15 .inues =i& 3re#uen s&a7in%R 3i$er and add
1 % "3 dec"$"risin% c&arc"a$ " &e 3i$raeT s&a7e and a$$"= " sand 3"r 18 .inuesT 3i$erT
&e 3irae is c"$"ur$ess)
ii) 6acerae 18 .% in 5 .$ "3 a$c"&"$ (?5 -er cen) "r .e&an"$T a disinc %reenis& Be$$"=
c"$"ur is i.-ared " &e $i#uidT =i& c"rres-"ndin% #uaniies "3 Kun7u.a in e&er "r
c&$"r"3"r. &e s"$/ens re.ain a$."s c"$"ur$essT s" a$s" =i& 'B$eneR (enDene "r car("n
erac&$"ride)
A(sence "3 <i'ed "i$ "r %$BcerinS 0ress (e=een c$ear 3i$er -a-erR &e -a-er d"es n"
dis-$aB rans$ucen "i$B s-"s)

8

ASSAI
<"rei%n "r%anic .aer N N" ."re &an 2 -er cen) SB$es n" ."re &an 18 -er cen)
L"ss "n drBin%S L"ses n" ."re &an 1* -er cen "3 is =ei%&R =&en dried a 188C)
As&S N" ."re &an ;)5 -er cen)
AcidNins"$u($e as&S N" ."re &an 1 -er cen
AssaBS !ei%& accurae$B 8)1 % in ."derae$B 3ine -"=der and .acerae a r"". e.-eraure
in 188 .$ "3 =aer 3"r + &"urs =i& 3re#uen s&a7in%) <i$er i..ediae$BR addin% su33icien
=aer &r"u%& &e 3i$er " .a7e 188 .$) @i$ue 18 .$ "3 &is 3i$raeR accurae$B .easuredR "
188 .$ =i& =aer) ,..ediae$B c".-are &e c"$"ur "3 &is s"$ui"n in Ness$er u(es "r in a
c"$"ri.eerR =i& &e c"$"ur "3 NJ188 -"assiu. dic&r".ae) T&e c"$"ur "3 &e s"$ui"n
a--r"'i.aes &a "3 &e N J188 -"assiu. dic&r".aeR and &e sren%& "3 &e c"$"ur is n"
$ess &a "3 an e#ua$ de-& in .. "3 &e N J188 -"assiu. dic&r".ae)

CONST,TUENTS N Essenia$ Oi$sR 9ier G$Bc"sideR 0icr"cr"cin and Cr"cin

Rasa S Ka]uR Ti7a
Gu[a S Sni%d&a
:QrBa S UY[a
:i-Z7a S Ka]u
Kar.a S :ar[BaR M$eY.a&araR :Za&araR RasZBanaR :iYa%&naR 2anu&ara
,60ORTANT <OR6ULAT,ONS N Kar-\rZdBar7aR 9Z$Zr7a RasaR Ia7\iR Ku`7u.Zdi Tai$aR
6a&Z NZraBa[a Tai$aR 0uaBanu%a C\r[a
8
THERA0EUT,C USES N :Ba`%aR :ra[aR Mir"r"%aR @_Y]i R"%aR C&ardiR KZsaR Ka[]&a R"%aR
Sid&.aR 6\raa"&aR UdZ/araR 6\rZ%&ZaR S\rBZ/araR Ard&Z/a(&eda7a
@OSE N 25N58 .%

8
21) Kus&.anda (<))
KAC6FA (<rui)
K\a.ZnPa c"nsiss "3 &e dried -iece "3 3ruis "3 9enincasa &is-ida (T&un()) C"%n)
(<a.) Cucur(iaceae)R an e'ensi/e rai$in% "r c$i.(in% &er( cu$i/aed &r"u%&"u &e -$ains
"3 ,ndia and "n &e &i$$s u-" 1288 . a$iudeR as a /e%ea($e)
SINONI6S
Sans7ri S 0ua-a-&a$a.R 9_i&a-&a$a.
Assa.ese S Ku.ra
9en%a$i S C&a$ Ku.ra
En%$is& S !&ie %uard .e$"n
Gujrai S Sa3ed K"&a$uR 9&uruR K"&a$uR 9&uru K"$u
Hindi S Kus&.andR 0e&a
Kannada S 9""di Hu.(a$a
Kas&.iri S NN
6a$aBa$a. S Ku.(a$an%a
6ara&i S K"&a$a
OriBa S Ka7&aruR 0ani7a7&aru
0unja(i S 0e&a
Ta.i$ S 0""s&ani77ai
Te$u%u S 9""dida Gu..adi
Urdu S 0e&a
@ESCR,0T,ON
a) 6acr"sc"-ic
@ru% "ccurs in de3"r.edR c".-ressedR cu -ieces "3 /ari"us siDesT e-icar- crea.
c"$"ured =i& $i%& Be$$"=is& " (r"=nis& .es"car-T aseR s$i%&$B acidic)

9
() 6icr"sc"-ic
6aure 3rui s&"=s cuicu$arised e-icar- c"nsisin% "3 sin%$e $aBeredR s#uaris& "r
s$i%&$B an%enia$$B e$"n%aed ce$$s "3 e-ider.isR "uer an%enia$ =a$$s "3 e-ider.is
&ic7ened and cuicu$arisedT a 3e= e-ider.a$ ce$$s di/ide -eric$ina$$B and (ec".e 2 "r +
$aBeredT .es"car- &as a &eer"%en"us srucure c"nsisin% "3 .u$i$aBered &B-"der.is
c".-"sed "3 an%enia$$B e$"n%aedR &inN=a$$edR -arenc&B.a"us ce$$sT i..ediae$B =i&in
&is is a D"ne "3 &ic7N=a$$edR .u$i$aBeredR $i%ni3ied sc$ereids =i& &e "uer "ne " &ree
$aBers &ic7er &an &e inner 2 " 1 "r ."re $aBersT (enea& &is D"neR &inN=a$$ed
an%enia$$B e$"n%aedR -arenc&B.a"us ce$$s -resenR &eir siDe %radua$$B increasin% 3r".
&"se a -eri-&erB " &"se inside "3 .es"car-R &e $aer (ec".in% circu$ar &a/in%
c"ns-icu"us inerce$$u$ar s-acesT /ascu$ar (und$es -""r$B de/e$"-edR (ic"$$aera$R 3"und
scaered &r"u%&"u .es"car-)
0"=der N @irB (r"=nT s&"=s nu.er"us 3ra%.ens "3 &inN=a$$edR an%enia$$B e$"n%aed
and circu$ar -arenc&B.a"us ce$$sR nu.er"us sc$ereids in %r"u-s and sin%$es and a 3e=
3ra%.ens "3 'B$e. /esse$s &a/in% s-ira$ &ic7enin%s)

!aerNs"$u($e e'raci/e N" $ess &an 2* -er cenR A--endi' 2)2);)

T)L)C)
T)L)C) "3 a$c"&"$ic e'rac "n Si$ica %e$ UGU -$ae usin% 9enDeneS E&B$aceae (?S1)
s&"=s under U):) (+11n.) =" 3$u"rescen D"nes a R3) 8);1 and 8);? (("& /i"$e)) On
e'-"sure " ,"dine /a-"ur ei%& s-"s a--ear a R3) 8)8;R 8)14R 8)24R 8)*8R 8)58R 8)5?R 8);1
and 8);? (a$$ Be$$"=)) On s-raBin% =i& :ani$$inNSu$-&uric acid rea%en and &eain% &e
-$ae a 185C 3"r en .inue si' s-"s a--ear a R3) 8)8;R 8)14R 8)*8R 8)58R 8;1 and 8);? (a$$
/i"$e))
9

CONST,TUENTS N <aB Oi$

Rasa S 6ad&uraR A.$a
Gu[a S La%&u
:QrBa S MQa
:i-Z7a S 6ad&ura
Kar.a S @Q-anaR H_dBaR 9asia"d&a7aR :_aBaR 9a$BaR 6e&anaR Trid"Ya&araR 2Qr[Z
`%a 0uYi-radaR 9asia"d&a7aR Sra^sanaR Ar"ca7a&araR :Za-iaji
,60ORTANT <OR6ULAT,ONS N K\Y.Znda7a RasZBanaR @&ZrBZdi G&_aR :asBZ.aBZna7a
G&_a
THERA0EUT,C USES N 6\rZ%&ZaR 0ra.e&aR 6\ra7_cc&raR Aa.arQR T_Y[ZR 6Znasa
:i7ZraR 6a$a(and&a
@OSE N 5N18 %.)

9
2;) 6adaBani (L3))
6A@AIANT (Lea3)
6adaBanQ c"nsiss "3 dried $ea/es "3 La=s"nia iner.is Linn) (<a.) LB&raceae)T a
s.a$$R e$e%an (us& =i& 3ra%ran 3$"=ersR cu$i/aed and naura$ised a$$ "/er &e c"unrB)
SINONI6S
Sans7ri S Ni$ 6adaBani7a
Assa.ese S NN
9en%a$i S 6e&adi
En%$is& S Henna
Gujrai S 6endi
Hindi S 6e&andi
Kannada S G"ranaR K"raeR 6adaran%i
Kas&.iri S NN
6a$aBa$a. S 6ai$ane$u
6ara&i S 6endi
OriBa S NN
0unja(i S 6e&ndi
Ta.i$ S 6arudu.
Te$u%u S G"rina
Urdu S 6e&endiR Hina
@ESCR,0T,ON
a) 6acr"sc"-ic
Lea/es si.-$eR 2 " + c. in $en%&R 1 " 1)5 c. in =id&R %reenis&N(r"=n " du$$
%reenT enireR $ance"$aeT a-e' .ucr"naeR (ase a-erin%R -ei"$e s&"r and %$a(r"usT "d"urR
ar".aic =&en crus&edT aseR s=eeR .uci$a%in"us and s$i%&$B asrin%en)

9
() 6icr"sc"-ic
0ei"$e Ns&"=s c"nca/"Nc"n/e' "u$ineT e-ider.is c"nsisin% "3 sin%$e $aBered ce$$s
c"/ered (B &ic7R sriaed cuic$eT (e$"= e-ider.is 2 " * $aBered c"$$enc&B.a and + " *
$aBered -arenc&B.a &a/in% inerce$$u$ar s-acesT -ericBc$e 2 " * $aBeredR se$e (ic"$$aera1T
ca.(iu. a &in sri- -resen (e=een 'B$e. and -&$"e.T -&$"e. c"nsisin% "3 usua$
e$e.ensT 'B$e. ."s$B c".-"sed "3 rac&eids and /esse$s)
6idri( Ns&"=s u--er and $"=er e-ider.is c"/ered e'erna$$B (B &ic7 and sriaed cuic$eT
e-ider.is 3"$$"=ed (B 2 " * $aBers "3 c"$$enc&B.a"us ce$$sR circu$ar in s&a-e =i&
an%u$ar &ic7enin%T (enea& =&ic& are + "r * $aBers "3 -arenc&B.a"us ce$$sR is"dia.eric
=i& inerce$$u$ar s-acesT se$e crescenNs&a-edR c"nsisin% "3 usua$ e$e.ens ra/ersed (B
.edu$$arB raBsT -&$"e. 3i(res seen in &e -&$"e. re%i"nT a 3e= -arenc&B.a"us ce$$s
c"nain r"see and -ris.aic crBsa$s "3 ca$ciu. "'a$ae)
La.ina N s&"=s u--er and $"=er e-ider.is c".-"sed "3 an%enia$$B e$"n%aed ce$$s
c"/ered e'erna$$B (B a &ic7 sriaed cuic$eT s".e $ar%e e-ider.a$ ce$$s 3"r. .uci$a%e sacs
-r"jecin% in" adjacen -a$isade D"neT an"."cBic s".aa disri(ued "n ("& sur3acesT
.es"-&B$$ c".-"sed "3 1 " + $aBers "3 -a$isade issue and 2 " * $aBers "3 s-"n%B
-arenc&B.aT -a$isade ce$$s 3i$$ed =i& c&$"r"-$assR s-"n%B -arenc&B.a "/a$ " circu$ar in
s&a-eR "i$ %$"(u$es -resen in -a$isade and s-"n%B -arenc&B.aT r"see and -ris.aic
crBsa$s "3 ca$ciu. "'a$ae a$s" -resen in s-"n%B -arenc&B.aT .es"-&B$$ ra/ersed (B
/ascu$ar srands c".-"sed "3 'B$e. surr"unded (B -&$"e. =i& a -ac& "3
sc$erenc&B.a"us 3i(res "n a(a'ia$ sideT a/era%e s".aa$ inde' 18 " 15 and 15 " 14 in
u--er and $"=er sur3ace &e res-eci/e$BT -a$isade rai" 5 " 4 "n ("& sur3acesT /ein is$e
nu.(er +8 " *5)
0"=der N @ar7 (r"=nT s&"=s 3ra%.ens "3 &inN=a$$edR -arenc&B.a ce$$sR =a/B &in=a$$ed
e-ider.a$ ce$$s in sur3ace /ie=R an"."cBic s".aaR r"see and -ris.aic crBsa$s "3
ca$ciu. "'a$aeR a 3e= "i$ %$"(u$esR and /esse$s s&"=in% s-ira$ &ic7enin%s)

AcidNins"$u($e as& N" ."re &an + -er cenR A--endi' 2)2)*)

9
ASSAI

T)L)C)
E&B$aceae (?S1) s&"=s in &e /isi($e $i%& &ree s-"s a R3) 8)+5R 8)18 and 8)1+ (a$$ %reB))
Under U):) (+11 n.) se/en s-"s a--ear a R3) 8)14R 8)21R 8)+5R (a$$ /i"$e)R 8)+?R 8)11R 8)14
(a$$ reddis& /i"$e) and 8);+ (/i"$e)) On s-raBin% =i& 5V 6e&an"$ic Su$-&uric acid re%en
and &eain% &e -$ae a 185C 3"r en .inues 3i/e %reB c"$"ur s-"s a--ear a R3) 8)8?R
8)*1R 8)11R 8);8 and 8)?5)

CONST,TUENTS N G$Bc"sidesR c"$"urin% .aer (La=s"ne)R Henn"annic acidR Essenia$
Oi$ c"nainin% N,"n"ne)

Rasa S Ti7aR KaYZBa
Gu[a S La%&uR R\7Ya
:QrBa S MQa
:i-Z7a S Ka]u
Kar.a S Ka-&aaZ.a7aR 0iaaZ.a7a
,60ORTANT <OR6ULAT,ONS N G"r"canZdi /a]i
THERA0EUT,C USES N 2/araR Ka[P\R Ra7a-iaR KZ.a$ZR Ra7a-ia&araR KuY]&aR
6\ra7_cc&raR 9&ra.aR :ra[a
@OSE N 5N18.$ (S/arasa)

9
24) 6a&ani.(a (S)97))
6AHN,69A (Se. 9ar7)
6a&Zni.(a c"nsiss "3 dried se. (ar7 "3 6e$ia aDedarac&a Linn) (<a.) 6e$iaceae)R a
."derae siDed decidu"us reeR ? " 12 . &i%& =i& a cB$indrica$ ("$eR naura$iDed &r"u%&"u
&e c"unrB and "ccurrin% =i$d in &e su(NHi.a$aBan racs u-" 1488 .)
SINONI6S
Sans7ri S Ra.Ba7aR @rb7a
Assa.ese S K&a..a%a
9en%a$i S G&"rani.
En%$is& S 0ersian Li$ac
Gujrai S 9a7an Li.ad"R 9a7ai Ni.(u
Hindi S 9a7ainR @re7
Kannada S Kadu (e/u
Kas&.iri S NN
6a$aBa$a. S 6a$a/e--u
6ara&i S 9a7ana Ni.(
OriBa S NN
0unja(i S @&are7R 9a7ainR @re7
Ta.i$ S 6a$ai/e.(u
Te$u%u S Tura7a/e-a
Urdu S Nee.
@ESCR,0T,ON
a) 6acr"sc"-ic
9ar7 c".-arai/e$B &inR a("u 8)2 " 8)1 c. &ic7T "uer sur3ace ($ac7 and r"u%&
(ein% s$i%&$B 3issured and e'3"$iain% in s.a$$ s$i%&$B =""dB -ieces $i%& and dar7N%reB "
%reBis&N($ac7 in c"$"urT inner (ar7 .ade u- "3 crea.B $aBer a$ernain% =i& =&iis& "nesT
3racureR 3i(r"usT aseR e're.e$B (ier)

9
() 6icr"sc"-ic
6aure (ar7 s&"=s "uer D"ne "3 r&Bid".aR 3"r.ed "3 a$ernain% sri-s "3 dar7
(r"=n c"r7 ce$$s and dead sec"ndarB -&$"e.T c"r7 ce$$s c".-ressedR a$."s recan%u$ar
and .anB $aBeredT sec"ndarB -&$"e. .u$i$aBered and c".-ressedT c"r7 ca.(iu. and
sec"ndarB c"re' a$."s a(senT (enea& r&Bid".a a =ide D"ne "3 sec"ndarB -&$"e.
-resenR =i& sie/e u(es =i& c".-"und sie/e -$aesR and =i& %r"u-s "3 3i(resT -&$"e.
-arenc&B.a "/a$ " irre%u$arR &inN=a$$edR c"$"ur$ess =i& inerce$$u$ar s-acesT -&$"e. raBs
2 " 5 ce$$s =ideT r"see and -ris.aic crBsa$s "3 ca$ciu. "'a$ae -resen in -&$"e.
-arenc&B.a and raB ce$$sT a 3e= /erB s.a$$R si.-$eR r"und " "/a$R sarc& %rains .easurin%
5 " 11 in dia)R &a/in% 2 "r + c".-"nens)
0"=der N GreBis&NBe$$"=T s&"=s 3ra%.en "3 c"r7 ce$$sR -&$"e. 3i(resR r"see and
-ris.aic crBsa$s "3 ca$ciu. "'a$ae and s.a$$R si.-$e r"und " "/a$R sarc& %rains
.easurin% 5 " 11 in dia)


ASSAI

T)L)C)
T)L)C) "3 a$c"&"$ic e'rac "n Si$ica %e$ UGU -$ae usin% C&$"r"3"r.S 6e&an"$ (?S 1)
under U):) (+11 n.) s&"=s ei%& 3$u"rescen D"nes a R3) 8)18R 8)21R 8)+*R 8)58R 8)14R 8);1R
8)41 (a$$ ($ue) and 8)?5 (($uis& %reen)) On e'-"sure " ,"dine /a-"ur nine s-"s a--ear a
R3) 8)18R 8)14R 8)21R 8)+*R 8)58R 8)1*R 8);1R 8)41 and 8)?5 (a$$ Be$$"=)) On s-raBin% =i&
@ra%end"r33 rea%en 3"$$"=ed (B 5V 6e&an"$icNSu$-&uric acid rea%en =" s-"s a--ear a
R3) 8)21 and 8)?5 (("& "ran%e))
9

CONST,TUENTS N Tannins and A$7a$"ids)

Rasa S Ti7aR KaYZBaR Ka]u
Gu[a S R\7Ya
:QrBa S MQa
:i-Z7a S Ka]u
Kar.a S GrZ&QR Ka-&ajiR 0iajiR Ra7a :i7ZrajiR @Z&anZaa7aR 0ia7a-&a&araR
Ra7adZ&a&ara
,60ORTANT <OR6ULAT,ONS N 9_&a 6adjiY]&Zdi K/a&a C\r[aR 6a&Z :iYa%ar(&a Tai$a
THERA0EUT,C USES N 0ra.e&aR KuY]&aR H_$$ZsaR M/ZsaR Gu$.aR AraaR 6\Yi7a :iYaR :is\ciR
9&ra.aR C&ardiR :iYa.aj/ara
@OSE N 5N18 %.

9
2?) 6andu7a-arni (!)0))
6AFAKA0ARF (!&"$e 0$an)
6and\7a-ar[Q c"nsiss "3 dried =&"$e -$an "3 Cene$$a asiaica (Linn)) Ur(an) SBn)
HBdr"c"B$e asiaica Linn) (<a.) A-iaceae)R a -r"sraeR 3ain$B ar".aicR s"$"ni3er"us
-erennia$ &er(R c".."n$B 3"und as a =eed in cr"- 3ie$ds and "&er =ase -$aces &r"u%&"u
,ndia u-" an a$iude "3 188 .)
SINONI6S
Sans7ri S 6andu7iR @arduracc&ada
Assa.ese S 6ani.uni
9en%a$i S 2&"$7&uriR T&a$7uriR T&an7uni
En%$is& S ,ndian 0ennB="r
Gujrai S K&"da(ra&.iR K&ad(&ra..i
Hindi S 9ra&.a 6andu7iR 9ra&.i
Kannada S Onde$a%aR 9ra&.i s"--u
Kas&.iri S NN
6a$aBa$a. S K"dan%a$
6ara&i S Kari/ana
OriBa S NN
0unja(i S 9ra&.i
Ta.i$ S :a$$arai
Te$u%u S Saras=ai A7uR :auari
Urdu S 9ra&.i
@ESCR,0T,ON
a) 6acr"sc"-ic
S.a$$ cree-in% &er( =i& s$ender se.R r""in% a n"des %i/in% rise " &inR
(r"=nis&N%reBR r""s "3 a("u 2)5 " 1)8 c. in $en%&T $ea/es 1 " + 3r". eac& n"deR
"r(icu$arNreni3"r.R crenaeR (ase c"rdaeR -ei"$es c&anne$$ed =i& adnae si-u$esT 3$"=ers
3ascic$ed u.(e$s eac& carrBin% + "r * 3$"=ersR s&"r sa$7edT 3ruis cre."car-R "/"idR =i&
$aera$$B c".-ressed seeds)
9

() 6icr"sc"-ic
R"" N S&"=s =a/B "u$ineR c"nsisin% "3 + " 5 $aBeredR recan%u$arR c"r7 ce$$s
&a/in% e'3"$iaed ce$$sR 3"$$"=ed (B + "r * $aBers "3 -arenc&B.a ce$$s c"nainin% "/a$ "
r"undR si.-$eR sarc& %rains .easurin% 4 " 11 in dia)R &a/in% cenric &i$u. and
.icr"s-&en"ida$ crBsa$s "3 ca$ciu. "'a$aeT sec"ndarB c"re' c".-"sed "3 &inN=a$$edR
"/a$ " -"$B%"na$R -arenc&B.a"us ce$$sT secre"rB ce$$s -resenR scaered "=ards
-eri-&erB re%i"nT sec"ndarB -&$"e. and sec"ndarB 'B$e. c"nsisin% "3 usua$ e$e.ensT
/esse$s $i%ni3ied =i& reicu$ae and s-ira$ &ic7enin%T -i& near$B "($ieraed)
Se. N 6"re "r $ess c"nca/eNc"n/e' "u$ineR s&"=s sin%$e $aBered e-ider.is c".-"sed "3
r"und " cu(ica$ ce$$s c"/ered (B sriaed cuic$eT (e$"= &is 2 "r + $aBers "3
c"$$enc&B.a"us ce$$sR 3"$$"=ed (B 1 " 4 $aBers "3 &inN=a$$edR is"dia.ericR
-arenc&B.a"us ce$$s =i& inerce$$u$ar s-aces -resenT /ascu$ar (und$es c"$$aera$R "-enR
arran%ed in a rin%R ca--ed (B -ac&es "3 sc$erenc&B.a and ra/ersed (B =ide .edu$$arB
raBsT /esse$s =i& s-ira$ &ic7enin% -resenR resin duc -resen in -arenc&B.a"us ce$$s "3
c"re' and %enera$$B "ne in (e=een /ascu$ar (und$esT -i& "3 is"dia.ericR -arenc&B.a
=i& inerce$$u$ar s-aces)
Lea3N
0ei"$e N s&"=s a c&aracerisic "u$ine due " =" -r"jeci"ns adjacen " /enra$ %r""/eT
e-ider.is sin%$e $aBeredR ce$$s cu(ica$ c"/ered (B a &ic7 cuic$eT inner =a$$s "3 e-ider.a$
ce$$s adj"inin% &e c"re' .uc& &ic7enedT &airs a(senT c"$$enc&B.a 2 "r + $aBeredR a(sen
"n &e -r"jeci"nsR a (r"ad D"ne "3 ."re "r $ess r"unded -arenc&B.a ce$$s -resen =i&
inerce$$u$ar s-acesR and a 3e= c"nainin% r"see crBsa$s "3 ca$ciu. "'a$aeT resin cana$
-resen "n d"rsa$ side "3 eac& /ascu$ar (und$e e'ce- in &e /ascu$ar (und$es "ccurrin%
-r"jecin% ar.sT /ascu$ar (und$es se/en in nu.(erR =" "3 =&ic& $ess de/e$"-ed and
-resen in -r"jeci"ns)
6idri( N s&"= a sin%$e $aBered e-ider.isR 2 "r + $aBered c"$$enc&B.a "n ("& sur3acesR * "r
5 $aBered -arenc&B.aR ."s$B de/"id "3 c&$"r"-$assT cenra$ D"ne "ccu-ied (B /ascu$ar
(und$es di33ereniaed in" 'B$e. "=ards /enra$ side and -&$"e. "=ards d"rsa$ sideT
-&$"e. c"nsisin% "3 sie/e u(esR c".-ani"n ce$$s and -&$"e. -arenc&B.aT 'B$e.
c"nsisin% "3 radia$ r"=s "3 /esse$s =i& 'B$e. -arenc&B.a in (e=een)
La.ina Ns&"=s an e-ider.is "3 an%enia$$B e$"n%aed ce$$s "n ("& sur3acesR $ar%er "n &e
u--er sur3aceR c"/ered (B sriaed cuic$eT .es"-&B$$ di33ereniaed in" 2 "r + $aBers "3
-a$isade ce$$sR 5 " ; $aBers "3 $""se$B arran%edR s".e=&a is"dia.eric s-"n%B
-arenc&B.aT r"see crBsa$s "3 ca$ciu. "'a$ae -resen in a 3e= ce$$sT s".aa ."re "n &e
$"=er sur3aceR anis"cBic in %enera$R (u an"."cBic B-e a$s" "ccurs "n ("& sur3acesR
-a$isade rai" + " 5R s".aa$ inde' "n u--er sur3aceR ? " 12R and $"=er sur3ace 11 " 1;)
<rui N S&"=s se/era$ rid%es in "u$ineT e-icar- c"nsiss "3 sin%$e $aBered e-ider.is c"/ered
e'erna$$B =i& &ic7 cuic$eT .es"car- c"nsiss "3 -"$B%"na$R &in =a$$ed -arenc&B.a"us
ce$$s &a/in% -ac&es "3 sc$erenc&B.a"us ce$$s "n ("& $aera$ sideT eac& rid%e &a/in% a
/iae and -ac& "3 sc$erenc&B.aT end"car- c"nsiss "3 c"$u.nar s&a-ed sc$ereids arran%ed
in =a/B $aBersT end"s-er. and e.(rB" c".-"sed "3 "/a$ " -"$B%"na$R &inN=a$$ed
-arenc&B.a"us ce$$s)
1
0"=der N Green " %reenis&N(r"=nR s&"=s 3ra%.ens "3 e-ider.a$ ce$$s -"$B%"na$ in sur3ace
/ie= =i& s".aaR -a$isade ce$$sR /esse$s =i& s-ira$R reicu$ae and annu$ar &ic7enin%T
.icr"s-&en"ida$ and r"see crBsa$s "3 ca$ciu. "'a$aeT si.-$eR "/a$ " r"und sarc& %rains
.easurin% 4 " 11 in dia)

T"a$ As& N" ."re &an 1; -er cenR A--endi' 2)2)+)

ASSAI

T)L)C)
T)L)C) "3 a$c"&"$ic e'rac "n Si$ica %e$ UGU -$ae usin% C&$"r"3"r. S 6e&an"$ (48 S
28) s&"=s under U):) (+11 n.) =" 3$u"rescen D"nes a R3) 8);2 and 8)45 (("& ($ue)) On
e'-"sure " ,"dine /a-"ur si' s-"s a--ear a R3) 8)84R 8)11R 8)+2R 8);2R 8)45 and 8)?1 (a$$
Be$$"=)) On s-raBin% =i& :ani$$inNSu$-&uric acid rea%en and &eain% &e -$ae a 185C
3"r en .inues se/en s-"s a--ear a R3) 8)84 (%reB)R 8)11 (($ue)R 8)2+ (%reB)R 8)+2 (/i"$e)R
8);2R 8)45 (("& /i"$e) and 8)?1 (/i"$e))

CONST,TUENTS N G$Bc"sides N Sa-"nin G$Bc"sides

Rasa S Ti7aR KaYZBaR 6ad&uraR Ka]u
1
Gu[a S La%&uR Sara
:QrBa S MQa
:i-Z7a S 6ad&ura
Kar.a S Ka-&a-ia&araR H_dBaR 6ed&BaR S/arBaR RasZBanaR @Q-anaR :ar[BaR
:iYa%&naR BuYBaR 9a$BaR S._i-rada
,60ORTANT <OR6ULAT,ONS N 9ra&.a RasZBana
THERA0EUT,C USES N Ra7a-iaR KuY]&aR 6e&aR 2/araR M/ZsaR KZsaR AruciR 0Z[PuR M"&aR
Ka[P\R Ra7ad"Ya
@OSE N +N1 %.

1
+8) 6aBa77u (Ga$$))
6AIAKKU J 6IUKA6 (Ga$$)
6ZBa77u c"nsiss "3 dried %a$$s 3"und "n Kuercus in3ec"ria O$i/" (<a.) <a%aceae)R a
s.a$$ ree "r s&ru(R 2 " 5 . &i%&R nai/e "3 GreeceR Asia 6in"rR SBria and ,ran) T&e %a$$s are
e'crescences "n &e =i%sR resu$in% 3r". insec aac7 "3 &e %r"=in%R rudi.enarB $ea/esT
&eB are i.-"red in" ,ndia)
SINONI6S
Sans7ri S 6ZBa-&a$a
Assa.ese S A-&sa
9en%a$i S 6aj""-&a$R 6aju-&a$
En%$is& S Oa7NGa$$
Gujrai S 6uaj""-&a$R 6aB3a$
Hindi S 6aaj""-&a$R 6aju-&a$
Kannada S 6ac&i7aaiR 6a-a$a7a.
Kas&.iri S NN
6a$aBa$a. S 6aja7aaneeR 6as&i77aB
6ara&i S 6aaBa-&a$
OriBa S 6aBa77u
0unja(i S 6aju
Ta.i$ S 6ac&a7aaiR 6asi77iR 6ussi77i
Te$u%u S 6ac&i7aaBa
Urdu S 6aDuR 6aDu-&a$
@ESCR,0T,ON
a) 6acr"sc"-ic
Ga$$s s-&erica$ "r -earNs&a-edR &ard and (ri$e 1)2 " 2)5 c. in dia.eer &a/in% a
s&"r (asa$ sa$7 and nu.er"us r"unded -r"jeci"ns "n &e u--er -ar "3 &e %a$$T &eB
usua$$B sin7 in =aerT sur3aceR s.""&R ra&er s&inin%R ($uis&N%reenR "$i/e %reen "r =&ie
(r"=nR a 3e= %a$$s s&"= &e esca-e r"ue "3 insecR in &e 3"r. "3 a s.a$$ r"unded &"$e
$eadin% " a cB$indrica$ cana$ =&ic& -asses " &e cenre "3 &e %a$$T aseR asrin%enR
1
3"$$"=ed (B s=eenessT a/era%e =ei%& "3 en %a$$s -ic7ed a rand". s&"u$d n" (e $ess &an
2)5 %)

() 6icr"sc"-ic
Ga$$ s&"=s "uer ."s D"ne "3 s.a$$ &inN=a$$ed -arenc&B.a"us ce$$sR irre%u$ar in
s&a-eT a rin% "3 $ar%eR "/a$Ns&a-ed sc$erenc&B.a"us ce$$s and a s.a$$ inner D"ne "3 &ic7N
=a$$ed -arenc&B.a"us ce$$s -resen near &e cenra$ ca/iBT "uer D"ne "3 &e -arenc&B.a
di33ereniaed in" &ree B-e "3 ce$$sT u--er."s s.a$$R irre%u$arR &inN=a$$edR .idd$e $ar%eR
"/a$R and inner $"n% -arenc&B.a"us ce$$sR a$$ &a/in% inerce$$u$ar s-acesT /ascu$ar (und$es
irre%u$ar$B disri(ued in &is re%i"nR c"nsisin% "3 s.a$$ -ac&es "3 'B$e. and -&$"e.T
/esse$s =i& s-ira$ and reicu$ae &ic7enin%T ar"und &e cenra$ ca/iBR a rin% "3
sc$erenc&B.a "3 %rea /ariai"n in s&a-e and siDeR -resenR =i& recan%u$arR "/"idR
e$"n%aedR s.a$$ sc$ereidsR &a/in% &ea/i$B &ic7ened sriaed =a$$s =i& nu.er"us -isR
$u.en $ar%eR usua$$B 3i$$ed =i& dense (r"=n .aeria$R $ar%e sc$ereids are .uc& e$"n%aedT a
3e= r"see crBsa$s "3 ca$ciu. "'a$ae in "uer and .idd$e re%i"n and -ris.aic crBsa$s in
inner -arenc&B.a"us ce$$s -resenT sarc& %rains si.-$e and c".-"und =i& cenra$ &i$u.R
c".-"und %rains c"nsisin% "3 2 " 5 "r s".ei.es ."re c".-"nensR si.-$e %rains r"und
" "/a$R .easurin% u-" 25 in diaR -resen a(undan$B in inner."s D"ne "3 -arenc&B.a)
0"=der N Crea. c"$"urT s&"=s 3ra%.ens "3 -a$isadeN$i7e &inN=a$$ed and "/a$ " -"$B%"na$R
&inN=a$$ed -arenc&B.a"us ce$$sT sc$ereids =i& &ic7ened and sriaed =a$$s =i&
nu.er"us -is and /esse$s =i& reicu$ae and s-ira$ &ic7enin%T si.-$eR r"und " "/a$ sarc&
%rainsR .easurin% u-" 25 in dia)

<"rei%n .aer Ni$ A--endi' 2)2)2
T"a$ Tannin c"nen N" $ess &an 58 -er cenR
=&en deer.ined (B &e 3"$$"=in% .e&"dS

1
ASSAI
A--r"'i.ae$B 2 %.s) "3 -"=dered 3ruiR accurae$B =ei%&edR =as re3$u'ed =ice 3"r ="
&rs) =i& a$c"&"$ (?5V) "n a =aer (a& and 3i$ered) T&e e'rac =as c"ncenraed a$."s "
drBnessR &e residue =as a7en u- in 58 .$ "3 =aer in a se-arain% 3unne$ and e'raced 3"ur
i.es =i& 28 .$ "3 s"$/en e&erR c"$$ecin% &e u--er e&erea$ $aBer in eac& case in a
se-arain% 3unne$) T&e c".(ined e&erea$ $aBer =as e'raced =ice =i& 18 .$ "3 =aer and
a#ue"us e'rac =as c".(ined =i& "ri%ina$ a#ue"us e'rac) T&e c".(ined a#ue"us e'rac
=as sauraed =i& s"diu. c&$"ride and s&a7en =i& successi/e #uaniies "3 25R 28R 28R 15
.$ "3 e&B$ aceae uni$ c".-$ee e'raci"n "3 &e annins =as e33eced (esed (B <erric
c&$"ride rea%en))
T&e c".(ined e&B$aceae $aBer c"nainin% &e annins =as 3i$ered &r"u%& a c""n -$u%
(-re/i"us$B s"a7ed =i& e&B$ aceae )) T&e 3i$er =as =as&ed =i& 5 .$ "3 e&B$aceae and
.i'ed =i& &e "ri%ina$ 3i$rae) T&e s"$/en =as &en disi$$ed "n a =aer (a& and =&en &e
/"$u.e =as reduced " a("u 18 .$R i =as #uaniai/e$B rans3erred " a ared %$ass dis&R
&e s"$/en re."/ed "n a ("i$in% =aer (a& and residue dried " c"nsan =ei%& a ?8C)
T&e residue %i/es &e =ei%& "3 &e annins -resen in &e dru%)

T)L)C)
T)L)C) "3 &e a$c"&"$ic e'rac "n Si$ica %e$ UGU usin% C&$"r"3"r.S E&B$aceae
S<"r.ic acid (5S*S1) s&"=s in /isi($e $i%& &ree s-"s a R3) 8)18R 8)1? G 8);4 (a$$ %reB))
Under U):) (+11 n.) &ree 3$u"rescen D"nes are /isi($e a R3) 8)18R 8)1? G 8);4 (a$$ %reB))
On e'-"sure " ,"dine /a-"ur 3i/e s-"s a--ear a R3) 8)18R 8)1?R 8);4R 8)4* G 8)?1 (a$$
Be$$"=)) On s-raBin% =i& <erric c&$"ride rea%en 3"ur s-"s a--ear a R3) 8)1+R 8)18R 8)1?
G 8);4 (a$$ %reBis& ($ue))

CONST,TUENTS N Tannic AcidR Sarc& and Su%ars

Rasa S KaYZBa
Gu[a S La%&uR R\7Ya
:QrBa S MQa
:i-Z7a S Ka]u
Kar.a S 0ia&araR Ka-&a&araR @Q-aniR GrZ&Q
,60ORTANT <OR6ULAT,ONS N G"r"canZdi /a]iR As&isand&Zna7a $e-a
1
THERA0EUT,C USES N AQsZraR Gra&a[QR 0ra/Z&i7ZR M/ea 0radaraR AraaR @ana R"%aR
6u7&a R"%aR I"ni Kanda

1
+1) 6ud%a-arni (!)0))
6U@GA0ARF (!&"$e 0$an)
6ud%a-ar[i c"nsiss "3 dried =&"$e -$an "3 :i%na ri$"(aa (L)) :erde) SBn)
0&ase"$us ri$"(us Ai) (<a.) <a(aceae)R a -r"srae "r =inin% -erennia$ &er(R 3"und =i$dR (u
a$s" "ccasi"na$$B cu$i/aed &r"u%&"u &e c"unrB as a 3"ra%e cr"-)
SINONI6S
Sans7ri S SurBa-ar[iR Sa&a
Assa.ese S NN
9en%a$i S 6u%anee
En%$is& S NN
Gujrai S 2an%$ee 6a%a
Hindi S 2an%$ee 6un%
Kannada S A(are%id
Kas&.iri S NN
6a$aBa$a. S Kau--aBaru
6ara&i S Ran.u%
OriBa S NN
0unja(i S 6u%/an
Ta.i$ S Kau--aBaruR 0ani--aBa/u
Te$u%u S 0i$$a -esara
Urdu S NN
@ESCR,0T,ON
a) 6acr"sc"-ic
R"" N Occurs in 2)5 " 15)8 c. $"n%R 8)1 "r 8)2 c. &ic7T cB$indrica$ -iecesR
e'erna$ sur3ace (r"=nis&N%reBR r"u%& due " sec"ndarB r""sT 3racureR 3i(r"us)

Se. N Occurs in 12)8 " 55)8 c. $"n%R 8)1 "r 8)2 c. &ic7 -iecesR ."re "r $ess cB$indrica$R
%r""/edR s$enderR %$a(r"usR -a$e %reenT 3racureR 3i(r"us
Lea3 N Lea/es a$ernaeR -innae$B ri3"$iaeR -ei"$edT $ea3$es -a$.ae$B +N$"(edT 1)+ " 2)5
1
c. $"n%T .id $"(e $ar%eR "("/ae s-a&u$aeR $aera$ $"(e "($i#ue and s.a$$R .ar%in ci$iaeR
a-icu$aeR -a$e %reen in c"$"ur)
<$"=er N Sessi$e "r /erB s&"r$B -edice$$edT s.a$$R Be$$"= =i& c"ns-icu"us -ersisen
(racs and (race"$eT ca$B'R %a."se-a$"usR ca.-anu$aeR 1 "r 2 .. $"n%R -a$e Be$$"=R 3i/e
""&edT c"r"$$a -a-i$i"nace"us)
<rui N A -"dT 2)5 " 1 "r ; c. $"n%R + .. &ic7T %reBis&N($ac7T $inear "r rare$B "($"n%R
"r"seR su(cB$indrica$R s.""& %$a(r"usR recur/ed "r re3$e'edR 1 " 12 seeded)
Seed N GreBR s.""&R =i& 2 -uncaeR s&"r$B $inear &i$u. and =i&"u sr"-&i"$e)

() 6icr"sc"-ic
R"" N S&"=s a =a/B "u$ineR &a/in% sin%$e $aBered e-ider.isR c"nsisin% "3 &ic7
=a$$edR -arenc&B.a"us ce$$sR c"/ered (B &ic7 cuic$eT sec"ndarB c"re' c".-"sed "3 + "
1 $aBeredR &inN=a$$edR "/a$ " -"$B%"na$R -arenc&B.a"us ce$$sT -eri cBc$ic 3i(res are
-resen in a disc"ninu"us rin%T /ascu$ar (und$es arran%ed in a rin%T sec"ndarB -&$"e.
c".-"sed "3 &inN=a$$ed ce$$s =i& (r"=nis& c"nensT sec"ndarB 'B$e. c"nsisin% "3 usua$
e$e.ensT radia$$B arran%edR $i%ni3iedR /esse$s =i& -ied "r reicu$ae &ic7enin%R 3"$$"=ed
(B -i& c"nsisin% "3 &inN=a$$edR "/a$ " -"$B%"na$R -arenc&B.a"us ce$$s)
Se. N S&"=s a ."re "r $ess =a/B "u$ineT e-ider.is sin%$e $aBered c"nsisin% "3 &in
=a$$edR -arenc&B.a"us ce$$sT sec"ndarB c"re' c"nsisin% "3 2 " 5 $aBers c"$$enc&Brna"us
and 1 "r 2 $aBers "3 -arenc&B.a"us &in =a$$ed ce$$sT -eri cBc$e -resen in 3"r. "3 a
disc"ninu"us rin%T /ascu$ar (und$es arran%ed in a rin%T sec"ndarB -&$"e. c"nsisin% "3
c".-ac$B arran%edR &ic7N=a$$ed ce$$sR &a/in% usua$ e$e.ens ra/ersed (B -&$"e. raBsT
sec"ndarB 'B$e. c".-"sed "3 usua$ e$e.ensT $i%ni3ied /esse$s radia$$B arran%edR s&"=in%
-ied and s-ira$ &ic7enin%sT crBsa$ 3i(res a(senT 'B$e. 3i(res ."derae$B &ic7 =a$$ed
=i& narr"= $u.en and ($un i-sR cenra$ re%i"n "ccu-ied (B -i& c"nsisin% "3 &inN=a$$edR
circu$arR -arenc&B.a"us ce$$s)
Lea3N
6idri( N s&"=s sin%$e $aBered e-ider.is &a/in% a 3e= unice$$u$arR -"ined &airs "n ("&
sur3acesR 1 "r ; $aBersR -"$B%"na$ c"$$enc&B.a ce$$s "n u--er and 5 "r 1 $aBersR &ic7
=a$$edR c"$$enc&B.a "n $"=er sur3aceT a sin%$e $aBered &ic7N=a$$edR $i%ni3ied -"$B%"na$R
sc$erenc&B.a"us ce$$s -resen "n ei&er side "3 UCU s&a-ed /ascu$ar (und$e &a/in% usua$
e$e.ens)
La.ina N is"(i$aera$R s&"=s sin%$e $aBeredR e$"n%aedR (a$""nNs&a-edR &inN=a$$edR
e-ider.is ce$$s "n ("& sur3acesR a 3e= unice$$u$ar &airs si.i$ar as in .idri( -resen "n ("&
sur3acesT s".aa -aracBicR -resen "n ("& sur3acesT -a$isade 2 "r + $aBered "n u--er
e-ider.isR 1 "r 2 $aBered "n $"=er e-ider.isT -a$isade rai" 1 "r ; "n $"=er sur3aceR ; "r 4
"n u--er sur3aceT /ein is$e nu.(er +* " *5T /ein$e er.inai"n nu.(er 28 " ++T s".aa$
inde'R +8 " +1 -er s#) .. "n $"=er sur3acesR 28 " 2; -er s#) .. "n u--er sur3ace)
Seed N S&"=s esa c"nsisin% "3 2 "r + $aBeredR &ic7N=a$$edR e$"n%aedR $i%ni3ied s"ne
ce$$s &a/in% sriai"ns and narr"= $u.enT c"B$ed"n c".-"sed "3 "/a$ " -"$B%"na$R &in
=a$$edR -arenc&B.a"us ce$$s)
1
0"=der N Li%& %reBis&N%reenT s&"=s 3ra%.ens "3 -arenc&B.aR unice$$u$ar -"ined (r"7en
&airsT $i%ni3iedR si.-$e -iedR reicu$ae "r s-ira$ /esse$sT -aracBic s".aaR e-ider.a$ ce$$s
in sur3ace /ie= =i& =a/B "u$ine)


T)L)C)
T)L)C) "3 a$c"&"$ic e'rac "n Si$ica Ge$ UGU usin% nN9uan"$ S Aceic acidS !aer
(*S1S5) s&"=s under U: (+11 n.) 3i/e 3$u"rescen D"nes a R3) 8)+5R 8)*2R 8)54R 8);8 and
8)42 (a$$ ($ue)) On e'-"sure " ,"dine /a-"ur si' s-"s a--ear a R3) 8)+8R 8)*2R 8)58R
8)54R8);8 and 8)42 (a$$ Be$$"=)) On s-raBin% =i& 5V 6e&an"$icNSu$-&uric acid rea%en
and "n &eain% &e -$ae 3"r en .unues a 185 C 3i/e s-"s a--ear a R3) 8)+8R 8)*2R 8)54R
8);8 and 8)42 (a$$ Be$$"=))

CONST,TUENTS N Ser"$s)

Rasa S Ti7aR 6ad&ura
Gu[a S R\7YaR La%&u
:QrBa S MQa
:i-Z7a S 6ad&ura
Kar.a S Mu7rad"Ya&araR Ka-&a&araR 0ia&araR Ca7YusBaR Mu7ra$aR :iYa%&naR
RasZBanaR Gar(&as&Z-ana
1
,60ORTANT <OR6ULAT,ONS N A._a-rZaa G&_aR Aa"7a G&_aR :idZrBZdi G&_aR
@&Zn/anara Tai$aR 9ra&.a RasZBanaR 9a$Z Tai$aR 6a&Z NZraBa[a Tai$aR Rana%iri Rasa
THERA0EUT,C USES N @Z&aR 2/araR :Zara7aR 0ia @Z&aR KZsaR 6\Yi7a :iYaR KYaBaR K_.iR
KYaa M"&aR KuY]&aR 0radaraR 6adBa T_Y[Z
@OSE N +N5 %.)

1
+2) 6undii7a (!)0))
6UFT,K (!&"$e 0$an)
6undQa7Z c"nsiss "3 dried =&"$e -$an "3 S-&aeran&us indicus Linn) (<a.)
Aseraceae)R an ar".aicR .uc& (ranc&ed &er(R +8 " 18 c. &i%& 3"und a(undan$B in da.-
-$aces &r"u%&"u &e c"unrBR ascendin% " an a$iude "3 1R588 .)
SINONI6S
Sans7ri S 6undiR Sra/aniR 9&u.i7ada.(a
Assa.ese S Ka.adarus
9en%a$i S Sur.uriBaR 6ud.udiBa
En%$is& S NN
Gujrai S G"ra7&.undi
Hindi S 6undiR G"ra7&.undi
Kannada S 6udu7aana%idaR Karande
Kas&.iri S NN
6a$aBa$a. S 6anni
6ara&i S 6undiR G"ra7&.undi
OriBa S 9&ui7ada.
0unja(i S G"ra7&.unda
Ta.i$ S Karandai
Te$u%u S 9"dasaru.u 9adaara.u
Urdu S 6undi
@ESCR,0T,ON
a) 6acr"sc"-ic
R"" N 0ieces 5 " 15 c. $"n% and 8)+ " 8)5 c. &ic7R a 3e= (ranc&in%T s.""&R
s$enderR s".e=&a $aera$$B 3$aenedR %reBis&N(r"=nT 3racureR s&"rT "d"ur n"
c&aracerisicT aseR s$i%&$B (ier)
Se. N 0ieces 18 " +8 c. $"n%R 8)2 " 8)* c. &ic7R (ranc&edR cB$indrica$ "r s".e=&a
3$aened =i& ""&ed =in%sR r"u%& due " $"n%iudina$ =rin7$esR e'erna$$B (r"=nis& ($ac7
" (r"=nis&N%reenR inerna$$B crea.is&N%reBT 3racureR 3i(r"usT "d"ur ni$R aseR (ier)
1
Lea3 N Sessi$eR decurrenR 2 " ; c. $"n%R 1 " 1)5 c. =ideR "("/aeN"($"n%R narr"=ed a &e
(aseR denae "r serraeR &airBR %reenis&N(r"=nT "d"ur$essT aseR (ier)
<$"=er N G$"("seR &ead a("u 1)5 c. $"n% and a("u "ne c. in dia.eerT -ur-$is&N(r"=n
=i& $inear in/"$ucra$ (racs =&ic& are s&"rer &an &e &ead and ci$iae a a-e'T -edunc$e
=i& ""&ed =in%sT "uer 3e.a$e 3$"=ers 12 " 11R inner (ise'ua$ 2 "r +R c"r"$$a "3 3e.a$e 2
""&edR "/arBR in3eri"rR car-e$s 2R sB$e N ar.s c"nnae)
<rui N Ac&eneR s.""&R sa$7ed)

() 6icr"sc"-ic
R"" N E-ider.is sin%$e $aBeredR recan%u$arT sec"ndarB c"re' c".-"sed "3 "/a$ "
an%enia$$B e$"n%aedR &inN=a$$edR -arenc&B.a"us ce$$s &a/in% aerenc&B.aT sec"ndarB
-&$"e. c".-"sed "3 &inN=a$$edR "/a$ " -"$B%"na$ ce$$sR a $ar%e nu.(er "3 %r"u-s "3
$i%ni3ied -&$"e. 3i(res 3"und scaered in &is D"neT cenra$ -"ri"n "ccu-ied (B $i%ni3iedR
sec"ndarB 'B$e. &a/in% usua$ e$e.ensT /esse$s si.-$e -iedT sarc& %rains si.-$eR r"und
" "/a$ =i& c"ncenric sriai"ns and disinc &i$u.) .easurin% 1+ " 2; in dia)R -resen in
sec"ndarB c"re')
Se. N E-ider.is sin%$e $aBered c"/ered =i& &ic7 cuic$eT c"re' c"nsisin% "3 * " 1
$aBers "3 "/a$ " -"$B%"na$R &inN=a$$edR -arenc&B.a"us ce$$sT end"der.is sin%$e $aBers "3
(arre$Ns&a-ed ce$$sT -ericBc$ic 3i(resR $i%ni3ied arran%ed in disc"ninu"us rin%T sec"ndarB
-&$"e. narr"=R &a/in% usua$ e$e.ensT %r"u-s "3 ce$$u$"sic 3i(res 3"und scaered in &is
D"neT sec"ndarB 'B$e. c".-"sed "3 usua$ e$e.ensT /esse$s =i& s-ira$ &ic7enin% "r
si.-$e -iedT -i& /erB =ide c".-"sed "3 "/a$ " -"$B%"na$R &inN=a$$edR -arenc&B.a"us
ce$$s)
Lea3N
6idri( N e-ider.is sin%$e $aBeredR 3"$$"=ed (B * " 1 $aBered c"$$enc&B.a and + "r *
$aBered -arenc&B.a ce$$s -resen "n ("& sur3acesT ric&".es ("& n"nN%$andu$ar and
%$andu$arR -resen "n ("& sur3acesR %$andu$ar ric&".es 2 "r + ce$$s &i%&R uni "r (iseriae
sa$7R &a/in% a .u$ice$$u$ar &eadT n"nN%$andu$ar ric&".es uniseriae =i& 2 " 5 ce$$sR
/ascu$ar (und$e + "r *R siuaed cenra$$B &a/in% usua$ e$e.ens)
La.ina N e-ider.is sin%$e $aBered &a/in% nu.er"us n"nN%$andu$ar and %$andu$ar ric&".es
si.i$ar " &"se -resen in .idri(T .es"-&B$$ c".-"sed "3 "/a$ " -"$B%"na$ &in =a$$ed
-arenc&B.a"us ce$$s and n" di33ereniaed in" -a$isade and s-"n%B -arenc&B.a ce$$sR
anis"cBic s".aa -resen "n ("& sur3acesT s".aa$ inde' +2 " +4 "n $"=er sur3acesR 28
" 2? "n u--er sur3acesT s".aa$ nu.(er *; " 5* -er s#) .. "n $"=er sur3acesR 15 " 22
-er s#) .. "n u--er sur3acesT /ein is$e nu.(er 28 " 21)
0"=der N GreBis&NBe$$"=T s&"=s 3ra%.ens "3 &inN=a$$edR "/a$ " -"$B%"na$ aerenc&B.a
ce$$sT &inN=a$$edR sinu"usR e$"n%aed e-ider.a$ ce$$sT s.a$$ -ieces "3 %$andu$ar ric&".esT a
3e= anis"cBic s".aaT /esse$s =i& s-ira$ and -ied &ic7enin%T 3i(res s&"rR &ic7 =a$$edR
1
$i%ni3ied =i& =ide $u.en and ($un i-s &a/in% si.-$e -isT "/a$ " r"undR e$$i-icR si.-$e
sarc& %rains =i& cenric &i$u. and sriai"nsR .easurin% 1+ " 2; in dia.eer)

T"a$ As& N" ."re &an 2+ -er cenR A--endi' 2)2)+)
AcidNins"$u($e as& N" ."re &an ? -er cenR A--endi' 2)2)*)

T)L)C)
T)L)C) "3 a$c"&"$ic e'rac "3 &e dru% "n Si$ica %e$ UGU usin% T"$uene )S E&B$aceae
(?S1) s&"=s under U):) (+11 n.) =" 3$u"rescen s-"s a R3) 8)5* and 8);1 ("& %reen) On
e'-"sure " ,"dine /a-"ur "ne s-" a--ears a R3) 8)** ((r"=n)) On s-raBin% =i& 5V
6e&an"$icNSu$-&uric acid rea%en and &eain% &e -$ae 3"r 18 .inues a 185C 3i/e s-"s
a--ear a R3) 8)28 (/i"$e)R 8)25 (($ue)R 8)**R 8)5* and 8)5? (a$$ /i"$e))

CONST,TUENTS N Essenia$ Oi$R Ser"$s and A$7a$"ids

Rasa S Ka]uR 6ad&uraR Ti7aR KaYZBa
Gu[a S La%&u
:QrBa S UY[a
:i-Z7a S Ka]u
Kar.a S :Za&araR 6ed&BaR Ka-&a-ianuR RucBaR S/arBaR RasZBanaR :iYa%&na
1
,60ORTANT <OR6ULAT,ONS N 6unPQ Ar7aR :Za%ajZ`7uaa RasaR Rana%iri RasaR
Na/arana Raja._%Z`7a Rasa
THERA0EUT,C USES N A-auR 6\ra7_cc&raR K_.ir"%aR :Zara7aR 0Z[PuR I"ni R"%aR
.ZisZraR KZsaR M$Q-adaR A-as.ZraR 0$Q&Zr"%aR 6ed"r"%aR Gudar"%aR 0ra.e&aR C&ardi
@OSE N 18N28 .$ S/arasa

1
++) NBa%r"d&a 2aa (Ar)R))
NIAGRO@HA 2AL (Aeria$ R"")
NBa%r"d&a 2a]a c"nsiss "3 dried aeria$ "3 <icus (en%a$ensis Linn) (<a.) 6"raceae)R a
/erB $ar%e ree =i& s-readin% (ranc&esR "ccurrin% &r"u%&"u &e c"unrBR and a$s" -$aned
"n r"ad sides and in %ardens)
SINONI6S
Sans7ri S :aa 2a]aR 9a&u-Zda
Assa.ese S NN
9en%a$i S 9arR 9"
En%$is& S 9anBan Tree
Gujrai S :ad :ada/ai
Hindi S 9ara%ada jaaR :a$ajaa
Kannada S A$ada C&iru%u
Kas&.iri S NN
6a$aBa$a. S 0era$/eru
6ara&i S :ada 0arani7a
OriBa S 9ara %ac&&a
0unja(i S 9ardajau
Ta.i$ S A$a./iD&u&u
Te$u%u S 0edda.aiR 6arri Uda$u
Urdu S 9ar%ad
@ESCR,0T,ON
a) 6acr"sc"-ic
@ru% "ccurs in cu -iecesR * " 4 c. $"n%R 8)1 " 1)2 c. &ic7R cB$indrica$R
un(ranc&ed "r (ranc&edT r"u%& due " $"n%iudina$ and rans/erse crac7s and rans/erse
r"=s "3 $enice$sT e'erna$ sur3ace %reBT cu sur3ace reddis&N(r"=nT 3racureR 3i(r"us in (ar7
-"ri"n and "u%& and s&"r in =""d -"ri"n)

1
() 6icr"sc"-ic
Aeria$ r"" s&"=s c"r7 c"nsisin% "3 * " 1 "r ."re r"=s "3 narr"=R an%enia$$B
e$"n%aed ce$$sT sec"ndarB c"re' c"nsisin% "3 a D"ne "3 * "r 5 r"=s "3 s"ne ce$$sR
3"$$"=ed (B =ide D"ne "3 &inN=a$$ed -arenc&B.a"us ce$$sR 3i$$ed =i& reddis&N(r"=n
c"nensT a nu.(er "3 $ar%e %r"u-s "3 s"ne ce$$sR "/a$ " e$$i-ica$R e$"n%aedR &ic7N=a$$edR
=i& =ide $u.en and c$ear -i cana$s 3"und scaered &r"u%&"u sec"ndarB c"re'T
sec"ndarB -&$"e. a =ide D"ne c"nsisin% "3 sie/e u(esR -&$"e. 3i(res and -&$"e.
-arenc&B.aR ra/ersed (B -&$"e. raBsT -&$"e. 3i(res nu.er"usR arran%ed in an%enia$
(ands a$ernain% =i& sie/e e$e.ensT sec"ndarB 'B$e. /erB =ide c"nsisin% "3 -ied
'B$e. /esse$sR 3i(res and 'B$e. -arenc&B.aR a$$ e$e.ens (ein% $i%ni3iedT /esse$s sin%$e "r
in %r"u-sR 'B$e. -arenc&B.a nu.er"usR 'B$e. 3i(res nu.er"usR &ic7N=a$$ed =i& ($un
i-s and =ide $u.enT 'B$e. raBs nu.er"usR uni " eraseriae)
0"=der N Reddis&N(r"=nT s&"=s "/a$ " e$$i-ica$R e$"n%aedR &ic7N=a$$ed s"ne ce$$s =i&
=ide $u.en and c$ear -i cana$sT 3i(resR &ic7N=a$$ed =i& ($un i-s and =ide $u.enT 'B$e.
/esse$s s&"=in% -ied &ic7enin%)


T)L)C)
T)L)C "3 a$c"&"$ic e'rac "n Si$ica %e$ UGU usin% T"$ueneS E&B$ aceae (;S+) s&"=s
under U):) (+11 n.) &ree 3$u"rescen D"nes a R3) 8)+* (s7B ($ue)R 8)1+ (s7B ($ue) and 8);4
(($ue)) On s-raBin% =i& 18V 6e&an"$icNSu$-&uric acid re%en and "n &eain% &e -$ae 3"r
a("u en .inue a 185C &ree s-"s a--ear a R3) 8)1+ (%reB)R 8);4 ((r"=nis& %reB) and
8)?1 ((r"=n))

1
Gu[a S R\7YaR Guru
:QrBa S MQa
:i-Z7a S 6ad&ura
Kar.a S 0ia&araR Ka-&a&araR GrZ&QR Sa.(&a7aR :ar[aR 9&a%nasand&Zna7araR
M"d&anaR R"-a[aR KeaBa
,60ORTANT <OR6ULAT,ONS N Ku`7u.Zdi Tai$aR Rasa Sind&\raR A(&ra7a 9&as.a
(6Zra[a)R Tai$a 6\rcc&ana
THERA0EUT,C USES N Ra7a-iaR T_Y[ZR @Z&aR I"nir"%aR 6ed"r"%aR 9&a%andaraR :isar-a
@OSE N 2N5 %. "3 &e dru% in -"=der 3"r.)

1
+*) Ni.(u (<r)<))
N,69A (<res& <rui)
Ni.(\ c"nsiss "3 3res& 3rui "3 Cirus $i."n (Linn)) 9ur.) 3) SBn) C) .edica /ar)
$i."nu. (<a.) Ruaceae)T a sra%%$in% (us& "r s.a$$ reeR + " * . &i%& =i& &"rnB (ranc&esR
cu$i/aed in .anB -ars "3 &e c"unrB in "rc&ards)
SINONI6S
Sans7ri S 2a.(QraR 6Z&a Ni.(u
Assa.ese S NN
9en%a$i S 0aine(uR Ka%%&ine(uR 9arane(u
En%$is& S T&e $e."n "3 ,ndiaR Le."n
Gujrai S Li.(u
Hindi S Ni.(uR 9ara Ni.(uR 0a7ari Ni.(u
Kannada S Ni.(eR Li.e &annuR Ni.(e &annu
Kas&.iri S NN
6a$aBa$a. S C&eruna7ara.R :adu7a--u$inara7a.
6ara&i S Ni.(u
OriBa S NN
0unja(i S Ni.(u
Ta.i$ S E$u.ic&aiR E$u.ic&an%aiR E$u.icc&aiR C&erunaran7a
Te$u%u S 0edda Ni..aR 2a.(iraR Ni..uR 9ija-ura.
Urdu S Li.uR Nee(u
@ESCR,0T,ON
a) 6acr"sc"-ic
<rui a (errBR &es-eridiu.R Be$$"= =&en ri-eR "/"id "r %$"("seR 5 " 18 c. $"n%T
e'erna$ sur3ace e/en "r ru%%ed s&"=in% "-enin%s "3 "i$ %$andsT usua$$B =i& ? .a..i$$ae
e're.iB and &in rindT rans/erse$B cu sur3ace s&"=s &in rind and an in=ard$B %r"=n
end"car- 3"r.in% 18 " 12 se%.ensR eac& c"nainin% 2 "r + seeds =i& -u$- 3"r.ed (B
succu$en &airsT juice acidic)
1

() 6icr"sc"-ic


Rasa S A.$a
Gu[a S La%&u
:QrBa S UY[a
:i-Z7a S A.$a
Kar.a S :Za&araR 0ia7araR Ka-&a&araR @Q-anaR 0Zcana
,60ORTANT <OR6ULAT,ONS N :Zria"Ya[a RasaR :asana 6Z$aQ RasaR :a`%a 9&as.aR
KZsQsa 9&as.aR Gand&a7a :a]QR Man7&a :a]QR AjQr[a7ana7a RasaR KZ$a7\]a RasaR 6a&Z Ma
`7&a :a]QR NZsi7Z C\r[a
THERA0EUT,C USES N T_Y[ZR :Zi7a M\$aR C&ardiR :i(and&aR K_.iR AruciR A%ni.ZndBaR
Udara R"%aR :is\ci7a
@OSE N 1N12 %. "3 &e dru% in juice 3"r.)

1
+5) Nir%undi (R))
N,RGUF (R"")
Nir%unPi c"nsiss "3 dried r"" "3 :ie' ne%und" Linn) (<a.) :er(enaceae)R a $ar%e
ar".aic s&ru( "r s".ei.es a s.a$$ reeR u-" *)5 . in &ei%&R c".."n &r"u%&"u &e
c"unrB ascendin% " an a$iude "3 1588 . in &e $"=er Hi.a$aBas), is c".."n in =ase
-$aces ar"und /i$$a%eR ri/er (an7R ."is $"ca$iies and decidu"us 3"ress)
SINONI6S
Sans7ri S NN
Assa.ese S As$a7
9en%a$i S Nir%undiR Nis&inda
En%$is& S <i/e $ea/ed c&aseR ,ndian 0ri/e
Gujrai S Na%"d
Hindi S Nir%undi
Kannada S La77i%idaR Ne77i%idaR La77i.ara
Kas&.iri S NN
6a$aBa$a. S ,ndranee
6ara&i S Lin%adR Ni%ad
OriBa S NN
0unja(i S Sa.(&a$u
Ta.i$ S Karun" c&c&i$
Te$u%u S Na$$a/a/i$$i
Urdu S Sa.(&a$u
@ESCR,0T,ON
a) 6acr"sc"-ic
R""s cB$indrica$R &ardR "u%& =i& irre%u$ar 3racuresT e'erna$ sur3ace r"u%& due "
$"n%iudina$R narr"=R crac7s and s.a$$ r""$esT cu sur3ace s&"=s c"r7 re%i"n %reBis&N
(r"=nR .idd$e re%i"n %reBis&N=&ieR and 'B$e. re%i"n crea. c"$"uredT (ar7 &inR easi$B
se-araes 3r". =""dT =""d &ardR 3"r.in% .aj"r -ar "3 r"")
1

() 6icr"sc"-ic
R"" s&"=s 18 " 14 "r ."re an%enia$ r"=s "3 recan%u$ar " cu(icu$arR ."derae$B
&ic7N=a$$ed c"r7 ce$$s =i& a 3e= r"=s "3 radia$$B arran%ed c"r7 ce$$s a$s" (ein% -resenR
inner + " 5 r"=s "3 c"r7 ce$$s &inN=a$$edT c"r7 ca.(iu. c"nsiss "3 sin%$e r"= "3 s#uaris&
" rans/erse$B e$"n%aed ce$$sT sec"ndarBc"re' c".-"sed "3 * " 12 r"=s "3 recan%u$ar "
e$"n%aed ce$$sR s".e c"nain sarc& %rainsT nu.er"usR s.a$$ %r"u-s "3 s"ne ce$$s 3"und
scaered in &is D"neT s"ne ce$$s /arB in s&a-e and siDeT sec"ndarB -&$"e. c"nsiss "3
sie/e u(es =i& c".-ani"n ce$$sR 3i(res and -&$"e. -arenc&B.a ra/ersed (B -&$"e. raBsT
disa$ -"ri"n "3 -&$"e. c"nica$R due " di$ain% -&$"e. raBsT eac& (and "3 -&$"e.
c".-"sed "3 &inN=a$$edR -&$"e. issues a$ernain% =i& rans/erse sri-s "3 &ic7N=a$$ed
-&$"e. 3i(resT a 3e= an%enia$ sri-s "3 "($ieraed -&$"e. issues a$s" -resen in "uerN
-&$"e. re%i"nT eac& 3i(re %r"u- c".-"sed "3 1 " 18 "r ."re &ic7N=a$$edR $"n% and s&"r
3i(resR s&"r 3i(res c".-arai/e$B &ic7N=a$$edR a 3e= 3i(res s&"= 3"r7ed i-sT inner D"ne "3
-&$"e. c".-"sed "3 inacR &inN=a$$edR -&$"e. issues .ain$B sie/e u(esR c".-ani"n
ce$$s and -&$"e. -arenc&B.aT ca.(iu. c".-"sed "3 "neR "r s".ei.es ="R r"=s "3 ce$$sT
cenra$ .aj"r -ar "3 r"" c"nsiss "3 'B$e.T /esse$s /arBin% in siDeR scaered &r"u%&"u
'B$e. re%i"nR ei&er in s.a$$ %r"u-s "3 2 " * "r sin%$BT a 3e= 'B$e. /esse$s s&"= ai$ "n
"ne "r ("& &e endsT 'B$e. 3i(res $"n%R &a/in% &ic7N=a$$s and -"ined i-sT 'B$e.
-arenc&B.a c"nains sarc& %rains si.i$ar " &"se 3"und in c"rica$ re%i"nT .edu$$arB raBs
are uniN" riseriaeR a$."s srai%&R e'end 3r". -i& " c"r7R .edu$$arB raBs in 'B$e.
re%i"n radia$ =&i$e in -&$"e. re%i"n &eB di$aeT ce$$s c"nain sarc& %rainR si.-$e and
c".-"undR "/a$ " circu$arR &a/in% * c".-"nens and .easurin% 4 " 12 in dia)
0"=der N 0a$e Be$$"=T s&"=s -arenc&B.a"us ce$$s c"nainin% si.-$e "/a$ " r"und and
c".-"und sarc& %rains =i& * c".-"nensR .easurin% 4 " 12 in diaT s"ne ce$$s
e$"n%aedR recan%u$ar and s#uaris& in s&a-e =i& =ide and narr"= $u.enR radiain% cana$s
and c"ns-icu"us sriai"nsT 'B$e. /esse$s =i& -ied &ic7enin%R 'B$e. and -&$"e. 3i(res
=i& &ic7 =a$$s)


T)L)C)
1
T)L)C) "3 a$c"&"$ic e'rac "n Si$ica %e$ UGU usin% C&$"r"3"r.S 6e&an"$ (4S2) s&"=s
in /isi($e $i%& =" s-"s a R3) 8)1* and 8)?5 (("& Be$$"=)) Under U):) (+11 n.) si'
3$u"rescen D"nes are /isi($e a R3) 8)1* (dirB Be$$"=)R 8)1* (($ue)R 8)11 (($ue)R 8)42 ($i%&
($ue)R 8)?8 (($ue) and 8)?5 (($uis& %reen)) On e'-"sure " ,"dine /a-"ur 3i/e s-"s a--ear a
R3) 8)1*R 8)8*R 8)11R 8)42 and 8)?5 (a$$ Be$$"=)) On s-raBin% =i& @ra%end"r33 rea%en
3"$$"=ed (B 5V 6e&an"$icNSu$-&uric acid rea%en =" s-"s a--ear a R3) 8)8+ and 8)?5
(("& "ran%e))

Rasa S Ti7aR KaYZBaR Ka]u
Gu[a S La%&uR R\7Ya
:QrBa S MQaR UY[a (NQ$a)
:i-Z7a S Ka]u
Kar.a S 0ia/inZaanaR KeaBaR NerBaR M$eY.a&aR :Za&araR 0QPZ&ara
,60ORTANT <OR6ULAT,ONS N 6Z&Z :iYa%ar(&a Tai$aR 6Znasa 6ira :a]a7a
THERA0EUT,C USES N M\$a R"%aR KZsaR KuY]&aR Ka[P\R 0radaraR d&.ZnaR K_.ir"%aR
M$eY.aja 2/ara
@OSE N 18N28 .$

1
+1) 0a$asa (<$))
0ALMA ( <$"=er)
0a$aaa c"nsiss "3 dried 3$"=er "3 9uea ."n"s-er.a (La.)) KunDeR SBn) 9) 3r"nd"sa
K"ein% e' R"'() (<a.) <a(aceae)R an erec decidu"us ree 12 " 15 . &i%& =i& cr""7ed run7
and irre%u$ar (ranc&esR c".."n$B 3"und &r"u%&"u &e %reaer -ar "3 &e c"unrB u-" a("u
?15 . a$iude)
SINONI6S
Sans7ri S Ki.au7aR 9ra&.a :_7Ya
Assa.ese S 0a$as&
9en%a$i S 0a$asR 0a$as& Gacc&a
En%$is& S <$a.e "3 &e <"res
Gujrai S K&a7&ar"R Kesuda
Hindi S @&a7R TesuR 0aras
Kannada S 6uu%R 6uu$u
Kas&.iri S NN
6a$aBa$a. S 0a$as&insa.a&a
6ara&i S Ka7rac&aR 0a$as
OriBa S 0"rasuR Kiju7"
0unja(i S Tes&
Ta.i$ S 0urasu
Te$u%u S 6"dB%a 0u//u
Urdu S @&a7 (Tesu)
@ESCR,0T,ON
a) 6acr"sc"-ic
@ru% a/ai$a($e in a("u +)8 " *)5 c. $"n% race.es "3 "ran%e " Be$$"= c"$"ured
3$"=ersT (racs and (race"$es s.a$$R -edice$s a("u =ice as $"n% as &e ca$B'R dense$B
(r"=nN/e$/eBT ca$B' 8)4 " 1)2 c. $"n%R se-a$s 5R ca.-anu$aeR dense$B /e$/eB "usideR
c$"&ed =i& si$7B &airs =i&inT c"r"$$a a("u 2)8 " ;)8 c. $"n%R -ea$s 5R -"$B-ea$"usR
une#ua$ 7ee$R c$"&ed "uside =i& si$7B si$/erB &airsR "ran%e "r sa$."n c"$"uredR 7ee$
1
se.icircu$arR (ea7edR /einedT sa.ens 18R diade$-&"usR an&ers 2 ce$$edT car-e$ su-eri"r
uni$"cu$arT sB$e "ne and si%.a "ne)

() 6icr"sc"-ic
0edice$ N S&"=s ."re "r $ess =a/B "u$ineR sin%$e $aBered e-ider.is c"/ered =i&
&ic7 cuic$eR unice$$u$arR 2 "r + ce$$ed ric&".esR 3"$$"=ed (B %r"und issue c"nsisin% "3 1
" 4 ce$$edR &inN=a$$edR "/a$ " -"$B%"na$ -arenc&B.a"us ce$$sT end"der.is sin%$e
$aBeredT /ascu$ar (und$e radia$$B arran%edR c"$$aera$R c"nsisin% "3 usua$ e$e.ens)
Se-a$ N S&"=s sin%$e $aBered e-ider.a$ ce$$sR uniseriaeR .u$ice$$u$ar ric&".es and c$u(
s&a-ed secre"rB ducs -resen "n $"=er sur3aceR e-ider.is 3"$$"=ed (B + "r * $aBeredR &inN
=a$$edR $""se$B arran%ed -arenc&B.a"us ce$$s "n ("& sur3acesR &in =a$$edR =a/B
e-ider.a$ ce$$s s&"=in% "n &e sur3ace /ie=)
0ea$ N S&"=s sin%$e $aBeredR &inN=a$$edR e-ider.a$ ce$$sR c"/ered =i& nu.er"usR
unice$$u$arR -"ined ric&".es and a 3e= %$andu$ar &airsT &inN=a$$edR ca-iae "r c"ne
s&a-ed -a-i$$ae -resen "n ("& sur3aceT .es"-&B$$ c"nsisin% "3 &inN=a$$edR $""se$B
arran%edR -arenc&B.a"us ce$$sT a $ar%e nu.(er "3 $ar%er and s.a$$er /ein 3"und scaered
in &is re%i"nR s".e "3 &e ce$$s c"nain a 3e= "3 "i$ %$"(u$es)
0"=der N Ie$$"=is&N(r"=nT s&"=s 3ra%.ens "3 -arenc&B.aR e-ider.is =i& s".aa$ ce$$sT
nu.er"usR -"inedR .u$ice$$u$ar ric&".es and a 3e= "i$ %$"(u$es)


T)L)C)
T)L)C) "3 a$c"&"$ic e'rac "3 &e dru% "n Si$ica %e$ UGU -$ae usin% nN9uan"$ Aceic
AcidS !aer (*S1S5) s&"=s in /isi($e $i%& si' s-"s a R3) 8)*2 ($i%& (r"=n)R 8)*4 ((r"=n)R
8)54 (Be$$"=)R 8)42 ((r"=n)R 8)44 (Be$$"=) and 8)?1 ($i%& (r"=n)) On s-raBin% =i&
-&"s-&"."$B(dic acid rea%en and &eain% &e -$ae a 185C 3"r a("u en .inues nine
s-"s a--ear a R3) 8)84 (($ue)R 8)1? (($ue)R 8)+2 (($ue)R 8)*2 (($ue)R 8)*4 (Be$$"=)R 8)54
1
(($ue)R 8)42 (Be$$"=)R 8)44 (($ue) and 8)?1 (($ue)) On s-raBin% =i& 5V 6e&an"$icN
Su$-&uric acid rea%en and &eain% &e -$ae a 185C 3"r a("u 3i3een .inues se/en s-"s
a--ear a R3) 8)1? ($i%& red)R 8)+2 ($i%& red)R 8)*2 ($i%& red)R 8)54 (red)R 8)42 (red)R 8)44
(red) and 8)?1 (%reB))

CONST,TUENTS N G$Bc"sides and <$a/"n"ids

Rasa S Ka]uR Ti7aR KaYZBaR 6ad&ura
Gu[a S La%&uR R\7YaR Sara
:QrBa S MQa
:i-Z7a S 6ad&ura
Kar.a S 0ia&araR Ka-&a&araR @Q-anaR :Za&araR T_Y[ZaZ.a7aR Ra7a Sa.(&anaR
6\ra$aR KuY]&a%&naR Sand&ZniBaR @Z&a-raaa.anaR GrZ&Q
,60ORTANT <OR6ULAT,ONS N Ku`7u.Zdi Tai$aR :a`%a 9&as.a (2Zra[a(())
THERA0EUT,C USES N Ra7a/i7ZraR 6\ra7_cc&raR Gran&iR K_.iR 6e&aR @Z&aR :Zara7aR
KuY]&aR T_Y[ZR Ra7a-iaR 0$Q&Zr"%aR Gu$.aR Gra&a[QR Neraa\$aR Ka[P\R Araa
@OSE N +N1 %. "3 dru% in -"=der 3"r.)

1
+;) 0a$asa (Gu.))
0ALMA (Gu.)
0a$aaa c"nsiss "3 dried %u. e'udin% 3r". naura$ crac7s and ari3icia$ incisi"ns in &e
se. (ar7 "3 9uea ."n"s-er.a (La.)) KunDe SBn) 9) 3r"nd"sa K"en) e' R"'() (<a.)
<a(aceae)R a .ediu. siDed ree =i& s".e=&a cr""7ed run7R 12 " 15 . &i%& =i& irre%u$ar
(ranc&es c".."n$B 3"und &r"u%&"u %reaer -ars "3 &e c"unrB u-" ?15 . a$iude)
SINONI6S
Sans7ri S Ki.au7aR Tri-ar[a
Assa.ese S 0a$as&
9en%a$i S 0a$as
En%$is& S <$a.e "3 3"resR 9en%a$ Kin"
Gujrai S K&a7&ar"R Kesud"
Hindi S @&a7R 0a$asR Tes&u
Kannada S 6au%aR 6u&u%a
Kas&.iri S NN
6a$aBa$a. S 0a$as&u
6ara&i S 0a$as
OriBa S NN
0unja(i S @&a7
Ta.i$ S 0urasu
Te$u%u S 6"du%aR 6"du%u
Urdu S @&a7 (Tesu)
@ESCR,0T,ON
a) 6acr"sc"-ic
@ru% "ccurs in -iecesR 3$ais&R (ri$eR -er3ec$B rans-arenR s.""& and s&inin%R
ru(B red " dar7 (r"=nT (u33 c"$"ured -ieces "3 (ar7 aac&edT n" -ecu$iar "d"urT aseR
asrin%en)

1
() 6icr"sc"-ic
An%u$ar 3ra%.ensR "-a#ue in rans.ied $i%&T s&"=s -$ans de(ris 3"r. &ic7N
=a$$ed recan%u$ar c"r7 and -"$B%"na$R &inN=a$$ed c"re'R and -&$"e. -arenc&B.a"us
ce$$sR de-/ed 3r". &e -aren -$an)
,deni3icai"nS , diss"$/es -aria$$B in ("i$in% a$c"&"$ and 3ree$BR a$."s c".-$ee$BR in c"$d
=aerR 3"r.in%) a .i$7B s"$ui"nT =&en reaed =i& 5V a#ue"us s"$ui"n "3 -erc&$"ride "3
ir"n (<erric c&$"ride) i %i/es %reBis&N%reen -reci-iae and =i& $ead aceae %i/es =&ie
-reci-iae)
<$u"rescenceS C"$"ur "3 5V a#ue"us s"$ui"n $i%& (r"=n in daB $i%& and %reBis& %reen in
U):) $i%& (+11 n.)T c"$"ur "3 5V a$c"&"$ic s"$ui"n reddis&N(r"=n in daB$i%&R and $i%&
%reen in U):) $i%& (+11 n.))

A$c"&"$Ns"$u($e e'raci/e N" $ess &an 1? -er cenR A--endi' 2)2)1)

ASSAI

T)L)C)
!aer (5S1S*) s&"=s in /isi($e $i%& si' s-"s a R3) 8)+8R 8)*2R 8)1;R 8);*R 8)4* and 8)?2 (a$$
Be$$"=is& (r"=n)) Under U):) (+11 n.) &ree ($ue 3$u"rescen D"nes are /isi($e a R3) 8);*R
8)4* and 8)?2) On e'-"sure " ,"dine /a-"ur ei%& s-"s a--ear a R3) 8)8;R 8)2+R 8)+8R 8)*2R
8)1;R 8);*R 8)4* and 8)?2 (a$$ Be$$"=)) On s-raBin% =i& 5V 6e&an"$icSu$-&uric acid
rea%en and &eain% &e -$ae 3"r a("u en .inues a 118C ei%& s-"s a--ear a R3) 8)8;R
8)2+R 8)+8R 8)*2R 8)1;R 8);*R 8)4* and 8)?2 (a$$ /i"$e))

1
CONST,TUENTS N An&"cBanins and Tannins)

Rasa S KaYZBaR Ka]uR Ti7a
Gu[a S SaraR Sni%d&a
:QrBa S UY[a
:i-Z7a S Ka]u
Kar.a S @Q-anaR :_YBaR 9&a%nasand&Zna7_R :Za&araR M$eY.a&ara
,60ORTANT <OR6ULAT,ONS N 9a$Z Tai$a
THERA0EUT,C USES N Gra&a[QR Gu$.aR AraaR K_.ir"%aR Gudar"%aR As&i(&a%naR :ra[aR 0$
Q&Z R"%a
@OSE N 8)5 " 1)5 %.

1
+4) 0a$asa (Sd))
0ALMA (Seed)
0a$aaa c"nsiss "3 dried seed "3 9uea ."n"s-er.a (La.)) KunDeR SBn) 9) 3r"nd"sa
K"en) e' R"'() (<a.) <a(aceae)R a .ediu. siDed ree =i& a s".e=&a cr""7ed run7R 12 "
15 . &i%& =i& irre%u$ar (ranc&esR c".."n$B 3"und &r"u%&"u &e %reaer -ar "3 &e c"unrB
u-" a("u ?15 . a$iude)
SINONI6S
Sans7ri S 9ra&.a :_7YaR Ki.au7aR Ra7a 0uY-a7aR KYZra MreYa
Assa.ese S NN
9en%a$i S 0a$as& Gac&&a
En%$is& S 9en%a$ Kin"ree
Gujrai S Kesud"R K&a7&ar"
Hindi S @&a7R 0a$as&
Kannada S 6uu%a
Kas&.iri S NN
6a$aBa$a. S 0a$as&u
6ara&i S 0a$as&
OriBa S NN
0unja(i S @&a7R 0a$as&R Tes""R Kes""
Ta.i$ S 0uras&u
Te$u%u S 6"du%a .ada
Urdu S @&a7 (Tesu)
@ESCR,0T,ON
a) 6acr"sc"-ic
Seed 3$aR 7idneBNs&a-edR 2)5 " * c. $"n%R 1 " + c. =ideR dar7 reddis&N(r"=nR &inR
%$"ssBT &i$u. c$earR siuaed near .idd$e "3 c"nca/e ed%e U"3 seedT "d"urR 3ainT aseR
s$i%&$B acrid and (ier)
1

() 6icr"sc"-ic
S&"=s a =ide D"ne "3 esaR c"nsisin% "3 a $aBer "3 -a$isade ce$$sR a r"= "3 (earer
ce$$s and .anB $aBers "3 -arenc&B.a"us ce$$sT -a$isade ce$$s c".-ac$B arran%edR
c"$u.nar s&a-ed and c"/ered =i& &ic7 cuic$eR 3"$$"=ed (B a sin%$e r"= "3 (earer ce$$sT
-arenc&B.a"us $aBers c"nsisin% "3 .anB r"=s "3 ce$$sR 3i$$ed =i& reddis&N(r"=n
c"nensT a nu.(er "3 /ascu$ar (und$es "ccur in a r"=R in .idd$e re%i"n "3 -arenc&B.a"us
D"neT c"B$ed"ns c"nsiss "3 a sin%$e $aBered e-ider.isR c".-"sed "3 s#uare " "/a$ ce$$sR
c"/ered =i& cuic$eT .es"-&B$$ ce$$s (ear &Ba$ine =a$$sR "/a$ " irre%u$ar s&a-ed =i& s.a$$
inerce$$u$ar s-acesT si.-$eR "/a$ " r"undR sarc& %rains =i& c"ncenric sriai"nsR and
cenric &i$u.R c".-"und %rains &a/in% 2 " * c".-"nens .easurin% 4 " 11 in dia)R
-resen in c"B$ed"ns)
0"=der N Crea. "r %reBT s&"=s 3ra%.ens "3 esaR (earer ce$$sR nu.er"us si.-$e "/a$ "
r"und sarc& %rains =i& c"ncenric sriai"ns and a cenric &i$u.R and a$s" c".-"und sarc&
%rains &a/in% 2 " * c".-"nensR .easurin% 4 " 11 in dia.eer)

He'ane s"$u($e e'raci/e N" $ess &an 15 -er cen)
(9B s"'&$e e'raci"n)

ASSAI

T)L)C)
E&B$aceae (?S1) s&"=s under U):) $i%& (+11 n.) &ree 3$u"rescen a R3) 8)*1R 8)*? "
8)15 (e$"n%aed and $i%& ($ue) and 8)?1 (($ue)) On e'-"sure " ,"dine /a-"ur si' s-"s
a--ear a R3) 8)8*R 8)1?R 8)24R 8)*1R 8)*? " 8)15 (e$"n%aed) and 8)?1 (a$$ Be$$"=)) On
1
s-raBin% =i& :ani$$inNSu$-&uric acid rea%en and &eain% &e -$ae 3"r a("u en .inues a
118C si' s-"s a--ear a R3) 8)8*R 8)1?R 8)24R 8)*1R e$"n%aed s-" (8)*?N8)15) and 8)?1 (a$$
/i"$e)) On s-raBin% =i& @ra%end"r33 rea%en 3"$$"=ed (B 5V 6e&an"$icNSu$-&uric acid
rea%en &ree s-"s a--ear a R3) 8)*1R 8)*? " 8)15 (e$"n%aed) and 8)?1 (a$$ $i%& "ran%e))

CONST,TUENTS N <i'ed Oi$R EnDB.es and s.a$$ #uaniies "3 Resins and A$7a$"ids)

Rasa S Ka]uR Ti7aR KaYZBa
Gu[a S SaraR Sni%d&a
:QrBa S UY[a
:i-Z7a S Ka]u
Kar.a S :Za&araR 0ia&araR Ka-&a&araR @Q-anaR :_YBaR As&isand&Zna7aR
Sa^%rZ&i
,60ORTANT <OR6ULAT,ONS N ABas7_iR K_.i.ud%ara RasaR K_.i7u]&Zra RasaR 0a$Zaa 9
Qja C\r[aR 0a$Zaa Ar7a
THERA0EUT,C USES N :ra[aR Gu$.aR Gra&a[QR AraaR K_.ir"%aR 9asi R"%aR 0$Q&Z R"%aR
@adruR Ka[P\R T/a7 R"%aR 0ra.e&aR Ti.ira R"%aR NerZ(&iYBandaR Gar(&ZdZnani/Zra[Zr&a
@OSE N + %. "3 &e dru% in -"=der 3"r.)

1
+?) 0ar-aa (!)0))
0AR0ALA (!&"$e 0$an)
0ar-a]a c"nsiss "3 dried =&"$e -$an "3 <u.aria -ar/i3$"ra La.) (<a.) <u.araceae)R a
-a$e %reenR (ranc&edR annua$R di33use &er(R a("u 18 e. &i%&R disri(ued as a =eed "3
cu$i/aed 3ie$ds "/er &e %reaer -ars "3 &e c"unrBR and a$s" c".."n$B %r"=in% "n r"ad
sides durin% c"$d seas"n)
SINONI6S
Sans7ri S :arZ]i7aR Su7Y.a-ara
Assa.ese S S&a&araj
9en%a$i S :ans&u$-&aR 9ansu$-&a
En%$is& S NN
Gujrai S 0ia-a-adaR 0i-a-ad"R 0ia-a-ad"
Hindi S 0ia-a-adaR @&a.%ajraR 0ia-a-ara
Kannada S Ka$$u Sa((asi%eR 0ar-auR C&aurasi%ide
Kas&.iri S NN
6a$aBa$a. S NN
6ara&i S 0ia-a-adaR S&aaraR 0ar-a
OriBa S NN
0unja(i S S&a&araR 0ia-a-ara
Ta.i$ S TuraR Tusa
Te$u%u S 0ar-aa7a.u
Urdu S 0ar-aa
@ESCR,0T,ON
a) 6acr"sc"-ic
R"" N 9u33 "r crea. c"$"uredR (ranc&edR a("u + .. &ic7R cB$indrica$T aseR (ier)
Se. N Li%& %reenR s.""&R di33usedR &"$$"=R a("u 2 " * .. &ic7T aseR (ier and
s$i%&$B acrid)
1
Lea3 N C".-"undR -innai3idR 5 " ; c. $"n%R di/ided in" narr"= se%.ensT se%.ens 5 ..
$"n% and a("u 1 .. (r"adR $inear "r "($"n%R ."re "r $ess %$auc"usR acue "r su(acueT
-ei"$eR /erB &inR 2)5 " *)8 c. $"n%T aseR (ier)
<$"=er N Race.es =i& 18 " 15 3$"=ersR -edunc$e u-" + ..R -edice$s a("u 2 ..R
3$"=ers a("u ; .. $"n%R (rac .uc& $"n%er &an &e -edice$sT se-a$s 2R =&ieR .inueR
a("u 8)5 .. $"n%R rian%u$ar "/aeR acu.inaeT c"r"$$a in 2 =&"r$s =i& /erB s.a$$ *
-ea$sR eac& a("u * .. $"n%T inner -ea$s =i& a -ur-$e "r %reen i-T "uer -ea$s =i&
narr"= s-urR =i&"u -ur-$e s-"s sa.ens +g+ R sa.ina$ s&ea& su(u$ae a("/eR a("u *
.. $"n%R si%.a 2 $i--ed)
<rui N Ca-su$eR 2 .. $"n% and s$i%&$B (r"aderR su(r"undR "("/aeR "(use "r su(runcaeR
"(scure$B a-icu$aeR ru%"se =&en drBT nu$es %$"("seR u-" 2 .. $"n%R sin%$e seeded)

() 6icr"sc"-ic
R"" N R"" s&"=s sin%$e $aBered e-ider.isR 3"$$"=ed (B 5 "r 1 $aBers "3 c"re'
c"nsisin% "3 &inN=a$$edR recan%u$arR -arenc&B.a"us ce$$sR "uer , "r 2 $aBers irre%u$ar
and (r"=n in c"$"urT end"der.is n" disincT sec"ndarB -&$"e. /erB narr"= and c"nsisin%
"3 2 "r + r"=s =i& usua$ e$e.ensT cenra$ c"re s&"=s a =ide D"ne "3 'B$e. and c"nsiss "3
usua$ e$e.ensT /esse$s ."s$B s"$iarB &a/in% reicu$ae and s-ira$ &ic7enin%R .edu$$arB
raB $ess de/e$"-ed and ."s$B uniseriaeT 3i(res ."derae$B $"n%R &ic7N=a$$edR &a/in%
narr"= $u.en and ($un i-s)
Se. N Se. s&"=s a -ena%"na$ "u$ineR &a/in% -r".inen an%$es c".-"sed "3
c"$$enc&B.a"us ce$$sT e-ider.is sin%$e $aBered "3 &inN=a$$edR "($"n%R recan%u$ar ce$$sR
c"/ered =i& &in cuic$eT c"re' narr"=R c".-"sed "3 2 " * $aBers "3 c&$"renc&B.a"us
ce$$s end"der.is n" disincT /ascu$ar (und$es c"$$aera$R 5 "r 1 arran%ed in a rin%T eac&
/ascu$ar (und$e ca--ed (B a %r"u- "3 sc$erenc&B.a"us ce$$sT -&$"e. c"nsiss "3 usua$
e$e.ensT 'B$e. c"nsiss "3 /esse$sR rac&eidsR 3i(res and 'B$e. -arenc&B.aT /esse$s .uc&
e$"n%aedR &a/in% reicu$aeR annu$ar "r s-ira$ &ic7enin% "r si.-$e -isT 'B$e. 3i(res narr"=
e$"n%aed =i& -"ined ends &a/in% a 3e= si.-$e -isT cenre ei&er &"$$"= "r "ccu-ied (B
narr"= -i& c"nsisin% "3 &in=a$$edR -arenc&B.a"us ce$$s)
Lea3
0ei"$e )) : Ns&a-ed "u$ineT sin%$e $aBer e-ider.is c"nsisin% "3 &inN=a$$edR
-arenc&B.a"us ce$$s 3"$$"=ed (B %r"und issue c".-"sed "3 &ic7N=a$$ed r"undR "/a$ "r
-"$B%"na$R -arenc&B.a"us ce$$sR "uer ce$$s s.a$$er &an innerT c"$$enc&B.a"us ce$$s
-resen a c"rnersT &ree /ascu$ar (und$e scaered in %r"und issueR "ne cenra$ and =" in
=in%sT /ascu$ar (und$e c"nsiss "3 -&$"e. and 'B$e.R -&$"e. ca--ed =i& 3i(r"us s&ea&R
$"=er e-ider.is sin%$e $aBered)
La.ina N S&"=s sin%$e $aBer e-ider.isU "n ei&er sideR c"nsis.% "3 &inN=a$$edR
recan%u$arR "/a$Ns&a-edR -arenc&B.a"us ce$$sT .es"-&B$$ c".-"sed "3 "/a$ " -"$B%"na$
&inN=a$$ed -arenc&B.a"us ce$$sR 3i$$ed =i& %reen -i%.en and n" di33ereniaed in"
-a$isade and s-"n%B -arenc&B.aT /ascu$ar (und$es scaered &r"u%&"u &e .es"-&B$$T
s".aa an"."cBicR -resen "n ("& sur3aces)
1
0"=der N Li%& %reenis&N(r"=nT s&"=s 3ra%.ens "3 -arenc&B.aT rac&eidsR 3i(resR and
/esse$s &a/in% si.-$e -is and s-ira$ &ic7enin%sT an"."cBic s".aa and =a/B =a$$ed
e-ider.a$ ce$$s in sur3ace /ie=)

T"a$ As& N" ."re &an +8 -er cenR A--endi' 2)2)+)
!aerNs"$u($e e'raci/e N" $ess &an 2? -er cenR A--endi' 2)2);)

T)L)C)
T)L)C) "3 &e a$c"&"$ic e'rac "n Si$ica %e$ UGU -$ae usin% C&$"r"3"r. S 6e&an"$
(4S2) s&"=s under /isi($e $i%& "ne s-" a R3) 8)?+ (%reen)) Under U):) (+11 n.) ei%&
3$u"rescen D"nes are /isi($e a R3) 8)8; (($ue)R 8)1+ (($ue)R 8)2? ($i%& ($ue)R 8)58 ($i%&
-in7)R 8)18 ($i%& Be$$"=)R 8)1; (Be$$"=)R 8);? (($ue) and 8)?+ -in7)) On e'-"sure " ,"dine
/a-"ur =e$/e s-"s a--ear a R3) 8)8;R 8)18R 8)1+R 8)1?R 8)2?R 8)58R 8)18R8)1;R8);*R8);?R8)41
and 8)?+ (a$$ Be$$"=)) On s-raBin% =i& @ra%end"r33 rea%en 3"$$"=ed (B 5V 6e&an"$icN
Su$-&uric acid rea%en "ne s-" a--ears a R3) 8)8; ("ran%e))

CONST,TUENTS N A$7a$"idsR TanninsR Su%ars and sa$ "3 0"assiu.

Rasa S Ti7a
Gu[a S La%&u
:QrBa S MQa
:i-Z7a S Ka]u
Kar.a S Sa^%rZ&iR 0ia&araR Ka-&a&araR Ra7ad"Ya&araR R"ca7a
1
,60ORTANT <OR6ULAT,ONS N 0ZcanZ._a K/Z&a C\r[aR Ti7a7a G&_aR 6a&Z Ti7a7a
G&_aR Na$-a.arZdi Tai$aR 9_&a 6adjiY]&Zdi K/a&a C\r[aR 0a]"$Zdi G&_aR 0ar-a]Zdi K/a&aR
Mada`%a-ZnQBaR 9_&a Gar(&a CinZ.a[i Rasa
THERA0EUT,C USES N C&ardiR Ra7a-iaR 6adaR 9&ra.aR 2/araR T_Y[ZR @Z&aR Ra7a/i7ZraR
G$Zni
@OSE N 1N+ %.

1
*8) 0aa$ai (S)97))
0LAL (Se. 9ar7)
0Z]a$ai c"nsiss "3 dried se. (ar7 "3 Sere"s-er.u. c&e$"n"ides (L)3)) @C) (<a.)
9i%n"niaceae)R a $ar%e decidu"us ree u-" 14 . &i%& and a("u 1)4 . in %ir& =i& a c$ear
("$e "3 a("u ? .R 3"und &r"u%&"u &e ."is -ars "3 &e c"unrB)
SINONI6S
Sans7ri S 0a]a$aR K&riYna/_[aR 6ad&uduiR TZ.ra-uY-i
Assa.ese S NN
9en%a$i S 0aaru$
En%$is& S Tru.-e <$"=er TreeR Ie$$"= Sna7e Tree
Gujrai S 0aada$
Hindi S 0araa$R 0aaarR 0aadreeR 0aad&a$
Kannada S RudeR Ka$$udiR Kaa$aNadri
Kas&.iri S NN
6a$aBa$a. S 0u--aairiR 0aairi
6ara&i S 0aada$
OriBa S 0audi
0unja(i S 0aada$
Ta.i$ S 0aadiriR 0u.-aadiriR 0aadari
Te$u%u S K"77"saR Ka$i%"u
Urdu S NN
@ESCR,0T,ON
a) 6acr"sc"-ic
@ru% "ccurs in cu -ieces "3 /arBin% siDesR u-" 8)4 c. &ic7R s$i%&$B recur/ed and
/erB s$i%&$B c&anne$$edT e'erna$ sur3ace r"u%& due " rid%esR 3issures and $enice$sT du$$
(r"=nT =&en cu acr"ss i s&"=s $a.e$$ai"ns due " -resence "3 c"ncenric (ands "3 -&$"e.
3i(resT 3racureR "u%& and s&"r =i& inner $a.e$$ae "ccasi"na$$B -ee$in% "33T aseR n"
c&aracerisic)
1

() 6icr"sc"-ic
C"r7 c"nsisin% "3 a("u 4 " 22 $aBers "3 an%enia$$B e$"n%aedR &inN=a$$edR
$i%ni3iedR recan%u$ar ce$$sT c"r7 ca.(iu. sin%$e $aBered "3 narr"= ce$$sT sec"ndarB c"re'
/erB =ideR c".-"sed "3 an%enia$$B e$"n%aedR &ic7N=a$$edR -"$B&edra$R is"dia.ericR
-arenc&B.a"us ce$$s =i& inerce$$u$ar s-aces &a/in% nu.er"usR ."s$B %r"u-s "3 s"ne
ce$$s "3 /ari"us siDesR 3air$B $ar%eR &ic7N=a$$edR $i%ni3iedR "/a$ " -"$B%"na$ u-" 148 $"n%
and u-" ?8 =ideR -ied =i& c$ear sriai"ns and =i& =ide $u.enT sec"ndarB -&$"e.
c".-"sed "3 ceraenc&B.aR -&$"e. -arenc&B.aR 3i(res and raBs ce$$sT ceraenc&B.a
-resen in &e 3"r. "3 &ic7N=a$$ed an%enia$ sri-s (e=een =" "($i#ue$B runnin% raBsT
-&$"e. 3i(res ."s$B in %r"u-s arran%ed in c"ncenric .annerT -&$"e. raBs ."s$B .u$i
seriaeR 3air$B $ar%eR 2 " * ce$$s =ideR a 3e= uniseriae raBs a$s" "ccurT .icr" s-&en"ida$
crBsa$s "3 ca$ciu. "'a$ae -resen in -&$"e. -arenc&B.a and raB ce$$s)
0"=der N 9r"=nT 3ra%.ens "3 &inN=a$$edR recan%u$ar c"r7 ce$$sT sin%$e "r %r"u-s "3
$i%ni3edR &ic7N=a$$edR "/a$ " -"$B%"na$ s"ne ce$$s u-" 148 $"n% and u-" ?8 =ideR
&a/in% c$ear sriai"ns =i& =ide $u.en and -isT 3i(res =i& s.a$$ a-erin% and -"ined
endsT -ieces "3 -&$"e. -arenc&B.a ce$$s and a 3e= .icr"s-&en"ida$ crBsa$s "3 ca$ciu.
"'a$ae)

A$c"&"$Ns"$u($e e'raci/e N" $ess &an 12)5 -er cenR A--endi' 2)2)1)

T)L)C)
T)L)C) "3 &e a$c"&"$ic e'rac "n Si$ica %e$ UGU -$ae usin% nN9uan"$ S G$acia$ Aceic
acid S !aer (*S 1 S5) s&"=s under U):) (+11 n.) =" 3$u"rescen s-"s a R3) 8)*4 and 8)41
(("& ($ue)) On e'-"sure " ,"dine /a-"ur 3"ur s-"s a--ear a R3) 8)+1R 8)*4R 8)18 and 8)41
(a$$ Be$$"=)) On s-raBin% =i& 5V 6e&an"$icNSu$-&uric acid rea%en and &eain% &e -$ae
a 185C 3"r en .inues si' s-"s a--ear a R3) 8)11R 8)+1R 8)5*R 8)1*R 8)41 and 8)4? (a$$
($ac7))

1

CONST,TUENTS N Gu. and a (ier su(sance)

Rasa S Ti7aR Ka]uR KaYZBaR 6ad&ura
Gu[a S GuruR :iaada
:QrBa S UY[a
:i-Z7a S Ka]u
Kar.a S Trid"Ya&araR @Q-anaR Ra7ad"Ya&araR :iYa%&naR T_Ya%&naR H_dBaR
RZsZBanaR Ad&"(&Z%ad"Ya&ara
,60ORTANT <OR6ULAT,ONS N A._ZriY]aR @anBZdBariY]aR @aaa.\$ZriY]aR ,ndu7Zna
G&_a
THERA0EUT,C USES N M/aBa&uR Sanni-ZaR Hi77ZR :a.iR Ar"ca7aR M/ZsaR d&.ZnaR
@a%d&a/ra[aR 6\rZ%&ZaR :ra[aR M"&a
@OSE N +N1 %. in -"=der 3"r.)18N+8 %. 3"r dec"ci"n in di/idin% d"se)

1
*1) 0aan%a (H)!d))
0ATTAHGA (Hear !""d)
0a]]a`%a c"nsiss "3 dried &ear =""d "3 Caesa$-inia sa--an Linn) (<a.)
Caesa$-iniaceae)R a s&ru( "r s.a$$ reeR a("u 1 " ? . in &ei%&R 3"und in S"u& ,ndia and
9en%a$T usua$$B cu$i/aed as a &ed%e -$an)
SINONI6S
Sans7ri S 0arZ`%aR 0a]]a`%a
Assa.ese S 9a%%a.R 9a7a.
9en%a$i S 9"7".
En%$is& S Sa--an !""d
Gujrai S 0aan%
Hindi S 0a%an%R 9a7a.
Kannada S 0aan%
Kas&.iri S NN
6a$aBa$a. S NN
6ara&i S 0aan%
OriBa S NN
0unja(i S NN
Ta.i$ S Anai7unru.ani
Te$u%u S 9u77a-uc&eu
Urdu S 0aan%
@ESCR,0T,ON
a) 6acr"sc"-ic
@ru% "ccurs in -iecesR ."derae$B &ardR a("u 2)5 c. &ic7R s.""&R dar7 (r"=n "n
"ne sur3ace and crea.is&N=&ie "n &e "&erR and Be$$"=is&N"ran%e in (e=eenT 3racureR
3i(r"usT "d"ur and ase n" c&aracerisic)

1
() 6icr"sc"-ic
S&"=s /esse$sR rac&eidsR 3i(res and 'B$e. -arenc&B.aR ra/ersed (B nu.er"us
'B$e. raBsT /esse$s nu.er"usR (arre$Ns&a-ed =i& ("rdered -isR scaered &r"u%&"u 'B$e.
in sin%$e "r in %r"u-s "3 2 " 5R a 3e= /esse$s 3i$$ed =i& Be$$"=is& -i%.enT 3i(res s-ind$eN
s&a-edR -"ined a ("& endsT 'B$e. raBs nu.er"us uni " (iseriae 3"und ."re c".."nR +
" +8 ce$$s &i%&R raB ce$$s r"und "r "/a$T ca$ciu. "'a$ae crBsa$s and sarc& %rains a(sen)
0"=der N Crea.is&N=&ieT s&"=s %r"u- "3 3i(res and /esse$sT crBsa$s "3 ca$ciu.
"'a$ae and sarc& %rains a(sen)
,deni3icai"n
a) C"$"ur es N i) 5 %ra. "3 sa.-$e e'raced in 188 .$ "3 =aerR 3i$ered and seen in )
daB$i%& is sa33r"n in c"$"urT ii) 5 %ra. "3 sa.-$e e'raced in 188 .$ "3 ?5V "3 a$c"&"$R
3i$ered and seen in daB$i%& is reddis&R =&ic& (ec".es car.ine "n addii"n "3 5V a#ue"us
s"$ui"n "3 s"diu. &Bdr"'ideT iii) s.a$$ 3ra%.ens "3 =""d i.-ar cri.s"n c"$"ur in $i.e
=aer)
() <$u"rescence N E'rac "(ained in &e es 3"r =aer s"$u($e e'raci/e %reenis& (r"=n
under U):) $i%& (25* n.) and (r"=nis&N%reen under (+11 n.)T e'rac "(ained in &e es
3"r a$c"&"$ic s"$u($e e'raci/e %reenis& Be$$"= under U):) $i%& (25* n.) and dar7N(r"=nR
under (+11 n.))


T)L)C)
T)L)C) "3 a$c"&"$ic e'rac "n Si$ica %e$ UGU usin% nN9uan"$ S Aceic acidS !aer
(*S1S5) s&"=s in /isi($e $i%& &ree s-"s a R3) 8);5 (-in7)R 8)4? (%reB)R and 8)?* (dirB
Be$$"=)) Under U):) (+11 n.) 3"ur 3$u"rescen D"nes are /isi($e a R3) 8)11 (($ue)R 8);5
(-in7)R 8)4? (%reB) and 8)?* (dirB Be$$"=)) On e'-"sure " ,"dine /a-"ur 3"ur s-"s a--ear
a R3) 8)11R 8);5R 8)4? and 8)?* (a$$ Be$$"=)) On s-raBin% =i& 5V 6e&an"$icNSu$-&uric
acid rea%en and &eain% &e -$ae 3"r a("u en .inues a 118C 3"ur s-"s a--ear a R3)
8)11) 8);5 (("& $i%& -in7)R 8)4? (%reB) and 8)?* ("ran%e))
1

CONST,TUENTS N 9rasi$inR Essenia$ "i$sR Sa-"nin G$Bc"sideR A.in" Acids and Su%ars)

Gu[a S R\7Ya
:QrBa S MQa
:i-Z7a S Ka]u
Kar.a S :ar[BaR 0ia&araR @"Ya&ara
,60ORTANT <OR6ULAT,ONS N Ari.edZdi Tai$aR Kar-\rZdBar7aR Ku`7u.Zdi Tai$a
THERA0EUT,C USES N :ra[aR @Z&aR Ra7a @"YaR 0radaraR 6u7&ar"%a
@OSE N 5N18 %.

1
*2) 0i--a$i (<))
0,00AL (<rui)
0i--a$i c"nsiss "3 &e driedR i..aureR ca7inN$i7e 3ruis =i& (racs "3 0i-er $"n%u.
Linn) (<a.) 0i-eraceae)R a s$enderR ar".aic c$i.(er =i& -erennia$ =""dB r""sR "ccurrin% in
&"er -ars "3 ,ndia 3r". cenra$ Hi.a$aBas " Assa. u-" $"=er &i$$s "3 !es 9en%a$ and
e/er %reen 3"ress "3 !esern %&as as =i$dR and a$s" cu$i/aed in N"r& Eas and .anB -ars
"3 &e S"u&)
SINONI6S
Sans7ri S Ka[aR 6Z%ad&iR 6a%ad&aR K_Y[aR Mau[Pi
Assa.ese S 0i--a$i
9en%a$i S 0i-u$
En%$is& S L"n% 0e--er
Gujrai S Lindi 0ee-erR 0i-a$i
Hindi S 0i-ar
Kannada S Hi--a$i
Kas&.iri S NN
6a$aBa$a. S 0i--a$i
6ara&i S 0i.-a$iR Lendi 0i.-a$i
OriBa S 0i-a$iR 0i--a$i
0unja(i S 6a%&R 6a%& 0i-a$i
Ta.i$ S Arisi Ti--a$iR T&i--i$i
Te$u%u S 0i--a$u
Urdu S <i$3i$ @araD
@ESCR,0T,ON
a) 6acr"sc"-ic
<rui %reenis&N($ac7 " ($ac7R cB$indrica$R 2)5 " 5 c. $"n% and 8)* " 1 c. &ic7R
c"nsisin% "3 .inue sessi$e 3ruisR arran%ed ar"und an a'isT sur3ace r"u%& and c".-"sieT
(r"7en sur3ace s&"=s a cenra$ a'is and 1 " 12 3rui$es arran%ed ar"und an a'isT aseR
1
-un%en -r"ducin% nu.(ness "n &e "n%ueT "d"urR ar".aic)

() 6icr"sc"-ic
Ca7in s&"=s 1 " 12 3ruisR arran%ed in circ$e "n a cenra$ a'isR eac& &a/in% an "uer
e-ider.a$ $aBer "3 irre%u$ar ce$$s 3i$$ed =i& dee- (r"=n c"nen and c"/ered e'erna$$B
=i& a &ic7 cuic$eT .es"car- c"nsiss "3 $ar%er ce$$sR usua$$B c"$$a-sedR irre%u$ar in s&a-e
and &inN=a$$edT a nu.(er "3 s"ne ce$$s in sin%$es "r in %r"u-s -resenT end"car- and seed
c"a 3used " 3"r. a dee- D"neR "uer $aBer "3 &is D"ne c".-"sed "3 &inN=a$$ed ce$$s and
c"$"ur$essR inner $aBer c".-"sed "3 an%enia$$B e$"n%aed ce$$sR &a/in% reddis&N(r"=n
c"nenT ."s "3 end"car- 3i$$ed =i& sarc& %rainsR r"und " "/a$ .easurin% + " 4 in dia)
0"=der N @ee- ."ss %reenR s&"=s 3ra%.ens "3 -arenc&B.aR "/a$ " e$"n%aed s"ne ce$$sR
"i$ %$"(u$es and r"und " "/a$R sarc& %rainsR .easurin% + " 4 in dia)


T)L)C)
T) L) C) "3 a$c"&"$ic e'rac "3 &e dru% "n Si$ica %e$ UGU -$ae usin% T"$ueneS
E&B$aceae (?8S 18) as ."(i$e -&ase) Under U):) (+11 n.) si' 3$u"rescen D"nes are
/isi($e a R3) 8)15R 8)21R 8)+*R 8)+?R 8)58 and 8)48) On e'-"sure " ,"dine /a-"ur se/en
s-"s a--ear a R3) 8)8*R 8)15R 8)21R 8)+*R 8)+?R 8)58 and 8)?+ (a$$ Be$$"=)) On s-raBin% =i&
:ani$$inNSu$-&uric acid rea%en and &eain% &e -$ae a 185C 3"r en .inues 3i/e s-"s
a--ear a R3) 8)8*R 8)22R 8)+5R 8)*+ and 8)42) On s-raBin% =i& @ra%end"r33 rea%en &ree
s-"s a--ear a R3) 8)15R 8)21 and 8)+* (a$$ "ran%e))

CONST,TUENTS N Essenia$ Oi$ and A$7a$"ids
1

Gu[a S Sni%d&aR La%&u
:QrBa S AnuY[a
:i-Z7a S 6ad&ura
Kar.a S :Za&araR Ka-&a&araR @Q-anaR RucBaR RZsaBanaR H_dBaR :_YBaR
Trid"Ya&araR Recana
,60ORTANT <OR6ULAT,ONS N GuPa-i--a$QR A._ZriY]aR ABas7_iR Aa/a%and&ZdBariY]aR
Ku.ZrBZsa/aR CandanZsa/aR CBa/ana-rZaa A/a$e&aR Mi/a Gu]i7ZR Kaia"ra Gu%%u$u
THERA0EUT,C USES N M/ZsaR KZsaR 0$Q&Z R"%aR Gu$.aR 2/araR 0ra.e&aR AraaR KYaBaR
Udara R"%aR Hi77ZR T_Y[ZR K_.iR KuY]&aR M\$aR .a/ZaR .ad"Ya
@OSE N 1N+ %.

1
*+) 0$a7s&a ( <))
0LAKCA (<rui)
0$a7Ya c"nsiss "3 dried 3rui "3 <icus $ac"r 9uc&) NHa.) SBn) <) $ucescens 9$u.e)R <)
in3ec"ria R"'() (<a.) 6"raceae)R a $ar%e s-readin% reeR =i& a 3e= "ccasi"na$ aeria$ r""sR
3"und near$B &r"u%&"u &e c"unrB and c".."n$B -$aned as an a/enue and "rna.ena$ ree
SINONI6S
Sans7ri S 2Zi
Assa.ese S 0a7ar
9en%a$i S 0a7ar
En%$is& S NN
Gujrai S 0ee-R 0a7adee
Hindi S 0a7&arR 0i$7&in
Kannada S Kari(asariR Kadu(asariR 2ee/i(sari 9asa
Kas&.iri S NN
6a$aBa$a. S ,&BR Ka$$a$
6ara&i S 0i.-ariR 0aica
OriBa S 0a7a$iR 0a7a$
0unja(i S 0i$7&an
Ta.i$ S Ka$$a$R ,&i
Te$u%u S 2u//iR ErraN2u//i
Urdu S 0a7&ar
@ESCR,0T,ON
a) 6acr"sc"-ic
<rui a sBc"nusR 8)5 " 1)8 c. in dia)R aac&ed =i& -edice$T su(N%$"("seR =rin7$edR
%$a(r"usR &a/in% &ree (asa$ (racsT %reBis&N(r"=n " Be$$"=is&N(r"=nT aseR asrin%en)

1
() 6icr"sc"-ic
<rui s&"=s sin%$e $aBeredR &inN=a$$ed e-ider.is 3"$$"=ed (B a narr"= D"ne "3 2 "
5 $aBersR "3 r"undR "/a$R recan%u$arR $i%ni3ied s"ne ce$$s =i& =ide $u.enT res "3 .es"car-
/erB =ide c"nsisin% "3 "/a$ " -"$B%"na$R c"$$enc&B.a"us ce$$s c"nainin% (r"=nis&
c"nensT a 3e= /ascu$ar races 3"und scaered in &is D"neT inner D"ne c"nsisin% "3 s"ne
ce$$s si.i$ar in s&a-e and siDe " &"se 3"und scaered in "uer D"neT .a$e and 3e.a$e
3$"=er aac&ed " inner $aBer "3 .es"car-)
0"=der N@ar7 %reBis&N(r"=nT s&"=s 3ra%.ens "3 e-ider.a$ ce$$sT sin%$eR "r %r"u-s "3
$i%ni3ied s"ne ce$$sT c"$$enc&B.a"us ce$$sT a 3e= de(ris "3 .a$e and 3e.a$e 3$"=ers
-resen)


ASSAI

T)L)C)
T)L)C) "3 a$c"&"$ic e'rac "n Si$ica Ge$ UGU usin% nN9uan"$ S Aceic Acid S !aer
(*S 1 S5) s&"=s in /isi($e $i%& &ree s-"s a R3) 8)2;R 8)1+ (("& %reB) and 8)?; (Be$$"=is&
%reen)) Under U):) (+11 n.) si' 3$u"rescen D"nes are /isi($e a R3) 8)5+R 8)1+R 8)4*R 8)?1R
8)?* (a$$ ($ue) and 8)?; (-in7)) On e'-"sure " ,"dine /a-"ur =e$/e s-"s a--ear a R3)
8)12R 8)11R 8)22R 8)2;R 8)+4R 8)58R 8)1+R 8);+R 8)4*R 8)?1R 8)?* and 8)?; (a$$ Be$$"=)) On
s-raBin% =i& Nin&Bdrin rea%en a sin%$e s-" a--ears a R3) 8)?; ((ric7 red))

CONST,TUENTS N A.in" Acids)

1
Rasa S KaYZBaR 6ad&ura
Gu[a S MQa
:QrBa S MQa
:i-Z7a S Ka]u
Kar.a S 0ia&araR Ka-&a&ara
THERA0EUT,C USES N @Z&aR Ra7a-iaR 6\rcc&ZR Mra.aR 0ra$Z-aR 9&ra.aR M"&a
@OSE N 5N18 %.

1
**) 0riBa$a (S)97))
0R,ILA (Se. 9ar7)
0riBZ$a c"nsiss "3 dried se. (ar7 "3 9uc&anania $anDan S-ren%) SBn) 9) $ai3"$ia
R"'() (<a.) Anacardiaceae)R an e/er%reen ree u-" 15 . &i%&R 3"und &r"u%&"u &e c"unrB
in drB decidu"us 3"ress)
SINONI6S
Sans7ri S 0riBa$aR Cara&R K&aras7and&a&
Assa.ese S NN
9en%a$i S C&ir"njiR 0ia$
En%$is& S Ca$u.-an% Nu Tree
Gujrai S C&aar"$i
Hindi S C&iraunjiR 0iBaarR C&ir"nji
Kannada S K"$a.a/uR C&a$aa$i
Kas&.iri S NN
6a$aBa$a. S 0riBaa$a.R 6ura$ .ara.
6ara&i S C&aar"$i 2&aada
OriBa S C&arR C&ara7"$iR 0riBa$
0unja(i S C&ir"nji
Ta.i$ S Saara--aru--u
Te$u%u S Sara-a--u C&euR C&inna ."ri$$i 6"riR Saara
Urdu S Ha((NusNSa.ena
@ESCR,0T,ON
a) 6acr"sc"-ic
9ar7 "ccurs in + " 11 c. $"n%R and a("u 1)8 c. &ic7 -iecesT e'erna$ sur3ace
%reBis&N(r"=nR r"u%& due " 3"r.ai"n "3 3issuresT inerna$ sur3ace reddis&N(r"=n and
3i(r"usT recur/edR 3$a "r ."re "r $ess c&anne$$edT 3racureR 3i(r"us)

1
() 6icr"sc"-ic
S&"=s a =ide D"ne "3 r&Bid".aR c"nsisin% "3 "/a$ &ic7N=a$$ed c"r7 ce$$sR
&ardened dead c"rica$ ce$$sR &a/in% a 3e= "i$ %$"(u$esR %r"u-s "3 $i%ni3ied -&$"e. 3i(resR
s"ne ce$$s and a $ar%e nu.(er "3 $Bsi%en"us ca/iies =i& Be$$"= c"nensT sec"ndarB
-&$"e. a =ide D"ne c".-"sed "3 "/a$ " -"$B%"na$R -arenc&B.a"us ce$$s c"nainin%
-ris.aic crBsa$s "3 ca$ciu. "'a$ae and a 3e= "i$ %$"(u$esT %r"u-s "3 r"und " "/a$ s"ne
ce$$s &a/in% disinc sriai"ns =i& ("& narr"= and =ide $u.enT -&$"e. raBs usua$$B
(iseriaeR c".-"sed "3 r"und " "/a$R s$i%&$B &ic7N=a$$ed ce$$s)
0"=der NGreBis&N(r"=nT s&"=s 3ra%.ens "3 -arenc&B.a"us ce$$sR -&$"e. 3i(resR s"ne
ce$$s and a 3e= -ris.aic crBsa$s and "i$ %$"(u$es)

A$c"&"$Ns"$u($e e'raci/e N" $ess &an 1* -er cenR A--endi' 2)2)1)

ASSAI

T)L)C)
T)L)C) "3 a$c"&"$ic e'rac "n Si$ica %e$ UGU -$ae usin% nN9uan"$ T Aceic acid !aer
(*S1S5) s&"=s in /isi($e $i%& =" s-"s a R3) 8)1* and 8)?1 (("& %reB)) Under U):)
(+11n.) =" 3$u"rescen D"nes a--ear a R3) 8);8 and 8);4 (("& ($ue)) On e'-"sure "
,"dine /a-"ur =" s-"s a--ear a R3) 8)1* and 8)?1 (("& Be$$"=)) On s-raBin% =i& <erric
c&$"ride s"$ui"n =" s-"s a--ear a R3) 8)1* and 8)?1 (("& dirB ($ue))

CONST,TUENTS N A$7a$"idsR TanninsR Sa-"ninsR reducin% Su%arsR Trier-en"ids and
<$a/"n"ids

1

Rasa S 6ad&ura
Gu[a S GuruR Sni%d&aR Sara
:QrBa S MQa
:i-Z7a S 6ad&ura
Kar.a S :Za&araR 0ia&araR @Z&a&araR Ra7a-rasZdanaR H_dBaR :_aBaR
:irecan"-a%a
,60ORTANT <OR6ULAT,ONS N NBa%r"d&Zdi K/Z&a C\r[aR Aa"7a G&_a
THERA0EUT,C USES N 2/araR T_Y[ZR Ra7a-iaR Ra7ZisZra
@OSE N 5N18 %.

1
*5) 0riBan%u (<rui))
0R,IAHGU (<rui)
0riBa`%u c"nsiss "3 dried 3rui "3 Ca$$icar-a .acr"-&B$$a :a&$) (<a.):er(enaceae)R a
s"u s&ru(R a("u 1)2 " 1)4 . &i%&R "ccurrin% in &e su(NHi.a$aBan racs 3r". HaDara
eas=ards " Assa. u-" 1488 .) and in U--er Gan%eic and !es 9en%a$ -$ainsT
SINONI6S
Sans7ri S 0&a$iniR :ania
Assa.ese S NN
9en%a$i S 0riBan%u
En%$is& S NN
Gujrai S G&aun$aR 0riBan%"
Hindi S 0riBan%u
Kannada S KaduNediR Sannana&da%idaR 0r"Ban%uR Na/ane
Kas&.iri S NN
6a$aBa$a. S NaD&a$R Kadur"&iniR NjaD&a$R 2naD&a$
6ara&i S Gau&a$aR Ga&u$aR 0riBan%u
OriBa S 0riBan%u
0unja(i S 0riBan%u
Ta.i$ S GnaDa$-""
Te$u%u S 0ren7&ana.u
Urdu S NN
@ESCR,0T,ON
a) 6acr"sc"-ic
<rui %$"("seR 1 " + .. in dia)R Be$$"=is&N(r"=n =i& "r =i&"u 3rui sa$7T *N
""&edR (e$$Ns&a-ed ca$B' s".ei.es aac&edT 3rui c"nains 3"ur "ne seeded -BrenesT
aseR asrin%enT n" c&aracerisic "d"ur)

1
() 6icr"sc"-ic
<rui s&"=s -ericar- di33ereniaed in" an e-icar-R a .es"car- and an end"car-T
e-icar- &inR 3"r.s s7in "3 3rui c"nsisin% "3 "uer e-ider.a$ ce$$sT a 3e= e-ider.a$ ce$$s
e$"n%ae " 3"r. s&"r sa$7edR discNs&a-edR 2 " * ce$$ed %$andu$ar &airsT s".e "&er
e-ider.a$ ce$$s 3"r. se$$ae &airsT .es"car- c".-"sed "3 5 " 4 $aBeredR &inN=a$$edR
-arenc&B.a"us ce$$sT end"car- &ard and s"nBR c"nsisin% "3 sc$erenc&B.a"us ce$$sR =&ic&
are $ar%er "=ards inner side and s.a$$er "=ards "uer sideT seeds 3"ur in eac& 3ruiT
Be$$"=is& c"$"uredT end"s-er. 2 " 1 $aBered c"nsisin% "3 is"dia.eric ce$$sT c"B$ed"ns 2R
c"nsisin% "3 is"dia.eric ce$$s)
0"=der N 9r"=nT s&"=s 3ra%.ens "3 srai%& =a$$edR $i%ni3ied ce$$s "3 seed c"aT "/a$ "
e$"n%aedR e$$i-ica$ end"car- ce$$s in sur3ace /ie=T sin%$e and %r"u-s "3 e$"n%aedR "/a$ "
recan%u$arR $i%ni3ied s"ne ce$$s &a/in% c"ncenric sriai"nsR radia$ cana$R =i& narr"=
$u.enT a 3e= %$andu$ar and se$$ae &airs and -ieces "3 -"$B%"na$ end"s-er. ce$$s)


T)L)C)
!aer (*S1S5) s&"=s under U):) $i%& (+11 n.) "ne c"ns-icu"us 3$u"rescen s-" a R3) 8)42
(s7B ($ue)) On e'-"sure " ,"dine /a-"ur =" s-"s a--ear a R3) 8)42 G 8)?2 (("&
Be$$"=is& (r"=n)) On s-raBin% =i& <erric C&$"ride (18V a#ue"us s"$ui"n) =" s-"s
a--ear a R3) 8)42 G 8)?2 (("& %reBis& (r"=n))

CONST,TUENTS N <i'ed Oi$

1
Rasa S 6ad&uraR Ti7aR KaYZBa
Gu[a S R\7YaR MQaR Guru
:QrBa S MQa
:i-Z7a S Ka]u
Kar.a S 0ia&araR Ka-&a&araR Sa^%rZ&iR 9a$a7_aR Udri7a Ra7a-rasZdana
,60ORTANT <OR6ULAT,ONS N 2Qra7Zdi 6"da7aR 9_&a-&a$a G&_aR 9_&a C&Z%a$ZdBa
G&_aR :BZ%&rQ Tai$a
THERA0EUT,C USES N 2/araR @Z&aR C&ardiR Ra7ad"YaR 9&ra.aR :Zar"%aR :a7rajZPBa
@OSE N 1N2 %. "3 &e dur% in -"=der 3"r.)

1
*1) 0ris&ni-arni (!)0))
0EMN,0ARF (!&"$e 0$an)
0_ani-ar[i c"nsiss "3 dried =&"$e -$an "3 Uraria -ica @es/) (<a.) <a(aceae)R an
erecR under s&ru( u-" ?8 c. &i%&R disri(ued &r"u%&"u &e c"unrB)
SINONI6S
Sans7ri S Cira-ar[iR Ka$asiR @&a/aniR 0_&a7-ar[iR S&ri%a$a/inna
Assa.ese S NN
9en%a$i S Sa$-aniR C&&a$aniR C&a7u$e
En%$is& S NN
Gujrai S 0i&a/an
Hindi S 0i&a/anR @a(ra
Kannada S 6ure$e H"nneR Onde$e &"nneR 0rus&ni-arni
Kas&.iri S NN
6a$aBa$a. S Ori$a
6ara&i S 0i&/anR 0rus&ni-a.ee
OriBa S 0rus&ni-a.eeR S&an7arjaa
0unja(i S @eedarnee
Ta.i$ S Ori-ai
Te$u%u S K"$a7u-"nna
Urdu S NN
@ESCR,0T,ON
a) 6acr"sc"-ic
R"" N Occur in -ieces "3 /arBin% siDeR &ic7ness "3 1 " 2 c.R %radua$$B a-erin%R
"u%&R=""dBR cB$indrica$T e'erna$$B $i%& Be$$"= " (u33R inerna$$B -a$e Be$$"=T sur3ace
(earin% 3ine $"n%iudina$ sriai"nsT 3racureR s-$inerB "r 3i(r"usT aseR s$i%&$B acrid)
Se. N A("u 4)8 " 11)8 c. $"n%R 8)2 " 8)* c. in dia.eerR in cu -iecesT cB$indrica$R
(ranc&edR -u(escenR e'erna$ sur3ace $i%& Be$$"= " (r"=nT rans/erse$B cu and
s.""&ened sur3ace s&"=s (u33N=&ie c"$"urR .aure se. $"n%iudina$$B =rin7$edR $ea3 scar
-resen a n"desT 3racureR 3i(r"us)
1
Lea3 N :erB /aria($eR i.-ari-innaeR u-" 28 c. "r ."re $"n%R u-" 2 c. =ideT $ea3$es "n
&e u--er -ar "3 &e se. 5 " ;R ri%id$B su(Nc"riace"usR $inearN"($"n%R acueR ($"c&ed =i&
=&ieT %$a(r"us a("/eR 3ine$B reicu$ae$B /eined and .inue$B -u(escen (enea&R (ase
r"undedT $ea3$es "n &e $"=er -ar "3 &e se. 1 " +R su(N"r(icu$ar "r "($"n%)

() 6icr"sc"-ic
R"" N S&"=s 5 "r 1 $aBers "3 &inN=a$$edR a(u$arR re%u$ar$B arran%ed c"r7 ce$$sT
c"r7 ca.(iu. sin%$e $aBeredT sec"ndarB c"re' c".-"sed "3 * " 1 $aBers "3 "/a$R
an%enia$$B arran%edR &inN=a$$edR -arenc&B.a"us ce$$sR a 3e= 3i(res -resen sin%$B "r in
%r"u-sT sec"ndarB -&$"e. c".-"sed "3 sie/e e$e.ensR -arenc&B.a and 3i(res ra/ersed (B
-&$"e. raBsT sie/e e$e.ens s".e=&a c"$$a-sed "=ards -eri-&erB (u inac in inner
-&$"e. re%i"nT -&$"e. -arenc&B.a c".-"sed "3 r"unded " s".e=&a "/a$ ce$$sR $ar%er
"=ards -eri-&erBT 3i(res &ic7N=a$$edR $i%ni3ied =i& narr"= $u.en and a-erin%
endsT-&$"e. raBs 1 " 5 ce$$s =ideR &eir ce$$s (ein% "/a$ "r recan%u$ar in &e -"ri"n
nearer &e =""d (u (r"ader "=ards &eir disa$ endsT sec"ndarB 'B$e. c".-"sed "3
/esse$sR rac&eidsR 3i(resR crBsa$ 3i(res and -arenc&B.a ra/ersed (B 'B$e. raBsT /esse$
/erB 3e=R ."s$B c"n3ined " inner and "uer -ar "3 'B$e.T 3i(res si.i$ar " &"se "3
-&$"e. 3i(res and arran%ed in c$"se se c"ncenric (andsT in is"$aed -re-arai"n /esse$s are
cB$indrica$R -ied =i& rans/erse " "($i#ue -er3"rai"nT rac&eids -"ssess ("rdered -isT
'B$e. -arenc&B.a ."s$B recan%u$ar =i& si.-$e -isT 'B$e. raB ce$$s is"dia.eric
s&"=in% si.-$e -isT sarc& %rains si.-$eR r"und " "/a$R .easurin% 1 " 1; in dia)R
disri(ued &r"u%&"u -arenc&B.a"us ce$$s "3 sec"ndarB c"re'R -&$"e. and 'B$e.T
-ris.aic crBsa$s "3 ca$ciu. "'a$ae -resen in crBsa$ 3i(resR as =e$$ as in .anB
-arenc&B.a"us ce$$s "3 sec"ndarB c"re'R -&$"e. and raB ce$$s)
Sern N S&"=s sin%$e $aBered e-ider.is c"/ered =i& cuic$eR a 3e= e-ider.a$ ce$$s e$"n%ae
"u=ards 3"r.in% -a-i$$aeT c"re' 4 " 18 ce$$s =ideR c"nsisin% "3 "/a$ " circu$arR &in
=a$$edR -arenc&B.a"us ce$$sT %r"u-s "3 -ericBc$ic 3i(res -resen in &e 3"r. "3
disc"ninu"us rin%T -&$"e. c"nsisin% "3 usua$ e$e.ens e'ce- -&$"e. 3i(resT -&$"e. raBs
2 " * ce$$s =ideT 'B$e. c"nsisin% "3 usua$ e$e.ensT /esse$s ."s$B si.-$e -iedT 3i(res
si.-$e =i& ($un i-sT 'B$e. raBs 1 " * ce$$s =ide and 2 " 4 ce$$s in &ei%&T -i& =ideR
c"nsisin% "3 &inN=a$$edR r"und " "/a$ -arenc&B.a"us ce$$s)
Lea3N
6idri( N sin%$e $aBered e-ider.is "n ei&er sur3aces c"/ered =i& sriaed cuic$e &a/in% a
3e= unice$$u$ar "r (ice$$u$arR &""7ed "r srai%& and -"ined i--ed &airs -resen "n
("&sur3aces (u ."re "n $"=er sur3ace T c"$$enc&B.a 2 "r + $aBeredR 3"$$"=ed (B 2 $aBers
"3 -arenc&B.a ce$$sT sin%$e r"= "3 -ericBc$ic 3i(ers -resen "n ("& sidesT /ascu$ar (und$e
$"caed cenra$$B)
La.ina N s&"=s sin%$e $aBered e-ider.is "n ei&er sur3acesR a 3e= unice$$u$ar "r (ice$$u$arR
&""7ed "r srai%&R -"ined i--ed &airs -resen "n $"=er sur3aceT .es"-&B$$ di33ereniaed
in" sin%$e $aBered -a$isade and s-"n%B -arenc&B.aT s-"n%B -arenc&B.a ce$$s "/a$ "
r"unded &a/in% s.a$$ inerce$$u$ar s-acesT nu.er"us -aracBic s".aa -resen "n $"=er
sur3aceT s".aa$ inde' 2; " +1 "n $"=er sur3aceT -a$isade rai" * "r 5T /einNis$e nu.(er
2? " +2 -er s#) ..)T /ascu$ar (und$e -resen cenra$$B)
1
0"=der N Greenis&NBe$$"=T s&"=s si.-$e -ied /esse$sT 3ra%.ens "3 3i(resR rac&eidsR
-arenc&B.a ce$$sT -ieces "3 &airsT -a$isade ce$$sT a 3e= -ris.aic crBsa$s "3 ca$ciu.
"'a$aeT e-ider.a$ ce$$s =a/B =a$$ed in sur3ace /ie= s&"=in% -aracBic s".aa and sarc&
%rains si.-$eR r"und " "/a$R .easurin% 1 " 1; in dia)


ASSAI

T)L)C)
T)L)C) "3 a$c"&"$ic e'rac "n Si$ica %e$ UGU -$ae usin% T"$ueneS E&B$ aceae (?S1)
s&"=s under U):) (+11 n.) &ree 3$u"rescen D"nes a R3) 8)1+ (Red)R 8)21 ($i%& ($ue) and
8)+8 (Red)) On e'-"sure " ,"dine /a-"ur nine s-"s a--ear a R3) 8)8;R 8)14R 8)21R 8)+8R
8)**R 8)1+R 8)41R 8)?1 and 8)?; (a$$ Be$$"=)) On s-raBin% =i& 5V 6e&an"$icNSu$-&uric
acid rea%en and &eain% &e -$ae a 185C 3"r en .inues ei%& s-"s a--ear a R3) 8)14R
8)21R 8)+8R 8)+?R 8)**R 8)41R 8)?1 and 8)?; (a$$ %reB))

CONST,TUENTS N

Rasa S 6ad&uraR Ka]uR A.$aR Ti7a
Gu[a S La%&uR Sara
1
:QrBa S UY[a
:i-Z7a S 6ad&ura
Kar.a S Trid"Ya&araR :_YBaR @Q-anaR Sa^%rZ&iR :Za&araR M"&a&araR A
`%a.arda-raaa.anaR Sand&ZnQBaR 2Q/Z[u NZaa7aR 9a$a/ard&a7a
,60ORTANT <OR6ULAT,ONS N A`%a.arda 0raaa.ana KaaaBa C\r[aR A._ZriY]aR
@aaa.\$a Tai$aR :BZ%&rQ Tai$aR 6ad&Ba.a NZraBa[a Tai$aR Mirah M\$Zdi :ajra RasaR
@aaa.\$ZriY]a
THERA0EUT,C USES N @Z&aR 2/araR M/ZsaR Ra7a/i7ZraR :Zar"%aR Un.ZdaR C&ardiR KZsaR
Ra7ZisZraR AQsZraR :ra[aR Ra7ZraaR Ka-&aja.adZBaBa T_Y[ZR Naa-ra(a$aR :Zara7aR
E7Z&ni7a 2/araR 0i$$aN(Nera R"%a)R As&i(&a%na
@OSE N 28N58 %. -"=der 3"r dec"ci"n)

1
*;) 0us&7ara (R))
0UCKARA (R"")
0uY7ara c"nsiss "3 dried r"" "3 ,nu$a race."sa H""7) 3) (<a.) Aseraceae)R a s"u
&er(R 8)5 " 1)5 . &i%&R ."s$B 3"und in !esern Hi.a$aBas u-" 2188 .)
SINONI6S
Sans7ri S KZa.QraR 0fuY7ara
Assa.ese S 0"&a7ar.u$R 0us7ar
9en%a$i S 0us&7araR 0us&7ara.u$a
En%$is& S Orris R""
Gujrai S 0us&7ar.u$a
Hindi S 0"&a7ar 6u$
Kannada S 0us&7ara 6""$a
Kas&.iri S NN
6a$aBa$a. S 0us7ara
6ara&i S 0"7&ar 6""$
OriBa S 0us7ara
0unja(i S 0"7&ar 6""$
Ta.i$ S 0us&7ar.u$a.
Te$u%u S 0us&7ara 6u$a.u
Urdu S NN
@ESCR,0T,ON
a) 6acr"sc"-ic
R"" a/ai$a($e in cu -iecesR u-" a("u 15 c. $"n% and 8)5 " 2)8 c. in dia)T
cB$indrica$R srai%& "r s".e=&a cur/edT sur3ace r"u%& due " $"n%iudina$ sriai"ns and
crac7sR scars "3 $aera$ r""$es and r&Bid".a -resenR e'erna$$B (r"=nis&N%reB and
inerna$$B Be$$"=is&N(r"=nT 3racureR s&"r and s.""&T "d"urR ca.-&"race"us and
ar".aicT aseR (ier and ca.-&"race"us)

1
() 6icr"sc"-ic
6aure r"" s&"=s a =a/B "u$ine due " de/e$"-.en "3 r&Bid".aT c"r7 c".-"sed
"3 4 " 12 $aBers "3 &ic7N=a$$edR an%enia$$B e$"n%aedR recan%u$ar ce$$sR s".e 3i$$ed =i&
reddis&N(r"=n c"nensT sec"ndarB c"re' 1 "r 2 $aBers "r a(senT sec"ndarB -&$"e.
c"nsiss "3 sie/e e$e.ens and -arenc&B.a &a/in% secre"rB ca/iies and ra/ersed (B
.edu$$arB raBsT ca.(iu. n" disincT =""d "ccu-ies (u$7 "3 r"" c"nsisin% "3 /esse$sR
rac&eidsR 3i(resR -arenc&B.aR secre"rB ca/iies and .edu$$arB raBsT /esse$ &a/e reicu$ae
&ic7enin%sR a 3e= 3i(res "ccur in s.a$$ -ac&es adjacen " /esse$s and a(undan in 'B$e.
-arenc&B.aR &inN=a$$edT a 3e= s.a$$ rac&eidsT -arenc&B.a in %enera$ c"nain %ranu$arR
s$i%&$B Be$$"=is& "r c"$"ur$ess inu$in %ranu$es and a$s" a 3e= Be$$"=is& "i$ %$"(u$esT sarc&
%rains ei&er a(sen "r /erB rare$B seen in c"rica$ and raB ce$$sT Be$$"=is& resin"us .asses
-resen in secre"rB cana$s)
0"=der N Reddis&N(r"=nT under .icr"sc"-e s&"=s 3ra%.ens "3 c"r7 ce$$sR /esse$sR 3i(res
and -arenc&B.a ce$$s c"nainin% annin and inu$in)


T)L)C)
T)L)C) "3 a$c"&"$ic e'rac "n Si$ica %e$ UGU -$ae usin% 9enDeneS E&B$aceae (?S1)
s&"=s "n e'-"sure " ,"dine /a-"ur nine s-"s a R3) 8)2+R 8)24R 8)+*R 8)+?R 8)*4R 8)51R 8)1*R
8);+ and 8)?* (a$$ Be$$"=)) On s-raBin% =i& :ani$$inNSu$-&uric acid rea%en and &eain% &e
-$ae 3"r a("u en .inues a 185
"
C ei%& s-"s a--ear a R3) 8)11R 8)24R 8)+*R 8)+?R 8)*4R
8)1*R 8);+ and 8)?* (a$$ /i"$e))

CONST,TUENTS N Essenia$ "i$

1

Rasa S Ti7aR Ka]u
Gu[a S La%&u
:QrBa S UY[a
:i-Z7a S Ka]u
Kar.a S Ka-&a/Zaji
,60ORTANT <OR6ULAT,ONS N 6a&Z NZraBa[a Tai$aR KZ`7ZBana Gu]i7ZR 6Znasa 6ira
/a]a7aR @aaa.\$ZriY]aR Ku.ZrBZsa/aR L"drZsa/aR RZsnZdi K/Z&a C\r[a
THERA0EUT,C USES N Hi77ZR KZsaR M/ZsaR 0Zra/aa\$aR M"&aR ArdiaR 0Z[PuR AruciR 2/araR
d&.Zna

1
*4) Rudra7s&a (Sd))
RU@RKCA (Seed)
RudrZ7Ya c"nsiss "3 seeds "3 E$ae"car-us s-&aericus Gaern) K) Sc&u. (<a.)
E$ae"car-aceae)R a .ediu. siDedR "rna.ena$ reeR 3"und in &e $"=er Hi.a$aBas and in &e
!esern %&as a &i%&er e$e/ai"n)
SINONI6S
Sans7ri S C&au Sa.-an%i
Assa.ese S NN
9en%a$i S Rudra7Ba
En%$is& S NN
Gujrai S Rudra7s&R Rudra7s&a
Hindi S Rudra7i
Kannada S Rudra7s&i .araR Rudra7s&
Kas&.iri S NN
6a$aBa$a. S Rudra7s&a
6ara&i S Rudra7s&a
OriBa S NN
0unja(i S Rudra7s&a
Ta.i$ S Rudra7s&a
Te$u%u S Rudra7s&a
Urdu S NN
@ESCR,0T,ON
a) 6acr"sc"-ic
Seed s"nBR /erB &ardR s-&erica$R "("/"id "r "/a$R /aria($e in siDeR a("u 1 "r 2 c. in
dia)T $"n%iudina$$B %r""/edR u(erc$edR (r"=nR di/ided in" 3i/e se%.ens)

1
() 6icr"sc"-ic
Seed c"a c"nsiss "3 .u$i$aBeredR "/a$ " -"$B%"na$ s"ne ce$$s and inerna$$B
3"$$"=ed (B 4 " 18 $aBers "3 an%enia$$B e$"n%aedR "/a$Ns&a-edR &inN=a$$edR
-arenc&B.a"us ce$$sR 3i$$ed =i& reddis&N(r"=n c"nensR e'ce-in% &e .idd$e 2 "r +
$aBersT end"s-er. c"nsiss "3 "/a$ " -"$B%"na$R &inN=a$$edR -arenc&B.a"us ce$$sT r"see
crBsa$s "3 ca$ciu. "'a$ae and "i$ %$"(u$es -resen in &is re%i"nT e.(rB" s$i%&$B cur/ed
and c"nsiss "3 "/a$ " -"$B%"na$R &inN=a$$edR -arenc&B.a"us ce$$sR a 3e= &a/in% "i$
%$"(u$es)
0"=der N Reddis&N(r"=nT s&"=s -"$B%"na$ $i%ni3ied =i& narr"= $u.ened s"ne ce$$sR &inN
=a$$edR -arenc&B.a"us ce$$s =i& reddis&N(r"=n c"nensR r"see crBsa$s "3 ca$ciu.
"'a$ae and "i$ %$"(u$es)

<"rei%n .aer Ni$ A--endi' 2)2)2)

T)L)C)
T)L)C) "3 &e a$c"&"$ic e'rac "n Si$ica %e$ UGU usin% nN9uan"$ S Aceic acid S !aer
(*S1 S5) under U):) (+11 n.) s&"=s "ne 3$u"rescen D"ne a R3) 8)?1 (/i"$e)) On e'-"sure
" ,"dine /a-"ur &ree s-"s a--ear a R3) 8)1?R 8)+1 and 8)52 (a$$ Be$$"=)) On s-raBin% =i&
5V 6e&na"$icNSu$-&uric acid rea%en and &eain% &e -$ae a 185C 3"r en .inues a
sin%$e s-" a--ears a R3) 8)?1(%reB))

CONST,TUENTS N <i'ed Oi$ and <aB Acids)

1
Rasa S 6ad&ura
Gu[a S Sni%d&aR S&\$a
:QrBa S UY[a
:i-Z7a S NN
Kar.a S Ra7Y"%&naR r"%Ba-radaR 6ed&BaR H_dBa. (Sau.anasBa Kara)
,60ORTANT <OR6ULAT,ONS N G"r"canZdi :a]QR Cu77u.i--a$BZdi Gu]i7ZR @&an/anara
Gu]i7ZR S/ar[a.u7$Zdi Gu]i7ZR 6_asadjQ/anQ Gu]i7Z
THERA0EUT,C USES N 6aiaudd&i7araR Ucc&ara7acZ-aR 0rajdZ-arZd&aR H_daBa R"%aR
R".Zni7aR 6Znasa R"%aR AnidrZ
@OSE N 1N2 %. inerna$$B)

1
*?) Saraja (E'ud))
SAR2A (E'udae)
Sarja c"nsiss "3 resin"us e'udae "3 :aeria indica Linn) (<a.) @i-er"car-aceae)R a
$ar%eR e/er%reen reeR u-" +8 . &i%& =i& a cB$indrica$ ("$eR indi%en"us " &e e/er%reen
3"ress "3 &e !esern G&as 3r". N"r& Kanara " Kera$a and a$s" e'ensi/e$B -$aned as an
a/enue ree in Karnaa7aT resin"us e'udae is "(ained (B .a7in% se.icircu$ar incisi"ns "n
&e se. &r"u%& &e c"r7 ca.(iu. u- " &e sur3ace "3 sa-=""d)
SINONI6S
Sans7ri S @b/d&\-aR KZraBaR SasBasu.(araR Aja7ar[a
Assa.ese S NN
9en%a$i S S&a7%ac&&aR C&andras
En%$is& S !&ie @a.ar reeR ,ndia C"- ree
Gujrai S C&andras
Hindi S SandrasR Sa3ed @a.ar
Kannada S Ra$a
Kas&.iri S NN
6a$aBa$a. S 0aBin
6ara&i S Raa$
OriBa S Sa/a
0unja(i S NN
Ta.i$ S Kun%i$iBa.R :e$$ai Kunara7a.R :e$$ai Kundara7a.
Te$u%u S Te$$a%u%%i$arnuR Te$$ada.ara.u
Urdu S SandarasR Raa$
@ESCR,0T,ON
a) 6acr"sc"-ic
R"u%&R irre%u$arR s"$idR (ri$e .assesR (rea7in% in" an%u$ar -iecesR u-" 1)5 c.
&ic7R $i%&NBe$$"= " -a$e Be$$"= in c"$"urT "d"ur 3ra%ranT ase$ess)
1

() 6icr"sc"-ic
S$i%&$B s"$u($e in a$c"&"$ in =&ic& i 3"r.s aje$$BN$i7e .assT ins"$u($e in -er"$eu.
e&er (*8CN18C)R 3"r.in% =&ie -reci-iaeT ins"$u($e in car("nNdisu$-&ide (u Bie$ds
je$$BN$i7e .assR diss"$/es enire$B and %i/es a dense red c"$"ur =i& c"ncenraed su$-&uric
acidT diss"$/es ."s$B in c&$"r"3"r. %i/in% =&ie "r .i$7B s"$ui"nT (Sa$ resin diss"$/es
a$."s enire$B in -er"$eu. e&er 3"r.in% a -a$e crea. s"$ui"n and a$s" diss"$/es enire$B
in car("nNdisu$-&ide))
Tes 3"r -resence "3 C"$"-&"nB N (@isinci"n 3r". Sa$a and S&a$$a7i resin)
1) @iss"$/e 8)1 % in 18 .$ "3 aceic an&Bdride (B %en$e &eaR c""$R and add , dr"- "3
su$-&uric acidT a (ri%& -ur-$is&Nred c"$"urR ra-id$B c&an%in% " /i"$eR is -r"duced)
2) S&a7e 8)1 % "3 -"=der =i& 18 .$ "3 $i%& -er"$eu. (()-) 58N18)R and 3i$erT s&a7e 5 .$
"3 &e 3i$rae =i& 18 .$ "3 di$ue s"$ui"n "3 c"--er aceaeT &e -er"$eu. $aBer assu.es a
(ri%& ($uis&N%reen c"$"ur)

<"rei%n .aer Ni$ A--endi' 2)2)2)
AcidNins"$u($e as& Ne%$i%i($e

T)L)C)
T)L)C) "3 a$c"&"$ic e'rac "n Si$ica %e$ UGU usin% 9enDeneS 6e&an"$ (?5S5) s&"=s
under U: (+11 n.) &ree 3$u"rescen s-"s a R3) 8)8*R 8)24 and 8)?+ (a$$ ($ue)) On
e'-"sure " ,"dine /a-"ur se/en s-"s a--ear a R3) 8)8*R 8)24R 8)*4R 8)15R 8);1R 8)45 and
8)?+ (a$$ Be$$"=)) On s-raBin% =i& Anisa$de&BdeNSu$-&uric acid rea%en and &eain% &e
-$ae 3"r en .inues a 118C se/en s-"s a--ear a R3) 8)8*R 8)24R 8)*4R 8)15R 8);1R 8)45
and 8)?+ (a$$ /i"$e))

CONST,TUENTS N Resins)
1

Gu[a S Sni%d&aR UY[a
:QrBa S UY[a
:i-Z7a S Ka]u
Kar.a S :ar[BaR :Za&araR Ka-&a%&naR K_.i%&naR :iYa%&naR S/eda&ara
,60ORTANT <OR6ULAT,ONS N Kacc&\rZdi C\r[a Le-aR 0i[Pa Tai$aR La/a`%Zdi C\r[a
THERA0EUT,C USES N 0Z[PuR Kar[a R"%aR 0ra.e&aR KuY]&aR 9Zd&irBaR :ra[aR AQsZraR
Ka[P\R :is-&"]aR 6ed"r"%aR Gra&a[QR :Zara7aR KYudrar"%aR Li--aR 6Znasa R"%aR 6\Yi7a
:iYaR :idrad&iR @a%d&a7aR I"ni R"%aR Ra7a @"YaR K_.ir"%a
@OSE N 1N2 %. ,nerna$R E'erna$)

1
58) Saa/ari (R))
MAT:AR (R"")
MZ/ari c"nsiss "3 u(er"us r""s "3 As-ara%us rece."sus !i$$d) (<a.) Li$iaceae)R an
ascendin%R s-in"us .uc& (ranc&edR -erennia$ c$i.(er 3"und &r"u%&"u &e c"unrB)
SINONI6S
Sans7ri S NZrZBa[iR :ZriR A(&QruR Airasa
Assa.ese S Sa.u$$
9en%a$i S Saa.u$iR Sa.u$iR S&aa.u$i
En%$is& S As-ara%us
Gujrai S Saa/ari
Hindi S Saa/arR Saa.u$
Kannada S As&adi -"eruR Ha$a/u 9auR NaraBaniR 6a77a$a
Kas&.iri S NN
6a$aBa$a. S Saa/ari KiD&an%u
6ara&i S S&aa/ari
OriBa S NN
0unja(i S Saa/ar
Ta.i$ S S&i.aiNS&ad/ariR Ni$ic&edi Kis&an%u
Te$u%u S Si.aNS&aa=ari (@rB R"")R 0i--i-ic&araR 0i$$iee%a$u (<res& R"")
Urdu S Saa=ari
@ESCR,0T,ON
a) 6acr"sc"-ic
R"" u(er"usR 18 " +8 c. in $en%& and 8)1 " 8)5 c. &ic7R a-erin% a ("& ends
=i& $"n%iudina$ =rin7$esT c"$"ur crea.T aseR s=eeis&)

() 6icr"sc"-ic
S&"=s an "uer $aBer "3 -i$i3er"us ce$$sR ru-ured a -$acesR c".-"sed "3 s.a$$R &inN
1
=a$$edR recan%u$ar asB.erica$ ce$$sR a nu.(er "3 ce$$s e$"n%aed " 3"r. unice$$u$ar r""
&airsT c"re' c".-rises "3 25 " 2? $aBersR disinc in =" D"nesR "uer and inner c"re'T
"uer c"re' c"nsiss "3 1 "r ; $aBersR c".-ac$B arran%edR irre%u$ar " -"$B%"na$R &ic7
=a$$edR $i%ni3ied ce$$sT inner c"re' c".-rise "3 21 " 2+ $aBersR "/a$ " -"$B%"na$R &inN
=a$$edR an%enia$$B e$"n%aed ce$$s =i& inerce$$u$ar s-acesT s"ne ce$$sR ei&er sin%$B "r in
%r"u-sR 3"r. a disc"ninu"us " c"ninu"us rin% in &e u--er -ar "3 &is re%i"nT ra-&ides "3
ca$ciu. "'a$ae a$s" -resen in &is re%i"nT 2 "r + $aBers "3 s"ne ce$$s encir$e &e
end"der.isT end"der.is c".-"sed "3 &inN=a$$ed -arenc&B.a"us ce$$sT -ericBc$e -resen
(e$"= end"der.isT se$e e' arc& and radia$ in -"sii"nT 'B$e. c"nsis "3 /esse$sR rac&eids
and -arenc&B.aT 'B$e. /esse$s &a/e -ied &ic7enin%T -&$"e. -ac&es c"nsiss "3 usua$
e$e.enT -i& c".-"sed "3 circu$ar " "/a$ -arenc&B.a"us ce$$sR a 3e= ce$$s s$i%&$B
$i%ni3ied)
0"=der N Ie$$"=is&Ncrea.T 3ra%.ens "3 $i%ni3iedR &ic7N=a$$ed ce$$sT /esse$s =i& si.-$e
-isR -ieces "3 ra-&idesR nu.er"usR $i%ni3iedR recan%u$ar e$"n%aedU s"ne ce$$s &a/in% c$ear
sriai"ns =i& =ide as =e$$ as narr"= $u.en and %r"u-s "3 -arenc&B.a)

!aerNs"$u($e e'raci/e N" $ess &an *5 -er cenR A--endi' 2)2);)

T)L)C)
T)L)C) "3 a$c"&"$ic e'rac "n Si$ica %e$ UGU -$ae usin% nN9uan"$ S Aceic acidS
!aer (*S1S5) /J/ s&"=s "n e'-"sure " ,"dine /a-"ur &ree s-"s a R3) 8)8;R 8)58 and 8)1;
(a$$ Be$$"=)) On s-raBin% =i& 5V .e&an"$ic su$-&uric acid rea%en and &eain% &e -$ae
3"r en .inues a 118C 3"ur s-"s a--ear a R3) 8)8; (($ac7)R 8)*1 (%reB)R 8)58 and 8)4+
(("& (r"=nis& Be$$"=))

CONST,TUENTS N Su%arR G$Bc"sidesR Sa-"nin and Si"ser"$)

1
Gu[a S Sni%d&aR Guru
:QrBa S MQa
:i-Z7a S 6ad&ura
Kar.a S :_YBaR Mu7rajaR 9a$BaR 6ed&BaR RasZBanaR Ka-&a/Za%&naR 0ia&araR
:Za&araR SanBa7araR H_dBaR NerBaR Mu7ra$aR A%ni-uY]i7ara
,60ORTANT <OR6ULAT,ONS N MaZ/arQ GuPaR 9ra&.a RasZBanaR 0\%a K&a[PaR
Sau(&Z%Ba Mu[]&iR 6a&Z NZraBa[a Tai$aR 9_&a C&Z%a$ZdBa G&_aR MaZ/arQ G&_aR MaZ/arQ
Ka$-aR Aa/a%and&ZriY]aR NZrasi.&a C\r[a
THERA0EUT,C USES N M"&aR KYaBaR 0ari[Z.a M\$aR Gu$.aR AQsZraR Ra7ZisZraR
Ra7a/i7ZraR 6\rara7aR A.$a-iaR AraaR :Zaj/araR S/ara(&edaR Na7Znd&BaR :Zara7aR
Ra7a-iaR :isar-aR S\i7Z R"%aR SanBa @"YaR SanBa KYaBa
@OSE N +N1 %. "3 &e dru%)

1
51) S&i%ru (R)97))
M,GRU (R"" 9ar7)
Mi%ru c"nsiss "3 dried r"" (ar7 "3 6"rin%a "$ei3era La.) SBn) 6"rin%a
-erB%"s-er.a Gaern) (<a.) 6"rin%aceae)R a s.a$$ "r .ediu. siDed reeR 3"und =i$d in su(N
Hi.a$aBan racR and a$s" c".."n$B cu$i/aed &r"u%&"u &e c"unrB 3"r is $ea/es and 3ruis
used as /e%ea($e)
SINONI6S
Sans7ri S Mf(&ZdjanaR 9a&a$aR TQ7Y[a%and&aR A7Yi/aR 6fca7a
Assa.ese S SaijnaR S"&jna
9en%a$i S SajinaR Sajna
En%$is& S H"rse Radis& TreeR @ru.Nsic7 Tree
Gujrai S Sara%a/"
Hindi S Sa&ajan
Kannada S Nee%%eR Nu%%e Kand C&a77e
Kas&.iri S NN
6a$aBa$a. S 6urin%a
6ara&i S Se/a%aR Se%a Sa$a
OriBa S Sajina
0unja(i S S"&anjana
Ta.i$ S 6urun%ai
Te$u%u S 6una%aR 6u$a%a
Urdu S S"&anjanaR Sa&ajan
@ESCR,0T,ON
a) 6acr"sc"-ic
@ru% "ccus in -ieces "3 /aria($e siDesR e'erna$ sur3aceR $i%& %reBis&N(r"=nR r"u%&R
reicu$aedR .ar7ed =i& rans/erse r"= "3 $enice$sT "uer (ar7R &inR -ee$in% "33 in s.a$$
(isR inerna$ sur3aceR =&ie)
1

() 6icr"sc"-ic
6aure (ar7 s&"=s a /erB =ide D"ne "3 c"r7R c"nsisin% "3 25 "r ."re r"=s "3
recan%u$ar ce$$sR arran%ed radia$$BR a 3e= inner $aBersR $ar%er and cu(icu$ar in s&a-eT
sec"ndarB c"re' c".-"sed "3 recan%u$arR &inN=a$$ed ce$$sR a 3e= c"nainin% sarc& %rains
and r"see crBsa$s "3 ca$ciu. "'a$ae and a 3e= "&ers c"nainin% "i$ %$"(u$es and c"$"ured
resin"us .aerT sarc& %rains ."s$B si.-$e and rare$B c".-"undR c".-"sed "3 2 "r +
c".-"nensR r"und " "/a$ in s&a-eR .easurin% 1 " 24 in dia)R %r"u-s "3 s"ne ce$$sR
r"und " recan%u$arR "3 /ari"us siDesR -resen in sec"ndarB c"re'T .uci$a%en"us ca/iies
3"und scaered "=ards inner sec"ndarB c"rica$ re%i"nT sec"ndarB -&$"e. a--recia($B
=ideR c"nsisin% .ain$B "3 -&$"e. 3i(res and -&$"e. -arenc&B.aT -&$"e. 3i(res in $ar%e
-ac&esR a$ernain% =i& -&$"e. -arenc&B.aT nu.er"us sarc& %rains and ce$$ c"nens as
descri(ed a("/e a$s" -resen in -&$"e. ce$$sT -&$"e. raBs nu.er"usR $"n%R 2 " * seriaeR
c"nsisin% "3 radia$$B e$"n%aedR &inN=a$$ed ce$$s c"nainin% nu.er"us sarc& %rainsR
si.i$ar " &"se -resen in sec"ndarB c"re')
0"=der N 0in7is&N(r"=nT s&"=s s"ne ce$$sR -&$"e. 3i(resR sarc& %rainsR .easurin% 1 " 24
in dia)R r"see crBsa$s "3 ca$ciu. "'a$ae and "i$ %$"(u$es)


T)L)C)
T)L)C) "3 &e a$c"&"$ic e'rac "n Si$ica %e$ UGU usin% T"$ueneS E&B$aceae (?S1)
s&"=s under U):) (+11 n.) =" 3$u"rescen D"nes a R3) 8)81 and 8)52 (("& %reen)) On
e'-"sure " ,"dine /a-"ur se/en s-"s a--ear a R3) 8)81R 8)++R 8)*+R 8)5*R 8);8R 8);4 and
8)4; (a$$ Be$$"=)) On s-raBin% =i& :ani$$inNSu$-&uric aeid rea%en and &eain% &e -$ae a
185C 3"r en .inues si' s-"s a--ear a R3) 8)++R 8)*+R 8)5*R 8);8R 8);4 and 8)4; (a$$
/i"$e))

1

CONST,TUENTS N A$7a$"ids and Essenia$ Oi$

Gu[a S La%&uR R\7YaR TQ7Y[aR Sara
:QrBa S UY[a
:i-Z7a S Ka]u
Kar.a S :Za&araR Ka-&a&araR 0ia7araR 6ed"&araR Mu7ra$aR @Q-anaR 0ZcanaR
M"-&a%&naR Ca7YusBaR Sa^%rZ&iR H_dBaR R"canaR :iYa%&na
,60ORTANT <OR6ULAT,ONS N 0ra(&adjana :i.ardana Tai$aR SZras/aa G&_aR
:asBZ.aBZna7a G&_aR K YZra Tai$aR 6a[i7Ba Rasa
THERA0EUT,C USES N M"-&aR K_.ir"%aR 6ed"r"%aR 0$Q&Z R"%aR :idrad&iR Gu$.aR
Ga$a%a[PaR 6u7&ajZPBaR Gran&iR :isar-aR Aa.arQR :ra[a :i7ZraR 6\ra Mar7arZR KuY]&aR
KYaaR Kar[aa\$aR Anar/idrad&i

1
52) S&i%ru (Seed))
M,GRU (Seed)
Mi%ru c"nsiss "3 dried seed "3 6"rin%a "$ei3era La.) SBn) 6) -erB%"s-er.a Gaern)
(<a.) 6"rin%aceae)R a s.a$$ "r .ediu. siDed reeR 3"und =i$d in su(NHi.a$aBan racR and
a$s" c".."n$B cu$i/aed a$$ "/er &e -$ains "3 &e c"unrBR 3"r is $ea/es and 3ruis used as
/e%ea($e)
SINONI6S
Sans7ri S Mf(&ZdjanaR A7Yi/aR 6fca7a
Assa.ese S SaijnaR S"&jna
9en%a$i S SajinaR Sajna
En%$is& S @ru.Nsic7 TreeR H"rse Radis& Tree
Gujrai S Sar%a/"R Se7a"
Hindi S Sa&ajanaR 6un%aR
Kannada S Nee%%eR Nu%%e 9eea
Kas&.iri S NN
6a$aBa$a. S 6urin%aR Ti7sn%%and&a
6ara&i S S&e/a%aR S&e%aa(eeja
OriBa S SajanaR 6un%aR 6uni7a
0unja(i S S"&aniana
Ta.i$ S 6urin%aiR 6urin%ai :irai
Te$u%u S 6una%a
Urdu S Sa&ajanR S"&anjana
@ESCR,0T,ON
a) 6acr"sc"-ic
Seeds &ardR ri%"n"usR &a/in% s&"r =in%sT siDe 8)5 " 1)8 c. $"n% and 8)+ " 8)5 c.
=ideT c"$"ur %reBis&Ncrea.T "d"urR n" c&aracerisicT aseT s$i%&$B (ier)

1
() 6icr"sc"-ic
Seed s&"=s 18 " 15 $aBeredR an%enia$$B e$"n%aedR &inN=a$$ed ce$$s "3 &e esaR
3"$$"=ed (B a =ide D"ne "3 ce$$s "3 c"B$ed"ns c"nsisin% "3 r"und " "/a$R &inN=a$$edR
-arenc&B.a"us ce$$s =i& inerce$$u$ar s-aces and c"nainin% .uci$a%e and "i$ %$"(u$es)
0"=derN Crea. c"$"uredT s&"=s %r"u-s "3 e$"n%aedR r"und " "/a$R -arenc&B.a"us ce$$sT
"/a$ " e$"n%aedR &inN=a$$ed ce$$s "3 esa s&"=in% sriai"ns in sur3ace /ie= and "i$
%$"(u$es)

!aerNs"$u($e e'raci/e N" $ess &an 2* -er cenR A--endi' 2)2);)

T)L)C)
T)L)C) "3 a$c"&"$ic e'rac "n Si$ica Ge$ UGU -$ae usin% C&$"r"3"rBnS
T"$uene (;5S25) as ."(i$e -&ase s&"=s under U):) (+11 n.) &ree 3$u"rescen D"nes a R3)
8)52R 8)5? and 8)?* (a$$ ($ue)) On s-raBin% =i& Anisa$de&BdeNSu$-&uric acid rea%en and
&eain% &e -$ae 3"r a("u en .inues a 118C &ree s-"s a--ear a R3) 8)52R 8)5? and
8)?* (a$$ /i"$e))

CONST,TUENTS N <i'ed Oi$)

Rasa S Ka]uR Ti7a
1
Gu[a S La%&uR R\7YaR TQ7Y[a
:QrBa S UY[a
:i-Z7a S Ka]u
Kar.a S :Za&araR Ka-&a&araR H_dBaR Ca7YusBaR Sa^%rZ&iR @Q-ana
,60ORTANT <OR6ULAT,ONS N Sudaraana C\r[aR M"&a%&na Le-aR SarYa-Zdi 0ra$e-aR
Sar/aj/ara&ara Lau&a
THERA0EUT,C USES N K_.ir"%aR Nerar"%aR M"&aR :idrad&iR A-acQR 6ed"r"%aR Gu$.aR 0$
Q&Zr"%aR Ga$a%a[PaR :ra[aR 6u7&ajZPBaR Mir"r"%aR :Zar"%aR AinidrZ

1
5+) S&i%ru (S)97))
M,GRU (Se. 9ar7)
Mi%ru c"nsiss "3 dried se. (ar7 "3 6"rin%a "$ei3era La.) SBn) 6) -erB%"s-er.a
Gaern) (<a.) 6"rin%aceae)R a s.a$$ "r .ediu. siDed reeR indi%en"us " &e su(NHi.a$aBan
racR 3"und =i$d in $"=er Hi.a$aBas and cu$i/aed a$$ "/er &e -$ains "3 ,ndiaR 3"r is $ea/es
and 3ruis used as /e%ea($es)
SINONI6S
Sans7ri S Mf(&ZdjanaR 9a&f$aR MZ7&a-ara
Assa.ese S NN
9en%a$i S SajinaR Sajne
En%$is& S H"rse Radis& TreeR @ru.Nsic7 TreeR
Gujrai S Sara%a/e
Hindi S Sa&ijana
Kannada S Nu%%eR Nu%%e.araR Nu%%e7"Bi.ara
Kas&.iri S NN
6a$aBa$a. S 6urin%BaR 6urinna
6ara&i S S&e=%a
OriBa S 6un%aR 6uni7aR Sajana
0unja(i S S"&ajana
Ta.i$ S 6urun%ai
Te$u%u S 6una%a c&euR 6u$aBa C&ea
Urdu S Sa&ajanR S"&anjana
@ESCR,0T,ON
a) 6acr"sc"-ic
6aure (ar7R r"u%&R dee-$B crac7edR %reB "r dar7 %reenT B"un% (ar7R %reenis& "
%reenis&N(r"=nR 1 " + c. &ic7 "r ."reR de-endin% u-"n &e a%e "3 -$anT aseR (ier and
-un%en)
1

() 6icr"sc"-ic
C"r7 re%i"n /erB =ideR c".-"sed "3 15 " 28 $aBersR &inN=a$$edR radia$$B arran%edR
recan%u$ar ce$$s =i& c"$"ured c"nensT c"r7 ca.(iu. c"nsiss "3 a sin%$e r"= "3 &inN
=a$$edR recan%u$ar "r an%enia$$B e$"n%aed ce$$sT sec"ndarB c"re' /erB =ideR c".-"sed
"3 near$B cu(ica$ " recan%u$arR &inN=a$$ed -arenc&B.a"us ce$$s c"nainin% a 3e= r"see
and cu(ica$R r&".("ida$ "r &e'a%"na$ crBsa$s "3 ca$ciu. "'a$aeT se/era$ %r"u-s "3 &ic7
=a$$edR $i%ni3iedR e$"n%aed " -"$B%"na$ s"ne ce$$s =i& sriai"ns and =ide as =e$$ as
narr"= $u.en -resenT a 3e= s.a$$R si.-$eR r"und " "/a$R sarc& %rains .easurin% 5 " 1*
in dia)R =i& c"ncenric sriai"ns and &i$u.R and a 3e= "i$ %$"(u$es scaered in c"rica$
re%i"nT sec"ndarB -&$"e. c"nsiss "3 &inN=a$$edR "/a$ " -"$B%"na$ -arenc&B.aR 3i(resR
and -&$"e. raBsT -&$"e. -arenc&B.a ce$$s adj"inin% &e sc$erenc&B.a ce$$s c"nainin%
s.a$$ r&".("ida$ "r cu(ica$ crBsa$s "3 ca$ciu. "'a$ae and .anB $ar%e $Bsi%en"us .uci$a%e
ca/iies 3i$$ed =i& .uci$a%eT %r"u-s "3 $i%ni3ied 3i(res 3"r. near$B c"ncenricR
disc"ninu"us D"nesR se-araed (B -&$"e. raBsT raBs .anBR 2 "r + seriaeR "ccasi"na$$B
uniseriaeT "=ards &e inner -&$"e. re%i"ns &eB are radia$$B e$"n%aed (uR (ec".e
an%enia$$B e$"n%aed in &e "uer -&$"e.T ."s "3 &e ce$$s $"aded =i& si.-$eR sarc&
%rains and crBsa$s "3 ca$ciu. "'a$ae)
0"=der N Li%& (r"=nR 3ra%.ens "3 &inN=a$$edR -"$B%"na$R s".ei.es recan%u$ar c"r7
ce$$sT %r"u-s "r sin%$eR &ic7N=a$$edR $i%ni3iedR e$"n%aed " -"$B%"na$ s"ne ce$$s =i&
sriai"ns and $u.enT a 3e= r&".("ida$R r"see crBsa$s "3 ca$ciu. "'a$aeT a 3e= "i$
%$"(u$esT a /erB s.a$$R nu.er"usR si.-$eR "/a$ " r"undR sarc& %rains .easurin% 5 " 1*
in dia)R =i& c"ncenric sriai"ns and narr"= &i$u.T -ieces "3 -&$"e. -arenc&B.aR $i%ni3ied
-&$"e. 3i(res and raB ce$$s)


ASSAI

T)L)C)
1
T)L)C) "3 a$c"&"$ic e'rac "n Si$ica %e$ UGU usin% C&$"r"3"r. S 6e&an"$ (45S15)
s&"=s under U):) (+11n.) a 3$u"rescen D"ne a R3) 8)?; (($ue)) On e'-"sure " ,"dine
/a-"ur 3i/e s-"s a--ear a R3) 8)15R 8)22R 8)*?R 8)41 and 8)?; (a$$ Be$$"=)) On s-raBin%
=i& 5V 6e&an"$icN 0&"s-&"."$B(dic acid rea%en si' s-"s a--ear "n &eain% &e -$ae a
185C 3"r a("u 3i3een .inues a R3) 8)15R 8)22R 8)*?R 8)11R 8)41 and 8)?; (a$$ %reB))

CONST,TUENTS N Ser"$s and Ter-enes)

Gu[a S La%&uR TQ7Y[aR R\7YaR 0icc&i$aR Sara
:QrBa S UY[a
:i-Z7a S Ka]u
Kar.a S @Q-anaR H_dBaR :idZ&a7_R Sa^%rZ&iR :iYa%&naR Mu7ra$aR R"canaR
Ca7YusBaR Ka-&a%&naR :Za%&naR M"-&a%&naR Mir"/irecan"-a%aR 0i"7$eaa7a
,60ORTANT <OR6ULAT,ONS N KZr-ZsZs&BZdi Tai$aR KYZra Tai$aR :iYaindu7a Tai$aR K&a
`Pa La/anaR SZras/aa G&_aR SarYa-Zdi 0ra$e-aR :asBZ.aBZna7a G&_aR M/ea Kara/Qra
0a$$a/ZdBa Lai$a
THERA0EUT,C USES N K_.iR :idrad&iR 0$Q&Z R"%aR Gu$.aR H_daBa R"%aR A7Yir"%aR
6ed"r"%aR A-acQR Ga$a%a[PaR :ra[a M"&aR AraaR 9&a%andaraR @_Y]i R"%aR Sar/a-QPa Ni/Zra[i
@OSE N Se. 9ar7 juice 18N28 .$Se. 9ar7 0"=der 2N5 %.

1
5*) Srin%aa7a (@rd)Sd))
MEHGLAKA (@ried Seed)
Mr`%Za7a c"nsiss "3 dried seeds "3 Tra-a naans Linn) /ar) (is-in"sa (R"'()) 6a7in")
SBn) T) (is-in"sa R"'() T) #uadris-in"sa !a$$) (<a.) Tra-aceae)R a /erB /aria($eR r""edR
a#uaic &er( "ccurrin% &r"u%&"u &e %reaer -ar "3 &e c"unrB in $a7esR an7s and -"nds arid
a$s" e'ensi/e$B %r"=n
SINONI6S
Sans7ri S Mr`%aaR 2a$a-&a$aR Tri7f[a-&a$a
Assa.ese S NN
9en%a$i S 0ani-&a$R Sin%adeR 2a$3a$
En%$is& S !aer C&esnu
Gujrai S S&in%"daR Sin%"da
Hindi S Sin%&araR Sin%&ada
Kannada S Sin%adeR GaraR Si.%araR Si.%"da
Kas&.iri S NN
6a$aBa$a. S Kari.-"$a.R :an7"aR 2a$a-&a$a.R Kari.-"$a
6ara&i S S&in%"da
OriBa S 0ani-&a$aR Sin%ada
0unja(i S Sin%&adeR Gaunaree
Ta.i$ S Sin%&ara
Te$u%u S Ku(Ba7a.R Sin%ada
Urdu S Sin%&ara
@ESCR,0T,ON
a) 6acr"sc"-ic
Seeds s".e=&a rian%u$ar " *Nan%$ed in s&a-eR =i& "r =i&"u s&a$$"= %r""/e "n
("& sur3acesR 2 " +)8 c. $"n% and 2)5 " +)5 c. =ideT e'erna$$B reddis&N(r"=nT ."s$B
"ne sur3ace ."$edR s.""& in e'ure)

1
() 6icr"sc"-ic
S&"=s esa "3 &ree D"nesR "uer D"ne c"nsisin% "3 an%enia$$B e$"n%aed "r
s".e=&a crus&edR + " 1 $aBered -arenc&B.a"us ce$$sR .idd$e D"ne "3 $i%ni3ied ce$$sR
inner D"ne "3 recan%u$ar and an%enia$$B e$"n%aed &inN=a$$ed ce$$s &a/in% reddis& (r"=n
c"nensT e%.en 2 "r + $aBeredR c".-risin% "3 an%enia$$B e$"n%aed ce$$sR res "3 &e seed
c"nsisin% "3 &inN=a$$edR -arenc&B.a"us ce$$sT sarc& %rains si.-$eR "r in %r"u-sR "/a$ "
r"und &a/in% disinc sriai"ns and &i$u.R .easurin% 1 " *5 in diaR a 3e= /ascu$ar
srands =i& /esse$s s&"=in% s-ira$ &ic7enin%R 3"und scaered in &is re%i"n)
@isinci"n 3r". Arr"= r"" (a -"ssi($e su(siue)N Arr"= r"" (6arana arundinacea
Linn)) sarc& is ."re irre%u$ar in s&a-eR (ein% e$$i-s"idR -earNs&a-ed "r e/en a$."s
ri%"na$R "ccasi"na$$B s&"=in% s.a$$ u(er"siiesT &i$u. se$$ar "r c$e3R s$i%&$B eccenricR
(ein% siuaed near &e (r"ader endT 3ine c"ncenric sriai"ns are /isi($e in ."s %ranu$es)
0"=der N !&ieT nu.er"us si.-$eR s"$iarB and %r"u-s "3 circu$ar " "/a$ sarc& %rainsR
&a/in% c"ncenric sriai"ns and disinc &i$u. in cenreR .easurin% u-" *5 in diaT a 3e=
3ra%.ens "3 esa c"nsisin% "3 "/a$ " -"$B%"na$R &inN=a$$edR -arenc&B.a ce$$s in sur3ace
/ie=)


T)L)C)
T)L)C) "3 a$c"&"$ic e'rac "3 &e dru% "n Si$ica %e$ UGU -$ae usin% nN9uan"$ S
Aceic acidS !aer (*S1S5) /$/ s&"=s under U):) (+11 n.) "ne 3$u"rescen D"ne a R3) 8)18
(($ue)) On s-raBin% =i& 5V 6e&an"$icNSu$-&uric acid rea%en and &eain% &e -$ae 3"r
a("u en .inues a R3) 185C &ree s-"s a--ear a R3) 8)+8 (%reB)R 8)*+ (%reB)R and 8)?+
(/i"$e))

1
CONST,TUENTS N Sarc& and 0r"ein)

Gu[a S Guru
:QrBa S MQa
:i-Z7a S 6ad&ura
Kar.a S 0ia&araR :_YBaR Mra.a&araR Mu7ra7araR GrZ&QR SanBajananaR Ra7a
Sa.(&a7aR Gar(&as&Z-ana
,60ORTANT <OR6ULAT,ONS N Sau(&Z%Ba Mu[]&iR A._a-rZaa G&_aR 0u%a K&a[Pa
THERA0EUT,C USES N Ra7a-iaR @Z&aR Gar(&a SrZ/aR M"-&a (e'erna$)R 6\ra7_cc&raR
As&i(&a%naR :Za/BZd&iR 0ra.e&aR :isar-aR T_Y[Z
@OSE N 5N18 .% "3 &e dru% in -"=der 3"r.)

1
55) Sru/a/ri7s&a (L3) )
SRU::EKCA (Lea3)
Sru/a/_7Ya c"nsiss "3 dried $ea3 "3 <$ac"uria indica 6err) SBn) <) ra."nc&i L Heri)
(<a.) <$ac"uriaceae)R a s.a$$ decidu"usR usua$$B &"rnB ree "r s&ru(R 3"und in &e su(N
Hi.a$aBan racs and "uer Hi.a$aBas u-" 1228 . and a$s" c".."n &r"u%&"u C&"a
Na%-urR @eccan and S"u& ,ndia)
SINONI6S
Sans7ri S :i7an7aaR Gf-a7ana
Assa.ese S NN
9en%a$i S 9inc&aR 9ainc&iR 9e=ic&
En%$is& S G"/ern"rs 0$u.R 6adaras7ara 0$u.
Gujrai S Kan7aa
Hindi S 9i$an%ra
Kannada S $$u.ani7aR @"dda Gejja$a7ai
Kas&.iri S NN
6a$aBa$a. S :a/an7aa7uR :i7a.7a&R Ia$iBa NDerini%a$R L"$"i77a
6ara&i S Ka7er
OriBa S Kan&ei7"$iR :ainc&aR Uinc&a
0unja(i S Ka7"aR Ku7"Ba
Ta.i$ S S"ai7a$aR Ka U7a$a
Te$u%u S 0ure%uR Kana/e%u C&euR :i7an7aa
Urdu S NN
@ESCR,0T,ON
a) 6acr"sc"-ic
Lea/es si.-$eR sessi$eR + " 5 c. $"n% and 1 " + c. =ideR "/ae " "("/aeR %$a(r"us
a("/eR ."re "r $ess -u(escen (enea&R serrae "=ards a-e'R and crenae in (asa$ re%i"nR
%reenis&N%reB)

1
() 6icr"sc"-ic
Lea3N
6idri( N E-ider.isR sin%$e $aBeredR c"/ered e'erna$$B =i& &in cuic$eT 3"$$"=ed (B 1 "r 2
$aBers "3 c"$$enc&B.a and + " 5 $aBers -arenc&B.aT $"=er e-ider.is =i& 2 "r + $aBers "3
adjacen c"$$enc&B.a and 2 "r + $aBers "3 -arenc&B.aT /ascu$ar (und$e sin%$eR siuaed in
&e cenreR c"/ered (B 3i(re s&ea& "n ("& sidesT a 3e= unice$$u$arR &""7edR ric&".es
-resen "n $"=er sur3aceT a 3e= r"see and -ris.aic crBsa$s "3 ca$ciu. "'a$ae scaered in
-arenc&B.a ce$$s)
La.ina N E-ider.is sin%$e $aBered "n ("& sur3acesR c"/ered =i& &in cuic$eT a 3e= si.-$eR
unice$$u$ar &airs =i& ($un i-s -resen "n $"=er sur3aceT 2 $aBers "3 -a$isade ce$$s and 2 "r
+ $aBers "3 s-"n%B -arenc&B.a ce$$s -resenT r"see and a 3e= -ris.aic crBsa$s "3 ca$ciu.
"'a$ae -resen in e-ider.isR -a$isade and s-"n%B -arenc&B.a ce$$sT a 3e= /ein$es -resen
in (e=een -a$isade and s-"n%B -arenc&B.aT s".aa anis"cBicR -resen "n $"=er sur3aceT
-a$isade rai" 2 "r +T /ein is$e nu.(er 4 " 18 -er s#) ..T /ein$e er.inai"n nu.(er 18 "
12 -er s#) ..T s".aa$ inde' 2* " 21)
0"=der )N Greenis&N%reBR s&"=s 3ra%.ens "3 c"$$enc&B.a"usR and -arenc&B.a"us ce$$sT
e$"n%aedR &ic7 N=a$$ed -"ined 3i(resT sinu"us =a$$ed e-ider.a$ ce$$s in sur3ace /ie=R
c"nainin% r"see and a 3e= -ris.aic crBsa$s "3 ca$ciu. "'a$aeT -a$isade ce$$sR a 3e=
anis"cBic s".aaR and -ieces "3 unice$$u$ar &airs -resen)


T)L)C)
Aceic acidS !aer (*S1S5) s&"=s under U):) (+11 n.) 3"ur 3$u"rescen D"nes a R3) 8)21R
8);1R 8)44 (a$$ ($ue) and 8)?4 (red)) On e'-"sure " ,"dine /a-"ur 3"ur s-"s a--ear a R3)
8)21R 8)*4R 8)11 and 8)44 (a$$ Be$$"=)) On s-raBin% =i& 5V 6e&an"$icNSu$-&uric acid
rea%en and &eain% &e -$ae 3"r en .inues a 185C si' s-"s a--ear a R3) 8)+*R 8)*4R
8)11R 8);1R 8)44 and 8)?4 (a$$ %reB))
1

CONST,TUENTS N Tannin and Su%ar)

Rasa S 6ad&uraR A.$aR Ti7a
Gu[a S La%&u
:QrBa S MQa
:i-Z7a S 6ad&ura
Kar.a S 0ia&araR Ka-&a&araR @Q-anaR 0Zcana
,60ORTANT <OR6ULAT,ONS N ra%/ad&Zdi K/Z&a C\r[a
THERA0EUT,C USES N Ra7a/i7ZraR M"&aR KZ.a$Z
@OSE N 58N188 %. 3"r dec"ci"n)

1
51) Sru/a/ri7s&a (S)97))
SRU::EKCA (Se. 9ar7)
Sru/a/_7Ya c"nsiss "3 dried se. (ar7 "3 <$ac"uria indica 6err) SBn) <) ra."nc&i L
Heri) (<a.) <$ac"uriaceae)R a s.a$$ decidu"usR usua$$B &"rnB ree "r s&ru(R 3"und in &e su(N
Hi.a$aBan rac and "uer Hi.a$aBas u-" 1228 . and a$s" c".."n &r"u%&"u ,ndian
decidu"us 3"ress)
SINONI6S
Sans7ri S Gf-a7anaR :i7an7aa
Assa.ese S 9ainc&iR 9e=ic&R 9inc&a
9en%a$i S G"/ern"rs 0$u.R 6adaras7ara
En%$is& S NNN
Gujrai S Kan7aa
Hindi S 9i$an%ra
Kannada S $$u.ani7aR @"dda Gejja$a Kai
Kas&.iri S NN
6a$aBa$a. S :aBan7aa7uR :i7a.7a&R Ia$i NDerini%a$
6ara&i S Ka7er
OriBa S Kan&ei7"$iR :ainc&aR :inc&
0unja(i S Ka7"aR Ku7"Ba
Ta.i$ S Ka U7a$aR S"ai7a$a
Te$u%u S Kana/e%u C&euR 0ure%uR :i7a
@ESCR,0T,ON
a) 6acr"sc"-ic
@ru% "ccurs in 2 " 5 c. $"n% and 1 " + .. &ic7R cur/edR #ui$$ed "r 3$a -iecesT
e'erna$ sur3ace s.""&R reddis&N%reBR &a/in% $enice$sR inerna$ sur3ace reddis&N(r"=nT
3racureR s&"r)

1
() 6icr"sc"-ic
6aure (ar7 s&"=s * " 1+ $aBers "3 e'3"$iaed c"r7 c"nsisin% "3 an%enia$$B
e$"n%aed and radia$$B arran%edR &inN=a$$ed ce$$sR a 3e= c"nainin% reddis&N(r"=n c"nensT
sec"ndarB c"re' c"nsisin% "3 "/a$ " e$$i-ica$R an%enia$$B e$"n%aedR -arenc&B.a"us
ce$$sR 3"$$"=ed (B a D"ne "3 c".-ac$B arran%ed 3i(re and %r"u-s "3 s"ne ce$$sT sec"ndarB
-&$"e. c".-"sed "3 sie/e e$e.ensR -arenc&B.aR -&$"e. raBs and -&$"e. 3i(resT $i%ni3ied
-&$"e. 3i(res "/a$ " -"$B%"na$ ."s$B in %r"u-sT -&$"e. raBs 1 "r 2 ce$$s =ide and + " 18
ce$$s dee-R s$i%&$B &ic7N=a$$edT -ris.aic crBsa$s "3 ca$ciu. "'a$ae -resen in sec"ndarB
c"re' and -&$"e. -arenc&B.aT sarc& %rains si.-$eR r"und " "/a$ .easurin% + " 11 in
dia)
0"=der N Crearnis&N(r"=nT s&"=s c"r7 ce$$sR $i%ni3ied -&$"e. 3i(resR -ris.aic crBsa$s "3
ca$ciu. "'a$aeR nu.er"usR r"und " "/a$ sarc& %rains .easurin% + " 11 in diaR


T)L)C)
T)L)C) "3 a$c"&"$ic e'rac "n Si$ica %e$ UGU -$ae usin% C&$"r"3"r. S6e&an"$ (?S1)
s&"=s under U):) (+11n.) "ne 3$u"rescen s-" a R3) 8)2; (S7B ($ue)) On e'-"sure "
,"dine /a-"ur 3"ur s-"s a--ear a R3) 8)1+R 8)28R 8)2; and 8)1* (a$$ (r"=nis& Be$$"=)) On
s-raBin% =i& 5V 6e&an"$icNSu$-&uric acid rea%en and &eain% &e -$ae 3"r en .inues a
185C 3i/e s-"s a--ear a R3) 8)81R 8)1+R 8)28R 8)2; and 8)1* (a$$ %reBis& (r"=n))

CONST,TUENTS N Tannin and <$ac"urinR a -&en"$ic %$uc"side eser)

1
Rasa S Ti7a
:QrBa S MQa
:i-Z7a S Ka]u
Kar.a S 0ia&araR Ka-&a&araR @Q-ana
,60ORTANT <OR6ULAT,ONS N ra%/ad&Zdi K/Z&a C\r[a
THERA0EUT,C USES N Ra7a/i7ZraR M"-&a (M"&a)R @uY]a :ra[a
@OSE N 58N188 %. "3 &e dru% 3"r dec"ci"n)

1
5;) Ta$a.u$i (RD))
TLA6AL (R&iD".e)
TZ$a.u$i c"nsiss "3 dried r&iD".e "3 Curcu$i%" "rc&i"ides Gaern) (<a.)
A.arB$$idaceae)R a s.a$$ &er(R u-" +8 c. &i%& =i& u(er"us r"" s"c7R "ccurrin% =i$d in
su(Nr"-ica$ Hi.a$aBas 3r". Ku.a"n eas=ardsR ascendin% u-" 14+8 . in K&asi &i$$sR
6ani-ur and &e Easern G&asR a$s" 3r". K"n7an s"u&=ardsT dru% is c"$$eced 3r". =" Bear
"$d -$ansR =as&ed =e$$ and c$eared "3 r""$esR s$iced and dried in s&ade)
SINONI6S
Sans7ri S 9&\.ii$a
Assa.ese S Ta$.u$iR Tai$.u$i
9en%a$i S Ta$.a$uR Ta$$ur
En%$is& S NN
Gujrai S Ka$irnusa$i
Hindi S SBa&.usa$iR Ka$i.us$i
Kannada S Ne$a$R Ne$a&i%"ddeR Ne$aa$eR Ne$ae$e%adde
Kas&.iri S NN
6a$aBa$a. S Ni$a--enea
6ara&i S Ka$i .usa$iR 9&ui.addi
OriBa S Ta$a.u$i
0unja(i S SBa& .usa$iR 6usa$i sa3edR
Ta.i$ S Ni$a--anai
Te$u%u S Ne$ adi%adda
Urdu S 6usa$i SiBa&R Ka$i 6usa$i
@ESCR,0T,ON
a) 6acr"sc"-ic
@ru% "ccurs in rans/erse$B cu -ieces "3 2)5 " 5 c. $"n%R cB$indrica$R srai%& "
s$i%&$B cur/edR cu sur3ace 1)8 " *)5 c. in dia)T e'erna$ sur3ace ($ac7is&N(r"=nR cu
sur3ace crea. c"$"uredT sur3ace =i& nu.er"us s&a$$"= =rin7$es and rans/erse crac7sT
1
=i& a 3e= r""$es and r"" scarsT n"des and inern"des -r".inenT aseR .uci$a%in"us and
s$i%&$B (ier)

() 6icr"sc"-ic
S&"=s a narr"= sri- "3 c"r7R c"nsisin% "3 5 " ; r"=s "3 $i%& (r"=n cu(ica$ "
recan%u$ar ce$$sT sec"ndarB c"re' c"nsiss "3 &inN=a$$edR -arenc&B.a"us ce$$sR dense$B
3i$$ed =i& sarc& %rains and acicu$ar crBsa$s "3 ca$ciu. "'a$aeR ei&er is"$aed "r in
(und$esR in a 3e= ce$$sT a 3e= s.a$$R r"und " an%enia$$B e$"n%aedR $Bsi%en"us ca/iies
a$s" 3"und scaered in &is re%i"nT a 3e= /ascu$ar (und$es 3"und e.(edded in c"rica$
re%i"n =i& -&$"e. "=ards "uer sideR and c"nsisin% "3 a 3e= 'B$e. e$e.ensT %r"und
issue c"nsiss "3 -arenc&B.a"us ce$$sR s".e "3 =&ic& c"nain acicu$ar crBsa$s "3 ca$ciu.
"'a$aeT nu.er"us 3i(r"N/ascu$ar (und$es 3"und scaered &r"u%&"u &e re%i"nR ."s$B
"=ards -eri-&era$ re%i"n &a/in% -&$"e.R a$."s encirc$ed (B 'B$e. /esse$s &a/in% annu$ar
and s-ira$ &ic7enin%sT sarc& %rains si.-$eR r"unded " "/a$ and a$s" c".-"und "3 2 " *
c".-"nensR .easurin% * " 21 in dia)R -resen in c"rica$ and cenra$ re%i"nR a nu.(er
"3 dee- redR resin cana$s 3"und &r"u%&"u &e re%i"nR .uci$a%e in &e 3"r. "3 c"$"ur$ess
.ass 3"und in a 3e= c"rica$ -arenc&B.a"us ce$$s)
0"=der N GreBis&T /esse$s =i& annu$ar and s-ira$ &ic7enin%sT si.-$eR r"und " "/a$R sarc&
%rains .easurin% * " 21 in dia)R and c".-"und sarc& %rains &a/in% 2 " * c".-"nens
and a 3e= acicu$ar crBsa$s "3 ca$ciu. "'a$aeT .uci$a%e in &e 3"r. "3 c"$"ur$ess .ass
3"und in a 3e= c"rica$ -arenc&B.a"us ce$$s

!aerNs"$u($e e'raci/e N" $ess &an 1; -er cenR A--endi' 2)2);)

T)L)C)
Aceic AcidS !aer (*S1S5) s&"=s under U):) (+11 n.) 3"ur 3$u"rescen D"nes a R3) 8)+?R
8);;R 8)?8 and 8)?; (a$$ Be$$"=)) On e'-"sure " ,"dine /a-"ur =e$/e s-"s a--ear a R3)
1
8)81R 8)1+R 8)1;R 8)25R 8)+?R 8)58R 8)12R 8);8R 8);;R 8)44R 8)?8 and 8)?; (a$$ Be$$"=)) On
s-raBin% =i& @ra%end"r33 rea%en 3"$$"=ed (B s"diu. nirie &ree s-"s a--ear a R3) 8)+?R
8);8 and 8)44 (a$$ $i%& -ur-$e))

CONST,TUENTS N TanninR ResinR Sa-"%enin and A$7a$"id

Gu[a S GuruR 0icc&i$a
:QrBa S UY[a
:i-Z7a S 6ad&ura
Kar.a S :_YBaR 9_^&a[aR RasZBanaR 0uY]i-radaR 9a$a-radaR Mra.a&araR 0ia&araR
@Z&a&ara
,60ORTANT <OR6ULAT,ONS N Gand&ar/a&asZdi K/Z&a C\r[aR CandanZdi C\r[a
THERA0EUT,C USES N AraaR :Zar"%aR KZraBaR KYaa7YQ[a
@OSE N +N1 %. "3 &e dru% in -"=der 3"r.)

1
54) Ta$isa (@rd)L3))
TLSA (Lea/es)
TZ$Qaa c"nsis "3 dried need$e $i7e $ea/es "3 A(ies =e((iana Lind$ (<a.) 0inaceae)R
-$an is a a$$R e/er%reen ree =i& &ic7R s-readin%R &"riD"na$ (ranc&es aainin% a &ei%& "3
18 . 3"und in Hi.a$aBas a an a$iude "3 2488N18888 .)
SINONI6S
Sans7ri S 0arZd&Ba.
Assa.ese S Ta$is&
9en%a$i S Ta$is& 0a$aR Ta$ees& 0ara
En%$is& S Hi.a$aBan Si/er
Gujrai S Ta$is& 0ara
Hindi S Ta$is& 0ara
Kannada S Ta$es 0araR Ta$isa-a&raR S&u7"dara
Kas&.iri S NN
6a$aBa$a. S Ta$isa-araR Ta$eesa-ari
6ara&i S La%&u Ta$ees-ara
OriBa S Ta$is
0unja(i S NN
Ta.i$ S Ta$is-araR Ta$eesa-ari
Te$u%u S Ta$eesa-ari
Urdu S Oarna(
@ESCR,0T,ON
a) 6acr"sc"-ic
Lea/es 3$aR 1 " 5)5 c. $"n%R a("u 2 .. (r"adT s&inin%R .idri( in &e u--er sur3ace
c&anne$$ed d"=n &e .idd$e (u raised (enea&T =i& =" 3ain =&ie $ines "n ei&er side "3
&e .idri( (enea&R -ei"$e /erB s&"rR %reBis&N(r"=nT "d"urR ere(in&ineN$i7eT aseR
asrin%en)

1
() 6icr"sc"-ic
6aure $ea3 s&"=s sin%$e $aBered e-ider.is "n ei&er side c"/ered =i& &ic7 cuic$eT
u--er e-ider.is 3"$$"=ed (B sin%$e $aBered sc$erenc&B.a"us &B-"der.isR $"=er e-ider.is
s&"=s -a-i$$ae -r"jeci"ns a s".e -$aces 3"$$"=ed (B 1 "r 2 $aBers sc$erenc&B.a"us
&B-"der.isT -a$isade 2 $aBeredT s-"n%B -arenc&B.a *N1 $aBeredT /ascu$ar (und$e sin%$eR
siuaed cenra$$BR c"nsisin% "3 'B$e. and -&$"e.R enc$"sed (B a sin%$e $aBered
end"der.isT 'B$e. "n u--er side and -&$"e. "n $"=er sideT ca.(iu. inc"ns-icu"usT
secre"rB ca/iies =" in nu.(ersR $"caed "n ei&er side "3 /ascu$ar (und$eR s".aa sun7en
B-eR -resen "n$B "n &e $"=er sur3ace)
0"=der N Greenis&N(r"=nT s&"=s sc$erenc&B.a"us ce$$sR -a$isadeR s-"n%B -arenc&B.a and
a 3e= e-ider.a$ ce$$s)

A$c"&"$Ns"$u($e e'raci/e N" $ess &an 1* -er cenR A--endi' 2)2)1)

T)L)C)
T)L)C) "3 a$c"&"$ic e'rac "n Si$ica Ge$ UGU usin% T"$ueneS E&B$aceae (?S1) s&"=s
in /isi($e $i%& 3i/e s-"s a R3) 8)8?R 8)*1R 8)5?R 8)1; (a$$ %reen) and 8)?2 ($i%& %reen))
Under U):) (+11 n.) ei%& 3$u"rescen D"nes /isi($e a R3) 8)85 ("ran%e)R 8)8? (($ac7is&)
8)1* ("ran%e)R 8)*+ (red)R 8)5* (($ue)R 8)12 (($ac7is& red)R 8)1; and 8)?2 (("& red)) On
e'-"sure " i"dine /a-"ur e$e/en s-"s a--ear a R3) 8)8*R 8)84R 8)12R 8)1;R 8)+?R 8)58R 8)5;R
8)15R 8);+R 8)45 and 8)?2 (a$$ Be$$"=)) On s-raBin% =i& :ani$$in Su$-&uric acid rea%en and
&eain% &e -$ae a 185C 3"r en .inues e$e/en s-"s a--ear a R3) 8)8*R 8)84R 8)12R 8)1;R
8)+?R 8)58R 8)5;R 8)15R 8);+R 8)45 and 8)?2 (a$$ /i"$e))

CONST,TUENTS N Essenia$ Oi$ G A$7a$"id)

1

Rasa S Ti7aR Ka]uR 6ad&ura
:QrBa S UY[a
:i-Z7a S Ka]u
Kar.a S :Za7a-&Z-a&a.R M$eY.a-iajiR @Q-anaR H_dBa
,60ORTANT <OR6ULAT,ONS N TZ$QsZdi C\r[aR 9&Zs7ara La/a[aR 0rZ[adZ Gu]i7ZR 2Z
Q-&Z$Zdi C\r[aR 0\%a K&a[PaR @rZ7YZdi C\r[aR TZ$QsZdi 6"da7a
THERA0EUT,C USES N M/ZsaR KZsaR Gu$.aR A%ni.ZndBaR .ad"YaR KYaBaR Hi77ZR C&ardiR
K_.iR 6u7&ar"%aR Aruci

1
5?) Ti$a (Sd))
T,LA (Seed)
Ti$a c"nsiss "3 dried seeds "3 Sesa.u. indicu. Linn) (<a.R 0eda$iaceae)R a &er(
e'ensi/e$B cu$i/aed &r"u%&"u &e -$ains "3 ,ndia u-" 1288 . 3"r is seeds)
SINONI6S
Sans7ri S Ti$a
Assa.ese S Si..asi.
9en%a$i S Ti$a%ac&&
En%$is& S Sesa.eR Gin%e$$BN"i$ Seeds
Gujrai S Ta$$
Hindi S Ti$aR Tee$R Ti$i
Kannada S Acc&ee$$uR E$$u
Kas&.iri S NN
6a$aBa$a. S E$$u
6ara&i S Ti$a
OriBa S Ti$
0unja(i S Ti$
Ta.i$ S E$$u
Te$u%u S Nu//u$u
Urdu S Kunjad
@ESCR,0T,ON
a) 6acr"sc"-ic
Seed =&ieR (r"=nR %reB "r ($ac7R 3$aened "/ae in s&a-eR s.""& "r reicu$aeR 2)5
" + .. $"n% and 1)5 .. (r"adR "ne side s$i%&$B c"nca/e =i& 3ain .ar%ina$ $ines and an
e#ua$$B 3ain cenra$ $ineT aseR -$easan and "i$B)

() 6icr"sc"-ic
1
Tesa "3 seed s&"=s sin%$e $aBered -a$isadeN$i7eR &inN=a$$edR Be$$"=is& c"$"ured
ce$$sR and &e res "3 &e esa c".-"sed "3 c"$$a-sed ce$$sT end"s-er. + $aBeredR rare$B 2
$aBeredR c"nsisin% "3 ce$$u$"sic -"$B%"na$ ce$$s "3 -arenc&B.a c"nainin% 3i'ed "i$s and
s.a$$ a$eur"ne %rainsT c"B$ed"ns ="R e'erna$$B c"/ered =i& &in cuic$eT sin%$e $aBered
e-ider.a$ ce$$R 3"$$"=ed (B a sin%$e r"= "3 -a$isadeN $i7e ce$$sT res "3 &e issues c"nsis "3
-"$B%"na$R -arenc&B.a ce$$s c"nainin% 3i'ed "i$ and a$eur"ne %rains)
0"=der N 9$ac7is& c"$"uredT s&"=s -a$isadeN$i7e ce$$s in sur3ace /ie=R -arenc&B.a ce$$sR
a$eur"ne %rains and "i$ %$"(u$es)

<i'ed Oi$ N" $ess &an +5 -er cenR A--endi' 2)2)4

T)L)C)
T)L)C) "3 a$c"&"$ic e'rac "n Si$ica %e$ UGU -$ae usin% T"$ueneS E&B$aceae (? S 1) s&"=s
under U: (+11 n.) &ree 3$u"rescen D"nes a R3) 8)5;R 8)1* (("& $i%& ($ue) and 8);2
(($ue)) On e'-"sure " ,"dine /a-"ur 3i/e s-"s a--ear a R3) 8)84R 8)5;R 8)1*R 8);2 and 8)?*
(a$$ Be$$"=)) On s-raBin% =i& :ani$$inNSu$-&uric acid rea%en and &eain% &e -$ae 3"r en
.inues a 118
"
C se/en s-"s a--ear a R3) 8)84R 8)5;R 8)1*R 8);2 (a$$ /i"$e)R 8);1R 8)4*
(("& $i%& /i"$e) and 8)?* (/i"$e))

CONST,TUENTS N <i'ed Oi$

Rasa S 6ad&uraR Ti7aR KaYZBaR Ka]u
1
Gu[a S GuruR Sni%d&aR S\7Y.aR :Ba/aBQ
:QrBa S UY[a
:i-Z7a S 6ad&ura
Kar.a S Sne&anaR S/arBaR Sne&"-a%aR 9a$BaR :Za%&naR KuY]&a7araR 0ia$aR
:i](and&a7aR 6\ra(and&a7aR 6ed&Z/ard&a7aR A%ni/ard&a7aR Sa^%rZ&iR KeaBaR A/asZda7araR
Keaa K_Y[a7araR Keaa :ard&a7aR Kar[a-Z$i/ard&a7aR Ka-&a7"-a7aR 6_dureca7aR :ra[a
Sa.a"d&a7aR :ra[a 0Zca7aR :ra[a @Z&anZaa7aR 9&a%na 0rasZda7aR RasZBanaR :iYa%&naR :Zj
Q7araR :ar[BaR A%ni(a$a :ard&a7a
,60ORTANT <OR6ULAT,ONS N 2ZQ-&a$Zdi C\r[aR NZrasi.&a C\r[aR Sa.a`%Zdi C\r[aR
HaridrZdi Le-aR :_YBa 0u-Z$i7a I"%aR NZ%arZdi I"%aR Ti$Zdi U-anZ&aR Ti$Zdi I"%aR 0riBZ$Zdi
I"%aR 6usZdi U-anZ&aR Mu[]&BZdi C\r[aR 0a&BZdi Gu]i7ZR Hi`%/Zdi I"%aR 0ZnQBa KYZraR
9&a$$Za7Zdi 6"da7a
THERA0EUT,C USES N UdZ/araR I"nia\$aR Gu$.aR UdaraR nZ&aR Mirah M\$aR 0Zra/a M\$aR
.aa\$aR Ra7ZraaR Guda(&raâaR KZsaR M/ZsaR 0ra/Z&i7ZR :isar-aR Hi77ZR 0QnasaR :Zara7aR
0radaraR Aa.arQR NZPQ :ra[aR KuY]&aR M/iraR Gran&iR U-adaâaR :idZra7aR A$asaR K&Z$iBaR
0Z$iBaR A7Yir"%aR 0raiaBZBaR Ma`7&a7aR Ma7unQ Gra&aR Ku.ZraR 0i_.eaa%ra&aR AQsZraR
Ra7ZisZraR KYaBaR K_.iR 6\rZ%&ZaR @anar"%aR @ana&arYaR :Zi7a 6u7&ar"%aR Aida%d&aR
T_Y[ZR 0$Q&Zr"%aR Ga$a%a[PaR 6\Yi7a @aâaR Kar[a-Z$i M"&a
@OSE N 0"=der 5N18 %.JdaB)

1
18) Tu$asi (Sd))
TULAS (Seed)
Tu$asi c"nsiss "3 seeds "3 Oci.u. sancu. Linn) (<a.) La.iaceae)R an erecR
(ranc&edR annua$ &er(R 3"und &r"u%&"u &e c"unrBR and a$s" cu$i/aed
SINONI6S
Sans7ri S SurasaR SurasaR 9a&u.aniriR 9&\a%&n
Assa.ese S Tu$asi
9en%a$i S Tu$asi
En%$is& S H"$i 9asi$R Sacred 9asi$
Gujrai S Tu$siR Tu$asi
Hindi S Tu$asi
Kannada S Tu$asiR Sri u$asi
Kas&.iri S Tu$asi
6a$aBa$a. S Tu$asi
6ara&i S Tu$asi
OriBa S NN
0unja(i S Tu$asi
Ta.i$ S Tu$asiR T&u$asiR T&iru&aD&ai
Te$u%u S Tu$asiR 6anc&i Tu$asiR Na$$a Tu$asi
Urdu S Tu$si
@ESCR,0T,ON
a) 6acr"sc"-ic
Seeds r"und " "/a$R a("u 8)1 c. $"n%R (r"=n =i& .uci$a%in"us "uer c"/erin%R
s$i%&$B n"c&ed a &e i- and (r"ad$B r"unded a &e (aseT n" "d"urT aseR -un%enR and
s$i%&$B .uci$a%in"us)
0"=der N 9r"=nT s&"=s %r"u-s "3 -"$B%"na$R &ic7N=a$$edR e-ider.a$ ce$$sR 24 " 55 in
siDeT "/a$ " -"$B%"na$R -arenc&B.a"us ce$$s c"nainin% "i$ %$"(u$es and sarc& %rains
1
si.-$e as =e$$ as c".-"undR &a/in% 2 " 5 c".-"nensR sin%$e %rains .easurin% + " 1;
in dia)
S=e$$in% ,nde'N N" $ess &an 5R =&en deer.inied as 3"$$"=sS
,nr"duce &e accurae$B =ei%&ed seeds in" a 25 .$ %$ass s"--ered .easurin% cB$inder)
T&e $en%& "3 &e %raduaed -"ri"n "3 &e cB$inder s&"u$d (e 125 ..T &e inerna$ dia.eer
11 .. su(di/ided in 8)2 .$ and .ar7ed 3r". 8 " 25 .$ in u- =ards direci"n) Add 25 .$
"3 =aerR and s&a7e &e .i'ure &"r"u%&$B a iner/a$s "3 e/erB 18 .inues 3"r 1 &"ur)
A$$"= " sand 3"r + &"urs a r"". e.-eraure) 6easure &e /"$u.e in .$ "ccu-ied (B &e
seedsR inc$udin% anB sic7B .uci$a%e) CarrB "u si.u$ane"us$B n" $ess &an +
deer.inai"n and ca$cu$ae &e .ean /a$ue "3 &e indi/idua$ deer.inai"nsR re$aed " 1 %
"3 seeds)

() 6icr"sc"-ic


T)L)C)
T)L)C) "3 a$c"&"$ic e'rac "n Si$ica %e$ UGU -$ae usin% T"$ueneS E&B$aceae (?S1)
as ."(i$e -&ase s&"=s under U):) (+11 n.) &ree 3$u"rescen D"nes a R3) 8)+1R 8)51 (("&
red) and 8)?+ (($ue)) On s-raBin% =i& :ani$$inNSu$-&uric acid rea%en and &eain% &e -$ae
3"r a("u en .inues a 118C 3i/e s-"s a--ear a R3) 8)8*R 8)2+R 8)+1R 8);8 and 8)?+ (a$$
/i"$e))
1

CONST,TUENTS N <i'ed Oi$ and 6uci$a%e

:QrBa S UY[a
:i-Z7a S Ka]u
Kar.a S :Za&araR Ka-&a&araR 0ia&araR Ruci7_R @Q-anaR @Z&a7_R K_.i%&naR
:iYa&araR :ra[aa"d&a7aR H_dBa
,60ORTANT <OR6ULAT,ONS N 6u7Zdi 6a&adjana
THERA0EUT,C USES N M/ZsaR KZsaR Hi77ZR 0Zra/aa\$aR KuY]&aR 6\ra7_cc&raR 0raiaBZBaR
AruciR 0\i%and&aR Gara/iYaR M"&aR K_.iR Ra7a :i7ZraR 2anu/iYaR 9&\ar"%a
@OSE N 1N2 %. "3 &e seed in -"=der 3"r.)

1
11) Tu.(uru (<) )
TU69URU (<rui)
Tu.(uru c"nsiss "3 dried 3rui "3 Oan&"'B$u. ar.au. @C) SBn) O) a$au. R"'()
(<arn) Ruaceae)R an ar.ed "r erec s&ru( "r s.a$$ reeR 3"und in &e /a$$eBs "3 &e Hi.a$aBas
a an a$iude "3 1888 " 2188 .R in K&asi &i$$s a 188 " 1488 rnR and in &e G&as in
-eninsu$ar ,ndia)
SINONI6S
Sans7ri S Tbjf/aiR Tbjf/a$iR Tbjf&/a
Assa.ese S Tbjf/ai
9en%a$i S Tej"/aiR Ne-a$i @&ania
En%$is& S NN
Gujrai S Tej(a$
Hindi S Tej(a$R Ne-a$i @&aniBa
Kannada S Teja-ariR Tu.(uruR Tej"/ani
Kas&.iri S NN
6a$aBa$a. S T&u.(""na$R T&u.(""ni
6ara&i S Tej(a$R Tej"(a$ee
OriBa S Tej(a$
0unja(i S Tir.ira
Ta.i$ S T&ejB"/a&i
Te$u%u S Tu.(ur$
Urdu S Ka(a(NeNK&anda (6is=a7)
@ESCR,0T,ON
a) 6acr"sc"-ic
Reddis&N(r"=nR su(N%$"("seR ."s$B de&iscedR 3"$$ic$esR c"nainin% a sin%$e seed in
eac& 3"$$ic$eT seedsR %$"("seR %$a(r"usR s&inB ($ac7T u-" 8)5 c. $"n%R and a("u 8)+ c.
=ideT aseR -un%enT "d"urR ar".aic)
2

() 6icr"sc"-ic
<rui N 0ericar- s&"=s $ar%e "i$ ca/iies and /ascu$ar issues surr"unded (B
-arenc&B.a"us ce$$s c"nainin% irre%u$ar .asses "3 &es-eridin and 3"$$"=ed (B 2 " 5
$aBered -a$isadeN$i7e ce$$sR &es-eridin ins"$u($e in "r%anic s"$/ens (u s"$u($e in
-"assiu. &Bdr"'ide)
Seed N Tesa s&"=s =ideR /erB &ic7N=a$$edR irre%u$arR n"nN$i%ni3ied ce$$s &a/in% ($ac7is&N
(r"=n c"nens and nu.er"us "i$ %$"(u$esT e%.en s&"=s + "r * "/a$ " -"$B%"na$
an%enia$$B e$"n%aed &inN=a$$ed -arenc&B.a"us ce$$sR 3"$$"=ed (B 4 " 18 $aBers
an%enia$$B e$"n%aed a(u$ar ce$$s 3i$$ed =i& reddis&N(r"=n c"nensT end"s-er. c"nsiss
"3 &inN=a$$edR -"$B%"na$R -arenc&B.a"us ce$$s)
0"=der N @ar7 (r"=n " ($ac7T s&"=s %r"u-s "3 &inN=a$$edR -arenc&B.a"us ce$$sR s".e
3i$$ed =i& "i$ %$"(u$esR and a 3e= =i& &es-eridinT -"$B%"na$ ce$$s "3 seed c"a and se-arae
%$"(u$es "3 "i$)


T)L)C)
T)L)C) "3 a$c"&"$ic e'rac "n Si$ica %e$ UGU -$ae usin% T"$ueneS E&B$aceae (?S 1)
/J/ s&"=s in /isi($e $i%& =" s-"s a R3) 8)14R 8)+5 (("& %reB)) Under U):) (+11 n.) 3i/e
s-"s a--ear a R3) 8)18R 8)14R (("& ($ue)R 8)+4 (/i"$e) 8)55 (/i"$e) and 8)?+ (/i"$e)) On
s-raBin% =i& 5V 6e&an"$icNSu$-&uric acid rea%en and &eain% &e -$ae a 185C 3"r en
.inues se/en s-"s a--ear a R3) 8)14R 8)21R 8)+5R 8)*4R 8)11R 8);1 and 8)?1 (a$$ %reB))

CONST,TUENTS N Essenia$ Oi$)
2

Rasa S Ka]uR Ti7a
:QrBa S UY[a
:i-Z7a S Ka]u
Kar.a S RucBaR @Q-anaR 0ZcanaR :Za&araR Ka-&a&araR LZ$a-rase7aR
Cidci.ZBa.ZnaR Rasana Sa^s/eda7a
,60ORTANT <OR6ULAT,ONS N Sa-a/iâai Gu%%u$uR @Zd&i7a G&_aR 6a&Z :iYa%ar(&a
Tai$aR Hi`%/Zdi Tai$a
THERA0EUT,C USES N M/ZsaR KZsaR ArdiaR Ka-&aja R"%aR H_dr"%aR Ka[]&a R"%aR AraaR
Hi77ZR A%ni.ZndBaR sBa R"%aR @ana R"%a
@OSE N 2N* %.

2
12) Uin%ana (Sd))
UL,HGAFA (Seed)
Ui`%ana c"nsiss "3 dried .aure seeds "3 9$e-&aris -ersica (9ur.) 3)) O) KunDe)
SBn) 9) edu$is 0ers) (<a.) Acan&aceae)R a s&ru(R "ccurrin% in 0unja()
SINONI6S
Sans7ri S Ui`%ana
Assa.ese S NN
9en%a$i S Ucc&aa
En%$is& S NN
Gujrai S Uin%unR C&"-uni/e$
Hindi S Uan%an
Kannada S Uan%ana
Kas&.iri S NN
6a$aBa$a. S Ui%anaR Uun%ana
6ara&i S Uan%an
OriBa S Uin%ana
0unja(i S Uan%an
Ta.i$ S Uanjana
Te$u%u S Uan%an
Urdu S Uan%an
@ESCR,0T,ON
a) 6acr"sc"-ic
Seed "ccurs as enire "r (r"7enR 8)* " 8)1 c. $"n%R 8)+ " 8)* c. (r"adT &ear
s&a-edR r"u%& due " ne="r7 "3 c"arse &airsT crea. " $i%& Be$$"=R 3$aT =&en s"a7ed in
=aerR &airs s=e$$ and -r"duce /iscid .uci$a%eT .uci$a%en"us "n c&e=in%)

() 6icr"sc"-ic
2
Seed s&"=s * " 1 $aBers "3 an%enia$$B e$"n%aedR &Ba$ineR &inN=a$$edR
-arenc&B.a"us seed c"aR .u$ice$$u$arR .u$iseriae c"$u.narR e$"n%aed &airs =i&
=ised i-s -resen "=ards "uer side "3 &e seed c"aT e.(rB" &a/in% =" c"B$ed"ns =i&
u--er and $"=er e-ider.isT u--er e-ider.is 3"$$"=ed (B * " 5 $aBers "3 "/a$ " -"$B%"na$R
&inN=a$$edR -arenc&B.a"us ce$$s and 2 "r + $aBers ."re "r $ess radia$$B 2 e$"n%aedR &inN
=a$$edR -arenc&B.a"us ce$$s res-eci/e$BT (enea& &is a sin%$e $aBer "3 -a$isadeN$i7e ce$$s
-resenT $"=er e-ider.is c"/ered =i& &ic7 cuic$e and c"nsisin% "3 r"undedR is"dia.eric
ce$$s &a are $ar%er &an &"se "3 &e u--er e-ider.is)
0"=der N Ie$$"=is&N(r"=nT s&"=s 3ra%.ens "3 &airs =i& .uci$a%eR -a$isadeN$i7e "/a$ "
-"$B%"na$R &inN=a$$edR -arenc&B.a ce$$s is"$aed "r in $ar%er "r s.a$$er %r"u-s)


T)L)C)
T)L)C) "3 a$c"&"$ic e'rac "n Si$ica %e$ UGU -$ae usin% C&$"r"3"r. S 6e&an"$
(48S28) s&"=s in /isi($e $i%& 3"ur s-"s a R3) 8)1; (%reB)R 8)25 ($i%& %reB)R 8);? ($i%&
Be$$"=)R 8)4; (Be$$"=)) Under U):) (+11 n.) si' 3$u"rescen D"nes are Bisi($e a R3) 8)8?R
8)1; (("& ($ac7)R 8)2+ ($i%& ($ac7) 8)++R 8)1? (("& $i%& ($ue) and 8)?8 (dar7 ($ue)) On
e'-"sure " ,"dine /a-"ur se/en s-"s a--ear a R3) 8)1+R 8)14R 8)21R 8)+1R 8)1*R 8);5 and
8)?8 (a$$ Be$$"=)) On s-raBin% =i& @ra%end"r33 rea%en 3"$$"=ed (B 5V 6e&an"$icN
Su$-&uric acid "ne s-" a--ear a R3) 8)4; ("ran%e)) On s-raBin% =i& 5V .e&an"$ic
su$-&uric acid ei%& s-"s a--ear a R3) 8)1*R 8)22R 8)++ (%reB)R 8)1* (/i"$e)R 8);1
(Be$$"=is&)R 8);5 ((r"=nis&)R 8)41 (Be$$"=)R and 8)?8 ((r"=n))

CONST,TUENTS N G$Bc"sides and Tannin

2
Gu[a S GuruR Sni%d&aR 0icc&i$a
:QrBa S UY[a
:i-Z7a S 6ad&ura
Kar.a S :_YBaR 6\ra$a
,60ORTANT <OR6ULAT,ONS N Ku.ZrBZsa/a
THERA0EUT,C USES N 6\ra7_cc&raR K$ai(Ba
@OSE N +N1 %. "3 &e dru% in -"=der 3"r.)

2
1+) :ara&i (RD))
:RH, (R&iD".e)
:ZrZ&i c"nsiss "3 dried cu -ieces "3 r&iD".e "3 @i"sc"rea (u$(i3era Linn) (<a.)
@i"sc"reaceae)R a $ar%e unar.ed c$i.(er 3"und &r"u%&"u ,ndia ascendin% u-" 1488 . in &e
Hi.a$aBas)
SINONI6S
Sans7ri S :ZrZ&i7a[da
Assa.ese S NN
9en%a$i S Raa$u
En%$is& S NN
Gujrai S @u77ar7anda
Hindi S :ara&i KandaR Gen&i
Kannada S Kuna GenusuR He%%enusu
Kas&.iri S NN
6a$aBa$a. S :ara&i
6ara&i S @u7ar7anda
OriBa S NN
0unja(i S NN
Ta.i$ S NN
Te$u%u S KaBa 0endaDa.
Urdu S NN
@ESCR,0T,ON
a) 6acr"sc"-ic
@ru% "ccurs in cu -iecesR 8)5 " 8); c. &ic7R 2 " + c. in dia)T a 3e= r"" and r""
scars -resenT "uer sur3ace dar7 (r"=nR inner Be$$"= " $i%& (r"=nT "d"urR indisincT aseR
(ier)

2
() 6icr"sc"-ic
R&iD".e s&"=s a c"r7 c".-"sed "3 18 " 15 $aBers "3 &ic7N=a$$edR an%enia$$B
e$"n%aed recan%u$ar ce$$sT "uer 3e= ce$$s 3i$$ed =i& reddis&N(r"=n c"nensT c"re'
c"nsiss "3 "/a$ " e$$i-ica$R &inN=a$$ed -arenc&B.a"us ce$$sT %r"und issueR 3"r.in%
.aj"r -"ri"n "3 dru% c".-"sed "3 "/a$ " -"$B%"na$ ce$$s &a/in% a 3e= scaered c$"sed
/ascu$ar (und$esT sarc& %rains 3"und ("& in c"re' and %r"und issuesR (u a(undan in
%r"und issueR r"unded " "/a$R &ree sided =i& r"unded an%$es "r r"dNs&a-edR si.-$eR
s"$iarB "r in %r"u-sR 11 " 24 in dia.eerT &i$u. -resen a &e narr"=er e're.iB)
0"=der N S$i%&$B Be$$"=is&N(r"=nT s&"=s -arenc&B.a"us ce$$sT /arBin% siDes "3 c"ne and
r"dNs&a-ed sarc& %rains .easurin% 11 " 24 in dia)


T)L)C)
T)L)C) "3 &e a$c"&"$ic e'rac "n Si$ica %e$ UGU usin% nN9uan"$ S Aceic acidS !aer
(*S 1 S5) s&"=s &ree s-"s a R3) 8);? ($i%& Be$$"=)R 8)45 ($i%& Be$$"=) and 8)?2 (%reB) in
/isi($e $i%&) Under U):) (+11 n.) si' 3$u"rescen D"nes are /isi($e a R3) 8)*4R 8)5?R 8);+
(a$$ $i%& ($ue)R 8);4 (%reB)R 8)45 (($ue) and 8)?2 (%reB)) On e'-"sure " ,"dine /a-"ur se/en
s-"s a--ear a R3) 8)12R 8)+*R 8)5?R 8);+R 8);4R 8)45 and 8)?2 (a$$ Be$$"=)) On s-raBin% =i&
5V 6e&an"$icNSu$-&uric acid rea%en and &eain% &e -$ae 3"r en .inues a 118C si'
s-"s a--ear a R3) 8)+*R 8)5?R 8)11 (a$$ $i%& %reB)R 8);+R 8)45 and 8)?2 (a$$ %reB))

CONST,TUENTS N Sa-"ninsNSer"ida$R Sa-"nins)

2
Rasa S 6ad&uraR Ti7aR Ka]u
Gu[a S La%&u
:QrBa S UY[a
:i-Z7a S Ka]u
Kar.a S RasZBanaR M$eY.a%&naR 9a$BaR :_aBaR S/arBaR :ar[BaR Bur/ard&anaR
A%ni/_dd&i7araR 0ia7ara
,60ORTANT <OR6ULAT,ONS N :asBZ.aBZna7a G&_aR NZrasi.&a C\r[aR 0adcani.(a
C\r[a
THERA0EUT,C USES N KuY]&aR Ka[P\R 0ra.e&aR K_.i
@OSE N +N1 %.

2
1*) :ars&a(&u (R))
:ARC9HA (R"")
:arYZ(&u c"nsiss "3 dried r"" "3 Trian&e.a -"ru$acasru. Linn) SBn) T) ."n"%Bna
Linn)R T) "(c"rdaa R"'() (<a.) AiD"aceae)R a -r"sraeR %$a(r"usR B-ica$$B -"s ."ns""n
annua$ &er(R 3"und a$."s &r"u%&"u &e c"unrB as a =eed in cu$i/aed and =ase $ands)
SINONI6S
Sans7ri S S/ba 6\$aR Mf&a%&[iR :raf&ee/
Assa.ese S NN
9en%a$i S Sa(uni
En%$is& S H"ase 0urs$ane
Gujrai S NN
Hindi S Sa-&ed 0una.a/aR 9is& K&ar-raR 0a&ar
Kannada S 6uc&c&u%aneR Si&i 0unarna/a
Kas&.iri S NN
6a$aBa$a. S T&aD&u&a.aR 2a.iD&a.a
6ara&i S S=ea 0unarna/a
OriBa S S=ea 0uruniR G"&a-urni
0unja(i S SanaBa
Ta.i$ S SaranaiR 6u7uruai
Te$u%u S Ga$ijeru
Urdu S 9is& K&a-ra
@ESCR,0T,ON
a) 6acr"sc"-ic
R"" ."s$B =isedR c"nsisin% "3 a- r""R 4 " 21 c. $"n%R a("u 8)5 c. &ic7R
=i& se/era$ $aera$ r""$esR e'erna$ sur3ace $i%& %reBis&NBe$$"=T 3racureR s&"rT n"
c&aracerisic "d"ur and ase)

2
() 6icr"sc"-ic
6aure r"" s&"=s ana."$"us sec"ndarB %r"=&T c"r7 5 " 4 $aBeredT sec"ndarB
c"re' narr"= D"ne c"nsisin% "3 r"und " -"$B%"na$R an%enia$$B e$"n%aedR &inN=a$$edR
-arenc&B.a"us ce$$sR a 3e= ce$$s c"nainin% %r"u-s "3 -ris.aic crBsa$s "3 ca$ciu.
"'a$aeT (e$"= sec"ndarB c"re' 3i/e c"ncenric (ands "3 /ascu$ar issueT /esse$s "3 /arBin%
siDes "ccurrin% a$"n%=i& 'B$e. 3i(res and -&$"e.T -&$"e. c".-"sed "3 &in =a$$ed ce$$s
&a/in% inerce$$u$ar s-aces a 3e= ce$$s c"nainin% -ris.aic crBsa$s "3 ca$ciu. "'a$aeT a
3e= r"=s "3 -"$B%"na$R &in =a$$edR -arenc&B.a"us ce$$s "ccur in rin%sT .edu$$arB raBs
-r".inen in .idd$e "3 &e c"rica$ re%i"n and in &e sec"nd "r &ird /ascu$ar (und$e rin%T
cenre ."s$B "ccu-ied (B a sin%$e /ascu$ar (und$e srand =i& =" is"$aed %r"u-s "3
-&$"e.)


T)L)C)
T)L)C) "3 a$c"&"$ic e'rac "n Si$ica %e$ UGU -$ae usin% Ace"neS !aerS C"ne)
A.."nia (?8 S ;4 S +) s&"=s under U):) (+11 n.) &ree c"ns-icu"us 3$u"rescen D"nes a
R3) 8)28R 8)++ and 8)?1 (a$$ s7B ($ue)) On e'-"sure " ,"dine /a-"ur "ne c"ns-icu"us s-"
a--ears a R3) 8)11 (Be$$"=)) On s-raBin% =i& @ra%end"r33 rea%en "ne s-" a--ears a R3)
8)11 (Be$$"=))

CONST,TUENTS N G$Bc"side

Rasa S Ti7aR KaYZBaR Ka]uR 6ad&ura
Gu[a S R\7YaR La%&u
2
:QrBa S UY[a
:i-Z7a S Ka]u
Kar.a S :Za&araR Ka-&a&araR @Q-anaR 6\ra$aR 9&edanaR RucBaR H_dBa
,60ORTANT <OR6ULAT,ONS N MuY7a.\$a7a Tai$aR Ku.ZrBZsa/aR @&Zn/aara G&_aR
Su7u.Zra G&_aR 0unarna/ZdBariY]a
THERA0EUT,C USES N M"&aR 0Z[PuR AraaR Udara R"%aR Gu$.aR 2/araR Gara/iYaR :asi M\$aR
H_dr"%aR Urah7YaaR A%ni.ZndBaR Ia7_ E/a. 0$Q&Z R"%a

2
15) :asa (R))
:S (R"")
:ZsZ c"nsiss "3 dried r"" "3 Ad&a"da DeB$anica 6edic) SBn) A) /asica Nees (<a.)
Acan&aceae)T a su(N&er(ace"us (us&R 3"und &r"u%&"u &e Bear in -$ains and su(NHi.a$aBan
racs "3 &e c"unrB ascendin% u-" 1288 .)
SINONI6S
Sans7ri S :_aaR A]ar\aaR :Zsa7aR Si.&ZsBaR :ajidana
Assa.ese S Tia(a&a7R 9a&a7R :ac&a7a
9en%a$i S 9a7asR 9asa7
En%$is& S :asa7aR 6a$a(ar Nu ree
Gujrai S ArdusiR AradusiR Aradus"
Hindi S Ad""saR ArusaR Aduss
Kannada S Adus"Be
Kas&.iri S NN
6a$aBa$a. S Ada$"da7a.R Adar""s&a7a
6ara&i S Adu$saR :asa
OriBa S :asan%aR 9asan%a
0unja(i S :is&uiR 9&e7arR :ansaR Arusa
Ta.i$ S Ada"dai
Te$u%u S AddaR Sara.u
Urdu S Adusa(Arusa)
@ESCR,0T,ON
a) 6acr"sc"-ic
@ru% "ccurs in cu -ieces "3 4 " 1+ c. $"n%R 1)5 " +)8 c. in dia)T &ardR =""dBR
a$."s cB$indrica$R a- r"" &a/in% $aera$ (ranc&esR r"u%& due " $"n%iudina$ crac7s "r
3issuresT %reBis&N(r"=n " dar7 (r"=n e'erna$$BT crea.is&N=&ie inerna$$BT 3racureR &ardT
aseR (ier)

2
() 6icr"sc"-ic
S&"=s 1 " 15 $aBers "3 recan%u$ar " s$i%&$B an%enia$$B e$"n%aedR &inN=a$$ed
c"r7 ce$$sT sec"ndarB c"re' =ide c"nsisin% "3 recan%u$ar " -"$B%"na$R &inN=a$$ed
-arenc&B.a"us ce$$s a 3e= c"nainin% "i$ %$"(u$esR 3"$$"=ed (B ."re "r $ess
disc"ninu"usR annu$ar (and "3 ."s$B recan%u$ar %r"u-s "3 s"ne ce$$s &a/in% disinc -is
and sriai"nsT sec"ndarB -&$"e. c".-"sed "3 15 " 28 $aBeredR recan%u$arR e$"n%aedR
&inN=a$$ed ce$$s &a/in% usua$ e$e.ensT sec"ndarB 'B$e. c".-"sed "3 /esse$sR 3i(resR
-arenc&B.a and raBsT /esse$ si.-$e -iedT 'B$e. raBs ."s$B uniseriaeR a 3e= 3"ur seriae
raBs are a$s" -resenT sarc& %rains si.-$e and c".-"undR =i& 2 " + c".-"nensR r"und "
"/a$R + " 1 in dia)R &a/in% c"ncenric sriai"ns and &i$u.R -resen in sec"ndarB c"re'
and sec"ndarB -&"e.)
0"=der N 9r"=nis&N%reBT s&"=s 3ra%.ens "3 c"r7 ce$$sT si.-$e -ied /esse$sT s"ne ce$$s
."s$B in %r"u-sT sarc& %rains si.-$e and c".-"und &a/in% 2 " + c".-"nensR r"und "
"/a$R + " 1 in dia) &a/in% c"ncenric sriai"ns and &i$u.)


T)L)C)
T)L)C) "3 a$c"&"$ic e'rac "n Si$ica %e$ UGU -$ae usin% C&$"r"3"r.S 6e&an"$ (48 S
28) s&"=s under U):) (+11 n.) 3"ur 3$u"rescen D"nes a R3) 8)5;R 8)1+ (("& red)R 8)4+ (s7B
($ue) and 8)4; (Be$$"=)) On e'-"sure " ,"dine /a-"ur si' s-"s a--ear a R3) 8)8;R 8)2;R
8)52R 8);2R 8)4; and 8)?+ (a$$ Be$$"=)) On s-raBin% =i& @ra%end"r33 rea%en =" s-"s
a--ear a R3) 8)2; and 8)52 (("& "ran%e))

CONST,TUENTS N A$7a$"ids (:asicine and :asicin"$) and Oi$)

2

Rasa S Ti7aR KaYZBa
:QrBa S MQa
:i-Z7a S Ka]u
Kar.a S Ra7aa"d&a7aR 0ia&araR Ka-&a&araR S/ara :i/ard&a7aR :Za7_R H_dBa
,60ORTANT <OR6ULAT,ONS N 9_&a 6adjiY]&Zdi K/a&a C\r[aR 0adcai7a G&_aR
CBa/ana-rZaa A/a$e&aR Kana7Zsa/a
THERA0EUT,C USES N KuY]&aR :Za R"%aR K_.iR M/ZsaR KZsaR 2/araR C&ardiR 6e&aR KYaBaR
Ra7a-iaR T_Y[Z
@OSE N +N1 %.

2
11) :is&a.us&i (Sd)
:,CA6UCL (Seed)
:iYa.uY&]i c"nsiss "3 dried seed "3 SrBc&n"s nu'N/".ica Linn) (<a.) <a(aceae)R a
reeR u-" a &ei%& "3 ? " 15 . 3"und &r"u%&"u r"-ica$ -ars "3 &e c"unrB u-" +18 .
a$iude in &e ."is decidu"us 3"res) Seed is -"is"n"us and can -r"duce i$$ e33ecs)
SINONI6S
Sans7ri S KZras7araR :iaainduR KZ7ainPu7a
Assa.ese S Ajra7iR Ha((u$ %ura(R Kuci$a
9en%a$i S Kuc&i$a
En%$is& S 0"is"nNnu reeR Nu' /".ica
Gujrai S K"nc&a$aR 2&er K"c&$aR Kuc&$aR Oer K"c&a$u
Hindi S Kuc&a$aR Kuc&i$aR 9is& endu
Kannada S Kanji&e.us&iR 6anjiraR He..us&iR ,"n%iR Kasar7aBi
Kas&.iri S NN
6a$aBa$a. S Kajj$R Kannira.
6ara&i S KajraR Kuc&$a
OriBa S NN
0unja(i S Kuc&$a
Ta.i$ S Iei.ara.R Ka7"eeR Ei7"aiR Ei77ai
Te$u%u S 6us&iR 6us&ini
Urdu S ADara#iR Kuc&$a
@ESCR,0T,ON
a) 6acr"sc"-ic
Seeds %reenis&N%reB " %reBR e're.e$B &ardR si$7B " "uc& =i& a sainB s&eenT
discNs&a-edR a$."s 3$aR u.("nae (u a 3e= seeds s".e=&a irre%u$ar$B (enR 18 " +8 ..
in dia.eerR * " 1 .. &ic7R .ar%in r"unded "r de-ressedT =&en cu "-enR end"s-er.
3"und " (e &"rnBR &a/in% a cenra$ ca/iB in =&ic& &e e.(rB" is siuaed =i& =" s.a$$R
&inR c"rdaeR $ea3B c"B$ed"ns =i& 5 " ; /eins and a eree radic$eT "d"ur$ess)
2

() 6icr"sc"-ic
Seed s&"=s sin%$e $aBered e-ider.isR eac& e-ider.a$ ce$$ e$"n%aed e'erna$$B "
3"r. c$"se$B a--resed ric&".esR $i%ni3iedR c".-risin% "3 -ied (u$("us (ase and a &ic7N
=a$$ed narr"=$B e$"n%aedR -r"jeci"nT ric&".e s$i%&$B (en (eB"nd &e (aseR =i& a("u
en sr"n%$B $i%ni3ied ri(s "3 &ic7enin%sT inner esa c".-"sed "3 c"$$a-sed
-arenc&B.a"us ce$$s =i& Be$$"=is&N(r"=n c"nensT "uer."s $aBer "3 end"s-er.
c"nsiss "3 -a$isadeN$i7e ce$$s =&i$e &e inner $aBers &a/e &ic7N=a$$edR ce$$u$"sic
-"$B&edra$ ce$$sR s&"=in% -$as."des.aaT end"s-er. ce$$s a$s" c"nain "i$R and a$eur"ne
%ra.s)
0"=der N Greenis&N%reBT s&"=s narr"=$B e$"n%aed and s$i%&$B (en &ic7N=a$$edR $i%ni3ied
ric&".es =i& (u$("us (ase =i&"u ra.i3icai"nR &inN=a$$edR -arenc&B.a"us ce$$s 3i$$ed
=i& Be$$"=is&N(r"=n c"nenR "i$ %$"(u$es and a$eur"ne %rains)

AssaB N" $ess &an 1)2 -er cen "3 srBc&nine

ASSAI
!ei%& accurae$B a("u 18? in 3ine -"=derR add 188 .$ "3 a ++ -er cen /J/ .i'ure
"3 c&$"r"3"r. in s"$/en e&er and se aside 3"r en .inues) Add 5 .$ "3 di$ue a.."nia
s"$ui"n and s&a7e c"ninu"us$B 3"r si' &"urs) Trans3er " a c"ninu"us e'raci"n a--araus
=i& ."re "3 &e sa.e s"$/en .i'ure and e'rac 3"r =" &"urs) <i$er &e s"$/en e'racR
=as&in% &e 3i$er =i& s"$/en e&er and e'rac =i& successi/e #uaniies "3 28 .$R 28 .$ R
18 .$ and 18 .$ "3 1N su$-&uric acidR uni$ c".-$ee e'raci"n "3 &e a$7a$"ids is e33eced)
C".(ine &e acid e'racs and .a7e a$7a$ine =i& di$ue a.."nia s"$ui"n) E'rac =i&
successi/e #uaniies "3 28 .$R 28 .$ .$ and 18 .$ "3 c&$"r"3"r. uni$ c".-$ee e'raci"n
"3 &e a$7a$"ids is e33eced) E/a-"rae &e c&$"r"3"r.R add 5 .$ "3 a$c"&"$ and e/a-"rae "
drBness) @iss"$/e &e residue in a .i'ure "3 15 .$ "3 a + -er cen =J/ s"$ui"n "3 su$-&uric
acid and 2 .$ "3 niric acidR add a 3e= crBsa$s "3 s"diu. nirie and se aside a 14C 3"r
&irB .inues) Trans3er " a se-ara"r c"nainin% 28 .$ "3 s"$ui"n "3 s"diu. &Bdr"'ideR
s&a7e 3"r =" .inues and &en s&a7e =i& 28 .$ "3 c&$"r"3"r.R se-arae &e c&$"r"3"r.
2
s"$ui"nR =as& i =i& 5 .$ "3 s"$ui"n "3 s"diu. &Bdr"'ide and &en =i& =" #uaniies
eac& "3 18 .$ "3 =aer) C"ninue &e e'raci"n =i& successi/e #uaniies "3 18 .$ "3
c&$"r"3"r.R uni$ c".-$ee e'raci"n "3 &e a$7a$"ids is e33ecedR =as&in% eac& c&$"r"3"r.
s"$ui"n se-arae$B =i& &e 5 .$ "3 s"$ui"n "3 s"diu. &Bdr"'ide and =i& &e ="
#uaniies "3 =aerR =&ic& =ere used 3"r =as&in% &e 3irs c&$"r"3"r. s"$ui"n) Tirae &e
sec"nd =as& =i& 8)1 N su$-&uric acid usin% s"$ui"n "3 .e&B$ "ran%e as indica"r i3 ."re
&an 8)1 .$ is re#uiredR =as& &e c".(ined c&$"r"3"r. s"$ui"ns =i& 3ur&er #uaniiesR
eac& "3 18 .$ "3 =aer uni$ "n irai"n n" ."re &an 8)1 .$ "3 8)1 N su$-&uric acid is
re#uired) Re."/e &e c&$"r"3"r.R add 5 .$ "3 a$c"&"$R e/a-"raeR and drB 3"r &irB
.inuesR a 188C) @iss"$/e &e residue in 18 .$ "3 8)1 N su$-&uric acid and irae &e
e'cess "3 acid =i& 8)1 N s"diu. &Bdr"'ideR usin% s"$ui"n "3 .e&$B$ "ran%e as indica"r)
Eac& .$ "3 8)1 N su$-&uric acid is e#ui/a$en " 8)8++** % "3 srBc&inineR .u$i-$B &e resu$
(B 1)82 " c"rrec 3"r $"ss "3 srBc&inine)

T)L)C)
T)L)C) "3 a$c"&"$ic e'rac "n Si$ica %e$ UGU usin% T"$ueneS E&B$aceaeS
@ie&B$a.ine (;8S28S18) s&"=s "n s-raBin% =i& @ra%end"r33 rea%en 3"$$"=ed (B 5V
6e&an"$icNSu$-&uric acid =" "ran%e s-"s a R3) 8)** and 8)15 c"rres-"ndin% " &a "3
(rucine and srBc&nine)

CONST,TUENTS N A$7a$"idsR ,nd"$e A$7a$"idsR SrBc&nine G 9rucineR 6"n"er-en"id
G$Bc"side (L"%anin)R , NC"$u(rineR :".icine)

Rasa S Ti7aR Ka]u
Gu[a S R\7YaR La%&uR TQ7Y[a
:QrBa S UY[a
:i-Z7a S Ka]u
Kar.a S GrZ&QR 6ada7Zra7aR :Za$a.R Ka-&anZaa7aR 0ianZaa7aR Ra7ad"Ya
NZaa7aR :ra[aa"d&anaR 0ara.a :edana&araR A%nireaR RujZ&araR 2anunZaana
,60ORTANT <OR6ULAT,ONS N :iYaindu7a Tai$aR 6a&Z :iYa%ar(&a Tai$aR A%niu[di :a]
QR E7Z`%a/Qra RasaR :iYaindu7a :a]QR K_.i.ud%ara RasaR Na/ajQ/ana Rasa
2
THERA0EUT,C USES N A%ni.ZndBaR ArdiaR 0a7YZ%&ZaR :is\ci7aR NZPQ @aur(a$BaR KuY]&aR
AraaR K$ai(BaR G_d&rasQR Ka[P\R :ra[a
@OSE N 18N125 .% -"=der "3 &e s&"d&ia dru%)

2
1;) :risc&i7a$$i (!)0))
:EMC,KL (!&"$e 0$an)
:_aci7Z$i c"nsiss "3 dried =&"$e -$an "3 Tra%ia in/"$ucraa Linn) (<a.)
Eu-&"r(iaceaee)R a -erennia$R e/er%reenR =inerR ."re "r $ess &is-id =i& scaered sin%in%
&airsR disri(ued &r"u%&"u ,ndia 3r". 0unja( and L"=er Hi.a$aBas eas=ards " Assa. and
6e%&a$aBaR ascendin% u-" an a$iude "3 ;58 . and s"u&=ards " Kera$a)
SINONI6S
Sans7ri S NN
Assa.ese S NN
9en%a$i S S&ed&a S"n%i
En%$is& S Sc"r-i"n Tai$ 0$an
Gujrai S :ic&aai
Hindi S :a&anaR :ris&iNKa$i
Kannada S Ha$i%i$u
Kas&.iri S NN
6a$aBa$a. S Ter77ada
6ara&i S :risc&i7a$i
OriBa S NN
0unja(i S NN
Ta.i$ S T&ai K"du K7u--""ndu
Te$u%u S NN
Urdu S NN
@ESCR,0T,ON
a) 6acr"sc"-ic
R"" N Occurs in -ieces "3 2 " 18 c. $"n% and 8)+ " 1)+ c. in dia)R =""dBR &ardR
cB$indrica$R ri((ed a s".e -$acesR ."re "r $ess r"u%& due " -resence "3 sec"ndarB r""s
and r"" scarsT $i%& (r"=nT n" c&aracerisic "d"ur and ase)
Se. N CB$indrica$R s$enderR =inin% 8)2 " 8)1 c. in dia.eerR e$"n%aedR sin%in% " "uc&R
2
and &a/in% 3ine rid%es and 3urr"=sT $i%& %reBT ."derae$B &ardT inerna$ sur3ace =&iis&R
c".-"sed "3 $""se$B arran%ed issuesT 3racureR 3i(r"usT n" c&aracerisic "d"ur and ase)
Lea3 N Si.-$eR -ei"$aeR si-u$aeR sin%in% " "uc&R $inearN"($"n% " (r"ad$B "/aeR c"rdae
"r "($"n%N$ance"$aeR acue "r acu.inae a a-e'R .ar%in serraeT 1)5 " 5)5 c. $"n%R 1 " +
c. (r"adR s$i%&$B Be$$"=is&N%reenT n" c&aracerisic "d"ur and ase)

() 6icr"sc"-ic
R"" N R"" s&"=s near$B circu$ar "u$ineT c"r7 c"nsisin% "3 + " 18 $aBeredR
an%enia$$B e$"n%aedR &inN=a$$ed ce$$sT sec"ndarB c"re' narr"= c"nsisin% "3 3air$B $ar%eR
-"$B%"na$R &inN=a$$edR -arenc&B.a"us ce$$sT r"see crBsa$s "3 ca$ciu. "'a$ae and s".e
3i(res -resen in &e re%i"nT sec"ndarB -&$"e. a--ears in 3"r. "3 c"nica$ ca-sR c".-"sed
"3 sie/e u(esR c".-ani"n ce$$sR -arenc&B.aR 3i(res and -&$"e. raBsT 3i(res -resen in
s.a$$ %r"u-s "3 2 " * ce$$s arran%ed in an%enia$ r"=s a$ernain% =i& -&$"e. e$e.ensT
r"see crBsa$s "3 ca$ciu. "'a$ae -resen in -&$"e. -arenc&B.aT sec"ndarB 'B$e. 3"r.s
.aj"r -ar "3 r"" c".-"sed "3 /esse$sR rac&eidsR -arenc&B.aR 3i(res and 'B$e. raBsT
/esse$s s"$iarB "r 2 "r + " a %r"u-R &a/in% si.-$e -isT 3i(res and rac&eids &a/in% &ic7N
=a$$ed and ($un endsT .edu$$arB raBs 1 "r 2 ce$$s =ideR recan%u$ar " radia$$B e$"n%aed
and &ic7N=a$$edT s".e ce$$s c"nain sarc& %rains and r"sees "3 ca$ciu. "'a$ae -resen in
&"se "=ards -eri-&erBT sarc& %rains r"unded " "/a$ in s&a-eR .easurin% * " ? in
dia.eer)
Se. N 6aure se. s&"=s c"r7 c".-"sed "3 + " 4 $aBeredR &inN=a$$ed ce$$sT a a 3e=
-$aces e-ider.is s&"=s &e -resence "3 %$andu$ar and sin%in% &airsT sec"ndarB c"re' a
=ide D"neR c"nsisin% "3 an%enia$$B e$"n%aedR &inN=a$$edR -arenc&B.a"us ce$$sT s".e
ce$$s c"nain r"see crBsa$s "3 ca$ciu. "'a$aeT s".e $aici3ers -resen scaered in &is
re%i"nT sec"ndarB c"re' 3"$$"=ed (B D"ne "3 -ericBc$e 3i(res =i& &i%&$B &ic7ened =a$$sR
arran%ed in %r"u-sT sec"ndarB -&$"e. c".-"sed "3 sie/e e$e.ensR -&$"e. 3i(res and
-&$"e. -arenc&B.aT -&$"e. 3i(res &ic7N=a$$edR s".e -&$"e. -arenc&B.a ce$$s c"nain
r"see crBsa$s "3 ca$ciu. "'a$aeT $aici3ers scaered in &e sec"ndarB -&$"e. si.i$ar "
&"se 3"und in sec"ndarB c"re'T ca.(iu. narr"= c"nsisin% "3 &inN=a$$edR an%enia$$B
e$"n%aed ce$$sT sec"ndarB 'B$e. in 3"r. "3 c"ninu"us cB$inder ra/ersed (B narr"= 'B$e.
raBsT 'B$e. c"nsiss "3 /esse$sR rac&eidsR 'B$e. 3i(res and 'B$e. -arenc&B.aT /esse$s
nu.er"us disri(ued uni3"r.$B in %r"u-s "r sin%$esT in .aceraed .aeria$ /esse$s /arB in
s&a-e and siDeR =i& rans/erse " "($i#ue -er3"rai"nR $i%ni3ied =i& -ied =a$$sT 'B$e.
-arenc&B.a usua$$B recan%u$ar &a/in% si.-$e -isR 'B$e. raBs uni " riseriaeR uniseriae
(ein% ."re c".."n and usua$$B 2 " 15 ce$$s &i%&R &a/in% -ied =a$$sT -is c"nsiss "3
$ar%eR &inN=a$$ed -arenc&B.a"us ce$$sR s".e ce$$s =i& r"see crBsa$s "3 ca$ciu. "'a$ae)
Lea3N
0ei"$e N s&"=s irre%u$ar "u$ine due " 3ine rid%es and 3urr"=sT e-ider.is sin%$e $aBered
&a/in% s".e unice$$u$ar %$andu$ar and sin%in% &airsT c"$$enc&B.a * " ; $aBeredR 3"$$"=ed
(B -"$B%"na$R &inN=a$$ed -arenc&B.a"us ce$$s c"nainin% r"see crBsa$s "3 ca$ciu.
"'a$aeT /ascu$ar (und$es c"$$aera$R 3i/e in nu.(er c"rres-"ndin% " rid%esT cenre
"ccu-ied (B "/a$ " an%u$arR &inN=a$$ed -arenc&B.a"us ce$$s c"nainin% r"see crBsa$s "3
ca$ciu. "'a$ae)
6idri( N near$B (ic"n/e' in "u$ineT e-ider.is c"nsiss "3 sin%$e $aBeredR "/a$R
2
-arenc&B.a"us ce$$s c"/ered e'erna$$B (B a &in cuic$eT s".e unice$$u$ar %$andu$ar and
sin%in% &airs -resen "n ("& sur3acesT e-ider.is 3"$$"=ed (B + "r * $aBers "3
c"$$enc&B.a"us ce$$sT se$e c".-"sed "3 sin%$eR c"$$aera$ /ascu$ar (und$eT %r"und issue
c".-"sed "3 + "r * $aBers "3 &inN=a$$edR -"$B%"na$R -arenc&B.a"us ce$$sT r"see crBsa$s
"3 ca$ciu. "'a$ae -resen in -arenc&B.a and -&$"e. -arenc&B.a)
La.ina N s&"=s d"rsi/enra$ srucureT e-ider.is "n ei&er sideT u--er e-ider.a$ ce$$s
radia$$B e$"n%aed and $ar%er in siDeT $"=er "nes "/a$Ns&a-edR an%enia$$B e$"n%aed ("&
c"/ered e'erna$$B (B &ic7 cuic$eT %$andu$ar and sin%in% &airs -resen "n ("& sur3aces
si.i$ar " &"se -resen in .idri(T -a$isade 1 "r 2 $aBeredT s-"n%B -arenc&B.a 5 " ;
$aBered "3 $""se$B arran%ed ce$$sR s".e c"nain r"see crBsa$s "3 ca$ciu. "'a$aeT s.a$$
/eins 3"und ra/ersin% s-"n%B issue a cerain -$aces)
0"=der NLi%& %reenis&NBe$$"=T s&"=s %r"u-s "3 3i(resR /esse$s =i& si.-$e -is and s-ira$
&ic7enin%R r"see crBsa$s "3 ca$ciu. "'a$aeR si.-$e r"unded sarc& %rainsR 3ra%.ens "3
$a.ina s&"=in% -a$isade and %r"u-s "3 s-"n%B -arenc&B.aR unice$$u$ar sin%in% &airs

T"a$ As& N" ."re &an 1* -er cenR A--endi' 2)2)+)
AcidNins"$u($e as& N" ."re &an + -er cenR A--endi' 2)2)*)

T)L)C)
T)L)C) "3 a$c"&"$ic e'rac "n Si$ica %e$ G -$ae usin% C&$"r"3"r. S E&B$ aceaeS
<"r.ic acid (5S*S1) s&"=s under /isi($e $i%& =" s-"s a R3) 8)?2 ($i%& %reB) and 8)?5
(Be$$"=is& %reen)) Under U):) (+11 n.) =" 3$u"rescen D"nes are /isi($e a R3) 8)?2 (($ue)
and 8)?5 (-in7)) On e'-"sure " ,"dine /a-ur si' s-"s a--ear a R3) 8)84R 8)2;R 8)*8R 8)58R
8)?2 and 8)?5 (a$$ Be$$"=)) On s-raBin% =i& 5V <erric c&$"ride s"$ui"n and &eain% &e
-$ae 3"r en .inues a 118
"
C =" s-"s a--ear a R3) 8)?2 and 8)?5 (("& ($uis& %reB))

Rasa S Ka]u
2
Gu[a S UY[a
:QrBa S UY[a
:i-Z7a S Ka]u
Kar.a S :Za7araR Muddi7_R 9a$BaR H_audd&i7_
,60ORTANT <OR6ULAT,ONS N :idZrBZdi K/Z&a C\r[aR :idZrBZdi G&_a
THERA0EUT,C USES N Ra7a-iaR :i(and&aR Ar"ca7a
@OSE N +N1 %.

2
14) Ia/a (!)0))
IA:A (!&"$e 0$an)
Ia/a c"nsiss "3 dried =&"$e -$an "3 H"rdeu. /u$%are Linn) SBn) H) sai/u. 0ers)
(<a.) 0"aceae)R an annua$R erecR &er(R 58 " 188 c. &i%&R cu$i/aed c&ie3$B in N"r& ,ndiaR
3"r is de &us7ed 3ruis 7n"=n as 9ar$eB in rade)
SINONI6S
Sans7ri S @i/Ba
Assa.ese S NN
9en%a$i S 2a(R 2auR Ia/a
En%$is& S 9ar$eB
Gujrai S 2auR 2a/aR 2au
Hindi S IaBR 2a/R 2au
Kannada S 2a/e %"diR 9ar$i A77i
Kas&.iri S NN
6a$aBa$a. S Ia/a.R 9aar$iR 9ar$eB
6ara&i S 2a/
OriBa S 2a/R 2a/ad&anaR Ia/aR 9ansa
0unja(i S 2a/R 2au
Ta.i$ S 9ar$iarisiR Ia/a.
Te$u%u S Ia/a$uR 9ar$i(iBa.R Te$$a Tu..aR 9ar$eB
Urdu S 2au
@ESCR,0T,ON
a) 6acr"sc"-ic
R"" N <i(r"usR 8)5 " 1 c. &ic7T cB$indrica$R %$a(r"usR %reBis&N(r"=n)
Se. N CB$indrica$R 8)* " 8)1 c. &ic7T &"$$"=R s$i%&$B 3$aenedR s.""&T inern"de $"n%R
s&inin% Be$$"=T n"de s&"rR (earin% s&ea&T 3racureR 3i(r"us)
Lea3 N LinearN,ance"$aeR 15 " 25 c. $"n%R u--er "ne d"se " &e s-i7eT s&ea& s.""&R
sriaeT Be$$"=is&N%reB)
2
,n3$"rescence N S-i7eR er.ina$R $inearN"($"n%R c".-ressed s-i7e$e sessi$eR 1 " 4 c. $"n%R
1Nr"=ed B-eT dar7 crea.)
<rui N A carB"-sisR e$$i-icR "($"n%R "/"id and a-erin% a ("& endsT s.""&R a("u 1 c.
$"n% and 8)2 " 8)+ c. =ideT d"rsa$$B c".-ressed and 3$aened "n &e sides =i& a s&a$$"=
$"n%iudina$ 3urr"=T + " 5 rid%ed &a/in% s&a$$"= de-ressi"n (e=een &e.T %rains i%&$B
enc$"sed and ad&erin% " &e $e..a and -a$eaT a $"n% a=n -resen "n &e -a$eaT -a$e
%reenis&NBe$$"=T aseR s=eeis& acrid)

() 6icr"sc"-ic
R"" N S&"=s sin%$e $aBered e-ider.isR c"/ered (B sriaed cuic$eT c"re' c".-"sed
"3 a("u * " 1 $aBers "3 r"und " -"$B%"na$R &inN=a$$edR -arenc&B.a"us ce$$s &a/in%
inerce$$u$ar s-acesT /ascu$ar (und$es arran%ed in disc"ninu"us rin%R eac& &a/in% usua$
e$e.ensT -i& /erB =ide c".-"sed "3 r"und " -"$B%"na$ &inN=a$$edR -arenc&B.a"us ce$$s
&a/in% inerce$$u$ar s-aces)
Se. N S&"=s sin%$e $aBered e-ider.isR c"/ered (B &ic7 cuic$eT &B-"der.is c".-"sed "3 5
" 1 $aBeredR r"und " -"$B%"na$R $i%ni3iedR sc$erenc&B.a"us ce$$sT %r"und issue c"nsisin%
"3 5 " ; $aBeredR r"und " -"$B%"na$R &inN=a$$edR -arenc&B.a"us ce$$s &a/in% inerce$$u$ar
s-acesT /ascu$ar (und$es c"nainin% "3 usua$ e$e.ens 3"und scaered in %r"und issues)
Lea3 N S&"=s sin%$e $aBered e-ider.is c"/ered (B &ic7 cuic$e "n ei&er sur3aceT a 3e= (i%
"r (u$$i3"r. ce$$s are -resen in u--er and $"=er e-ider.isR .es"-&B$$ n" di33ereniaed
in" -a$isade and s-"n%B -arenc&B.aT /ascu$ar (und$es c"nj"inR c"$$aera$) c$"sedR eac&
c"/ered (B (und$e s&ea&T s".aa -aracBicR -resen "n ("& sur3acesT s".aa$ nu.(er ? "
1; -er s#) .. "n $"=er sur3ace) 5 " 4 -er s#) .. "n u--er sur3aceT s".aa$ inde' 15 " 2+
"n $"=er sur3aceR ? " 15 u--er sur3ace)
<rui Ns&"=s sin%$e $aBered e-ider.is c"nsisin% "3 crescenNs&a-edR r"und " "/a$ =a/B
=a$$ed ce$$sR 3"$$"=ed (B 2 "r + $aBers "3 &ic7N=a$$edR sc$erenc&B.a"us 3i(resT (e$"= &e
sc$erenc&B.a are -resen irre%u$arR s#uare "r #uadri$aera$R s-"n%B -arenc&B.a"us ce$$sR a
3e= ce$$ =a$$s &a/in% si$ica ("dies &r"u%& =&ic& run &e 3i(r"N/ascu$ar (und$es "3 &e ri(sR
3"$$"=ed (B ."re "r $essR -"$B%"na$ inner e-ider.a$ ce$$sR a 3e= inner e-ider.a$ ce$$s
&a/in% unice$$u$ar c$a=Ns&a-ed &air and s".aaT -ericar- c".-"sed "3 ce$$s =i& ."re "r
$ess c".-ressed -arenc&B.a"us ce$$sT seed c"a a--ears as a c"$"ur$ess $ineT -eris-er.
c".-"sed "3 ce$$s =i& ."re "r $ess =a/B =a$$s &a/in% narr"= $u.ensT end"s-er. di/ided
in" =" D"nesR 2 " * ce$$s dee- a$eur"ne $aBersR and &e res sarc& $aBersT sarc& %rains
si.-$eR r"und " "/a$R .easurin% + " +8 in dia)
0"=der N Li%& crea.is&NBe$$"=T s&"=s 3ra%.ens "3 e-ider.a$ ce$$sR -arenc&B.aR %r"u-s
"3 u(u$arR e$"n%aed $i%ni3ied ce$$sR -"$B%"na$R &inN=a$$ed -arenc&B.a"us e-ider.a$ ce$$s
"3 -a$ea =i& inerce$$u$ar s-acesR in sur3ace /ie=R &inN=a$$edR c"nica$ ric&".es =i& $ar%e
$u.enR .easurin% +8 " 148 in $en%& and u-" 28 in =id& and s".aaR
se$erenc&B.a"us 3i(resR sca$ari3"r. /esse$sR a(undan r"und " "/a$R si.-$e sarc& %rains
&a/in% c"ncenric sriai"nsR .easurin% + " +8 in dia)
2


T)L)C)
T)L)C) "3 a$c"&"$ic e'rac "n Si$ica %e$ UGU usin% nN9uan"$ S Aceic acidS
!aer (*S1S5) s&"=s under U):) (+11n.) nine 3$u"rescen D"nes a R3) 8)15R 8)24R 8)*2R
8)52R 8)5?R 8)1;R 8)45R 8)?+ and 8)?1 (a$$ ($ue)) On e'-"sure " ,"dine /a-"ur nine s-"s
a--ear a R3) 8)18R 8)15R 8)+?R 8)*4R 8)51R 8)1;R 8)45R 8)?+ and 8)?1 (a$$ Be$$"=)) On s-raBin%
=i& 5V 0&"s-&"."$B(dic acid rea%en and &eain% &e -$ae 3"r 3i3een .inues a 185C
nine s-"s a--ear a R3) 8)18R 8)2*) 8)+?R 8)*4R 8)51R 8)1;R 8)45R 8)?+ and 8)?1 (a$$ ($ue))

CONST,TUENTS N 0r"einsR Car("&BdraeR 3ree A.in"NacidsR :ia.insR Tannins and
<$a/"n"id %$Bc"sidesNLue"$in and Orienin)

Rasa S 6ad&ura
Gu[a S R\7YaR A%uruR 6_du
:QrBa S MQa
:i-Z7a S Ka]u
Kar.a S Ka-&a-ia&araR 6ed&Z/ard&a7aR S/ara :ard&a7aR :ar[a :ard&a7aR
Le7&anaR 6ed"&araR :Za&araR :_YBa
2
THERA0EUT,C USES N 0QnasaR M/ZsaR KZsaR Arusa.(&a
@OSE N 18N28 %.

2
OF INDIA
PART- I
VOLUME V
GOVERNMENT OF INDIA
DEPARTMENT OF AYUSH
i
CONTENTS
Legal Notices
General Notices
MONOGRAPHS
S.No Plant Name Botanical Name
Page
No.
(as per
book)
1 MRA HARIDR (Rhizome) Curcuma amada Roxb. 1
ANIS!NA ("rui#) $im%i&e''a a&i(um )i&& *
* A+,O)A- ()ea.) A'a&/ium (a'0ii.o'ium ()i&&...) 1a&/ 2
3 RA45DHA (S#em bar6) Ca((ia .i(#u'a )i&& 7
2 S$HO8 (Roo#) 5a''ari( So'a&acea ,u&#ze 19
: ;ASTNTR< (Roo#) Ar/=reia &er0o(a (;urm...);o>. 1
? ;H!R@A- (S#em ;ar6) ;e#u'a u#i'i( D.Do& 13
7 CAAB (Roo#) A&/e'ica Archa&/e'ica )i&&. 1:
C CORA,A- (Roo# Soc6) A&/e'ica /'auca Ed/D. 17
19 DAR;HA (Roo#) Im%era#a c='i&drica ()i&&) ;eau0. 1
11 DHAN5AESA- (1ho'e $'a&#) "a/o&ia cre#ica )i&&. *
1 DRA5ANT< (Seed) @a#ro%ha /'a&du'i.era Roxb. :
1* DF4DHI, (1ho'e $'a&#) Eu%horbia %ro(#ra#a 1.Ai# 7
13 E)A5)F,AG (Seed) $ru&u( a0ium )i&&... *1
12 4AAB<RA (Roo#) Co'eu( .or(6oh'ii ;riH. **
1: 4A5EDHF,A (Roo#) Coix 'achr=maI>obi )I&& *2
1? 4HOA8 ("rui#) Jizi%hu( x='o%=ru( 1i''d. *?
17 4FNDR- (Rhizome a&d "rui#) T=%ha au(#ra'i( Schum. a&d Tho&&. *C
1C HIGSR(Roo#) Ca%%ari( (%i&o(a )i&&. 31
9 HI+4F$ATR< ()ea.) "eru'a >ae(ch6ea&a 5a#6e 3*
1 IT,A8A (Roo#) Se(ba&ia bi(%i&o(a 1.".1i/h# 32
IT,A8A(S#em) Se(ba&ia bi(%i&o(a 1.".1i/h# 3?
* @A)A$I$$A)< (1ho'e $'a&#) $h='a &odi.'ora 4ree&e 3C
ii
3 @<5A,A- ($(eudo ;u'b) Ma'axi( acumi&a#a D.Do& 2
2 ,ADARA- (Hear# 1ood) Acacia (uma (;uchIHam) 23
: ,,A@A+4H (Seed) $eri(#ro%he bica'=cu'a#a (Re#z)Nee( 2:
? ,,ANA@A ("rui#) $h=(a'i( a'6e6e&/i )i&& 27
7 ,)<EA,A (Roo# a&d S#em) Co(ci&ium .e&e(#ra#um (4aer#&.) Co'ebr :9
C ,A$<TANA (S#em ;ar6) The(%e(ia %o%u'i&ea().) So'a&d .ex
Correa
:*
*9 ,AR,AKA (Roo#) Momordica dioica Roxb.ex.1i''d :2
*1 ,ARAAS$HO8 (Seed) Cardio(%ermum ha'icacabum )i&& :?
* ,ARAAS$HO8 (Roo#) Cardio(%ermum ha'icacabum )i&& :C
** ,ATTLAA (1ho'e $'a&#) C=mbo%o/o& ci#ra#e( (DC) S#a%. ?1
*3 ,E;F,A (Rhizome) Co(#u( (%eciou(u( (,oer&i&/ ex Re#z) ?3
*2 ,HA,HASA (Seed) $a%a0er (om&i.erum )i&& ?:
*: ,HATM< (Roo#) A'#hea o..ici&a'i( )i&& ?7
*? ,HATM< (Seed) A'#hea o..ici&a'i( )i&& 79
*7 ,H!;,A)N (Seed) Si(=mbrium irio )i&& 7
*C ,ODRA5A- (4rai&) $a(%a'um (crobicu'a#um )i&& 73
39 ,M<RA,,O)< (;u'b) "ri#i''aria ro=e'ei Hoo6 7:
31 ,MH<RA5IDR< (Roo#) I%omoea di/i#a#a )i&&. 77
3 ,F)AN@ANA (Rhizome) A'%i&ia /a'a&/a 1i''d. C9
3* ,FM;H<,A- (Seed) Care=a arborea Roxb C*
33 )AT,ARAN@A (Seed) Cae(a'%i&ia bo&duc ()i&&) Roxb. C2
32 )A5A)<$HA)A ("rui#) $h=''a&#hu( acidu( ()i&.)S6'ee( C7
3: MADH!)I, (Roo#) E'eu(i&e coroca&a ().) 4aer#&. 199
3? MAHMED (Rhizome a&d
Roo#)
$o'=/o&a#um cirrhi.o'ium Ro='e 19
37 MADHFSNFH< (Tuberou(
Roo#)
Smi'ax chi&a )i&& 193
iii
3C MEDSA,A- (S#em ;ar6) )i(#ea chi&e&(i( )am 19:
29 MEDSA,A- (1ood) )i(#ea chi&e&(i( )am 197
21 MEMAKL+4< ()ea.) 4=m&ema (='0e(#re R.;r 119
2 MEMAKL+4< (Roo#) 4=m&ema (='0e(#re R.;r 11*
2* NAND< (Roo#) "icu( ar&o##ia&a Miz. 112
23 N<)A@HIA8< (Roo#) ;ar'eria (#ri/o(a 1i''d 11?
22 NIM;A (Roo# ;ar6) Azadirach#a i&dica A.@u(( 11C
2: NIM;A ("'oDer) Azadirach#a i&dica A.@u(( 11
2? NIM;A ("rui#) Azadirach#a i&dica A.@u(( 1*
27 $A)KA- (Seed) ;u#ea mo&o(%erma ()am.),u&#ze 12
2C $A)KA- (Dried "'oDer) ;u#ea mo&o(%erma ()am.),u&#ze 1?
:9 $RAS<,AEA5N< (Seed) H=o(c=amu( &i/er )i&& 1*9
:1 $A88!RA (1ho'e $'a&#) Aer0a 'a&a#a ()i&&.)@u(( 1*
: $<)!- ("rui#) Sa'0adora %er(ica )i&& 1*2
:* $<)!- ()ea.) Sa'0adora %er(ica )i&& 1*?
:3 $<)!- (Roo#) Sa'0adora %er(ica )i&& 139
:2 $O8A4A)A (Roo#) T=%ha e'e%ha&#i&a Roxb. 13
:: $FD<N- (Aeria' $ar#) Me&#ha 0iridi( )i&& 133
:? $F))N< ()ea.) Ca'=co%#eri( .'oribu&da )am. 13:
:7 $F))N< (Roo#) Ca'=co%#eri( .'oribu&da )am. 137
:C $F))N< (S#em) Ca'=co%#eri( .'oribu&da )am. 129
?9 $!T<,ARAN@A (S#em ;ar6) Cae(a'%i&ia cri(#a )i&& 12
?1 ROAF,A (Seed) 5i#ex &e/u&do )i&& 123
? LDDHI (Tuber) Habe&aria i&#ermidia D.Do& 12?
?* ROH<MA (1ho'e $'a&#) C=mbo%o/o& mar#i&i (Roxb.) 1a#(. 12C
?3 R!M<MASTA4< (Re(i&) $i(#acia 'e&#i(cu( )i&& 1:
?2 SARA)A (Exuda#e) $i&u( roxbur/hii Sa/re&# 1:3
iv
?: SAR$A4ANDH (Roo#) RauD'o'.ia (er%e&#i&a ()i&&)
;e&#h.ex.,urz
1::
?? K5ETA$FNARNA5 (Roo#) ;orhaa0ia 0er#ici''a#a $oir 1:7
?7 TAI)A$ARAA- ()ea.) Euca'=%#u( /'obu'e( )abi'' 1?9
?C TINIKA- (1ood) Ou/e&ia oo>ei&e&(i( (Roxb)Hochr 1?
79 TINTIB<,A- (Aeria' $ar#) Rhu( %ar0i.'ora Roxb 1?3
71 TRA$FMAG (Seed) Cucumi( (a#i0u( )i&&. 1??
7 T!N< (S#em ;ar6) Cedre'a #oo&a Roxb. 1?C
7* 5AND ()ea.) De&dro%h#hoe .a'ca#a ()i&&...) E##i&/(h. 171
73 5AND (S#em) De&dro%h#hoe .a'ca#a ()i&&...) E##i&/(h. 17*
72 5AND (Aeria' Roo#) De&dro%h#hoe .a'ca#a ()i&&...) E##i&/(h. 172
7: 5AND ("'oDer) De&dro%h#hoe .a'ca#a ()i&&...) E##i&/(h. 17?
7? 5AND ("rui#) De&dro%h#hoe .a'ca#a ()i&&...) E##i&/(h. 17C
77 5ANEA@<RA,A ("rui#) Ce&#ra#herum a&#he'mi&#icum ().)
,u&#ze
1C1
7C 5IDR<,ANDA (Tuber) $ueraria #ubero(a DC 1C*
C9 5IRA) (S#em ;ar6) Dio(%=ro( ex(cu'%#a ;uchIHam 1C2
C1 5IKA) (Roo#) Tricho(a&#he( brac#ea#a ()am) 5oi/# 1C?
C 5E4HRANA,HA ("rui#) Ca%%ari( horrida )i&& 1CC
v
)E4A) NOTICES
+A.1.I./$ 1art3I$ 4ol. II$ is the boo5 of standards for single drugs included therein and
the standards prescribed in the A!urvedic 1harmacopoeia of India$ 1art3I$ 4ol. II
1harmacopoeia of India$ 1art3I$ 4ol. II$ would be deemed to have been amended
accordingl!.
vi
4ENERA) NOTICES
o
6"
o
6 and
vii
deterioration"
authoritative"
vii
Per cent v/! %percentage volume in !eight' e&presses the number of millilitres
of active substance in 055 grammes of product"
o
6"
thermometric scale"
changes"
ix

It is to be noted that the relation bet!een doses in metric and Ayurvedic systems
set forth in the te&t is of appro&imate e1uivalence" These 1uantities are for convenience
of prescriber and sufficiently accurate for pharmaceutical purposes"
m 3etre
l $itre
mm 3illimetre
cm 6entimetre
A 3icron %5"550 mm'
kg Bilogram
g Cramme
mg 3illigram
ml 3illilitre
in 4ormal solution
03 3olar solution
Fam" Family
x
Sansk" Sanskrit
Assam" Assamese
Deng" Dengali
#ng" #nglish
CuE" CuErati
Ban" Bannada
Bash" Bashmiri
3al" 3alayalam
3ar" 3arathi
:ri" :riya
PunE" PunEabi
Tam" Tamil
Tel" Telugu
6otyledon 6otldn"
Flo!er Fl"
Fruit Fr"
(eart *ood (t" *d"
$eaf $f"
<oot Dark <t" Dk"
<oot <t"
<hiFome <F"
Seed Sd"
Stem Dark St" Dk"
Stem St"
*ood *d"
*hole Plant *h" Pl"
xi
1. Amra Haridra (Rz)
MRA HARIDR (Rhizome)
mra HaridrP co&(i(#( o. #he rhizome o. Curcuma amada Roxb. ("am. Ji&/iberaceae)Q
a bie&&ia' Di#h o0oid roo# (#oc6Q :9 #o C9 cm hi/hQ /roD& i& 1. ;e&/a' a&d o& #he hi''( o.
De(# coa(# o. I&dia.
SENONEMS
Sa&(6ri# R mrPdra6amQ mra/a&dhaIharidrP
A((ame(e R II
;e&/a'i R Aamaa Aadaa
E&/'i(h R Ma&/oI/i&/er
4u>ra#i R Aambaa ha'dhar
Hi&di R AamaaIha'diQ Ami=aa ha'di
,a&&ada R Ambara(i&iQ Hu'i Ar(i&
,a(hmiri R II
Ma'a=a'am R Ma&/a=i&>i
Mara#hi R Aambe ha'adQ Ambaa ha'ad
Ori=a R II
$u&>abi R Ambi=a ha'adi
Tami' R Ma&6a==i&>i
Te'u/u R Mamidi A''amu
Frdu R II
DESCRI$TION
a) Macro(co%ic
Rhizome 'a#era''= .'a##e&edQ 'o&/i#udi&a''= Dri&6'edQ #o : cm 'o&/Q 9.2 #o cm i&
diame#erQ bra&chedQ rem&a&# o. (ca'= 'ea0e( arra&/ed circu'ar'= /i0i&/ #he a%%eara&ce o.
/roD#h ri&/(S cu# %iece( 1.2 #o *.2 cm i& diame#erQ circu'arQ %u&c#a#e (car( o& #he (ur.aceQ
bra&chi&/ (=m%odia'Q horizo&#a'S roo#( 'o&/Q u&bra&chedQ #a%eri&/Q #hread 'i6eQ =e''oDi(hI
12
broD&S rhizome bu.. co'oured Di#h (hor# a&d (moo#h .rac#ureS odour a&d #a(#e 'i6e raD
ma&/o.

b) Micro(co%ic
T.S. o. rhizome circu'ar i& ou#'i&eS e%iderma' ce''( rec#a&/u'arIo0a'S cu#ic'e #hic6Q
'o&/ u&ice''u'ar #richome( %re(e&#Q (#oried (uberized cor6 ce''( i&#erru%#ed b= '=(i/e&ou( oi'
/'a&d(S a Dide cor#ex ha0i&/ irre/u'ar'= (ca##ered 0a(cu'ar bu&d'e(Q each 0a(cu'ar bu&d'e
Di#h a %romi&e&# .ibrou( (hea#hS i&&er 'imi# o. cor#ex mar6ed b= e&dodermi( .o''oDed b=
%eric=c'eS 0a(cu'ar bu&d'e( de0oid o. (hea#hQ arra&/ed i& a ri&/S (chizo/e&ou( ca&a'( a&d
abu&da&# oi' ce''( Di#h (uberized Da''( .ou&d i& cor#ex a&d i& ce&#ra' re/io&S mo(# o. #he
%are&ch=ma#ou( ce''( .i''ed Di#h (#arch /rai&(Q Dhich are o0a'Ie''i%(oida'Q (ome#ime(
%o'=/o&a' i& (ha%eQ 19 #o :9 mQ (im%'eQ hi'um circu'ar or a #o 2 ra=ed c'e.#Q 'ame''ae
di(#i&c# a&d co&ce&#ricS 0a(cu'ar bu&d'e( i& #he ce&#ra' c='i&der are (imi'ar #o #ho(e i& #he
cor#exQ (ca##eredQ c'o(edQ co''a#era'Q (urrou&ded b= (hea#h o. #hic6 Da''ed ce''(S (eco&dar=
Da'' #hic6e&i&/ re#icu'a#eS .ibre( #hi& Da''ed 'i/&i.iedQ 'ume& &arroD.
$oDder I $oDder 'i/h# =e''oDQ (Dee#Q raD ma&/o 'i6e odourS (hoD( .ra/me&#( o. (#oried
cor6Q x='em 0e((e'( Di#h re#icu'a#e #hic6e&i&/(Q 'i/&i.ied x='em .ibre(Q oi' ce''(Q %a#che( o.
%are&ch=ma#ou( ce''( .i''ed Di#h (#arch /rai&( Dhich are o0a'Ie''i%(oida'Q (ome#ime(
%o'=/o&a' i& (ha%eQ 19 #o :9 mQ (im%'eQ hi'um circu'ar or a #o 2 ra=ed c'e.#Q 'ame''ae
di(#i&c# a&d co&ce&#ric. $oDder Dhe& #rea#ed Di#h 1N aHueou( NaOH become( /ree& Di#h
=e''oDi(h #i&/e u&der F5 23 &mS Di#h 1N HC' a&d &i#roce''u'o(e i& am='ace#a#e added o&e
a.#er #he o#herQ %oDder become( ora&/e i& da='i/h#.
IDENTITEQ $FRITE AND STREN4TH

"orei/& ma##er No# more #ha& 1 %er ce&#Q A%%e&dix ...
To#a' A(h No# more #ha& 1 %er ce&#Q A%%e&dix ..*.
AcidIi&(o'ub'e a(h No# more #ha& %er ce&#Q A%%e&dix ..3.
A'coho'I(o'ub'e ex#rac#i0e No# 'e(( #ha& C %er ce&#Q A%%e&dix ..:.
1a#erI(o'ub'e ex#rac#i0e No# 'e(( #ha& 13 %er ce&#Q A%%e&dix ..?.
S#arch No# 'e(( #ha& 1: %er ce&#Q A%%e&dix ..1*
E((e&#ia' oi' No# 'e(( #ha& 1 %er ce&#Q A%%e&dix ..19
13

T.).C.
T.).C. o. #he me#ha&o'ic ex#rac# o& %recoa#ed (i'ica /e' '4' %'a#e (9. mm #hic6)
u(i&/ #o'ue&e R e#h=' ace#a#e R me#ha&o' (2 R 9.2 R 9.92) (hoD( .'uore(ce&# zo&e( a# R.. 9.19
(/ree&) a&d 9.*3 (b'ue) u&der F5 (*:: &m). O& (%ra=i&/ Di#h a&i(a'deh=deI (u'%huric acid
rea/e&# a&d hea#i&/ #he %'a#e .or #e& mi&u#e( a# 19
9
CQ (%o#( o. %ur%'e co'our a%%ear a# R.
.
9.1:Q 9.*Q 9.? a&d 9.C?.

CONSTITFENTS I 5o'a#i'e oi' (I%i&e&eQ Icam%hor)QIcurcume&eQ 1I curcume&eQ
%h=#o(#ero'.

$RO$ERTIES AND ACTION
Ra(a R MadhuraQ Ti6#a
4uTa R )a/huQ Sara
5Ur=a R KU#a
5i%P6a R ,aVu
,arma R $i##aharaQ ,a%haharaQ 5WX=aQ Ruci%radaQ DU%a&a
IM$ORTANT "ORMF)ATIONS I A(#hi(a&dhP&a6a )e%a
THERA$EFTIC FSES I ,aTYZQ 5raTaQ ,P(aQ K0P(aQ Hi66PQ @0araQ Abhi/hP#a>a Ko#haQ
,arTa[Z'aQ Sa&&i%P#a
DOSE I I 3 /

14
. A&i(hu&a ("r)
ANIS!NA ("rui#)
A&i(Z&a co&(i(#( o. dried .rui# o. $im%i&e''a a&i(um )i&&. ("am. A%iaceae)S a& a&&ua'
erec# %'a&# i&#roduced a&d cu'#i0a#ed i& I&dia a# F##ar $rade(hQ Ori((a a&d $u&>ab.
SENONEMS
Sa&(6ri# R K0e#a%uX%P
A((ame(e R II
;e&/a'i R Muhuri
E&/'i(h R A&i(e
4u>ra#i R II
Hi&di R ;adi=a& RumeeQ Sau%hQ A&i(oo&
,a&&ada R II
,a(hmiri R II
Ma'a=a'am R II
Mara#hi R A&i(u&a Sho%a
Ori=a R II
$u&>abi R II
Tami' R Shombu
Te'u/u R II
Frdu R II
DESCRI$TION
a) Macro(co%ic
The .rui#( are e&#ire cremocar%Q * #o 2 mm 'o&/ a&d 1 #o mm DideQ o0oidQ /e&era''=
a##ached Di#h ('e&der %edice'Q (#='o%od( Di#h bi.urca#e (hor# (#='e(S /ree&i(hI =e''oD or
/ree&i(hIbroD& i& co'ourS rou/h #o #ouch due #o #he %re(e&ce o. #richome(S %rimar= rid/e( 7
#o 1 i& &umber Di#h u&i.orm Did#hS odour charac#eri(#ic a&d #a(#e (Dee# a&d aroma#ic.
15

b) Micro(co%ic
T.S. o. .rui# (hoD( (i&/'e 'a=ered e%idermi( Di#h (ma''Q &umerou(Q co&ica'Q mo(#'=
u&ice''u'arQ occa(io&a''= #Do ce''edQ #hic6 Da''ed a&d Dar#= #richome(Q 0a(cu'ar #i((ue(
%re(e&# u&der #he rid/e(S abou# 39 0i##ae are %re(e&# o& #he dor(a' (ur.ace a&d #Do 'ar/e
0i##ae o& commi((ura' (ur.aceS a .eD o. #he 0i##ae are bra&chedS (ma'' %a#ch o. me(ocar%ic
(#o&e ce''( are %re(e&# a# #he commi((ura' (ur.aceS i&&er e%idermi( re%re(e&#ed b= %arHue#r=
'a=er co&(i(#i&/ o. #a&/e&#ia''= e'o&/a#ed ce''(S e&do(%erm exhibi#( #hic6 Da''ed
%are&ch=ma ce''( Di#h &umerou( a'euro&e /rai&( u(ua''= co&#ai&i&/ a mi&u#e ro(e##e o.
ca'cium oxa'a#e a&d occa(io&a''= oi' /'obu'e(.
$oDder I $oDder (hoD( .ra/me&#( o. 0a(cu'ar e'eme&#( Di#h (ca'ari.ormQ (%ira' a&d
re#icu'a#e #hic6e&i&/S (#ria#ed e%iderma' ce''( Di#h occa(io&a' a&omoc=#ic (#oma#aQ #hi&
Da''ed %are&ch=ma ce''(Q #a&/e&#ia''= e'o&/a#ed ce''( o. %arHue#r= 'a=erQ #hic6 Da''ed ce''(
o. e&do(%erm Di#h a'euro&e /rai&( co&#ai&i&/ mi&u#e ro(e##e( o. ca'cium oxa'a#e a&d oi'
/'obu'e(Q (ca##ered a'euro&e /rai&( Di#h cr=(#a'( o. ca'cium oxa'a#e a&d (ma'' co&ica'Q
u&ice''u'arQ occa(io&a''= bice''u'arQ Dar#= #richome(S .ibre(Q (#o&e ce''( a&d 0i##ae Di#h
u&der'=i&/ %arHue#r= ce''(.

"orei/& ma##er No# more #ha& %er ce&#Q A%%e&dix ...
AcidIi&(o'ub'e a(h No# more #ha& 1 %er ce&#Q A%%e&dix ..3.
A'coho'I(o'ub'e ex#rac#i0e No# 'e(( #ha& 12 %er ce&#Q A%%e&dix ..:.
1a#erI(o'ub'e ex#rac#i0e No# 'e(( #ha& *9 %er ce&#Q A%%e&dix ..?.

ASSAE
The dru/ o& (#eam di(#i''a#io& =ie'd( co'our'e(( oi'Q &o# 'e(( #ha& 1.7\ 0]D (A%%e&dix
..19).

T.).C.
16
T)C o. a'coho'ic ex#rac# o& Si'ica /e' ^4^ %'a#e( (Merc6)Q u(i&/ Tou'e&e R E#h='
ace#a#e (C*.?) (hoD( u&der F5 (23&m) .i0e (%o#( a# R..9.17Q 9.*(bo#h ora&/e)Q
9.*7(Dhi#e)Q 9.33 (red)Q 9.77(0io'e#)S o& ex%o(ure #o iodi&e 0a%our( .our =e''oD (%o#( a%%ear
a# R..9.*Q 9.*Q 9.*7 a&d 9.77S o& ex%o(ure( #o Di#h 0a&i''i&I(u'%huric acid a&d hea#i&/ #he
%'a#e a# 119
o
C .or 19 mi&u#e(Q (ix 0io'e# (%o#( a%%ear a# R.. 9.17Q 9.*Q 9.*Q 9.*7Q 9.:9 a&d
9.77.

CONSTITFENTS I 5o'a#i'e oi'Q .ixed oi'( a&d %ro#ei&.

Ra(a R Ti6#aQ ,aVu
4uTa R TU6XTaQ )a/hu
5Ur=a R FXTa
5i%P6a R ,aVu
,arma R 5P#P&u'oma6aQ Ra6Xo/h&aQ ,a%haharaQ r#a0a>a&a&a
IM$ORTANT "ORMF)ATIONS I ;rPhmU 5aVU
THERA$EFTIC FSES I KZ'aQ dhmP&aQ ,a%ha0i6PraQ MZ#rP/hP#aQ ;P'a/raha
DOSE I 1I* /
_. S. .or dhZ%a&Pr#ha `.umi/a#io&a.

17
*. A&6o'a ().)
A+,O)A- ()ea.)
Ab6o'ac co&(i(# o. dried 'ea. o. A'a&/ium (a'0ii.o'ium ()i&&. ".) 1a&/. S=&. A.
'amarc6ii ThD.S ("am. A'a&/iaceae)Q a (ma'' #ree .ou&d o0er #he %'ai&( a&d .oo#hi''(
#hrou/hou# I&dia.
SENONEMS
Sa&(6ri# R Ab6o'aQ Ab6oVaQ DUr/ha6U'aQ Ni6ocha6aQ TPmra%ha'aQ 4u%#a S&eha
A((ame(e R II
;e&/a'i R A6ar6a&#aQ ;a/ha&6uraQ Aa&6odQ A&/6uraQ Dha'a6ura
E&/'i(h R Sa/eI'ea0ed A'a&/ium
4u>ra#i R A&6o'Q O&6'a
Hi&di R A&6o'Q A&6oraQ Dhera
,a&&ada R A&6o'imaraQ A&(aro'iQ Ari&>i'Q A&6o'
,a(hmiri R II
Ma'a=a'am R A&6o'amQ 5e'i##a&#iQ Iri&>i'Q Chemmaram
Mara#hi R A&6o'a
Ori=a R A&6u'Q ;a/ho&o6hi=aQ Do'a&6uQ ,o&6o&o'o
$u&>abi R II
Tami' R A'a&/iQ A&6o'umQ A#i6oe0am
Te'u/u R A&6o'amuQ Fda/uQ Fr/e&
Frdu R A&6o'a
DESCRI$TION
a) Macro(co%ic
)ea0e( 7 #o1* cm i& 'e&/#h a&d * #o 2 cm i& Did#hQ (im%'eQ %e#io'a#eQ %e#io'e : #o1*
mm 'o&/Q 'a&ceo'a#eQ &arroD'= ob'o&/ or o0a#eQ ba(e rou&ded or acu#eQ /'abrou( abo0eQ
%ube(ce&# o& #he &er0e(Q 0e&a#io& re#icu'a#e.
18

b) Micro(co%ic
)ea. I

$e#io'e I E%idermi( (i&/'e 'a=eredQ co0ered b= cu#ic'eS &o&/'a&du'arQ mo(#'= u&ice''u'arQ
rare'= bice''u'arQ u&i(eria#e #richome(Q mea(uri&/ u%#o 79 i& 'e&/#h a&d u%#o 1: i&
Did#hS ? #o19 'a=ered co''e&ch=ma %re(e&# >u(# be&ea#h #he e%idermi(Q .o''oDed b=
%are&ch=ma#ou( #i((ueS co''a#era' 0a(cu'ar bu&d'e( * #o19 i& &umber arra&/ed i& a& arch a&d
(urrou&di&/ %are&ch=ma#ou( %i#hS 0a(cu'ar bu&d'e( com%o(ed o. x='em a&d %h'oemS x='em
co&(i(#( o. .ibre(Q #racheid( a&d x='em %are&ch=maS abu&da&# ro(e##e cr=(#a'( o. ca'cium
oxa'a#e %re(e&# i& #he %are&ch=ma #i((ueQ mea(uri&/ u%#o 32 i& diam.S /ra&u'a#ed
%i/me&#( &o#iced i& a'' #i((ue( exce%# i& #he 0a(cu'ar bu&d'e.
Midrib I T.S. (hoD( bico&0ex ou#'i&eS e%idermi( o& bo#h (ur.ace( co0ered b= cu#ic'eS
abu&da&# &o&/'a&du'arQ u&ice''u'ar #richome( mea(uri&/ u%#o *72 i& 'e&/#h a&d u%#o 1:
i& Did#h %re(e&# o& e%idermi(S 3 or 2 'a=ered co''e&ch=ma (i#ua#ed >u(# be&ea#h #he
e%idermi(S co''e&ch=ma .o''oDed b= * or 3 'a=ered ch'ore&ch=maS 0a(cu'ar bu&d'e
(urrou&ded b= (c'ere&ch=ma#ou( #i((ue exce%# o& 'a#era' (ide(S %h'oem 'oca#ed o& #he ou#er
%eri%hera' %ar#( o. x='emS x='em mai&'= co&(i(#( o. #racheid(Q 0e((e'( a&d .ibre(S ce&#ra'
%ar# o. #he midrib occu%ied b= %are&ch=ma ce''(Q co&#ai&i&/ ro(e##e( o. ca'cium oxa'a#e
cr=(#a'(Q mea(uri&/ u%#o 9 i& diam.
)ami&a I T. S. (hoD( dor(i0e&#ra' (#ruc#ureS e%idermi( o& bo#h #he (ide( co0ered b= cu#ic'eS
i& (ur.ace 0ieD #he 'oDer e%idermi( (hoD( (#rai/h# Da''edQ %o'=/o&a' ce''( Di#h %romi&e&#
cu#icu'ar (#ria#io&( a&d a&omoc=#ic #=%e o. (#oma#aS u%%er e%idermi( ei#her de0oid o.
(#oma#a or Di#h rare o&e(S cu#icu'ar (#ria#io&( a'(o ab(e&#S &o&/'a&du'arQ u&ice''u'ar
#richome( (imi'ar #o midrib abu&da&# o& 'oDer e%idermi(S u%%er e%idermi( .o''oDed b= a
#Do 'a=ered %a'i(adeS me(o%h='' #ra0er(ed b= 0ei&(. Di(%er(ed i& #he re/io& are rhomboid
ca'cium oxa'a#e cr=(#a'(Q mea(uri&/ 19 #o : i& 'e&/#h a&d : #o 1: i& Did#hS %a'i(ade
ra#io ? #o 11S 0ei& i('e# &umber 7 #o 1S (#oma#a' i&dex ? #o 13.
$oDder I 4ree&i(h broD&Q #a(#e bi##erS (hoD( #racheid(Q 0e((e'(Q 'i/&i.ied .ibre( Di#h #a%ered
e&d( mea(uri&/ 39 #o 79 i& 'e&/#h a&d u%#o 9 i& Did#hQ ro(e##e( o. ca'cium oxa'a#e
cr=(#a'(Q rhomboid cr=(#a'(Q &o&/'a&du'ar u&ice''u'ar #richome(Q /rou%( o. %a'i(ade ce''(Q
.ra/me&#( o. u%%er e%idermi( a&d 'oDer e%idermi( Di#h a&omoc=#ic (#oma#a.

19


ASSAE
ASSAE I
Co&#ai&( &o# 'e(( #ha& 9.*2 %er ce&# o. a'6a'oid a( de#ermi&ed b= #he .o''oDi&/ me#hod RI
Sox'e# ex#rac# coar(e'= cru(hed (2/) dried 'ea0e( o. A. (a'0ii.o'ium Di#h &Ihexa&e
(?99 m') .or 12 hour(. )ea0e #he exhau(#ed (de.a##ed) %'a&# ma#eria' #o dr= a# room
#em%era#ure a&d #he& ex#rac# Di#h me#ha&o' (299 m') .or 1: hour(. Remo0e me#ha&o' u&der
reduced %re((ureQ acidi.= Di#h * \ ace#ic acidQ Da(h Di#h die#h=' e#her (* x 199 m') a&d
ma6e aHueou( %ha(e a'6a'i&e Di#h 19 \ aHueou( (odium carbo&a#e. Ex#rac# #he 'ibera#ed
(.ree) a'6a'oid( .ir(# Di#h dich'orome#ha&e (* x 199 m') a&d #he& Di#h e#h=' ace#a#e (2 x 199
m'). Combi&e bo#h #he ex#rac#(Q e0a%ora#e #o dr=&e(( a&d Dei/h #he re(idue a( #o#a'
a'6a'oid(.

T.).C.
T.).C. o. #he a'coho'ic ex#rac# o& (i'ica /e' 4 %'a#e( (9. mm #hic6) u(i&/ #o'ue&eR
e#h=' ace#a#eR die#h='ami&e (:9R*9R19) (hoD( u&der F5 (23 &m) (ix (%o#( a# R.. 9.1
(broD&)Q 9.1?Q 9.1Q9.*7 (a'' 0io'e#)Q 9.:9 a&d 9.:: (bo#h =e''oDi(h /ree&). F&der F5 (*::
&m) ei/h# .'uore(ce&# (%o#( a%%ear a# R.. 9.1Q (=e''oD) 9.1?Q 9.1(bo#h .ai&# b'ue)Q 9.3
(b'ue)Q 9.*9 (%i&6)Q 9.*7 (b'ue)Q 9.:9 a&d 9.:: (bo#h %i&6). O& ex%o(ure #o iodi&e 0a%our
&i&e (%o#( a%%ear a# R.. 9.1Q 9.1?Q 9.1 (a'' =e''oDi(h broD&)Q 9.3 (reddi(h broD&)Q 9.*9Q
9.*7Q 9.29 (a'' =e''oDi(h broD&)Q 9.:9 a&d 9.:: (bo#h /ree&). O& (%ra=i&/ Di#h
Dra/e&dor..^( rea/e&# (ix ora&/e (%o#( a%%ear a# R.. 9.1?Q 9.1Q 9.3Q 9.*9Q 9.*7Q 9.29.

CONSTITFENTS I A'6a'oid( (A'a&/imarc6i&eQ deox=#ubu'o(i&eQ a&6ori&e)S cam%e(#ero'Q
e%i(#ero'Q (#i/ma(#I2QQ2I#rie&I* Io'Q a'a&/idio' a&d i(oa'a&/idio'.

20

Ra(a R Ti6#aQ ,aVuQ ,aXP=a
4uTa R )a/huQ S&i/dhaQ TU6XTaQ Sara
5Ur=a R FXTa
5i%P6a R ,aVu
,arma R 5P#aharaQ ,a%haharaQ 5Pma6aQ Reca6aQ 5raTa[odha6aQ MZ#ra'aQ $Prada
Kodha&aQ @0ara/h&a
IM$ORTANT "ORMF)ATIONS I (No .ormu'a#io&()
THERA$EFTIC FSES I Ma#(=a0iXaQ ma0P#aQ @0araQ ,aTVharo/aQ Ko#haQ Ko%haQ KZ'aQ ,WmiQ
5i(ar%aQ 4raha ;PdhPQ Ra6#a0i6PraQ MZXi6P0iXaQ @a&#u0iXaQ )Z#P0iXaQ ,u66ura0iXaQ 5iXri6Pra
DOSE I I19 /

21
3. Ara/0adha (S#.;6)
RA45DHA (S#em bar6)
ra/0adha co&(i(#( o. (#em bar6 o. Ca((ia .i(#u'a )i&&. ("am. "abaceae)Q a medium
(ized deciduou( #reeQ : #o C m #a'' Di#h bri/h# =e''oD .'oDer( i& 'o&/ %e&du'ou( raceme(Q a&d
'o&/ c='i&drica' b'ac6i(hIbroD& %od( o. 2 #o 29 cm i& 'e&/#h a&d u%#o * cm i& Did#hS .ou&d
Di'd a&d a'(o commo&'= %'a&#ed a( or&ame&#a' #ree i& mo(# %ar#( o. #he cou&#r= u% #o a&
a'#i#ude o. 199 m.
SENONEMS
Sa&(6ri# R ,W#amP'aQ 5=Pdhi/hP#aQ Kam%P6aQ Kam=P6aQ Ar%adrumaQ ,W#amP'a6aQ
RP>a0W6Xa
A((ame(e R II
;e&/a'i R So&daa'eeQ So&aa'u
E&/'i(h R I&dia& )abur&umQ $ur/i&/ "i(#u'aQ $uddi&/ %i%e #ree
4u>ra#i R 4armaa'o
Hi&di R Ama'#aa(Q 4irimaa'
,a&&ada R ,a66eQ ,a66emar
,a(hmiri R II
Ma'a=a'am R ,o&&a
Mara#hi R ;aah0aa
Ori=a R Su&aari
$u&>abi R Ama'#aa(Q ,a&i=aarQ 4ird&a'ee
Tami' R ,o&&ai
Te'u/u R Re'a
Frdu R Ama'#aa(
DESCRI$TION
22
a) Macro(co%ic
Dru/ occur( i& .'a# or cur0ed #hic6 %iece(S ou#er (ur.ace (moo#h #o rou/h Di#h Dar#=
%a#che(S /ree&i(hI/re= #o redS i&&er (ur.ace rou/hQ reddi(h Di#h %ara''e' (#ria#io&(S .rac#ureQ
'ami&a#eS odourQ (Dee# a&d charac#eri(#icS #a(#eQ a(#ri&/e&#.

b) Micro(co%ic
S#em bar6 (hoD( 2 #o 7 'a=er( o. cor6Q com%o(ed o. (Huare #o rec#a&/u'ar ce''(S
cor#ex ma&= 'a=eredQ ou#er co&(i(#i&/ o. rec#a&/u'ar ce''(Q midd'e #a&/e&#ia''= e'o&/a#ed
ce''( a&d i&&er o. %o'=/o&a' ce''(S /rou%( o. (#o&e ce''(Q o0a' #o e'o&/a#ed arra&/ed
#a&/e&#ia''= .ormi&/ a co&#i&uou( or di(co&#i&uou( ba&dS .ibre( %re(e&# i& /rou%( i& re(# o.
#he cor#exS %h'oem (hoD( (ie0e e'eme&#(Q %h'oem %are&ch=ma a&d ba(# .ibre( i& %a#che(Q
#ra0er(ed b= u&i #o #ri(eria#e medu''ar= ra=( o. radia''= e'o&/a#ed o0a' ce''(S %h'oem
%are&ch=ma o. rec#a&/u'ar #o %o'=/o&a' #hi& Da''ed ce''(S ba(# .ibre( modera#e'= #hic6
Da''edQ 'i/&i.iedQ i& /rou%( (urrou&ded b= cr=(#a' .ibre(S abu&da&# i(o'a#ed ca'cium oxa'a#e
%ri(m cr=(#a'( %re(e&# a'(o i& ce''( o. ou#er cor#ex a&d i&&er cor#exS (#arch /rai&( mo(#'=
(im%'eQ bu# a .eD Di#h or * com%o&e&#( i& %h'oem %are&ch=ma.
$oDder I)i/h# broD&S (hoD( #hi& Da''ed %are&ch=ma#ou( ce''(S &umerou( bu&d'e( o.
'i/&i.ied .ibre( a((ocia#ed Di#h cr=(#a' .ibre(S (ie0e #ube(Q ma&=Q De''Ide0e'o%edS &umerou(
(#o&e ce''(Q #hic6 Da''edQ 'ume& &ear'= ab(e&#S abu&da&# %ri(ma#ic cr=(#a'( o. ca'cium
oxa'a#e mo(#'= %re(e&# (i&/'= i& a ce'' a&d a'(o a( &umerou( cr=(#a' .ibre(S (#arch /rai&(
mo(#'= (im%'eQ or * i& com%ou&d /rai&(Q hi'um i&co&(%icuou(.

To#a' A(h No# more #ha& 1* %er ce&#Q A%%e&dix ..*.

T.).C.
23
T.).C. o. #he die#h=' e#her ex#rac# o& %recoa#ed (i'ica /e' ^4^ %'a#e (9. mm #hic6)
u(i&/ %e#ro'eum e#her R e#h=' ace#a#e R .ormic acid (12R.2R9.) (hoDed (%o#( a# R. 9.1CQ
9.7Q 9.23 a&d 9.? (a'' %i&6) o& (%ra=i&/ Di#h 0a&i''i&I(u'%huric acid rea/e&# a&d hea#i&/
#he %'a#e a# 192
o
C .or abou# #e& mi&u#e(.

CONSTITFENTS I A&#hraHui&o&e(Q #a&&i&(Q (#ero'(.

Ra(a R Ti6#a
4uTa R 4uru
5Ur=a R KU#a
5i%P6a R ,aVu
,arma R 5P#aharaQ $i##aharaQ ,oXVha[uddhi6ara
IM$ORTANT "ORMF)ATIONS I A0i##o'adi ;ha(ma (,XPra)Q MP&a(ami#ra 5aVa6a
THERA$EFTIC FSES I 4aTYamP'PQ F%adad[aQ ,uXVhaQ AruciQ 5iba&dhaQ KZ'aQ ,Pma'PQ
HWdro/aQ Ra6#a%i##aQ 5P#ara6#aQ Ko#haQ MZ#ra6WcchraQ DPhaQ @0araQ Fdara0i6PraQ ,WmiQ
$ramehaQ 4u'maQ 5raTaQ ,aTYZQ 4rahaTUQ A[marU
DOSE I 29 I 199 m' 60P#ha.

24
2. A(%ho#a (R#)
S$HO8 (Roo#)
(%hoVP co&(i(#( o. #he dried roo# %iece( o. 5a''ari( (o'a&acea ,u&#ze (=&. 5.he=&ei
S%re&/. ("am. A%oc=&aceae)Q a 'ar/e Dood= c'imbi&/ (hrubQ occurri&/ Di'd i& (ub#ro%ica'
Hima'a=a& .ore(#(Q u% #o a& a'#i#ude o. 1299 m a&d o& #he ,o&6a& coa(# a&d .ur#her (ou#hS
o.#e& cu'#i0a#ed i& #he /arde&( a( a& or&ame&#a' %'a&# due #o i#( .ra/ra&# Dhi#e .'oDer(.
SENONEMS
Sa&(6ri# R ;hadra0a''UQ (%hoVP
A((ame(e R II
;e&/a'i R Haa%armaa'i
E&/'i(h R II
4u>ra#i R II
Hi&di R Dudhibe'
,a&&ada R II
,a(hmiri R II
Ma'a=a'am R II
Mara#hi R II
Ori=a R ;o&o6o&eri&oiQ Ha%oromo'i
$u&>abi R II
Tami' R II
Te'u/u R Na/ama''eQ Ni#=ama''e
Frdu R II
DESCRI$TION
a) Macro(co%ic
The driedQ =ou&/ a&d o'd roo# %iece( are 'i/h#Q #ou/hQ c='i&drica'Q #or#uou( a&d rare'=
bra&ched. Eou&/ roo# abou# 2 #o : cm. i& 'e&/#h a&d abou# 1 #o cm. i& diame#erQ (ur.ace
(moo#h #o .ai&#'= 'o&/i#udi&a''= Dri&6'edQ Di#h #ra&(0er(e'= e'o&/a#ed 'e&#ice'(Q crac6( a&d
25
ex.o'ia#io& a# %'ace( ex%o(i&/ #he i&&er DoodQ bu.. #o /re=i(h ex#er&a''=Q %a'e =e''oDi(h
broD& i&#er&a''=.
O'd roo# %iece( are abou# 2 #o 1 cm. i& 'e&/#h a&d * #o 7 cm. i& diame#erQ (ur.ace
0er= rou/hQ 6&o##=Q 'o&/i#udi&a''= .i((uredQ .urroDedQ crac6edQ %romi&e&# roo#'e# (car(
%re(e&#Q (ma'' rou&ded %ro#ubera&ce( e&circ'e #he 'e&#ice'( a&d ex.o'ia#io&S ear#h= broD& #o
/re= ex#er&a''=Q %a'e broD& i&#er&a''=S #ra&(0er(e'= cu# (ur.ace (hoD( broD& co'oured ou#er
bar6Q co'our'e((Q %a%er=Q #hi& i&&er bar6 a&d a Dide zo&e o. %a'e broD& ce&#ra' DoodQ
occu%=i&/ #he ma>or area o. #he roo#S odour ('i/h#'= aroma#ic a&d irri#a&#S #a(#eQ bi##er.

b) Micro(co%ic
Cor6 ma&= 'a=eredQ ou#er o&e 'i/&i.iedQ i&&er .eD 'a=er( (uberi(edQ cor6 cambium
di(#i&c# #o * 'a=eredQ cor#ex &arroD i& =ou&/ roo# a&d com%re((ed i& o'dS %are&ch=ma#ou(Q
.i''ed Di#h c'u(#er cr=(#a'( o. ca'cium oxa'a#e a&d (im%'e a( De'' a( com%ou&d (#arch /rai&(S
%eric=c'e i( charac#eri(ed b= #he %re(e&ce o. i(o'a#ed /rou%( o. (ma''Q #hic6 Da''edQ 'i/&i.ied
.ibre(S %h'oem ma&= 'a=eredQ charac#eri(ed b= #Do di(#i&c# zo&e(Q ce''( o. #he ou#er o&e
.i''ed Di#h =e''oDi(h broD& co&#e&#(Q #he i&&er &arroD zo&e i( de0oid o. #hi(S medu''ar=
ra=( mo(#'= u&i(eria#eQ rare'= bi #o .our(eria#eQ &arroDQ a'mo(# ru&&i&/ %ara''e' #o each o#her
bu# becomi&/ Da0= i& #he ou#er %h'oem a&d abru%#'= /e##i&/ broad a# i#( ex#remi#ie(
e(%ecia''= i& ca(e o. o'd roo#(S (ie0e #ube(Q com%a&io& ce''( a&d %h'oem %are&ch=ma
di(#i&c#Q a'' %are&ch=ma#ou( ce''( o. #he %h'oem i&c'udi&/ medu''ar= ra= ce''( are .i''ed Di#h
abu&da&# c'u(#er( a&d a .eD %ri(m( o. ca'cium oxa'a#e cr=(#a'( a&d (#arch /rai&(Q
microc'u(#er( o. ca'cium oxa'a#e( arra&/ed i& roD( .orm #he charac#eri(#ic .ea#ure o. #he
%h'oemS #hic6 Da''edQ circu'ar 'a#ex ce''(Q rec#a&/u'arQ #a&/e&#ia''= e'o&/a#ed oi' cha&&e'(
.i''ed Di#h oi' /'obu'e( #ra0er(e #hrou/hou# #he %h'oemS a .eD #hic6 Da''edQ 'i/&i.iedQ %i##ed
(#o&e ce''( are 'oca#ed e(%ecia''= i& #he o'd roo#(S cambium di(#i&c#Q co&#i&uou(S x='em 0er=
DideQ 'i/&i.ied co&(i(#i&/ o. mo(#'= i(o'a#ed x='em 0e((e'( a&d #racheid(Q bo#h border I
%i##edS .iber( #hi& Da''edS %are&ch=ma a&d medu''ar'= ra=( %i##edQ co&#ai&i&/ (#arch /rai&(.
$oDder I F&der #he micro(co%e i# exhibi#( %o'=/o&a' 'i/&i.ied cor6 ce''( i& (ur.ace 0ieDQ
%are&ch=ma#ou( ce''( o. #he cor#ex a&d #he %h'oem ce''( Di#h (#arch /rai&( a&d ca'icum
oxa'a#e c'u(#er cr=(#a'(Q %i##ed x='em 0e((e'( a&d #racheid(Q 'i/&i.ied %i##ed medu''ar= ra=(
ce''(S occa(io&a''= /rou%( o. 'i/&i.ied #hic6 Da''edQ %i##ed (#o&e ce''( a&d #hi& Da''ed x='em
.ibre( Di#h Dide 'ume& are a'(o (ee&.

26
AcidIi&(o'ub'e a(h No# more #ha& 9.? %er ce&#Q A%%e&dix ..3.
A'coho'I(o'ub'e ex#rac#i0e No# 'e(( #ha& : %er ce&#Q A%%e&dix ..:.

ASSAE

T.).C.
T.).C. o. #he me#ha&o'ic ex#rac# o& (i'ica /e' ^4^ %'a#e (9. mm #hic6) u(i&/ ch'oro.orm R
me#ha&o' (CR1) u&der F5 (23 &m) (hoD( %romi&e&# (%o#( a# R..

9.21Q 9.:Q 9.:7Q 9.?: (a''
dar6 (%o#) a&d 9.C: (b'ue .'uore(ce&ce). O& ex%o(ure #o iodi&e 0a%our (%o#( a%%ear a# R..
9.1Q 9.1CQ 9.CQ 9.33Q 9.29Q 9.:?Q 9.79 a&d 9.C2.

CONSTITFENTS I

Ra(a R Ti6#aQ ,aXP=a
4uTa R )a/huQ RZ6Xa
5Ur=a R FXTa
5i%P6a R ,aVu
,arma R 5P#aharaQ 5raTa[odha6a
IM$ORTANT "ORMF)ATIONS I 5a>ra6a Tai'aQ Abha=P )a0aTa
THERA$EFTIC FSES I A[marUQ KZ'aQ MZ#ra6WcchraQ $Z#a&P/raha0iXVaI(;P'aro/a)Q ,uXVhaQ
4rahaTUQ K0P(aQ MZXa6a0iXa 0i6PraQ Ar[aQ 5raTa
DOSE I *I: /
27
:. ;a(#a&#ri (R#.)
;ASTNTR< (Roo#)
;a(#P&#rU co&(i(# o. dried roo# o. Ar/=reia &er0o(a (;urm...) ;o>. (=&. A. (%ecio(a
SDee#. ("am. Co&0o'0u'aceae)Q a Dood= c'imber Di#h (#ou# (#em(Q ex#e&(i0e'= %'a&#ed i&
/arde& a'o&/ #re''i(e( a&d Da''( a&d a'(o .ou&d Di'd a( a& e(ca%e.
SENONEMS
Sa&(6ri# R 5rYdhadPruQ A&#aha ,oVara%uX%UQ ChP/a'P&#rU
A((ame(e R II
;e&/a'i R ;i>a#aada6aQ ;ridhadara6
E&/'i(h R E'e%ha&# Cree%er
4u>ra#i R Samudara So(haQ 5aradhaaroQ Shamadra(o(h
Hi&di R Sama&darI6aaI%aa#Q Samu&dar(o(hQ 4haa0a%a##aaQ 5idhaaraa
,a&&ada R Samudra%a'aQ Samudraba''i
,a(hmiri R II
Ma'a=a'am R Samudra $acchhaQ SamudraI$a'aQ Mari66u&& Maru#u#ari
Mara#hi R Samudra(ho6
Ori=a R II
$u&>abi R II
Tami' R Samudra%%achai
Te'u/u R Samudra%aa'a
Frdu R Sama&daro#ha
DESCRI$TION
a) Macro(co%ic
Roo#( o. 0ar=i&/ (ize( a&d #hic6&e((Q #hi& %iece( (hoD (omeDha# (moo#h broD&i(h
ex#eriorQ #hic6 %iece( #ou/h a&d Dood=Q 'i/h# broD& i& co'ourQ rou/hQ 'o&/i#udi&a''= (#ria#edQ
'e&#ice''a#e a&d Di#h circu'ar roo# (car(S .rac#ure .ibrou(S roo#'e#( a&d bra&che(Q #hi& a&d
(omeDha# .ibrou(S odourQ &i'S #a(#eQ %u&/e&#Q bi##er a&d a(#ri&/e&#.
28

b) Micro(co%ic
T.S. com%ri(e( o. : #o C 'a=er( o. cor6 ce''(Q a (i&/'e 'a=er o. %he''o/e& a&d u(ua''=
19 #o 1 'a=er( o. %he''odermS cor#ica' ce''( #hi& Da''ed a&d #a&/e&#ia''= e'o&/a#edQ
co&#ai&i&/ circu'ar (#arch /rai&(Q ro(e##e cr=(#a'( o. ca'cium oxa'a#e .ou&d (ca##eredS a Dide
zo&e o. (eco&dar= %h'oem co&(i(#i&/ o. (ie0e #ube(Q com%a&io& ce''( a&d %h'oem
%are&ch=ma %re(e&#Q #ra0er(ed b= medu''ar= ra=( co&#ai&i&/ circu'ar (#arch /rai&(S re(i&
ca&a'( %re(e&#S (eco&dar= x='em a Dide zo&e com%ri(i&/ o. x='em 0e((e'(Q #racheid(Q .ibreI
#racheid( a&d .ibre(.
$oDder I Creami(h broD& Dhe& .re(h #ur&i&/ /re=i(h broD& o& (#ora/eS (hoD( u&der
micro(co%eQ cor#ica' ce''( %are&ch=ma#ou( .i''ed Di#h circu'ar (#arch /rai& mea(uri&/
be#Dee& * #o 1: i& diame#erS broD& co'ouri&/ ma##er a&d ro(e##e cr=(#a'( o. ca'cium
oxa'a#e %re(e&#S 0e((e'(Q #racheid(Q x='em %are&ch=maQ .ibre( a&d .ibre #racheid( %re(e&#S
0e((e'(Q drum (ha%edQ %i##ed Di#h 'ar/e e&d %er.ora#io&(S #racheid(Q much 'o&/er #ha& Dide
Di#h bordered %i#(S .ibre( ha0i&/ %oi&#ed e&d(S .ibre #racheid(Q ha0i&/ b'u&# e&d( a&d a .eD
ob'iHue %i#(.

AcidIi&(o'ub'e a(h No# more #ha& 9.7 %er ce&#Q A%%e&dix ..3.

T.).C.
T.).C. o. me#ha&o'ic ex#rac# o. #he roo#( o& %recoa#ed (i'ica /e' 4 %'a#e u(i&/
me#ha&o' I ch'oro.orm (9 R 79) (hoDed a b'ue .'uore(ce&# (%o# u&der F5 (*:2&m) a'o&/
Di#h &umber o. o#her (%o#( o. 0er= Dea6 i&#e&(i#=. Due #o #he %re(e&ce o. 0er= &e/'i/ib'e
amou&# o. a'6a'oid( i& #he roo#( #he(e cou'd &o# be i(o'a#ed. HoDe0erQ me#ha&o'ic ex#rac# o.
A. &er0o(a (eed( Da( %re%ared a&d T.).C. com%ared Di#h A. &er0o(a roo#( ex#rac#. The
29
T.).C. %a##er& o. roo# a&d (eed ex#rac#( (%re%ared i& me#ha&o') Da( (imi'ar a'#hou/h #he
i&#e&(i#= o. (%o#( i& ca(e o. roo# ex#rac#( Da( 0er= %oor.

Ra(a R ,aVuQ Ti6#aQ ,aXP=a
4uTa R SaraQ )a/hu
5Ur=a R FXTa
5i%P6a R ,aVu
,arma R ,a%ha0P#aharaQ AdhobhP/aharaQ 5WX=aQ Ra(P=a&aQ =ur0Wddhi6araQ
;a'=aQ Medh=aQ Ruc=aQ S0ar=aQ ,aTVh=aQ A(#hi(a&dhP&a6PrUQ A/&i6araQ ,P&#i6araQ 5iXa/h&a
IM$ORTANT "ORMF)ATIONS I Mi[ra6a S&eha
THERA$EFTIC FSES I 4u'maQ MZ#ra6WcchraQ AruciQ HWdru>PQ &PhaQ FdP0ar#aQ Ar[aQ
FdaraQ 4rahabPdhPQ KZ'aQ 5P#aru>PQ Ra6#a%i##aQ 5P#ara6#aQ ma0a#aQ Ko%haQ MehaQ 5P#Pr[aQ
K0a=a#huQ ,WmiQ $PTYuQ ,Xa=aQ ,P(aQ F&mPdaQ A%a(mPraQ 5i(ZcUQ $ra#U#umQ K'U%ada
DOSE I *I2 /

30
?. ;hur>a (S#.;6)
;H!R@A- (S#em ;ar6)
;hZr>ac co&(i(#( o. #he (#em bar6 o. ;e#u'a u#i'i( D.Do& (=&. ;.bho>%a##ra 1a''. ("am.
;e#u'aceae)Q a modera#e (ized #reeQ u(ua''= Di#h a (omeDha# irre/u'ar bo'eS occa(io&a''= a
mere (hrubQ .ormi&/ #he u%%er 'imi# o. .ore(# 0e/e#a#io&Q .ou&d #hrou/hou# #he mai&
Hima'a=a& ra&/e a(ce&di&/ #o a& a'#i#ude o. 399 m.
SENONEMS
Sa&(6ri# R ;hZr>a $a#racQ MWducchadaQ ;ahu'a0a'6a'aQ ;hZr>a/ra&a#hiQ CarmUQ
)e6h=a%a#ra6ah
A((ame(e R II
;e&/a'i R ;hoo>%a#raQ ;hu>i%a#ra
E&/'i(h R Hima'a=a& Si'0er ;irch
4u>ra#i R ;ho>%a#ra
Hi&di R ;ho>a%a#ra
,a&&ada R II
,a(hmiri R II
Ma'a=a'am R ;hur>amaram
Mara#hi R ;hoor>a%a#ra
Ori=a R II
$u&>abi R II
Tami' R ;ho>a%a#ram
Te'u/u R ;hur>a%a#ri
Frdu R II
DESCRI$TION
a) Macro(co%ic
31
;roadQ horizo&#a' %a%er 'i6e (#ri%(Q .'a%( or .'a6e( o. 0ar=i&/ (ize( or 'oo(e'=
'ami&a#ed ex.o'ia#i&/ %iece( o. bar6S ou#er (ur.ace (moo#h (i'0er /re= or creami(hI=e''oD
Di#h broD& (#rea6(S i&&er (ur.ace (hi&i&/Q reddi(h broD& i& co'ourQ ('i/h#'= Dri&6'edQ more
o.#e& de0oid o. mar6i&/(S odourQ ('i/h#'= #erbi&#he&eS #a(#eI&o&e.

b) Micro(co%ic
T.S. (hoD( rec#a&/u'ar ce''(Q : #o C 'a=er( o. #hi& Da''ed %are&ch=ma#ou( ce''(Q
co&#ai&i&/ %ri(ma#ic ca'cium oxa'a#e cr=(#a'(.
$oDder I )i/h# broD&S %are&ch=ma#ou( ce''(Q Di#h a .eD %ri(ma#ic ca'cium oxa'a#e cr=(#a'(
%re(e&#.

To#a' A(h No# more #ha& .1 %er ce&#Q A%%e&dix ..*.
A'coho'I(o'ub'e ex#rac#i0e No# 'e(( #ha& 1C %er ce&#Q A%%e&dix ..:.
1a#erI(o'ub'e ex#rac#i0e No# 'e(( #ha& 9.7 %er ce&#Q A%%e&dix ..?.

ASSAE

T.).C.
T.).C. o. ch'oro.orm ex#rac# o. #he dru/ o& a %recoa#ed (i'ica /e' 4 %'a#e u(i&/ &I
hexa&e R e#h=' ace#a#e (CR1)Q o& (%ra=i&/ Di#h )iberma&I;urchard rea/e&# a&d hea#i&/ #he
%'a#e .or abou# 2 mi&u#e( a# 119
o
CQ #hree (%o#( a%%ear a# R. . 9.*1 (b'ac6i(hI/re=)Q 9.:
(dar6 %i&6) a&d 9.23 ('i/h# %i&6) a&d Dere com%arab'e #o #he (%o#( o. be#u'i&Q 'u%eo' a&d *
Iace#ox=I1Io'ea&e&I7Ioic acid re(%ec#i0e'=.

32

CONSTITFENTS I ;e#u'i&Q 'u%eo' a&d * I ae#ox= I 1 I o'ea&e& I 7 I oic acid.

Ra(a R ,aVuQ ,aXP=a
4uTa R )a/hu
5Ur=a R FXTa
5i%P6a R ,aVu
,arma R TridoXa[ama&aQ ;hZ#ara6XP6araQ 5iXa/h&aQ ;a'=aQ K'eXmaharaQ Medohara
IM$ORTANT "ORMF)ATIONS I A=a(6W#i
THERA$EFTIC FSES I ,arTaro/aQ Ra6#a%i##aQ ,uXVharo/aQ Ra6Xo/h&adhZ%a&aQ 5raTaQ
A%arP%P#a&aQ 4arbha(ab/aQ 4ra&#hi0i(ar%aQ ;P'a/raha
DOSE I 1I* /

33
7. Ca&da (R#)
CAAB (Roo#)
CaTYP co&(i(#( o. dried roo# o. A&/e'ica archa&/e'ica )i&&. ("am. A%iaceae)Q a #a''
%ere&&ia' herb Di#h #hic6 ho''oD (#em beari&/ 'ar/e bi%i&&a#e 'ea0e( a&d umbe'( o. /ree&i(hI
Dhi#e .'oDer(S .ou&d Di'd i& i&&er 0a''e=( o. Hima'a=a( 0iz. ,a(hmirQ ChambaQ ,u''uQ $a&/iQ
)ahau' a&d ,i&&aur a# a'#i#ude( be#Dee& *99 a&d 399 m.
SENONEMS
Sa&(6ri# R )a/hu Cora6a
A((ame(e R II
;e&/a'i R II
E&/'i(h R II
4u>ra#i R II
Hi&di R Chora6a bhedaQ Dudhachoraa
,a&&ada R II
,a(hmiri R II
Ma'a=a'am R II
Mara#hi R II
Ori=a R II
$u&>abi R II
Tami' R II
Te'u/u R II
Frdu R II
DESCRI$TION
a) Macro(co%ic
34
Ta% roo# #hic6Q #Di(#edQ .'e(h=Q hi/h'= aroma#ic Di#h &umerou( roo#'e#(Q /re=i(h i&
co'ourS odourQ mu(6I'i6eS #a(#eQ (Dee#.

b) Micro(co%ic
T.S. (hoD( %eriderm com%o(ed o. 2 #o C 'a=er( o. cor6Q .o''oDed b= a 'a=er o.
%he''o/e& a&d a .eD 'a=er( o. %he''odermQ cor6 ce''( rec#a&/u'arS cor#ex com%o(ed o. #hi&
Da''ed %are&ch=ma#ou( ce''(Q irre/u'ar i& (ha%e Di#h i&#erce''u'ar (%ace( a&d co&#ai&
abu&da&# (#arch /rai&(S &umerou( o'eoIre(i& ce''( .i''ed Di#h oi' /'obu'e( are %re(e&#Q DhichQ
i& ma#ure roo#( ma= de/e&era#e a&d .orm irre/u'ar ca0i#ie(S 0a(cu'ar re/io& a&d cor#ex
#ra0er(ed b= bi(eria#e medu''ar= ra=(Q co&#ai&i&/ circu'ar (#arch /rai&(Q mea(uri&/ u(ua''=
u%#o 3 bu# (ome u%#o :2 i& 'e&/#h a&d 32 i& bread#hS %h'oem a Dide zo&e com%o(ed
o. (ie0e #ube(Q com%a&io& ce''(Q %h'oem %are&ch=ma a&d medu''ar= ra=(S (chizo/e&ou(
o'eoIre(i& ce''( 'i&ed b= e%i#he'ium co&#ai&i&/ =e''oDi(h broD& (ub(#a&ce( %re(e&# i& #hi(
zo&eS cambium 0er= di(#i&c# co&(i(#i&/ o. 3 #o 7 'a=er(S x='em co&(i(#( o. 0e((e'( a&d
#racheid(.
$oDder I Creami(h =e''oDS (hoD( u&der micro(co%e drum (ha%ed 0e((e'( Di#h re#icu'a#e
#hic6e&i&/(Q #racheid( e'o&/a#ed Di#h %oi&#ed e&d( ha0i&/ re#icu'a#e #hic6e&i&/(S .ibre(
&arroD e'o&/a#ed Di#h %oi&#ed e&d(S circu'ar (#arch /rai&( %re(e&#.

"orei/& ma##er No# more #ha& .9 %er ce&#Q A%%e&dix ...
To#a' A(h No# more #ha& ? %er ce&#Q A%%e&dix ..*.
AcidIi&(o'ub'e a(h No# more #ha& 1. %er ce&#Q A%%e&dix ..3.
5o'a#i'e oi' No# 'e(( #ha& 9.* %er ce&#Q A%%e&dix ..19

T.).C.
T.).C. o. #he me#ha&o'ic ex#rac# o. #he roo#( o& %recoa#ed (i'ica /e' ^4^ %'a#e(Q u(i&/
me#ha&o' R ch'oro.orm (RC7) a( #he mobi'e %ha(eQ o& (%ra=i&/ Di#h \ 0a&i''i& i& (u'%huric
35
acid rea/e&# a&d hea#i&/ #he %'a#e .or .i0e mi&u#e( a# 119
o
C (hoDed o& ora&/e broD& (%o# a#
R..9.*? (com%arab'e #o #he (%o# o. (e'imo&e) a&d a /re=i(h b'ue (%o# a# R..9.:7 (com%arab'e
#o #he (%o# o. archa&/e'i&).

CONSTITFENTS I Co&#ai&i&/ 'imo&e&eQ I%he''a&dre&eQ %i&e&eQ %Ic=me&eQ #er%i&o'e&eQ
m=rce&eQ .e&cho&eQ 'i&a'oo'Q I#er%i&eo'Q cadi&e&eQ bor&eo'Q Icar=o%h=''e&eQ bi(abo'o'Q
a&/e'ica 'ac#o&eQ a&d o#her mo&o a&d (e(Hui#er%e&e(. O#her co&(#i#ue&#( i&c'ude (e'imo&eQ
archa&/e'i&Q ox=%euceda&i&.

Ra(a R ,aVu
4uTa R )a/huQ TU6XTa
5Ur=a R FXTa
5i%P6a R ,aVu
,arma R 5P#aharaQ ,a%haharaQ K0P(aharaQ MZ#ra'aQ 5arTa%ra(Pda6aQ S0eda/h&aQ
,aTYZ/h&aQ 5iXa/h&aQ Daur/a&dhahara
IM$ORTANT "ORMF)ATIONS I Mae>iXVhPdi Tai'a
THERA$EFTIC FSES I Ko#haQ K0P(aQ A%a(mPraQ Hi66PQ Ar[aQ ,aTYZQ $iYa6PQ ,oVha
DOSE I 1I* /

36
C. Cora6a (R# f R#.S#oc6)
CORA,A- (Roo# Soc6)
Cora6ac co&(i(#( o. dried ma#ure roo# a&d roo# (#oc6 o. A&/e'ica /'auca Ed/D. ("am.
A%iaceae)Q a /'abrou( herbQ u%#o 1.2 m #a''Q (#em erec#Q /roo0ed a&d .i(#u'ar Di#h %i&&a#e'=
di0ided 'ea0e( ha0i&/ com%ou&d umbe'( o. Dhi#e or %ur%'e .'oDer(Q .ou&d i& #em%era#e &or#hI
De(# Hima'a=a(.
SENONEMS
Sa&(6ri# R Ta(6aracQ ,(ema6ac
A((ame(e R II
;e&/a'i R Chora6
E&/'i(h R II
4u>ra#i R Chora6
Hi&di R ChoraaQ 4a&dra=a&Q Ri6ha Choraa
,a&&ada R Chora6a
,a(hmiri R II
Ma'a=a'am R Chora6a $u''u
Mara#hi R Cora6
Ori=a R II
$u&>abi R ChoraaQ Churaa
Tami' R II
Te'u/u R 4addi Da0a&amu
Frdu R II
DESCRI$TION
a) Macro(co%ic
37
Roo# (#oc6 R Sma''Q #hic6 %iece(Q 2 #o 12 cm 'o&/ a&d 1 #o * cm i& #hic6&e((S
=e''oDi(h #o /re= i& co'ourQ rou/h due #o #he %re(e&ce o. dee% .urroD( a&d 'o&/i#udi&a'
Dri&6'e(S .reHue&#'= croD&ed Di#h 'ea. or (#em ba(eS .rac#ureQ hard a&d .ibrou(S odour
charac#eri(#ica''= aroma#icS #a(#eQ (Dee# Di#h a bi##er a.#er e..ec# a&d %u&/e&# aroma#ic
.'a0our.
Roo# R Sma'' %iece( o. 2 #o 9 mm i& #hic6&e((Q ex#er&a''= /ra=i(hIbroD& a&d (%o&/=S
(ur.ace rou/h due #o 'o&/i#udi&a' Dri&6'e(Q .urroD( a&d #ra&(0er(e crac6(S i&#er&a''= i#
(hoD( a =e''oD %orou( radia#i&/ Dood (urrou&ded b= dar6 broD& cor6S .rac#ure (hor#Q
(moo#h a&d #he .rac#ured (ur.ace (hoD( bar6 Di#h &umerou( radia''= arra&/ed (chizo/e&ou(
o'eoIre(i& ca0i#ie( Di#h broD& or =e''oD co&#e&#.

b) Micro(co%ic
Roo# (#oc6 R T.S. (hoD( : #o 19 'a=ered cor6 o. #a&/e&#ia''= e'o&/a#ed ce''(Q .o''oDed
b= * or 3 'a=er( o. %he''o/e& a&d a Dide zo&e o. %he''oderm co&(i(#i&/ o. #hi& Da''ed
%are&ch=ma i& Dhich (chizo/e&ou( ca0i#ie( %re(e&#S %h'oemQ co&e (ha%edQ #ra0er(ed b=
%are&ch=ma#ou( medu''ar= ra=( .i''ed Di#h circu'ar (#arch /rai&( mea(uri&/ be#Dee& * a&d
* i& diame#erS &umerou( (chizo/e&ou( o'eoIre(i& ce''( %re(e&#S cambium %re(e&#S x='em
arra&/ed i& co&ce&#ric 'a=er( a&d co&(i(#( o. 0e((e'(Q #racheid(Q .ibre( a&d x='em
%are&ch=ma a&d #ra0er(ed b= medu''ar= ra=(S %i#h co&(i(#( o. #hi& Da''ed %are&ch=ma#ou(
#i((ue i& Dhich (chizo/e&ou( o'eoIre(i& ca0i#ie(Q .i''ed Di#h =e''oDi(h co&#e&#( o. re(i& are
%re(e&#.
Roo# R T.S. (hoD( %eriderm co&(i(#i&/ o. 2 #o 7 'a=er( o. #hi& Da''ed =e''oDi(h I broD&
cor6Q a 'a=er o. %he''o/e& a&d %he''odermQ com%o(ed o. #hi&IDa''ed %are&ch=ma ce''(Q
irre/u'ar i& (ha%e Di#h i&#erce''u'ar (%ace a&d co&#ai&i&/ abu&da&# (#arch /rai&( mea(uri&/
u%#o 9 i& diame#erS (ome o. #he(e ce''( di(i&#e/ra#e i& #he ma#ure roo#( a&d /i0e ri(e #o
(ome irre/u'ar ca0i#ie(S (chizo/e&ou( #=%e o. o'eoIre(i& ca0i#ie( i& #hi( re/io& co&#ai& oi'
/'obu'e( a&d re(i&S %h'oem a Dide zo&e a&d #ra0er(ed b= medu''ar= ra=(Q co&(i(#i&/ o.
%h'oem %are&ch=maQ (ie0e #ube( a&d com%a&io& ce''(S &umerou( radia''= arra&/ed
(chizo/e&ou( o'eoIre(i& ca0i#ie( %re(e&# i& %h'oem %are&ch=maQ co&#ai&i&/ =e''oDi(h or
=e''oDi(hIbroD& co&#e&#(S cambium %re(e&#S x='em diarch a&d radia#i&/ Dood #ra0er(ed b=
%are&ch=ma#ou(Q mu'#i(eria#e medu''ar= ra=( .i''ed Di#h (#arch /rai&( mea(uri&/ u%#o 9
i& diame#erS Dood co&(i(#( o. 0e((e'(Q #racheid(Q Dood %are&ch=ma a&d Dood .ibre(S 0e((e'(
38
'ar/eQ drum I (ha%ed or e'o&/a#edQ re#icu'a#e'= #hic6e&ed ha0i&/ ob'iHue or #ra&(0er(e
%er.ora#io&.
$oDder I Ee''oDi(h I broD&Q (hoD( u&der micro(co%eQ %are&ch=ma#ou( ce''( .i''ed Di#h
=e''oD or reddi(hIbroD& co'ouri&/ ma##er a&d oi' /'obu'e(S (chizo/e&ou( ca0i#ie( a&d
0e((e'( Di#h re#icu'a#e #hic6e&i&/( %re(e&#S (#arch /rai&( (im%'eQ o0a' #o circu'arQ u%#o 2
a%%roxima#e'=.

To#a' A(h No# more #ha& :.2 %er ce&#Q A%%e&dix ..*.
5o'a#i'e oi' No# 'e(( #ha& 9.3 %er ce&#Q A%%e&dix ..19

T.).C.
T.).C. o. e((e&#ia' oi' o. #he dru/ o& %recoa#ed (i'ica /e' 4 %'a#e u(i&/ e#h=' ace#a#e R
hexa&e (*RC?) (hoD( u&der F5 'i/h# (*:2 &m) .our (%o#( a# R.. 9.37Q 9.39 f 9.C (=e''oDi(h
b'ue .'uore(e&ce) a&d 9.2 (b'ue .'uore(e&ce). O& (%ra=i&/ Di#h dra/e&dro..^( rea/e&# #Do
(%o#( a# R.. 9.37 a&d 9.39 a%%eared a( ora&/e co'oured. O& (%ra=i&/ Di#h \ 0a&i''i&I
(u'%huric acid a%%ear( .our (%o#( a# R. 9.37 f 9.39 (/re=i(hI%ur%'e)Q 9.C (cremi(h) a&d
9.2 (%i&6i(hI%ur%'e).
The me#ha&o' ex#rac# o. #he dru/ o& %recoa#ed (i'ica /e' 4 %'a#eQ u(i&/ me#ha&o'I
ch'oro.orm (R C7) (hoD( o&e (%o# a# R.. 9.?1Q a&d e#h=' ace#a#e R hexa&e (2RC2) a%%ear
(i&/'e (%o# a# R.. 9.1 (=e''oDi(hIb'ue co'our) u&der F5 'i/h# (*:2 &m) a&d Da( com%arab'e
#o #he (%o# o. ox=%euceda&i&.

CONSTITFENTS I Ox=%euceda&i&Q *Ibu#='ide&e %h#ha'ideQ *Ibu#='ide&e dihydrophthalide
!"#a$d !%&#li'()tilide* a$d di+er) o, -(tyl phthalide) a$'iolide. a$'eli/olide*0
39

Ra(a R MadhuraQ Ti6#aQ ,aVu
4uTa R )a/huQ RZ6XaQ TU6XTa
5Ur=a R FXTa
5i%P6a R ,aVu
,arma R 5P#aharaQ ,a%haharaQ MedoharaQ S0edaharaQ HWd=aQ Sad>ea(#hP%a&aQ D
U%a&aQ $Pca&aQ 5arTa%ra(Pda&aQ 5Pma6a
IM$ORTANT "ORMF)ATIONS I 4uYZc=Pdi Moda6aQ ;a'P[0a/a&dha'P6XPdi Tai'aQ MahP
NPrP=aTa Tai'a
THERA$EFTIC FSES I ,aTYZQ $iVi6PQ ,oVhaQ ,uXVhaQ @0araQ 5iXaro/aQ 5raTaQ Ra6#adoXaQ
A/&imP&d=aQ Kirac KZ'aQ F&mPdaQ A%a(mPraQ Hi66PQ K0P(aQ $ra#i[=P=aQ KU#a>0araQ ;P'aro/a
DOSE I *I: /

40
19. Darbha (R#)
DAR;HA (Roo#)
Darbha co&(i(#( o. roo# o. Im%era#a c='i&drica ()i&&.) ;eau0. ("am. $oaceae)Q a
%ere&&ia'Q erec#Q *9 #o C9 cm #a'' #u.#ed /ra((Q di(#ribu#ed i& #he ho##er %ar#( o. I&dia .rom
$u&>ab (ou#hDard(.
SENONEMS
Sa&(6ri# R Ea>eamZ'aQ F'uQ ,u#u6aQ ,haradarbhaQ K0g#adarbha
A((ame(e R II
;e&/a'i R F'u
E&/'i(h R Tha#ch /ra((Q Co/o& /ra((
4u>ra#i R DaabhdoQ Darabh
Hi&di R DaabhaQ SiruQ F'u
,a&&ada R Sa&&a dabbac hu''u
,a(hmiri R II
Ma'a=a'am R 5idu'am
Mara#hi R Dar(&aaQ Dhub
Ori=a R II
$u&>abi R DaabaQ Si'
Tami' R Darbhai%u'Q Na&a'
Te'u/u R Darba'uQ Darbha /addiQ ModeDa /addi
Frdu R II
DESCRI$TION
a) Macro(co%ic
The roo#( are .ibrou(Q u%#o mm. i& diame#erQ ari(i&/ .rom #he &ode( o. (#o'o&(S
(ur.ace u&e0e&Q Di#h .i&e Dri&6'e(Q 'i/h# broD& #o dar6 broD& i& co'ourS .rac#ureQ .ibrou(S
#a(#e a&d odourIi&di(#i&c#.
41

b) Micro(co%ic
T.S. (hoD( (i&/'e 'a=ered e%idermi( Di#h a .eD 'o&/ roo# hair(Q .o''oDed b= cor#ex
Dhich ca& be di..ere&#ia#ed i&#o ou#er a&d i&&er re/io&(S ou#er cor#ex re%re(e&#ed b= * #o 2
'a=er( o. circu'ar #o o0a'I(ha%ed #hi& Da''ed %are&ch=ma ce''(S i&&er cor#ica' re/io& exhibi#(
&umerou( air ca0i#ie( 'i&ed b= #hi& Da''ed radia''= e'o&/a#ed %are&ch=ma#ou( ce''( .ormi&/
#he #rabecu'aeS #he ce&#ra' re/io& o. #he roo# exhibi#( a #=%ica' mo&oco#='edo&ou( (#ruc#ure
ha0i&/ 19 #o 12 bu&d'e( o. x='em e'eme&#( a'#er&a#i&/ Di#h (ma'' %a#che( o. %h'oem a&d
(urrou&ded b= ri&/( o. e&dodermi( a&d %eric=c'eS exce%# #ho(e o. %h'oem e'eme&#( a'' #he
ce''( .rom me#ax='em #o %eric=c'e re/io& are #hic6 Da''ed a&d 'i/&i.iedS #he ce&#re o. #he
0a(cu'ar c='i&der i( occu%ied b= %i#h co&(i(#i&/ o. #hi& Da''ed %are&ch=ma#ou( ce''(S #he
0e((e'( are border %i##edS #racheid( exhibi# bordered %i#( a( De'' a( re#icu'a#e #hic6e&i&/S
%are&ch=ma o. 0a(cu'ar re/io& are %i##ed a&d .ibre( are #hic6 Da''ed Di#h %oi&#ed #o
#a%eri&/ e&d(.
$oDder I The %oDder exhibi#( .ra/me&#( o. hair(Q #hi& Da''ed %are&ch=ma ce''(Q #hic6
Da''ed .ibre( Di#h #a%eri&/ or %oi&#ed e&d(S border %i##ed 0e((e'(Q e'o&/a#ed #racheid( Di#h
#a%eri&/ #o b'u&# e&d( exhibi#i&/ re#icu'a#e #hic6e&i&/ or bordered %i#( a&d rec#a&/u'arQ
#hic6 Da''edQ %i##ed %are&ch=ma ce''(.

AcidIi&(o'ub'e a(h No# more #ha& * %er ce&#Q A%%e&dix ..3.
A'coho'I(o'ub'e ex#rac#i0e No# 'e(( #ha& %er ce&#Q A%%e&dix ..:.

T.).C.
T)C o. a'coho'ic ex#rac# o& %reIcoa#ed Si'ica '4' %'a#e( (Merc6)Q u(i&/ Ch'oro.ormR
Tou'e&eRE#ha&o'RAce#ic R 1a#er (R7R1R9.2R1Q 'oDer %ha(e)Q (hoD( u&der F.5. (23 &m)
#Do Dhi#e .'uore(ce&# (%o#( a# R..9.? a&d 9.3S o& ex%o(ure #o iodi&e 0a%our( (ix (%o#(
a%%ear a# R.. 9.C3Q 9.72Q 9.?Q 9.32Q 9.*C (a'' =e''oD) a&d 9.*: (ora&/e)S a.#er (%ra=i&/ Di#h
2\ e#ha&o'icI(u'%huric acid a&d hea#i&/ #he %'a#e a# 119
9
C .or *9 mi&u#e(Q #e& (%o#( a%%ear
42
a# R.. 9.C3 (dar6 broD&)Q 9.72 ('i/h# broD&)Q 9.?: (.ai&# broD&)Q 9.? (broD&)Q 9.2 ('i/h#
broD&)Q 9.32 ('i/h# broD&)Q 9.*C (0io'e#)Q 9.*: (=e''oD)Q 9.: (ora&/e) a&d 9.1 (.ai&#
broD&).

CONSTITFENTS I Co&#ai&( .i0e #ri#er%e&oid( 0iz. c='i&dri&Q aru&doi&Q .er&e&o&Q
i(obur&eo' a&d (imiare&o'.

Ra(a R MadhuraQ ,aXP=a
4uTa R )a/huQ S&i/dha
5Ur=a R KU#a
5i%P6a R Madhura
,arma R TridoXaharaQ Ra(P=a&aQ MZ#ra0ireca&U=aQ S#a&=a>a&a&aQ $i%P(PharaQ
,uXVha/h&aQ DPha%ra[ama&aQ 5Pma6a
IM$ORTANT "ORMF)ATIONS I ,ar%ZrPd=Pr6aQ ;rPhma Ra(P=a&aQ Trai6aTVa6a 4hW#aQ
Su6umPra 4hW#a
THERA$EFTIC FSES I MZ#ra6WcchraQ A[marUQ MZ#rP/hP#aQ ;a(#i[Z'aQ TWXTPQ DPhaQ
Ra6#a%radaraQ Ra6#Pr[aQ $radaraQ Ra6#a%i##aQ @0araQ 5i(ar%aQ $i##abhiX=a&da
DOSE I 19I9 / .or decoc#io&.

43
11. Dha&0a=a(a (1h]$')
DHAN5AESA- (1ho'e $'a&#)
Dha&0a=P(ac co&(i(#( o. dried Dho'e %'a&# o. "a/o&ia cre#ica )i&&. S=&. ". arabica
)i&&.Q ". bru/uieri DC. ("am. J=/o%h=''aceae)Q a (ma'' (%i&= u&der (hrub Di#h (#i..Q more or
'e(( %ro(#ra#e bra&che( .ou&d i& &or#hIDe(# I&dia a&d Decca&.
SENONEMS
Sa&(6ri# R Duh(%ar[PQ DurP'ambhPQ Dha&0a=P(a6ahQ 5iru%PQ DurP'abhPQ
FXVrabha6X=P
A((ame(e R II
;e&/a'i R Dura'abha
E&/'i(h R ,hora(a& #hor&
4u>ra#i R Dhamaa(o
Hi&di R Damaha&Q Dhamaa(aQ Hi&/uaaQ Dha&hare
,a&&ada R II
,a(hmiri R II
Ma'a=a'am R ,odi##u0a
Mara#hi R Dhamaa(aa
Ori=a R II
$u&>abi R DamaQ DhamahQ Dhamaha
Tami' R Tu'/a&ari
Te'u/u R Chi##i/a0aQ 4i'are/a#i
Frdu R II
DESCRI$TION
a) Macro(co%ic
44
Roo# I Ta% roo# ex#er&a''= broD&i(h /ree&Q rou/hQ Di#h 'o&/i#udi&a' (#ria#io&(Q core
=e''oDi(hI/ree&S .rac#ureQ .ibrou(.
S#em I S#em %iece( 9.2 #o 1.2 cm #hic6Q o. 0ariab'e 'e&/#h(S =ou&/ /ree&Q ma#ure broD&S
(%i&=Q #Do %air( o. (%i&e( %re(e&# a# each &odeQ (%i&e( (har%Q ('e&derQ 1.2 #o cm i& 'e&/#hS
ex#er&a' (ur.ace o. (#em /ree&Q Dhi#i(h broD& Dhe& dr=Q (#ria#edS #ra&(0er(e'= (moo#he&ed
(ur.ace (hoDi&/ a #hi& bar6 a&d %romi&e&# DoodQ bar6 %ee'i&/ .rom (#emS .rac#ureQ (hor#.
)ea. I Sma''Q (ub(e((i'eQ 'i&earQ ob'o&/Q 'ea.'e#( e&#ireQ /ree& or b'ac6i(h broD&Q 9.2 #o 1.2
cm i& 'e&/#h a&d 9.92 #o 9.1 cm i& Did#hQ Di#hou# a&= %romi&e&# midrib re/io& %ro>ec#ed
abo0e #he 'e0e' o. 'ami&a.
"'oDer I "'oDer( (ma''Q %a'e ro(e or %ur%'eQ %edice'( ('e&derQ : #o 1 mm 'o&/S (e%a'( * #o 3
mm 'o&/Q o0a#eQ ari(#a#eS %e#a'( #Dice a( 'o&/ a( #he (e%a'(Q (%a#hu'a#eQ c'aD 'o&/S o0ar=
hair=Q (#='e #a%eri&/.
"rui# I $e&#a/o&ou( (chizocar%Q com%o(ed o. .i0e com%re((edQ #Do 0a'0ed cocci.

b) Micro(co%ic
Roo# I T.S. (hoD( ou#ermo(# cor6 re%re(e&#ed b= 3 or 2 'a=er( o. (ma''Q &arroDQ
#a&/e&#ia''= e'o&/a#ed ce''(S %he''oderm com%o(ed o. : #o 19 'a=er( o. (omeDha#
#a&/e&#ia''= e'o&/a#edQ #hi& Da''ed %are&ch=ma#ou( ce''(Q (ome ce''( ha0i&/ rhomboid
cr=(#a'( o. ca'cium oxa'a#e mea(uri&/ 19 #o 12 i& 'e&/#h a&d 7 #o 19 i& Did#hS ou#er %ar#
o. (eco&dar= %h'oem charac#eri(ed b= #he %re(e&ce o. abu&da&#Q bu# (ma'' %a#che( o. or *
#hic6 Da''ed %h'oem .ibre(S Dood com%o(ed o. 0e((e'(Q x='em .ibre( a&d #ra0er(ed b= 1 #o *
(eria#e medu''ar= ra=(S 0e((e'( arra&/ed i& (i&/'e( or doub'e(S .ibre( 'o&/Q #hic6 Da''ed Di#h
#a%eri&/ e&d( a&d mea(uri&/ u%#o 299 i& 'e&/#h a&d abou# 2 i& Did#h.

S#em I T.S. (hoD( more or 'e(( circu'ar ou#'i&eS (i&/'e 'a=ered e%idermi( Di#h #hic6 cu#ic'eS
u&ice''u'ar #richome( occa(io&a''= %re(e&#S cor#ex co&(i(#i&/ o. ? #o 19 'a=er( o.
%are&ch=ma#ou( ce''( (hoDi&/ 'ar/e %a#che( o. .ibre(S (c'ereid( Di#h &arroD 'ume&
occurri&/ (i&/'= or i& /rou%( i& #he cor#exQ mea(uri&/ u%#o 29 i& diam.S (e0era' cor#ica'
ce''( co&#ai& #a&&i&(S (eco&dar= %h'oem co&(i(#i&/ o. #hi& Da''ed ce''(S 0a(cu'ar cambium
com%o(ed o. * #o 3 'a=er( o. #hi& Da''ed #a&/e&#ia''= e'o&/a#ed ce''(S (eco&dar= x='em
com%o(ed o. .ibre(Q #racheid(Q 0e((e'(Q x='em %are&ch=maS .ibre( 'o&/Q #hic6 Da''ed Di#h
#a%eri&/ e&d( a&d mea(uri&/ :9 #o C29 i& 'e&/#h a&d u%#o 9 i& Did#hS medu''ar= ra=(
mo(#'= u&i(eria#e or (ome#ime( bi(eria#eS %i#h com%o(ed o. 'ar/e #hi& Da''ed
%are&ch=ma#ou( ce''(Q (ome ce''( co&#ai&i&/ #a&&i&(S rhomboid cr=(#a'( mea(uri&/ 17 #o *9
i& 'e&/#h a&d 1 #o 9 i& Did#h %re(e&# i& cor#ex a&d %i#h.
45
)ea. I I(obi'a#era'S (i&/'e 'a=ered e%idermi( co&(i(#i&/ o. mo(#'= #a&/e&#ia''= e'o&/a#ed
ce''( co0ered Di#h #hic6 cu#ic'e. I& (ur.ace 0ieD bo#h u%%er a&d 'oDer e%idermii (hoD
a&omoc=#ic #=%e o. (#oma#aQ e%iderma' ce''( %o'=/o&a' i& (ha%eS or * 'a=ered %a'i(ade
ce''( %re(e&# o& bo#h #he (ide(Q ad>ace&# #o #he e%idermi(S 0a(cu'ar bu&d'e( (hoD x='em
#oDard( 'oDer (ide a&d %h'oem #oDard( u%%er (ideS (c'ere&ch=ma #i((ue occur a( a bu&d'e
ca% >u(# abo0e #he %h'oemS (ma'' 'a#era' 0a(cu'ar bu&d'e( a'(o %re(e&# i& 'ami&aS 0ei&Ii('e#
&umber 11 #o13S (#oma#a' i&dex 1: #o 1? o& 'oDer e%idermi( a&d 2 #o ? o& u%%er e%idermi(S
%a'i(ade ra#io or * o& u%%er e%idermi( a&d #o 3 o& 'oDer e%idermi(.
$oDder Ee''oDi(hIDhi#eQ bi##er #a(#eQ (hoDi&/ /rou%( o. .ibre(Q bordered %i##ed 0e((e'(Q
.ra/me&#( o. %a'i(ade #i((ueQ (c'ereid(Q rhomboid cr=(#a'( o. ca'cium oxa'a#eQ cor6 ce''(Q a&d
u&ice''u'ar /'a&du'ar a&d &o&/'a&du'ar #richome( (bo#h .rom .rui# e%icar%)Q e%iderma' ce''(
(cubica'Q rec#a&/u'ar or %o'=/o&a') Di#h ('i/h#'= Da0= Da''( a&d a&omoc=#ic (#oma#a.


ASSAE

T.).C.
T.).C. o. #he a'coho'ic ex#rac# o& (i'ica /e' ^4^ %'a#e( (9. mm #hic6) u(i&/
ch'oro.orm R me#ha&o'R ace#ic acid (?9R*9R9.) (hoD( u&der F5 (23 &m) .our (%o#( a# R..
9.13Q 9.*Q 9.3: (a'' 0io'e#) a&d 9.? (=e''oDi(h /ree&). F&der F5 (*::&m) (ix .'uore(ce&#
(%o#( a%%ear a# R.. 9.13Q 9.* (bo#h broD&)Q 9.*CQ 9.21Q 9.:1 a&d 9.? (a'' %i&6). O&
ex%o(ure #o iodi&e 0a%our &i&e (%o#( a%%ear a# R.. 9.13Q 9.1CQ 9.7Q 9.*2 (a'' =e''oD)Q 9.3:
(.ai&# ora&/e)Q 9.21Q 9.:1 a&d 9.? (a'' =e''oD). O& (%ra=i&/ Di#h 0a&i''i& (u'%huric acid
rea/e&# a&d hea#i&/ #he %'a#e a# 119
o
C .or 19 mi&. #e& (%o#( a%%ear a# R.. 9.9: (b'ui(h /re=)Q
9.13 (0io'e#)Q 9.1C (broD&)Q 9.7 (0io'e#)Q 9.*2 (broD&)Q 9.*C (0io'e#)Q 9.3: (broD&)Q 9.21
(0io'e#)Q 9.:1 (broD&) a&d 9.? (0io'e#).
46

CONSTITFENTS I A'6a'oid( (Harmi&e)S ami&o acid( (a'a&i&eQ /'=ci&eQ 'euci&eQ ar/i&i&e
i(o'euci&eQ '=(i&eQ %he&='a'a&i&eQ %ro'i&eQ #=ro(i&e a&d 0a''i&e)S #er%e&oid( o. o'ea&a&e
/rou%.

Ra(a R MadhuraQ Ti6#aQ ,aVuQ ,aXP=a
4uTa R )a/huQ Sara
5Ur=a R KU#a
5i%P6a R Madhura
,arma R ,a%haharaQ 5P#aharaQ $i##aharaQ Medohara
IM$ORTANT "ORMF)ATIONS I DurP'abhPdi ,0P#haQ DurP'abhPdi ,aXP=aQ RP(&Pdi ,0P#ha
CZrTa (MahP)Q Ti6#a6a 4hW#aQ F(UrP(a0aQ ,aTVa6Pr=a0a'ehaQ MahP%aeca/a0=a 4hW#aQ
Da[amZ'PriXVaQ $u&ar&a0P(a0a
THERA$EFTIC FSES I A#U(PraQ 4rahaTUQ DPhaQ @0araQ 5iXama>0araQ TWXTPQ $ramehaQ MohaQ
MZrcchPQ Madaro/aQ Ra6#a%i##aQ Ra6#a0i6PraQ ,uXVhaQ 5i(ar%aQ 5P#ara6#aQ ;hramaQ 4u'maQ
ChardiQ ,P(aQ MZ#rP/hP#a
DOSE I 2I19 / %oDderQ
39I79 m' %hPTVa.

47
1. Dra0a&#i (Sd)
DRA5ANT< (Seed)
Dra0a&#U i( #he dried (eed( o. @a#ro%ha /'a&du'i.era Roxb. ("am. Eu%horbiaceae)Q a&
e0er/ree& (hrub Di#h (#ou# bra&che( a&d a (moo#h %a%er= bar6Q .ou&d mo(#'= i& #he b'ac6
co##o& (oi' o. Decca& bu# a'(o .ou&d i& %'ai&( o. &or#her& I&dia.
SENONEMS
Sa&(6ri# R ;Whadda&#UQ 5=P/hrairaTYaQ $u#ra[reTU
A((ame(e R II
;e&/a'i R II
E&/'i(h R $ur/i&/ &u#
4u>ra#i R Ra#a&>o#a
Hi&di R )aa' ;a/hare&dQ @a&/a'i era&di
,a&&ada R Era&da&e da&#iQ To#'a
,a(hmiri R II
Ma'a=a'am R ,a#a'aa0a&a66u
Mara#hi R Thorada&#iQ Mo/a'i era&da
Ori=a R II
$u&>abi R II
Tami' R ,a##ama&a66uQ Ada'ai
Te'u/u R Ada0i AmadamQ 5a##i amudamu
Frdu R II
DESCRI$TION
a) Macro(co%ic
Seed( : mm 'o&/Q 3 mm broad a&d #o * mm #hic6Q e''i%(oidQ ob'o&/Q 'i/h# broD& i&
co'ourQ (ur.ace (moo#h Di#h media& (u#ure( o& bo#h (ide(Q Di#h a (ma'' hard broD&i(h Dhi#e
a&d mi&u#e'= 'obed caru&c'e rou&d #he micro%='eQ Dei/h# o. 199 (eed( are 1#o /.
48

b) Micro(co%ic
Sub#ri/o&ou( #o o0a' i& #ra&(0er(e (ec#io&S ou#er e%idermi( o. #e(#a (i&/'e 'a=eredQ
#hic6 Da''edQ %i##ed &arroD co'um&ar ce''( Di#h dar6 broD& co&#e&#(S me(o%h=''
%are&ch=ma#ou( Di#h i&#erce''u'ar (%ace( a&d (chizo/e&ou( 'a#ex #ube(S #he i&&er e%idermi(
ha( (hor# %a'i(ade o. &arroD #hi& Da''ed ce''(Q #e/me& 1: #o 9 ce''( #hic6Q #he ou#er 'a=er
(#rai/h# or cur0i&/Q ma'%hi/hia& ce''( or * Di#h .i&e'= %i##ed =e''oDi(h broD& Da''(
.o''oDed b= reddi(hIbroD& e'o&/a#ed (i&/'e ce''ed (c'ereid(S #he 'oDer 'a=er co&(i(#( o.
'ar/e %are&ch=ma#ou( ce''( 1 #o 1: 'a=er( dee% Di#h #he i&&er ce''( radia''= e'o&/a#ed a&d
cru(hedS i&&er e%idermi( &o# charac#eri(#icS e&do(%erm com%o(ed o. ce''( .i''ed Di#h (#arch
/rai&( a&d oi' /'obu'e(Q (#arch /rai&( (%herica' #o o0a'Q 2I9 m i& diame#erQ (im%'eQ hi'um
circu'ar or i&di(#i&c#Q cre(ce&# (ha%ed 'euco%'a(# a# o&e (ide o. #he /rai&(Q 'ame''ae
i&di(#i&c#.
$oDder I $oDder o. (eed( creami(hIbroD&Q muci'a/e&ou( i& #a(#e Di#hou# a&= odourQ (hoD(
#he %re(e&ce o. %are&ch=ma#ou( %a#che(S ce''( .i''ed Di#h (#archQ (%herica' #o o0a'Q 2 #o 9
m i& diame#erQ (im%'eQ hi'um circu'ar or i&di(#i&c#S 'ame''ae i&di(#i&c#S (c'ereid( u%#o 1:9
'o&/ a&d *9 broadQ oi' /'obu'e(Q 'a#ici.er(Q 0e((e'(Q e'o&/a#ed #hic6 Da''ed %a'i(ade ce''Q
ma'%hi/hia& ce''(Q a&d a'euro&e /rai&( are ob(er0edS #he %oDder Dhe& #rea#ed Di#h 1N HC'
o& a micro(co%e ('ideQ become( %i&6 Dhe& ob(er0ed i& da= 'i/h# a&d %i&6i(h red u&der F5
'i/h# 23 &m.

To#a' A(h No# more #ha& : %er ce&#Q A%%e&dix ..*.
AcidIi&(o'ub'e a(h No# more #ha& 9.* %er ce&#Q A%%e&dix ..3.
1a#erI(o'ub'e ex#rac#i0e No# 'e(( #ha& ? %er ce&#Q A%%e&dix ..?.
"a##= oi' No# 'e(( #ha& C %er ce&#Q A%%e&dix ..12

T.).C.
49
T.).C. o. #he me#ha&o'ic ex#rac# o& %recoa#ed (i'ica /e' ^4^ %'a#e (9. mm #hic6)
u(i&/ #o'ue&e R e#h=' ace#a#e R me#ha&o' (79 R 9 R 9.3) o& (%ra=i&/ Di#h a&i(a'deh=deI
(u'%huric acid rea/e&# a&d hea#i&/ #he %'a#e .or #e& mi&u#e( a# 19
o
CQ (%o#( a%%ear a# R..
9.32Q 9.2*Q 9.73 (a'' broD&) a&d 9.*1 (%i&6).

CONSTITFENTS I @a#ro%hi&Q >a#ro%ho'o&e AQ .raxe#i&Q coumari&oI'i/&a& (I).

Ra(a R ,aVu
4uTa R )a/huQ TU6XTaQ S&i/dha
5Ur=a R FXTa
5i%P6a R ,aVu
,arma R $i##aharaQ ,a%haharaQ Reca6aQ 5iYbheda&aQ DU%a&aQ 5iXa/h&a
THERA$EFTIC FSES I Ra6#a0i6PraQ ,aTYZQ ,uXVhaQ Ko#haQ $PTYuQ 4u'maQ FdaraQ &PhaQ
FdP0ar#aQ A>UrTaQ Ku'aQ HWdro/aQ 4rahaTUro/aQ TWXTPQ @0araQ 4ara0iXaQ $ramehaQ ;ha/a&daraQ
ma0P#aQ $a6XP/hP#aQ !ru(#ambhaQ 4ra&#hiQ $Pr[0a[Z'aQ $'UhPro/aQ DuXVa0raTaQ DuXVaIa%acU
DOSE I 29 I 299 m/ a.#er %uri.ica#io&.

50
1*. Du/dhi6a (1h.$')
DF4DHI, (1ho'e $'a&#)
Du/dhi6P co&(i(#( o. Dho'e %'a&# o. Eu%horbia %ro(#ra#a 1. Ai#. ("am.
Eu%horbiaceae)Q a& acce%#ed (ub(#i#u#e .or E. #h=mi.o'iaQ #he o..icia' dru/S i# i( a (ma'' more
or 'e(( %ube(ce&#Q much bra&ched %ro(#ra#e a&&ua'Q .ou&d #hrou/hou# I&dia a( a &a#ura'ized
Deed.
SENONEMS
Sa&(6ri# R S0Pdu%arTUQ ,XUri&UQ )a/hudu/dhi6PQ NP/Pr>u&UQ 4ora6Xadu/dhU
A((ame(e R II
;e&/a'i R ;araQ ,haruiQ ,eraiQ Dudi=aQ ShDe# ,eruee
E&/'i(h R II
4u>ra#i R Raa#i Dudhe'eeQ Naa/a'aa dudhe'ee
Hi&di R DudhiQ DuddhiQ DudhdeeQ Chho#idudhi
,a&&ada R ,em%u &e&e ha66i
,a(hmiri R II
Ma'a=a'am R Ni'a%%a'
Mara#hi R )ahaa& &aa=#eeQ Naa=e#iQ )ahaa&dudhi
Ori=a R II
$u&>abi R Dodha6Q Ha>arda&aQ ;aradod6Q Hazarda&a
Tami' R Si##ira%%a'adiQ Si##ira%%a'adi
Te'u/u R $eddi0ari ma&ubaa'a
Frdu R Dudhi
DESCRI$TION
a) Macro(co%ic
51
;ra&ched %ro(#ra#e Di#h ma&= (#em( (%readi&/ .rom #he roo#(Q ('e&der u%#o 9 cm
'o&/S 'ea0e( /ree& bu# occa(io&a''= %ur%'i(h redQ o%%o(i#eQ .2 #o 2 mm 'o&/ a&d #o 3 mm
broadQ ob'o&/ or (ubHuadra#eQ #i% mucro&a#eQ ba(e (=mme#ric a&d more or 'e(( corda#eQ
mar/i& (erru'a#e i& u%%er %or#io&Q /'abrou( abo0eQ ('i/h#'= %ube(ce&# be&ea#h e(%ecia''= o&
#he a%exS %e#io'e (hor#Q 1 mm or e0e& 'e(( i& 'e&/#hS #a% roo# 1 #o * mm i& diame#erS
i&.'ore(ce&ce c=a#hium i& (hor# axi''ar= racemi.orm c'u(#er(Q i&0o'ucre 'obe( 2Q de'#oid
o0a#eQ ci'ia#eS &ec#ar= /'a&d 3Q mi&u#eS o0ar= #ricar%e''ar=Q (uborbicu'arQ (#i%i#a#eQ &arroD'=
'imbed 'o&/ (#='e(S (#i/ma #hree bra&chedQ each bi.idS ca%(u'e 1 #o 1.2 mm 'o&/Q de&(e'=
hair= o& rid/e(Q hair( occa(io&a''= %re(e&# o& #he (ur.aceS .rui# (ub/'obo(e'= #ri/amou(Q 'o&/
(#a'6edS (eed( 9.: #o 9.7 mm 'o&/Q ob'o&/Q 3 a&/'edQ (moo#h Di#h 2 #o? #ra&(0er(e rib(Q
reddi(h broD& a&d b'u&#'= %oi&#edS (me'' oi'=S &o charac#eri(#ic #a(#e.

b) Micro(co%ic
Roo# I T. S. o. =ou&/ roo# circu'ar i& ou#'i&eQ e&dodermi( Di#hou# ca(%aria& ba&d(S
#riarch (#e'eS ma#ure roo#( %he''oderm : #o 7 'a=er(Q ou#er mo(# 'a=er #hic6'= (uberizedS cor6
ce''( ob'i#era#edS cambium i&di(#i&c#S broad x='em 0e((e'( (o'i#ar= or i& a /rou% o. or *Q
(urrou&ded b= a &umber o. radia''= arra&/ed &arroD 0e((e'( a&d #racheid(S medu''ar= ra=(
(hor#Q o&e or #Do (eria#e a&d ex#e&d u%#o %h'oem.
S#em I Cro(( (ec#io& o. (#em circu'ar i& ou#'i&eQ #hic6Q &o& (#ria#ed cu#ic'eQ i&#erru%#ed b=
u&ice''u'ar or mu'#ice''u'ar u&i(eri#a#e #richome( u%#o 172 'o&/ a&d 12 broadS %arac=#ic
(#oma#a a# (ome %'ace(S cor#ex Di#h a .eD 'a#ex ca&a'(S %eric=c'ic .ibre( i& /rou%(S cambium
&o# di(cer&ib'eS medu''ar= ra=( &arroDQ 1 or ce'' DideQ %are&ch=ma#ou( %i#h Di#h
i&#erce''u'ar (%ace(.
)ea. I TDo #=%e( o. hair( %re(e&# (a) mu'#ice''u'arQ mu'#i(eria#e /'a&du'ar hair( Di#h (i&/'e
a%ica' ce'' a# 'ea. mar/i&( o&'=Q (b) u&i(eria#e 1 #o * ce''ed hair( o& #he mar/i&(Q a# abaxia'
(ide a&d i& a%exS cro(( (ec#io& (hoD( dor(oI0e&#ra' (#ruc#ureQ (i&/'e 'a=ered u%%er a&d
'oDer e%idermi(Q me(o%h='' a&d 0a(cu'ar bu&d'e(S i& (ur.ace 0ieDQ #he abaxia' e%iderma'
ce''( a&/u'ar Di#h (#rai/h# ce'' Da''(Q (#oma#a a&omoc=#ic #o a&i(oc=#icQ (#oma#a' i&dice(
1?.: #o :.* a&d de&(i#= :9 #o 1*9S adaxia' e%iderma' ce'' Da''( ('i/h#'= Da0= Di#h /'obu'ar
#hic6e&i&/ a# #he a&/'e(S (#oma#a a&i(oc=#icQ (#oma#a' i&dice( 11.3 #o 17.? a&d (#oma#a'
de&(i#= 2 #o :9S %a'i(ade ra#io * #o :S 0a(cu'ar bu&d'e( co''a#era'Q Di#h bu&d'e (hea#hS
'a#ici.erou( ca&a'( ob(er0edS 0ei& i('e# 1 #o 2 a&d 0ei& #ermi&a#io& &umber( i( * #o 1*.
$oDder I $oDder =e''oDi(hI/ree&Q #a(#e'e(( Di#h oi'= odourS o& micro(co%ica' exami&a#io&
i# (hoD( a&/u'ar a&d ('i/h#'= Da0= e%iderma' ce''( Di#h (#oma#aQ u&i(eria#eQ 1 #o * ce''ed
#richome( or hair( a&d (ome %iece( o. /'a&du'ar hair( %are&ch=ma#ou( %a#che(Q 'a#ici.erou(
ca&a'(Q %o''e& /rai&(Q %iece( o. &ec#ar= /'a&d(Q .ra/me&#( o. 0e((e'(Q #racheid(Q .ibre( a&d
(#oma#aS Dhe& #rea#ed Di#h 1N NaOH i& me#ha&o' (hoD( %ur%'e co'our Di#h =e''oDi(h
#i&/eQ a&d i& ace#ic acid reddi(h =e''oD co'our u&der F5 I 23 &m.
52

AcidIi&(o'ub'e a(h No# more #ha& 9. %er ce&#Q A%%e&dix ..3.

T.).C.
u(i&/ #o'ue&e R e#h=' ace#a#e (79 R 9) (hoD( u&der F5 (*:: &m.) .'uore(ce&# zo&e( a# R..
9.92 (Maroo&)Q 9.12 ('i/h# b'ue) a&d 9.:: (red). O& (%ra=i&/ Di#h a&i(a'deh=deI(u'%huric
acid rea/e&# a&d hea#i&/ #he %'a#e .or #e& mi&u#e( a# 19
9
CQ (%o#( a%%ear a# R.. 9.1 (bri/h#
/ree&)Q 9.* (%i&6i(h b'ue)Q 9.* (%i&6)Q 9.*7 (/re=)Q 9.37 (dar6 /re=i(h b'ue)Q 9.2 (%i&6)Q
9.:1 (ma/e&#a)Q 9.:: (ma/e&#a) a&d 9.C3 (b'ue).

CONSTITFENTS I 4'uco(ideQ 4a'ac#o(ideQ I(i#o(#ero'Q Com%e(#ero'Q S#i/ma(#ero'Q
Cho'e(#ero'.

Ra(a R ,aVuQ Ti6#aQ MadhuraQ )a0aTa
4uTa R 4uruQ RZ6XaQ TU6XTa
5Ur=a R FXTa
5i%P6a R ,aVu
,arma R ,a%haharaQ 4arbha6Pra6aQ MZ#ra'aQ 5iX#ambhi&UQ 4rPhUQ Ma'a(#ambha6aQ
DhP#u0Wddhi6araQ 5WX=aQ HWd=a
IM$ORTANT "ORMF)ATIONS I 4a/a&a(u&dara Ra(a
53
THERA$EFTIC FSES I ,uXVhaQ ,WmiQ K0P(aQ $ra0Phi6PQ Ra6#a%i##aQ $ramehaQ Ra6#Pr[aQ
$a'i#aQ Da&#aI/hu&aQ DadruQ S%hoVa
DOSE I 2I19 /

54
13. E'a0a'u6am (Sd)
E)A5)F,AG (Seed)
E'a0P'u6ad co&(i(#( o. dried ma#ure (eed o. $ru&u( a0ium )i&&... ("am. Ro(aceae)Q a
#ree cu'#i0a#ed i& ,a(hmir a&d 'oDer Hima'a=a( o. F##ar $rade(h a&d 1. ;e&/a'S (eed(
a0ai'ab'e i& #he mar6e# are e&c'o(ed i& hard Dood= e&docar%.
SENONEMS
Sa&(6ri# R Ai'e=acQ E'a0P'ZcQ E'u6P6h=ac
A((ame(e R II
;e&/a'i R E'a0aa'u6a
E&/'i(h R SDee# Cherr=
4u>ra#i R II
Hi&di R Aa'u0aa'uQ 4i'aa(Q ,ru(aba'a
,a&&ada R II
,a(hmiri R II
Ma'a=a'am R II
Mara#hi R II
Ori=a R II
$u&>abi R Aa'u0aa'u
Tami' R II
Te'u/u R @ee0a6amu
Frdu R II
DESCRI$TION
a) Macro(co%ic
;roD& 6er&e'Q o0oidQ Di#h %oi&#ed a%ica' e&d a&d b'u&# o%%o(i#e e&dQ Di#h rid/e( o&
#he (ur.aceQ mea(uri&/ 9.7 #o 1 cm i& 'e&/#hQ Dei/hi&/ abou# *99 m/ eachS (imi'ar #o a #i&=
a'mo&d 6er&e'Q ha0i&/ (ame #a(#e a&d (me''.
55

b) Micro(co%ic
Seed I T.S. o. (eed (hoD( #he ou#ermo(# u&e0e& 'a=er o. (#o&e ce''( i&#erru%#ed b=
'o&/i#udi&a''= ru&&i&/ (%ira''= #hic6e&ed 0a(cu'ar e'eme&#S (#o&e ce''( o0a' #o circu'arQ #hic6
Da''edQ %i##edQ %i# ca&a' c'earQ 'ume& &arroD (di(#i&c#io& .rom (#o&e ce'' o. $. am=/da'u(Q
Dhere (#o&e ce''( are (Huari(hQ Di#h 'ar/e 'ume&Q (hoDi&/ %i# occa(io&a''= a&d .rom (#o&e
ce'' o. $. dome(#icaQ Dhere (#o&e ce''( are 0er= #hic6 Da''edQ c'o(e'= (#ria#ed Di#h (ma'' or
ob'i#era#ed 'ume&)S (ize 0arie( /rea#'=S (#o&e ce'' 'a=er i&#ermi&/'ed Di#h 0er= co&(%icucou(
%i/me&# 'a=er Dhich co&#ai&( hexa/o&a' ce''( i& (ur.ace 0ieD Di#h De'' mar6ed %i#( o& #he
Da''( .o''oDed b= or * 'a=er( o. di(i&#e/ra#ed ce''(S #hic6Q broD& i&&er e%iderma' 'a=er
co0er( #he %are&ch=ma#ou( ce''( o. co#='edo& Dhich are a&/u'arQ #hic6 Da''edQ com%'e#e'=
.i''ed Di#h %ro#ei& /ra&u'e( a&d oi' /'obu'e(S %ro0a(cu'a#ure ca& be (ee& i& #he co#='edo&.
$oDder I 1hi#eQ oi'= Di#h broD& %iece( o. (eed coa#Q (#o&e ce''( o0a' #o circu'ar #hic6
Da''ed Di#h %i# ca&a'(Q (%ira''= #hic6e&ed 0a(cu'ar e'eme&#(Q %are&ch=ma#ou( ce''(
co&#ai&i&/ oi' a&d %ro#ei& /ra&u'e(.

To#a' A(h No# more #ha& * %er ce&#Q A%%e&dix ..*.
1a#erI(o'ub'e ex#rac#i0e No# 'e(( #ha& 1: %er ce&#Q A%%e&dix ..?.

T.).C.
T.).C. o. #he a'coho'ic ex#rac# o. #he dru/ o& (i'ica /e' ^4^ %'a#e (9. mm #hic6) u(i&/
#o'ue&e R dich'ora me#ha&e R e#ha&o' R .ormic acid (19R2R*R1) a( mobi'e %ha(e (hoD( (e0e&
ba&d( o& ex%o(ure #o Iodi&e 0a%our a# R.. 91? (dar6 broD&)Q 9.*9Q 9.3:Q 9.:9. 9.:?Q 9.?1Q
9.?? (a'' 'i/h# broD&). O& (%ra=i&/ Di#h 2\ E#ha&o'ic (u'%huric acid rea/e&# a&d hea#i&/
#he %'a#e .or 19 mi&u#e( a# 192
o
C ei/h# ba&d( a%%ear a# R.. 9.1?Q 9.*9 (bo#h dar6 broD&)Q
9.3:Q 9.2Q 9.27Q 9.:?Q 9.?1Q 9.?? (a'' 'i/h# broD&).

56

CONSTITFENTS I $ru&a(i& (DIma&de'o&i#ri'eII/'uco(ide)Q _uerce#i&I*I9I ru#i&o(='I?Q
*I9Ibi/'uco(ideQ ,aem%.ero'I*I9Iru#i&o(='I3ÎdiI9I/'uco(idea&d :Ie#hox=6aem%.ero'.

Ra(a R ,aXP=a
4uTa R )a/huQ RZ6Xa
5Ur=a R KU#a
5i%P6a R ,aVu
,arma R ,a%haharaQ Eo&idoXaharaQ 5arT=aQ S#ambha&aQ Ku6ra[odha6aQ
5eda&P(#hP%a&aQ 5iXa/h&a
IM$ORTANT "ORMF)ATIONS I A[0a/a&dhP Tai'a
THERA$EFTIC FSES I ,aTYZQ 5raTaQ ChardiQ AruciQ ,P(aQ HWdro/aQ Ra6#a%i##aQ ,uXVhaQ
,Wmiro/aQ Mu6haro/aQ Medro/aQ TWXTPQ Ar[aQ $PTYuQ F&mPdaQ @0araQ DPha
DOSE I * I : /

57
12. 4a&dira (R#)
4AAB<RA (Roo#)
4aTYUra co&(i(#( o. dried ma#ure roo# o. Co'eu( .or(6oh'ii ;riH. (=&. C. barba#u(
;e&#h. ("am. )amiaceae)Q a %ere&&ia' bra&ched aroma#ic herbS .ou&d i& (ub#ro%ica' De(#er&
Hima'a=a(Q Ni'/iri hi''(Q 4u>ara# a&d ;iharQ a&d a'(o cu'#i0a#ed i& Mahara(h#ra.
SENONEMS
Sa&(6ri# R 4aTYUra (S#ha'a>a)
A((ame(e R II
;e&/a'i R II
E&/'i(h R II
4u>ra#i R 4armarQ 4arma'
Hi&di R 4armar
,a&&ada R II
,a(hmiri R II
Ma'a=a'am R II
Mara#hi R II
Ori=a R II
$u&>abi R II
Tami' R II
Te'u/u R @ee0a6amu
Frdu R II
DESCRI$TION
a) Macro(co%ic
Roo#( 'i/h# i& Dei/h#Q 'i/h# broD&Q 'o&/i#udi&a''= Dri&6'edQ #a%eri&/Q Di#h a .eD
roo#'e#(Q cu# (ur.ace =e''oDi(hIDhi#eS .rac#ureQ (hor#Q charac#eri(#ic %'ea(i&/ odourS #a(#eQ
('i/h#'= bi##er a&d %u&/e&#.
58

b) Micro(co%ic
T.S. o. roo# i( irre/u'ar i& ou#'i&eQ e%iderma' ce''( &o# di(cer&ib'e due #o (eco&dar=
/roD#hS ou#ermo(# mu'#i'a=ered (#oried cor6 o. rec#a&/u'ar cor6 ce''(Q be'oD Dhich i( 1 or
'a=ered cor6 cambiumQ .o''oDed b= rec#a&/u'ar %are&ch=ma#ou( (eco&dar= cor#ica' re/io&
i& Dhich o0a' (#o&e ce''( Di#h &arroD 'ume& a&d Da''( Di#h radia#i&/ ca&a'( a&d co&#ai&i&/
rhomboida' ca'ciumIoxa'a#e cr=(#a'( %re(e&#S 0a(cu'ar cambium i& #he .orm o. co&#i&uou(
ri&/S %h'oem co&(i(#( o. (ie0e #ube(Q com%a&io& ce''( a&d %h'oem %are&ch=maS medu''ar=
ra=( De'' de0e'o%edQ radia#i&/Q 0ar=i&/ i& (izeQ he#ero/e&ou( a( (ee& i& #a&/e&#ia' (ec#io&S
#hi& Da''edS i& =ou&/ roo# #he(e are 0er= broad a( com%ared #o #he o'der o&e(S x='em
re%re(e&#ed b= di..u(e %orou( 0e((e'(Q mo(#'= (o'i#ar=S x='em %are&ch=ma (urrou&di&/ #he
#racheid( a&d 0e((e'(Q .i''ed Di#h (#arch /rai&( o. 9 #o :9 m i& diame#erQ hi'um di(#i&c#Q
(#arI(ha%ed ce&#ra' c'e.#Q 'ame''ae occa(io&a''= ob(er0edS x='em %are&ch=ma De'' de0e'o%ed
i& #he =ou&/ roo#Q hoDe0er i& #he o'der o&e .ibre( abu&da&#S ce&#ra' zo&e com%ri(e( o.
com%ac#'= arra&/ed 0e((e'(Q .ibre( a&d .ibre #racheid(Q oi' ce''( Di#h oi' /'obu'e( %re(e&# i&
cor#ica' %h'oem a&d x='em re/io&(.
$oDder I $oDder =e''oDi(hIbroD& Di#h %'ea(a&# aroma#ic (me''Q bi##er i& #a(#eS %oDder
(hoD( &umerou( (im%'e circu'arQ o0oidQ e''i%#ica' (im%'e (#arch /rai&(Q 9 #o :9 m i&
diame#erQ hi'um di(#i&c#Q (#arI(ha%ed ce&#ra' c'e.#Q occa(io&a''= 'ame''ae ob(er0edS oi' ce''(
Di#h oi' /'obu'e(Q #racheid( a&d 0e((e'(Q %are&ch=ma#ou( ce''( .i''ed Di#h (#archQ #ai'ed
0e((e'(Q .ibre #racheid(Q %ri(ma#ic ca'cium oxa'a#e cr=(#a'(S %oDder become( /ree&i(hIbroD&
u&der F5 23 &m Di#h &i#roce''u'o(e i& am='ace#a#e a&d a'(o Di#h 29\ ,OH.

To#a' A(h No# more #ha& C %er ce&#Q A%%e&dix ..*.
A'coho'I(o'ub'e ex#rac#i0e No# 'e(( #ha& 1: %er ce&#Q A%%e&dix ..:.
1a#erI(o'ub'e ex#rac#i0e No# 'e(( #ha& * %er ce&#Q A%%e&dix ..?.
E((e&#ia' oi' No# 'e(( #ha& 9.1 %er ce&#Q A%%e&dix ..19
Co'eo&o' No# 'e(( #ha& 9.12 %er ce&#Q A%%e&dix ..1?A

59
T.).C.
T.).C. o. #he me#ha&o'ic ex#rac# o& %recoa#ed (i'ica /e' ^4^ %'a#e( (9. mm #hic6)
u(i&/ #o'ue&e R e#h=' ace#a#e R me#ha&o' (79 R 9 R 9.2) (hoD( u&der F5 (*:: &m) .'uore(ce&#
(%o#( a# R.. 9.13 (bric6 red)Q 9.9 (red)Q 9.2 (%i&6)Q 9.* (bric6 %i&6)Q 9.3: (b'ue)Q 9.22
(bric6 red)Q 9.2C (bric6 red)Q 9.:? (b'ue)Q 9.7? (/ree&) a&d 9.C2 (b'ue). O& (%ra=i&/ Di#h
a&i(a'deh=deI(u'%huric acid rea/e&# a&d o& hea#i&/ #he %'a#e .or #e& mi&u#e( a# 19
o
CQ (%o#(
a%%ear a# R.. 9.13 (broD&)Q 9. (broD&)Q 9.2 ('i/h# broD&)Q 9.3: (/re=)Q 9.22 (ora&/i(h
broD&)Q 9.2C (broD&) a&d 9.7? (=e''oD).

CONSTITFENTS I Di#er%e&eQ co'eo&o'Q co'eo(o'Q deox=Ico'eo&o'Q .or(6oh'i&Q
&a%h#ho%=ro&eQ co'eo.or(i&e.

Ra(a R ,aVuQ ,aXP=aQ Ti6#a
4uTa R RZ6XaQ TU6XTaQ Sara
5Ur=a R FXTa
5i%P6a R ,aVu
,arma R 5P#aharaQ ,a%haharaQ TridoXaharaQ 5raTa[odha&aQ 5idPhU
IM$ORTANT "ORMF)ATIONS I ,Wmi/h&a ,aXP=a CZrTa
THERA$EFTIC FSES I Ko#haQ Ar[aQ ,P(aQ ,WmiQ ,uXVhaQ DuXVa 5raTaQ Hu#a0iXaQ 4u'maQ
FdaraQ $'UhPro/aQ KZ'aQ Ma&dP/&iQ MZ#raba&dhaQ Ma'aba&dha
DOSE I *I2 /
Remar6(R ;ei&/ a co&#ro0er(ia' dru/Q a# %re(e&#Q #he abo0e (%ecie( ma= be acce%#ed a(
S#ha'a>a 4aTYUra. O#her( are @a'a>a a&d a #ree (SaraI#aru) (%ecie(.

60
1:. 4a0edhu6a (R#)
4A5EDHF,A (Roo#)
4a0edhu6a co&(i(#( o. #he dried roo# o. Coix 'achr=maI>obi )i&&. (=&. C. 'achr=ma
)i&&. ("am. 4rami&eae)Q a %ere&&ia' or a&&ua' /ra(( .ou&d i& I&diaQ Dide'= di(#ribu#ed
#hrou/hou# #he %'ai&( a&d Darm ('o%e( o. hi''( u%#o 1299 m.
SENONEMS
Sa&(6ri# R 4a0edhuQ 4a0edhu6a
A((ame(e R II
;e&/a'i R 4ada/adQ Dedhaa&Q De0aa&
E&/'i(h R Ad'a=Q @ob( #ear(
4u>ra#i R ,a(ai
Hi&di R ,a(aiQ 4arheduaaQ 4araheduQ 4ar/ari
,a&&ada R Ma&>u##i
,a(hmiri R II
Ma'a=a'am R ,aa#u/o#am%uQ ,aa66a%%a'u&6u
Mara#hi R ,a(ai
Ori=a R II
$u&>abi R II
Tami' R ,aa##u6u&#uma&i
Te'u/u R Ada0i/uru/i&>a
Frdu R II
DESCRI$TION
a) Macro(co%ic
Roo#( .ibrou(Q 1 #o * mm i& #hic6&e((Q %re(e&# i& #u.#(Q u&bra&ched Di#h #a%eri&/
e&d(Q ho''oD i& ce&#reQ (#raD co'ouredQ Dood= (me'' a&d %u&/e&# #a(#e.
61

b) Micro(co%ic
T.S. o. roo# (hoD( %re(e&ce o. ru%#ured %i'i.erou( 'a=er co&(i(#i&/ o. c'o(e'= %ac6ed
e'o&/a#ed ce''(S be'oD #he e%idermi( o&e 'a=ered exodermi(Q a De'' de0e'o%ed cor#exQ Di#h
(e0era' 'a=er( o. %are&ch=ma#ou( ce''(Q mo(#'= o0a' or rou&ded Di#h i&#erce''u'ar (%ace(
%re(e&#S exoderma' ce''( are 'i/&i.iedS cor#ex co&(i(#( o. 3 or 2 'a=ered #hic6 Da''ed
(c'ere&ch=ma#ou( ce''( #oDard( %eri%her=S midd'e re/io& co&(i(#( o. 'ar/e #hi& Da''ed
%are&ch=ma#ou( ce''( a&d #he i&&er re/io& i( made u% o. air (%ace( #ra0er(ed b= broad
#rabecu'aeS e&dodermi( charac#eri(ed b= #he %re(e&ce o. ca(%aria& (#ri%( o& bo#h #ra&(0er(e
a&d radia' Da''(Q %eric=c'ic .ibre( #hic6 Da''edS 0a(cu'ar bu&d'e( %o'=archQ com%o(ed o.
a'#er&a#i&/ (#ra&d( o. x='em a&d %h'oemQ bo#h Di#h #heir u(ua' e'eme&#(S %are&ch=ma#ou(
%i#h %re(e&#Q (#arch ab(e&#.
$oDderI $oDder 'i/h# broD& i& co'ourQ Dood= (me'' a&d %u&/e&# #a(#eS (hoD( #hic6 Da''ed
.ibre( Di#h broad 'ume&Q #racheid( Di#h de&(e he'ica' #hic6e&i&/( a&d border %i#(S (hoD(
hexa/o&a' (#ria#ed e%iderma' ce''(S doub'e Da''ed hexa/o&a' (c'ere&ch=ma#ou( ce''( o.
exodermi(.


T.).C.
T.).C. o. #he me#ha&o'ic ex#rac# o& (i'ica /e' ^4^ %'a#e (9. mm #hic6) u(i&/ #o'ue&eR
e#h=' ace#a#eR me#ha&o' (72R12R9.2) (hoD( u&der F5 (*:: &m) (%o#( a# R.. 9.** (/ree&i(h
b'ue) a&d 9.?1 ('i/h# b'ue). A.#er (%ra=i&/ Di#h a&i(a'deh=deI(u'%huric acid rea/e&#Q (%o#(
a%%ear a# R.. 9.*3 (/ree&) a&d 9.3 (%ur%'e).

62

CONSTITFENTS I ;e&zoxazo'i&o&e(Q ami&o acid( ('euci&eQ #=ro(i&eQ hi(#adi&Q ar/i&i&e
a&d coici&).

Ra(a R ,aVuQ Madhura
4uTa R )a/huQ RZ6Xa
5Ur=a R KU#a
5i%P6a R ,aVu
,arma R ,a%haharaQ $i##aharaQ MZ#ra'aQ ,Pr[&=a
IM$ORTANT "ORMF)ATIONS I 5iXTu Tai'a
THERA$EFTIC FSES I MZ#ra6WcchraQ Ne#raIMa(Zri6PQ $i##a>a ChardiQ S#hau'=a
DOSE I *I: /

63
1?. 4ho&#a ("r)
4HOA8 ("rui#)
4hoTVP co&(i(#( o. .rui# o. Jizi%hu( x='o%=ru( 1i''d. ("am. Rham&aceae)Q a (#ra//'i&/
(hrub di(#ribu#ed i& Nor#hI1e(# I&diaQ F.$.Q ;ihar a&d Sou#h I&diaQ i& moi(# deciduou( .ore(#(.
SENONEMS
Sa&(6ri# R 4hoVUQ 4oVi6P
A((ame(e R II
;e&/a'i R ,u'%ha'
E&/'i(h R @u>ab
4u>ra#i R 4a#badarQ 4a#abordi
Hi&di R 4hu&#aQ ,a6oraQ ,aa#habera
,a&&ada R Eera&u
,a(hmiri R II
Ma'a=a'am R II
Mara#hi R 4ho#iQ ;hor/ho#i
Ori=a R II
$u&>abi R II
Tami' R ,o##aiQ Mu'6o##ai
Te'u/u R 4o##iQ 4o#Q 4o#i6i
Frdu R II
DESCRI$TION
a) Macro(co%ic
"rui# i( a dru%aceou( berr=Q /'obu'ar or rou&dedQ diame#er 1. #o 1.7 cmS (ur.ace
rou/hQ Dar#=S co'our dar6 broD&S %oi&# o. de#achme&# o. (#a'6 mar6ed b= a rou&ded co&ca0e
de%re((io& u%#o mm i& diame#er a&d a rai(ed ri&/ a'o&/ #he circum.ere&ceS a %oi&#ed bea6
a# #he o%%o(i#e e&dS occa(io&a''= (ee&S %ericar% 'ea#her= a&d hardS e&docar% (#o&=S .rui# *I
64
ce''edQ each 'ocu'e Di#h o&e dar6 broD&Q orbicu'arQ com%re((edQ bea6edQ (eed 2 #o 7 mm
acro((S co#='edo&( creami(h =e''oDS odour &o# 0er= di(#i&c#S #a(#eQ ('i/h#'= a(#ri&/e&#.

b) Micro(co%ic
A #ra&(0er(e (ec#io& o. #he .rui# re0ea'( a #hic6 cu#ic'e .o''oDed b= e%idermi(
co&(i(#i&/ o. u&e0e&'= arra&/ed rou&ded ce''(S (ca##ered #hic6IDa''edQ u&i(eria#eQ
mu'#ice''u'ar #richome( %re(e&# o& e%idermi(S me(ocar% Di#h #hree zo&e( I &arroD ou#er a&d
i&&er zo&e( o. (ma''Q com%ac#'= arra&/ed %are&ch=ma ce''(S a #hird Dide midd'e (%o&/=
zo&e com%o(ed o. #hi& Da''ed %are&ch=ma ce''(Q 'acu&a#ed a&d co&#ai&i&/ (ca##ered 0a(cu'ar
(#ra&d(S e&docar% co&(i(#i&/ o. #hic6 Da''ed (#o&e ce''(Q &arroD .ibre( a&d a .eD 'acu&aeQ
(ome (#o&e ce''( co&#ai&i&/ %ri(ma#ic cr=(#a'( o. ca'cium oxa'a#e u% #o 1 i& (izeS
occa(io&a' i&road( o. me(ocar% i&#o #he e&docar% a'(o (ee&S e%idermi( a&d a .eD ou#er
'a=er( o. me(ocar% ad>ace&# #o i# co&#ai& abu&da&# broD& (ub(#a&ce(.
A (ec#io& #hrou/h #he #e(#a (hoD( radia''= e'o&/a#edQ &arroDQ #ra&('u(ce&# ce''(Q .o''oDed b=
a (ube%iderma' zo&e o. cru(hedQ #hi& Da''edQ %are&ch=ma ce''( demarca#ed i&(ide b= a
reddi(h broD& 'i&i&/.
A (ec#io& #hrou/h #he co#='edo&( (hoD( a& ou#ermo(# e%iderma' 'a=er o. (ma''Q (Huari(h
ce''( a&d a /rou&d #i((ue com%o(ed o. rec#a&/u'ar #hi& Da''edQ %romi&e&#'= &uc'ea#ed ce''(
rich i& .ixed oi'.
$oDder I Thic6 Da''ed u&i(eria#eQ mu'#ice''u'arQ 99 #o :9 'o&/ #richome(S .ibre( (u%#o
29 i& Did#h) a&d a&/u'ar (#o&eIce''( Di#h radia' ca&a'( a&d circu'ar (#ria#io&(Q 39 #o 1?9
i& (ize are (ee&I #i((ue .ra/me&#( o. e%idermi( i& (ur.ace 0ieD %re(e&#.

A'coho'I(o'ub'e ex#rac#i0e No# 'e(( #ha& * %er ce&#Q A%%e&dix ..:.
1a#erI(o'ub'e ex#rac#i0e No# 'e(( #ha& %er ce&#Q A%%e&dix ..?.

65
T.).C.
T.).C. o. #he a'coho'ic ex#rac# o& (i'ica /e' ^4^ %'a#e (9. mm #hic6) u(i&/ ch'oro.orm
R me#ha&o' (C2R2) a( mobi'e %ha(e (hoD( o& (%ra=i&/ Di#h me#ha&o'icR (u'%huric acid
rea/e&# a&d o& hea#i&/ #he %'a#e .or #e& mi&u#e( a# 119
o
C (%o#( a# R.. 9.3 ($i&6)Q 9.*C
($i&6i(h ora&/e)Q 9.37 (Ee''oD)Q 9.:1 ($i&6)Q 9.?1 (;'ue).

CONSTITFENTS I The %u'% o. #he .rui# co&#ai&( reduci&/ (u/ar(Q (ucro(eQ ci#ric acidQ
caro#e&eQ 0i#ami& C a&d #a&&i&(.

Ra(a R ,aXP=aQ ,aVuQ Madhura
4uTa R )a/hu
5Ur=a R FXTa
5i%P6a R ,aVu
,arma R 5P#a6a%haharaQ 5iXa/h&a
IM$ORTANT "ORMF)ATIONS I ra/0adhPdi ,0P#ha CZrTa
THERA$EFTIC FSES I 5raTaQ ,aTYZQ ,uXVhaQ Ra6#a0i6PraQ K0a=a#huQ $ramehaQ NPYU0raTaQ
DuXVa0raTaQ 5ama&aQ @0ara
DOSE I *I: /.

66
17. 4u&dra (Rz.fR#)
4FNDR- (Rhizome a&d "rui#)
4u&drPc co&(i(#( o. rhizome Di#h roo# o. T=%ha au(#ra'i( Schum. A&d Tho&&. S=&. T.
a&/u(#a#a ;or= a&d Chaub.Q ("am. T=%haceae)Q a hard= %ere&&ia'Q mo&oeciou( %'a&#Q o.#e&
/roDi&/ /re/ariou('= i& .re(h Da#er a&d mar(h= %'ace(Q commo&'= .ou&d #hrou/hou# I&diaQ
u%#o 1?*9 m.
SENONEMS
Sa&(6ri# R 4uTVhacQ 4u&Vhac
A((ame(e R II
;e&/a'i R Ho/a'a%
E&/'i(h R )e((er I&dia& ReedImace
4u>ra#i R 4haabaa>ari=u
Hi&di R $a#erQ 4o&d%a#er
,a&&ada R II
,a(hmiri R II
Ma'a=a'am R II
Mara#hi R Ramba&Q $aa&6a&i(
Ori=a R II
$u&>abi R 4u&dra
Tami' R II
Te'u/u R @ammu/addiQ E&u/a>amu
Frdu R II
DESCRI$TION
a) Macro(co%ic
67
Rhizome I 1 #o 2 cm. 'o&/ a&d 1 #o .2 cm. Dide %iece(Q ex#er&a' (ur.ace 'i/h# broD&Q
core =e''oDi(hIbroD&Q #ra&(0er(e rid/e( o& ex#er&a' (ur.aceQ (ma'' roo#( a&d (ca'= 'ea0e(
%re(e&# a##ached o& ru&&er(S .rac#ureQ hardQ .ibrou(.
Roo# I Ad0e&#i#iou(Q roo#'e#( %re(e&#Q #o 12 cm 'o&/Q =e''oDi(hIbroD&S .rac#ureQ .ibrou(.

b) Micro(co%ic
Rhizome I T.S. (hoD( circu'ar ou#'i&eS (i&/'e 'a=ered e%idermi( co&(i(#i&/ o.
#a&/e&#ia''= e'o&/a#ed ce''(Q co0ered Di#h #hi& cu#ic'eS cor#ex di0ided i&#o #Do %ar#( I ou#er
cor#ex com%ri(i&/ o. ? #o 11 'a=er( o. #hi& Da''ed %are&ch=ma#ou( ce''(Q o0a' #o %o'=/o&a'
i& (ha%eQ ha0i&/ i&#erce''u'ar (%ace(S %a#che( co&(i(#i&/ o. 19 #o *2 .ibre( di(#ribu#ed i& #he
e&#ire ou#er cor#exS .ibre( #hic6 Da''ed Di#h #a%eri&/ #i%(Q 0ar=i&/ i& 'e&/#h .rom 1:9 #o C*9
a&d i& Did#h .rom 19 #o *9 S i&&er cor#ex co&(i(#i&/ o. aere&ch=maS e&dodermi( (i&/'e
'a=eredS 0a(cu'ar bu&d'e( *2 #o 3 i& &umberQ co''a#era'Q co&>oi&#Q 0e((e'( %romi&e&#S %i#h
co&(i(#i&/ o. #hi& Da''ed %are&ch=ma#ou( ce''( Di#h i&#erce''u'ar (%ace(S (#arch /rai&( i&
%i#h re/io&Q (i&/'e or com%ou&dQ (%herica' #o o0a' a&d mea(uri&/ .rom 2 #o 2 i& diam.S
%i#h muci'a/e&ou(Q a( (ee& Dhe& mou&#ed i& Ru#he&ium red #rea#ed Di#h a .eD dro%( o.
19\ 'ead ace#a#e (o'u#io&.
Roo# I T.S. (hoD( e%ib'ema .o''oDed b= a 3 #o : 'a=ered h=%odermi( o. #hi& Da''ed ce''(
a&d a broad cor#ex co&(i(#i&/ o. radia''= e'o&/a#ed air (%ace( (e%ara#ed b= #rabecu'aeS a .eD
'a=er( o. ce''( .ormi&/ #he i&&ermo(# 'a=er o. cor#exQ i& co&#ac# Di#h e&dodermi(S 0a(cu'ar
bu&d'e( Di#h x='em 0e((e'( .ormi&/ a circ'eS .ibre( #hic6 Da''ed Di#h #a%eri&/ #i%(Q 0ar=i&/
i& 'e&/#h .rom :9 #o 1379 a&d i& Did#h .rom 19 #o 3 .

$oDder I ;roD&Q &o (%eci.ic odour a&d ('i/h#'= acrid #a(#eS (hoD( abu&da&# (#arch /rai&(
mea(uri&/ 2 #o 2 i& diam.Q .ra/me&#( o. .ibre(Q %are&ch=ma ce''( a&d bordered %i##ed
0e((e'(.

68

T.).C.
T.).C. o. #he a'coho'ic ex#rac# o& (i'ica /e' ^4^ %'a#e( (9. mm #hic6) u(i&/
ch'oro.orm R me#ha&o' (79R9) (hoD( u&der F5 (23&m) #hree (%o#( a# R.. 9.*9Q 9.27 a&d
9.? (a'' 0io'e#). F&der F5 (*::&m) #hree .'uore(ce&# (%o#( a%%ear a# R.. 9.27Q 9.: a&d
9.? (a'' b'ue). O& ex%o(ure #o iodi&e 0a%our .i0e (%o#( a%%ear a# R.. 9.13Q 9.*9. 9.39Q 9.27
a&d 9.? (a'' =e''oD). O& (%ra=i&/ Di#h 19\ e#ha&o'ic %o#a((ium h=droxide a&d #he&
ob(er0i&/ u&der F5 (*::&m) (hoD( #Do .'uore(ce&# (%o#( a# R.. 9.27 (/ree&) a&d 9.:
(b'ue). O& (%ra=i&/ Di#h 19\ me#ha&o'icI(u'%huric acid a&d hea#i&/ #he %'a#e a# 119
o
C .or
#e& mi&u#e( (ix (%o#( a%%ear a# R.. 9.17 (broD&)Q 9.39 (%ur%'e)Q 9.27 (broD&)Q 9.:Q 9.:?
(bo#h %ur%'e) a&d 9.?: (broD&).

CONSTITFENTS I "'a0o&oid( (_uerce#i&Q i(orham&e#i&I*I9Iru#i&o(ide)S (#ero'( (I
(i#o(#ero'Q 'a&o(#ero'Q cho'e(#ero').

Ra(a R ,aXP=aQ Madhura
4uTa R 4uru
5Ur=a R KU#a
5i%P6a R Madhura
,arma R $i##a(ad[ama&aQ 5P#aharaQ S#a&=a[odha6aQ S#a&=a>a&a&aQ Ku6ra[odha6aQ
Ra>o[odha6aQ MZ#ra0ireca&U=aQ MZ#ra[odha6a
IM$ORTANT "ORMF)ATIONS I MZ#ra0ireca&U=a ,aXP=a CZrTaQ S#a&=a>a&a&a ,aXP=a
CZrTa
THERA$EFTIC FSES I Ra6#a%i##aQ A[marUQ Kar6arPQ MZ#rP/hP#aQ MZ#ra6WcchraQ S#a&=a
,Xa=a
DOSE I *I: /
69
1C. Him(ra (R#)
HIGSR(Roo#)
Hid(rP co&(i(#( o. roo# o. Ca%%ari( (%i&o(a )i&&. ("am. Ca%%aridaceae)Q a #hor&=
(hrub di(#ribu#ed i& #he %'ai&(Q 'oDer Hima'a=a(Q a&d 1e(#er& 4ha#(.
SENONEMS
Sa&(6ri# R Ahid(rPQ ,aTVhPrUQ TU6XTaQ ,aTVa6P Ti6XTa/a&dhP
A((ame(e R II
;e&/a'i R II
E&/'i(h R Ce%er $'a&#
4u>ra#i R ,abaree
Hi&di R ,abaraQ Hai&(aaQ ,a&#hara
,a&&ada R II
,a(hmiri R II
Ma'a=a'am R II
Mara#hi R ,abar
Ori=a R II
$u&>abi R ;ararQ ,aur
Tami' R II
Te'u/u R @ee0a6amu
Frdu R ,abar
DESCRI$TION
a) Macro(co%ic
Roo# %iece( are u%#o 2.2 cm i& #hic6&e((S bar6 rou/h #o #ouchQ #hic6 (hoDi&/
'o&/i#udi&a' 'e&#ice'(S .re(h'= bro6e& (ur.ace 'i/h# =e''oDi(hS Dood hard a&d com%ac#S
rem&a&#( o. robu(# a&d ('e&der roo#'e#( %re(e&# o& #he bar6S co'our 0arie( .rom %a'e =e''oD
#o reddi(hIbroD&S &o %ar#icu'ar odour or #a(#e.
70

b) Micro(co%ic
A #ra&(0er(e (ec#io& o. roo# charac#eri(ed b= ou#ermo(# 'a=er o. ('i/h#'= (uberi(ed
cor6= zo&e o. (e0era' 'a=er( (hoDi&/ irre/u'ar a&d bro6e& ou#'i&eS cor6 cambium made o. 3
or 2 'a=er( o. #hi& Da''edQ (ma''Q (Huari(h ce''(S cor#ex co&(i(#i&/ o. #hi& Da''edQ irre/u'ar or
(omeDha# #a&/e&#ia''= e'o&/a#ed ce''(S a&/u'ar (c'ereid( i& /rou%( o. #o * a&d u%#o *9
i& (ize (ca##ered i& cor#exS %h'oem i& #he .orm o. mu'#i%'e 'a=er( o. ce''( .ormi&/ a
co&#i&uou( c='i&der arou&d i&&er 0a(cu'ar zo&eQ (e%ara#ed .rom #he x='em b= 3 #o 2 'a=er(
o. 0a(cu'ar cambiumS Ded/e( o. 0a(cu'ar e'eme&#( Di#h #hic6 Da''ed ce''( (%a& #he ce&#re o.
#he roo# a&d #he ou#er zo&eS 0e((e'( i(o'a#ed or i& /rou%( o. #DoQ di(#ribu#ed u&i.orm'=
amo&/ x='em %are&ch=maQ Dhich ha( /ra&u'ar co&#e&#(S medu''ar= ra=( o. #hi& Da''edQ
mo(#'= u&i(eria#eQ rec#a&/u'ar ce''(Q o.#e& ha0i&/ /ra&u'ar co&#e&#(S %i#h ab(e&#.
$oDder I $oDder (hoD( 0e((e' .ra/me&#( Di#h (im%'e %i##ed #hic6e&i&/( a&d #racheid( Di#h
#a%eri&/ or b'u&# e&d(S (c'ereid( u%#o *9 (ize a&d i& /rou%( o. or *.


T.).C.
T.).C. o. #he a'coho' (o'ub'e ex#rac# o. #he dru/ o& %recoa#ed (i'ica /e' ^4^ %'a#e (9.
mm #hic6) u(i&/ ch'oro.ormRme#ha&o' (C2R2) u&der F5 (*::&m) (hoD( (%o#( a# R. 9.91
(;'ue)Q 9.11 (;'ue)S 9.C*(;'ue).O& (%ra=i&/ Di#h a&i(aideh=deR (u'%huric acid rea/e&# a&d
hea#i&/ #he %'a#e .or #e& mi&u#e( a# 119
o
C #hree (%o#( a%%ear a# R. 9.*(Ora&/e)Q 9.:
($ur%'e)Q 9.:7 (Cream).
71

CONSTITFENTS I The roo#( co&#ai& a'6a'oid (#ach=dri&e. 4'ucobra((ici&Q &eo/'uI
cobra((ici& a&d 3Ime#hox=/'ucobra((ici& ha0e a'(o bee& ide&#i.ied i& #he roo#(.

Ra(a R ,aVuQ Ti6#a
4uTa R )a/huQ RZ6Xa
5Ur=a R FXTa
5i%P6a R ,aVu
,arma R 5P#aharaQ ,a%haharaQ DU%a&aQ Ruc=a
IM$ORTANT "ORMF)ATIONS I AmW#Pdi Tai'aQ ,uVi6hPdi 5aVi6PQ Hid(rPd=a 4hW#a
THERA$EFTIC FSES I 5P#a0i6PraQ ,P(aQ K0P(aQ 4a'a/aTYaQ 4u'maQ Ar[aQ ma0P#aQ
4Wdhra(UQ 5P#ara6#aQ Ra6#a/ra&#hiQ 5P#i6a=o&iro/aQ 5P#a[o%haQ 5raTaQ 4ra&#hi
DOSE I 1 I * /

72
9. Hi&/u%a#ri ().)
HI+4F$ATR< ()ea.)
Hib/u%a#rU co&(i(#( o. dried 'ea. o. "eru'a >ae(ch6ea&a 5a#6e ("am. A%iaceae)Q a
%ere&&ia' herbQ %roduci&/ a bu&ch o. radica' 'ea0e( arou&d #he ba(e o. #he .'oDeri&/ axi( a&d
di(#ribu#ed i& &or#hIDe(#er& Hima'a=a(Q o& dr= (u&&= ('o%e( be#Dee& 999 a&d *C99 mS
abu&da&# i& ,a(hmirQ )ada6h a&d )ahau' f S%i#i i& Himacha' $rade(h.
SENONEMS
Sa&(6ri# R Hib/u%arTUQ Hib/u%a#ri6PQ ;PX%i6P
A((ame(e R II
;e&/a'i R Hi&/Q De(a> Hi&/
E&/'i(h R II
4u>ra#i R Hi&/Q Hi&/roQ Hi&/'a0adhar&iQ Hi&/u%a#ri
Hi&di R Hi&/u%a#ri
,a&&ada R Doddahi&/i&a ;a''i
,a(hmiri R II
Ma'a=a'am R ,a=amQ $e&u&/a=amQ $eru&/6a=am
Mara#hi R Hi&/ $a#ree
Ori=a R He&/u
$u&>abi R Hi&/eQ Hi&/
Tami' R I&/u0aQ $eru&/a=am
Te'u/u R Hi&/o $a#ramu
Frdu R II
DESCRI$TION
a) Macro(co%ic
73
)ea. u%#o 29 cm 'o&/Q /ree&Q bo#h radica' a&d cau'i&eQ cau'i&e are a'#er&a#e'=
arra&/ed o& #he axi(Q or * 'obedQ %ube(ce&# Dhe& =ou&/Q %e#io'e o. cau'i&e 'ea0e( broad'=
(hea#hi&/Q decurre&#Q 'obe ob'o&/Q u%#o 19 cm 'o&/Q mar/i& o. #he 'obe( di(#i&c#'= (erra#eS
odourQ &i'S #a(#eQ ('i/h#'= (%ic=.

b) Micro(co%ic
T.S. o. cau'i&e 'ea. (hoD( midrib %romi&e&# be'oDQ i(obi'a#era' Di#h a (i&/'e 'a=er
each o. u%%er a&d 'oDer e%idermi( o. ('i/h#'= #hic6 Da''ed ce''( a&d (omeDha# drum (ha%ed
i& &a#ureS a&omoc=#ic (#oma#a %re(e&# o& bo#h (ur.ace(S (im%'e u&ice''u'ar #richome(
%re(e&# o&'= o& #he 'oDer e%idermi(S 'ami&a Da0= i& ou#'i&e Di#h rid/e( a&d /roo0e(Q each
/roo0e co&#ai&i&/ a %a#ch o. co''e&ch=ma#ou( ce''( be'oD e%idermi(S (ecre#or= ca&a'(
%re(e&# be'oD #he co''e&ch=ma#ou( %a#che(Q 'i&ed b= 7 #o 19 %are&ch=ma#ou( ce''(S #Do
'a=er( o. %a'i(ade ce''( %re(e&# o& bo#h (ur.ace(Q (%o&/= #i((ue com%o(ed o. (omeDha#
e'o&/a#ed ce''(S 0a(cu'ar bu&d'e( co''a#era' Di#h x='em abo0e a&d %h'oem be'oDS (#oma#a'
i&dex 1* #o 1?S%a'i(ade ra#io o. 2 #o ? a&d 0ei&Ii('e# &umber or *.
$oDder I Ee''oDi(h /ree&S (hoD( u&der micro(co%eQ e%idermi( Di#h a&omoc=#ic (#oma#aQ
e%iderma' ce''( Di#h u&ice''u'ar #richome(Q %a'i(ade ce''(Q &umerou( i(o'a#ed #richome( a&d
0e((e'( Di#h (%ira' #hic6e&i&/(.

To#a' A(h No# more #ha& 1*.9 %er ce&#Q A%%e&dix ..*.

T.).C.
T.).C. o. #he me#ha&o'ic ex#rac# o& %recoa#ed (i'ica /e' 4 %'a#e u(i&/ me#ha&o' R
ch'oro.orm (39R :9)S (hoD( u&der F5 (*:2 &m) #hree .'uore(ce&# zo&e( a# R.. 9.2 (b'ue
.'uore(ce&ce)Q 9.*C (Hui&chi&/ broD&i(hI%ur%'e) a&d 9.1 (b'ue .'uore(ce&ce). O&
74
ex%o((ure #o iodi&e 0a%our #hree zo&e( a%%eared a( broD& co'our (%o#(. O& (%ra=i&/ Di#h
\ 0a&i''i& (u'.uric acid rea/e&# (hoD( #hree (%o#( a# R.. 9.2 ($i&6)Q 9.*C (cream
co'oured) a&d 9.1 (broD&i(h Di#h b'ue #i&/e).

Ra(a R ,aVuQ Ti6#a
4uTa R TU6XTa
5Ur=a R FXTa
5i%P6a R ,aVu
,arma R $Pca&aQ HWd=aQ 5P#a6a%haharaQ Ruci6ara
IM$ORTANT "ORMF)ATIONS I ,umPr=P(a0a
THERA$EFTIC FSES I HWdro/aQ ;a(#i[Z'aQ 5iba&dhaQ 4arbhiTUQ Ar[aQ 4u'maro/aQ ,WmiQ $'
UhPro/aQ A%a(mPraQ F&mPda
DOSE I *I: /

75
1. I#6a#a (R#)
IT,A8A (Roo#)
I#6aVa co&(i(#( o. dried roo# o. Se(ba&ia bi(%i&o(a 1. ". 1i/h# ("am. "abaceae) a&
erec# 1.2 #o .2 m #a''Q a&&ua'Q (hrub Di#h mi&u#e %ric6'e( o& rachi( a&d =ou&/ bra&che(Q
u(ua''= .ou&d a( a Deed i& #he rice .ie'd( or Da#er 'o//ed area( i& #he %'ai&( o. I&dia.
SENONEMS
Sa&(6ri# R F#6aVaQ 5a&a>a=a&#U
A((ame(e R II
;e&/a'i R Dha&ichaQ Dhu&(ha
E&/'i(h R II
4u>ra#i R Sa(ee I6adQ I6ad
Hi&di R I66ada
,a&&ada R Mu''u >i&a&/i
,a(hmiri R II
Ma'a=a'am R ,i#amu
Mara#hi R Raa&(he0ariQ Chi&cha&i
Ori=a R Te&#ua
$u&>abi R @ha&>ha&
Tami' R MudchembaiQ Nirchembai
Te'u/u R E##e>a&/aa
Frdu R II
DESCRI$TION
a) Macro(co%ic
Cho%%ed %iece( o. roo#( o. 0ariab'e (ize( a&d #hic6&e(( u(ua''= irre/u'ar i& (ha%e
a&d Di#h #hic6 a&d #hi& roo#'e#(Q mai& roo#( 9. #o .9 cm i& diam. (o'idQ &o roo# &odu'e(
ob(er0edQ ou#er (ur.ace 'i/h# broD&Q (moo#hS Dood cream i& co'ourQ odour'e(( a&d #a(#e'e((.
76

b) Micro(co%ic
T.S. (hoD( di(co&#i&uou( cor6Q com%re((ed a&d bro6e&Q * #o : ce''( dee%Q #hi&
Da''edS cor#ica' ce''( %are&ch=ma#ou(Q (ome co&#ai&i&/ %ri(ma#ic cr=(#a'( o. ca'cium
oxa'a#e o. abou# 1: #o 2 (ize a&d (ome co&#ai&i&/ #a&&i&(S #oDard( #he i&&er (ide o. #he
cor#ex co&ica' %a#che( o. (c'ere&ch=ma#ou( .ibre %re(e&#Q broader #oDard( i&&er (ide a&d
&arroDer #oDard( #he ou#(ideQ %h'oem i( abou# 2 ce'' dee%Q #hi& Da''edS cambium
com%re((edQ &o# 0er= di(#i&c#S x='em 0e((e'(S u(ua''= Di#h (ca'ari.orm #hic6e&i&/(S ra= ce''(
u&i(eria#eQ Di#h (im%'e (#arch /rai&( o. 19 #o 39 (ize a&d occa(io&a''= %ri(ma#ic cr=(#a'(
o. ca'cium oxa'a#eS %i#h ab(e&#.
$oDder I Ee''oDi(h broD&Q .ibrou(Q .ree .'oDi&/Q charac#erized b= #he %re(e&ce o. 'ar/e
ce''( .i''ed Di#h #a&&i&(Q (ome (ma'' %are&ch=ma#ou( ce''( co&#ai&i&/ #a&&i&(Q 'o&/ .ibre(Q
(im%'e (#arch /rai&(Q #racheid( a&d 0e((e'( Di#h (ca'ari.orm #hic6e&i&/(.

1a#erI(o'ub'e ex#rac#i0e No# 'e(( #ha& : %er ce&#Q A%%e&dix ..?.

T.).C.
T.).C. o. me#ha&o' ex#rac# o& (i'ica /e' :9 " 23 %'a#e u(i&/ To'ue&e R Ace#o&e
(C9R19) (hoD( ei/h# (%o#( a# R. 9.12Q 9.3Q 9.*7Q 9.3:Q 9.27Q 9.:1Q 9.?3 a&d 9.?7 o& (%ra=i&/
Di#h 5a&i''i&ISu'%huric acid rea/e&# a&d hea#i&/ #he %'a#e .or 12 mi&u#e( a# 119
o
C.

CONSTITFENTS I Ami&o acid( (uch a( '=(i&eQ ar/i&i&eQ hi(#idi&e.

77

Ra(a R Madhura
4uTa R S&i/dhaQ 4uru
5Ur=a R KU#a
5i%P6a R Madhura
,arma R $i##aharaQ 5P#aharaQ MZ#ra0ireca&U=aQ S#a&=a>a&a&a
IM$ORTANT "ORMF)ATIONS I MZ#ra0ireca&U=a CZrTaQ S#a&=a>a&a&a ,aXP=a CZrTa
THERA$EFTIC FSES I ,P(aQ $ra#i[=P=aQ @0araQ Ne#raro/aQ A[marUQ $i##P[marUQ Kar6arPQ
MZ#ra6WcchraQ MZ#rP/hP#aQ MZ#raru>P
DOSE I *I: /

78
. I#6a#a (S#)
IT,A8A(S#em)
I#6aVa co&(i(#( o. dried (#em o. Se(ba&ia bi(%i&o(a 1. ". 1i/h# ("am. "abaceae) a&
erec# 1.2 #o .2 m #a''Q a&&ua'Q (hrub Di#h mi&u#e %ric6'e( o& rachi( a&d =ou&/ bra&che(Q
u(ua''= .ou&d a( a Deed i& #he rice .ie'd( or Da#er 'o//ed area( i& #he %'ai&( o. I&dia.
SENONEMS
Sa&(6ri# R F#6aVaQ 5a&a>a=a&#U
A((ame(e R II
;e&/a'i R Dha&ichaQ Dhu&(ha
E&/'i(h R II
4u>ra#i R I6adQ Sa(ee I6ad
Hi&di R I66ada
,a&&ada R Mu''u >i&a&/i
,a(hmiri R II
Ma'a=a'am R ,i#amu
Mara#hi R Chi&cha&iQ Raa&(he0ari
Ori=a R Te&#ua
$u&>abi R @ha&>ha&
Tami' R MudchembaiQ Nirchembai
Te'u/u R E##e>a&/aa
Frdu R II
DESCRI$TION
a) Macro(co%ic
Dru/ co&(i(#( o. cho%%ed %iece( o. (#emQ 9. #o .2 cm i& diam. Di#h .i&e (#ria#io&(S
(ize a&d #hic6&e(( 0ariab'eQ mi&u#e %ric6'e( ob(er0ed o&'= o& #hi& =ou&/ bra&che(S
79
/ree&i(hIbroD& ex#er&a''= a&d cream co'oured i&#er&a''=S %i#h (o.# a&d Dhi#eS odour'e(( a&d
#a(#e'e((.

b) Micro(co%ic
T.S. (hoD( Da0= ou#'i&eQ e%iderma' ce''( #abu'ar Di#h modera#e'= #hic6 cu#ic'eS (ome
co&#ai&i&/ /ra&u'ar (ub(#a&ce(S cor#ex 2 #o? ce''( dee%Q com%o(ed o. #hi& Da''ed ce''(S (ome
o. #ho(e %re(e&# be'oD #he e%idermi( co&#ai& #a&&i&(S e&dodermi( %re(e&#S %eric=c'e
com%o(ed o. * #o : ce'' 'a=er( o. di(co&#i&uou( %a#che( o. (c'ere&ch=ma#ou( .ibre( abou# 9
#o ** i& diam.S #oDard( #he i&&er (ide o. #he (c'ere&ch=ma#ou( .ibre %a#che(Q #a&&i& .i''ed
duc#( o. di..ere&# (ize( %re(e&#S %h'oem * #o : ce''( dee%S cambium * #o 2 ce''( dee%Q made
u% o. com%re((ed #hi& Da''ed ce''(S x='em .orm( a c'o(ed ri&/ arou&d #he ce&#ra' %i#hQ
(hoDi&/ (eco&dar= /roD#hS #he &umber o. %rimar= x='em eHua' #o #he rid/e( %re(e&# o& #he
ou#er (ur.ace o. #he (#emS x='em 0e((e'( ra&/e .rom 3 #o 7 i& diam.S #oDard( #he i&&er
(ide o. #he %rimar= x='emQ a ca0i#= .i''ed Di#h #a&&i&( i( %re(e&# (imi'ar #o #ha# be&ea#h #he
%h'oemS ra= ce''( (hoD (#arch /rai&(S %i#h %are&ch=ma#ou(.
$oDder REe''oDi(hIbroD&Q .i&e .ibrou(Q .ree .'oDi&/Q charac#erized b= #he %re(e&ce o. 'ar/e
#hi& Da''ed ce''( .i''ed Di#h #a&&i&(Q #hi& Da''ed %are&ch=ma#ou( ce''( abu&da&#Q #i((ue(
Di#h (#oma#a %re(e&#Q #racheid( a&d .ibre ce''( are a'(o .ou&d.


80
T.).C.
T.).C. o. me#ha&o' ex#rac# o& (i'ica /e' :9 " 23 %'a#e u(i&/ To'ue&e R Ace#o&e
(C9R19) (hoD( (e0e& (%o#( a# R. 9.12Q 9.*Q 9.7Q 9.*1Q 9.*7Q 9.22 a&d 9.C1 o& (%ra=i&/ Di#h
5a&i''i&ISu'%huric acid rea/e&# a&d hea#i&/ #he %'a#e .or 12 mi&u#e( a# 119
o
C.

CONSTITFENTS I Ami&o acid( (uch a( '=(i&eQ ar/i&i&eQ hi(#idi&e.

Ra(a R Madhura
5Ur=a R KU#a
5i%P6a R Madhura
,arma R 5P#aharaQ $i##aharaQ K'eXma%ra6o%a6aQ S#a&=a>a&a&aQ MZ#ra0ireca&U=a
IM$ORTANT "ORMF)ATIONS I Ca&da&Pdi Tai'a (Cara6a)
THERA$EFTIC FSES I ,P(aQ $ra#i[=P=aQ @0araQ Ne#raro/aQ A[marUQ $i##P[marUQ Kar6arPQ
MZ#ra6WcchraQ MZ#rP/hP#aQ MZ#raru>P
DOSE I *I: /

81
*. @a'a%i%%a'i (1h.$')
@A)A$I$$A)< (1ho'e $'a&#)
@a'a%i%%a'U co&(i(#( o. #he dried Dho'e %'a&# o. $h='a &odi.'ora 4ree&e (=&. )i%%ia
&odi.'ora Mich. ("am. 5erbe&aceae) a (ma'' cree%i&/ %ere&&ia' herb .ou&d commo&'= i&
(a&d= De#Q /ra((= %'ace( a'o&/ bu&d( o. irri/a#io& cha&&e'(Q ca&a' ed/e( a&d ri0er ba&6(
a'mo(# #hrou/hou# /rea#er %ar# o. I&dia a&d u% #o C99 m o& #he hi''(.
SENONEMS
Sa&(6ri# R @a'a%i%%a'i6PQ To=a0a''arUQ KaradUQ Ma#(=Pda&UQ Ma#(=a/a&dhP
A((ame(e R II
;e&/a'i R ;u66a&aQ ,aa&chadaa
E&/'i(h R $ur%'e )i%%ia
4u>ra#i R Ra#a0e'i=o
Hi&di R @a'%i%a'iQ $a&i(i/aaQ ;huio6araa
,a&&ada R Ne'ahi%%a'i
,a(hmiri R II
Ma'a=a'am R Nir#i%%a'iQ $odu#a'ai (Siddha)
Mara#hi R @a'%i%%a'iQ Ra#a0e'
Ori=a R II
$u&>abi R II
Tami' R $o#u##a'i
Te'u/u R ;o66e&a
Frdu R II
DESCRI$TION
a) Macro(co%ic
82
Roo# I "ibrou(Q bra&chedQ broD& i& co'ourQ #o 19 cm i& 'e&/#h a&d 1.9 #o 1.2 mm i&
diam.Q &oda' roo#( are (ma''erQ 9.2 #o 1.9 cm i& 'e&/#h a&d u&bra&ched.
S#em I Much bra&chedQ (ub Huadra&/u'arQ 1 #o mm i& diam.Q roo#i&/ a# &ode(Q more or 'e((
c'o#hed Di#h a%%re((edQ #Do armedQ Dhi#e hair( Dhe& (ee& u&der 19xQ broD&i(hI/ree&Q
'e&/#h o. i&#er&ode 2.9 #o C.9 cm.
)ea. I O%%o(i#eQ (ubI(e((i'eQ 1.2 #o *.? cm 'o&/ a&d 1 #o cm broadQ (%a#hu'a#eQ cu&ea#e a#
#he ba(eQ dee%'= a&d (har%'= (erra#e i& #he u%%er %ar#Q a%%re((ed b= #Do armedQ Dhi#e mi&u#e
hair( o& bo#h (ide(.
"'oDer I Se((i'eQ de&(e'= %ac6ed i& 'o&/ %edu&cu'a#e axi''ar= (%i6e(Q ma#ure o&e( 1.9 #o .9
cm 'o&/ a&d 9.3 #o 9.2 cm broadQ .'oDeri&/ de&(e'= becomi&/ ob'o&/ duri&/ .rui#i&/S
%edu&c'e( .2 #o ?.2 cm 'o&/Q brac#( abou# .2 mm 'o&/Q broad'= e''i%#ic or obo0a#eQ cu&ea#e
a# ba(eQ mucro&a#eQ /'abrou(S ca'=x .9 mm 'o&/Q membra&ou(Q bi'obedQ com%re((edQ mi#reI
(ha%edQ %ube(ce&# u&der&ea#h Di#h ordi&ar= #richome( c'o(e'= co0eri&/ #he .rui#Q #he
acumi&a#e 'obe( %ro>ec#i&/ be=o&d i#S coro''a .2 #o *.9 mm 'o&/Q Dhi#e or 'i/h# %i&6Q
bi'i%%edQ u%%er 'i% erec# a&d bi.idQ 'oDer 'i% * 'obed o. Dhich #he midd'e 'obe 'ar/e(#Q
.a''i&/ o.. a( a ca'=%#ra Dhe& .rui#( ri%e&(S (#ame&( 3Q did=&amou(Q a&#her( Ice''edQ
dehi(ci&/ 'o&/i#udi&a''=Q dor(i.ixedS o0ar= (u%eriorQ bicar%e''ar=Q o0u'e( i& each ce''
(o'i#ar=S (#='e (hor#Q (#i/ma ob'iHueQ (ubca%i#a#e.
"rui# I Sma''Q 1.2 #o .9 mm 'o&/Q /'obo(eQ ob'o&/Q (%'i#i&/ i&#o #DoQ 1I(eeded %'a&oIco&0ex
%=re&e(S (eed( exa'bumi&ou( abou# 1 mm i& (ize.

b) Micro(co%ic
Roo# I T.S. (hoD( ('i/h#'= Da0= ou#'i&e com%o(ed o. a (i&/'e 'a=ered e%ib'emaS
cor#ex : #o C ce''( dee%Q mo(# o. #he ou#er cor#ica' ce''( i& #he &oda' roo#( co&#ai&
ch'oro%'a(#S (ome o. #he cor#ica' ce''( #oDard( #he i&&er (ide are #hic6 Da''edS %h'oem ce''(
are irre/u'ar'= #hic6 Da''ed co&(i(#i&/ o. (ie0e #ube(Q com%a&io& ce''( a&d %h'oem
%are&ch=maS x='em com%o(ed o. 0e((e'(Q #racheid(Q %are&ch=ma a&d .iber(S 0e((e'( are
0ariab'e i& (izeQ ra&/e i& diame#er .rom 1: #o :2 S medu''ar= ra=( abou# or * ce''( i&
Did#hQ ce''( are %i##edS %i#h ab(e&#.
S#em I T.S. (hoD( a &ear'= Huadra&# ou#'i&e Di#h rid/e( a&d dee% .urroD(Q (#ria#ed cu#ic'eQ a
(i&/'e 'a=er o. e%idermi( Di#h ce''( 'o&/er #ha& broadS (ur.ace %o((e((e( u&ice''u'ar
#richome( Di#h #Do u&eHua' arm( Dhich u(ua''= /e#( de#achedS cor#ex i( abou# ? ce''( dee%
i& #he .urroD(Q mai&'= ch'ore&ch=ma Dhi'e #ho(e o. rid/e( are o. co''e&ch=maS a .eD ce''(
co&#ai& amor%hou( i&c'u(io&( a&d ma&= i&&er ce''( co&#ai& ch'oro%'a(#S e&dodermi(
ob(er0edS %eric=c'e or * 'a=er( o. ce''(Q #hic6 Da''edS %h'oem com%re((ed a&d 2 or : ce''(
dee%S x='em a co&#i&uou( ri&/Q broader a# #he #rou/h(. $i#h 'ar/eQ com%o(ed o. #hi& Da''ed
83
%are&ch=ma#ou( ce''(S ce&#ra' ce''( u(ua''= de/e&era#edQ bu# (e0era' o#her( ma= occa(io&a''=
co&#ai& a .eD ch'oro%'a(#(.
)ea. I I(obi'a#era'Q e%idermi( (i&/'e 'a=ered .o''oDed b= a 'a=er o. %a'i(ade ce''(S
occa(io&a''=Q a 'a=er %a'i(ade a'(o occur( ad>ace&# #o #he 'oDer e%idermi(S i& (ur.ace 0ieDQ
#he e%iderma' ce''( ha0e (#rai/h# Da''(S (#oma#a diac=#icQ %re(e&# o& bo#h 'oDer a&d u%%er
(ur.aceQ bu# more i& &umber o& 'oDer (ur.aceQ co0eri&/ a&d /'a&du'ar #richome( occur o&
bo#h #he (ur.ace(S u&ice''u'arQ u&eHua''= armed Dar#= #richome(Q Di#h %oi&#ed #i%( are
.reHue&# o& bo#h #he (ur.ace(S midrib 0a(cu'ar bu&d'e %o((e((e( x='em o& dor(a' (ide a&d
%h'oem o& 0e&#ra' (ideS (#oma#a' i&dex o. u%%er a&d 'oDer (ur.ace 11 #o 17 a&d 17 #o *9
re(%ec#i0e'=S #he %a'i(ade ra#io o. u%%er (ur.ace : #o 11 a&d #ha# o. 'oDer 7 #o 1*.
$oDderR 4ree&i(hIbroD&Q .ibrou(Q .ree .'oDi&/Q charac#erized b= #he %re(e&ce o. /'a&du'ar
hair(Q armed #richome( Dhich are u(ua''= a##ached #o a e%iderma' ce'' .rom #he ('i/h#'=
%ro#ruded (#a'6 %re(e&# i& #he midd'eQ #richome( Dar#=Q 'ea. e%idermi( charac#erized b= #he
%re(e&ce o. circu'ar #richome (car(Q 0e((e'( a&d %a'i(ade ce''(.


T.).C.
T.).C. o. me#ha&o' ex#rac# o& (i'ica /e' ^4^ %'a#e u(i&/ Ch'oro.orm R Me#ha&o'
(C2R92) (hoD( .i0e (%o#( a# R. 9.1Q 9.:Q 9.*3Q 9.39 a&d 9.?C o& (%ra=i&/ Di#h 5a&i''i&I
Su'%huric acid rea/e&# a&d hea#i&/ #he %'a#e .or 12 mi&u#e( a# 119
o
C.

CONSTITFENTS I "'a0o&oid( &ame'= &odi.'ori& A a&d &odi.'ori& ;Q &odi.'ore#i&Q
'i%%i.'ori&( A a&d ;.
84

4uTa R RZ6XaQ TU6XTa
5Ur=a R KU#a
5i%P6a R ,aVu
,arma R $i##aharaQ ,a%haharaQ MZ#ra'aQ @0ara/h&aQ Ku6ra'aQ Mu6ha[odha&UQ D
U%a&aQ HWd=aQ Ca6XuX=aQ Sad/rPhUQ Ruc=aQ 5iXa/h&a
IM$ORTANT "ORMF)ATIONS I A6U6a $iXVUQ A6U6a ;ha(ma
THERA$EFTIC FSES I Ra6#aro/aQ DPhaQ 5raTaQ K0P(aQ ;hramaQ MZrcchPQ TWXTPQ Ra6#adoXaQ
,WmiQ @0araQ $i##P#i(PraQ 5i(ar%a
DOSE I #o * / %oDder
1] #o m' >uice.

85
3. @i0a6a ($(eudo bu'b)
@<5A,A- ($(eudo ;u'b)
@U0a6ac co&(i(#( o. dried a&d .re(h %(eudoIbu'b o. Ma'axi( acumi&a#a D. Do& (=&.
Micro(#='i( Da''ichii )i&d'. ("am. Orchidaceae)Q a (hor# (#emmed #erre(#ria' herb u% #o 2 cm
i& hei/h#Q di(#ribu#ed #hrou/hou# I&dia o& hi''( a# a& a'#i#ude o. 999 I*999 m.
SENONEMS
Sa&(6ri# R @U0=aQ DUr/hP=uQ Cira>U0U
A((ame(e R II
;e&/a'i R II
E&/'i(h R @ee0a6
4u>ra#i R II
Hi&di R @ee0a6
,a&&ada R II
,a(hmiri R II
Ma'a=a'am R @ee0a6am
Mara#hi R II
Ori=a R II
$u&>abi R II
Tami' R @ee0a6am
Te'u/u R @ee0a6amu
Frdu R II
DESCRI$TION
a) Macro(co%ic
"re(h %(eudo bu'b co&ica' i& (ha%eQ .'e(h=Q /ree&Q (moo#hQ (hi&i&/Q 1 #o C cm 'o&/
a&d 1 #o * cm broadQ ('i/h#'= muci'a/e&ou(Q co0ered Di#h (hi&i&/Q #ra&('u(ce&# 'i/h# /ree&Q
86
membra&eou(Q * or 3 (hea#hi&/ 'ea0e( arra&/ed a'#er&a#e'= a&d ha0i&/ %ara''e' 0e&a#io&S
(#em rudime&#ar=S roo#( ari(i&/ a# #he u&io& o. (#em a&d bu'b.
Dried %(eudo bu'b( co&ica'Q #ra&('u(ce&#Q reddi(hIbroD& i& co'ourQ mea(uri&/ #o 2 cm 'o&/
a&d 9.2 #o 1 cm DideQ co0ered Di#h (hea#hi&/ 'ea0e(Q Dhich are 'i/h# broD&Q membra&eou(
Di#h %ara''e' 0e&a#io&S (ur.ace rou/hQ %u&c#a#edQ .rac#ure hardS cu# (ur.ace dar6 broD&Q
coar(e'= /ra&u'a#ed Di#h irre/u'ar mar/i&( a&d Dhi#e (%o#(S %'ea(a&# (me''S a(#ri&/e&#Q
('i/h#'= muci'a/e&ou( i& #a(#e.

b) Micro(co%ic
T.S. o. %(eudo bu'b o0a' #o circu'ar i& ou#'i&eS (ec#io& %a((i&/ #hrou/h (ca'= 'ea0e(
Dhich ex.o'ia#eQ (hoDi&/ a (i&/'e 'a=eredQ #hic6 Da''edQ (c'eri.ied e%idermi( ha0i&/ acicu'ar
cr=(#a'( o. ca'cium oxa'a#eQ .o''oDed b= me(o%h='' ad>ace&# #o #he u%%er e%idermi(
com%o(ed o. #o 3 'a=er( o. e'o&/a#ed ce''( Di#h 'i/&i.ied re#icu'a#e #hic6e&i&/ #he
'i/&i.ica#io& Da( co&.irmed Di#h %h'oro/'uci&o' a&d Co&c. HC'Q de0oid o. ch'oro'%'a(#S
0a(cu'ar bu&d'e( %romi&e&#Q %h'oem De'' de0e'o%ed Di#h 'ar/e (ie0e %'a#e(Q (urrou&ded b=
(c'ere&ch=ma#ou( bu&d'e (hea#hS (ec#io& %a((i&/ #hrou/h bu'b (hoD( a (i&/'e 'a=er o.
cu#ic'e a&d a 'a=er o. #hic6 Da''ed (c'eri.ied e%iderma' ce''(S be'oD #hi( 'ie 1 or 'a=er( o.
'ar/e (c'eri.ied ce''( a&d #he(e ex#e&d u&e0e&'= i&#o /rou&d %are&ch=ma#ou( #i((ueS /rou&d
%are&ch=ma irre/u'arQ Di#h 'ar/e air (%ace( Di#h %a((a/e ce''( i& #he .orm o. (ma''
%ro#ubera&ce( a# (ome %'ace(S 0a(cu'ar bu&d'e( (ca##ered #hrou/hou# #he /rou&d #i((ue
(urrou&ded b= #hic6 Da''ed (c'ere&ch=ma#ou( ce''(Q Dhich occa(io&a''= ex#e&d i&#o
i&#erce''u'ar (%ace(.
$oDder I Ee''oDi(hIbroD& i& co'ourQ %'ea(a&# (me''Q ('i/h#'= bi##er a&d a(#ri&/e&# i& #a(#eQ
(hoD( /rou%( o. me(o%h='' ce''( Di#h re#icu'a#e #hic6e&i&/( i&(ideS 0e((e'( Di#h (%ira'Q
(ca'ari.orm a&d re#icu'a#e #hic6e&i&/S .ibre #racheid( o. abou# :99 m 'o&/ u%#o 79 m
broadQ a&d #racheid( (abou# 1C m 'o&/ a&d 39 m broad)S /rou%( o. %are&ch=ma Di#h
accicu'ar cr=(#a'( o. ca'cium oxa'a#eQ (ie0e %'a#e(Q (ie0e #ube( a&d a&/u'ar %are&ch=ma#ou(
ce''(. $oDder Dhe& #rea#ed Di#h co&c. HNO
*
o& micro(co%ic ('ide emi#( 'i/h# /ree&
.'uore(ce&ce u&der F5 *:2 &m.

87
S#arch No# 'e(( #ha& 1C %er ce&#Q A%%e&dix ..1*

T.).C.
u(i&/ #o'ue&e R e#h=' ace#a#e (C9 R 19) `doub'e ru&a (hoD( (%o#( a.#er (%ra=i&/ Di#h
a&i(a'deh=deI(u'%huric acid rea/e&# a&d hea#i&/ #he %'a#e .or #e& mi&u#e( a# 19
o
C a# R..
9.1 (ora&/e)Q 9.17 (%ur%'e)Q 9.C (/re=)Q 9.*7 (ora&/e) a&d 9.2C (broD&).

CONSTITFENTS I A'coho' (cer=' a'coho')Q /'uco(eQ rham&o(e a&d di#er%e&e(.

Ra(a R Madhura
4uTa R S&i/dhaQ $icchi'a
5Ur=a R KU#a
5i%P6a R Madhura
,arma R 5P#aharaQ $i##aharaQ DhP#u0ardha6aQ Ku6ra'aQ ;WdhaTaQ ;a'=aQ
S&eho%a/aQ @U0a&U=aQ Ra(P=a&a
IM$ORTANT "ORMF)ATIONS I Da[amZ'PriXVaQ C=a0a&a%rP[aQ ;rPhma Ra(P=a&aQ Ki0a
4uVi6PQ AmW#a%rP[a 4hW#aQ A[o6a 4hW#aQ DhP&0a&#ara Tai'aQ ;a'P Tai'aQ MP&a(ami#ra 5aVa6aQ
4uYZc=Pdi Tai'aQ ;Wha# A[0a/a&dhP 4hW#a
THERA$EFTIC FSES I Ra6#a%i##aQ DPhaQ ,Xa=aQ Ra6#a0i6PraQ ,Pr[=aQ K0P(aQ ,P(aQ KoXa
DOSE I 2I19 /

88
2. ,adara (H#.1d)
,ADARA- (Hear# 1ood)
,adarac co&(i(# o. dried %iece( o. hear# Dood o. Acacia (uma ;uch.IHam. ("am.
Mimo(aceae)Q a medium (ized #ree Di#h Dhi#e bar6 ex.o'ia#i&/ i& %a%er= .'a6e( Di#h horizo&#a'
%a#che( o. dar6er co'ourQ .ou&d i& 1. ;e&/a'Q ;ihar a&d Sou#her& 1e(#er& 4ha#.
SENONEMS
Sa&(6ri# R Soma0a'6acQ K0e#a6hadirac
A((ame(e R II
;e&/a'i R Sh0e# ,hadir
E&/'i(h R 1hi#e Cu#ch #reeQ 1hi#e Ca#echu
4u>ra#i R 4oradaQ 4ordio baa0a'
Hi&di R Sa.ed ,hair
,a&&ada R ,a&darah
,a(hmiri R II
Ma'a=a'am R 5e&6ari&&a'iQ Somara=a##o'i
Mara#hi R $aa&dharaa ,hair
Ori=a R II
$u&>abi R II
Tami' R ,o0i'Q Shi'ai=u&chai
Te'u/u R Te''a#ummaQ Te''a(u&draQ Te''acha&dra
Frdu R II
DESCRI$TION
a) Macro(co%ic
Hear# Dood i& cu# rec#a&/u'ar %iece( (hoDi&/ 6&o#(S %a'e =e''oDQ rou/hS .rac#ureQ
hardQ emi#( .ai&# odour o. DoodQ a'mo(# #a(#e'e((.
89

b) Micro(co%ic
Hear# Dood I Tra&(0er(e (ec#io& (hoD( di..u(e %orou( DoodQ i&di(#i&c# /roD#h
ri&/(S 0e((e'( occa(io&a''= occur i& %air( or i& /rou% o. *S %ara#rachea' %are&ch=ma
abu&da&#Q 0a(ice&#ricQ .i''ed Di#h (#arch /ra&u'e( a&d %ri(ma#ic ca'cium oxa'a#e cr=(#a'(Q
medu''ar= ra=( DideQ (#rai/h#Q mu'#i(eria#e.
A #a&/e&#ia' (ec#io& (hoD( he#eroce''u'arQ mu'#i(eria#eS medu''ar= ra=( 2 #o ? #ime(
hi/her #ha& #he bread#hS #ha# i( u%#o or o0er 29 ce''( 0er#ica''= a&d abou# 19 #o 1 ce''(
acro(( a# #heir Dide(# 'e0e'S medu''ar= ra=( are (urrou&ded b= cr=(#a' (hea#h Di#h %ri(ma#ic
cr=(#a'(S .ibre( are a(e%#a#e %i##edS com%ac#'= arra&/ed &arroD (Huari(h 'i/&i.ied #racheid(S
0e((e'( Di#h (im%'e bordered %i#(S x='em %are&ch=ma co&#ai& %ri(ma#ic cr=(#a' o. ca'cium
oxa'a#eS /um( a&d #a&&i&(.
$oDder I Ee''oD co'ouredQ coar(eQ &o# .ree .'oDi&/S u&der micro(co%e (hoD( a &umber o.
.ibre(Q 0e((e'(Q #hic6 Da''ed ce''( o. medu''ar= ra=(Q occa(io&a' cr=(#a'( o. ca'cium oxa'a#e
a&d #hic6 'i/&i.ied #i((ue( a&d (#arch /rai&(Q .'uore(ce&ce #e(# &e/a#i0eQ Dhe& a& ex#rac# i&
a'coho' ] Da#er i( exami&ed u&der *:: &m a&d 23 &m.


T.).C.
T.).C. o. #he a'coho'ic ex#rac# o& (i'ica /e' ^4^ (9. mm #hic6 &e(() %'a#e u(i&/
#o'ue&e R me#ha&o' (?R*) (hoD( #e& ba&d( a# R.. 9.1*Q 9.:Q 9.*3Q 9.*7 (a'' =e''oD)Q 9.3*
(%ur%'e)Q 9.3? ('i/h# broD&)Q 9.21 ((6= b'ue)Q 9.:1 (%i&6i(h broD&)Q 9.:C (%i&6 Di#h b'ue
border) 9.?7 (/re=). O& (%ra=i&/ Di#h 2\ E#ha&o'icI(u'%huric acid rea/e&# a&d o& hea#i&/
#he %'a#e .or #e& mi&u#e( a# 192
o
CQ #e& ba&d( a%%ear a# R.. 9.11Q 9.1Q 9.CQ 9.2* (a'' %ur%'e)Q
9.::Q 9.?1 (bo#h broD&)Q 9.?7 (%ur%'e core Di#h b'ue border)Q 9.7*Q 9.C9Q 9.CC (a'' /re=).
90

CONSTITFENTS I A& a'6a'oid diabo'i&eQ I(i#o(#ero'Q (#i/ma(#ero'Q o'ea&o'ic acid a&d i#(
*Iace#a#eQ a (a%o&i& co&#ai&i&/ o'ea&o'ic acidQ /a'ac#o(eQ ma&&o(e.

Ra(a R Ti6#a
4uTa R 5i[ada
5Ur=a R KU#a
5i%P6a R ,aVu
,arma R ,a%haharaQ 5arT=aQ $i##aharaQ Ra6#a[odha6a
THERA$EFTIC FSES I MadhumehaQ Mu6haro/aQ FdardaQ ,aTYZQ MedodoXaQ 5raTaQ $PTYuQ
,uXVhaQ K0i#raQ Ra6#adoXa
DOSE I I: /

91
:. ,a6a>a&/ha (Sd)
,,A@A+4H (Seed)
,P6a>ab/hP co&(i(#( o. dried ma#ure (eed o. $eri(#ro%he bica'=cu'a#a (Re#z.) Nee(
("am. Aca&#haceae)Q a& erec# hi(%id herb :9 #o 179 cm #a''Q .ou&d i& .ore(#( a&d Da(#e 'a&d(
a'mo(# #hrou/hou# #he cou&#r=.
SENONEMS
Sa&(6ri# R NaYU6P&#PQ ,P6a#i6#PQ $rPcUba'aQ Su'oma[PQ 5P=a(a>ab/hP
A((ame(e R II
;e&/a'i R Naa(6aa/a
E&/'i(h R II
4u>ra#i R ,aa'ia/hediQ ,aria/hediQ A/hedi
Hi&di R A#ri'a'Q Ma(iQ ,aa6>a&/haa
,a&&ada R Cibi/idQ Cibir(o%%u
,a(hmiri R II
Ma'a=a'am R Raa&6iraa=a#
Mara#hi R 4haa#i%i##aa%a%adaaQ Raa&6iraa=a#
Ori=a R II
$u&>abi R II
Tami' R Chebira
Te'u/u R Chebira
Frdu R II
DESCRI$TION
a) Macro(co%ic
;'ac6Q orbicu'arQ 1.? #o mmQ ('i/h#'= ru/o(eQ bi##er Di#h oi'= .ee'i&/ o& #o&/ue a&d
&o (%ecia' odour.
92

b) Micro(co%ic
Seed RTra&(0er(e (ec#io& o. (eed (hoD( #e(#a ha0i&/ (i&/'e 'a=ered e%idermi(Q
ce''( a%%eari&/ (#rai/h# Da''ed a&d a&/u'ar i& (ur.ace 0ieD %roduci&/ (hor# (#ou# u&ice''u'ar
hair( ha0i&/ recur0ed hoo6( a&d dar6 co&#e&#(S #e/me& 'a=eredQ %are&ch=ma#ou(S
co#='edo& ha( ou#er mo(# e%idermi( a&d i&&er (i&/'e 'a=er o. %a'i(ade 'i6e %are&ch=ma a&d 3
or 2 'a=er( o. (hor#er ce''(S co#='edo& (hoD( %ro0a(cu'a#ure a# (ome %'ace(S ce''( co&#ai&
%ro#ei& a'euro&e /rai&( a&d oi' a# (ome %'ace(.
$oDder RThe %oDder i( b'ac6i(hI=e''oD i& co'ourS i# (hoD( hair(Q a .eD ce''( o. %a'i(ade
%are&ch=ma a&d ce''( o. co#='edo& Di#h oi' ca& a'(o be (ee&Q (#rai/h# Da''ed %ac6ed a&/u'ar
e%iderma' ce''( o. #e(#a Di#h (car( o. hair(.


T.).C.
#o'ue&e R dich'orome#ha&e R e#ha&o' R .ormic acid (19R*R*R1) (hoD( u&der F.5. (*:: &m) .i0e
/ree&i(h b'ue .'uore(ce&# ba&d( a# R.. 9.13Q 9.17Q 9.Q 9.*CQ 9.23. O& ex%o(ure #o Iodi&e
0a%our (ix ba&d( a%%ear a# R.. 9.17 (/ree&i(h broD&)Q 9.Q 9.*? (bo#h 'i/h# broD&)Q 9.2*Q
9.:7Q 9.?3 (a'' =e''oD). O& (%ra=i&/ Di#h 2\ E#ha&o'icI(u'%huric acid rea/e&# a&d hea#i&/
#he %'a#e .or #e& mi&u#e( a# 192
o
CQ e'e0e& ba&d( a%%ear a# R.. 9.13Q 9.Q 9.*9Q 9.*? (a'' 'i/h#
broD&)Q 9.37 (/ree&i(h broD&)Q 9.2* (=e''oDi(h broD&)Q 9.2: (broD&)Q 9.2C (%i&6i(h broD&)Q
9.:7 ('oDer ha'. b'ue a&d u%%er ha'. %i&6)Q 9.?3Q 9.7? (bo#h %i&6i(h broD&).

93
4uTa R SaraQ $icchi'a
5Ur=a R FXTa
5i%P6a R ,aVu
,arma R ,a%ha%i##a&u#Q ,Wmi/h&aQ 5arT=aQ 5raTaharaQ 5iXa/h&a
IM$ORTANT "ORMF)ATIONS I MahP 5iXa/arbha Tai'a
THERA$EFTIC FSES I 5iXama>0araQ ;Pdhir=aQ Ra6#a%i##aQ $PTYuQ $radaraQ @0araQ ,aTYZQ
KoXaQ ,Xa#a Q @a&#u6WmiQ 4rahaTUQ DuXVa0raTaQ K'U%adaQ SidhmaQ Sar%a0iXaQ Ka(#ra6Xa#aQ
4a'a/aTYaQ A%acUQ ;P'a/rahaQ $ra#i[=P=a
DOSE I 1I * /

94
?. ,a6a&a>a ("r)
,,ANA@A ("rui#)
,P6a&a>a co&(i(#( o. dried ma#ure .rui# o. $h=(a'i( a'6e6e&/i )i&&. ("am. So'a&aceae)Q
i# occur( i& S. Euro%e #hrou/h Chi&a #o @a%a&S i# doe( &o# occur i& I&diaQ bu# .rui#( are
a0ai'ab'e i& #he I&dia& bazaarQ i& #he &ame o. 6a6a&a>a.
SENONEMS
Sa&(6ri# R Ra>a%u#ri6a
A((ame(e R II
;e&/a'i R ,a6a&a>a
E&/'i(h R 1i&#er cherr=Q ;'adder cherr=
4u>ra#i R ,a6a&a>a
Hi&di R ,a6a&a>a
,a&&ada R ,a6a&a>a
,a(hmiri R II
Ma'a=a'am R ,a6a&a>a
Mara#hi R ,a6a&a>a
Ori=a R II
$u&>abi R ,aa6&a>
Tami' R Si(a=a66aa'iQ To##a66aa'i
Te'u/u R ,u%a&#e
Frdu R ,a6a&a>
DESCRI$TION
a) Macro(co%ic
Red co'oured berr=Q /'obo(eQ abou# 1 #o 1.2 cm i& diame#erQ ou#er (ur.ace Dri&6'edQ
Di#h dried .'e(hS u&i'ocu'arQ com%'e#e'= %ac6ed Di#h (eed(Q o0er'a%%i&/Q ce&#ra''= orie&#edQ
95
i&(i/&i.ica&# %'ace&#a %re(e&#S (eed( 1.7 #o . mmQ &umerou(Q .'a#Q Di#h cur0ed embr=oQ
hi'um i& #he co&ca0i#=S .rui# (Dee# a&d (our i& #a(#e.

b) Micro(co%ic
"rui# I Cu#ic'e %re(e&#S .rui# Da'' &o# di(#i&/ui(hab'e a( e%icar%Q me(ocar% a&d
e&docar% c'ear'=S #he ou#er 'a=er co&(i(#( o. a (i&/'e 'a=er o. &o& 'i/&i.iedQ #hi& Da''ed ce''
Di#h broD& co&#e&#(S be'oD #hi( are a .eD 'a=er( o. horizo&#a''= orie&#ed ce''( Di#h ora&/e
co&#e&#( a&d 'oo(e'= arra&/ed 'a=er( o. %are&ch=maQ Di#h muci'a/e ce''(S i&&er 'a=er( o. #he
.rui# Da'' a&d #he %'ace&#ae %ro'i.era#e i&#o #he 'ocu'e %ac6ed Di#h mi&u#e (eed(.
Seed I T.S. i( e'o&/a#ed Di#h a %ro>ec#io& a# bo#h e&d(S #e(#a ha( a& ou#ermo(# %a%i''o(e #hi&
Da''ed ce''( .o''oDed b= #hic6e&ed (c'ereid(Q Dhich a%%ear bo&e (ha%ed a# #he %ro>ec#ed
%ar#(Q #he 'a##er (hoDi&/ %i#( o& #heir Da''(S be'oD are or * 'a=er( o. #hi& Da''ed ce''(
.o''oDed b= a #hic6 cu#ic'e a&d i&&er 'i/&i.ied (i&/'e 'a=ered #e/me&S e&do(%erm co&#ai&(
#hi& Da''ed %o'=/o&a' %are&ch=ma#ou( ce''( .i''ed Di#h a'euro&e /rai&(Q oi' /'obu'e( a&d
occa(io&a' (a&d= ca'cium oxa'a#e cr=(#a'(S embr=o cur0ed i. %re(e&#.
$oDder I The %oDder i( broD&i(hIora&/e i& co'ourS (hoD( (c'ereid(Q %are&ch=ma#ou( ce''(Q
e&do(%ermic %are&ch=ma#ou( ce''( rich i& oi' a&d a'euro&e /rai&(.


ASSAE

T.).C.
96
#o'ue&e R me#ha&o' (?R*) (hoD( e'e0e& ba&d( a# R.. 9.11 (dar6 broD&)Q 9.*7Q 9.33Q 9.3:Q 9.2Q
9.2: (a'' 'i/h# /re=)Q 9.:: (dar6 broD&)Q 9.?Q 9.?7Q 9.7*Q 9.77 (a'' 'i/h# /re=)Q o& (%ra=i&/
Di#h 2\ E#ha&o'icI(u'%huric acid rea/e&# a&d hea#i&/ #he %'a#e .or #e& mi&u#e( a# 192
o
C.

CONSTITFENTS I Auroxa&#hi&Q mu#a#oxa&#hi&Q %h=da'ei&Q zeaxa&#hi&Q ICr=%#oxa&#hi&
.rom #he ca'=x o. #he .rui#S /'=coa'6a'oid( de#ec#ed i& #he (eed( bu# a'6a'oid( Dere ab(e&# i&
#he .rui#.

Ra(a R MadhuraQ Ti6#a
4uTa R RZ6Xa
5Ur=a R KU#a
5i%P6a R ,aVu
,arma R 5P#aharaQ DPha[Pma6aQ ;a'=aQ MZ#ra'aQ 5ireca&aQ KZ'a&P[i&UQ
Ra6#a0idrP0aTU
IM$ORTANT "ORMF)ATIONS I )auha Ra(P=a&a
THERA$EFTIC FSES I $Z=amehaQ Tama6a[0P(aQ 5raTaQ 5i(ar%aQ ,aTYZQ Ko%haQ ,P(aQ
K0P(aQ @0ara
DOSE I 2I19 / i& #he %oDder .orm.

97
7. ,a'i=a6a (R# fS#)
,)<EA,A (Roo# a&d S#em)
,P'U=a6a co&(i(#( o. #he dried roo# f (#em o. Co(ci&ium .e&e(#ra#um (4aer#&.) Co'ebr.
("am. Me&i(%ermaceae)Q a 'ar/e Dood= c'imber Di#h (#ou# (#em a&d bra&che(Q occurri&/ i& #he
1e(#er& 4ha#(.
SENONEMS
Sa&(6ri# R ,a'amba6aQ ,P'U=aQ ,P'U=P6h=aQ ,P'e=a6a
A((ame(e R II
;e&/a'i R II
E&/'i(h R "a'(e Ca'umba
4u>ra#i R II
Hi&di R @haarI6iIha'd
,a&&ada R Mardaa ara(hi&aa
,a(hmiri R II
Ma'a=a'am R Marama&>a'
Mara#hi R 5e&i0e'
Ori=a R II
$u&>abi R II
Tami' R A##uramQ ,adariQ Ma&>a'6oid
Te'u/u R Ma&u %a(u%u
Frdu R II
DESCRI$TION
a) Macro(co%ic
Roo# I 2 #o *9 cm or more i& 'e&/#hQ #o 2 cm. i& diame#erQ (omeDha# 'o&/i#udi&a''=
/roo0edQ #ra&(0er(e'= cu# (ur.ace (moo#hQ =e''oDS #ex#ure rou/h a&d .ibrou(S acrid i& #a(#eS
&o %ar#icu'ar odour.
98
S#em I 12 #o *9 cm. or more i& 'e&/#hQ #o 7 cm. i& diame#erQ (#rai/h# or occa(io&a''=
('i/h#'= #Di(#edQ %a'e /re= or /re=i(h =e''oD Di#h a .air'= (moo#h (ur.aceQ mar6ed Di#h
'o&/i#udi&a' (#ria#io&( (%aced abou# a mm a%ar#Q cu# (ur.ace =e''oDi(hI/ree& #o =e''oD i&
co'our (hoDi&/ Ded/e (ha%ed area(Q .i((ured Di#h (ha''oD 0er#ica' ('i#( o. 0ar=i&/ 'e&/#hS
#ex#ureQ hardS acrid i& #a(#e.

b) Micro(co%ic
Roo# I Tra&(0er(e (ec#io& circu'ar i& ou#'i&eS cor6 cream co'ouredQ 9 #o *9 or more
roD( o. u&i.orm rec#a&/u'ar ce''( Di#h 1 #o (#o&e ce''(S ou#er cor#ica' #i((ue charac#erized
b= #he %re(e&ce o. 0er= %romi&e&# =e''oDi(h ba&d a'mo(# i& #he .orm o. ri&/ o. #hic6
Da''edQ %i##ed (#o&e ce''(S %ri(ma#ic cr=(#a'( o. ca'cium oxa'a#e .ou&d i& #he #hic6 Da''ed
ce''(S (ie0e #ube( Di#h (im%'e %er.ora#io& %'a#eS e0ide&# i& ).S.S &arroD radia#i&/ Ded/e
(ha%ed x='em (#ri%(S a'#er&a#i&/ Di#h Ded/e (ha%edQ broadQ mu'#i(eria#e medu''ar= ra=( Di#h
#hic6 Da''ed ce''( .i''ed Di#h rod (ha%ed cr=(#a'( o. ca'cium oxa'a#e a&d (#arch /rai&( Dhich
are circu'arQ a%%eari&/ 'e&#icu'ar o& ed/e 0ieDQ (im%'eQ *9I32 m i& diame#erS hi'um
i&di(#i&c# or do#I'i6eQ ce&#ra''= %'aced i. %re(e&#Q 'ame''ae i&di(#i&c#S 0e((e'( .i''ed Di#h
#='o(e( a&d i& ma#ure roo# #he(e #='o(e( become #hic6 Da''ed /i0i&/ #he a%%eara&ce o. (#o&e
ce''(S .ibre( 'o&/Q 'i/&i.ied.
S#em I The #ra&(0er(e (ec#io& circu'ar i& ou#'i&eQ (ha''oD'= cre&a#eS cor6 9 #o 39 ce''(
#hic6S cor#ex 2 #o 7 'a=er( o. #a&/e&#ia''= e'o&/a#ed %are&ch=ma#ou( ce''( ha0i&/ 0er=
co&(%icuou( =e''oDi(h cre&a#e ba&d( o. hard #i((ue or (#o&e ce''( Di#h radia#i&/ ca&a'( a&d
.i''ed Di#h dar6 =e''oD co&#e&#(Q a'mo(# ca%%i&/ #he Ded/e (ha%ed medu''ar= ra=( a&d
%h'oemS (c'ero#ic e'eme&#( cubica' #o o0a' Di#h 0er= #hic6 %i##ed Da''( .i''ed Di#h %ri(ma#ic
cr=(#a'( o. ca'cium oxa'a#eS %h'oem di(#i&c#S x='em &arroDQ radia#i&/Q Ded/e (ha%ed a( i&
roo#Q 0e((e'( ?9 #o 1:9 m i& diame#erQ (o'i#ar=Q %i##i&/ re#icu'a#e Di#h (ma'' 'e&#icu'ar
ori.ice(Q occ'uded Di#h #hic6 Da''ed #='o(e(S .ibre( (e%#a#e #o &o&(e%#a#eQ (e%#a#e .ibre(
ha0i&/ #o2 (e%#aQ ?9 #o 399 m 'o&/ a&d 1 m i& diame#erS medu''ar= ra=( ex#e&d .rom
%i#h #o %eri%her=Q broadQ mu'#i(eria#eQ 12 #o ma&= ce''( hi/h a&d #o ma&= ce''( DideS %i#h
co&(i(# o. #Do re/io&(R (i) 3 #o : 'a=er( o. (ma''er co''e&ch=ma#ou( ce''( i& #he %eri%her=S
(ii) %are&ch=ma#ou( ce''( circu'ar #o %o'=hedra' i& (ha%e Di#h i&#erce''u'ar (%ace(Q ce''(
'ar/er #oDard( #he ce&#re.
$oDder I $oDder o. bo#h roo# a&d (#em =e''oD Di#h /ree&i(h #i&/eQ bi##er a&d odour'e((.
Micro(co%ica' exami&a#io& (hoD( #he %re(e&ce o. .ibre(Q #='o(e(Q (#o&e ce''( co&#ai&i&/
%ri(ma#ic cr=(#a'( o. ca'cium oxa'a#eQ (#arch /rai&( circu'ar a%%eari&/ 'e&#icu'ar (ha%ed o&
ed/e 0ieDQ (im%'eQ *9I32 m i& diame#er hi'um i&di(#i&c# or do# 'i6e ce&#ra''= %'aced i.
%re(e&#Q 'ame''ae i&di(#i&c#Q .ra/me&#( o. 0e((e'(Q #racheid( a&d %are&ch=ma#ou( ce''(S Dhe&
#rea#ed o& micro(co%ic ('ide Di#h 1N NaOH aHueou( (o'u#io& a&d mou&#ed i& &i#roce''u'o(e
i& am='ace#a#e emi#( 0er= charac#eri(#ic ca&ar= =e''oD co'our u&der F5I*:2 &m.
99

To#a' A(h No# more #ha& %er ce&#Q A%%e&dix ..*.
To#a' a'6a'oid a( berberi&e ch'oride No# 'e(( #ha& %er ce&#Q A%%e&dix ..17

ASSAE
S#em I
"orei/& ma##er R No# more #ha& 1 %erce&#Q A%%e&dix ...
Moi(#ure co&#e&# R No# more #ha& : %erce&#Q A%%e&dix ..C.
To#a' a(h R No# more #ha& * %erce&#Q A%%e&dix ..*.
Acid i&(o'ub'e a(h R No# more #ha& %erce&#Q A%%e&dix ..3.
A'coho' (o'ub'e ex#rac#i0e R No# 'e(( #ha& * %erce&#Q A%%e&dix ..:.
1a#er (o'ub'e ex#rac#i0e R No# 'e(( #ha& 7 %erce&#Q A%%e&dix ..?.
To#a' a'6a'oid a( berberi&e ch'oride R No# 'e(( #he& 1 %erce&#Q A%%e&dix ..17.

T.).C.
u(i&/ i(o%ro%a&o' R .ormic acid R Da#er (32 R 9.1 R 9.3) (hoD( u&der F5 (*:: &m)
.'uore(ce&# (%o#( a# R.. 9.19Q 9.1?Q 9.3Q 9.*3Q 9.*CQ 9.2Q 9.2:Q 9.?7 a# (imi'ar R.. O&
(%ra=i&/ Di#h modi.ied Dra/e&dro..^( rea/e&# ora&/e (%o#( a%%ear a# R.. 9.19Q 9.3Q 9.*3Q
9.7* a&d 9.7C.

10
CONSTITFENTS I A'6a'oid(Iberberi&eQ %a'mi#i&eQ >a#rorrhizi&eQ %ro#oIberber&eQ NQ NIdiI
'i&dacar%i&eQ #ha'i.e&di&e a&d co'umbami&e.

Ra(a R ,aXP=aQ S#em R Ti6#a
4uTa R )a/huQ RZ6XaQ S#em R )a/huQ RZ6Xa
5Ur=a R KU#aQ S#em R KU#a
5i%P6a R ,aVuQ S#em R ,aVu
,arma R K'eXma(ad[ama&aQ $i##aharaQ DU%a&aQ $Pca&aQ A&u'oma6aQ
Ra6#a[odha6aQ .or S#em R K'eXma(ad[ama&aQ $i##aharaQ ,a%hamedoharaQ DU%a&aQ $Pca&aQ
,a%hamedohara
THERA$EFTIC FSES I Roo# RQ Ra6#a%i##aQ @UrTa @0araQ $ramehaQ ,WmiQ A>UrTaQ dhmP&aQ
,Pma'PQ A/&imP&d=aQ 5raTaQ 5=ab/aQ S#em RQ ,uXVhaQ $ramehaQ $PTYuro/aQ @0araQ A>UrTaQ
A/&imP&d=aQ dhmP&a Ea6W#I5i6PraQ ,WmiQ DPhaQ A[marUQ F%adad[aQ 5raTaQ Eu0P&a%iYa6PQ
5=ab/a

10
C. ,a%i#a&a (S#.;6)
,A$<TANA (S#em ;ar6)
,a%U#a&a co&(i(#( o. (#em bar6 o. The(%e(ia %o%u'&ea ().) So'a&d. ex Correa (=&.
Hibi(cu( %o%u'&eu( )i&&. ("am. Ma'0aceae)Q a .a(# /roDi&/Q mediumI(ized e0er/ree& #reeQ
u%#o 19 m #a'' Di#h =e''oDQ cu%I(ha%ed .'oDer( ha0i&/ maroo& ce&#re a&d di(#ribu#ed
#hrou/hou# coa(#a' .ore(#( o. I&dia a&d a'(o 'ar/e'= /roD& a( a road(ide #ree.
SENONEMS
Sa&(6ri# R $PriXahQ ,a&dara'aQ $ha'U[acQ 4ardabhPTYac
A((ame(e R II
;e&/a'i R 4a>a(hu&diQ $araa(a%i%u'a
E&/'i(h R $or#ia #reeQ Fmbre''a #ree
4u>ra#i R $aara(%i%a'o
Hi&di R $aara(%i%a'
,a&&ada R Hu0ara(i
,a(hmiri R II
Ma'a=a'am R $u&a0a(uQ $u%%aru##i
Mara#hi R $ara(a %im%a'a
Ori=a R II
$u&>abi R II
Tami' R Chi'a&#iQ $u&ara(u
Te'u/u R 4a&=araa0iQ Mu&i/a&/araa0i
Frdu R II
DESCRI$TION
a) Macro(co%ic
10
;ar6 occur( i& .'a# #o ('i/h#'= cur0ed %iece(Q 0ar=i&/ i& #hic6&e(( accordi&/ #o a/e
a&d %ar#( o. #ree .rom Dhere i# i( #a6e&S ex#er&a' (ur.ace rou/h due #o &umerou( irre/u'ar'=
(ca##ered 'e&#ice'(Q .i((uredQ ex.o'ia#i&/ i& irre/u'ar (ca'e(Q /re=i(hIbroD&S i&&er (ur.aceQ
'ami&a#edQ .o'iaceou(Q reddi(hIbroD&S .rac#ureQ .ibrou(S &o charac#eri(#ic odourS #a(#eQ
a(#ri&/e&#.

b) Micro(co%ic
ShoD( ou#er ex.o'ia#i&/ 'a=er i& hardQ Dood=Q o'der bar6(S cor6 ce''(Q #hi&IDa''edQ 19
#o 9 'a=eredQ rec#a&/u'arS cor#ex ma&= 'a=eredQ ou#er cor#ex co&(i(#i&/ o. c'o(e'= %ac6edQ
(ma''Q %o'=/o&a' ce''(Q i&&er cor#ex com%o(ed o. 'ar/eQ rec#a&/u'ar #o %o'=/o&a' ce''(S ba(#
.ibre(Q abu&da&# i& /rou%(Q ou#er /rou%( radia''= e'o&/a#ed a&d i&&er #a&/e&#ia''=S medu''ar=
ra=( o. #Do #=%e(Q &arroDQ u&i #o #ri(eria#e o. ('i/h#'= e'o&/a#ed rec#a&/u'ar ce''( a&d DideQ
mu'#i(eria#eQ irre/u'ar'= arra&/edS 'ar/e duc#( i& cor#ex .i''ed Di#h =e''oD #o ora&/e
co&#e&#(S =e''oD i&c'u(io&( %re(e&# i& #he ce''( o. ou#er cor#exS ro(e##e ca'cium oxa'a#e
cr=(#a'( (ca##ered i& cor#ex a&d medu''ar= ra=(S (#arch /rai&(Q (im%'e or com%ou&d i&
%h'oem re/io&.
$oDder IReddi(hIbroD&S (hoD( (#ra#i.ied cor6 #i((ueQ &umerou( .ibre( i& /rou%( Di#h
&arroD 'ume& a&d b'u&#'= %oi&#ed e&d(S %h'oem %are&ch=ma ce''( Di#h 'ar/e (i&/'e ro(e##e
ca'cium oxa'a#e cr=(#a'S (#arch /rai&(Q (im%'e #o or * com%ou&dS hi'umQ di(#i&c#.


ASSAE

10
T.).C.
T.).C. o. #he a'coho'ic ex#rac# o& %recoa#ed (i'ica /e' ^4^ %'a#e (9. mm #hic6) u(i&/
ch'oro.orm R me#ha&o' R .ormic acid (199R.2R1) (hoD( (%o#( a# R.. 9.1 (broD&)Q 9.17
(broD&)Q 9.C (broD&) a&d 9.:1 (reddi(h Dhe& ho# #ur&( =e''oDi(h o& coo'i&/) o& (%ra=i&/
Di#h 0a&i''i&I(u'%huric acid rea/e&# a&d hea#i&/ #he %'a#e a# 192
o

CONSTITFENTS I "'a0o&oid(Q (#eroid( a&d (e(Hui#er%e&oida' Hui&i&e(.

Ra(a R ,aXP=a
4uTa R )a/huQ RZ6Xa
5Ur=a R KU#a
5i%P6a R ,aVu
,arma R 5P#aharaQ $i##aharaQ ,a%haharaQ MZ#ra(ad/rahaTU=aQ S#ambha&aQ
MedoharaQ Sa&dhP&U=aQ Ku6ra'aQ Sad/rPhUQ ;ha/&a(a&dhP&a6W#Q $ud(a0a&am
IM$ORTANT "ORMF)ATIONS I N=a/rodhPdi ,0P#ha CZrTa
THERA$EFTIC FSES I Ra6#a%i##aQ $ramehaQ Ra6#a0i6PraQ Eo&iro/aQ DPhaQ TWXTPQ Medoro/aQ
5raTaQ Ko#haQ T0a/ro/aQ ;P'a0i(ar%aQ $PmPQ ,aTYZQ Dadru
DOSE I 199 m' 60P#ha.

10
*9. ,ar6a(a (R#.)
,AR,AKA (Roo#)
,ar6a[a co&(i(#( o. #he roo# o. Momordica dioica Roxb. ex 1i''d. ("am.
Cucurbi#aceae) a 0i&e .ou&d #hrou/hou# I&dia u% #o a& a'#i#ude o. 1299 mQ a'(o cu'#i0a#ed .or
i#( .rui#(Q Dhich are u(ed a( 0e/e#ab'e(.
SENONEMS
Sa&(6ri# R ,ar6oVa6UQ 5a&dh=P ,ar6oVa6U
A((ame(e R II
;e&/a'i R Ti#6aa&6aro'
E&/'i(h R II
4u>ra#i R ;aa&>ha6ar#o'aaQ ,a&6odi
Hi&di R 5a&a6a6odaaQ ;aa&>aQ ,he6ha(aaQ ,a6odaa
,a&&ada R II
,a(hmiri R II
Ma'a=a'am R II
Mara#hi R 5aa&>hI,ar#o'iQ ,ar#o'e
Ori=a R ,aa&6ada
$u&>abi R II
Tami' R $a'u%%a6ai
Te'u/u R Aa/aa6ar
Frdu R II
DESCRI$TION
a) Macro(co%ic
"i&e'= cho%%ed %iece( o. #uberou( roo#(Q ou#er (ur.ace rou/h a&d /re=i(hIbroD&Q
ce&#ra' %or#io& Dhi#e #o creamQ (#arch=Q .riab'eS .rac#ureQ .ibrou(S odour'e(( a&d ('i/h#'=
bi##er #a(#e.
10

b) Micro(co%ic
T.S. (hoD( cor6 : #o C ce''( dee%Q ce''( bric6I(ha%ed a&d arra&/ed i& roD( Di#h
/re=i(hIbroD& co&#e&#(S cor6 cambium ce''( (imi'ar i& (#ruc#ure a&d (ize .o''oDed b= a zo&e
o. com%re((ed ce''( #o 3 ce''( dee%S cor#ex com%o(ed o. abou# 19 'a=er( o. ce''(Q #hi&
Da''edQ irre/u'ar i& (ha%e a&d %are&ch=ma#ou(Q #oDard( #he i&&er (ide o. #he cor#exQ
(ca##ered (o'i#ar= or /rou%( o. (c'ere&ch=ma#ou( ce''( are %re(e&#S %h'oem : #o 7 ce''( dee%Q
%h'oem %are&ch=ama u(ua''= .i''ed Di#h (#arch /rai&( o. abou# 1: #o 2 i& diam.S x='em
com%o(ed o. (ca##ered 0e((e' (#ra&d( a&d x='em %are&ch=maS mo(# o. #he 0e((e'( are u(ua''=
(o'i#ar= or .ou&d i& /rou%( o. or *S x='em %are&ch=ma co&#ai&( rou&d or o0a' (#arch /rai&(
(imi'ar #o #ha# i& %h'oem.
$oDderR 1hi#i(hIbroD&Q .ree .'oDi&/Q charac#erized b= #he %re(e&ce o. (c'ere&ch=ma#ou(
ce''(Q (hoDi&/ radia' %i# ca&a'( a&d &arroD 'ume&S (#arch /rai&(Q cor6 ce''( a&d
%are&ch=ma#ou( ce''( are a'(o %re(e&#.


T.).C.
T.).C. o. Da#er ex#rac# o& (i'ica /e' '4' %'a#e u(i&/ &Ibu#a&o' R Ace#ic acid R 1a#er
(39R19R29) (hoD( &i&e (%o#( a# R. 9.1CQ 9.*Q 9.3Q 9.?Q 9.*:Q 9.39Q 9.2*Q 9.? a&d 9.7C o&
(%ra=i&/ Di#h 19\ a'coho'ic (u'%huric acid a&d hea#i&/ #he %'a#e .or 12 mi&u#e( a# 119
o
C.

CONSTITFENTS I I e'eo(#earic acidQ Iace#='I2Ich'oro%=rro'e.

10

Ra(a R Ti6#a
5Ur=a R KU#a
5i%P6a R ,aVu
,arma R ,a%haharaQ $i##aharaQ 5raTa[odha6aQ Ruci6araQ Ra(P=a&a
IM$ORTANT "ORMF)ATIONS I HUra6a Ra(P=a&aQ 5i(a&P[a6a Eo/a (A=ur0eda $ra6P[a)Q
,P6Pda&U Tai'aQ ,P'P/&Urudra Ra(aQ Sa&&U%P#a 5idh0ad(a Ra(aQ Ca&drarudra Ra(a
THERA$EFTIC FSES I 5i(ar%aQ Sar%a0iXa0i6PraQ MZ#ra6WcchraQ Sar%a0iXaQ @0araQ ,P(aQ
K0P(aQ Hi66PQ Ar[aQ ,Xa=aQ Ra6#Pr[aQ MadhumehaQ Ne#raro/aQ Kiroro/aQ ,Pma'PQ A[marU
DOSE I *I: /

10
*1. ,ar&a(%ho#a (Sd)
,ARAAS$HO8 (Seed)
,arTa(%hoVP co&(i(#( o. #he (eed o. Cardio(%ermum ha'icacabum )i&&. ("am.
Sa%i&daceae)Q commo&'= .ou&d a( a Deed #hrou/hou# I&diaQ a(ce&di&/ u%#o 1Q99 m. i& #he
Nor#h 1e(# Hima'a=a(.
SENONEMS
Sa&(6ri# R Ka6a6ra'a#a (S.=.)Q ,P6Pda&UQ ,P6amarda&i6PQ ,P6a#i6#P
A((ame(e R II
;e&/a'i R @=o#i(hma#i (o. ;e&/a')
E&/'i(h R ;a''o& 5i&eQ Hear#^( $ea
4u>ra#i R ;odhaQ ,a%aa'%hodiQ Na=a%ha#6iQ Shi0a>aa'a
Hi&di R ,aa&%hu#iQ )a#aa%ha#a6i
,a&&ada R ,a&a6a==a
,a(hmiri R II
Ma'a=a'am R F'i&&a
Mara#hi R "a#%ha#iQ ,aa&%hu#iQ ,hi'>a'a
Ori=a R II
$u&>abi R II
Tami' R Modi66o##a&Q Mudu66o##a&Q Muda66aru#a&a(Siddha)
Te'u/u R 5e66udu#i/a
Frdu R II
DESCRI$TION
a) Macro(co%ic
Seed( are abou# 3 #o : mmQ (ub/'obo(eQ b'ac6Q (hi&= Di#h a Dhi#i(h (car o. ari'Q
&u##= .'a0ourS &o odour.
10

b) Micro(co%ic
T.S. (hoD( a& ou#ermo(# #hic6 =e''oDi(h 'a=er o. cu#ic'eS #e(#a (hoD( a (i&/'e 'a=er
o. radia''= e'o&/a#edQ broD& a&d #hic6 Da''ed %a'i(ade 'i6e ce''( (hoDi&/ 'i&ea 'ucida a&d
Di#h (#e''a#e'= 'obed 'ume& a( (ee& i& (ur.ace 0ieDS a Dide zo&e o. (c'ereid( Di#h #hic6
Da''ed hi/h'= (i&uou(Q 'i/h# =e''oD #o =e''oDi(hIbroD& 'i/&i.ied ce''( (hoDi&/ radia#i&/
ca&a'( o& #heir Da''( i& (ur.ace 0ieDS #e/me& co&(i(#( o. %are&ch=ama#ou( ce''(S /rou&d
#i((ue o. #he embr=o co&(i(#( o. a&/u'ar #o hexa/o&a' %are&ch=ma ce''( Di#h oi' /'obu'e(S
(#arch /rai&( ab(e&#.
$oDder I $oDder 'i/h# broD& i& co'ourQ Di#h b'ac6 .ra/me&#( o. #he (eed coa# a&d ha( #he
#a(#e a&d odour o. cucurbi#aceou( (eed Di#h a &u##= .'a0ourS (hoD( (ur.ace 0ieD o. %a'i(ade
'a=er Di#h hexa/o&a' ou#'i&e a&d (#e''a#e'= 'obed 'ume&Q (ur.ace 0ieD o. #he much (i&uou(
(c'ereid 'a=er a&d oi' /'obu'e(.

"ixed oi' No# 'e(( #ha& 9 %erce&#Q A%%e&dix ..7

T.).C.
T.).C. o. me#ha&o'ic ex#rac# o& (i'ica /e' ^4^ %'a#e (9. mm #hic6) u(i&/ #o'ue&e R
e#h=' ace#a#e R die#h=' ami&e (72R12R9.2) (hoD( u&der F5 (*:: &m) .'uore(ce&# (%o#( a# R..
9.19 (Dhi#e)Q 9.1 (b'ue) a&d 9.?9 (b'ue). A.#er (%ra=i&/ Di#h a&i(a'deh=deI(u'%huric acid
o
C .or #e& mi&u#e( (%o#( a%%ear a# R.. 9.12 (b'ue)Q 9.*3
(/ree&i(h b'ue)Q 9.33 (b'ui(h b'ac6)Q 9.:3 (b'ue) a&d 9.?1 (b'ue). T.).C. o. #he me#ha&o'ic
ex#rac# u(i&/ bu#a&o' R ace#ic acid R Da#er (:R1R) a.#er (%ra=i&/ Di#h a&i(a'deh=deI(u'%huric
10
acid rea/e&# (hoD( (%o#( a# R.. 9.97 (/ree&)Q 9.12 (/ree&)Q 9.* (/ree&)Q 9.7 (%ur%'e)Q 9.*7
(/ree&)Q 9.3? (%i&6)Q 9.2* (=e''oDi(h /ree&)Q 9.7* (%ur%'e) a&d 9.C* (%ur%'e).

CONSTITFENTS I "ixed oi'.

Ra(a R Ti6#aQ ,aVu
5Ur=a R KU#a
5i%P6a R ,aVu
,arma R 5P#aharaQ MZ#ra'aQ ,e[=aQ Medh=aQ 5iXa/h&a
IM$ORTANT "ORMF)ATIONS I mP#i(Pra&P[a6a Eo/aQ 5P(Pdi'e%aQ NP/arPdi Tai'aQ
)a[u&Pdi ,aXP=a
THERA$EFTIC FSES I @0araQ Ko%haQ $PTYuQ KZ'aQ 5WddhiQ Sa&dhiI5a#aQ 4raha ;PdhPQ
;hZ#abPdhPQ 5iXabPdhP
DOSE I 1I /

11
*. ,ar&a(%ho#a (R#)
,ARAAS$HO8 (Roo#)
,arTa(%hoVP co&(i(#( o. #he roo# o. Cardio(%ermum ha'icacabum )i&&. ("am.
Sa%i&daceae)Q commo&'= .ou&d a( a Deed #hrou/hou# I&diaQ a(ce&di&/ u%#o 199 m. i& #he
Nor#h 1e(#er& Hima'a=a(.
SENONEMS
Sa&(6ri# R Ka6a6ra'a#a (S.=.)Q ,P6Pda&UQ ,P6amarda&i6PQ ,P6a#i6#P
A((ame(e R II
;e&/a'i R @=o#i(hma#i
E&/'i(h R ;a''o& 5i&eQ Hear#^( $ea
4u>ra#i R ;odhaQ ,a%aa'%hodiQ Shi0a>aa'aQ Na=a%ha#a6i
Hi&di R ,aa&%hu#iQ )a#aa%ha#a6i
,a&&ada R ,a&a6a==a
,a(hmiri R II
Ma'a=a'am R F'i&&a
Mara#hi R "a#%ha#i
Ori=a R II
$u&>abi R II
Tami' R Modi66o##a&Q Muda66aru#a&a(Siddha)Q Mudu66o##a&
Te'u/u R 5e66udu#i/a
Frdu R II
DESCRI$TION
a) Macro(co%ic
Ta% roo#Q #hic6Q reddi(hIbroD&Q hardQ Dood=Q bra&ched roo#'e#(Q #o 2 mm #hic6.
11

b) Micro(co%ic
T.S. (hoD( ou#ermo(# * or 3 'a=er( o. cor6Q ce''( o. Dhich are .'a##e&ed a&d cru(hedQ
.o''oDed b= a (i&/'e 'a=ered cor6 cambiumQ .o''oDed b= a cor#ex 19 #o 12 'a=er( dee%Q Di#h
ce''( com%ac#'= arra&/ed a&d 'a#era''= e'o&/a#edS e&dodermi( (i&/'e 'a=eredS %h'oem
%re(e&#Q cambium or * 'a=ered #hic6Q x='em co&#ai& 0e((e'( o. 0ariou( diame#er(Q
medu''ar= ra=( u&i(eria#eQ %ro#ox='em %oi&#( di(cer&ib'e amo&/ co''a%(ed ce''( o. %i#h.
$oDderI )i/h# broD&. "ibre( a&d %i##ed 0e((e'( are (ee&.


ASSAE

T.).C.
T.).C o. me#ha&o'ic ex#rac# o& (i'ica /e' ^4^ %'a#e (9. mm #hic6) u(i&/ %he&o' R
Da#er (*R1) (hoD( (%o#( a# R
.
9.9: (%i&6i(h broD&)Q 9.1? (%i&6i(h broD&)Q 9. (/re=i(h
/ree&)Q 9.C (broD&)Q 9.*3 (/re=i(h /ree&) a&d 9.3: (%ur%'e) a.#er (%ra=i&/ Di#h 19\
e#ha&o'icI(u'%huric acid rea/e&#.

CONSTITFENTS I

11

Ra(a R Ti6#aQ ,aVu
4uTa R TU6XTaQ )a/huQ RZ6Xa
5Ur=a R KU#a
5i%P6a R ,aVu
,arma R 5P#aharaQ ,a%ha[Pma6aQ Ra(P=a&aQ ,e[=aQ Medh=aQ 5Pma6aQ MZ#ra'aQ
5ireca6aQ 5iXa/h&a
IM$ORTANT "ORMF)ATIONS I ra/0adhPdi ,0P#ha CZrTa
THERA$EFTIC FSES I @0araQ $PTYuQ ,Pma'PQ KZ'aQ 5WddhiQ SmrVi ,Xa=aQ Sa&dhi0P#aQ
,uXVhaQ Sar%a0iXaQ MZXi6P0iXaQ @0ara=u6#aI,P(a Q I&dra'u%#aQ Sa&&i%P#odaraQ A[marUQ Ko%haQ
;hZ#abPdhPQ 4rahabPdhP
DOSE I 1I* /

11
**. ,a##ri&a (1h.$')
,ATTLAA (1ho'e $'a&#)
,a##WTa co&(i(#( o. #he Dho'e %'a&# o. C=mbo%o/o& ci#ra#u( (DC.) S#a%. (=&R
A&dro%o/o& ci#ra#u( DC. ("am. $oaceae)Q a #a'' #u.#ed %ere&&ia' /ra(( cu'#i0a#ed i& 0ariou(
%ar#( o. I&dia.
SENONEMS
Sa&(6ri# R ;hZ#WTacQ @ambUra#WTacQ 4uh=abU>aQ ;hu#U6a
A((ame(e R II
;e&/a'i R 4a&dha#ru&Q 4a&dhabe&aa
E&/'i(h R )emo& /ra((
4u>ra#i R )i'ichaa
Hi&di R 4a&dha#ru&Q Harichaa=a
,a&&ada R Ma>>i/ahu''u
,a(hmiri R II
Ma'a=a'am R Che&&a&am%u''uQ I&ci%%u''uQ 5a(a&a%%u''u
Mara#hi R Hir0aa ChahaaQ O'aa ChahaaQ $aa#ichahaa
Ori=a R II
$u&>abi R 4a&dha#ru&Q Sharbaa&
Tami' R 5a(a&ai%i''u
Te'u/u R Nimma/addiQ 5a(a&a /addi
Frdu R II
DESCRI$TION
a) Macro(co%ic
Roo# I "ibrou(Q ad0e&#i#iou(Q 2 #o 19 mm i& 'e&/#hQ 9. #o 9.? mm i& #hic6&e((.
11
Rhizome I Irre/u'arQ dar6 broD& i& co'ourQ &arroD i&#er&ode( %re(e&# 3 #o C cm i& 'e&/#hQ
1.2 #o cm i& diame#er.
S#em I $a'e =e''oDQ ho''oDQ 3 #o 19 cm i& 'e&/#hQ 1 #o * cm i& diame#er.
)ea. I )ea0e( /'aucou(Q 'i&earQ %ara''e' 0ei&edQ abou# C9 cm i& 'e&/#hQ #o * cm i& Did#hQ
co&(%icuou( midrib %re(e&#Q a%ex %oi&#edQ mar/i& e&#ireQ Di#h (hea#hi&/ ba(e a&d a 'i/u'e a#
i#( ba(eS 'emo& odourQ #a(#e bi##er.

b) Micro(co%ic
Roo# I E%ib'ema or %i'i.erou( 'a=er u&i(eria#e Di#h com%ac# #abu'ar ce''(S u&ice''u'ar
roo# hair( %re(e&#S be&ea#h e%idermi( 1 #o * 'a=ered exodermi( o. ce''( Di#h #hic6 Da''(
%re(e&#S cor#ex ce''( Di#h i&#erce''u'ar (%ace(S barre' (ha%ed ce''( o. e&dodermi( a&d (e0era'
'a=ered (c'eri.ied %eric=c'eS 0a(cu'ar #i((ue Di#h a'#er&a#i&/ (#ra&d( o. x='em a&d %h'oemQ
x='em exarchS %i#h %are&ch=ma#ou( Di#h i&#erce''u'ar (%ace(.
Rhizome I T.S. (hoD( ou#er e%iderma' 'a=er o. rec#a&/u'ar %are&ch=ma#ou( ce''( .o''oDed
b= 2 #o ? 'a=ered (c'ere&ch=ma#ou( h=%odermi(S '=(i/e&ou( ca0i#ie( %re(e&# i& #he
h=%odermi(S be'oD #he h=%odermi(Q a broad zo&e o. /rou&d #i((ue co&(i(#i&/ o. #hi& Da''ed
%are&ch=ma#ou( ce''( Di#h (ma'' i&#erce''u'ar (%ace(S 0a(cu'ar bu&d'e( (ca##ered i& #he
/rou&d #i((ueS co&ce&#ricQ am%hi0a(a'Q e&c'o(ed b= (c'ere&ch=ma#ou( (hea#hS ro(e##e (ha%ed
ca'cium oxa'a#e cr=(#a'( %re(e&# i& #he cor#ex.
S#em I T.S. (hoD( #hic6 cu#ic'e .o''oDed b= u&i(eria#e e%idermi( a&d a cor#ex (e0era' 'a=er(
dee%S (ca##ered co&ce&#ricQ am%hi0a(a' 0a(cu'ar bu&d'e( %re(e&# i& #he /rou&d #i((ueQ Di#h
#he 'ar/er o&e( #oDard( ce&#reQ a&d (ma''er o&e( #oDard( %eri%her=S cor#ica' bu&d'e( %re(e&#.
)ea. I
Midrib I T.S. (hoD( a& u%%er a&d 'oDer e%idermi( co&(i(#i&/ o. a (i&/'e 'a=er o. ce''( Di#h
(#oma#a a&d #richome(S re/u'ar'= di(#ribu#ed (c'ere&ch=ma#ou( %a#che( %re(e&# ad>ace&# #o
bo#h e%idermi(S /rou&d #i((ue co&(i(# o. &o&Iu&i.orm a&/u'ar ce''( Di#h i&#erce''u'ar (%ace(S
0a(cu'ar bu&d'e( (urrou&ded b= o&e or #Do 'a=ered bu&d'e (hea#h a&d %are&ch=ma#ou( ce''(
(#ori&/ (#archS %h'oem #oDard( #he 'oDer e%idermi( a&d x='em #oDard( #he u%%er e%idermi(S
%h'oem ha( (ie0eI#ube( a&d com%a&io& ce''(S x='em co&(i(#( o. %i##ed me#ax='em 0e((e'(
Dhich are o0a' i& (ha%eS #racheid( %re(e&#Q x='em %are&ch=ma (ca&#=.
)ami&a I T.S. (hoD( a cu#ic'eQ a& u%%er a&d 'oDer e%idermi( com%o(ed o. (i&/'e 'a=er o.
ce''( Di#h bu''i.orm ce''(Q (#oma#a a&d bri(#'= #richome(S me(o%h='' Di#h o&'= (%o&/=
%are&ch=maS #he &arroD /uard ce''( o. #he (#oma#a are a((ocia#ed Di#h (ub(idiar= ce''(.
Sma'' (i'ica ce''( .i''ed Di#h (i'icaQ (o'idi.ied i&#o bodie( o. 0ariou( (ha%e(Q a&d ce''( Di#h
11
(uberi(ed Da''( ca''ed cor6 ce''( occur i& %air( Dhich a'#er&a#e Di#h e'o&/a#ed e%iderma'
ce''(S 'oDer e%idermi( Di#h o0a' (ha%ed (#oma#a arra&/ed i& a %ara''e' ma&&er.
$oDder I $oDder /ree& i& co'our Di#h (#ro&/ 'emo& odour a&d bi##er #a(#eQ (hoD( oi' ce''(Q
.ibre(Q ro(e##e (ha%ed ca'cium oxa'a#e cr=(#a'(Q %i##ed a&d re#icu'a#e 0e((e'(Q %i##ed a&d
(ca'ari.orm 0e((e'(Q (ur.ace 0ieD o. e%idermi( Di#h (#oma#aQ #richomeQ cor6 ce''(Q bri(#'e a&d
(i'ica ce''(.

AcidIi&(o'ub'e a(h No# more #ha& : %er ce&#Q A%%e&dix ..3.

ASSAE

T.).C.
T.).C. o. e((e&#ia' oi' ex#rac#ed b= C'e0e&/er a%%ara#u( o& (i'ica /e' ^4^ %'a#e (9.
mm #hic6) u(i&/ #o'ue&e R e#h=' ace#a#e (C*R?) (hoD( u&der F5 (23 &m) (%o#( a# R.. 9.9?
('i/h# /ree&) a&d 9.3? (dar6 /ree&). A.#er (%ra=i&/ Di#h a&i(a'deh=deI(u'%huric acid rea/e&#
(%o#( a%%ear a# R.. 9.92 (b'ue)Q 9.97 (b'ui(h =e''oD)Q 9.1C (dar6 b'ue)Q 9.3? (b'ue)Q 9.2
(%i&6)Q 9.:9 ('i/h# %i&6)Q 9.?9 (%ur%'e) a&d 9.?3 (%ur%'e).

CONSTITFENTS I E((e&#ia' oi' co&#ai&i&/ ci#ra' a( ma>or com%o&e&# be(ide( /era&io' a&d
o#her #er%e&e(.

11
Ra(a R ,aVuQ Ti6#a
4uTa R TU6XTaQ )a/huQ RZ6Xa
5Ur=a R FXTa
5i%P6a R ,aVu
,arma R 5P#aharaQ ,a%haharaQ KU#a%ra[ama&aQ S#a&=a>a&a&aQ DU%a&aQ Reca&aQ
5iXa/h&aQ Mu6ha[odha&aQ A0WX=aQ Ca6XuX=aQ RZci6Pra6aQ 5amihara
IM$ORTANT "ORMF)ATIONS I MPXaba'Pdi ,0P#ha CZrTa
THERA$EFTIC FSES I ,uXVhaQ ,WmiQ Aroca6aQ Sa&#P%aQ DPhaQ 5amiQ ,P(aQ K0P(aQ DadruQ
FdaraQ ;hZ#abPdhPQ 4rahabPdhPQ Fdarda
DOSE I *I: /

11
*3. ,ebu6a (Rz.)
,E;F,A (Rhizome)
,ebu6a co&(i(#( o. #he dried rhizome o. Co(#u( (%ecio(u( (,oer&i&/ ex Re#z.) Smi#h.
("am. Ji&/iberaceae)Q a herb commo&'= .ou&d i& (ubIHima'a=a& #rac# ex#e&di&/ be#Dee&
,a&/ra #o Aru&acha' $rade(h a&d a'(o i& 1e(#er& 4ha#(.
SENONEMS
Sa&(6ri# R ,embu6aQ ,ebu6aQ ,emu6aQ ,embu
A((ame(e R II
;e&/a'i R ,e0u
E&/'i(h R II
4u>ra#i R II
Hi&di R ,ebuQ ,emu6Q ,emuaa
,a&&ada R Che&/'a0aaI,o(h#uQ Cha&/a'0a6o(h#u
,a(hmiri R II
Ma'a=a'am R Cha&&a66i'a&&uQ Cha&&a66u00a
Mara#hi R $e0aa
Ori=a R II
$u&>abi R II
Tami' R ,o(h#am
Te'u/u R Che&/'a0aaI,o(h#u
Frdu R II
DESCRI$TION
a) Macro(co%ic
Tuberou( rhizomeQ horizo&#a''= bra&chedQ 3 #o : cm 'o&/ a&d #o * cm #hic6S ou#er
(ur.ace /re= #o dar6 broD&Q 'o&/i#udi&a' Dri&6'e( a&d (ma'' circu'ar 'ea. (car( o& u%%er
(ur.aceS &umerou( &i%%'eI(ha%ed bud( %re(e&# #hrou/hou# i#( 'e&/#hS &umerou( ('e&der roo#(
11
occur( a'o&/ Di#h rhizomeQ %o((e((e( roo#'e#( Dhich ma6e( i# ('i/h#'= rou/hS .rac#ureQ (hor#
.ibrou( a&d hardQ odour'e(( a&d #a(#e'e((.

b) Micro(co%ic
RhizomeI Rhizome co&(i(#( o. : #o 19 'a=er( o. (#ra#i.ied cor6 ce''(Q .o''oDed b=
/rou&d #i((ueS 19 #o 1 'a=er( o. cor#ex be'oD #he cor6 'a=er( are more com%ac#'= arra&/ed
#ha& #he remai&i&/ 'a=er(S ce''( o. #he cor#ex .i''ed Di#h (acI(ha%ed (#arch /rai&(S (#arch
/rai& mea(uri&/ abou# *2 #o :7 12m 'o&/ a&d : #o *7 12m DideQ hi'um ecce&#ricQ
(#ria#io&( &o# 0i(ib'eS e&dodermi( De'' mar6ed. A 'ar/e &umber o. 0a(cu'ar bu&d'e(
(ca##ered #hrou/hou# #he /rou&d #i((ueQ bu# Di#hi& #he e&dodermi( 0a(cu'ar bu&d'e( are
c'o(er #o each o#herS each bu&d'e ha( x='em a'mo(# (urrou&ded b= %h'oemS
(c'ere&ch=ma#ou(Q .ibrou( (hea#h (urrou&d( each o. #he 0a(cu'ar bu&d'e(S c'u(#er( o.
ca'cium oxa'a#e .ou&d i& (ome ce''( o. #he /rou&d #i((ue.
$oDderI )i/h# #o dar6 broD&Q ea(i'= .'oDab'e Di#h .i&e #o coar(e #ex#ureS cr=(#a'( o.
ca'cium oxa'a#e %ri(ma#ic a&d c'u(#er(S /ra&u'e( o. (acI(ha%ed (#arch are mo(#'= (im%'e bu#
rare'= com%ou&d .orm a'(o .ou&dS #hic6 Da''ed .ibre(Q bo#h (im%'e a&d (e%#aQ (e0era' (hoD
mar6( a&d ad>ace&# ce''( a%%re((ed a/ai&(# #hemS #i%( b'u&# i& (hor#erQ a&d %oi&#ed i& 'o&/er
.ibre(S 0e((e'( bo#h %i##ed a&d re#icu'a#e.


ASSAE

T.).C.
11
T.).C. o. #he a'coho'ic ex#rac# o& Si'ica /e' ^4^ %'a#e u(i&/ Ch'oro.orm R 4'acia'
ace#ic acid R Me#ha&o' R 1a#er (2RRR1) (hoD( u&der F5 'i/h# (*:2 &m) a .'uore(ce&# zo&e
a# R.. 9.C2 (/ree&i(h =e''oD). O& (%ar=i&/ Di#h A&i(a'deh=deISu'%huric acid rea/e&# a&d
o
CQ &i&e (%o#( a%%ear a# R.. 9.11Q 9.Q 9.**Q 9.3CQ
9.2CQ 9.?Q 9.?CQ 9.7? (a'' /ree&) a&d 9.C2 (b'ue)

CONSTITFENTS I S#eroida' Sa%o&i&( (uch a( (Ti/o/e&i& a&d dio(/e&i&).

Ra(a R Ti6#a
4uTa R )a/huQ RZ6Xa
5Ur=a R KU#a
5i%P6a R ,aVu
,arma R $i##aharaQ ,a%haharaQ DU%a&aQ $Pca&aQ 4rPhUQ ,Wmi/h&aQ HWd=aQ
Ra6#a[odha6aQ 4arbhP[P=a Sab6oca6a
IM$ORTANT "ORMF)ATIONS I ,Wmi/h&a ,0P#ha CZrTa
THERA$EFTIC FSES I ,a%ha%i##a>a 5i6PraQ A/&imP&d=aQ 4rahaTUQ ,Wmiro/aQ Ra6#a0i6PraQ
K'U%adaQ $ramehaQ K0U#raQ ,uXVhaQ @0araQ ,P(aQ ,Pma'PQ Ar[aQ ,a%ha>aQ MZ#ra6Wcchra
DOSE I *I: / (a.#er %uri.ica#io&).

12
*2. ,ha6ha(a (Sd.)
,HA,HASA (Seed)
,ha6ha(a co&(i(#( o. (eed o. $a%a0er (om&i.erum )i&&. ("am. $a%a0eraceae)Q a
/'aucou( erec# a&&ua' herb cu'#i0a#ed u&der S#a#e co&#ro' i& cer#ai& area( o. Ra>a(#ha&Q
Madh=a $rade(h a&d F##ar $rade(h.
SENONEMS
Sa&(6ri# R ,ha(a#i'acQ %hZ6amQ ,hP6ha(#i'acQ ,hP6ha(ac
A((ame(e R II
;e&/a'i R Aa%himQ $o(#adaa&aaQ $o(#abee>
E&/'i(h R O%iumQ $o%%= Seed(
4u>ra#i R ,ha(6ha(
Hi&di R A%heemQ $o(#adaa&aaQ ,ha(6ha(Q ,ha(abi>a
,a&&ada R 4a(/a(eQ Aa%hee&Q A%hi&i
,a(hmiri R II
Ma'a=a'am R A0i&Q ,ara%%uQ ,a(h6a(hQ Aa'a&
Mara#hi R ,ha(6ha(
Ori=a R Aa%u
$u&>abi R II
Tami' R ,a(a6a(hQ $o(##a66aaiQ A0i&ee
Te'u/u R 4a(/a(haa'uQ Na''ama&du
Frdu R A%heem
DESCRI$TION
a) Macro(co%ic
Seed( are (ma''Q abou# 1.9 #o 1.12 mm 'o&/Q rou&d #o re&i.orm or 6id&e= (ha%edQ
/e&era''= dir#= Dhi#eQ occa(io&a''= .ou&d mi&/'ed Di#h a .eD broD&i(h or /re=i(h co'oured
(eed(S (ur.ace coar(e'= re#icu'a#edQ 'ar/er &e#Dor6 e&c'o(i&/ Di#hi&Q &umerou( irre/u'ar
12
(ma''er re#icu'a#io&(S hi'um a&d micro%='e are (i#ua#ed i& #he &o#ch o& #he 'a#era' (ide &ear
#he (ma''er e&dS (eed( are i&odorou( a&d oi'= i& #a(#e.

b) Micro(co%ic
Te(#a i( com%o(ed o. 2 di(#i&c# ce'' 'a=er(Q ou#ermo(# 'a=er o. e%iderma' ce''(
corre(%o&di&/ #o #he (ur.ace re#icu'a#io&(S #he &ex# 'a=er co&(i(#( o. %o'=/o&a' or e'o&/a#ed
ce''( co&#ai&i&/ mi&u#e micro(%he&oida' cr=(#a'( o. ca'cium oxa'a#e a&d be'oD #here i( a
(i&/'e 'a=er o. #hic6 Da''ed u&'i/&i.ied e'o&/a#ed ce''(S #hi( 'a=er i( .o''oDed b= a (i&/'e
'a=er o. #hi& Da''ed ce''(S #e(#a i( 'imi#ed i&#er&a''= b= a (i&/'e 'a=er or e'o&/a#ed %a'i(ade
'i6e ce''( Di#h re#icu'a#e'= #hic6e&ed Da''(S ce&#ra' %or#io& o. #he (eed i( occu%ied b=
%o'=/o&a' %are&ch=ma#ou( ce''( o. e&do(%erm co&#ai&i&/ abu&da&# oi' dro%( a&d a'euro&e
/rai&(S embr=o i( ('i/h#'= cur0edQ radic'e rod 'i6eQ beari&/ Q or rare'= *Q co#='edo&ar=
'ea0e(Q embedded i& #he oi'= e&do(%ermS co&#e&#( o. #he co#='edo& are (imi'ar #o #ho(e o.
e&do(%erm.
$oDder I )i/h# broD&Q coar(eQ &o# .ree .'oDi&/Q c'o# or ba'' .ormi&/Q u&der micro(co%e
exhibi#( 'ar/e .a##= oi' dro%'e#(Q charac#eri(#ic %e&#a #o hexa/o&a' #e(#a ce''(Q e&do(%erm a&d
re#icu'a#e 'a=er ce''(S ce''( co&#ai&i&/ charac#eri(#ic cr=(#a' a&d .ibre( a'(o %re(e&#.

A'coho'I(o'ub'e ex#rac#i0e No# 'e(( #ha& ? %er ce&#Q A%%e&dix ..:.
1a#erI(o'ub'e ex#rac#i0e No# 'e(( #ha& 1* %er ce&#Q A%%e&dix ..?.
"ixed oi' No# 'e(( #ha& 1C %er ce&#Q A%%e&dix ..7

T.).C.
12
T.).C. o. hexa&e ex#rac# o& (i'ica /e' :9 " 23 %'a#e u(i&/ To'ue&e R Ace#o&e (C*R9?)
(hoD( .i0e (%o#( a# R. 9.2Q 9.*CQ 9.29Q 9.?: a&d 9.7* o& (%ra=i&/ Di#h 5a&i''i&ISu'%huric
acid rea/e&# a&d hea#i&/ #he %'a#e .or 12 mi&u#e( a# 119
o
C.

CONSTITFENTS I "ixed oi' co&#ai&i&/ e(#er( o. 'i&o'eicQ %a'mi#icQ o'eic acid(.

Ra(a R Madhura
4uTa R 4uru
5Ur=a R KU#a
5i%P6a R Madhura
,arma R 5P#aharaQ Ruc=aQ S#ambha&aQ 5eda&P(#hP%a&aQ 5WX=aQ ;a'=aQ 5arT=a
IM$ORTANT "ORMF)ATIONS I Abha=Pdi 4uVi6PQ Abhra6Pdi 5aVUQ A[0a&U ,umPra Ra(a
THERA$EFTIC FSES I ,P(aQ A#U(Pra
DOSE I 2I19 /

12
*:. ,ha#mi (R#)
,HATM< (Roo#)
,ha#mUco&(i(#( o. #he roo# o. A'#haea o..ici&a'i( )i&&. ("am. Ma'0aceae) a %ere&&ia'Q
u&i.orm'= doD&= herbQ occurri&/ i& ,a(hmir re/io&.
SENONEMS
Sa&(6ri# R ,ha#mU
A((ame(e R II
;e&/a'i R II
E&/'i(h R Mar(h Ma''oD
4u>ra#i R II
Hi&di R ,ha#mi
,a&&ada R II
,a(hmiri R II
Ma'a=a'am R II
Mara#hi R ,ha#mi
Ori=a R II
$u&>abi R II
Tami' R ,ha#mi
Te'u/u R ,ha#mi
Frdu R A('ua ,hi#miQ Re(hahIeI,ha#mi
DESCRI$TION
a) Macro(co%ic
Roo#( 9. #o * cm i& diame#erQ 'i/h# broD& i& co'ourQ (#ro&/'= 'o&/i#udi&a''=
.urroDedQ o.#e& (%ira''= #Di(#edS .rac#ureQ (hor#Q #ex#ure rou/hQ i&#er&a''= =e''oDi(h Dhi#eS
odourQ %'ea(a&#S #a(#eQ (Dee# a&d muci'a/i&ou(.

12
b) Micro(co%ic
T.S. roo# circu'ar i& ou#'i&eS cor6 7 #o 1 ce''( broadQ radia''= arra&/ed .'a##e&ed
ce''(S cor#ex broadQ 'oo(e'= arra&/edQ %are&ch=ma#ou(Q ce''( .i''ed Di#h muci'a/eS (ma''
%a#che( o. 'i/&i.ied .ibre( %re(e&#S 'ar/e &umber o. (chizo/e&ou( a&d '=(i/e&ou( muci'a/e
ca&a'( %re(e&#S %h'oem De'' de0e'o%ed co&(i(#i&/ o. (ie0e #ube(Q com%a&io& ce''( a&d
%h'oem %are&ch=ma .i''ed Di#h muci'a/eS cambium #o * ce''edQ x='em di..u(e %orou(Q
made u% o. 0e((e'(Q #racheid(Q .ibre(Q a&d #racheida' .ibre(Q 0e((e'( mo(#'= (o'i#ar= I .i''ed
Di#h #='o(e( a# (ome %'ace(Q medu''ar= ra=( * #o 2 ce''( dee%S ro(e##e cr=(#a'( o. ca'cium
oxa'a#e %re(e&# i& cor#ica'Q %h'oem a&d x='em re/io&S ce''( co&#ai& muci'a/eQ (#ai&ed red
Di#h 1\ ru#he&ium redQ a&d dee% =e''oD Di#h %o#a((ium h=droxide (o'u#io&S mo(# o. #he
%are&ch=ma#ou( ce''( co&#ai& (#arch /rai&(Q %o'=/o&a' #o rou&dedQ 2 #o 9 mQ mo(# /rai&(
'e(( #ha& 1 m i& diame#erQ (im%'eQ hi'um circu'ar or a #o 2 ra=ed c'e.# 'ame''ae
i&di(#i&c#.
$oDder I $oDder Dhi#e #o 'i/h# =e''oDQ (Dee# i& #a(#eS u&der #he micro(co%e &umerou(
.ra/me&#( o. %are&ch=maQ #he ce''( co&#ai&i&/ muci'a/e a&d (#arch /rai&( %o'=/o&a' #o
rou&dedQ 2I9 mQ mo(# /rai&( 'e(( #ha& 1 m i& diame#erQ (im%'eQ hi'um circu'ar or a I2
ra=ed c'e.# 'ame''ae i&di(#i&c#S occa(io&a''= (ma'' ro(e##e cr=(#a'( o. ca'cium oxa'a#eQ /rou%
o. (c'ere&ch=ma#ou( ce''(Q 0e((e'( mea(uri&/ 11* #o : m 'o&/Q .ibre( mea(uri&/ 21C #o
19*7 m 'o&/ a&d C #o 1C m broadS muci'a/i&ou( ca&a'(S Dhe& #rea#ed Di#h 29\ HNO
*
#ur&( =e''oDi(hIora&/e a&d emi#( =e''oD .'uore(ce&ce u&der F5 23 &mS Di#h 29\ ,OHQ i#
emi#( 'i/h# =e''oD .'uore(ce&ce u&der F5 23 &mQ Dhi'e Di#h 1 NINaOH i& me#ha&o'
ora&/ei(h broD& co'our i( (ee& i& da= 'i/h#.

Moi(#ure co&#e&# No# more #ha& 7 %er ce&#Q A%%e&dix ..C.
To#a' a(h No# more #ha& ? %er ce&#Q A%%e&dix ..*.
Acid i&(o'ub'e a(h No# 'e(( #ha& 1.2 %er ce&#Q A%%e&dix ..3.
A'coho' (o'ub'e ex#rac#i0e No# 'e(( #ha& 7 %er ce&#Q A%%e&dix ..:.
1a#er (o'ub'e ex#rac#i0e No# 'e(( #ha& 1 %er ce&#Q A%%e&dix ..?

ASSAE
12

T.).C.
u(i&/ #o'ue&e R e#h=' ace#a#e R me#ha&o' (79 R 9 R 9.92) (hoD( u&der F5 (*:: &m)
.'uore(ce&# zo&e( a# R.. 9.1Q 9.?Q 9.**Q 9.7. O& (%ra=i&/ Di#h a&i(a'deh=deI(u'%huric
acid a&d hea#i&/ .or #e& mi&u#e( a# 19
o
CQ (hoD( (%o#( a# R.. 9.1Q 9.17Q 9.3*Q 9.3?Q 9.:C
a&d 9.7.

CONSTITFENTS I 4a'ac#uro&ic acidQ /a'ac#o(eQ /'uco(eQ x='o(e f
rham&o(eQ%o'=(accharide a'#haea muci'a/eIOQ a(%ara/i&e&eQ be#ai&eQ 'eci#hi& a&d
%h=#o(#ero'Q %o'=(accharide(.

Ra(a R Madhura
4uTa R S&i/dhaQ $icchi'aQ 4uru
5Ur=a R KU#a
5i%P6a R Madhura
,arma R 5P#aharaQ $i##aharaQ K'eXma(Pra6aQ MZ#ra'aQ 5eda&P(#hP%a&aQ ,a%ha/h&a
IM$ORTANT "ORMF)ATIONS I 4o>ih0Pdi ,0P#ha CZrTa
THERA$EFTIC FSES I ,P(aQ $ra#i[=P=aQ MZ#radPhaQ MZ#rP[a=a[o#haQ ,aTVharo/aQ
MZ#ra6WcchraQ &#ra[o#haQ DPhaQ Ra6#a%i##a
DOSE I * I: /

12
*?. ,ha#mi (Seed)
,HATM< (Seed)
,ha#mU (eed( or Tu6hmIeI6ha#miQ co&(i(# o. dried (eed( o. A'#haea o..ici&a'i( )i&&.
("am. Ma'0aceae)Q a %ere&&ia'Q u&i.orm'= doD&= herb occurri&/ i& ,a(hmir re/io&.
SENONEMS
Sa&(6ri# R ,ha#mU
A((ame(e R II
;e&/a'i R II
E&/'i(h R Mar(h Ma''oD
4u>ra#i R II
Hi&di R ,ha#mi bi>a
,a&&ada R II
,a(hmiri R II
Ma'a=a'am R II
Mara#hi R ,ha#mi
Ori=a R II
$u&>abi R II
Tami' R ,ha#mi
Te'u/u R ,ha#mi
Frdu R ;a>ru' ,hi#miQ ,ha#meeQ Tu6hmaIeI,ha#mee
DESCRI$TION
a) Macro(co%ic
The (eed( are (ma'' #o modera#e (izeQ a%%roxima#e'= : mmQ u(ua''= broD&i(hIb'ac6Q
re&i.ormQ ru/o(eQ hair= a# mar/i&(S become muci'a/e&ou( Dhe& (oa6ed i& Da#er.

12
b) Micro(co%ic
T.S. (hoD( #e(#a I a& ou#er mu'#ice''u'ar 'a=er com%ri(i&/ o. ou#er mo(# #hic6 Da''ed
e%idermi( Di#h mu'#ice''u'arQ #o : armed (#e''a#e a&d (ome u&ice''u'ar hair(Q 'o&/e(# bei&/
&ear #he micro%='eS #hi( i( .o''oDed b= 3 #o 19 'a=er( o. %are&ch=ma#ou( ce''( (e0era' Di#h
ro(e##e cr=(#a'( o. ca'cium oxa'a#eQ i&#erru%#ed b= (chizo/e&ou( muci'a/e ca&a'(S #he i&&er
e%idermi( o. #e(#a i( a'(o #hic6 Da''ed. Te/me& #Do 'a=eredS ou#er #e/me& I 3 #o : ce''(
dee%Q 'i/&i.ied #o : armed (#e''a#e hair( %re(e&# a'(o o& i#Q #hi( ea(i'= de#ached .rom #he
i&&er #e/me&S i&&er #e/me& I 3 #o : ce''( dee%Q #he ou#er bei&/ a roD o. %a'i(adeI'i6e
ma'%hi/hia& ce''( .o''oDed b= a ('i/h#'= #hic6 Da''edQ &o&I'i/&i.ied #Do 'a=ered h=%odermi(
o. ce''( Di#h #heir i&&er %eric'i&a' Da''( co&ca0e (i)S #o * 'a=ered %are&ch=ma#ou(
me(o%h=''S #he i&&er e%idermi( i( a 'a=er o. #hi& Da''ed ce''( Di#h rod 'i6e 'i/&i.ied
#hic6e&i&/ (ca##ered o& #he a&#ic'i&a' Da''(S e&do(%erm ce''( .i''ed Di#h (#arch /rai&( Dhich
are %o'=/o&a' #o rou&dedQ 2 #o 9 m i& (izeQ hi'um circu'ar or (hoDi&/ a #o 2 ra=ed c'e.#Q
'ame''ae i&di(#i&c#S o0u'e cam%='o#ro%ou(S (eed( o. A'#haea ro(ea do &o# (hoD #he #=%e o.
hair( %re(e&# i& A. o..ici&a'i(Q bu# ha0e mo(#'= u&ice''u'ar hair(.
$oDder I $oDder broD&i(hIb'ac6 i& co'ourQ odour'e((Q muci'a/i&ou( a&d (Dee#i(h i& #a(#eS
(hoD( e'o&/a#ed #hic6 Da''ed rid/ed ma'%hi/hia& ce''(S i& (ur.ace 0ieD #he= are hexa/o&a'
(hoDi&/ Da'' #hic6e&i&/(S %a#che( o. %are&ch=ma Di#h muci'a/e a&d (#arch /rai&(Q
%o'=/o&a' #o rou&dedQ 2 #o 9 mQ hi'um circu'arQ or Di#h a #o 2 ra=ed c'e.#Q 'ame''ae
i&di(#i&c#S ro(e##e cr=(#a'( o. ca'cium oxa'a#e a&d (#e''a#e hair(S a (ma'' amou&# o. %oDder
o& micro(co%ic ('ide #ur&( maroo& Di#h 29 \ H
SO
3
a&d b'ac6 Di#h 1NINaOH i&
am='ace#a#e. 1he& #rea#ed Di#h 1\ ru#he&ium redQ %oDder become( %i&6 i& co'our (hoDi&/
#he %re(e&ce o. muci'a/e.


T.).C.
12
u(i&/ #o'ue&e R e#h=' ace#a#e R me#ha&o' (72 R 12 R 9.2) (hoD( u&der F5 (*:: &m) b'ue
.'uore(ce&# a# R.. 9.17Q 9.** a&d 9.:?. O& (%ra=i&/ Di#h A&i(a'deh=deISu'%huric acid a&d
o
CQ (%o#( a%%ear a# R.. 9.19 (/re=)Q 9.17 (/re=)Q 9.*
(/ree&)Q 9.*? (&a0= b'ue)Q 9.2? (/re=i(h b'ue) a&d 9.:? (/re=i(h b'ue).

CONSTITFENTS I 4'uco(eQ (ucro(eQ /a'ac#o(e f ma&&o(eQ 'i&o'eic acidS i(obu#='a'coho'Q
'imo&e&eQ %he''a&dre&eQ 3I #o'uer'deh=deQ ci#ra'Q #er%e&eo'Q I (i#o(#ero'.

Ra(a R Madhura
5Ur=a R KU#a
5i%P6a R Madhura
,arma R 5P#aharaQ $i##aharaQ SPra6aQ MZ#ra'aQ 5eda&P(#hP%a&aQ K'eXma ,a'P
S&eha6ara
THERA$EFTIC FSES I $ra#i[=P=aQ ,P(aQ MZ#ra6WcchraQ MZ#radPhaQ ,aTVharo/a
DOSE I *I: /

12
*7. ,hub6a'a& (Sd)
,H!;,A)N (Seed)
,hZb6a'P& i( #he (eed o. Si(=mbrium irio )i&&. ("am. ;ra((icaceae)Q a& a&&ua' or
bie&&ia' herb .ou&d i& ,a(hmirQ $u&>ab a&d Har=a&a a&d .rom Ra>a(#ha& #o F.$. e(%ecia''= o&
moi(# (oi'.
SENONEMS
Sa&(6ri# R II
A((ame(e R II
;e&/a'i R II
E&/'i(h R Hed/eIMu(#ardQ )o&do& Roc6e#
4u>ra#i R II
Hi&di R ,hub ,a'aa&Q ,haa6(ee
,a&&ada R II
,a(hmiri R II
Ma'a=a'am R II
Mara#hi R Ra&#ee6hee
Ori=a R II
$u&>abi R @a&/'i(ar(o&Q Ma6#ru(aQ Ma6#aroo(aa
Tami' R II
Te'u/u R @ee0a6amu
Frdu R ,huba6a'a&
DESCRI$TION
a) Macro(co%ic
Seed( more or 'e(( e''i%(oidQ mi&u#eQ (ize abou# a mmQ ora&/i(hIbroD&Q muci'a/i&ou(
Di#h Dar#= (ur.aceS odourQ %u&/e&# 'i6e mu(#ard oi' a&d #a(#e 'i6e bi##er mu(#ard oi'.
13

b) Micro(co%ic
T.S. o. (eed (hoD( (eed coa# Di#h (ix 'a=er(Q ou#ermo(# a (i&/'e 'a=er o. e%idermi( o.
rec#a&/u'arQ .'a##e&ed a&d #hi& Da''ed ce''( ra&/i&/ .rom *9 #o 29 i& 'e&/#h co&#ai&i&/
co'our'e((Q co&ce&#rica''= (#ria#ed muci'a/eS a #DoIce'' dee% 'a=er o. %are&ch=ma#ou( ce''(Q
a (i&/'e roD o. (c'ere&ch=ma#ou( ce''( Di#h #heir radia' a&d i&&er #a&/e&#ia' Da''(
#hic6e&edQ a (i&/'eIce'' 'a=er o. %i/me&#Q a (i&/'e ce'' 'a=er o. a'euro&e /rai&(Q .o''oDed b=
cru(hed %are&ch=ma#ou( ce''(S co#='edo&( co&#ai& a'euro&e /rai&( a&d oi' /'obu'e(S embr=o
.o'dedS (#arch ab(e&#.
$oDder I ;roD&Q Di#h %u&/e&# mu(#ard oi' (me''Q (hoD( oi' /'obu'e(S a'euro&e /rai&(
co&#ai&i&/ cr=(#a''oid(Q /'oboid( a&d (c'ere&ch=ma#ou( ce''(S Di#h ru#he&ium red muci'a/e
#ur&( %i&6.

"ixed oi' No# 'e(( #ha& 9 %er ce&#Q A%%e&dix ..7

T.).C.
T.).C. o. #he me#ha&o'ic ex#rac# o& (i'ica /e' ^4^ %'a#e (9. mm #hic6) u(i&/ bu#a&o' R
ace#ic acid R me#ha&o' (:9R19R9) (hoD( u&der F5 (23 &m) /ree& (%o#( a# R.. 9.9?Q 9.1?Q
9.*Q 9.CQ 9.22 a&d 9.7?. A.#er (%ra=i&/ Di#h a&i(a'deh=deI(u'%huric acid rea/e&# a&d
hea#i&/ #he %'a#e a# 192
o
C .or #e& mi&u#e( (%o#( a%%ear a# R.. 9.92 (/ree&)Q 9.9C (/ree&)Q
9.1* ('i/h# /ree&)Q 9.1 (dar6 /ree&)Q 9.7 (%ur%'e)Q 9.39 (%ur%'e)Q 9.?: ('i/h# %ur%'e) a&d
9.C* (dar6 %ur%'e). A.#er (%ra=i&/ Di#h Dra/e&dor..^( rea/e&#Q o&e (%o# a%%ear( a# R.. 9.3
(bri/h# ora&/e).
13

CONSTITFENTS I "ixed oi' a&d I(orham&e#i&.

Ra(a R ,aVu
5Ur=a R FXTa
5i%P6a R ,aVu
,arma R 5P#aharaQ ,a%haharaQ ;a'=aQ S0eda6araQ Ko#hahara
THERA$EFTIC FSES I @0araQ ,P(aQ 5P#a>a&=a 5i6PraQ K0P(aQ S0arabhedaQ Daurba'=aQ
,a%ha0i6Pra
DOSE I *I: /

13
*C. ,odra0a (4rai&)
,ODRA5A- (4rai&)
,odra0ac co&(i(#( o. dehu(6ed a&d De''Ima#ured car=o%(i( o. $a(%a'um (crobicu'a#um
)i&&. ("am. $oaceae)Q a& a&&ua' /ra(( :9 #o C9 cm #a''Q cu'#i0a#ed i& #he %'ai&( o. I&dia .or i#(
/rai&(S &eD'= /a#hered /rai&( Di#h hu(6( are %oi(o&ou(S hu(6( are remo0ed %rior #o u(e or
%oDderi&/.
SENONEMS
Sa&(6ri# R ,oradZXahQ ,oradZXa6ac
A((ame(e R II
;e&/a'i R ,odo aadhaa&
E&/'i(h R ,odo Mi''e#
4u>ra#i R ,odroQ ,odaraa
Hi&di R ,odo&Q ,oda0aQ ,ododhaam
,a&&ada R Hara6Q Hari6e
,a(hmiri R II
Ma'a=a'am R 5ara6u
Mara#hi R ,odraQ Hari6Q ,odru
Ori=a R ,odua
$u&>abi R ,odo&Q ,odra
Tami' R 5ara/u
Te'u/u R Ari6e'uQ ,iraru/a
Frdu R ,odo&
DESCRI$TION
a) Macro(co%ic
13
4rai& o0a' #o rou&ded i& (ha%eQ %'a&oIco&0ex a&d u% #o abou# 3 mm i& 'e&/#hS
%ericar% broD&Q adhere&# #o (eed(Q ca& be remo0ed b= rubbi&/S a( (ee& u&der ha&d 'e&(Q o&
#he co&0ex (ide o. car=o%(i(Q #here i( o&e ce&#ra' 'i&eQ a&d o& #he %'a&e (ur.aceQ #hree 'i&e(S
i&(ide %ericar% i( a (hi&= broD& (eedS (eed( %o((e(( #hree %romi&e&# rid/e( o& #he co&0ex
(ide a&d i& be#Dee& #he(e rid/e(Q .i&e (#ria#io&( are %re(e&#S %'a&e (ide o. #he (eed (hoD(
.i&e'= (#ria#ed o0a' ce&#ra' de%re((io&Q a%ica' (ide %oi&#ed.

b) Micro(co%ic
T.S. (hoD( #hic6 %ericar% com%o(ed o. : #o 19 'a=er( o. ce''(S ou#ermo(# 'a=er
e'o&/a#ed Di#h ou#er a&d i&&er Da''( 'i/&i.iedS be'oD #hi(Q ce''( ha0e #hic6e&ed Da''(Q a&d a
muchIreduced 'ume&S #e(#a &o# De'' de.i&ed a&d com%o(ed o. cru(hed ce''(S ce''( o.
(cu#e''um irre/u'ar i& (ha%e a&d u(ua''= co&#ai& oi' dro%'e#(S ou#er ce''( o. e&do(%erm
co&#ai& a'euro&e /rai&(S e&do(%erm ce''( #hi& Da''edQ %o'=/o&a'Q 'ar/e a&d .u''= %ac6ed Di#h
%e&#a #o hexa/o&a' (#arch /rai&(Q u(ua''= 7 #o 9 .
$oDder I ;roD&Q .i&eQ .ree .'oDi&/Q charac#erized b= #he %re(e&ce o. charac#eri(#ic #hic6
Da''edQ %ericar% ce''(Q %e&#a #o hexa/o&a' (#arch /rai&(Q Dhich are i(o'a#edQ or i& /rou%(.


T.).C.
T.).C. o. e#ha&o' ex#rac# o& (i'ica /e' ^4^ %'a#e u(i&/ Ch'oro.orm R Me#ha&o' (C2R92)
(hoD( .i0e (%o#( a# R. 9.2Q 9.*7Q 9.22Q 9.:? a&d 9.7C o& (%ra=i&/ Di#h 19\ a'coho'ic
(u'%huric acid a&d hea#i&/ #he %'a#e .or 12 mi&u#e( a# 119
o
C.

13

CONSTITFENTS I H=drocarco&( he&#riaco&#a&o'Q he&#riaco&#a&o&eS (#ero'( (uch a( I
(i#o(#ero'Q cam%e(#ro'.

Ra(a R ,aXP=aQ Madhura
4uTa R RZ6XaQ )a/hu
5Ur=a R KU#a
5i%P6a R ,aVu
,arma R $i##aharaQ ,a%haharaQ 4rPhUQ )e6ha&aQ 5iXa/h&a
IM$ORTANT "ORMF)ATIONS I NPYU0raTahara P#ur=Pdi )e%aQ NPYU0raTahara P#ur=Pdi
Tai'a
THERA$EFTIC FSES I Ra6#a%i##aQ 5raTaQ A#i(#hau'=aQ A&&adra0a[Z'aQ $ramehaQ
Medo0WddhiQ NPYU0raTaQ @a'odara
DOSE I 29I199 /

13
39. ,(hira6a6o'i (;u'b)
,M<RA,,O)< (;u'b)
,XUra6P6o'U co&(i(#( o. #he dried Dho'e bu'b o. "ri#i''aria ro='ei Hoo6. ("am.
)i'iaceae)Q a /'abrou( herb :I3 m i& hei/h#Q .ou&d i& 1e(#er& #em%era#e Hima'a=a( .rom
,umao& #o ,a(hmir a# a& a'#i#ude o. 299I3999 mS %roce((ed b= boi'i&/.
SENONEMS
Sa&(6ri# R Ku6'PQ ,XUr0a''i6P
A((ame(e R II
;e&/a'i R II
E&/'i(h R "ri#i''ar=
4u>ra#i R II
Hi&di R ,(hiraQ ,a6o'i
,a&&ada R II
,a(hmiri R II
Ma'a=a'am R II
Mara#hi R ,(hiraQ ,a6o'i
Ori=a R II
$u&>abi R II
Tami' R ,(hiraQ ,a6o'i
Te'u/u R ,(hiraQ ,a6o'i
Frdu R II
DESCRI$TION
a) Macro(co%ic
1ho'e bu'b( are hardQ co&ica' 1.2 #o .2 i& Did#h a&d * #o *.2 cm i& 'e&/#hQ
#ra&('u(ce&# Di#h ('i/h# 'o&/i#udi&a' rid/e(Q co0ered Di#h hard membra&ou( (ca'e( arra&/ed
13
i& a co&ce&#ric ma&&er a&d brea6i&/ readi'= Di#h a (hor# .rac#ureS cu# (ur.ace Dhi#e #o
creami(hI=e''oD a&d (#arch=S (car( o. ad0e&#i#iou( roo#( (ee&S odourQ %'ea(a&#S #a(#eQ bi##er.

b) Micro(co%ic
T.S. o. bu'b (hoD( co&ce&#ric 'a=er( o. (ca'e 'ea0e(S axi( o. bu'b (hoD #hree
co&ce&#ric 'a=er( o. (ca'e 'ea0e(Q Di#h a& ou#er a&d i&&er e%idermi( co&(i(#i&/ o. (i&/'e
'a=ered %are&ch=ma#ou( ce''( Di#h muci'a/eS cu#ic'e o. bo#h e%idermi( i( ('i/h#'= Da0= a&d
hor&=Q me(o%h='' co&(i(#( o. : #o C 'a=ered hexa/o&a' %are&ch=ma ce''(S (#arch /rai&(
/e'a#i&i(edS ra%hide( ra&/i&/ .rom 199 #o *9 i& 'e&/#h are a'(o %re(e&# i& #he me(o%h=''S
(ur.ace 0ieD o. u%%er e%idermi( (hoD com%ac#'= arra&/ed rec#a&/u'arQ e'o&/a#ed #hi&
Da''ed ce''(.
$oDderI $oDder creami(h Di#h %'ea(a&# (me''S ra%hide( %re(e&#S %oDder #rea#ed Di#h
ru#he&ium redQ muci'a/e #ur&( bri/h# %i&6.


T.).C.
T.).C o. #he me#ha&o'ic ex#rac# o& (i'ica /e' ^4^ %'a#e (9. mm #hic6) u(i&/ bu#a&o' R
ace#ic acid R Da#er (:R1R) (hoD( u&der F5 (*:: &m) (%o#( a# R.. 9.11Q 9.17Q 9.CQ 9.**Q
9.*?Q 9.32Q 9.3CQ 9.: a&d 9.C* (a'' .'uore(ce&# b'ue) u&der F5 23 &m (%o#( a# R.. 9.**Q
9.*?Q 9.: a&d 9.C* (a'' /ree&). A.#er (%ra=i&/ Di#h Dra/e&dor..^( rea/e&# ora&/e (%o#(
a%%ear a# R.. 9.** a&d 9.*?.

13

CONSTITFENTS I A'6a'oid( ,a(himiri&e (im%eria'i&e)Q %eimi&eQ $eimi(i&eQ $ro%eimi&eQ
$eimi%hi&e a&d $eimi#idi&e.

Ra(a R Madhura
4uTa R 4uruQ S&i/dha
5Ur=a R KU#a
5i%P6a R Madhura
,arma R 5P#aharaQ $i##aharaQ Ra(P=a&aQ ;WdhaTaQ Ku6ra0ardha6aQ 5WX=aQ
S#a&=a>a&a&aQ ,a%ha6araQ TWXTPharaQ ;a(#i 5i[odha&UQ 5iXa/h&a
IM$ORTANT "ORMF)ATIONS I Da[amZ'PriXVaQ Ki0a 4uVi6PQ ;Wha#%ha'a 4hW#aQ ;Wha#I
4uYZcU Tai'aQ ;Wha#mPXa Tai'aQ MP&a(ami#ra 5aVa6aQ Ra(arP>a Ra(a
THERA$EFTIC FSES I Ra6#a%i##aQ DPhaQ KoXaQ @0araQ ,Xa=aQ Ra6#adoXaQ Ra6#aro/aQ HWdro/aQ
K0a(PQ ,P(aQ 5P#ara6#aQ Eo&i0=P%a#Q 5P#a0=PdhiQ 5P#a%i##aru>P
DOSE I *I2 / i& #he %oDder .orm.

13
31. ,(hira0idari (;u'b)
,MH<RA5IDR< (Roo#)
,XUra0idPrU i( #he dried roo# o. I%omoea di/i#a#a )i&&. (=&. I%omoea %a&icu'a#a
()i&&.) R. ;r. ("am. Co&0o'0u'aceae)S a %ere&&ia' c'imberQ di(#ribu#ed #hrou/hou# #he Darm
a&d moi(# re/io&( o. I&dia.
SENONEMS
Sa&(6ri# R I6Xu/a&dhPQ I6Xu0a''UQ $a=a(0i&iQ DUr/ha6a&dP
A((ame(e R II
;e&/a'i R ;huh ,umdaaQ ;hooi ,umhdaa
E&/'i(h R 4ia&# %o#a#o
4u>ra#i R 5idaaree ,a&d
Hi&di R 5idaaree ,a&daQ ;huh ,umdaaQ ;hui ,umbhadaa
,a&&ada R Ne'6umba'Q Naada6umba'a
,a(hmiri R II
Ma'a=a'am R $aa'mu#a66u
Mara#hi R ;hui ,oha'aa
Ori=a R ;hui& ,a6haaru
$u&>abi R II
Tami' R Ni'a%%ucha&iQ $aa'mudam/i
Te'u/u R $aa'a/ummuduQ Ne'a/ummudu
Frdu R II
DESCRI$TION
a) Macro(co%ic
The roo# co&(i(#( o. #hic6 %iece( o. di..ere&# (ize(Q u(ua''= #o 7 mm i& diame#erS
ou#er (ur.ace broD&i(h a&d rou/h due #o #he %re(e&ce o. 'o&/i#udi&a' .i((ure(Q rid/e( a&d
13
&umerou( circu'ar 'e&#ice'(S core 'i/h# broD& a&d .ibrou(S .rac#ureQ .ibrou(Q odour'e(( a&d
(Dee#i(h i& #a(#e.

b) Micro(co%ic
Roo#I Roo# (hoD( : #o C 'a=er( o. #hi& Da''ed cor6 ce''(Q ex#er&a''= co0ered b=
rh=#idomaS %he''oderm com%o(ed o. 7 #o19 'a=er( o. ce''(Q #hi& Da''ed a&d .i''ed Di#h (#arch
/rai&(Q i&di0idua' (#arch /rai& rou&ded #o irre/u'ar i& (ha%eQ 0ariab'e i& (ize mea(uri&/
abou# 1* #o 3 mQ Di#h di(#i&c# ce&#ric hi'umS ro(e##e( o. ca'cium oxa'a#e %re(e&#S
(eco&dar= %h'oem co&(i(#( o. com%a&io& ce''(Q (ie0e #ube e'eme&#( a&d %h'oem
%are&ch=maQ #ra0er(ed b= u&iI or bi(eria#e medu''ar= ra=S &umerou( re(i& duc#( a&d (#arch
/rai&( occur i& #he (eco&dar= %h'oemS (eco&dar= x='em co&(i(#( o. x='em %are&ch=maQ
x='em 0e((e'(Q x='em .ibre( a&d #racheid(S 0e((e'( 'ar/e i& (ize a&d &umerou(.
$oDderI )i/h# #o dar6 broD&Q .i&e #o coar(e #ex#ureS (im%'e a&d com%ou&d (#arch /rai&( o.
0ariab'e (izeQ cr=(#a'( o. ca'cium oxa'a#e i& %ri(ma#ic a&d c'u(#er .ormS %i##ed 0e((e'(S
#racheid(S %are&ch=ma#ou( ce''( Di#h (im%'e %i#( a&d 'o&/ .ibre( Di#h Dide 'ume& a&d
%oi&#ed e&d(.


T.).C.
14
T.).C. o. #he a'coho'ic ex#rac# o. dried roo# %oDder o& Si'ica /e' ^4^ %'a#e (9. mm
#hic6) u(i&/ $e#ro'eum e#herR Die#h=' e#herR 4'acia' ace#ic acid (7R R 9.1) u&der F5 'i/h#
(*:2 &m) (hoD( #Do .'uore(ce&# zo&e( a# R.. 9.3 a&d 9.3 (bo#h /ree&). O& (%ra=i&/ Di#h
o
CQ #hree (%o#(
a%%ear a# R.. 9.17Q 9.22 a&d 9.C2 (a'' b'ac6).

CONSTITFENTS I 4'=co(ide(Q (#eroid(Q #a&&i&( a&d .ixed oi'.

Ra(a R MadhuraQ ,aXP=aQ Ti6#a
5Ur=a R KU#a
5i%P6a R Madhura
,arma R 5P#aharaQ 5WX=aQ ;WdhaTaQ A#imZ#ra'aQ ;a'=aQ S0ar=aQ 5arT=aQ
S#a&=a>a&a&aQ Ra(P=a&aQ @U0a&U=a
IM$ORTANT "ORMF)ATIONS I KU0P 4uVi6P
THERA$EFTIC FSES I S#a&=a0i6PraQ $i##a>a KZ'aQ Ra6#a0i6PraQ MahP0P#a0=PdhiQ MZ#raro/aQ
5raTaQ ;ha/&a
DOSE I 2 I 19 /

14
3. ,u'a&>a& (Rz)
,F)AN@ANA (Rhizome)
,u'ae>a&a co&(i(#( o. dried rhizome o. A'%i&ia /a'a&/a 1i''d. ("am. Ji&/iberaceae)Q a
%'a&# u%#o abou# .9 m hi/h beari&/ %ere&&ia' rhizomeQ /roDi&/ i& ea(#er& Hima'a=a( a&d
(ou#hDe(# I&dia.
SENONEMS
Sa&(6ri# R Su/a&dhamZ'aQ Ma'a=a 5acPQ S#hZ'a/ra&#hicQ MahPbharU 5acPQ RP(&P
(Sou#h)
A((ame(e R ,hu'a&>aa&a
;e&/a'i R ,u'a&>a&Q ,urachi 5ach
E&/'i(h R 4rea#er /a'a&/a'Q @a0a/a'a&/a'
4u>ra#i R ,u'i&>a& @aa&uQ ,o'i&>a&
Hi&di R ,u'a&>a&Q ,u'i&>a&
,a&&ada R Doddara(a/addeQ Dhoomraa(mi
,a(hmiri R II
Ma'a=a'am R Ara##aQ Ci..ara##a
Mara#hi R ,u'i&'a&Q ,o(h#a ,u'i&>a&Q Mo#he ,o'a&>a&
Ori=a R II
$u&>abi R II
Tami' R Ara##aiQ Si##ara##ai
Te'u/u R Dum%araa(#ramu
Frdu R II
DESCRI$TION
a) Macro(co%ic
14
Roo# I The roo#( are ad0e&#i#iou(Q i& /rou%(Q .ibrou(Q %er(i(#e&# i& dried rhizome(Q
abou# 9.2 #o cm 'o&/ a&d 9.1 #o 9. cm i& diame#er a&d =e''oDi(hIbroD& i& co'our.
Rhizome I Rhizome c='i&drica'Q bra&chedQ #o 7 cm i& diame#erQ 'o&/i#udi&a''= rid/ed Di#h
%romi&e&# rou&ded Dar#( (rem&a&#( o. roo#() mar6ed Di#h .i&e a&&u'a#io&(S (ca'= 'ea0e(
arra&/ed circu'ar'=S ex#er&a''= reddi(hIbroD&Q i&#er&a''= ora&/e =e''oD i& co'ourS .rac#ureQ
hard a&d .ibrou(S .rac#ureQ (ur.ace rou/hS odourQ %'ea(a&# a&d aroma#icS (%ic= a&d (Dee# i&
#a(#e.

b) Micro(co%ic
Roo# I T.S. o. roo# circu'ar i& ou#'i&eQ (i&/'e 'a=ered e%idermi( Di#h barre'
(ha%ed ce''( ha0i&/ u&ice''u'ar roo# hair(Q h=%odermi( * or 3 ce''( dee% a&d
(c'ere&ch=ma#ou(Q cor#ex %are&ch=ma#ou(Q ma&= ce''( dee%Q Di#h De'' de0e'o%ed
i&#erce''u'ar (%ace(S e&dodermi( (hoDi&/ %romi&e&# ca(%aria& (#ri%( a&d ^0^ (ha%ed
#hic6e&i&/Q .o''oDed b= ma&= ce''ed (c'ere&ch=ma#ou( %eric=c'eS x='em a&d %h'oem i&
(e%ara#e radia' (#ra&d(S ce&#re occu%ied Di#h a %are&ch=ma#ou( %i#h.
Rhizome I T.S. o. =ou&/ rhizome circu'ar i& ou#'i&eS e%iderma' ce''( (ma'' a&d a&/u'arQ
#hic6 cu#ic'e %re(e&#Q rhizome di..ere&#ia#ed i&#o a Dide cor#ex a&d a ce&#ra' c='i&derQ bo#h
re/io&( ha0i&/ irre/u'ar'= (ca##ered 0a(cu'ar bu&d'e(Q each 0a(cu'ar bu&d'e Di#h a
%romi&e&# .ibrou( (hea#hS i&&er 'imi# o. cor#ex mar6ed b= rec#a&/u'ar %are&ch=ma#ou( ce''(S
(#e'e Di#h irre/u'arQ c'o(e'= %'aced 0a(cu'ar bu&d'e( #oDard( %eri%her=Q roo# #race( %re(e&#Q
(chizo/e&ou( ca&a'( a&d oi' ce''( Di#h (uberized Da''( .ou&d i& cor#ex a&d i& ce&#ra' re/io&S
mo(# o. #he %are&ch=ma#ou( ce''( .i''ed Di#h (#arch /rai&( Dhich are e''i%(oida' #o o0oidQ
(ome#ime( bea6edQ (im%'eQ 19 #o :3 mQ hi'um ecce&#ricQ circu'ar or cre(ce&# (ha%ed a# #he
broad e&dQ #he &arroD bea6I'i6e e&d become b'ac6 Dhe& (#ai&ed Di#h di'. iodi&e Da#er a&d
ch'orIzi&c iodide bu# #he remai&i&/ %ar# become 'i/h# b'ue or broD&. Macera#ed %re%ra#io&
(hoD( 0e((e'( C2 #o ?19 m 'o&/ a&d 1C #o 1C9 m broadQ #racheida' .ibre( :7 #o C9 m
'o&/ a&d 1C #o *9 m broad.
$oDder I $oDder i( ora&/e broD& i& co'ourQ (%ic= a&d (Dee# i& #a(#eQ (hoD(
%are&ch=ma#ou( ce''( co&#ai&i&/ (#arch (a( de(cribed u&der micro(co%= o. rhizome)Q oi'
ce''(Q (chizo/e&ou( ca&a'(Q 0e((e'( Di#h (ca'ari.orm a&d re#icu'a#e #hic6e&i&/( a&d
#racheida' .ibre(.
IDENTI"ICATION TEST I
O&e dro% o. a& ex#rac# o. 1 / dried %oDdered ma#eria' Di#h e#ha&o' %'aced o& .i'#er
%a%er a&d ob(er0ed u&der F5 'i/h# doe( &o# (hoD .'uore(ce&ceS (di(#i&c#io& .rom ^'e((er
/a'a&/a'^ A'%i&ia o..ici&arum Dhich /i0e( b'ui(h .'uore(ce&ce).
14

1a#erI(o'ub'e ex#rac#i0e No# 'e(( #ha& 1* %er ce&#Q A%%e&dix ..?.
S#arch No# 'e(( #ha& %er ce&#Q A%%e&dix ..1*.
E((e&#ia' oi' No# 'e(( #ha& 9.3 %er ce&#Q A%%e&dix ..19.

T.).C.
T.).C. o. #he me#ha&o'ic ex#rac# o& %recoa#ed (i'ica /e' ^4^ %'a#e( (9. mm #hic6)
u(i&/ #o'ue&e R e#h=' ace#a#e R me#ha&o' (79R9R9.3) (hoD( u&der F5 (*:: &m) b'ue
.'uore(ce&# zo&e( o. =e''oDQ /ree& a&d b'ue a# R.. 9.12Q 9.2Q 9.:C re(%ec#i0e'=. O& (%ra=i&/
Di#h a&i(a'deh=deI(u'%huric acid rea/e&# a&d hea#i&/ #he %'a#e .or #e& mi&u#e( a# 19
o
CQ
(%o#( a%%ear a# R.. 9.12 (/re=i(h /ree&)Q 9.*2 (0io'e#)Q 9.37 (/re=i(h /ree&)Q 9.:* (/re=i(h
/ree&)Q 9.:C (/ree&) a&d 9.C1 (0io'e#).

CONSTITFENTS I E((e&#ia' oi'Q co&#ai&i&/ I %i&e&eQ I %i&e&eQ 'imo&e&eQ ci&eo'Q
#er%i&e& I 3 I o' a&d I #er%i&eo'.

Ra(a R ,aVuQ Ti6#a
4uTa R 4uru
5Ur=a R FXTa
5i%P6a R ,aVu
,arma R 5P#aharaQ ,a%haharaQ $Pca&aQ Ruc=aQ S0ar=aQ HWd=aQ ,aTVh=aQ Mu6ha
Kodha6aQ 5iXa/h&a
14
IM$ORTANT "ORMF)ATIONS I ;rPhmU 5aVUQ RP(&Pdi6aXP=aQ RP(&PdPr0Pdi ,aXP=aQ
RP(&P%aeca6amQ RP(&P Sa%#a6amQ RP(&P[uTVh=Pdi ,aXP=aQ RP(&airaTYPdi ,aXP=a
THERA$EFTIC FSES I $ra#i[=P=aQ K0P(aQ Hi66PQ Ko%haQ 5P#a>a KZ'aQ Fdararo/aQ ,am%aQ
5iXama>0araQ ,a%ha>a6P(aQ A[U#i 5P#a0=PdhiQ MahP6uXVha
DOSE I 1I* / %oDder.

14
3*. ,umbhi6a (Sd)
,FM;H<,A- (Seed)
,umbhU6ac co&(i(#( o. dried (eed o. Care=a arborea Roxb. ("am. )ec=#hidaceae)Q a
medium (ized deciduou( #ree a##ai&i&/ a hei/h# o. C #o 17 m. occurri&/ #hrou/hou# I&dia u%#o
a& a'#i#ude o. 1Q299 m.
SENONEMS
Sa&(6ri# R S0Pdu%uX%aQ 5iVa%UQ S#ha'a ,umbhUQ Roma[P
A((ame(e R II
;e&/a'i R ,umbhi
E&/'i(h R ,umbi
4u>ra#i R II
Hi&di R S#ha'a ,umbhi
,a&&ada R Dadda'aQ 4uddaQ Daddi%%e
,a(hmiri R II
Ma'a=a'am R $ezu&#o'
Mara#hi R ,umbhaa
Ori=a R II
$u&>abi R II
Tami' R ,umbi
Te'u/u R Dudi%%i
Frdu R II
DESCRI$TION
a) Macro(co%ic
Seed(Q exa'bumi&ou(Q dar6 broD&Q o0a' e''i%(oidQ 1.2 #o cm 'o&/Q u%#o o&e cm or
('i/h#'= abo0e i& Did#hS i&dehi(ce&#S #e(#a hard a&d Dri&6'edS odourQ %'ea(a&#S #a(#eQ
a(#ri&/e&#.
14

b) Micro(co%ic
Te(#a (c'ere&ch=ma#ou( .o''oDed b= a zo&e o. co''a%(ed ce''( o. ou#er i&#e/ume&#Q
i&&er i&#e/ume&# 'i&ed b= cu#ic'e o& bo#h (ide(S ou#er 'a=er( o. bo#h i&#e/ume&#( .i''ed Di#h
dar6 broD& ma#eria'S co#='edo&( o. ma&= 'a=eredQ #hi& Da''edQ %o'=/o&a' %are&ch=ma#ou(
ce''(Q .i''ed abu&da&#'= Di#h (#arch /rai&( a&d occa(io&a''= Di#h oi'.
$oDder I Creami(hI=e''oD #o 'i/h#IbroD&Q (hoD( .ra/me&#( o. co#='edo& ce''(S (ca##ered
(#o&e ce''( o. #e(#aQ abu&da&# (#arch /rai&(Q (im%'e a&d rou&dQ abou# 2 .


T.).C.
T.).C. o. #he hexa&e ex#rac# o& %recoa#ed (i'ica /e' ^4^ %'a#e (9. mm #hic6) u(i&/
%e#ro'eum e#her R die#h=' e#her R ace#ic acid (CR1R9.1) (hoD( (%o#( a# R.. 9.13 (%ur%'e)Q 9.:
(broD&)Q 9.* ('i/h# %i&6)Q 9.33 (%i&6) a&d 9.?? (%ur%'e) o& (%ra=i&/ Di#h 0a&i''i&I(u'%huric
acid rea/e&# a&d hea#i&/ #he %'a#e a# 192
o

CONSTITFENTS I Sa%o&i&( (.i0e (a%o/e&o'(I care=a/e&o' AQ ;Q CQ D f E)S (#ero'(Q I
(%i&o(#ero' a&d I(%i&o(#ero&e.

14
Ra(a R ,aVuQ ,aXP=a
4uTa R RZ6Xa
5Ur=a R FXTa
5i%P6a R ,aVu
,arma R ,a%haharaQ 5P#aharaQ 4rPhUQ 5raTa Ro%aTa
IM$ORTANT "ORMF)ATIONS I Marma 4uVi6P
THERA$EFTIC FSES I 5P#i6a ,P(aQ ,uXVhaQ $ramehaQ ,WmiQ 5iXaro/aQ $a60P#i(PraQ 5raTaQ
NPYU0raTa
DOSE I I: / %oDder.

14
33. )a#a6ar&>a (Sd)
)AT,ARAN@A (Seed)
)a#P6arae>a co&(i(#( o. (eed o. Cae(a'%i&ia bo&duc ()i&&.) Roxb. ("am.
Cae(a'%i&iaceae)Q a& ex#e&(i0eQ (hrubb=Q Di'dQ %ere&&ia' c'imber di(#ribu#ed #hrou/hou#
#ro%ica' %ar#( o. I&dia.
SENONEMS
Sa&(6ri# R ,uberP6XaQ ,aTVa6U ,arae>a
A((ame(e R II
;e&/a'i R ,aa&#aa ,ara&>aaQ Naa#aaQ Naa#aa ,ara&>aa
E&/'i(h R ;o&duc Nu#Q "e0er Nu#
4u>ra#i R ,aa&cha6aaQ ,aa&6a
Hi&di R ,ara&>aQ ,ara&>uaaQ ,aa&#aa ,ara&>
,a&&ada R 4a>>i6e ,aa=iQ 4a>6ai
,a(hmiri R II
Ma'a=a'am R ,a'amchi6uruQ ,aa'a&chiQ ,azhi&ch I ,ai
Mara#hi R Saa/ar /o#aaQ 4a>ar/ho#aaQ 4aa>a/aa
Ori=a R ,o#o6o'e>aa
$u&>abi R II
Tami' R ,a>ha (hi66eQ ,a'ichchi66aai
Te'u/u R 4achcha6aa=
Frdu R A6i#ma6i#
DESCRI$TION
a) Macro(co%ic
Seed( /'obo(e or rou&dedQ (moo#hQ (hi&=Q 1. #o .2 cm i& diame#erS ('i/h#'=
.'a##e&ed o& o&e (ide due #o c'o(e %re((i&/ o. ad>ace&# (eed(S hi'um a&d micro%='e c'o(e
#o/e#herS hi'um (urrou&ded b= a dar6 area arou&d 3 mm i& diame#erQ u(ua''= Di#h a Dhi#i(h
14
or =e''oDi(h rem&a&# o. .u&icu'u(S micro%='e &ear #he %eri%her= o. #he dar6 areaS (eed coa#
/ree&i(hI/re= #o b'ui(hI/re=Q 'i&ea#eQ (hi&=S 199 (eed( Dei/h .rom 2 #o 29 /.

b) Micro(co%ic
Te(#a (hoD( a& ou#er (i&/'e roD o. radia''= e'o&/a#edQ 0er= &arroDQ #ra&('u(ce&#Q
com%ac#'= arra&/ed ce''( .ormi&/ a %a'i(ade 'a=er (Ma'%i/hia& 'a=er) %a((i&/ #hrou/h Dhich
i( #he ^'i&ea 'ucida^. The(e ce''( a%%ear hexa/o&a' i& (ur.ace 0ieD a&d %o((e(( #hic6 Da''(
(rich i& %ec#i& a( e0ide&# .rom Ch'oroIzi&c Iodi&e Te(#)S a (ubIe%iderma' zo&e o. or *
'a=er( o. #hic6 Da''ed bearer ce''( %re(e&#Q .o''oDed b= mu'#i%'e roD( o. o(#eo(c'ereid(Q
Dhich %ro/re((i0e'= i&crea(e i& (izeQ e'o&/a#e 'a#era''= a&d ha0e more i&#erce''u'ar (%ace(
#oDard( #he i&&er (ideS #he ou#er .eD 'a=er( o. #he(e o(#eo(c'ereid( co&#ai& a broD&
(ub(#a&ceS 'a#era''= e'o&/a#ed 0a(cu'ar #i((ue( %re(e&# i& #he 'oDer re/io& o. #hi( zo&e. The
ce''( i&&er #o 0a(cu'ar e'eme&#( /radua''= com%ac#ed a&d rou&ded #oDard( #he i&&er mar/i&S
co#='edo&( (hoD a& ou#er (i&/'e 'a=er o. e%idermi( made o. (ma''Q i(odiame#ric ce''(Q a&d
i&&er %are&ch=ma#ou( /rou&d #i((ue ce''( rich i& .ixed oi'Q a&d ha0i&/ em%#= ca0i#ie(
u&i.orm'= di(#ribu#ed i& #hem.
$oDder I Co'our 'i/h# =e''oD #hrou/h mu(#ard #o broD&Q coar(e a&d .reeI.'oDi&/S bi##er i&
#a(#e a&d %o((e((i&/ #amari&d I'i6e odour. $ar#( o. 0e((e'( (hoDi&/ (ca'ari.orm #hic6e&i&/(
a&d /rou%( o. &arroDQ %a'i(ade ce''( Di#h 'i/h# 'i&e are %re(e&#S /rou%( o. ce''( o. hei/h#
.rom 129 #o 29 #he (ubIe%iderma' 'a=er( o. (eed coa# ha0i&/ 19 #o 1 Q (Huari(h bearer
ce''( a&d u%#o 129 'o&/ o(#eo(c'ereid(S co#='edo& ce''( (u%#o *2 ) (hoDi&/ .ixed oi'
Dhe& mou&#ed i& Suda& III.


ASSAE
15

T.).C.
#o'ue&eR e#h='ace#a#e R ace#ic acid (2R3.2R9.2)Q (hoD( u&der F.5. (*:: &m) (%o#( a# R.. 9.1*
()i/h# ;'ue)Q 9.7 (Dar6 ;'ue)Q 9.:* ($i&6)Q 9.C ($i&6)S o& (%ra=i&/ Di#h a&i(a'deh=deI
(u'%huric acid rea/e&# a&d hea#i&/ #he %'a#e .or #e& mi&u#e( a# 119
o
C (%o#( a%%ear a# R.
9.*9(;roD&)Q 9.:3 (;'ui(h $ur%'e)Q 9.? ($ur%'e)Q 9.79 ($ur%'e)Q 9.7C (4re=).
T.).C. o. #he hexa&e ex#rac# o& %recoa#ed (i'ica /e' ^4^ %'a#e 9. mm #hic6 u(i&/ ch'oro.ormR
e#h='ace#a#e (C7R)Q o& (%ra=i&/ Di#h a&i(a'deh=deI (u'%huric acid rea/e&# a&d hea#i&/ #he
%'a#e .or #e& mi&u#e( a# 119
o
C (%o#( a%%ear a# R. 9.9* (Ee''oD)Q 9.11 (4ree&i(h ;'ue)Q 9.1
(4ree&i(h Ee''oD)Q 9.** (4ree&i(h ;'ue)Q 9.3* ($a'e =e''oD)Q 9.22 (4ree&i(h ;'ue).

CONSTITFENTS I Seed( co&#ai& bi##er (ub(#a&ce %h=#o(#ere&i&Q bo&duci&Q (a%o&i&Q
%h=#o(#ero'Q .ixed oi'Q (#arch a&d (ucro(e. Seed( a'(o co&#ai& Q Q 3. a&d 4 cae(a'%i&(.

4uTa R )a/huQ RZ6Xa
5Ur=a R FXTa
5i%P6a R ,aVu
,arma R 5P#aharaQ $i##aharaQ ,a%haharaQ DU%a&aQ 5eda&P(#hP%a6aQ r#a0a>a&a&aQ
5raTa Ro%aTa
IM$ORTANT "ORMF)ATIONS I ra/0adhPdi ,0P#ha CZrTaQ ,uberP6XPdi 5aVU
THERA$EFTIC FSES I 5iXama>0araQ SZ#i6P>0araQ KZ'aQ 4u'maQ ,P(aQ MehaQ 5P#a0i6PraQ
T0a/ro/aQ Ko#haQ 5raTaQ Fdara[Z'aQ K0P(aQ Ra6#P#i(PraQ ,uXVhaQ ma0P#aQ Sa&dhi0P#aQ
A/&imP&d=aQ $ra0Phi6PQ Ar[aQ Ea6W#%'UhPro/aQ ChardiQ ,Wmi
DOSE I 1I* /
15
32. )a0a'i%ha'a ("r)
)A5A)<$HA)A ("rui#)
)a0a'U%ha'a co&(i(#( o. dried .rui# o. $h=''a&#hu( acidu( ()i&&.) S6ee'( (=&. Cicca
acida )i&&. Merri'' ("am. Eu%horbiaceae)Q a (ma'' or medium (ized #ree cu'#i0a#ed i& /arde&(Q
a&d a'(o /roD& a( a road(ide #ree.
SENONEMS
Sa&(6ri# R Su/a&dhamZ'PQ )a0a'UQ $PTYucQ ,oma'a 5a'6a'P
A((ame(e R II
;e&/a'i R No=aa'Q Har%ha'
E&/'i(h R S#ar /oo(eberr=Q Cou&#r= /oo(eberr=
4u>ra#i R ,haa#i AaDa'aQ Raa= aama'i
Hi&di R Har.aare0adiQ )a0a'i
,a&&ada R ,ari&e''i
,a(hmiri R II
Ma'a=a'am R II
Mara#hi R Raa=aIaaDa'
Ori=a R II
$u&>abi R II
Tami' R Ari&e''i
Te'u/u R Raacha=u(ari6e
Frdu R II
DESCRI$TION
a) Macro(co%ic
;roD&i(h /ree&Q /'obo(eQ 1.2 #o 1.7 cm dia ob(cure'= : #o 7 /roo0edQ de%re((ed a#
bo#h e&d(S %iece( (hoD a hi/h'= (hri0e''ed a&d Dri&6'ed ex#er&a' (ur.aceQ #ex#ure rou/hS
odour charac#eri(#icS #a(#eQ acidicQ .o''oDed b= a de'ica#e'= (Dee# #a(#eS (eed /'obo(eQ 9.7 #o
1. cm dia.
15

b) Micro(co%ic
T.S. o. ma#ure .rui# (hoD( #he e%icar% Di#h a (i&/'e 'a=er o. #abu'ar e%idermi(Q
co0ered b= a #hi& cu#ic'eS &umerou( (u&6e& (#oma#a (ca##ered o& #he e%idermi(S e%iderma'
ce''( i& (ur.ace 0ieD %o'=/o&a' i& (ha%e Di#h cor&er #hic6e&i&/(S me(ocar% co&(i(#( o. 7 #o
19 'a=er( o. %o'=/o&a' ce''( a&d : #o 7 'a=er( o. radia''= e'o&/a#ed 'ar/eQ ra#her #hic6 Da''ed
%are&ch=ma ce''(Q mo(# o. Dhich co&#ai& =e''oD %i/me&#( (me(ocar% o. Emb'ica o..ici&a'i(
co&(i(#( o. mo(#'= 'ar/e %o'=/o&a' ce''( Di#h cor&er #hic6e&i&/( a&d ha0e a 0er= .eD
%i/me&# ce''()S %ri(m( o. ca'cium oxa'a#e cr=(#a' a&d (#arch /rai&( %re(e&# i& a .eD
e%iderma' ce''( a&d a'(o i& a .eD %are&ch=ma ce''(S ma&= o. #he ce''( co&#ai& =e''oD
%i/me&#(S rami.ied 0a(cu'ar bu&d'e( (ca##ered #hrou/hou# #he me(ocar% co&(i(# o. x='em a&d
%h'oemQ x='em com%o(ed o. #racheid( a&d .ibre(S #e(#a ha0e %a'i(ade 'i6e e%idermi(
com%o(ed o. #i/h#'= %ac6ed (c'ereid( Di#h %i#(.
$oDder I ShoD( %iece( o. i(odiame#ricI%are&ch=ma#ou( ce''( Di#h =e''oD or broD& co'our
%i/me&#S %ri(ma#ic cr=(#a'( o. ca'cium oxa'a#eS .ibre(S (c'ereid( Di#h %i#(S (#arch /rai&( are
.air'= abu&da&#Q (ma'' a&d (im%'e.


T.).C.
T.).C. o. #he a'coho'ic ex#rac# o& %recoa#ed (i'ica /e' ^4^ (E. Merc6 /rade) %'a#e
u(i&/ Ch'oro.orm R Me#ha&o' R "ormic acid (C2 R 9.2 R 9.1) (hoD( u&der F5 (*:: &m) #hree
.'uore(ce&# zo&e( a# R.. 9.13 (/ree&)Q 9.7 (/ree&) a&d 9.7* (/ree&). O& (%ra=i&/ Di#h
A&i(a'deh=deISu'%huric acid rea/e&# a&d hea#i&/ #he %'a#e .or .i0e mi&u#e( a# 192
o
C (ix
15
(%o#( a%%ear a# R.. 9.13 (ora&/e)Q 9.1? (0io'e#)Q 9.21 (ora&/e)Q 9.:: (%ur%'e)Q 9.?: (0io'e#)
a&d 9.C1 (%ur%'e).

CONSTITFENTS I Tri#er%e&oid( (I am=ri&Q $h=''a&#ho') a&d 4a''ic acid.

Ra(a R MadhuraQ Am'aQ ,aXP=a
4uTa R RZ6XaQ 4uruQ 5i[ada
5Ur=a R KU#a
5i%P6a R Madhura
,arma R $i##aharaQ ,a%haharaQ 5P#a6araQ 4rPhUQ Ra6#a S#ambha&aQ HWd=aQ
Ruci6ara
IM$ORTANT "ORMF)ATIONS I DrP6XP(a0a
THERA$EFTIC FSES I A[marUQ Ar[aQ Aruci
DOSE I 19I9 /

15
3:. Madhu'i6a (R#)
MADH!)I, (Roo#)
The dru/ co&(i(#( o. dried roo# o. E'eu(i&e coroca&a ().) 4aer#&. ("am. $oaceae)Q a&
erec#Q (#ou#Q a&&ua' /ra((Q cu'#i0a#ed #hrou/hou# I&dia.
SENONEMS
Sa&(6ri# R RP/UQ MadhZ'iQ Mar6aVaha(#a#WTa
A((ame(e R II
;e&/a'i R Marua
E&/'i(h R "i&/er Mi''e#Q Ra/i
4u>ra#i R Naa/a'iI;aa0a#o
Hi&di R Ma&duaaQ Ma6araaQ Raa/i
,a&&ada R Raa/i
,a(hmiri R II
Ma'a=a'am R Mu##ariQ Raa/i
Mara#hi R Naach&ee
Ori=a R II
$u&>abi R ,odraQ MaduaQ ,oda
Tami' R Raa/iQ ,e>ha0ara/u((iddha)
Te'u/u R Raa/u'uQ Ta/ide'u
Frdu R II
DESCRI$TION
a) Macro(co%ic
Roo# .ibrou(Q De'' bra&chedQ u%#o 2 cm 'o&/Q *.2 mm i& #hic6&e((Q /radua''=
#a%eri&/Q cream= Dhi#eQ rou/h a&d dir#=S roo# hair( %re(e&#Q .rac#ureQ bri##'eQ .ibrou(Q ce&#re
ho''oDS #a(#eQ ear#he&S &o odour.
15

b) Micro(co%ic
T.S. (hoD( e%ib'ema co&(i(#i&/ o. #Do 'a=er(Q #he ce''( o. #he ou#er 'a=er /i0i&/ ri(e
#o roo# hair(S #he i&&er 'a=er ca''ed rhizodermi( ha( ('i/h#'= #hic6er Da''ed hexa/o&a' ce''(Q
.o''oDed b= a cor#ex #ra0er(ed b= #rabecu'aeQ /i0i&/ ri(e #o 'ar/e air (%ace(S e&dodermi(
charac#erized b= #he %re(e&ce o. ca(%aria& (#ri%( o& #he radia' Da''(Q .o''oDed b= a (i&/'e
'a=ered %eric=c'e o. .ibre a&d (#o&e ce''(S (#o&e ce''( circu'arQ Di#h radia' ca&a'(Q a&d a
&arroD or Dide 'ume&S %h'oem a&d x='em %a#che( %re(e&# be'oD #hi( 'a=er arra&/ed
radia''=S %i#h ce''( (omeDha# circu'ar a&d %are&ch=ma#ou(.
$oDder I ShoD( u&der #he micro(co%eQ #racheid( mea(uri&/ be#Dee& 112 a&d 72 i&
'e&/#h a&d be#Dee& 1* a&d 39 i& bread#hQ circu'ar %i#( %re(e&# o& #he (ur.aceS 0e((e'(
e'o&/a#edQ cro(( Da'' %er.ora#io& %'a#e( (im%'eS e'o&/a#ed %i#( %re(e&# o& #he Da''( o.
0e((e'S #hi& Da''ed %are&ch=ma#ou( ce''( a&d circu'ar (#o&e ce''( %re(e&#.

To#a' A(h No# more #ha& 2.2 %er ce&#Q A%%e&dix ..*.
AcidIi&(o'ub'e a(h No# more #ha& 1.* %er ce&#Q A%%e&dix ..3.

T.).C.
T.).C. o. me#ha&o'ic ex#rac# o. #he dru/ o& %recoa#ed (i'ica /e' 4 %'a#eQ u(i&/
me#ha&o' I ch'oro.orm (* R ?) a&d o& (%ra=i&/ Di#h 19\ (u'%huric acid i& e#h=' a'coho'
.o''oDed b= hea#i&/ #he %'a#e .or .i0e mi&u#e a# 119
o
CQ #hree (%o#( a%%eared a# R.. 9.7
($i&6 co'our) com%arab'e #o #he (%o# o. (i#o(#ero' /'uco(ideQ 9.* (;'ac6i(h /re=)Q 9.12
(;'ac6i(h /re=).

CONSTITFENTS I "'a0o&oid(Q orie&#i&Q i(oorie&#i&Q 0i#exi&Q i(o0i#exi&Q 0io'a&#hi&Q
'uce&i&I1Q #rici&Q 6e#o acid(S %o'=(accharide

a&d #he .ree (u/ar(Q I(i#o(#ero' /'uco(ide.
15
4uTa R )a/hu
5Ur=a R KU#a
5i%P6a R Madhura
,arma R $i##aharaQ TridoXa[Pma6aQ Ra6#adoXaharaQ 5WX=aQ Ra(P=a&a
IM$ORTANT "ORMF)ATIONS I Am'a%i##P&#a6a Moda6aQ AmW#a 4u//u'uQ A[0a/a&dhPdi
)ehaQ ,uXVhPdi ,0P#haQ ,aVu#umb=Pdi Tai'a
THERA$EFTIC FSES I TWXTPQ ,ara%Pda DPhaQ 5W66P[marUQ K0P(aQ ,P(aQ @0aro%adra0a
DOSE I 2I19 /

15
3?. Mahameda (Rz f R#.)
MAHMED (Rhizome a&d Roo#)
MahPmedP co&(i(#( o. dried rhizome a&d roo# o. $o'=/o&a#um cirrhi.o'ium Ro='e
("am. )i'iaceae)Q a herb .ou&d i& #he #em%era#e Hima'a=a(.
SENONEMS
Sa&(6ri# R MahPmedaQ 5a(ucchidrPQ Trida&#iQ De0amaTU
A((ame(e R II
;e&/a'i R II
E&/'i(h R Mahameda
4u>ra#i R II
Hi&di R MahamedaQ De0ari/aa'a
,a&&ada R Mahamedha
,a(hmiri R II
Ma'a=a'am R Mahameda
Mara#hi R II
Ori=a R II
$u&>abi R II
Tami' R Mahameda
Te'u/u R Mahameda
Frdu R II
DESCRI$TION
a) Macro(co%ic
Rhizome dir#= broD& i& co'ourQ #o 7 cm 'o&/ a&d abou# .2 #o * cm broadQ ha0i&/
'o&/i#udi&a' mar6i&/( o& #he (ur.ace a&d rou/h Di#h irre/u'ar Dri&6'e(S .rac#ureQ (hor# a&d
(moo#hS odourQ di(#i&c#S #a(#eQ (Dee# Di#h a ('i/h# bi##er a.#erI#a(#e.
15

b) Micro(co%ic
Rhizome R T.S. (hoD( a (i&/'e 'a=ered cu#icu'arized e%idermi( ha0i&/ ac#i&oc=#ic
(#oma#a .o''oDed b= /rou&d %are&ch=ma#ou( cor#ex o. %o'=/o&a' #o i(odiame#ric ce''( i&
Dhich 0a(cu'ar bu&d'e( are (ca##eredS i& cor#ica' ce''( (#arch /rai&(Q &umerou( idiob'a(#(
Di#h ra%hide(Q a&d dru(e( o. ca'cium oxa'a#e %re(e&#S &umerou( rou&d ca0i#ie( %re(e&# i& #he
cor#ica' re/io&S e&dodermi( be#Dee& cor#ex a&d i&&er core ab(e&#S 0a(cu'ar bu&d'e(
u&e0e&'= (ca##eredQ am%hi0a(a'S x='em e'eme&#( re%re(e&#ed b= #racheid( a&d x='em
%are&ch=maS %h'oem com%o(ed o. (ie0e #ube(Q com%a&io& ce''( a&d %h'oem %are&ch=ma.
Roo# R T.S. (hoD( a (i&/'e 'a=ered e%ib'emaQ ce''( %o'=/o&a'Q beari&/ (im%'e u&ice''u'ar
roo# hair(S a (i&/'e 'a=ered h=%odermi(Q ce''( 'ar/erQ hexa/o&a'Q ('i/h#'= #hic6 Da''edS a
broad cor#exQ ce''( #hi& Da''ed a&d o. 0ar=i&/ (ha%e( a&d (ize( Di#h 0er= (ma'' i&#erce''u'ar
(%ace(Q a&d co&#ai&i&/ circu'ar (#arch /rai&( mea(uri&/ be#Dee& 19 #o 39 i& diame#erS
idiob'a(#( Di#h ra%hide( %re(e&#S e&dodermi( (i&/'e 'a=eredQ charac#erized b= #he %re(e&ce
o. ca(%aria& (#ri%( o& #heir radia' Da''(S %eric=c'e (i&/'e 'a=eredS (#e'e exarchQ %o'=archQ
x='em co&(i(# o. #racheid(Q 0e((e'( Di#h (im%'e %er.ora#io& %'a#e a&d re#icu'a#e #hic6e&i&/(Q
a&d x='em %are&ch=maS %h'oem co&(i(# o. (ie0e #ube(Q com%a&io& ce''( a&d %h'oem
%are&ch=maS (ma'' %i#h %re(e&# i& ce&#re Di#h %are&ch=ma#ou( ce''(.
$oDder R Dar6 broD&S u&der micro(co%e (hoD( e%iderma' ce''( Di#h ac#i&oc=#ic (#oma#a a&d
cor#ica' ce''( i& (ur.ace 0ieDS (#arch /rai&( o0oid Di#h co&ce&#ric (#ria#io&Q ei#her (i&/'= or
i& /rou%(S ra%hide( a&d dru(e( %re(e&#S #racheid( e'o&/a#ed Di#h %oi&#ed e&d(Q Da'' ('i/h#'=
Da0= #oDard( #i%(Q #hic6e&i&/( re#icu'a#eS 0e((e'( Di#h (im%'eQ cro(( Da'' %er.ora#io&Q
#hic6e&i&/( re#icu'a#e.

"orei/& ma##er No# more #ha& * %er ce&#Q A%%e&dix ...
To#a' A(h No# more #ha& *.2 %er ce&#Q A%%e&dix ..*.
A'coho'I(o'ub'e ex#rac#i0e No# 'e(( #ha& 3.2 %er ce&#Q A%%e&dix ..:.
1a#erI(o'ub'e ex#rac#i0e No# 'e(( #ha& ?9 %er ce&#Q A%%e&dix ..?.

15
T.).C.
T.).C. o. me#ha&o'ic ex#rac# o. #he roo#(]rhizome o& a %recoa#ed (i'ica /e' 4 %'a#eQ
u(i&/ me#ha&o' R ch'oro.orm (* R ?). O& (%ra=i&/ Di#h 19\ (u'%huric acid i& e#h=' a'coho'
a&d hea#i&/ #he %'a#e .or abou# 2 mi&u#e a# 119
o
CQ #Do (%o#( a%%ear a# R.. 9.3 a&d 9.*9
(hoDi&/ b'ac6i(h /re= .'uore(ce&# Dere .ou&d com%arab'e #o #he (%o#( o. /'uco(e a&d
(ucro(e re(%ec#i0e'=.

CONSTITFENTS I 4'uco(eQ Sucro(e

Ra(a R Madhura
5Ur=a R KU#a
5i%P6a R Madhura
,arma R ,a%ha0ardha6aQ 5P#aharaQ $i##aharaQ 5WX=aQ Ku6ra0ardha6aQ
S#a&=a>a&a&aQ ;WdhaTaQ @U0a&U=aQ Ruc=a
IM$ORTANT "ORMF)ATIONS I Da[amZ'PriXVaQ Ki0a 4uVi6PQ AmW#a%rP[a 4hW#aQ A[o6a
4hW#aQ DhP&0a&#ara Tai'aQ ;Wha#mPXa Tai'aQ MahP NPrP=aTa Tai'aQ 5P(Pca&da&Pdi Tai'a
THERA$EFTIC FSES I @0araQ Ra6#a0i6PraQ ,Xa=aQ DPhaQ Ra6#a%i##aQ ;P'aro/aQ ,Pma'PQ
,Xa#a Q ,XUTa
DOSE I *I: /

16
37. Madhu(&uhi (Tub.R#)
MADHFSNFH< (Tuberou( Roo#)
Madhu(&uhU co&(i(#( o. #uberou( roo# o. Smi'ax chi&a )i&&. ("am. )i'iaceae)Q a
deciduou( c'imber Di#h (%ar(e'= %ric6'ed or u&armed (#em. I# i( im%or#ed .rom Chi&a a&d
@a%a&.
SENONEMS
Sa&(6ri# R D0U%P&#ara 5acP
A((ame(e R II
;e&/a'i R Cho%chee&eeQ ,umari6aQ Shu6chi&
E&/'i(h R Chi&a roo#
4u>ra#i R Cho%chee&ee
Hi&di R Cho%chee&ee
,a&&ada R II
,a(hmiri R II
Ma'a=a'am R Chi&a $airu
Mara#hi R Cho%chee&ee
Ori=a R II
$u&>abi R II
Tami' R $ara&/iche66ai
Te'u/u R $ir&/iche66a
Frdu R II
DESCRI$TION
a) Macro(co%ic
Tuber( abou# : #o 1 cm 'o&/Q #o 3 cm DideQ rou/hQ irre/u'arQ c='i&drica'Q cur0edQ
('i/h#'= #a%eri&/ Di#h broD&i(h or b'ac6i(h (car(S ex#er&a''= broD&i(hI=e''oD i& co'ourQ a&d
i&#er&a''= broD& i& co'ourS .rac#ureQ hardS odour &o# charac#eri(#icS #a(#eQ ('i/h#'= bi##er.
16

b) Micro(co%ic
Cor#ex (hoD( (e0era' 'a=er( o. #hi&IDa''edQ %o'=/o&a'Q e'o&/a#ed muci'a/i&ou(
%are&ch=ma#ou( ce''(Q a .eD ce''( co&#ai&i&/ ra%hide( o. ca'cium oxa'a#eS e&dodermi( &o#
di(#i&/ui(hedS /rou&d #i((ue ha0i&/ (e0era' 0a(cu'ar bu&d'e( co&(i(#i&/ o. u(ua' e'eme&#(S
.ibre( 'o&/ a&d a(e%#a#eS &umerou( (im%'e a&d com%ou&d (#arch /rai&(Q mea(uri&/ 1: #o *7
i& dia. Di#h #o more #ha& C com%o&e&#( mo(#'= (%herica' #o o0oidQ ha0i&/ hi'um i&
ce&#re.
$oDder R ShoD( 'i/h# broD&Q .ra/me&#( o. muci'a/i&ou( %are&ch=ma#ou( ce''( o. cor#ex
.ibre( a&d 0e((e'( Di#h re#icu'a#e #hic6e&i&/S a .eD (ca##ered &eed'e( o. ca'cium oxa'a#e
.rom ra%hide(S &umerou( (im%'e a&d com%ou&d (#arch /rai&( mea(uri&/ 1: #o *7 i& dia.
Di#h #o more #ha& C com%o&e&#(Q mo(#'= (%herica' #o o0oid ha0i&/ hi'um i& ce&#re.

To#a' A(h No# more #ha& 9.: %er ce&#Q A%%e&dix ..*.
AcidIi&(o'ub'e a(h No# more #ha& 9.99:%er ce&#Q A%%e&dix ..3.

T.).C.
T.).C. o. #he a'coho'ic ex#rac# o& %recoa#ed Si'ica /e' ^4^ %'a#e (9. mm #hic6) u(i&/
To'ue&e R E#h=' ace#a#e R Me#ha&o' (19 R 19 R 3) a( mobi'e %ha(e a&d o& (%ra=i&/ Di#h
A&i(a'deh=deISu'%huric acid rea/e&# a&d hea#i&/ #he %'a#e a# 192
o
C .or #e& mi&u#e( #e&
(%o#( a%%ear a# R.. 9.9C (dar6 /ree&)Q 9.1? (0io'e#)Q 9.1 (dir#= =e''oD)Q 9.: (/re=)Q 9.*
(=e''oD)Q 9.37Q 9.22 a&d 9.27 (a'' 0io'e#)Q 9.?* (/ree&i(h b'ue) a&d 9.?? (0io'e#).

CONSTITFENTS I Sa%o&i&(Q (ar(a%o&i& a&d %ara''i&Q Dhich =ie'd i(omeric (a%o/e&i&(Q
(ar(a%o/e&i& a&d (mi'o/e&i&. I# a'(o co&#ai&( (i#o(#ero' a&d (#i/ma(#ero' i& #he .ree .orm
a&d a( /'uco(ide(.
16
Ra(a R Ti6#a
4uTa R )a/huQ RZ6Xa
5Ur=a R FXTa
5i%P6a R ,aVu
,arma R TridoXaharaQ Ra(P=a&aQ Ko#haharaQ 5eda&P(#hP%a&aQ NaYUba'=aQ DU%a&aQ
A&u'oma&aQ Ra6#a[odha6aQ 5WX=aQ Ku6ra[odha6aQ MZ#ra'aQ K0eda>a&a&a
IM$ORTANT "ORMF)ATIONS I Madhu(&uhU Ra(P=a&aQ Co%acU&=Pdi CZrTa
THERA$EFTIC FSES I 5iba&dhaQ dhmP&aQ KZ'aQ ,WmiQ ,uXVhaQ $Z=amehaQ Ku6ra0i6PraQ
5P#a0=PdiQ $hirab/aQ F&mPdaQ A%a(mPraQ Sa&dhi0P#aQ ,am%a0P#aQ 4aTYamP'P
DOSE I *I: / %oDder.

16
3C. Meda(a6a (S#.;6.)
MEDSA,A- (S#em ;ar6)
MedP(a6ac co&(i(#( o. (#em bar6 o. )i#(ea chi&e&(i( )am. (=&. ). /'u#i&o(a ()our.)
C.;. Robi&(Q ). (ebi.era $er(. ("am. )auraceae)Q a& e0er/ree& (hrub or #reeQ u%#o 2 m i&
hei/h# a&d abou# 1.2 m i& /ir#h Di#h a c'ea& bo'eQ .ou&d #hrou/hou# I&diaQ a(ce&di&/ u%#o a&
a'#i#ude o. 1*29 m i& ou#er Hima'a=a(.
SENONEMS
Sa&(6ri# R MedP(a6ac
A((ame(e R II
;e&/a'i R ,u6urchi#e
E&/'i(h R II
4u>ra#i R Meda )a6dee
Hi&di R Maida )a6dee
,a&&ada R II
,a(hmiri R II
Ma'a=a'am R II
Mara#hi R Meda )a6dee
Ori=a R II
$u&>abi R Meda(a6a
Tami' R Meda'a6a0i
Te'u/u R Meda
Frdu R II
DESCRI$TION
a) Macro(co%ic
16
$iece( o. bar6 1.2 #o1.: cm i& 'e&/#hS 9.1 #o 9.2 cm i& Did#hS ex#er&a' (ur.ace rou/hQ
cor6=Q /ree&i(h I =e''oD #o =e''oDi(h I broD&S i&#er&a' (ur.ace (moo#hQ 'o&/i#uIdi&a''=
(#ria#edQ dar6 broD& #o b'ac6S .rac#ureQ (hor# a&d u&e0e&.

b) Micro(co%ic
T.S. (hoD( broad zo&e o. cor6Q 2 #o 7 'a=eredS (eco&dar= cor#ex co&(i(#i&/ o. %a#che(
o. (c'ereid(Q .ibre(Q %are&ch=maQ occa(io&a''= co&#ai&i&/ rhomboida' cr=(#a'( o. ca'cium
oxa'a#eQ abu&da&# (#arch /rai&(Q ce''( co&#ai&i&/ #a&&i&( a&d muci'a/eS (#arch /rai&(
(%herica' #o o0a'Q (i&/'e or i& /rou%(Q (im%'e or com%ou&dQ mea(uri&/ .rom 1.2 #o 7 S
.ibre( 'o&/Q 'i/&i.ied Di#h #a%eri&/ e&d(Q mea(uri&/ .rom *?9 #o :*9 i& 'e&/#h a&d * #o
*2 i& Did#h.
$oDder I )i/h# broD& i& co'ourQ odour (#ro&/Q bi##er a&d muci'a/i&ou( (hoDi&/ cor6 #i((ueQ
(#arch /rai&(Q (c'ereid(Q .ibre(Q ce''( co&#ai&i&/ #a&&i&( a&d muci'a/eS (c'ereid( rou&d #o
ob'o&/Q 'a#era''= com%re((edQ Di#h &arroD 'ume&Q a&d (hoDi&/ radia#i&/ %i# ca&a'(.



T.).C.
T.).C. o. #he a'coho'ic ex#rac# o& (i'ica /e' ^4^ %'a#e (9. mm #hic6) u(i&/
ch'oro.ormR me#ha&o'R ace#ic acid (79R9R) (hoD( F&der F5 (23 &m) #hree (%o#( a# R..
9.9? (broD&)Q 9.12 a&d 9.* (bo#h 0io'e#). F&der F5 (*:: &m) #Do .'uore(ce&# (%o#( a%%ear
a# R.. 9.:7 (%i&6) a&d 9.7C (b'ue). O& ex%o(ure #o iodi&e 0a%our .i0e (%o#( a%%ear a# R..
9.12Q 9.9Q 9.*Q 9.*9 a&d 9.7 (a'' =e''oDi(h broD&). O& (%ra=i&/ Di#h 2\ .erric ch'oride
(o'u#io& .our (%o#( a%%ear a# R.. 9.9? (0io'e#)Q 9.12 (b'ue)Q 9.* a&d 9.*9 (bo#h .ai&# /ree&).
16

CONSTITFENTS I A'6a'oid( ()auro#e#a'i&eQ ac#i&oda%hi&eQ bo'di&eQ &orbo'di&eQ
(ebi.eri&e a&d 'i#(e.eri&e).

5Ur=a R FXTa
5i%P6a R ,aVu
,arma R 5P#aharaQ ,a%haharaQ DU%a&aQ S#ambha&aQ ;ha/&a%ra(Pda6a
IM$ORTANT "ORMF)ATIONS I A(#hi(a&dhP&a6a )e%a
THERA$EFTIC FSES I Ko#haQ KZ'aQ 5P#a0i6PraQ A/&imP&d=aQ A#U(PraQ Ra6#a(rP0aQ
A(#hibha&/a
DOSE I 2I19 / %oDder.

16
29. Meda(a6a (1d)
MEDSA,A- (1ood)
MedP(a6ac co&(i(#( o. Dood o. )i#(ea chi&e&(i( )am. S=&. ). /'u#i&o(a ()our.) C.;.
Robi&(Q ). (ebi.era $er(. ("am. )auraceae)Q a& e0er/ree& (hrub or #reeQ u%#o 2 m i& hei/h#
a&d abou# 1.2 m i& /ir#h Di#h a c'ea& bo'eQ .ou&d #hrou/hou# I&diaQ a(ce&di&/ u%#o a& a'#i#ude
o. 1*29 m i& ou#er Hima'a=a(.
SENONEMS
Sa&(6ri# R MedP(a6ac
A((ame(e R II
;e&/a'i R ,u6urchi#e
E&/'i(h R II
4u>ra#i R Meda )a6adee
Hi&di R Meda )a6adee
,a&&ada R II
,a(hmiri R II
Ma'a=a'am R II
Mara#hi R Meda )a6adeeQ II
Ori=a R II
$u&>abi R Meda'a6a0i
Tami' R Meda
Te'u/u R @ee0a6amu
DESCRI$TION
a) Macro(co%ic
1ood I Thic6 a&d #hi& %iece( o. DoodQ 13 #o 1 cm i& 'e&/#h a&d 9.2 #o cm i&
Did#hS =e''oDi(hIDhi#eS (ur.ace rou/h Di#h 0er= .i&e 'o&/i#udi&a' (#ria#io&(S .rac#ureQ hardQ
.ibrou(.
16

b) Micro(co%ic
T.S. (hoD( 0e((e'(Q ei#her (i&/'e or i& /rou%( o. or *S x='em .ibre( arra&/ed i&
radia' roD( Di#h #hic6 Da''(S medu''ar= ra=( %romi&e&#Q u&i #o #e#ra(eria#eQ radia''=
e'o&/a#edQ u%#o *9 ce''( i& hei/h# a( (ee& i& #a&/e&#ia' (ec#io& a&d co&#ai&i&/ abu&da&#
(%herica' #o o0a' (#arch /rai&(Q (i&/'e or i& /rou%(Q (im%'e or com%ou&dQ mea(uri&/ .rom *
#o C S .ibre( 'o&/Q 'i&earQ 'i/&i.ied Di#h b'u&# e&d(Q mea(uri&/ i& 'e&/#h .rom 2*9 #o 19:9
a&d .rom 1* #o 3 i& Did#h.
$oDder I $a'e =e''oDi(hIbroD&Q ha0i&/ charac#eri(#ic odourQ ('i/h#'= bi##er i& #a(#eS (hoD(
.ra/me&#( o. 'i/&i.ied .ibre(Q (#arch /rai&(Q bordered %i##ed 0e((e'( a&d (ome 0e((e'(
(hoDi&/ (ca'ari.orm #hic6e&i&/( o& #heir (eco&dar= Da''.


T.).C.
R me#ha&o' (79R9) (hoD( u&der F5 (23 &m) #hree (%o#( a# R.. 9.19 (0io'e#)Q 9.C (.ai&#
broD&) a&d 9.2 (=e''oDi(h /ree&). F&der F5 (*:: &m) #hree .'uore(ce&# (%o#( a%%ear a#
R.. 9.C (broD&)Q 9.2 (=e''oD) a&d 9.:7 (b'ue). O& ex%o(ure #o iodi&e 0a%our ei/h# (%o#(
a%%ear a# R.. 9.19 (broD&)Q 9.1*Q 9.1:Q 9.3Q 9.CQ 9.2Q 9.:7 a&d 9.?3 (a'' =e''oDi(h broD&).
O& (%ra=i&/ Di#h 19\ me#ha&o'icI(u'%huric acid a&d hea#i&/ #he %'a#e a# 119
o
C .or #e&
mi&u#e( #e& (%o#( a%%ear a# R.. 9.19Q 9.1: (bo#h broD&)Q 9.: (/re=)Q 9.*1 (broD&)Q 9.39
(%ur%'e)Q 9.33Q 9.2Q 9.2? (a'' broD&)Q 9.:7 (%ur%'e) a&d 9.?? (broD&).

16
CONSTITFENTS I A'6a'oid( ()auro#e#a&i&eQ ac#i&oda%hi&eQ bo'di&eQ &orbo'di&e).

5Ur=a R FXTa
5i%P6a R ,aVu
,arma R 5P#aharaQ ,a%haharaQ DU%a&aQ S#ambha&a
IM$ORTANT "ORMF)ATIONS I Ai'e=a6a TPi'a (Ci#ra6Pdi Tai'a)Q 5P#a/h&a )e%a
(Ci&#PmaTi Ra(a)
THERA$EFTIC FSES I Ko#haQ KZ'aQ 5P#a0i6PraQ A/&imP&d=aQ A#U(PraQ Ra6#a(rP0a
DOSE I 1 #o * / %oDder.

16
21. Me(ha(hri&/i ().)
MEMAKL+4< ()ea.)
MeXa[Wb/U co&(i(#( o. dried 'ea. o. 4=m&ema (='0e(#re R.;r. ("am. A(c'e%iadaceae)Q
a 'ar/e Dood=Q much bra&chedQ c'imberQ Di#h %ube(ce&# =ou&/ %ar#(Q .ou&d #hrou/hou# I&dia
i& dr= .ore(#( u%#o :99 m.
SENONEMS
Sa&(6ri# R Madhu&P[i&UQ A>P[Wb/U
A((ame(e R II
;e&/a'i R Medha(i&/i
E&/'i(h R $eri%'oca o. #he Dood
4u>ra#i R ,aa0a'eeQ Medha(i&/e
Hi&di R 4udmaarQ Medhaa Si&/ee
,a&&ada R ,adha(i/e
,a(hmiri R II
Ma'a=a'am R Ca66ara66o''iQ Madhu&aa(hi&i
Mara#hi R ,aa0a'eeQ Medhaa(hi&/i
Ori=a R II
$u&>abi R II
Tami' R Shiru6urum ,aa=Q Sha66arai66o''i
Te'u/u R $oda%a#ro
Frdu R II
DESCRI$TION
a) Macro(co%ic
)ea. (im%'eQ o%%o(i#eQ e''i%#ica' or o0a#eQ %e#io'a#eQ %e#io'e : #o 1 mm 'o&/ a&d
%ube(ce&#S 'ami&a * #o : cm 'o&/ a&d 1 #o * cm broadS acu#e or (hor#'= acumi&a#eS more or
17
'e(( %ube(ce&# o& bo#h (ide(Q ba(e rou&ded or corda#eQ 0e&a#io& re#icu'a#eS odourQ
u&%'ea(a&#S #a(#eQ bi##er a&d acrid.

b) Micro(co%ic
)ea. I

$e#io'e I Near'= (emi circu'ar i& ou#'i&e ha0i&/ a dee% .urroDQ (hoD( a (i&/'e 'a=ered
e%idermi( co0ered Di#h #hic6 cu#ic'eS mu'#ice''u'ar u&i(eria#e #richome( %re(e&#S cor#ex
com%o(ed o. * or 3 'a=er( o. co''e&ch=ma a&d * or 3 'a=er( o. #hi& Da''ed %are&ch=ma#ou(
ce''( Di#h i&#erce''u'ar (%ace(S 0a(cu'ar bu&d'e bico''a#era'Q co&>oi&# a&d * i& &umberQ o&e
ce&#ra' 'ar/er a&d cre(ce&# (ha%ed a&d 'a#era' a&d (ma''er i& (izeS a .eD ro(e##e cr=(#a'( o.
ca'cium oxa'a#e %re(e&# i& cor#ica' re/io&.
Midrib I E%idermi( a&d #richome a( i& %e#io'eS e%idermi( .o''oDed b= or * 'a=er( o.
co''e&ch=ma ad>ace&# #o #he 'oDer (ur.aceS 0a(cu'ar bu&d'e cre(ce&# (ha%edQ bico''a#era'Q
co&>oi&# a&d (i#ua#ed i& ce&#reS re(# o. #he #i((ue be#Dee& co''e&ch=ma a&d 0a(cu'ar bu&d'e(
co&(i(#i&/ o. %o'=/o&a' #hi&IDa''ed %are&ch=ma#ou( ce''( Di#h i&#erce''u'ar (%ace(Q a .eD
ha0i&/ ro(e##e cr=(#a'( o. ca'cium oxa'a#e.
)ami&a I ShoD( dor(i0e&#ra' (#ruc#ureS e%idermi( a&d #richome a( i& %e#io'e a&d midribS
#richome c='i&drica'Q co&(i(#( o. * #o : ce''( &ear'= (imi'ar i& Did#h a&d 0ariab'e i& 'e&/#hQ
#ermi&a' ce''( b'u&#Q mo(# o. #hem cur0ed i&Dard( .rom #he 'ea. (ur.aceS %a'i(ade 1 or
'a=er(S (%o&/= %are&ch=ma irre/u'arQ arra&/ed Di#h di(#i&c# i&#erce''u'ar (%ace(Q ro(e##e
cr=(#a'( o. ca'cium oxa'a#e %re(e&# i& #hi( re/io&S (#oma#a %arac=#icQ %re(e&# o&'= o& 'oDer
(ur.aceS %a'i(ade ra#io ? or 7S (#oma#a' i&dex 9 #o 2Q 0ei& i('e# &umber ? #o 19 %er (H. mm.
$oDder I )i/h# /ree&S u&der micro(co%e (hoD( e%iderma' ce''( ha0i&/ &ear'= (#rai/h# Da''Q
a&d %arac=#ic (#oma#a i& (ur.ace 0ieDS ro(e##e cr=(#a'( o. ca'cium oxa'a#eS bro6e& %iece( o.
#richome( a&d (%ira' 0e((e'(.
17
T.).C.
T.).C. o. #he a'coho'ic ex#rac# o& Si'ica 4e' ^4^ %'a#e u(i&/ &IHexa&e R To'ue&e R
E#h='ace#a#e (2R19R) a( mobi'e %ha(e (hoD( .our .'uore(ce&# zo&e( u&der F.5. (*:: &m) a#
R.. 9.3Q 9.*? (bo#h Red)Q 9.29 (b'ue) a&d 9.:9 (Red). O& (%ra=i&/ Di#h A&i(a'deh=deI
Su'%huric acid rea/e&# a&d hea#i&/ #he %'a#e a# 119
o
.or #e& mi&u#e( (e0e& (%o#( a%%ear a#
R.. 9.C (/ree&)Q 9.*?Q 9.3? (bo#h 0io'e#)Q 9.22 (%i&6)Q 9.:9 (/ree&)Q 9.:: (0io'e#) a&d 9.C*
(%i&6).

CONSTITFENTS I Tri#er%e&oid (a%o&i&( o. /=m&emic acid AQ ;Q C a&d D Di#h (u/arI
re(idue( (uch a( /'ucuro&ic acidQ /a'ac#uro&ic acidQ .eru'ic a&d a&/e'ic acid( a##ached a(
carbox='ic acid(. Se0era' i(o%ro%='e&e deri0a#i0e( o. /=m&ema/e&i&Q a hexah=Idro#er%e&eQ
/=m&ema/e&i&Q /=m&emic acid. The 'ea0e( a'(o co&#ai& be#ai&eQ cho'i&eQ /=m&ami&e
a'6a'oid(Q i&o(i#o'Q dIHuerci#o'. H=drocarbo&( (uch a( &o&aco(a&eQ he&#riaco&#a&eQ
#ri#riaco&#a&eQ %e&#a#riaco&#a&eQ %h=#i&Q re(i&Q #ar#aric acidQ .ormic acidQ bu#=ric acidQ ami&o
acid( (uch a( 'euci&eQ i(o'euci&eQ 0a'i&eQ a'a&i&eQ 3Ibu#=ric acid.

4uTa R RZ6XaQ )a/hu
5Ur=a R FXTa
5i%P6a R ,aVu
,arma R 5P#aharaQ ,a%haharaQ 5iXa/h&aQ DU%a&aQ Ca6XuX=aQ Srad(a&a
IM$ORTANT "ORMF)ATIONS I A=a(6W#iQ N=a/rodhPdi CZrTaQ MahP 5iXa/arbha Tai'aQ
MW#a(ae>U0a&U SurP
THERA$EFTIC FSES I K0P(aQ ,P(aQ KZ'aQ ,uXVhaQ $ramehaQ ,WmiQ 5raTaQ Ko%haQ Ar[aQ
HWdro/aQ Da&#a6WmiQ Ne#raro/a
DOSE I *I: /

17
2. Me(ha(hri&/i ()R#)
MEMAKL+4< (Roo#)
MeXa[Wb/U co&(i(#( o. roo# o. 4=m&ema (='0e(#re R. ;r. ("am. A(c'e%iadaceae)Q a
'ar/e Dood=Q c'imberQ much bra&chedQ Di#h %ube(ce&# =ou&/ %ar#(Q .ou&d #hrou/hou# I&dia i&
dr= .ore(#( u%#o :99 m.
SENONEMS
Sa&(6ri# R Madhu&P[i&UQ A>a[Wb/U
A((ame(e R II
;e&/a'i R Medha(i&/i
E&/'i(h R $eri%'oca o. #he Dood(
4u>ra#i R ,aa0a'eeQ Medha(i&/e
Hi&di R 4udmaarQ Medhaa(i&/ee
,a&&ada R ,adha(i/e
,a(hmiri R II
Ma'a=a'am R Ca66ara66o''iQ Madhu&aa(hi&i
Mara#hi R ,aa0a'eeQ Medhaa(hi&/i
Ori=a R II
$u&>abi R II
Tami' R Sha66arai66o''iQ Shiru6urum6aa=
Te'u/u R $oda%a#ro
Frdu R II
DESCRI$TION
a) Macro(co%ic
Ta% roo# bra&chedQ rou/hQ 'o&/i#udi&a''= .i((uredQ cor6=Q (o.# a&d &odu'o(e %iece(Q
#o ? cm 'o&/ a&d 9. #o 1.9 cm i& #hic6&e((S ex#er&a' (ur.ace dar6 broD& a&d cu# (ur.ace
(hoDi&/ a core cream i& co'ourS .rac#ureQ (%'i&#er=S odourQ u&%'ea(a&#S #a(#eQ bi##er a&d
acrid.
17
b) Micro(co%ic
Roo# I ShoD( 2 #o 9 roD( o. #a&/e&#ia''= e'o&/a#ed a&d radia''= arra&/ed cor6 ce''(S
(eco&dar= cor#ex a Dide zo&e co&(i(#i&/ o. o0a' #o %o'=/o&a' ce''( (omeDha# irre/u'ar i&
(ha%e a&d modera#e'= #hic6 Da''edQ .i''ed Di#h ro(e##e cr=(#a'( o. ca'cium oxa'a#e a&d a .eD
(im%'e or com%ou&d (#arch /rai&(S (eco&dar= %h'oem com%o(ed o. (ie0e #ube(Q com%a&io&
ce''( a&d %h'oem %are&ch=maQ Di#h mo(#'= 'ar/e a&d a .eD (ma'' ro(e##e cr=(#a'( a&d (#arch
/rai&(S medu''ar= ra=( %romi&e&#Q u&i or mu'#i (eria#eQ /e&era''= #e#ra (eria#eQ ex#e&di&/
.rom %rimar= x='em #o (eco&dar= %h'oemS /rou%( o. o0a' #o e'o&/a#edQ #hic6 Da''edQ
'i/&i.ied (c'ereid( Di#h c'ear (#ria#io&( a&d &arroD 'ume& %re(e&# i& cor#ex a&d %h'oem
re/io&S (eco&dar= x='em co&(i(#( o. u(ua' 'i/&i.ied e'eme&#(S 0e((e'( (im%'e %i##edQ (i&/'e or
#o ? i& radia' /rou%( a&d di(%er(ed #hrou/hou# #he x='em re/io&S .ibre( 'o&/ Di#h #a%eri&/
e&d( a&d Dide 'ume&S %rimar= x='em %re(e&# diarch.
$oDder I )i/h# =e''oDS (hoD( #hic6 Da''ed cor6 ce''(S %o'=/o&a'Q #hi& Da''ed
%are&ch=ma#ou( ce''(Q (im%'e %i##ed .ibre( a&d 0e((e'(S /rou%( o. (c'ereid(Q 'ar/e a&d a .eD
(ma'' ro(e##e cr=(#a'( o. ca'cium oxa'a#eQ (im%'e a&d com%ou&d (#arch /rai&(Q mea(uri&/ 2
#o 11 i& dia.


T.).C.
T.).C. o. #he a'coho'ic ex#rac# o& Si'ica 4e' ^4^ %'a#e u(i&/ To'ue&e R E#h='ace#a#e R
Me#ha&o' (19R19R3) a( mobi'e %ha(e (hoD( o& (%ra=i&/ Di#h A&i(a'deh=deISu'%huric acid
o
C .or #e& mi&u#e( ei/h# (%o#( a# R.. 9.1? (broD&)Q 9.2
(0io'e#)Q 9.37 (/re=)Q 9.2? (%i&6)Q 9.:7Q 9.79Q 9.7? (0io'e#) a&d 9.C2 (%i&6).

17
Ra(a R ,aXP=aQ Ti6#a
4uTa R )a/huQ RZ6Xa
5Ur=a R FXTa
5i%P6a R ,aVu
,arma R 5P#aharaQ ,a%haharaQ MZ#ra'aQ DU%a&aQ Kiro0ireca6aQ Srad(a&a
IM$ORTANT "ORMF)ATIONS I MahP 5iXa/arbha Tai'aQ N=a/rodhPdi CZrTaQ MW#a(ae>U0a&
U SurP
THERA$EFTIC FSES I ,uXVhaQ $ramehaQ ,P(aQ ,Wmiro/aQ 5raTaQ 5iXa0i6PraQ MZ#ra6WcchraQ
K0P(aQ HWdro/aQ Ra6#a0i6PraQ DPhaQ A6Xi[Z'aQ 5idradhiQ 5P#ahara
DOSE I 29 I 199 m' decoc#io&.
1 I / %oDder.

17
2*. Na&di (R#)
NAND< (Roo#)
Na&dU co&(i(#( o. dried roo# o. "icu( ar&o##ia&a MiH. ("am. Moraceae)Q a /'abrou( #ree
or (hrub Di#hou# aeria' roo#(Q .ou&d #hrou/hou# I&dia i& roc6= hi''( u% #o 1*29 m a'#i#ude.
SENONEMS
Sa&(6ri# R $Pr[0a%i%%a'aQ $rarohUQ 4ardhabhPTYaQ 4a>a%Pda%aQ S#hP'UdrumaQ Na&d
U0W6Xa
A((ame(e R II
;e&/a'i R ,amru
E&/'i(h R II
4u>ra#i R Naa&dru6hee0ad
Hi&di R ;e'i=a $ee%a'
,a&&ada R ,adara(uQ ,a''ara(e
,a(hmiri R II
Ma'a=a'am R ,a''ara=a'
Mara#hi R Na&dee 0ru6(hQ Naa&dru6
Ori=a R $'o6h=o
$u&>abi R II
Tami' R ,a/o'iQ ,odiara(uQ ,a''ara(u
Te'u/u R ,a''ara0iQ ,o&dara0i
Frdu R II
DESCRI$TION
a) Macro(co%ic
Dru/ a0ai'ab'e i& cu# %iece( Di#h or Di#hou# bar6 o. 0ar=i&/ (izeQ 9.2 #o .9 cm i&
#hic6&e((S ex#er&a' (ur.ace broD&i(h i& co'our a&d ('i/h#'= rou/h due #o ex.o'ia#io& o. cor6Q
cu# (ur.aceQ =e''oDi(hIbroD& i& co'ourS .rac#ureQ .ibrou(S odour a&d #a(#e &o# charac#eri(#ic.
17

b) Micro(co%ic
Tra&(0er(e (ec#io& o. roo# (hoD( #hic6 cu#ic'eQ (i&/'e 'a=ered e%idermi(Q ce''(
rec#a&/u'ar .o''oDed b= * or 3 'a=er( o. cor6 ce''(S cor6 cambium #o 3 'a=eredS (eco&dar=
cor#ex Dide co&(i(#i&/ o. rec#a&/u'ar #o %o'=/o&a' #hi& Da''ed %i##ed ce''(Q (ome .i''ed Di#h
reddi(hIbroD& (ub(#a&ceS circu'ar #o e'o&/a#edQ 'i/&i.iedQ e''i%#ica' (#o&e ce''(Q a .eD
(hoDi&/ co&ce&#ric (#ria#io&( %re(e&# i& #hi( re/io&S a .eD %ri(ma#ic cr=(#a'( o. ca'cium
oxa'a#e a&d abu&da&# rou&d #o o0a' (#arch /rai&( u%#o abou# 1 i& dia. %re(e&# i& cor#ica'
ce''(S e&dodermi( a&d %eric=c'e &o# di(#i&c#S (eco&dar= %h'oem (hoD( a Dide zo&e
co&(i(#i&/ o. (ie0e #ube(Q com%a&io& ce''(Q .ibre( a&d ra= ce''(S %h'oem %are&ch=ma
co&#ai&( %ri(ma#ic cr=(#a'( o. ca'cium oxa'a#e a&d rou&d #o o0a' (#arch /rai&(Q 'a#ici.erou(
ce''( a'(o %re(e&# i& #hi( re/io&S .ibre( &o&I'i/&i.iedQ #hic6 Da''ed Di#h &arroD 'ume&S
(eco&dar= x='em e'eme&#( #hic6 Da''ed a&d 'i/&i.iedS 0e((e'( a&d #racheid( (hoD bordered
%i#(S medu''ar= ra=( u&i #o mu'#i(eria#eQ Dide #oDard( %eri%hera' re/io&.
$oDder R )i/h# broD&S u&der micro(co%e (hoD( /rou%( o. %are&ch=maS (im%'eQ rou&d #o
o0a' (#arch /rai&(Q mea(uri&/ u%#o 1 i& dia. a&d cr=(#a'(Q .ra/me&#( o. .ibre(Q circu'ar #o
e'o&/a#edQ e''i%#ica' (#o&e ce''(Q a .eD 'a#ici.erou( ce''( a&d border %i##ed 0e((e'( a&d
#racheid(.


T.).C.
T.).C. o. a'coho'ic ex#rac# o. #he dru/ o& Si'ica /e' ^4^ %'a#e u(i&/ To'ue&e R
Ch'oro.orm (7R1 0]0) a( mobi'e %ha(e (hoD( o& ex%o(ure #o Iodi&e 0a%our .our (%o#( a# R..
9.2Q 9.*?Q 9.?2 a&d 9.7C (a'' =e''oD). O& (%ra=i&/ Di#h A&i(a'deh=deI(u'%huric acid
17
rea/e&# a&d hea#i&/ #he %'a#e .or #e& mi&u#e( a# 192
o
C. The (ame .our (%o#( a%%ear 0io'e# a#
R.. 9.2Q 9.*?Q 9.?2 a&d 9.7C.

Ra(a R MadhuraQ Ti6#aQ ,aXP=a
4uTa R )a/hu
5Ur=a R FXTa
5i%P6a R ,aVu
,arma R $i##aharaQ ,a%haharaQ 4rPhUQ MedoharaQ ;ha/&a(a&dhP&a6a
THERA$EFTIC FSES I Ra6#a%i##aQ Ra6#a0i6PraQ 5iXa0i6PraQ DPhaQ ,a%ha0i6PraQ 5raTaQ
;ha/&aQ Eo&idoXa
DOSE I 19 I 9 / %oDder.
*9 I 29 / decoc#io&.

17
23. Ni'a>hi&#i (R#)
N<)A@HIA8< (Roo#)
NU'a>hiTVU co&(i(#( o. roo# o. ;ar'eria (#ri/o(a 1i''d. ("am. Aca&#haceae)Q a #a'' herb
Dhich i( di(#ribu#ed #hrou/hou# #he u%%er /a&/e&#ic %'ai& a&d (ou#her& %ar#( o. I&dia.
SENONEMS
Sa&(6ri# R DP(UQ ;PTaQ ,WXTaQ Saire=a6acQ NU'a(aire=a6ac
A((ame(e R II
;e&/a'i R @haa#iQ ,aaraa>aa#i
E&/'i(h R II
4u>ra#i R ,aa#a(eri=o
Hi&di R Ni'iQ ,a#(arai=a
,a&&ada R II
,a(hmiri R II
Ma'a=a'am R Ni'a6ur&&i
Mara#hi R ,oraa&#iQ 1ahi#i
Ori=a R II
$u&>abi R II
Tami' R Shemmu'i
Te'u/u R Mu''u/ora&#Q Ni'ambaramu
Frdu R II
DESCRI$TION
a) Macro(co%ic
;ra&ched #a% roo#Q #o 19 mm i& #hic6&e((S 6&o##= a&d #hic6er a# #he #ra&(i#io& zo&e
Di#h (#emS dar6 broD&S cu# %iece( o. abou# 9 cm i& 'e&/#hS cu# or bro6e& (ur.ace (#raD
co'oured a&d (%'i#S (ur.ace o. .rac#ured %ar# (moo#hS bar6 ('ou/hi&/ o.. .rom bro6e& area(S
u&%'ea(a&# odourS #a(#e'e((Q #ex#ure rou/h.
17

b) Micro(co%ic
T.S. o. roo# re0ea'( a circu'ar ou#'i&eS ou#er 'a=er( /e&era''= ('ou/hed o..S bu# (#ri%(
o. cor6Q cor6 cambium a&d cor#ex Di#h occa(io&a' (#o&e ce''( ma= be %re(e&#S %h'oem
com%o(ed mo(#'= o. %are&ch=ma a&d .ibre( a&d (e%ara#ed .rom x='em b= a .'a##e&ed 'a=er
o. cambiumS x='em com%o(ed o. #hic6 Da''ed ce''( a&d 0e((e' e'eme&#( a&d i&#erru%#ed b= 1
#o * (eria#e ra=( made o. (Huari(h or rec#a&/u'ar ce''( radia#i&/ .rom 7 #o 1 %oi&#( o.
%rimar= x='em e'eme&#( %re(e&# a# #he %eri%her= o. #he %i#hS 1 or /roD#h ri&/( 0i(ib'e i&
#he Dood re/io&S %i#h made o. 'ar/eQ a&/u'arQ com%ac#'= arra&/edQ #hi& Da''ed ce''(. I& dried
mar6e# (am%'e( #he %i#h re/io& u(ua''= (hoD( radia' .rac#ure(S (ome ce''( o. #he %i#h (hoD
dar6 co&#e&#(.
$oDder I $oDder (hoD( 0a(cu'ar e'eme&#( Di#h (im%'e %i##ed #hic6e&i&/(Q a&d #racheida'
ce''( ha0i&/ %oi&#ed e&d Da''(. S#o&e ce''(Q :9 #o 19 %re(e&#.


T.).C.
T.).C. o. #he a'coho'ic ex#rac# o& ('ica /e' ^4^ %'a#e (9. mm #hic6) u(i&/
e#h='ace#a#e R me#ha&o' R Da#er (CR9.2R9.2) a( #he mobi'e %ha(e (hoD( u&der F.5. (*::&m)
(%o#( a# R. 9.1* (;'ue)S 9.9 (;'ui(h /ree&)S 9.*2 ("'uore(ce&# b'ue)S 9.33 (;'ue)S 9.:
($ur%'i(h b'ue)S 9.7 (;'ue)S 9.C1 (Ora&/e).

Ra(a R Ti6#aQ Madhura
4uTa R S&i/dha
5Ur=a R FXTa
18
5i%P6a R ,aVu
,arma R 5P#a6a%haharaQ ,e[arae>a&aQ 5iXa/h&aQ MZ#ra'aQ ,e[=aQ
4arbha0Wddhi6ara
IM$ORTANT "ORMF)ATIONS I MPTi6=a Ra(a
THERA$EFTIC FSES I ,uXVhaQ 5P#ara6#aQ ,aTYZQ MZ#ra6WcchraQ Ra6#a0i6PraQ
5P#a>a&=a6Xa=aQ MZXi6P0iXaQ KirP/ra&#hUQ Da&#aro/aQ ,P(aQ Ko#ha
DOSE I 19 I 9 m' (Dara(a.
29 I 199 m' 60P#ha.

18
22. Nimba (R#.;6)
NIM;A (Roo# ;ar6)
Nimba co&(i(#( o. dried roo# bar6 o. Azadirach#a i&dica A. @u((. (=&. Me'ia
azadirach#a )i&&. ("am. Me'iaceae)Q a medium #o 'ar/e e0er/ree& #ree a##ai&i&/ a hei/h# o. 12
#o 9 m or more u&der .a0ourab'e co&di#io&( a&d .ou&d #hrou/hou# #he %'ai&( o. I&dia u%#o a&
a'#i#ude o. C99 m.
SENONEMS
Sa&(6ri# R $icumardacQ AriXVacQ $icuma&dacQ $rabhadrac
A((ame(e R II
;e&/a'i R NimQ Nim/aachh
E&/'i(h R Mar/o(a TreeQ Neem TreeQ I&dia& )i'ac
4u>ra#i R )eemado
Hi&di R Neem
,a&&ada R Tura6be0uQ Huchchabe0uQ Chi66abe0u
,a(hmiri R II
Ma'a=a'am R 5e%%uQ Ar=a0e%%uQ Aaru0e%%u
Mara#hi R ,adu&imbaQ Nimb
Ori=a R NeemoQ Nimba
$u&>abi R NimbQ Nim
Tami' R 5em%uQ 5e%%u
Te'u/u R 5emuQ 5e%a
Frdu R Neem
DESCRI$TION
a) Macro(co%ic
Roo# bar6 a0ai'ab'e i& Hui''ed or cur0ed %iece( o. 0ar=i&/ (ize( Di#h a #hic6&e(( o.
9.2 #o 9.29 cmS ou#er (ur.ace irre/u'arQ rou/hQ (ca'=Q .i((uredQ reddi(hIbroD& or /re=i(hI
18
broD&S i&&er (ur.aceQ =e''oDi(hIbroD& Di#h %ara''e' (#ria#io&(S .rac#ureQ (%'i&#er= a&d
.ibrou(S odour 'i6e #ha# o. (aD du(#S #a(#eQ bi##er.

b) Micro(co%ic
Roo# bar6 (hoD( cor6Q cor#ex a&d %h'oemS cor6 /e&era''= : or ? 'a=er( o. %o'=/o&a'
a&d #hi& Da''ed ce''( Di#h reddi(hIbroD& co&#e&#(S ou#er cor#ex o. #a&/e&#ia''= e'o&/a#ed
'ar/e rec#a&/u'ar ce''( Di#h #a&/e&#ia''= e'o&/a#ed (c'ereid(Q (i&/'= or i& /rou%( i& i(o'a#ed
%a#che(S (c'ereid( 0ar= i& (ize a&d Da'' #hic6&e((Q di(#i&c#'= (#ria#edQ %i##ed a&d o.#e&
a((ocia#ed Di#h ce''( co&#ai&i&/ cr=(#a'S i&&er cor#ex o. %o'=/o&a' %are&ch=ma#ou( ce''(
Di#h bu&d'e( o. (c'ere&ch=ma#ou( .ibre(Q #hic6 Da''ed Di#h irre/u'ar 'ume&S (eco&dar=
%h'oem com%o(ed o. a'#er&a#i&/ #a&/e&#ia' ba&d( o. ba(# .ibre( a&d %are&ch=ma#ou( #i((ue(
i&#erce%#ed b= u&i #o bi(eria#e %h'oem ra=(S abu&da&# (#arch /rai&( %re(e&# i&
%are&ch=ma#ou( ce''( o. cor#ex a&d %h'oemS (#arch /rai&( (im%'eQ or more u(ua''=Q
com%ou&d Di#h or * com%o&e&#(Q hi'um c'e.# or radia#eQ i&di0idua' /rai& 2 #o 9 S
abu&da&# %ri(ma#ic cr=(#a'( o. ca'cium oxa'a#e i& cor#exQ o. 19 #o 12 Q a'(o a((ocia#ed Di#h
%h'oem .ibre(S idiob'a(#( Di#h reddi(hIbroD& co&#e&#( (ee& i& cor#exS ce''( Di#h .a# dro%'e#(
(ee& i& i&&er cor#ex a&d %h'oem.
$oDder I Reddi(hIbroD&S (hoD( cor6 ce''(S &umerou( %ri(ma#ic cr=(#a'( o. ca'cium oxa'a#e
bo#h i(o'a#edQ a&d i& a((ocia#io& Di#h %h'oem .ibre(S i&di0idua' .ibre( Di#h &arroD 'ume&
a&d e'o&/a#ed #a%eri&/ e&d(S %i##ed macro(c'ereid( Di#h Dide 'ume& a&d di(#i&c# (#ria#io&(S
(im%'eQ a&d com%ou&d (#arch /rai&( Di#h or * com%o&e&#(Q o. 2 #o 9 i& (izeS
%are&ch=ma#ou( ce''( 'ar/e a&d occa(io&a''= .i''ed Di#h broD& co&#e&#(.


T.).C.
hexa&e R e#h=' ace#a#e (1R1) (hoD( (%o#( a# R. 9.97Q 9.1Q 9.1C (a'' 0io'e#)Q 9.2 (mu(#ard
18
=e''oD)Q 9.**Q 9.*CQ 9.3: (a'' 'i/h# 0io'e#) a&d 9.7 (%ur%'e) o& (%ra=i&/ Di#h 1\ 5a&i''i&I
Su'%huric acid rea/e&# .o''oDed b= hea#i&/ #he %'a#e a# 192
o

CONSTITFENTS I Te#ra&or#ri#er%e&oid(Q mar/oci&Q &imbidio'Q &imbo'ici&Q azadiri&i&.

Ra(a R Ti6#a
4uTa R )a/hu
5Ur=a R KU#a
5i%P6a R ,aVu
,arma R $i##aharaQ ,a%haharaQ KU#a/rPhUQ Ruc=a Q DU%a&aQ 5iXa/h&aQ ,aTYZ/h&aQ
AhWd=aQ 5raTa[odha&a
IM$ORTANT "ORMF)ATIONS I AmW#aXVa6aQ AXVPb/ada[Pb/a )auha
THERA$EFTIC FSES I ChardiQ ,uXVhaQ Ra6#a%i##aQ $ramehaQ HW''P(aQ DuXVa 5raTaQ TWXTPQ
@0araQ DPhaQ ,P(aQ K0P(aQ Ko#haQ ,a%ha0i6PraQ ,Wmiro/aQ AruciQ 4rahaTUQ Ea6W#0i6PraQ
HWda=a0idPhaQ 5ama&a
DOSE I * I : /

18
2:. Nimba ("')
NIM;A ("'oDer)
Nimba co&(i(#( o. dried .'oDer a&d .'oDer bud o. Azadirach#a i&dica A. @u((. (=&.
Me'ia azadirach#a )i&&. ("am. Me'iaceae)Q a medium #o 'ar/e (ize e0er/ree& #ree a##ai&i&/ a
hei/h# o. 12 #o 9 m or more u&der .a0ourab'e co&di#io&( a&d .ou&d #hrou/hIhou# #he %'ai&( o.
I&dia u%#o a& a'#i#ude o. C99 m.
SENONEMS
Sa&(6ri# R AriXVacQ $icuma&dacQ $icumardacQ $rabhadrac
A((ame(e R II
E&/'i(h R I&dia& )i'acQ Mar/o(a TreeQ Neem #ree
4u>ra#i R )eemado
Hi&di R Neem
,a&&ada R Chi66abe0uQ Huchchabe0uQ Tura6be0u
,a(hmiri R II
Ma'a=a'am R Aaru0e%%uQ Ar=a0e%%uQ 5e%%u
Mara#hi R NimbQ ,adu&imb
Ori=a R NeemoQ Nimba
$u&>abi R NimQ Nimba
Tami' R 5em%uQ 5e%%u
Te'u/u R 5emuQ 5e%a
Frdu R Neem
DESCRI$TION
18
a) Macro(co%ic
Dried .'oDer( are broD& #o dee% broD&S i&di0idua' .'oDer 2 #o : mm 'o&/ a&d : #o
11 mm DideQ %e&#amerou(Q bi(exua'Q re/u'ar a&d h=%o/=&ou(S ca'=x 2Q (hor#Q u&i#ed a# ba(eS
coro''a 2Q .reeQ (%a#hu'a#eQ (%readi&/Q 3.2 #o 2.2 mm 'o&/ mm DideS (#ame&( 19Q
mo&oade'%hou(Q (#ami&a' #ube i&(er#ed a# ba(e o. coro''aS /=&oecium #ricar%e''ar=Q
(=&car%ou(Q (u%eriorQ #ri'ocu'arQ #Do o0u'e( i& each 'ocu'eQ (#='e 1Q (#i/ma *I'obedS #a(#eQ
mi'd'= bi##erR odourQ i&di(#i&c#.

b) Micro(co%ic
Ca'=x I Se%a' (hoD( #hi& Da''ed %o'=/o&a' %a%i''o(e e%idermi(S e'o&/a#ed #hi&
Da''ed u&ice''u'ar co&ica' #richome( o. 0ar=i&/ 'e&/#h(S ro(e##e cr=(#a'( i& ce''( o.
e%idermi(.
$e#a'( I $e#a' (hoD( e%idermi( o. rec#a&/u'ar ce''( %a%i''o(e a# mar/i&(Q &o&I/'a&du'ar
u&ice''u'ar #richome(Q o0er 129 'o&/Q #ubu'ar a&d h=a'i&eS /'a&du'ar #richome( o. abou# 9
Q &umerou( ro(e##e cr=(#a'( i& e%iderma' ce''(.
A&droecium I E%idermi( o. (#ami&a' #ube com%o(ed o. #hic6 Da''ed rec#a&/u'ar
%are&ch=ma#ou( ce''( a&d #he e&do#hecium o. #he a&#her Da''(.
4=&oecium I S#i/ma (#ic6=Q %are&ch=ma#ou( e%iderma' ce''(Q e'o&/a#ed i&#o ex#e&(i0e
%a%i''aeQ (#='e #hi& Da''edQ rec#a&/u'arQ o0ar= (u%eriorQ #ri'ocu'ar.
$o''e& 4rai& I $orou(Q 3Ico'%ora#eQ (%herica' 192 #o1:1 i& dia.Q Di#h a (moo#h exi&e.
$oDder I Ee''oDi(hIbroD&Q .ra/me&#( o. %are&ch=ma#ou( %a%i''o(e e%iderma' ce''(Q
#richome(Q &umerou( 0e((e'(Q ro(e##e ca'cium oxa'a#e cr=(#a'(Q a&d =e''oDi(hIbroD& %o''e&
/rai&(.

18

ASSAE

T.).C.
ch'oro.orm R ace#o&e (9R1) (hoD( (%o#( a# R. 9.1 (0io'e#)Q 9.1? ('i/h# %i&6)Q 9.** (0io'e#)Q
9.21 (%ur%'e)Q 9.:3 (dar6 %ur%'e)Q 9.79 ('i/h# %ur%'e)Q 9.72 ('i/h# %ur%'e)Q 9.C (%ur%'e) o&
(%ra=i&/ Di#h 1\ 5a&i''i&ISu'%huric acid rea/e&# .o''oDed b= hea#i&/ #he %'a#e a# 192
o
C .or
abou# #e& mi&u#e(.

CONSTITFENTS I 12IAce#ox=I?Ideace#ox=dih=droazadiro&e (&ee.'o&e)Q&o&aco(a&e
((a#ura#ed h=drocarbo&)

Ra(a R Ti6#a
4uTa R )a/hu
5Ur=a R KU#a
5i%P6a R ,aVu
,arma R $i##aharaQ ,a%haharaQ 5P#a6araQ ,uXVha/h&aQ ,Wmi/h&aQ Ca6XuX=aQ
5iXa/h&aQ 4rPhU
IM$ORTANT "ORMF)ATIONS I ,uXVha6P'Pm'a Ra(aQ ,uXVha Kai'e&dra Ra(aQ ,Wm
U0i&P[a&a Ra(a
THERA$EFTIC FSES I ,uXVhaQ AruciQ $ramehaQ ,WmiQ ,a%ha%i##a>a 5i6PraQ DPhaQ @0araQ
5iXama>0araQ Ne#raro/aQ Ra6#a0i6PraQ $hirab/aQ Ko#haQ KramaQ TWXTPQ ,P(aQ 5raTaQ ChardiQ
,aTYZQ HW''P(aQ HWda=a0idPha
DOSE I I 3 / %u[%a cZrTa.
19 I 9 m' %u[%a (0ara(a.
18
2?. Nimba ("r)
NIM;A ("rui#)
Nimba co&(i(#( o. Dho'e dried .rui# i&c'udi&/ (eed( o. Azadirach#a i&dica A. @u((. (=&.
Me'ia azadirach#a )i&&. ("am. Me'iaceae)Q a medium #o 'ar/e (ize e0er/ree& #ree a##ai&i&/ a
hei/h# o. 12 #o 9 m or more u&der .a0ourab'e co&di#io&( a&d .ou&d #hrou/hIhou# #he %'ai&( o.
I&dia u%#o a& a'#i#ude o. C99 m.
SENONEMS
Sa&(6ri# R AriXVacQ $icuma&dacQ $icumardacQ $rabhadrac
A((ame(e R II
E&/'i(h R I&dia& )i'acQ Neem #reeQ Mar/o(a #ree
4u>ra#i R )eemado
Hi&di R Neem
,a&&ada R Chi66abe0uQ Huchchabe0uQ Tura6be0u
,a(hmiri R II
Ma'a=a'am R Aaru0e%%uQ Ar=a0e%%uQ 5e%%u
Mara#hi R ,adu&imbQ Nimb
Ori=a R Neemo
$u&>abi R NimQ Nimb
Tami' R 5em%uQ 5embu
Te'u/u R 5emuQ 5e%a
Frdu R Neem
DESCRI$TION
a) Macro(co%ic
"rui# I 4'abrou(Q dar6 reddi(hIbroD&Q o0oid #o e''i%(oid dru%e(. 9.2 #o cm 'o&/Q
o0er o&e cm DideS i&dehi(ce&#Q dee%'= Dri&6'edQ e&c'o(i&/ a (i&/'e (eed i& a broD&i(h
'ea#her= %u'%S odour (#ro&/S #a(#eQ bi##er.
18
SeedI ;roD&i(hQ dor(a''= co&0exS u%#o 1.2 cm 'o&/ a&d 9.: cm DideS (eed coa# #hi&Q
broD&i(hQ (he''I'i6eQ crac6( #o #ouchQ i&(ide o. crac6ed %iece( /o'de& =e''oDS (eed 6er&e'Q
'i/h# broD&Q oi'=S odourQ (#ro&/S #a(#eQ bi##er.

b) Micro(co%ic
"rui# I $ericar% De'' di..ere&#ia#ed i&#o e%icar%Q me(ocar% a&d e&docar%S e%idermi(
more #ha& o&e 'a=eredS (Huari(h #o rec#a&/u'ar ce''( co&#ai&i&/ =e''oDi(hIbroD& co&#e&#(
a&d oi' dro%'e#(S me(ocar%Q ma&= 'a=ered o. 'oo(e'= %ac6ed ce''( Di#h 'ar/e e'o&/a#ed
(c'ereid( (ca##ered i& ou#er 'a=er(S e&docar% o. #Do di(#i&c# 'a=er(Q ou#er o. c'o(e'= %ac6ed
'i/&i.ied (#o&e ce''(Q i&&er .ibrou(Q 'oo(e'= %ac6edQ 'i/&i.ied.
Seed I Seed 6er&e' (hoD( a #hi& broD& #e(#aQ o. i(odiame#ric (#o&e ce''( o0er'=i&/
i&#e/ume&# o. 'oo(e'= %ac6ed %are&ch=ma#ou( ce''(S co#='edo& co&(i(#i&/ o. %are&ch=I
ma#ou( ce''( co&#ai&i&/ abu&da&# oi' dro%'e#(.
$oDder I Dar6 broD&S (hoD( abu&da&# brach=(c'ereid(Q co'um&ar (c'ereid( a&d %i##ed (#o&e
ce''( Di#h Dide 'ume& a&d di(#i&c# Da'' (#ria#io&(S /rou%( o. 'i/&i.ied .ibre(Q #hi&IDa''edQ
arra&/ed i& &e#Dor6 o. 'oo(e (#ra&d(S %are&ch=ma#ou( ce''( o. co#='edo& co&#ai&i&/
a'euro&e /rai&( a&d oi' /'obu'e(S .ra/me&#( o. #e(#a (hoDi&/ di(#i&c#'= (#ria#ed i(odiame#ric
(#o&e ce''(S a .eD (ca##ered ro(e##e cr=(#a'( o. ca'cium oxa'a#e.

1a#erI(o'ub'e ex#rac#i0e No# 'e(( #ha& 1C %er ce&#Q A%%e&dix ..?.
ASSAE
T.).C.
18
ch'oro.orm R ace#o&e (17.2R1.2) (hoD( (%o#( a# R. 9.11 (/re=i(h 0io'e#)Q 9.1: (=e''oD)Q 9.1C
(/ree&)Q 9.3 (0io'e#)Q 9.C (/re=)Q 9.** (mu(#ard =e''oD)Q 9.3 (%i&6)Q 9.3C (/re=i(h b'ac6)Q
9.2? (0io'e#) a&d 9.?: ('i/h# %ur%'e) o& (%ra=i&/ Di#h 1\ 5a&i''i&ISu'%huric acid rea/e&#
a&d hea#i&/ #he %'a#e a# 192
o

CONSTITFENTS I "ixed oi' co&#ai&i&/ di#er%e&oid( a&d #ri#er%e&oid( ('imo&oid()S&imbi&Q
/edu&i&Q azadirach#i&Q &imbidi&i&Q (a'a&i&.

Ra(a R Ti6#a
4uTa R TU6XTaQ )a/huQ S&i/dha
5Ur=a R FXTa
5i%P6a R ,aVu
,arma R 5P#aharaQ ,a%haharaQ ;heda&U=aQ HWda=adPhaharaQ 5iXa/h&aQ Ra(P=a&aQ
$Pca&a
IM$ORTANT "ORMF)ATIONS I Ar[o/h&i0aVU (Seed)Q $a'P[abU>Pdi CZrTa (Seed)
THERA$EFTIC FSES I ,WmiQ ,uXVhaQ $ramehaQ 4u'maQ Ar[aQ $P'i#=aQ Ne#raru>PQ Ra6#a%i##aQ
,Xa#a ,Xa=aQ Kiroro/aQ @0araQ AruciQ DPhaQ ChardiQ HW''P(aQ 5raTaQ Ko#haQ 5iXa0i6PraQ
5iba&dhaQ ,hP'i#=aQ 4aTYamP'P
DOSE I 1 I / cZrTa.
2 I 19 dro%( o. oi'.

19
27. $a'a(ha (Sd)
$A)KA- (Seed)
$a'P[ac co&(i(#( o. (eed o. ;u#ea mo&o(%erma ()am.) ,u&#zeQ (=&. ;. .ro&do(a Roxb.
("am. "abaceae)Q a modera#e (ized deciduou( #reeQ commo&'= ca''ed ^^"'ame o. #he "ore(#^^Q
.ou&d #hrou/hou# I&dia u%#o a hei/h# o. 129 mQ exce%# i& #he arid zo&e(.
SENONEMS
Sa&(6ri# R $a'P[acQ ,id[u6acQ Ra6#a%uX%a6acQ 5P#a%o#ha
A((ame(e R II
;e&/a'i R $a'aa(h
E&/'i(h R ;u#ea (eedQ "'ame o. #he "ore(#Q ;a(#ard #ea6
4u>ra#i R ,ha6haro
Hi&di R Dha6Q $a'a(hQ Te(oo
,a&&ada R Mu##a/amaraQ Mu##u/
,a(hmiri R II
Ma'a=a'am R $'a(hu
Mara#hi R $a'a(Q $a'a(h %aa%ada
Ori=a R II
$u&>abi R II
Tami' R $ura(u
Te'u/u R Modu/a
Frdu R II
DESCRI$TION
a) Macro(co%ic
Seed( reddi(hIbroD&Q #hi&Q .'a#Q re&i.ormQ 'o&/er axi( .rom * #o 3 cm a&d (hor#er .rom
#o .2 cmQ ra%he eHua' #o a&#ira%heQ micro%='e i&co&(%icuou(S (eed coa# reddi(h broD&Q
Dax=S .ai&# odourS #a(#eQ ('i/h#'= acrid bi##erS Dei/h# o. 199 (eed( 79 #o112 /.
19

b) Micro(co%ic
Si&/'e 'a=ered e%idermi( o. #e(#a i&#erru%#ed b= ba''oo& (ha%ed ce''(S ma'%hi/hia&
ce''( %a'i(ade 'i6eQ #hic6IDa''edQ redQ u&'i/&i.iedQ 'ume& 'ar/e bu# &o# u&i.ormS
di(co&#i&uou( #ra&(%are&# )i&ea 'ucida i& u%%er ha'. o. Ma'%hi/hia& 'a=erS o(#eo(c'ereid(
irre/u'arQ &o&'i/&i.iedQ hi/h'= #hic6 Da''edQ co'um&arQ com%re((ed a&d (u%er%o(edS
me(o%h='' occu%ie( ma>or %or#io& o. #e(#aQ u%%er a&d 'oDer me(o%h='' ce''( (ma''Q
i(odiame#ric #o e''i%#icQ midd'e 'a=er( 'ar/eQ a&/u'arQ co&de&(ed Di#h (ma'' i&#erce''u'ar
(%ace(S i&&er e%idermi( reddi(h broD&Q di(#i&c# Di#h (ma'' #hic6 Da''ed e'o&/a#ed ce''(
ex#er&a''= co0ered b= #hi& cu'#ic'e.
The #ra&(ec#io& o. co#='edo& (hoD( (i&/'e 'a=eredQ #hic6IDa''ed e%idermi( ha0i&/
a&/u'ar ce''(Q .o''oDed b= beaded %are&ch=ma#ou( ce''( co&#ai&i&/ (#arch a&d %ro#ei& i&
.orm o. (%ira'Q a( re0ea'ed b= .re(h'= %re%ared Mi''o&( Rea/e&#S (#arch /rai&(Q rod (ha%ed or
o0oidQ (im%'eQ 9 #o 39 mQ hi'um i&di(#i&c#Q 'ame''ae di(#i&c#. Embr=o i( (#rai/h# ha0i&/ a
radic'e Di#h De''Imar6ed h=%oco#='Q e%ico#=' Di#h a %'umu'e a&d a %air o. #hic6 co#='edo&(.
$oDder I $oDder =e''oDi(hIbroD&S acrid a&d bi##er Di#h oi'= .'a0our a&d %'ea(a&# (me''S
(ma'' .ra/me&#( o. #e(#aQ bro6e& a&d i&#ac# ma'%hi/hia& ce''(Q o(#eo(c'ereid(Q me(o%h=''
ce''( i(o'a#ed or i& /rou%(Q co#='edo&ar= %are&ch=ma co&#ai&i&/ a .eD (#arch /rai&(Q
abu&da&# (%ira' %ro#ei& bodie(Q muci'a/e a&d oi' /'obu'e(S Dhe& #rea#ed Di#h 29\ H
SO
3
Q
emi#( =e''oD .'uore(ce&ce u&der F5I23 &m.

$ro#ei& No# 'e(( #ha& 17 %er ce&#Q A%%e&dix ..1?
"a##= oi' No# 'e(( #ha& : %er ce&#Q A%%e&dix ..12

19
T.).C.
u(i&/ #o'ue&e R e#h='ace#a#e R me#ha&o' (72 R 12 R 9.2) a( (o'0e&# (=(#em (hoD( a.#er (%ra=i&/
Di#h a&i(a'deh=deI(u'%huric acid a&d hea#i&/ #he %'a#e .or #e& mi&u#e( a# 19
o
CQ a# R.. 9.:
(ma/e&#a)Q 9.*7 (/re=i&/ /ree&) a&d 9.2: (/re=i(h /ree&).

CONSTITFENTS I "a##= oi'S ami&o acid(.

Ra(a R ,aXP=aQ Ti6#aQ ,aVu
4uTa R )a/huQ S&i/dhaQ Sara
5Ur=a R FXTa
5i%P6a R ,aVu
,arma R TridoXaharaQ DU%a&aQ 5WX=aQ ;heda&aQ ;ha/&a(a&dhP&a6aQ
4arbha&irodha6aQ Ra(P=a&a
IM$ORTANT "ORMF)ATIONS I ,Wmimud/ara Ra(aQ A=a(6W#i
THERA$EFTIC FSES I ,WmiQ 5raTaQ 4u'maQ 4uda>aro/aQ Ar[aQ Ra6#a0i6PraQ 5P#ara6#aQ
Fdararo/aQ ,P(aQ ,aTYZQ T0a/ro/aQ $ramehaQ Eo&idoXaQ Su6radoXaQ MZ#ra6WcchraQ ,uXVhaQ
$PmPQ DadruQ DPhaQ $'UhPro/aQ A#U(PraQ Ne#ra[u6raQ KZ'aQ Medoro/aQ $PTYuQ A[marUQ 5W[ci6aI
0iXa
DOSE I 9.2 #o 1 /

19
2C. $a'a(ha ("')
$A)KA- (Dried "'oDer)
$a'P[ac co&(i(#( o. dried .'oDer o. ;u#ea mo&o(%erma ()am.) ,u&#ze (=&. ;. .ro&do(a
Roxb. ("am. "abaceae)Q a modera#e (ized deciduou( #reeQ commo&'= ca''ed "'ame o. #he
"ore(#^^Q .'oDeri&/ i& March I Ma= .ou&d #hrou/hou# I&dia u%#o a hei/h# o. 129 mQ exce%# i&
#he arid zo&e(.
SENONEMS
Sa&(6ri# R ,id[u6aQ Ra6#a%uX%a6aQ ,XPr[reXVha
A((ame(e R II
;e&/a'i R $a'a(h
E&/'i(h R ;a(#ard #ea6Q "'ame o. #he "ore(#Q ;u#ea Seed
4u>ra#i R ,haa6haro
Hi&di R Dhaa6Q Te(uQ $a'aa(h
,a&&ada R Mu##u/Q Mu##u'u
,a(hmiri R II
Ma'a=a'am R $'a(hu
Mara#hi R $a'a(Q $a'a(h %aa%da
Ori=a R $ora(uQ ,i>u6o
$u&>abi R Te(h
Tami' R $ura(u
Te'u/u R Modu/a
Frdu R II
DESCRI$TION
a) Macro(co%ic
I&.'ore(ce&ce racemeS .'oDer( 'ar/eQ 3 #o : cm 'o&/Q a'#er&a#eQ Di#h %ube(ce&# 'o&/Q
0e'0e#=Q o'i0e /ree& %edu&c'eS bri/h# =e''oDi(hIred #o ora&/e red %edice'(Q 1.2 cm 'o&/Q
19
#Di(#edQ brac#ea#eQ brac#( a&d brac#eo'e( (ma''Q 'i&earQ 0e'0e#=Q ora&/e /ree&Q deciduou(S
ca'=x cam%a&u'a#eQ 2I%ar#i#eQ ob'iHueQ abou# 1 cm 'o&/Q dar6 o'i0e /ree&Q de&(e'= 0e'0e#=
ou#(ideQ c'o#hed Di#h (i'6= hair( Di#hi&Q #Do u%%er #ee#h co&&a#eQ 'ar/eQ #hree 'oDer o&e(
u&eHua'Q #he 'oDe(# bei&/ much (hor#er #ha& #he 'a#era' o&e(S coro''a 3 #o : cm. 'o&/Q ora&/e
redQ co0ered ou#(ide Di#h (i'6= Dhi#e hair(Q %a%i'io&aceou(S (#ame& diade'%hou(S a&#her(
'i&earQ =e''oDS o0ar= (#i%i#a#eQ (i'6=Q %ube(ce&#Q (#='e i&cur0edQ 'o&/er #ha& #he (#ame&(.

b) Micro(co%ic
$edice'R T.S. o. %edice' circu'ar i& ou#'i&eQ beari&/ &umerou( #o 3 ce''ed u&i(eria#e
hair(S cor#ex co''e&ch=ma#ou(Q di..ere&#ia#ed i& #Do zo&e(I ou#er .ormed o. (ma''er ce''(
Di#h (ome co&#e&#( a&d i&&er zo&e o. 'ar/er ce''(S cor#ex a&d (#e'e (e%ara#ed b= e&dodermi(
o. barre' (ha%ed ce''( co&#ai&i&/ (#arch /rai&(S %h'oem %are&ch=ma co&#ai&i&/ #a&&i&S %i#h
%are&ch=ma#ou(S 0a(cu'ar bu&d'e( (e%ara#ed b= broad medu''ar= ra=( a&d arra&/ed i& a ri&/S
rhomboida' cr=(#a'( o. ca'cium oxa'a#e %re(e&# i& cor#ex.
Se%a'(R Se%a'( o& u%%er (ur.ace ha0e o&e #=%e o. #richome * #o 2 ce''edQ Di#h %romi&e&#
ba(a' ce''S o& 'oDer (ur.ace #Do #=%e( o. #richome(Q (i) mu'#ice''u'arQ u&i(eria#eQ 'o&/Q #hic6
Da''ed Di#h circu'ar ba(a' ce''S (ii) a .eD mu'#ice''u'arQ c'ubI(ha%edQ #richome( /'a&du'ar i&
&a#ureS (#oma#a a&omoc=#ic #=%e.
$e#a'(R F%%er (ur.ace o. Di&/ %e#a' Di#h %ro.u(e #o : ce''ed hair( o& i#( ba(a' %ar# a&d
mu'#ice''u'ar #richome( a# #he #i%S 'oDer (ur.ace o. Di&/ %e#a' co0ered Di#h mu'#ice''u'ar
u&i(eria#e #richome(S %a%i''a#e e%iderma' ce''( i& #he midd'e re/io& o. Di&/ %e#a'Q i& (ur.ace
0ieD (hoD( (#ria#io&( radia#i&/ .rom #he ba(e o. %a%i''aS ce''( i& a%ica' re/io& o. Di&/ %e#a'
Di#hou# %a%i''a#eQ bu# &arroD Di#h ra&dom (#ria#io&S u%%er (ur.ace o. (#a&dard %e#a' /'abrou(
bu# mar/i&( hair=S mu'#ice''u'arQ c'ub (ha%ed a%%e&da/e( a&d u&i(eria#e #o 2 ce''ed
#richome( %re(e&# a# #he a%ex. I& #he midd'e %or#io& ce''( 'o&/er #ha& broadQ draD& ou# i&#o
%a%i''ae Di#h (#ria#io&( radia#i&/ ou# .rom #hi(S u%%er (ur.ace o. 6ee' %e#a' ce''( %o'=/o&a'Q
Di#h irre/u'ar (#ria#io&(Q #richome( %ro.u(e exce%# a# a%ica' re/io&.
S#ame&( diade'%hou(S %o''e& /rai& * %oredQ ob'a#eQ (%heroida'S abou# 7 'o&/ a&d
*9 m broadQ %ore circu'ar #o e'o&/a#eQ 7 #o 1.2 mQ exi&e Da'' (ur.ace .o0eo'a#e.
O0ar= Di#h #Do #=%e( o. #richome(Q (i) #hi& Da''ed ha0i&/ de&(e co&#e&#( (ii) #o *
ce''ed #richomeQ %'ace&#a#io& mar/i&a'S e%iderma' ce''( o. (#='e 'o&/Q &arroD i& (ur.ace
0ieDQ #richome( u&i(eria#e mu'#ice''u'ar a&d #hic6 Da''ed i& (#='ar re/io&.
$oDder I ;roD&i(hI=e''oDQ ('i/h#'= bi##er i& #a(#eQ &o charac#eri(#ic odourS (hoD( %iece( o.
0ariou( #=%e( o. #richome(Q 0a(cu'ar #i((ueQ e%iderma' ce''( Di#h charac#eri(#ic %a%i''aeQ
%o'=/o&a' ce''( Di#h 'i&ear (#ria#io&(Q %o''e& /rai&(Q a&d (#='oid cr=(#a'( o. ca'cium oxa'a#eS
%oDder #rea#ed Di#h 1N HC' .o''oDed b= o&e dro% o. &i#roce''u'o(e i& am='ace#a#e become(
19
ora&/e =e''oD u&der F5 *:2 &m a&d Di#h 1N NaOH i& me#ha&o' become(Q =e''oDi(hIb'ac6
u&der F5 23 &m.


T.).C.
u(i&/ e#h=' ace#a#e R me#ha&o' R Da#er (199 R 12 R 2) (hoD( u&der F5 (*:: &m) .'uore(ce&#
zo&e( a# R.. 9.1? (=e''oD)Q 9.: (=e''oD)Q 9.2* ('i/h# broD&)Q 9.27 (/ree&i(h =e''oD) a&d
9.:* (/ree&i(h =e''oD). O& (%ra=i&/ Di#h 2\ ,OH rea/e&# (%o#( a# R.. 9.1? (=e''oD)Q 9.:
(=e''oD)Q 9.27 (/ree&) a&d 9.:* (/ree&).

CONSTITFENTS I Coumari&( a&d /'=co(ide(Q cumara&o&e /'=co(ide(Q bu#ri&Q i(obu#ri&Q
mo&o(%ermo(ideQ i(omo&o(%ermo(ideQ carbome#hox=I*Q :IdioxoI2Ih=droI1Q Q 3I#riazi&eQ
coreo%(i&Q i(ocoreo%(i&.

Ra(a R ,aVuQ Ti6#aQ ,aXP=aQ Madhura
4uTa R )a/huQ RZ6XaQ Sara
5Ur=a R KU#a
5i%P6a R Madhura
,arma R $i##aharaQ ,a%haharaQ DU%a&aQ TWXTP[Pma6aQ Ra6#a S#ambha&aQ MZ#ra'aQ
,uXVha/h&aQ Sa&dhP&U=aQ DPha%ra[ama&aQ 4rPhU
19
IM$ORTANT "ORMF)ATIONS I ,ub6umPdi Tai'aQ 5ab/a ;ha(ma (@PraTa (b))
THERA$EFTIC FSES I Ra6#a0i6PraQ MZ#ra6WcchraQ DPhaQ 5P#ara6#aQ ,uXVhaQ TWXTPQ
Ra6#a%i##aQ $'UhPro/aQ 4u'maQ 4rahaTUQ ,WmiQ ,aTYZQ Ar[aQ $i##PbhiX=a&daQ Ne#ra[u6ra
DOSE I *I: /

19
:9. $ara(i6a =a0a&i (Sd)
$RAS<,AEA5N< (Seed)
$Pra(U6a=a0P&U co&(i(#( o. #he (eed o. H=o(c=amu( &i/er )i&&. ("am. So'a&aceae)Q
a& a&&ua' or bie&&ia' herbQ &a#i0e #o #he Medi#erra&ea& re/io& a&d #em%era#e A(iaQ occurri&/
i& 1e(#er& Hima'a=a( .rom ,a(hmir #o ,umao& a# a& a'#i#ude o. 1:99 #o 3999 mQ im%or#ed
i&#o I&dia.
SENONEMS
Sa&(6ri# R ,hurP(P&U Ea0P&UQ Ea0a&UQ TuruXa6PQ Mada6PriTU
A((ame(e R II
;e&/a'i R ,hora(a&i a>Da&
E&/'i(h R He&ba&e
4u>ra#i R ,hura(a&ee a>maQ ,hura(a&ee a>mo
Hi&di R ,hura(a&ee a>0a=a&Q
,a&&ada R ,hura(a&eeQ A>aDaa&a
,a(hmiri R II
Ma'a=a'am R ,hura(aa&eeQ $aara(i6aQ Ea0aa&i
Mara#hi R ,hura(a&ee o0a
Ori=a R II
$u&>abi R ,hura(a&ee a>0ai&Q ;a&/ideDa&a
Tami' R ,uraa(a&ee Eomam
Te'u/u R ,ura(a&ee 0amuQ ,hura(a&ee omam
Frdu R A>0a=a&ee ,hur(a&ee
DESCRI$TION
a) Macro(co%ic
Seed( irre/u'ar'= re&i.orm or (ubIHuadra#eQ ('i/h#'= o0er a mm i& (izeQ dar6 /re=Q
(ur.ace co&ca0eQ odour %'ea(a&#'= aroma#icQ #a(#e bi##erQ muci'a/i&ou( a&d %u&/e&#Q
aroma#ic.
19

b) Micro(co%ic
Tra&(0er(e (ec#io& o. (eed (hoD( #he %re(e&ce o. #hic6 cu#ic'eQ #e(#a Di#h #Do 'a=er(Q
ou#er o&e Di#h a roD o. o(#eo(c'ereid( (ize ra&/i&/ .rom 29 #o 79 Q i&&er o&e Di#h cru(hed
%are&ch=maQ e&do(%erm ce''( #hi& Da''edQ co&#ai&i&/ oi' /'obu'e(Q embr=o coi'edS (#arch
ab(e&#.
$oDder I Dar6 broD& aroma#ic (me''Q bi##er muci'a/e&ou( #a(#e a&d a& oi'= #ex#ureS a
&umber o. .'a(6I(ha%ed or dumbIbe'' (ha%ed o(#eo(c'ereid( (ee&S .ra/me&#( o. #e(#a i&
(ur.ace 0ieDQ (hoDi&/ ce''( Di#h (i&uou( Da''(S %oDder Dhe& #rea#ed Di#h Suda& I5 a&d
mou&#ed i& /'=ceri&e (hoD( #he %re(e&ce o. oi' /'obu'e( Dhich #ur& ora&/e redS %oDder
c'eared Di#h di'u#e &i#ric acid (hoD( (ur.ace 0ieD o. (cu'%#uri&/ o& #e(#a.


T.).C.
T.).C. o. #he me#ha&o'ic ex#rac# o& (i'ica /e' ^4^ %'a#e (9. mm #hic6) u(i&/ #o'ue&e R
e#h=' ace#a#e R die#h=' ami&e (?9R9R19) (hoD( u&der F5 (*:: &m) o&e .'uore(ce&# (%o# a#
R.. 9.3C (b'ue). A.#er (%ra=i&/ Di#h a&i(a'deh=deI(u'%huric acid rea/e&# a&d hea#i&/ #he
%'a#e a# 192
o
C .or #e& mi&u#e( (%o#( a%%ear a# R.. 9.9C (;roD&)Q 9.3C (broD&)Q 9.:C
(/ree&i(h broD&). A.#er (%ra=i&/ Di#h modi.ied Dra/e&dor..^( rea/e&# (%o#( a%%ear a# R..
9.C9Q 9.??Q 9.:1Q 9.* a&d 9.19.

CONSTITFENTS I Tro%a&e a'6a'oid( h=o(c=ami&eQ (i#( racemic mix#ure a&d a#ro%i&e) a&d
h=o(ci&e.
19
Ra(a R Ti6#aQ ,aVu
4uTa R RZ6XaQ 4uru
5Ur=a R FXTa
5i%P6a R ,aVu
,arma R 5P#aharaQ ,a%haharaQ $i##a6araQ MPda6aQ 5eda&P(#hP%a&aQ $Pca6aQ 4rPh
UQ DU%a&aQ NidrP6ara
IM$ORTANT "ORMF)ATIONS I Sar%a/a&dhP 4ha&a 5aVU
THERA$EFTIC FSES I Ra>ac6WcchraQ KU/hra%P#a&aQ S0%a&adoXaQ Fdara[Z'aQ &PhaQ 4u'maQ
,WmiQ A[marUQ ,P(aQ K0P(aQ A&idrPQ F&mPdaQ KZ'aQ Sa&dhi[Z'a
DOSE I 12 I 299 m/

20
:1. $a##ura (1h.$')
$A88!RA (1ho'e $'a&#)
$aVVZra co&(i(#( o. Dho'e %'a&# o. Aer0a 'a&a#a ()i&&.) @u((. ("am. Amara&#haceae)Q a&
erec# or %ro(#ra#e bra&ched herbQ *9 #o :9 cm i& hei/h#Q .ou&d #hrou/hou# I&dia i& Da(#e 'a&d(.
SENONEMS
Sa&(6ri# R 4ora6Xa/ae>aQ ;hadrP
A((ame(e R II
;e&/a'i R Cha=a
E&/'i(h R II
4u>ra#i R 4ora6h/a&>o
Hi&di R 4ora6ha/a&>a
,a&&ada R ;i'ihi&di(o%%u
,a(hmiri R II
Ma'a=a'am R Cheru'a
Mara#hi R ,a%ur%hu#eeQ ,umra%i&dee
Ori=a R II
$u&>abi R ;hui6a''a&
Tami' R Cheru%oo'ai
Te'u/u R $i&diche##uQ ,a&da %i&di
Frdu R II
DESCRI$TION
a) Macro(co%ic
Roo# I Ta%Iroo#Q 'a#era''= bra&chedQ c='i&drica'Q u% #o 9.7 cm i& #hic6&e(( a&d abou#
2 cm 'o&/ %iece(Q ex#er&a''= 'i/h# broD& a&d rou/h bu# cu# (ur.ace Dhi#e a&d (moo#hS
.rac#ureQ .ibrou( a&d hard.
20
S#em I Near'= c='i&drica'Q bra&chi&/ a'#er&a#eQ ex#er&a' (ur.ace (hoD( ('i/h# rid/e( a&d
.urroD(Q hair= a&d 'i/h# broD& i& co'ourS cu# (ur.ace Dhi#eS .rac#ureQ /ra&u'ar.
)ea. I Sim%'eQ o%%o(i#eQ a'#er&a#eQ (hor#'= %e#io'a#eQ 'ami&a .9 #o .2 cm 'o&/ a&d 1.9 #o 1.:
cm broadQ e''i%#icIorbicu'ar or o0a#eQ acu#eQ re#icu'a#e 0ei&edQ mar/i& e&#ireQ de&(e'=
%ube(ce&# o& bo#h (ur.ace(.
"'oDer I Mi&u#e c'u(#er a( axi''ar= (%i6eS /ree&i(hIDhi#eS %eria&#h 2Q brac#eo'a#eS
ac#i&omor%hicQ bi(exua'S (#ame& 2Q o%%o(i#e #o %eria&#hQ a&#her( 'obedS (#i/ma bi.idQ
(u%erior o0ar=Q u&i'ocu'ar Di#h cam%='o#ro%ou( o0u'e.
"rui# I A /ree&i(hQ rou&di(hQ com%re((ed membra&ou(Q u#ric'e or circum(ci((i'e ca%(u'e
Di#h a coriaceou( u%%er %ar# or 'id a&d co&#ai&/ a (i&/'e (eed.
Seed I Seed mi&u#eQ 9.2 #o 9.? cm i& dia.Q b'ac6Q %o'i(hed a&d 6i&d&e= (ha%edS #a(#eQ
%u&/e&#.

b) Micro(co%ic
Roo# I ShoD( 2 #o ? 'a=er( o. cor6 ce''(Q u%%er or * 'a=er( .i''ed Di#h broD&i(h
co&#e&#S (eco&dar= cor#ex a Dide zo&e co&(i(#i&/ o. circu'ar #o o0a'Q e'o&/a#edQ #hi& Da''ed
%are&ch=ma#ou( ce''(Q mo(# o. #he ce''( co&#ai&i&/ ro(e##e cr=(#a'( o. ca'cium oxa'a#eS
e&dodermi( &o# di(#i&c#S %eric=c'e %re(e&# i& #he .orm o. i&#erru%#ed ri&/ o. %eric=c'ic
.ibre(S a&amo'ou( (eco&dar= /roD#h %re(e&#S (eco&dar= x='em a&d %h'oem #i((ue( i& .orm
o. * or 3 a'#er&a#i&/ ri&/(S medu''ar= bu&d'e( %re(e&#S %h'oem co&(i(#i&/ o. (ie0e #ube(Q
com%a&io& ce''( a&d %h'oem %are&ch=maS x='em co&(i(#( o. 0e((e'(Q #racheid(Q .ibre( a&d
x='em %are&ch=maS 0e((e'( circu'ar #o o0a' ha0i&/ (im%'e %i#(S %i#h ce''( circu'ar i& (ha%e
co&#ai&i&/ ro(e##e cr=(#a'( o. ca'cium oxa'a#e.
S#em I ShoD( ('i/h#'= Da0= ou#'i&eQ corre(%o&di&/ #o rid/e( a&d .urroD(S e%idermi( (i&/'e
'a=ered co0ered Di#h #hic6 cu#ic'eS #richome( mu'#ice''u'arQ e&d ce''( %oi&#ed or 0e(icu'arQ
Dar#= a&d #hic6 Da''edS cor#ex : or ? 'a=er( Di#h * or 3 'a=er( be'oD rid/e( bei&/
co''e&ch=ma#ou( a&d * or 3 'a=er( be'oD .urroD( ch'ore&ch=ma#ou(S re(# o. #he ce''( o0a' #o
e'o&/a#edQ e''i%#ica'Q #hi& Da''ed a&d %are&ch=ma#ou(Q Di#h a .eD ce''( co&#ai&i&/ ro(e##e
cr=(#a'( o. ca'cium oxa'a#eS e&dodermi( (i&/'e 'a=eredS %eric=c'e %re(e&# i& #he .orm o. a
ri&/Q (i&/'e or /rou%( o. #o 3 .ibre(S a&amo'ou( (eco&dar= /roD#h %re(e&#S 0a(cu'ar
bu&d'e( arra&/ed i& or * ri&/( (hoDi&/ i&c'uded %h'oem a'#er&a#i&/ Di#h %are&ch=ma#ou(
#i((ueS %h'oem co&(i(#( o. (ie0e #ube(Q com%a&io& ce''( a&d %h'oem %are&ch=maS x='em
com%o(ed o. 0e((e'(Q #racheid(Q Dood .ibre( a&d x='em %are&ch=maS 0e((e'( rou&d #o o0a'
ha0i&/ (im%'e %i#(S %i#h Dide co&(i(#i&/ o. circu'ar #o %o'=/o&a' ha0i&/ i&#erce''u'ar (%ace(Q
ro(e##e cr=(#a'( o. ca'cium oxa'a#e %re(e&# i& #hi( re/io&.

20
)ea. I
$e#io'e I ShoD( (i&/'e 'a=ered e%idermi( co0ered Di#h cu#ic'eS #richome( mu'#ice''u'ar
%re(e&# o& bo#h (ur.ace(S cor#ex co&(i(#i&/ o. or * 'a=er(Q u%%er co''e&ch=ma#ou( a&d
'oDer %are&ch=ma#ou(S 0a(cu'ar bu&d'e co''a#era' a&d * i& &umberS ro(e##e cr=(#a'( o.
ca'cium oxa'a#e %re(e&# i& cor#ica' ce''(.
Midrib I E%idermi(Q cu#ic'e a&d #richome(Q (imi'ar #o #ho(e i& %e#io'eS cor#ex 2 #o ? 'a=er(Q
u%%er * co''e&ch=ma#ou( a&d 'oDer * or 3 circu'arQ #hi& Da''ed a&d %are&ch=ma#ou(S
0a(cu'ar bu&d'e( * i& &umberQ acce((or= a&d o&e midd'eS x='em #oDard( #he u%%er a&d
%h'oem #oDard( 'oDer e%idermi(S ro(e##e cr=(#a'( o. ca'cium oxa'a#e %re(e&# i& cor#ica'
re/io&.
)ami&a I E%idermi(Q cu#ic'e a&d #richome( (imi'ar a( i& %e#io'e a&d midribS %a'i(ade 1 or
'a=er(S (%o&/= %are&ch=ma * #o 2 'a=er( com%o(ed o. #hi& Da''ed %are&ch=ma#ou( ce''(
Di#h i&#erce''u'ar (%ace(Q a .eD ro(e##e cr=(#a'( o. ca'cium oxa'a#e %re(e&# i& (%o&/=
%are&ch=maS a&omoc=#ic (#oma#a %re(e&# o& bo#h (ur.ace(S %a'i(ade ra#io or *S (#oma#a'
i&dex o& u%%er (ur.ace 1 #o 12 a&d o& 'oDer (ur.ace 1: #o 17S 0ei& i('e# &umber 3 or 2
%er (Huare mm.
$oDder I Ee''oDi(hI/ree&S u&der micro(co%e (hoD( (#rai/h# Da''ed e%iderma' ce''(Q
mu'#ice''u'ar #richome( a&d a&omoc=#ic (#oma#a i& (ur.ace 0ieDS (im%'e %i##ed 0e((e'(Q cor6
ce''(Q #racheid(Q .ibre( a&d ro(e##e cr=(#a'( o. ca'cium oxa'a#e.

To#a' A(h No# more #ha& 1? %er ce&#Q A%%e&dix ..*.

T.).C.
T.).C. o. #he a'coho'ic ex#rac# o& (i'ica /e' ^4^ %'a#e u(i&/ To'ue&eR E#h='ace#a#e R
Me#ha&o' (29R 29R 9) a( mobi'e %ha(e (hoD( u&der F5 (*:: &m) #e& .'uore(ce&# zo&e( a#
R.. 9.11 ((6= b'ue)Q 9.? (red)Q 9.3? (red)Q 9.21 ((6= b'ue)Q 9.?* ((6= b'ue)Q 9.7 (%i&6)Q 9.7?
20
((6= b'ue)Q 9.C1 (red)Q 9.C3 (red) a&d 9.C? (dar6 red). O& (%ra=i&/ Di#h A&i(a'deh=deI
Su'%huric acid rea/e&# a&d hea#i&/ #he %'a#e .or abou# #e& mi&u#e( a# 192
o
C #e& (%o#( a%%ear
a# R.. 9.11Q 9.*Q 9.*?Q 9.21Q 9.:1Q9.?*Q 9.72Q 9.C a&d 9.C3 (a'' 0io'e#) a&d 9.C? (dar6
0io'e#).

CONSTITFENTS I I Am=ri& a&d I (i#o(#ero'Q I (i#o(#ero' %a'mi#a#eQ com%e(#ero'Q
chr=(i&Q .'a0o&oid /'=co(ide( a&d #a&&i&(.

5Ur=a R FXTa
5i%P6a R ,aVu
,arma R 5P#aharaQ ,a%haharaQ MZ#ra0ireca&aQ ,Wmi/h&a
IM$ORTANT "ORMF)ATIONS I Ka#P0ar=Pdi 4hW#a
THERA$EFTIC FSES I A[marUQ MZ#ra6Wcchra
DOSE I 29I199 m' i& #he .orm o. decoc#io&.

20
:. $i'u ("r)
$<)!- ("rui#)
$U'Zc co&(i(#( o. .rui# o. Sa'0adora %er(ica )i&&. 5ar.Di/h#ia&a ($'a&ch.ex ThD.)
5erdcQ (=&. S. %er(ica )i&&. ("am. Sa'0adoraceae)Q a %ere&&ia'Q Dood=Q /'abrou( (hrubQ
di(#ribu#ed i& #he arid #rac#( o. $u&>ab a&d &or#h De(#er& %ar#( o. I&dia.
SENONEMS
Sa&(6ri# R 4uYa%ha'aQ SrP&(UQ $i'Z
A((ame(e R Ara6Q Ira6
;e&/a'i R $ee'u/achhQ @ha'
E&/'i(h R Sa'# bu(hQ Too#hbru(h Tree
4u>ra#i R $ee'uQ ,haree>a'
Hi&di R $i'uQ @ha6Q $ee'uQ ,har>a'
,a&&ada R 4o&imaraQ ,a&6hi&aQ 4e&umar
,a(hmiri R II
Ma'a=a'am R F6a
Mara#hi R $i'uQ ,ha6ha&
Ori=a R II
$u&>abi R $ee'u
Tami' R ,o#umaa0a'iQ Chi##u0aQ $eru&/o'iQ Fdhai%u##ai
Te'u/u R 4o/uQ 5ara/o/uQ 4u&ia
Frdu R II
DESCRI$TION
a) Macro(co%ic
"rui#( are * #o 2 mm i& diame#erQ e''i%(oidIo0oidQ occa(io&a''= Di#h a (ma'' %edice'
a##achedS (ur.ace /ree&i(h or /ree&i(hIbroD& #o dar6 broD& i& co'ourQ Di#h irre/u'ar
20
Dri&6'e(Q (ome#ime( (hru&6e&S %ericar% #hi&Q ea(i'= (e%arab'eQ exhibi#i&/ creami(h #o du''
broD& (eedQ odour charac#eri(#ic a&d #a(#e bi##er.

b) Micro(co%ic
The e%idermi( i( (i&/'e 'a=ered co&(i(#i&/ o. #hic6 Da''edQ radia''= e'o&/a#ed ce''(
co0ered ex#er&a''= Di#h cu#ic'eQ #he me(ocar% di..ere&#ia#ed i&#o #hree zo&e(Q #he ou#er a&d
i&&er zo&e exhibi#i&/ #hi& Da''ed %are&ch=ma ce''( Dhi'e a co&#i&uou( zo&e o.
(c'ere&ch=ma#ou( #i((ue Di#h 0a(cu'ar bu&d'e( embedded i& i# i( %re(e&# i& #he midd'e
re/io&S #e(#a (hoD( (i&/'e 'a=ered e%idermi( o. #hi& Da''ed ce''( .o''oDed b=
%are&ch=ma#ou( ce''( o. #he embr=o co&#ai&i&/ a'euro&e /rai&( a&d occa(io&a' oi' /'obu'e(.
$oDder I $oDder (hoD( .ra/me&#( o. %are&ch=ma#ou( ce''( Di#h a'euro&e /rai&( a&d oi'
/'obu'e(S (ca'ari.ormQ re#icu'a#e a( De'' a( borderI%i##ed 0a(cu'ar e'eme&#(S #hic6 Da''ed
e%iderma' ce''( i& (ur.ace 0ieD a&d (c'ereid(.


T.).C.
T.).C. o. a'coho'ic ex#rac# o& %recoa#ed Si'ica /e' ^4^ %'a#e (Merc6)Q u(i&/ &I
;u#a&o'S Ace#ic acidS Da#er (3R1R2)Q i& 0i(ib'e 'i/h# (hoD( #hree (%o#( a# R..9.*Q 9.79 (bo#h
'i/h# /ree&) a&d 9.3: ('i/h# =e''oD)S u&der F5 (*:: &m) #Do Dhi#e (%o#( a%%ear a# R..9.*?
a&d 9.3:S u&der F5 (23&m) #hree (%o#( a%%ear a# R..9.*? (Dhi#e)Q 9.3: a&d 9.79 (bo#h
%i&6)Q o& ex%o(ure #o Iodi&e 0a%our( .our =e''oD (%o#( a%%ear a# R..9.19Q 9.*?Q 9.3: a&d
9.79Q o& (%ra=i&/ Di#h 0a&i''i& (u'%huric acid a&d hea#i&/ #he %'a#e a# 119
o
C .or 19
20
mi&u#e(Q (ix (%o#( a%%ear a# R.. 9.19Q 9.* (bo#h 0io'e#)Q 9.*?Q 9.39Q 9.3: a&d 9.79 (a''
ora&/e).

CONSTITFENTS I I (i#o(#ero'Q (#ero' /'=co(ideQ be&z='e i(o#hioa/&a#eQ #race( o. a'6a'oidQ
.ixed oi'Q (u/ar a&d .a#Q &o&I(a%o&i.iab'e %or#io& o. oi' co&(i(#( o. dibe&z='urea a&d
dibe&z'e#hiourea.

Ra(a R MadhuraQ Ti6#aQ ,aVu
4uTa R )a/huQ S&i/dhaQ TU6XTa
5Ur=a R FXTa
5i%P6a R ,aVu
,arma R 5P#aharaQ ,a%haharaQ ;heda&aQ 5ireca&aQ Ko#haharaQ 5eda&P(#hP%a&aQ
Kiro0ireca6aQ DU%a&aQ 5idPhUQ Ra(P=a&a
THERA$EFTIC FSES I 4u'maQ A[marUQ MZ#ra6WcchraQ @0araQ Sar%a0iXaQ Ar[aQ ;a(#i0i6PraQ
Fdararo/aQ 5iXa0i6PraQ &Pha
DOSE I *I: /

20
:*. $i'u ().)
$<)!- ()ea.)
$U'Zc co&(i(#( o. 'ea. o. Sa'0adora %er(ica )i&&. 5ar. Di/h#ia&a ($'a&ch. Ex ThD.)
5erdcQ (=&. S. %er(ica )i&&. ("am. Sa'0adoraceae)Q a %ere&&ia'Q Dood=Q /'abrou( (hrubQ
SENONEMS
Sa&(6ri# R 4uYa%ha'acQ Sra&(UQ $U'u6ac
A((ame(e R II
;e&/a'i R $ee'u/aachQ @haa'
E&/'i(h R Sa'# bu(hQ Too#h bru(h Tree
4u>ra#i R $ee'uQ ,haaree >aa'
Hi&di R @ha6Q $ee'uQ $i'uQ ,har>aa'
,a&&ada R 4e&umarQ 4o&imaraQ ,a&6hi&a
,a(hmiri R II
Ma'a=a'am R F6a
Mara#hi R ,ha6ha&Q $i'u
Ori=a R ,o#u&/oQ Tobo#o
$u&>abi R $ee'u
Tami' R Chi##u0aQ ,o#umaa0a'iQ $eru&/o'iQ F#hai%u##ai
Te'u/u R 4o/uQ 4u&iaQ 5ara/o/u
DESCRI$TION
a) Macro(co%ic
)ea0e( are * #o 19 cm i& 'e&/#h a&d 1 #o 3 cm i& bread#hQ /ree&Q (im%'eQ (#i%u'a#eQ
%e#io'a#eQ ob'o&/Q o0a#eQ mar/i& e&#ireQ broad a# ba(e a&d acu#e a# a%exS 0ei&( %romi&e&# a&d
rai(ed o& 'oDer (ur.aceS bo#h (ur.ace( /'abrou(S #a(#e a&d odour charac#eri(#ic.
20

b) Micro(co%ic
$e#io'e I $e#io'e (omeDha# circu'ar i& ou#'i&e Di#h a 'ar/e cre(ce&#I(ha%ed 0a(cu'ar
bu&d'e a&d #Do (ma'' 0a(cu'ar bu&d'e( .u(ed #o/e#her #o .orm a ce&#ra' core o. 0a(cu'ar
#i((ueS #he %re(e&ce o. i&#erx='ar= %h'oem i&dica#e( a&oma'ou( /roD#hS e%idermi( (i&/'e
'a=eredQ co0ered ex#er&a''= Di#h #hic6 cu#ic'eS cor#ex a Dide zo&e co&(i(#i&/ o. circu'ar #o
o0a' %are&ch=ma ce''(S %eric=c'e re%re(e&#ed b= (ma'' %a#che( o. #hic6 Da''ed a&d 'i/&i.ied
.ibre(S %h'oem co&(i(#( o. u(ua' e'eme&#( #ra0er(ed b= u&i or bi(eria#e medu''ar= ra=(S
x='em co&(i(#( o. 0e((e'(Q #racheid(Q .ibre( a&d %are&ch=maS 0e((e'( (hoD (ca'ari.orm
#hic6e&i&/ a&d border %i##ed Da''(Q #racheid( are bordered a( De'' a( (im%'e %i##edQ
%are&ch=ma ce''( a&d .ibre( are (im%'e %i##edS i&#erx='ar= %h'oem %re(e&# i& #he ce&#ra'
x'=em re/io&S %i#h com%o(ed o. #hi& Da''ed %are&ch=ma ce''(S ro(e##e( o. ca'cium oxa'a#e
cr=(#a'( a&d (#arch /rai&( %re(e&# i& #he %are&ch=ma ce''( o. #he cor#ex a&d %eric=c'ic re/io&
Midrib I Midrib (hoD( (i&/'e 'a=ered e%idermi( co0ered ex#er&a''= Di#h #hi& cu#ic'e o& bo#h
#he (ur.ace(Q exce%# a# a .eD %'ace( Dhere a %eric'i&a' di0i(io& i( (ee&S cor#ex i( a Dide zo&e
o. #hi& Da''ed %are&ch=ma ce''(Q #he ce&#re o. midrib i( occu%ied b= a 0a(cu'ar c='i&der
co&(i(#i&/ o. a 'ar/e cre(ce&#I(ha%ed 0a(cu'ar bu&d'eQ #he %eric=c'e i( re%re(e&#ed b= (ma''
%a#che( o. .ibre(Q #he %h'oem co&(i(#( o. u(ua' e'eme&#(Q #he x='em i( re%re(e&#ed b=
0e((e'(Q #racheid(Q %are&ch=ma a&d .ibre(S i&#erx='ar= %h'oem i( %re(e&# i& #he x='em
re/io&S #he x='em i( #ra0er(ed b= u&i(eria#e medu''ar= ra=( Dhich become bi or #ri (eria#e i&
#he %h'oem re/io&S ro(e##e( o. ca'cium oxa'a#e cr=(#a'( a&d a .eD (#arch /rai&( are %re(e&# i&
#he %are&ch=ma#ou( ce''( o. cor#ex a&d %eric=c'ic re/io&.
)ami&a I )ami&a (hoD( i(obi'a#era' (#ruc#ureS cu#ic'e %re(e&#Q bo#h e%idermi(e( are (i&/'e
'a=eredQ exce%# .or occa(io&a' %eric'i&a' di0i(io&S i& (ur.ace 0ieD bo#h #he (ur.ace( (hoD(
a&i(oc=#ic a&d %arac=#ic (#oma#aS or * 'a=er( o. %a'i(ade ce''( are %re(e&# be'oD #he u%%er
a&d abo0e #he 'oDer e%idermi(Q remai&i&/ area bei&/ occu%ied b= #hi& Da''ed ce''( o. %o&/=
%are&ch=maS a &umber o. (ma'' 0a(cu'ar bu&d'e a&d 0a(cu'ar (#ra&d are di(#ribu#ed i& #he
me(o%h='' o. #he 'ami&aS idiob'a(#( co&#ai&i&/ 'ar/e ro(e##e( o. ca'cium oxa'a#e cr=(#a'( are
%re(e&# be&ea#h bo#h #he e%idermi(e(S ro(e##e( o. ca'cium oxa'a#e cr=(#a'( are a'(o %re(e&# i&
(%o&/= %are&ch=ma a&d %a'i(ade ce''(S (#oma#a' i&dex C #o 11 (u%%er (ur.ace) a&d 7 #o 19
('oDer (ur.ace)S %a'i(ade ra#io 2 #o : (u%%er (ur.ace) a&d 3 #o 2 ('oDer (ur.ace)S 0ei& i('e#
&umber 3 #o : (u%%er (ur.ace) a&d 2 #o ? ('oDer (ur.ace).
20
$oDder I $a'e /ree&Q (hoD( %re(e&ce o. #hi& Da''ed %are&ch=ma ce''( (e0era' co&#ai&i&/
ro(e##e( o. ca'cium oxa'a#e cr=(#a'( a&d a .eD (im%'e (#arch /rai&(S .ra/me&#( o. e%iderma'
ce''( (hoDi&/ a&i(oc=#ic a&d %arac=#ic (#oma#aS .ra/me&# o. (ca'ari.orm a&d bordered %i##ed
0e((e'(Q border a&d (im%'e %i##ed #racheidQ (im%'e %i##ed %are&ch=ma ce''( a&d #hic6 Da''ed
.ibre(.


T.).C.
T.).C. o. a'coho'ic ex#rac# o& Si'ica /e' ^4^ %'a#e (Merc6)Q u(i&/ To'ue&eS Me#ha&o'
(7:R13)Q (hoD( i& 0i(ib'e 'i/h# &i&e (%o#( a# R.. 9.1Q 9.2Q 9.7(a'' /ree&)Q 9.32 (bri/h#
=e''oD)Q 9.:9 (.ai&# /ree&)Q 9.?(dar6 /ree&)Q 9.?CQ 9.72 a&d 9.C3 (a'' /ree&)S u&der F5
(23&m) #De'0e (%o#( a%%ear a# R.. 9.13 (.ai&# ora&/e)Q 9.1Q 9.2Q 9.7 (a'' ora&/e)Q 9.*:Q
9.32 (bo#h 'i/h# ora&/e)Q 9.2* (.ai&# ora&/e)Q 9.:9Q 9.?Q 9.?C (a'' 'i/h# ora&/e)Q 9.72 a&d
9.C3 (bo#h ora&/e)S o& ex%o(ure #o Iodi&e 0a%our( #e& (%o#( a%%ear a# R.. 9.13 (=e''oD)Q
9.1Q 9.2Q 9.7 (a'' /ree&)Q 9.2*Q 9.:9Q 9.?Q 9.?C (a'' .ai&# =e''oD)Q 9.72Q 9.C3 (bo#h b'ui(h
/ree&)Q o& (%ra=i&/ Di#h (u'%huric acid a&d hea#i&^4^ %'a#e a# 11956 .or *9 mi&u#e(Q #De'0e
%o#( a%%ear a# R.. 9.13 (=e''oD)Q 9.1Q 9.2Q 9.7 (a'' dar6 /ree&)Q 9.*: (.ai&# broD&)Q 9.32
(broD&)Q 9.2* (.ai&# broD&)Q 9.:9 (0io'e#)Q 9.?Q 9.?C (bo#h .ai&# broD&)Q 9.72 (dar6 /ree&)
a&d 9.C3 (b'ac6i(h /ree&).

CONSTITFENTS I I(i#o(#ero'Q /'uco#ro%aeo'i&Q #er%e&e( a&d .'a0o&oid(.

Ra(a R ,aVuQ Ti6#a
21
5Ur=a R FXTa
5i%P6a R ,aVu
IM$ORTANT "ORMF)ATIONS I $U'Z Tai'a
THERA$EFTIC FSES I 4u'maQ A[marUQ MZ#ra6WcchraQ @0araQ Kar%a0iXaQ Ar[aQ ;a(#i0i6PraQ
&PhaQ Fdararo/aQ FdP0ar#aQ 5P#ara6#aQ Eo&i0=P%a#Q ,WmiQ NPYU0raTaQ DuXVa0ra&aQ 5raTaQ
5raTa[o#haQ Mu6ha%P6aQ Mad=a>a TWXTPQ $'UhPro/aQ Sar0a ,uXVhaQ ;ha/a&daraQ A%acU
DOSE I *I: /

21
:3. $i'u (R#.;6)
$<)!- (Roo#)
$U'Zc co&(i(#( o. roo# bar6 o. Sa'0adora %er(ica )i&&. 5ar. Di/h#ia&a ($'a&ch.ex ThD.)
5erdcQ (=&. S. %er(ica )i&&. ("am.Sa'0adoraceae)Q a %ere&&ia'Q Dood=Q /'abrou( (hrubQ
SENONEMS
Sa&(6ri# R 4uYa%ha'acQ $U'u6acQ Sra&(U
A((ame(e R II
;e&/a'i R @haa'Q $ee'u/aach
E&/'i(h R Too#h bru(h TreeQ Sa'#bu(h
4u>ra#i R ,haaree >aa'Q $ee'u
Hi&di R @ha6Q ,har>aa'Q $ee'uQ $i'u
,a&&ada R 4e&umarQ 4o&imaraQ ,a&6hi&a
,a(hmiri R II
Ma'a=a'am R F6a
Mara#hi R ,ha6ha&Q $i'u
Ori=a R ,o#u&/oQ Tobo#o
$u&>abi R $ee'u
Tami' R Chi##u0aQ ,o#umaa0a'iQ $eru&/o'iQ F#hai%u##ai
Te'u/u R 4o/uQ 4u&iaQ 5ara/o/u
Frdu R II
DESCRI$TION
a) Macro(co%ic
The roo# bar6 i( #o * mm #hic6Q Dood=Q cha&&e'edS %a'e broD& Di#h 'o&/i#udi&a'
Dri&6'e(Q exhibi#i&/ (car( o. roo#( a&d roo#'e#(S i&&er (ur.ace creami(h #o =e''oDi(hI broD&S
.rac#ureQ (hor# a&d (moo#hS odourQ .oe#id a&d #a(#e charac#eri(#ic.
21

b) Micro(co%ic
The bar6 (hoD( a Dide zo&e o. cor6 occu%=i&/ ha'. o. #he #ra&(ec#io&S cor6 ce''(
di..ere&#ia#ed i&#o #Do zo&e(Q ou#er zo&e co&(i(#i&/ o. (ma'' rec#a&/u'ar ce''( Dherea( #he
'oDer ce''( are 'ar/erQ rec#a&/u'ar a&d #a&/e&#ia''= e'o&/a#edS %he''o/e& (i&/'e 'a=eredS #he
%he''oderm co&(i(# o. 19 #o 9 'a=er( o. #hi& Da''ed #a&/e&#ia''= e'o&/a#ed %are&ch=ma ce''(
Di#h (ma'' i&#erce''u'ar (%ace(S i# i( .o''oDed b= a Dide %h'oem bei&/ #ra0er(ed b= #o 2
(eria#e medu''ar= ra=(S #he %h'oem co&(i(#( o. u(ua' e'eme&#Q a .eD .ibre( a&d i(o'a#ed (#o&e
ce''(S (e0era' %are&ch=ma ce''( are #hic6 Da''ed a&d arra&/ed i& (omeDha# radia' roD( i&
Dhich (#o&e ce''( a&d .ibre( are (ca##eredS %ri(ma#ic cr=(#a'( o. ca'cium oxa'a#e are %re(e&#
i& #he %are&ch=ma ce''( o. ou#er %h'oem a&d %he''oderm re/io&(.
$oDder I $oDder (hoD( .ra/me&#( o. cor6 ce''(Q #hi& Da''ed %are&ch=ma ce''(Q #hic6 Da''ed
a&d %i##ed %are&ch=ma ce''(Q %ri(m( o. ca'cium oxa'a#eQ .ra/me&# o. #hi& Da''ed .ibre( a&d
(#o&e ce''(Q Di#h #hic6 Da''ed a&d &arroD ce&#ra' 'ume&.

AcidIi&(o'ub'e a(h No# more #ha& : %er ce&#Q A%%e&dix ..3.

ASSAE

T.).C.
T.).C. o. a'coho'ic ex#rac# o& Si'ica /e' :9 %'a#e (Merc6)Q u(i&/ Ch'oro.ormR
To'ue&eS Me#ha&o' (19R?2R12)Q (hoD( u&der F5 (23&m) o&e =e''oD .'uore(ce&ce (%o# a#
R..9.3:S o& ex%o(ure #o Iodi&e 0a%our( .our =e''oD (%o#( a%%ear a# R.. 9.1?Q 9.*9Q 9.3: a&d
21
9.:?S o& (%ra=i&/ Di#h 0a&i''i& (u'%huric acid a&d hea#i&/ #he %'a#e a# 119
o
C .or 19 mi&u#e(Q
(e0e& (%o#( a%%ear a# R.. 9.11 (b'ue)Q 9.1?Q 9.* (bo#h 0io'e#)Q 9.*9 (=e''oD)Q 9.*2Q 9.3: a&d
9.:? (a'' b'ue).

CONSTITFENTS I I(i#o(#ero' a&d e'eme&#ra' 3I mo&oc'i&ic (u'%hur (SI7) a&d
/'uco#ro%aeo'i& i(o'a#ed .rom roo#.

Ra(a R ,aVuQ Ti6#aQ Madhura
5Ur=a R FXTa
5i%P6a R ,aVu
IM$ORTANT "ORMF)ATIONS I Ar[a6uVhPra Ra(aQ 5aiYZr=a Ra(P=a&aQ Ci#ra6Pdi=a Tai'aQ
Tri%ha'Pdi 4uVi6PQ NPrPca6a CZrTaQ ;i'0a6Pdhi )e%aQ $i%%a'=Pdi 4uVi6P
THERA$EFTIC FSES I 4u'maQ A[marUQ MZ#ra6WcchraQ @0araQ Sar%a0iXaQ Ar[aQ ;a(#i0i6PraQ
&PhaQ Fdararo/aQ FdP0ar#aQ 5P#ara6#aQ Eo&i0=P%a#Q ,WmiQ NPYU0raTaQ DuXVa0raTaQ 5raTaQ
5raTa[o#haQ Mu6ha%P6aQ Mad=a>a TWXTPQ $'UhPro/aQ Sar0a6uXVhaQ ;ha/a&daraQ A%acU

21
:2. $o#a/a'a (R#)
$O8A4A)A (Roo#)
$oVa/a'a co&(i(#( o. dried roo# o. T=%ha e'e%ha&#i&a Roxb. ("am.T=%haceae)Q a
%ere&&ia' /ra((I'i6e (hrubQ abou# 1.2I*.9 m i& hei/h# a&d .ou&d #hrou/hou# %'ai&( o. I&diaQ i&
(#a/&a&# Da#er a&d #he (ide( o. (#ream( a&d mar(he(.
SENONEMS
Sa&(6ri# R Era6P
A((ame(e R II
;e&/a'i R Ho/a'aa
E&/'i(h R E'e%ha&# /ra((
4u>ra#i R 4haabaa>ari=u
Hi&di R $a#eraaQ Era6aa
,a&&ada R A%uQ @ambuhu''u
,a(hmiri R II
Ma'a=a'am R II
Mara#hi R Raamabaa&
Ori=a R Ho/a'a
$u&>abi R ;o>Q ;oriQ $a#iraa
Tami' R A&ai66oriaQ A&ai%%u'
Te'u/u R E&u/a>ammuQ @ammu/uddi
Frdu R II
DESCRI$TION
a) Macro(co%ic
The roo#( are u%#o 12 cm 'o&/ a&d abou# 3 mm #hic6Q ari(i&/ i& /rou%( .rom #he ba(e
o. #he (#emS %a'e broD& #o 'i/h# broD& i& co'ourQ irre/u'ar'= .'a##e&ed Di#h 'o&/i#udi&a'
.i((ure( /i0i&/ ri(e #o (e0era' (eco&dar= a&d #er#iar= roo#'e#( .rom i#( 'oDer e&dQ
21
#ra&(0er(e'= cu# (ur.ace (hoD( creami(h #o %a'e =e''oD ce&#ra' coreS #a(#e a&d odour
i&di(#i&c#.

b) Micro(co%ic
T.S. (hoD( (i&/'e 'a=ered e%idermi(Q .o''oDed b= Dide cor#ex Dhich ca& be
di..ere&#ia#ed i&#o #hree zo&e(S #he ou#er cor#ica' ce''(Q be'oD #he e%idermi( co&(i(# o. 2 #o ?
'a=er( o. %are&ch=ma ce''( arra&/ed com%ac#'= .o''oDed b= (eco&d zo&e co&(i(#i&/ o.
circu'ar #o o0a' a&d #a&/e&#ia''= e'o&/a#ed %are&ch=ma ce''(S #he ce&#ra' cor#ica' re/io&
exhibi#( 'ar/e air ca0i#ie( 'i&ed b= 1 or 'a=er( o. #hi& Da''edQ com%re((edQ &arroD a&d
radia''= e'o&/a#ed %are&ch=ma ce''( I #he #rabicu'aeS #he ce&#re o. #he roo# exhibi#( a #=%ica'
mo&oco#='edo&ou( (#ruc#ure co&(i(#i&/ o. a'#er&a#i&/ ba&d( o. x='em a&d %h'oem
(urrou&ded ex#er&a''= b= e&dodermi( a&d %eric=c'eS #he ce''( o. e&dodermi( (hoD
#hic6e&i&/ o& radia' a&d 'oDer #a&/e&#ia' Da''(S exce%# %h'oem ce''( a'' #he ce''( be'oD #he
%eric=c'e are #hic6 Da''ed a&d 'i/&i.iedS #he 0a(cu'ar c='i&der exhibi#( %re(e&ce o. &umerou(
0er= 'o&/ .ibre( Di#h &arroD #o &e/'i/ib'e 'ume&S #he 0e((e'( (hoD (ca'ari.orm #hic6e&i&/
Dherea( #he #racheid( ha0e (ca'ari.orm #hic6e&i&/ or border %i#(S #he %are&ch=ma ce''( are
radia''= e'o&/a#ed a&d (im%'e %i##ed.
$oDder I The %oDdered dru/ exhibi#( .ra/me&#( o. #hi& Da''ed circu'ar #o o0a' a&d a'(o
radia''= e'o&/a#ed %are&ch=ma ce''(S .ra/me&#( o. #rabecu'aeS .ra/me&#( o. .ibre( (hoDi&/
&e/'i/ib'e #o &arroD 'ume&S (ca'ari.orm 0e((e'(S (ca'ari.orm a&d borderI%i##ed #racheid( a&d
(im%'e %i##ed #hic6 Da''ed %are&ch=ma ce''(.


T.).C.
T.).C. o. a'coho'ic ex#rac#( o& %recoa#ed Si'ica 4e' :9 %'a#e (Merc6)Q u(i&/
Ch'oro.ormR To'ue&eR E#h=' ace#a#eR "ormic acid (:R3R9.2)Q (hoD( i& 0i(ib'e 'i/h# #Do (%o#(
a# R.. 9.7C('i/h# /ree&) a&d 9.:3(%a'e /ree&)S u&der F.5. (23&m) .our (%o#( a%%ear a#
21
R..9.7(%i&6i(h ora&/e)Q 9.:3('i/h# ora&/e)Q 9.?7 a&d 9.71(bo#h Dhi#i(h)S o& ex%o(ure( #o
iodi&e 0a%our( 7 (%o#( a%%ear a# R.. 9.19Q 9.1CQ 9.7Q 9.32Q 9.2?Q 9.:3Q 9.?7 a&d 9.C* (a''
=e''oD)S o& (%ra=i&/ Di#h 2\ e#ha&o'ic (u'%huric acid a&d hea#i&/ #he %'a#e a# 119
o
C .or *9
mi&u#e( 19 (%o#( a%%ear a# R.. 9.19('i/h# 0io'e#)Q 9.1C(0io'e#)Q 9.7Q 9.32(bo#h .ai&# broD&)Q
9.2?(0io'e#)Q 9.:3(dar6 broD&)Q 9.?7(b'ue)Q 9.71Q 9.7C a&d 9.C*(a'' .ai&# broD&).

CONSTITFENTS I I(i#o(#ero'Q cho'e(#ro'Q Huerce#i& a&d 'a&o(#ero'.

5Ur=a R KU#a
5i%P6a R Madhura
,arma R $i##aharaQ ,a%haharaQ 5WX=aQ Ca6XuX=aQ MZ#ra'aQ 4rPhUQ 5raTaro%aTa
IM$ORTANT "ORMF)ATIONS I Su6umPra 4hW#a
THERA$EFTIC FSES I DPhaQ Ra6#a0i6PraQ 5P#ara6#aQ 5i(ar%aQ Ra6#a%i##aQ ;a(#i[o#haQ
MZ#ra6WcchraQ A[marUQ Ko%haQ Ku6radaurba'=aQ 5raTa

21
::. $udi&a (Aeria'%ar#)
$FD<N- (Aeria' $ar#)
$udU&Pc co&(i(#( o. #he aeria' %ar# o. Me&#ha 0iridi( )i&&. S=&. M. (%ica#a 0ar. 0iridi(
)i&&. ("am. )amiaceae) a %ere&&ia'Q cree%i&/ aroma#ic herb o. *9 #o C9 cm hi/hQ Dide'=
cu'#i0a#ed #hrou/hou# #he %'ai&( o. I&dia .or cu'i&ar= a&d medici&a' %ur%o(e(.
SENONEMS
Sa&(6ri# R $Z#ihPQ Roca&UQ $odU&a6ah
A((ame(e R II
;e&/a'i R $udi&aa
E&/'i(h R S%earIMi&#Q 4arde& Mi&#
4u>ra#i R $hudi&o
Hi&di R $udee&aa
,a&&ada R II
,a(hmiri R II
Ma'a=a'am R II
Mara#hi R $udi&aa
Ori=a R II
$u&>abi R $arari %udi&a
Tami' R $udee&aa
Te'u/u R $udee&aa
Frdu R II
DESCRI$TION
a) Macro(co%ic
Dru/ co&(i(#( o. (ma'' cho%%ed #Di/(S 'ea0e( o%%o(i#eQ decu((a#eQ (hor#'= %e#io'a#eQ
%e#io'e( Imm 'o&/S ma#ure 'ea0e( .2 #o *.2 cm 'o&/ a&d 1.2 #o .9 cm broadQ 0er=
mi&u#e'= hair=Q o0a#eQ a%ex acu#eQ coar(e'= de&#a#eQ com%ara#i0e'= (moo#her a&d dar6er
21
u%%er (ur.aceS (#em (HuareQ mi&u#e'= hair=Q 'i/h# broD& #o broD&S .'oDer( i& 'oo(e
c='i&drica'Q ('e&der (%i6e(S aD' 'i6eQ #hroa# o. ca'=x &a6edQ coro''a (moo#hS (eed( (ma''Q
muci'a/i&ou(S aroma#ic odour a&d ('i/h#'= %u&/e&# #a(#e.

b) Micro(co%ic
S#em I T.S. (hoD( Huadra&/u'ar ou#'i&e Di#h cor&er rid/e( a&d #hi& cu#ic'eS
e%iderma' ce''( #abu'arQ mu'#ice''u'ar u&i(era#e #richome( %re(e&#Q cor#ex 7 #o C ce''( dee%
be'oD rid/e(Q Dhi'e #o * ce''( dee% e'(eDhereQ 0ariab'e i& (izeS e&dodermi( (i&/'e 'a=erS
%eric=c'e bro6e&Q co&(i(#i&/ o. (c'ere&ch=ma#ou( ce''(S %h'oem #o 3 ce''( dee% a&d made
u% o. irre/u'ar (ha%ed ce''(S x='em 0e((e'( : #o 3: i& diaS %i#h %re(e&#.
)ea. I
MidribR T.S. (hoD( %ro#ruded mid rib #oDard( #he 'oDer (ur.aceS com%ac# %are&ch=ma#ou(
ce''( e&c'o(e a cre(ce&#I(ha%ed 0a(cu'ar bu&d'eS co''e&ch=ma#ou( ce''( are ab(e&#.
)ami&aR Dor(i0e&#ra'Q e%iderma' ce'' Da''( o. bo#h #he (ur.ace( i& #he (ur.ace 0ieD are
Da0=Q (#oma#a diac=#icS co0eri&/ #richome( %re(e&# o& #he 'oDer (ur.aceQ u&i(eria#eQ 1 #o 3
ce''( 'o&/Q 3 #o *29 i& (ize Di#h %oi&#ed a%exS /'a&du'ar #richome( :3 #o 79 i& diam.
Di#h a (i&/'e ba(a' ce'' a&d a head o. 7 ce''(Q .ou&d i& de%re((io& o. #he e%idermi(S a (i&/'e
roD o. %a'i(ade ce''( #oDard( #he u%%er (ide .o''oDed b= (%o&/= %are&ch=ma * #o 3 ce''(
dee%S %a'i(ade ra#io : #o 7S 0ei& i('e# &umber 17 #o 9S (#oma#a' i&dex .or u%%er e%idermi(
19 #o 9Q 'oDer e%idermi( 12 #o *9.
$oDder I ;'ac6i(hIbroD&Q .ibrou(Q .ree .'oDi&/Q charac#erized b= #he %re(e&ce o. u&i(eria#e
&o&I/'a&du'ar hair( (11 #o *29 )Q /'a&du'ar #richome( :3 #o 79 i& diamQ diac=#ic
(#oma#aQ e%iderma' ce'' Da''( Da0=.


21
E((e&#ia' oi' No# 'e(( #ha& 9. %er ce&#Q A%%e&dix ..19

ASSAE

T.).C.
T.).C. o. e((e&#ia' oi' o& (i'ica /e' ^4^ %'a#e u(i&/ hexa&e R e#h=' ace#a#e (C9R19)
(hoD( ei/h# (%o#( a# R. 9.7Q 9.**Q 9.*7Q 9.3CQ 9.22Q 9.::Q 9.79 a&d 9.77 o& (%ra=i&/ Di#h
o
C.

CONSTITFENTS I E((e&#ia' oi' (9. #o 9.7 %erce&#) co&#ai&i&/ #er%e&e (uch a( car0o&e
(:9\) a&d 'imo&e&e (19\) a( ma>or co&(#i#ue&#(.

Ra(a R ,aVu
5Ur=a R FXTa
5i%P6a R ,aVu
,arma R 5P#aharaQ ,a%haharaQ DU%a&aQ MZ#ra'aQ Roca&aQ ;a'=a
IM$ORTANT "ORMF)ATIONS I $udU&Pr6a
THERA$EFTIC FSES I dhmP&aQ KZ'aQ ChardiQ ,WmiQ @0araQ @UrTa @0araQ MZ#ra6WcchraQ
,aXVPr#a0aQ $ra(Z#U>0araQ AruciQ ,P(aQ Hi66PQ K0P(aQ MadaQ A/&imP&d=aQ 5i(Zci6PQ A#U(PraQ
4rahaTUQ A>UrTaQ 5a6#ra>PY=a
DOSE I 2I19 m' %a#ra (0ara(a.
9I39 m' %hPTVa.
1I* dro%( #ai'a.
22
:?. $u''a&i ().)
$F))N< ()ea.)
$u''P&U co&(i(#( o. 'ea. o. Ca'=co%#eri( .'oribu&da )am. ("am. Combre#aceae)Q a
(ca&de&# (hrubQ di(#ribu#ed i& #he deciduou( .ore(#( o. De(#er& $e&i&(u'a.
SENONEMS
Sa&(6ri# R $u''P&UQ To=a0a''UQ ,Pra0e''i
A((ame(e R II
;e&/a'i R II
E&/'i(h R II
4u>ra#i R II
Hi&di R ,o66arai
,a&&ada R Mar(adaba/u'iQ E&>ari/e ,ub(a
,a(hmiri R II
Ma'a=a'am R $u''aa&iQ 5ara0a''i
Mara#hi R F6(hiQ ;o/u''
Ori=a R II
$u&>abi R II
Tami' R Mi&&aaru6o#iQ $i''a&iQ Theru'a&6od'
Te'u/u R ;a&dimurududu
Frdu R II
DESCRI$TION
a) Macro(co%ic
The 'ea0e( are ? #o 1 cm b= 3 #o : cm o0a#eI'a&ceo'a#e or e''i%#icIob'o&/Q acu#e or
acumi&a#eQ %e#io'e 9.2 cm #o 1.9 cm 'o&/S u%%er (ur.ace du'' /ree&Q 'oDer %a'e broD& Di#h
%romi&e&# 0ei&(Q bo#h (ur.ace( hair=S #a(#eQ a(#ri&/e&# a&d odour charac#eri(#ic.

22
b) Micro(co%ic
)ea. I
$e#io'e I The #ra&(0er(e (ec#io& exhibi#( a (i&/'e 'a=ered e%idermi( Di#h &umerou(
u&ice''u'ar co0eri&/ a( De'' a( (hor# (#a'6ed or (e((i'e /'a&du'ar #richome( Di#h 1 #o 1:
ce''ed headS Dide cor#ex co&(i(#i&/ o. #hi& Da''ed %are&ch=ma#ou( ce''(S a cre(ce&# (ha%ed
0a(cu'ar bu&d'e co&(i(#i&/ o. u(ua' e'eme&#(Q (urrou&ded dor(a''= a( De'' a( 'a#era''= b= a
(hea#h o. .ibre( i( %re(e&# i& #he ce&#re o. %e#io'eS ro(e##e( o. ca'cium oxa'a#e cr=(#a'( are
(ee& i& (ome o. #he cor#ica' ce''(.
Midrib I The #ra&(0er(e (ec#io& (hoD( (i&/'e 'a=ered e%idermi( co0ered ex#er&a''= Di#h
cu#ic'eS 'o&/Q u&ice''u'ar co0eri&/ a( De'' a( (hor# (#a'6ed or (e((i'e /'a&du'ar hair( Di#h 1
#o 1: head( %re(e&# o& bo#h #he (ur.ace(S cor#ex co&(i(#i&/ o. #hi& Da''ed %are&ch=ma ce''(S
a cre(ce&# (ha%ed 0a(cu'ar bu&d'e co&(i(#i&/ o. u(ua' e'eme&#( (urrou&ded b= a co&#i&uou(
ri&/ o. .ibre( %re(e&# i& #he ce&#er o. #he cor#exQ ro(e##e( o. ca'cium oxa'a#e cr=(#a'( .ou&d
i& (ome o. #he cor#ica' %are&ch=ma ce''(.
)ami&a I The e%iderma' ce''( ha0e Da0= ou#'i&e i& (ur.ace 0ieDS a&amoc=#ic (#oma#a
%re(e&# o& 'oDer (ur.ace o&'=S u&ice''u'arQ 'o&/ co0eri&/ #richome( a( De'' a( /'a&du'ar hair
(imi'ar #o #ho(e de(cribed u&der %e#io'eQ %re(e&# o& bo#h (ur.ace( bu# more %ro&ou&ced o&
'oDer (ide.
The #ra&(0er(e (ec#io& (hoD( dor(i0e&#ra' (#ruc#ure Di#h #Do 'a=er( o. %a'i(ade ce''(
be'oD #he u%%er e%idermi(S me(o%h='' re%re(e&#ed b= ce''( o. (%o&/= %are&ch=ma a&d (ma''
0a(cu'ar bu&d'e( a&d 0a(cu'ar (#ra&d(S ro(e##e( o. ca'cium oxa'a#e cr=(#a'( (ee& i& (ome o.
#he ce''( o. (%o&/= %are&ch=maS (#oma#a' i&dex * #o CS %a'i(ade ra#io 3 #o ? a&d 0ei& i('e#
&umber 2 or :.
$oDder I $a'e /ree&S (hoD( .ra/me&#( o. u%%er e%iderma' ce''( Di#h co0eri&/ a( De'' a(
/'a&du'ar #richome(S 'oDer e%iderma' ce''( Di#h (#oma#aQ co0eri&/ a&d /'a&du'ar #richome(Q
.ra/me&#( o. .ibre(Q re#icu'a#e a&d (ca'ari.orm 0a(cu'ar e'eme&#(S (ca##ered co0eri&/ a&d
/'a&du'ar #richome( a&d %are&ch=ma ce''( Di#h ro(e##e( o. ca'cium oxa'a#e.
22


ASSAE

T.).C.
T.).C. o. a'coho'ic ex#rac# o& %recoa#ed Si'ica /e' ^4^ %'a#e (Merc6)Q u(i&/ E#h='
ace#a#eR Me#ha&o'R 1a#er (7R11R7) (hoD( i& 0i(ib'e 'i/h# (ix (%o#( a# R.. 9.1* ('i/h# broD&)Q
9.3C (=e''oD)Q 9.:1 (%a'e =e''oD)Q 9.?1 ('i/h# =e''oD)Q 9.C (dar6 =e''oD) a&d 9.C: ('i/h#
ora&/e)S u&der F.5. (23 &m) .our (%o#( a%%ear a# R.. 9.:1Q 9.?1 (bo#h Dhi#e)Q 9.C (=e''oD)
a&d 9.C: (ora&/e)S o& ex%o(ure #o Iodi&e 0a%our( .i0e (%o#( a%%ear a# R.. 9.33Q 9.:1Q 9.?1
(a'' =e''oD)Q 9.C (broD&) a&d 9.C: (dar6 =e''oD)S o& (%ra=i&/ Di#h 0a&i''i& (u'%huric acid
a&d hea#i&/ #he %'a#e a# 119
o
C .or 19 mi&u#e(Q (ix (%o#( a%%ear a# R..9.1*Q 9.33 (bo#h .ai&#
broD&)Q 9.:1 (0io'e#)Q 9.?1 (.ai&# broD&)Q 9.C (b'ac6) a&d 9.C: (dar6 /ree&).

CONSTITFENTS I Oc#ace(a&o'Q (i#o(#ero'Q ca'=co%#eri&Q *^9IMe#h='ca'=co%#eri&Q 3I9
me#h='ca'=co%#eri&Q e''a/ic acid Huerce#i& a&d %roa&#hoc=a&idi&.

Ra(a R Ti6#a
4uTa R )a/huQ RZ6Xa
5Ur=a R FXTa
5i%P6a R ,aVu
,arma R $i##aharaQ ,a%haharaQ ;hedi&iQ 5iba&dhahara
22
THERA$EFTIC FSES I ,WmiQ $PTYuQ ,uXVhaQ @0ara
DOSE I *I: /

22
:7. $u''a&i (R#)
$F))N< (Roo#)
$u''P&U co&(i(#( o. roo# o. Ca'=co%#eri( .'oribu&da )am ("am. Combre#aceae)Q a
(ca&de&# (hrubQ di(#ribu#ed i& #he deciduou( .ore(#( o. De(#er& %e&i&(u'a.
SENONEMS
Sa&(6ri# R ,Pra0e''iQ $u''P&UQ To=a0a''U
A((ame(e R II
;e&/a'i R II
E&/'i(h R II
4u>ra#i R II
Hi&di R ,o66arai
,a&&ada R E&>ari/e ,ub(aQ Mar(adaba/u'i
,a(hmiri R II
Mara#hi R ;o/u''Q F6(hi
Ori=a R II
$u&>abi R II
Frdu R II
DESCRI$TION
a) Macro(co%ic
The roo#( are u%#o * cm. i& diame#er occa(io&a''= Di#h a##ached roo#'e#(Q (ur.ace Di#h
.i&e 'o&/i#udi&a' Dri&6'e(Q bu.. broD& #o /re=i(hIbroD&Q bar6 0er= #hi&S .rac#ureQ #ou/h a&d
.ibrou(S #a(#e a&d odour i&di(#i&c#.

22
b) Micro(co%ic
T.S. (hoD( &arroD cor6 co&(i(#i&/ o. #a&/e&#ia''= e'o&/a#ed ce''(Q %he''oderm i( a
&arroD zo&e re%re(e&#ed b= #hi& Da''ed a&d #a&/e&#ia''= e'o&/a#ed %are&ch=ma ce''(S
%h'oem i( com%o(ed o. (o.# #i((ue(S x='em i( a (o'id c='i&der co&(i(#i&/ o. 0e((e'( a&d
#racheid( (hoDi&/ bordered %i#( a&d re#icu'a#e #hic6e&i&/Q (im%'e %i##ed %are&ch=ma ce''(
a&d .ibre(S %a#che( o. i&#erx='ar= %h'oem o. (o.# #i((ue( are (ee& i& x='em re/io&Q #he
medu''ar= ra=( are u&i(eria#eS ro(e##e( o. ca'cium oxa'a#e cr=(#a'( are %re(e&# i& (ome o. #he
%are&ch=ma ce''( o. %h'oem a&d i&#erx='ar= %h'oem.
$oDder I $oDder (hoD( .ra/me&#( o. cor6 ce''(Q %are&ch=ma ce''( co&#ai&i&/ ro(e##e( o.
ca'cium oxa'a#e cr=(#a'(Q (ca##ered ro(e##e( o. ca'cium oxa'a#e cr=(#a'( a&d .ra/me&#( o.
0e((e'( a&d #racheid( (hoDi&/ bordered %i#( a&d re#icu'a#e #hic6e&i&/.

To#a' A(h No# more #ha& .2 %er ce&#Q A%%e&dix ..*.

T.).C.
T.).C. o. a'coho'ic ex#rac# o& Si'ica /e' ^4^ %recoa#ed %'a#e( (Merc6)Q u(i&/ E#h='
ace#a#eRMe#ha&o'S1a#er (7R11R7) (hoD( u&der F5 (23&m) #Do (%o#( a# R..9.*C a&d
9.?1(bo#h .ai&# b'ue)S o& (%ra=i&/ Di#h 2\ e#ha&o'ic (u'%huric acid a&d hea#i&/ #he %'a#e a#
119
o
C .or *9 mi&u#e(Q #hree (%o#( a%%ear a# R.. 9.*CQ 9.?1 (bo#h .ai&# broD&) a&d 9.77
(0io'e#).

CONSTITFENTS I Oc#ace(a&o'Q (i#o(#ero'Q ca'=co%#eri&Q *^9Ime#h='ca'=co%#eri&Q 3I9
me#h='ca'=co%#eri&Q e''a/ic acidQ /o((o=%o' a&d Huerce#i&.
22

Ra(a R Ti6#a
4uTa R )a/huQ RZ6Xa
5Ur=a R FXTa
5i%P6a R ,aVu
DOSE I *I: /

22
:C. $u''a&i (S#)
$F))N< (S#em)
$u''P&U co&(i(#( o. (#em o. Ca'=co%#eri( .'oribu&da )am. ("am. Combre#aceae)Q a
(ca&de&# (hrubQ di(#ribu#ed i& #he deciduou( .ore(#( o. De(#er& %e&i&(u'a.
SENONEMS
Sa&(6ri# R ,Pra0e''iQ $u''P&UQ To=a0a''U
A((ame(e R II
;e&/a'i R II
E&/'i(h R II
4u>ra#i R II
Hi&di R ,o66arai
,a&&ada R E&>ari/e ,ub(aQ Mar(adaba/u'i
,a(hmiri R II
Mara#hi R ;o/u''Q F6(hi
Ori=a R II
$u&>abi R II
Frdu R II
DESCRI$TION
a) Macro(co%ic
$iece( o. (#em c='i&drica'Q abou# 7 #o 19 mm #hic6Q (ur.ace 'i/h# broD&Q (moo#hS bar6
#hi&Q ea(i'= (e%arab'eS .rac#ure hard a&d .ibrou(S #a(#e a&d odour i&di(#i&c#.

22
b) Micro(co%ic
T.S. o. (#em (hoD( &arroD cor6 co&(i(#i&/ o. rec#a&/u'ar a&d #a&/e&#ia''= e'o&/a#ed
ce''(Q %he''oderm exhibi#( 2 #o 7 'a=er( o. #hi& Da''ed %are&ch=ma#ou( ce''(S %h'oem i(
com%o(ed o. (o.# #i((ue( bei&/ #ra0er(ed b= u&i(eria#e medu''ar= ra=(S x='em i( a Dide zo&e
co&(i(#i&/ o. (ca'ari.orm a&d re#icu'a#e 0e((e'( Di#h #ra&(0er(e or 'a#era' Da'' %er.ora#io&(
a&d #racheid(Q (im%'e %i##ed .ibre( a&d %are&ch=ma ce''(S medu''ar= ra=( are u&i(eria#eS
%a#che( o. i&#erx='ar= %h'oem made u% o. (o.# #i((ue( are (ee& i& #hi( re/io&S i&#rax='ar=
%h'oem i( %re(e&# a# #he %eri%her= o. %i#hS #he %i#h co&(i(#( o. #hi& Da''ed %are&ch=ma ce''(
Di#h i(o'a#ed (#o&e ce''(S ro(e##e( o. ca'cium oxa'a#e cr=(#a'( (ca##ered i& %h'oem a&d
i&#erx='ar= %h'oem.
$oDder I )i/h# broD&S (hoD( .ra/me&#( o. 0a(cu'ar e'eme&#(Q (ca'ari.orm a&d re#icu'a#e
0e((e'( a&d #racheid(Q (#o&e ce''(Q %i##ed .ibre( a&d %are&ch=maQ #hi& Da''ed %are&ch=ma
ce''(Q %are&ch=ma ce''( Di#h ro(e##e( o. ca'cium oxa'a#e cr=(#a'( a&d i(o'a#ed ro(e##e( o.
ca'cium oxa'a#e cr=(#a'(.

1a#erI(o'ub'e ex#rac#i0e No# 'e(( #ha& .2 %er ce&#Q A%%e&dix ..?.

T.).C.
T.).C. o. a'coho'ic ex#rac# o& Si'ica /e' ^4^ %recoa#ed %'a#e( (Merc6)Q u(i&/ E#h='
ace#a#eRMe#ha&o'R1a#er (7R11R7) (hoD( i& 0i(ib'e 'i/h# #Do (%o#( a# R.. 9.7C ('i/h# =e''oD)
a&d 9.C3 (dar6 =e''oD)S u&der F5 (23&m) .our (%o#( a%%ear a# R.. 9.*9Q 9.21Q 9.27 (a''
'i/h# b'ue) a&d 9.7C (=e''oD)S o& ex%o(ure #o Iodi&e 0a%our( .our (%o#( a%%ear a# R.. 9.*3Q
9.21Q 9.27 a&d 9.7C (a'' =e''oD)S o& (%ra=i&/ Di#h 2\ e#ha&o'ic (u'%huric acid a&d hea#i&/
#he %'a#e a# 119
o
C .or *9 mi&u#e(Q .i0e (%o#( a%%ear a# R.. 9.*3Q 9.21Q 9.27Q 9.7C (a'' .ai&#
broD&) a&d 9.C3 (b'ac6).

22
CONSTITFENTS I Oc#ace(a&o'Q (i#o(#ero'Q ca'=co%#eri&Q *^9IMe#h='ca'=co%#eri&Q 3I9
me#h='ca'=co%#eri&Q e''a/ic acid.

Ra(a R Ti6#a
4uTa R )a/huQ RZ6Xa
5Ur=a R FXTa
5i%P6a R ,aVu
DOSE I *I: /

23
?9. $u#i6ara&>a (S#.;6)
$!T<,ARAN@A (S#em ;ar6)
$Z#U6arae>a i( #he dried (#em bar6 o. Cae(a'%i&ia cri(#a )i&&. ("am. Cae(a'%i&iaceae)S
a %ric6'=Q (hrub= c'imber .ou&d #hrou/hou# I&dia u%#o a& a'#i#ude o. 199 m.
SENONEMS
Sa&(6ri# R Cirabi'0acQ $Z#U6acQ $ra6ir=ac
A((ame(e R II
;e&/a'i R II
E&/'i(h R I&dia& e'm
4u>ra#i R Chare'aQ ,a&a>ho
Hi&di R Chi'bi'Q ,a&>uQ ;a&chi''aaQ $aa%ari
,a&&ada R Ta%a(i/ida
,a(hmiri R II
Ma'a=a'am R A0i'Q Ne##a0i'
Mara#hi R ;aa0a'aa
Ori=a R II
$u&>abi R Chirbi'
Tami' R A0a'iQ Aa%a
Te'u/u R Ta%a(iQ Nema'i&ara
Frdu R II
DESCRI$TION
a) Macro(co%ic
;ar6 cur0edQ 9.7 #o 1.2 mm #hic6Q dar6 reddi(h or &ear'= b'ac6i(h i& co'our Di#h a
&umber o. (har% %ric6'e(S i&&er (ur.ace 'i/h# broD& #o dar6 broD& a&d (moo#hS .rac#ureQ
(hor#S odour'e((S ('i/h#'= a(#ri&/e&# i& #a(#e.
23

b) Micro(co%ic
S#em bar6I T.S. o. (#em bar6 co&(i(#( o. 'a=er( o. radia''= #iered cor6Q co0ered b=
de/e&era#ed dar6 'a=er( o. dead ce''( o. cor6Q .o''oDed b= 1: #o 'a=er( o. %he''odermS
%he''oderm ce''( are #hi& Da''edQ %are&ch=ma#ou(S (ome ce''( are .i''ed Di#h (#arch /rai&(
#ha# are (%herica'Q 0ariab'e i& (ize mea(uri&/ .rom 1.2 #o 2 mQ Di#h a ce&#ric hi'umS
ro(e##e( or %ri(ma#ic cr=(#a'( o. ca'cium oxa'a#e a'(o %re(e&#S (#o&e ce''( are %re(e&# i& #he
.orm o. a co&#i&uou( ri&/S (eco&dar= %h'oem co&(i(#( o. com%a&io& ce''(Q (ie0e ce''(S
%h'oem %are&ch=ma a&d #hic6 Da''ed %h'oem .ibre( i& /rou%(Q #ra0er(ed b= medu''ar= ra=(S
(im%'eQ rare'= com%ou&d (#arch /rai&( a&d c'u(#er( cr=(#a'( o. ca'cium oxa'a#e a'(o .ou&d i&
(eco&dar= %h'oem re/io&.
$oDderI )i/h# broD&Q ea(i'= .'oDab'eQ #a(#eI('i/h#'= a(#ri&/e&#Q odour'e((S (hoD( #he
%re(e&ce o. (im%'e #o com%ou&d (#arch /rai&( com%o(ed o. #o 3 com%o&e&#(S %ri(ma#ic
a&d ro(e##e( o. ca'cium oxa'a#e cr=(#a'(S cor6 i& (ur.ace 0ieDQ (c'ereid(Q %h'oem .ibre(Q
%are&ch=ma#ou( ce''( co&#ai&( %ri(ma#ic a&d c'u(#er( o. ca'cium oxa'a#e.


ASSAE

T.).C.
T.).C. o. a'coho'ic ex#rac# o. (#em bar6 %oDder o& Si'ica /e' ^4^ %'a#e u(i&/
To'ue&eR "ormic acidR 4'acia' ace#ic acid (7R 13.2R 3.2) u&der F5 'i/h# (*:2 &m) (hoD(
23
o&e .'uore(ce&# zo&e a# R.. 9.?9 (/ree&). O& ex%o(ure #o iodi&e 0a%ourQ (ix (%o#( a%%ear
a# R.. 9.9:Q 9.2Q 9.:7Q 9.?Q 9.7: a&d 9.C2 (a'' =e''oD).

CONSTITFENTS I "'a0o&oidQ Sa%o&i&( a&d A'6a'oid(.

Ra(a R Ti6#aQ ,aXP=aQ ,aVu
4uTa R )a/huQ RZ6Xa
5Ur=a R FXTa
5i%P6a R ,aVu
,arma R K'eXma(ad[ama&aQ Ko#haharaQ DU%a&aQ A&u'oma&aQ )e6ha&U=aQ ;heda&
U=aQ ,Wmi/h&aQ 5iXa/h&aQ A%arP%P#a&a
IM$ORTANT "ORMF)ATIONS I I&du6P&#a 4hW#aQ 5iXTu Tai'aQ $ramehamihira Tai'a
THERA$EFTIC FSES I ,uXVhaQ $ramehaQ Ar[aQ ,aTYZQ $a60aIKo%haQ 5raTaQ T0a/ro/aQ K'
U%adaQ 5P#a>a KZ'aQ FdaraQ 4u'maQ Ku'aQ Ma(Zri6PQ Am'a%i##aQ K0i#raQ KarUraIDur/a&dha
DOSE I 29I199 m' i& #he .orm o. decoc#io&.

23
?1. Re&u6a ("r)
ROAF,A (Seed)
ReTu6P co&(i(#( o. dried .rui# o. 5i#ex &e/u&do )i&&. ("am. 5erbe&aceae) a (ma'' #ree
Di#h #ri%'ica#e #o %e&#a.o'ia#e 'ea0e( a&d b'ui(h i&.'ore(ce&ceQ .ou&d #hrou/hou# I&dia.
h%ar h%ar
iNo#e R ^Re&u6a^ i( #he .rui# o. 5i#ex a/&u(Ica(#u( )i&&.Q a %'a&# o. .orei/& ori/i& accordi&/ #o
#he A"I. HoDe0erQ (i&ce #he= are &o# a0ai'ab'e i& #he mar6e#Q #he reco/&i(ed (ub(#i#u#e .rui#(
o. 5i#ex &e/u&do ha0e bee& #a6e& here a( Re&u6a. ^Nir/u&di^ i( #he dried 'ea. o. 5i#ex
&e/u&do
SENONEMS
Sa&(6ri# R RP>a%u#rUQ Na&di&UQ ,a%i'PQ D0i>PQ ;ha(ma/a&dhPQ $PTYu%a#rUQ HareTu6P
A((ame(e R II
;e&/a'i R Re&u6aQ ,au&#eeQ Re&u6a ;ee>
E&/'i(h R Cha(#eITreeQ Hem%ITree
4u>ra#i R Hare&uQ Re&u6a
Hi&di R Re&u6aaQ Re&u6aQ Sambhaa'oo6a ;ee>
,a&&ada R Re&u6a
,a(hmiri R II
Ma'a=a'am R II
Mara#hi R Re&u6a ;ee>
Ori=a R II
$u&>abi R II
Tami' R Ee##ee
Te'u/u R @ee0a6amu
Frdu R II
DESCRI$TION
23
a) Macro(co%ic
The .rui# i( a rou&ded dru%eQ 1 #o * mm i& diame#erQ 1]* rd #o *]3 #h o. i#( (ize
(urrou&ded b= a du'' /re= cu% 'i6eQ %er(i(#e&# ca'=x a'o&/Di#h %edice'S ca'=x cu% ma= (hoD
o&e or #Do 0er#ica' (%'i#(S .rui# co'our 'i/h# broD& #o b'ac6S 'ocu'e( #DoQ each co&#ai&i&/ #Do
(eed(S #ex#ure (moo#hQ #a(#e a&d odour &o# charac#eri(#ic.

b) Micro(co%ic
"rui# (hoD( a circu'ar ou#'i&eS #he ou#ermo(# 'a=er co&(i(#( o. com%ac#Q rou&ded or
barre' (ha%ed e%iderma'( ce''(S e%idermi( bear( abu&da&#Q charac#eri(#ic bice''edQ be&# or
Da0= #richome(S di(#a' ce'' o. #he #richome( /e&era''= bro6e&S #he (ube%iderma' /rou&d
#i((ue com%ri(i&/ #he me(ocar%Q com%o(ed o. #hi& Da''edQ a&/u'ar ce''( Dhich o0erarch
be#Dee& #he #Do 'ocu'i o. #he .rui# a# #he di(#a' e&dS me(ocar% a'(o co&#ai&( a ri&/ o.
0a(cu'ar (#ra&d(S #hic6 Da''ed 'i/&i.ied ce''( i&&er #o me(ocar% com%ri(e #he e&docar%S each
'ocu'u( co&#ai&( ' or .'a##e&ed (eed(S ca'=x co&(i(#( o. a& ou#er e%iderma' 'a=er o. (ma''
ce''( .o''oDed b= a ce&#ra' #i((ue o. #hi& Da''ed a&/u'ar ce''(.
$oDder IThe %oDder (hoD( (#o&e ce''(Q bice''u'ar #richome( a&d /rou%( o. 0e((e'( Di#h
(ca'ari.orm #hic6e&i&/( be(ide #i((ue .ra/me&#( com%ri(i&/ bo#h #hi& a&d #hic6 Da''ed
ce''(.


ASSAE
T.).C.
ch'oro.orm R me#ha&o' (7I)Q (hoD( u&der F.5. (*::&m) (%o#( a# R.. 9.*: (;'ue)Q 9.2
(Ee''oDi(h /ree&)Q 9.2? (;'ui(h /ree&)Q 9.:* (;'ui(h /ree&)Q 9.?1 (;'ue)Q 9.73 (;'ue)Q 9.C*
(;'ui(h /ree&)S o& (%ra=i&/ Di#h a&i(a'deh=deI (u'%huric acid rea/e&# a&d hea#i&/ #he %'a#e
23
.or #e& mi&u#e( a#119
o
C u&der F.5. (*::&m) (%o#( a%%ear a# R.. 9.93 (4re=i(h ;'ac6)Q 9.27
(;'ue)Q 9.?* (;'ue)Q 9.C9 (;'ue)Q 9.C? (Ee''oD).
T.).C. o. #he &IHexa&e ex#rac# o& %recoa#ed (i'ica /e' ^4^ %'a#e (9. mm #hic6) u(i&/
ch'oro.orm R e#h='ace#a#e (C2R2) (hoD( u&der F.5. (*::&m) (%o#( a# R. 9.1* (4ree&)Q 9.?
(4ree&)Q 9.*3 (4ree&)Q 9.33 (4ree&)Q 9.21 (4ree&)Q 9.:: (4ree&)Q 9.?? (4ree&)Q 9.73 (4ree&)Q
9.C9 (Dar6 4ree&)S o& (%ra=i&/ Di#h a&i(a'deh=deR (u'%huric acid rea/e&# a&d hea#i&/ #he
%'a#e .or #e& mi&u#e( a# 1195 C u&der F.5. (*::&m) (%o#( a%%ear a# R. 9.1* (Ee''oD)Q 9.?
(Ee''oD)Q 9.*3 (ora&/e =e''oD)Q 9.33 ()i/h# =e''oD)Q 9.21 (4ree&i(h Ee''oD)Q 9.:2 ($a'e
=e''oD)Q 9.?? (%a'e =e''oD)Q 9.73 (Ee''oD)Q 9.C9 (Ee''oD).

CONSTITFENTS I Seed( co&#ai& h=drocarbo&( (uch a( &I#ri#riaco&#a&eQ &Ihe&#riaco&#a&eQ
&I%e&#a#riaco&#a&e a&d &o&aco(a&e. O#her co&(#i#ue&#( o. #he (eed( i&c'ude I (i#o(#ero'Q %I
h=drox=be&zoic acid a&d 2 ox=i(o%h#ha'ic acid.

Ra(a R ,aVuQ Ti6#a
4uTa R )a/hu
5Ur=a R KU#a
5i%P6a R ,aVu
,arma R $i##a6araQ 5P#aharaQ ,a%haharaQ DU%a&aQ Medh=aQ $Pca&aQ 4arbha%P#i&UQ
Mu6ha0aima'=a6araQ 5iXa/h&a
IM$ORTANT "ORMF)ATIONS I Ca&da&Pdi Tai'aQ $ramehamihira Tai'aQ Da[amZ'PriXVaQ
SPra(0a#PriXVaQ MahP=o/arP>a 4u//u'uQ ATu#ai'aQ ;a'P[0a/a&dha'P6XPdi Tai'aQ 5P(Pca&da&Pdi
Tai'a
THERA$EFTIC FSES I TWXTPQ ,aTYZQ DPhaQ ,P(aQ Ne#raro/aQ Daurba'=aQ DadruQ ,'aib=aQ
4u'ma
DOSE I 1I* /

23
?. Riddhi (Tuber)
LDDHI (Tuber)
Lddhi co&(i(#( o. dried #uber o. Habe&aria i&#ermedia D.Do& ("am. Orchidaceae)S a
/'abrou(Q (ma''Q erec#Q herbaceou( %'a&# .ou&d i& #em%era#e Hima'a=a(Q u%#o 999 m
commercia' (am%'e( are u(ua''= %roce((ed i& (#eam or boi'i&/ Da#er a&d dried be.ore
mar6e#i&/.
SENONEMS
Sa&(6ri# R A[0P(i&U
A((ame(e R II
;e&/a'i R II
E&/'i(h R II
4u>ra#i R II
Hi&di R II
,a&&ada R II
,a(hmiri R II
Ma'a=a'am R II
Mara#hi R II
Ori=a R II
$u&>abi R II
Tami' R II
Te'u/u R @ee0a6amu
Frdu R II
DESCRI$TION
a) Macro(co%ic
F&%roce((ed #uber( are 1.2 #o *.2 cm 'o&/ a&d 1.9 #o .2 cm #hic6Q o0a'Q obo0a#e or
ob'o&/ i& (ha%eS bu.. #o =e''oDi(h broD&Q Di#h (hru&6e& (ur.aceQ co0ered Di#h &umerou(
.i&e hair(S i&#er&a''= Dhi#e #o creami(h i& co'ourS (hoDi&/ (car( o. aeria' %or#io& a# #he a%ex
a&d bea6ed or (ome#ime rou&d ba(eS odour'e((S #a(#eQ %a'a#ab'e a&d muci'a/i&ou(.
23
$roce((ed #uber(S Di#h (car or a##ached (#em o& #o%S 1.2 #o *.9 cm i& 'e&/#h a&d 9.2 #o 1.2
cm i& Did#hQ co&ica'Q #a%eri&/ #o a bea6ed ba(eQ (ur.ace rou/hQ occa(io&a''= /roo0edQ
/ra=i(hIbroD&S 0er= hard #o brea6S .rac#ured (ur.ace (hoD cream= i&#eriorS #a(#e %a'a#ab'e
a&d muci'a/i&ou(S odour'e((.

b) Micro(co%ic
T.S. o. u&%roce((ed #uber (hoD( #o * 'a=ered e%idermi( Di#h 'o&/ u&ice''u'ar hair(Q
.o''oDed b= a di(#i&c# exodermi( a&d 12 #o 9 'a=er( o. cor#ica' %are&ch=maQ ce''( o. Dhich
i& %roximi#= o. exodermi( are (ma''er a( com%ared #o #he remai&i&/ ce''( o. cor#ex re/io&S a
.eD %are&ch=ma#ou( ce''( o. ou#er cor#ex co&#ai& bu&d'e( o. re%hide(. I# i( .o''oDed b= a
#=%ica' %o'=(#e'ic co&di#io& co&(i(#i&/ o. 13 #o 1: diarch (#e'e( arra&/ed i& a ri&/ a&d ? #o
19 (#e'e( di(#ribu#ed amo&/ #he %are&ch=ma i& #he ce&#ra' re/io&S (chizo/e&ou( muci'a/e
ca&a'( 'i&ed b= a& e%i#he'ium o. u(ua''= : #o C ce''( are .ou&d di(#ribu#ed #hrou/hou# #he
%are&ch=ma#ou( #i((ueS (ma'' a&d 'ar/e (#arch /rai&( mo(#'= o. (im%'e #=%e are .ou&d
di(#ribu#ed i& abu&da&ce #hrou/hou# #he %are&ch=ma a( De'' a( i& #he e%i#he'ia' ce''( o.
muci'a/e ca&a'(S #he (ma''er o&e( are mo(#'= .ou&d Di#h hi'um a( a %oi&# or c'e.# a&d 'ar/e
o&e are rou&d #o o0a' Di#h ce&#ra''= (i#ua#ed hi'um i& #he .orm o. a %oi&# or c'e.# or
#ria&/u'ar or #o * (#e''a#e c'e.#.
The %roce((ed #uber( (hoD &o a&a#omica' cha&/e( exce%# #he /e'a#i&ized (#arch
/rai&(.
$oDder I The %oDder (hoD( #he %re(e&ce o. a 'ar/e &umber o. (#arch /rai&(Q 'o&/ &eed'e
(ha%ed ra%hide( i& bu&d'e( or i(o'a#edS .ra/me&#( o. roo# hair(Q muci'a/e ca&a'(Q
%are&ch=ma#ou( ce''( a&d 0e((e'( Di#h (ca'ari.orm #hic6e&i&/.

23

T.).C.
T.).C. o. a'coho'ic ex#rac# o& Si'ica /e' ^4^ %recoa#ed %'a#e( (Merc6)Q u(i&/
To'ue&e R Me#ha&o' (73R1:) (hoD( i& 0i(ib'e 'i/h# .our (%o#( a# R.. 9.31Q 9.*2 (bo#h 'i/h#
=e''oDQ 9. a&d 9.1: (bo#h %i&6)S u&der F5 ra=( (23&m) #hree (%o#( a%%ear a# R.. 9.?C
(Dhi#e)Q 9.:? (dar6 b'ue) a&d 9.*C (=e''oD)Q o& ex%o(ure #o iodi&e 0a%our( .i0e (%o#( a%%ear
a# R..9.?CQ 9.31Q 9.*2Q 9. a&d 9.1: (a'' =e''oD)S o& (%ra=i&/ Di#h 2\ 0a&i''i& (u'%huric
acid a&d hea#i&/ #he %'a#e a# 1195C .or 19 mi&u#e(Q &i&e (%o#( a%%ear a# R.. 9.?CQ 9.:?Q
9.:1Q 9.31Q 9.*CQ 9.*2Q 9. a&d 9.1C ( a'' %i&6) a&d 9.1: (0io'e#).

CONSTITFENTS I

Ra(a R Madhura
4uTa R 4uruQ S&i/dhaQ $icchi'a
5Ur=a R KU#a
5i%P6a R Madhura
,arma R 5P#aharaQ $i##aharaQ Ra(P=a&aQ Ku6ra>a&a&aQ 5WX=aQ O>o0ardha6aQ
TridoXa[Pma6a
IM$ORTANT "ORMF)ATIONS I AmW#a%rP[a 4hW#aQ A[o6a 4hW#aQ ChP/a'Pd=a 4hW#aQ
Da[amZ'PriXVa
THERA$EFTIC FSES I ,Xa=aQ Ra6#a0i6PraQ @0araQ MZrcchP
DOSE I *I: /
23
?*. Rohi(ha (1h.$')
ROH<MA (1ho'e $'a&#)
RohUXa co&(i(#( o. dried 'ea.Q (#em a&d roo# o. C=mbo%o/o& mar#i&ii (Roxb.) 1a#(.
("am. $oaceae) a %ere&&ia'Q (Dee# (ce&#ed /ra((Q 1.2 #o *.2 m hi/hQ occur( Di'd i& dr=
'oca'i#ie( a&d cu'#i0a#ed i& ma&= %ar#( o. I&dia.
SENONEMS
Sa&(6ri# R II
A((ame(e R II
;e&/a'i R A/am 4haa(Q A/i=aa 4haa(
E&/'i(h R Ro(ha 4ra((Q Ru(a /ra((
4u>ra#i R Ro&d(oQ Ro&(do
Hi&di R Rohi(Q Roo(aaQ Roo(aa/haa(Q Mircha/a&dha
,a&&ada R Du&''uQ Harehu''u
,a(hmiri R II
Ma'a=a'am R Sambhaar%%u''u
Mara#hi R Rohi(h /a0a#
Ori=a R II
$u&>abi R A/=a /ha((
Tami' R ,aa0a##am%i''uQ Mu&6i%u'Q Choorai%%u'
Te'u/u R ,aama6chhi I ,a((u0u
Frdu R II
DESCRI$TION
a) Macro(co%ic
Roo# I Shor#Q (#ou# a&d Dood=S roo#( .ibrou(S ma&= cu'm( ari(e .rom roo# (#um%(.
Cu'm I Erec#Q #ere#eQ (moo#h (hi&=Q u%#o : mm i& dia.Q i&#er&ode( 2 #o 1: cm 'o&/Q (o'id.
24
)ea. I ;'ade( 'i&earI'a&ceo'a#e or 'a&ceo'a#e #a%eri&/ #o 'o&/ .i'i.orm acumi&a#e %oi&#Q
corda#e a&d am%'exicau' a# ba(eQ u%#o 29 cm 'o&/ a&d *.2 cm broadS u%%er 'ea0e( are
(ma''erQ 'ea. (ur.ace /'abrou(Q mar/i& (cabridS midrib %romi&e&# a&d %ro#ruded o& #he 'oDer
(ur.aceS 'ea. (hea#h (hor#er #ha& #he i&#er&ode(Q /'abrou(Q (#ria#eQ auricu'a#eQ #i/h# a&d
c'a(%i&/ #he cu'mQ 'i/u'e( membra&ou(Q #o * cm 'o&/.
I&.'ore(ce&ce I S%a#ha#e %a&ic'eQ com%ou&dQ u%#o *9 cm 'o&/S %rimar= axi( bear( or *
bra&che( a# each &odeQ #he(e e&d i& a (%a#heo'e Dhich bear( a %air o. raceme(Q (%a#heo'e 1.7
mm 'o&/ become reddi(h a# ma#uri#=S raceme( 1.2I.9 cm 'o&/ become (ub(e((i'e or (hor#'=
%edice''edQ 'oDer raceme ba(e a&d 'oDer mo(# %edice' (Do''e&S (e((i'e (%i6e'e# abou# *.2
mm 'o&/Q 'oDer /'ume 1 mm DideQ o0a#eQ Di#h dee% media& /roo0eQ broad'= Di&/edQ
&er0edS aD& 1 #o 17 mm 'o&/S %edice''a#e (%i6e'e# abou# 3 mm 'o&/Q /'abrou(S 'oDer /'ume
'a&ceo'a#eQ 7 &er0edQ .'oDer herma%hrodi#e or ma'eQ (#ame&(I*Q a&#her( 1 or mm 'o&/Q
(#='e Q (#i/ma %i'o(e.

b) Micro(co%ic
Roo# I T.S. (hoD( #hi& Da''ed e%ib'ema Di#h u&ice''u'ar roo# hair(S cor#ex com%o(ed
o. #hi& Da''edQ %are&ch=ma#ou( ce''(S 'ar/e air chamber( %re(e&# i& #he cor#exS e&dodermi(
(i&/'e 'a=ered a&d %eric=c'e #Do ce'' 'a=eredS ce&#ra' 0a(cu'ar (#ra&d ha( ou#er or * 'a=er(
o. (c'ere&ch=ma#ou( ce''( .o''oDed b= * #o 2 ce''( dee% zo&e( o. #hi& Da''ed %h'oem Di#h a
roD o. circu'ar ca0i#ie( o. 1 #o 2 diam.S 2 #o 19 ce'' 'a=er #hic6 zo&e e&c'o(e( x='em
0e((e'(S Dhich are *2 #o 29 i& diam.S %i#h ce''( #hic6 Da''ed a&d de0oid o. a&= ce''
co&#e&#(.
S#em I T.S. (hoD( #hic6 cu#ic'eS e%idermi( de0oid o. a&= a%%e&da/e(S h=%odermi( : #o 19
ce''( dee% a&d com%o(ed o. (c'ere&ch=ma#ou( ce''(S 0a(cu'ar bu&d'e( (ca##ered #hrou/hou#
#he /rou&d #i((ue Di#h a roD o. (ma''er 0a(cu'ar bu&d'e( i& #he h=%odermi(S ce''( o. /rou&d
#i((ue #hi& Da''edQ %are&ch=ma#ou(S 0a(cu'ar bu&d'e( %re(e&# i& #he /rou&d #i((ue e&c'o(ed
b= or * 'a=er( o. (c'ere&ch=ma#ou( ce''(.
)ea. I T.S. (hoD( i(obi'a#era' (#ruc#ureQ Di#h a (%o&/= me(o%h='' be#Dee&S ou#'i&e (hoDi&/
a ('i/h#'= co&ca0e u%%er (ur.ace a&d a co&0ex 'oDer (ur.aceS midrib %ro#ruded #oDard(
'oDer (ideS ce''( o. u%%er e%idermi( i&#erru%#ed b= #he %re(e&ce o. bu''i.orm or mo#or ce''(S
'oDer e%iderma' ce''( are more u&i.orm i& (ize a&d (ma''erS (#oma#a %re(e&# o& bo#h
(ur.ace(Q charac#eri(#ica''= %'aced i& a (#rai/h# 'i&e be#Dee& 0ei&(Q me(o%h='' co&(i(#( o.
ch'ore&ch=ma#ou( ce''( %'aced radia''= arou&d (ma''er 0a(cu'ar bu&d'e(S bu&d'e (hea#h
%re(e&# arou&d (ma''er 0a(cu'ar bu&d'e(Q o& ei#her (ide o. #he midrib 0a(cu'ar bu&d'eS /rou%
o. (c'ere&ch=ma#ou( .ibre( are .ou&d a&d ma= ex#e&d u%#o bu&d'e (hea#hS 0a(cu'ar bu&d'e
o. midrib u(ua''= ha( #Do co&(%icuou( me#ax='em 0e((e'(.
24
)oDer e%idermi( ca& be di(#i&/ui(hed .rom #he u%%er e%idermi( b= i#( ha0i&/ more
&umber o. (#oma#aQ (ma''er e%iderma' ce''( a&d %re(e&ce o. microhair( a&d %a%i''aeS (#oma#a
o. #he 'oDer e%idermi( I o0a'Q mo(#'= Di#h 'oD dome (ha%ed 'o&/ ce''( %re(e&# be#Dee& #he
0ei&(S 'o&/ ce''( o. 'oDer e%idermi( %o((e(( 1 or %a%i''aeQ Dhi'e %a%i''ae are ab(e&# o& #he
'o&/ ce''( o. u%%er e%idermi(S (hor# ce''( o0er #he 0ei&( i& roD( o. more #ha& 2 ce''( a&d
ma= be i& %air(S (i'ica bodie( abu&da&# o0er #he 0ei&( mo(#'= dumbbe'' (ha%edQ occa(io&a''=
cro((I(ha%edQ &arroD a&d cre&a#eS %ric6'e a&d micro hair( %re(e&#S micro hair( #Do ce''edQ
ob(er0ed o&'= o& 'oDer e%idermi(S #he ba(a' ce'' o. micro hair( i( Dide a( com%ared #o
di(#a' ce''S di(#a' ce'' #a%er( #o a& acu#e'= %oi&#ed a%ex.
$oDder I ;roD&Q .ibrou(Q .ree .'oDi&/Q (hoD( debri( .rom 'ea0e( (hoDi&/ charac#eri(#ic
/rami&aceou( (#oma#aQ (i'ica bodie(Q a&d micro hair(S a'(o co&#ai&( %i##ed %are&ch=ma a&d
.iber.

AcidIi&(o'ub'e a(h No# more #ha& ? %er ce&#Q A%%e&dix ..3.
E((e&#ia' oi' No# 'e(( #ha& 9. %er ce&#Q A%%e&dix ..19

T.).C.
T.).C. o. e((e&#ia' oi' o& (i'ica /e' ^4^ %'a#e u(i&/ hexa&e R e#h=' ace#a#e (C9R19)
(hoD( (e0e& (%o#( a# R. 9.2Q 9.*7Q 9.3?Q 9.2?Q 9.:3Q 9.?1 a&d 9.?7 o& (%ra=i&/ Di#h
o
C.

24
CONSTITFENTS I E((e&#ia' oi' (9.2 %erce&#) co&#ai&i&/ #er%e&e( (uch a( /era&io'Q /era&='
ace#a#eQ ci#ro&e''o'Q 'i&a'oo'Q /era&=' bu#=ra#eQ m=rce&eQI a&d I%i&e&e.

Ra(a R ,aVuQ Ti6#a
5Ur=a R FXTa
5i%P6a R ,aVu
,arma R $i##aharaQ ,a%ha0P#a[Pma6aQ ;P'a/rahaharaQ $ud(#0a/h&a
IM$ORTANT "ORMF)ATIONS I ;a'P Tai'aQ MPXaba'Pdi ,0P#ha CZrTa
THERA$EFTIC FSES I ,P(aQ HWdro/aQ KZ'aQ Ra6#a%i##aQ A%a(mPraQ $U&a(aQ ,a%ha>0araQ
,aTVha Ro/aQ @0araQ AruciQ ,uXVhaQ ,aVi[Z'aQ $ramehaQ 5WXci6aI5iXa
DOSE I 19I9 /

24
?3. Rumima(#a/i (Re(i&)
R!M<MASTA4< (Re(i&)
RZmUma(#a/U i( a re(i& ob#ai&ed .rom $i(#acia 'e&#i(cu( )i&&. ("am. A&acardiaceae)Q
a (hrub or (ma'' #ree i&di/e&ou( #o #he cou&#rie( borderi&/ o& #he Medi#erra&ea&.
SENONEMS
Sa&(6ri# R II
A((ame(e R II
;e&/a'i R RumiIMa(#u&/i
E&/'i(h R Ma(#ic
4u>ra#i R Rumi Ma(#a/ee
Hi&di R Rumi Ma(#a/eeQ Rumi Ma(#i6iQ Ma(#a/ee
,a&&ada R III
,a(hmiri R II
Ma'a=a'am R II
Mara#hi R Rumaa Ma(#a6ee
Ori=a R II
$u&>abi R II
Tami' R II
Te'u/u R @ee0a6amu
Frdu R Rumee Ma(#a/ee
DESCRI$TION
a) Macro(co%ic
The re(i& occur( i& (ma''Q hardQ %ear (ha%edQ o0oid or &ear'= /'obu'arQ (ome#ime(
e'o&/a#ed #ear(Q abou# #o 7 mm i& diame#erS %a'e =e''oD i& co'ourS bri##'eQ brea6i&/ i&#o
c'ear /'o((= .rac#ureQ i&#erior #ra&(%are&#Q cru(hi&/ #o a (a&d= %oDderQ #a(#eQ ('i/h#'=
a/reeab'eS odourQ aroma#ic.
24

b) Micro(co%ic


To#a' A(h No# more #ha& .: %er ce&#Q A%%e&dix ..*.
AcidIi&(o'ub'e a(h No# more #ha& 9.*3 %er ce&#Q A%%e&dix ..3.
A'coho'I(o'ub'e ex#rac#i0e No# 'e(( #ha& C3 %er ce&#Q A%%e&dix ..:.

ASSAE
The dru/ o& (#eam di(#i''a#io& =ie'd( co'our'e(( oi' (1.2I.9\ 0]D)Q Dhich i( hea0ier #ha&
Da#er. (Me#hod i& A%%e&dix ..19.).

T.).C.
T.).C. o. a'coho'ic ex#rac# o& Si'ica /e' ^4^ %recoa#ed %'a#e( (Merc6)Q u(i&/
To'ue&e R Me#ha&o' (C2R2)S u&der F5 (23&m) (hoD( o&e (%o# a# R.. 9.1? (b'ue
.'uore(ce&ce)R o& (%ra=i&/ Di#h 5a&i''i&I(u'%huric acid a&d hea#i&/ #he %'a#e a# 119
o
C .or
*9 mi&u#e(Q #De'0e (%o#( a%%ear a# R.. 9.1Q 9.1?Q 9.* (a'' 0io'e#)Q 9.39 (b'ue)Q 9.31
(%ur%'e)Q 9.33Q 9.3:Q 9.3CQ 9.2:Q 9.:CQ 9.79 a&d 9.7: (a'' b'ue).

CONSTITFENTS I Re(i&Q 0o'a#i'e oi'Q a bic=c'ic #er%e&oid a&d .a##= acid(.

Ra(a R Madhura
4uTa R )a/huQ RZ6Xa
5Ur=a R FXTa
24
5i%P6a R Madhura
,arma R ,a%haharaQ MZ#ra'aQ 5WX=aQ 5P>U6araTaQ Ra6#a Sad/rPhi6aQ DU%a&aQ
5arT=aQ Mu6hadur/a&dha&P[a6aQ Da[a&a (#hira#P6ara
IM$ORTANT "ORMF)ATIONS I E'PdiQ ,amedaQ Su6rama 5aVU
THERA$EFTIC FSES I MZ#ra6WcchraQ ,P(aQ K0P(aQ dhmP&aQ A/&imP&d=aQ 4rahaTUQ
Ra6#a(rP0aQ 5P#a%i##a>a 5i6PraQ Ko#ha
DOSE I 1I /

24
?2. Sara'a (Exuda#e )
SARA)A (Exuda#e)
Sara'a i( a& exuda#e ob#ai&ed b= #a%%i&/ #he Dood o. $i&u( roxbur/hii Sar/e&# (=&. $.
'o&/i.o'ia Roxb. ("am. $i&aceae)Q a mo&oeciou( co&i.er .ou&d i& &or#hIDe(#er& Hima'a=a( a#
a& a'#i#ude be#Dee& 3:9 a&d 1299 m.
SENONEMS
Sa&(6ri# R KrUcQ KrU0eXVa6aQ KrU0P(acQ KrU&i6e#acQ Kr=Ph0hacQ 5W6XadhZ%a6ac
A((ame(e R II
;e&/a'i R Sara'a /aachh
E&/'i(h R O'eoIre(i&e o. $i&e
4u>ra#i R Te'i=o de0daarQ $i'o bera>o
Hi&di R CheedI,aI4o&dQ 4a&dhabiro>aa
,a&&ada R Sara'Q Sri0e(h#a6a
,a(hmiri R II
Ma'a=a'am R Chara'amQ Sara'am
Mara#hi R Sara'a dee6a
Ori=a R SidhaaQ Sara'
$u&>abi R Cheed
Tami' R $i&aimaaru
Te'u/u R Sara'
Frdu R Cheed
DESCRI$TION
a) Macro(co%ic
;'ac6i(h broD& i& co'ourQ (emi (o'idQ mo(#'= a((ocia#ed Di#h debri( .rom &eed'e(Q
Dood chi%( a&d bar6 o. #he (ource #reeS odourQ #erebi&#he&e.
24

b) Micro(co%ic


To#a' A(h No# more #ha& 9.: %er ce&#Q A%%e&dix ..*.
A'coho'I(o'ub'e ex#rac#i0e No# 'e(( #ha& ?3 %er ce&#Q A%%e&dix ..:.
5o'a#i'e oi' No# 'e(( #ha& 17 %er ce&#Q A%%e&dix ..19

ASSAE
4.).C. I
4.).C. o. Tur%e&#i&e oi' o& #he 4a( Chroma#o/ra%h Mode' NFCON I 2?:2Q Co'um& f
S#a#io&ar= %ha(e R *9m .u(ed (i'ica ca%i''ar= co'um& Da''( coa#ed Di#h ""A$Q Carrier 4a( R
He'iumQ 1.2 m'. mi&
I1
Q Co'um& Tem%era#ure R C95

C .or mi&. #he& %ro/rammed a# #he ra#e
o. ?5

C mi&
I1
#o 95

CQ I&>ec#io& %or# Tem%era#ure R 95

CQ De#ec#or Tem%era#ure R 395
CQ

Recorder R m5Q (i/&a' a##e&ua#io& 1R199Q Char# (%eed R 1 cm.mi&
I1
Q Sam%'e (ize R 9.19
m' ("or 4C a&a'=(e(Q %ure (9.1m') i( i&>ec#ed Di#h a 1.9 m' (=ri&/e).
The ide&#i.ica#io& o. com%ou&d( i( do&e b= com%ari&/ #he re#e&#io& #ime o. %ea6( a&d b=
%ea6 e&richme&# #ech&iHue Di#h (#a&dard (am%'e( ru& u&der (imi'ar o%era#i&/ co&di#io&(
(uch a( 'II %i&e&e (R# j :.*1 mi&.)S 'II%i&e&e (R# j ?.17 mi&.)S carI*Ie&e (R# j ?.?:
mi&.)S 'o&/i.o'e&e (R# j 12.3: mi&.).

T.).C.
T.).C. o. ro(i& (Ma#eria' 'e.# a.#er (e%ara#io& o. e((e&#ia' oi') o& a %recoa#ed (i'ica
/e' 4 %'a#eQ u(i&/ me#ha&o' R hexa&e (2RC2). O&e (%o# a# R.. 9.79 o& (%ra=i&/ Di#h \
24
0a&i''i& i& (u'.uric acid (dar6 %i&6 #o %ur%'e .'oure(ce&#) a&d o& (%ra= Di#h 9.93 %er ce&#
bromocre(o' /ree& (o'u#io& (hoD( =e''oD (%o#.

CONSTITFENTS I 'II%i&e&eQ 'II%i&e&eQ carI*Ie&eQ 'o&/i.o'e&e a&d o#her mo&o f
(e(Hui#er%e&e(.

4uTa R )a/huQ TU6XTaQ S&i/dha
5Ur=a R FXTa
5i%P6a R ,aVu
,arma R 5P#aharaQ ,a%haharaQ DU%a&aQ Dur/a&dhaharaQ DuXVa0raTa[odha6aQ
5iXa/h&aQ 5arTa%ra(Pda&aQ Ra6Xo/h&a
IM$ORTANT "ORMF)ATIONS I AmW#a%rP[a CZrTaQ ,uXVhadi Tai'a
THERA$EFTIC FSES I @a#rZrdh0aro/aQ S0edaIDaur/a&dh=aQ 5P#a0=PdhiQ A/&imP&d=aQ
dhmP&aQ ,Wmiro/aQ MZrcchPQ ,uXVhaQ T0a/ro/aQ ,arTa[Z'aQ ,aTVharo/aQ Ko#haQ NPYU0raTaQ
,aTYZQ ,oVhaQ $iYa6PQ !ru(#ambhaQ EZ6Pro/aQ 4rahabPdhPQ Eo&idoXa
DOSE I 1I* /

24
?:. Sar%a/a&dha (R#)
SAR$A4ANDH (Roo#)
Sar%a/a&dhP co&(i(#( o. air dried roo# o. RauDo'.ia (er%e&#i&a ()i&&.) ;e&#h. ex ,urz
("am. A%oc=&aceae)S a %ere&&ia' u&der(hrub Dide'= di(#ribu#ed i& I&dia i& #he (ubIHima'a=a&
#rac#( u%#o 1Q999 m a( De'' a(Q i& #he 'oDer ra&/e( o. #he Ea(#er& a&d 1e(#er& 4ha#( a&d i& #he
A&dama&(.
SENONEMS
Sa&(6ri# R NP6u'iQ Ca&dri6PQ Cha&dramPrac
A((ame(e R II
;e&/a'i R Chaa&dar
E&/'i(h R Rau0o'.ia Roo#Q Ser%e&#i&a Roo#
4u>ra#i R Ame'%odee
Hi&di R Chho#aa Chaa&dQ Dha0a'baruaa
,a&&ada R Su#ra&aabhu
,a(hmiri R II
Ma'a=a'am R Ama'%ori
Mara#hi R Ad6aiQ Cha&dra
Ori=a R Dha&baruaQ Sa&ochado
$u&>abi R II
Tami' R Sar%%a/a&#i
Te'u/u R Sar%a/a&dhi
Frdu R II
DESCRI$TION
a) Macro(co%ic
25
$iece( o. roo#( mo(#'= abou# 7 #o 12 cm 'o&/ a&d 9.2 #o cm i& #hic6&e((Q (ubI
c='i&drica'Q cur0edQ (#ou#Q #hic6 a&d rare'= bra&chedS ou#er (ur.ace /re=i(hI=e''oD #o broD&
Di#h irre/u'ar 'o&/i#udi&a' .i((ure(S roo#'e#( 9.1mm i& diaS .rac#ureQ (hor#Q ('i/h# odour a&d
bi##er #a(#e.

b) Micro(co%ic
Roo#I Roo# com%ri(e( o. (#ra#i.ied cor6 o. abou# 17 'a=er(Q o. Dhich #he ce''( o. 7 #o
1 'a=er( are (ma''erQ (uberized a&d u&'i/&i.iedS ce''( o. remai&i&/ 'a=er( 'ar/eQ (uberized
a&d 'i/&i.iedS %he''oderm %are&ch=ma#ou(Q (ome ce''( %ac6ed Di#h (#arch /rai&( a&d
%ri(ma#ic a&d c'u(#er( cr=(#a'( o. ca'cium oxa'a#eS (eco&dar= %h'oem #i((ue co&(i(#( o. (ie0e
ce''(Q com%a&io& ce''( a&d %are&ch=ma#ou( ce'' co&#ai&i&/ (#arch /rai&( a&d cr=(#a'( o.
ca'cium oxa'a#eS %h'oem .ibre( ab(e&#S %h'oem %are&ch=ma occa(io&a''= .i''ed Di#h /ra&u'ar
(ub(#a&ce(S (#arch /rai&( mo(#'= (im%'e bu# com%ou&d /ra&u'e( a'(o occur Di#h #o 3
com%o&e&#(S i&di0idua' /ra&u'e( (%herica'Q abou# 2 #o 12 m i& diame#erQ Di#h De'' mar6ed
hi'um (im%'e or (%'i# i& a radia#e .ormS (#o&e ce''( are ab(e&# (di(#i&c#io& .rom ma&= o#her
(%ecie( (uch a( R. ca&e(ce&(Q R. micra&#haQ R. de&(i.'oraQ R. %era6e&(i( a&d R. 0omi#oria)S
(eco&dar= x='em i( #ra0er(ed b= De'' de0e'o%ed 'i/&i.ied medu''ar= ra=( o. abou# 1 #o 2 ce''
Dide bu# u&i(eria#e ra=( are more %romi&e&#S 0e((e'( (i&/'= or i& %air(S x='em %are&ch=ma
ce''( 'i/&i.iedS .ibre( %re(e&#S ce''( o. medu''ar= ra=( #hic6 Da''ed a'(o .i''ed Di#h (#arch
/rai&( a&d ca'cium oxa'a#e %ri(m(.
$oDder I Coar(e #o .i&eQ =e''oDi(hIbroD&Q .ree .'oDi&/Q odour ('i/h#Q bi##er i& #a(#eS
charac#erized b= (%herica'Q (im%'e #o com%ou&d (#arch /rai&(Q ca'cium oxa'a#e %ri(m( a&d
c'u(#er(S 0e((e'( Di#h (im%'e %er.ora#io&Q occa(io&a''= #ai'edS #racheid( 'i/&i.iedS x='em
.ibre( irre/u'ar i& (ha%eQ occur( (i&/'= or i& (ma'' /rou%(Q Da''( 'i/&i.iedQ #i%( occa(io&a''=
.or6ed or #ru&ca#edS Dood %are&ch=ma ce''( are .i''ed Di#h ca'cium oxa'a#e cr=(#a'( a&d
(#arch /rai&(S (#o&e ce''( %h'oem .ibre( ab(e&#.

25

T.).C.
T.).C. o. #he me#ha&o' a&d Ammo&ia ex#rac# o. roo# %oDder o& (i'ica /e' ^4^ %'a#e
u(i&/ To'ue&e R E#h=' ace#a#e R Die#h='ami&e (?9 R 9R 19) (hoD( ei/h# (%o# o& (%ra=i&/ Di#h
Dra/e&dor.. rea/e&# a# R.. 9.11Q 9.1*Q 9.2Q 9.*?Q 9.3?Q 9.21Q 9.:1 a&d 9.7 (a'' reddi(h
broD&). The (%o# a# R.. 9.7 i( o. re(er%i&e.

CONSTITFENTS I RauDo'.ia co&#ai&( i&do'e a'6a'oid(Q (uch a( re(er%i&i&eQ (er%e&#i&i&e
a&d a>ma'ici&e.

Ra(a R Ti6#aQ ,aVu
4uTa R RZ6XaQ )a/hu
5Ur=a R FXTa
5i%P6a R ,aVu
,arma R 5P#aharaQ ,a%haharaQ MZ#ra'aQ DU%a&aQ Ruc=aQ $Pca&aQ NidrP%radaQ
5iXa/h&aQ ,PmP0a(Pda6aQ HWda=P0a(Pda6a
IM$ORTANT "ORMF)ATIONS I Sar%a/a&dhPdi CZrTaQ Sar%a/a&dhP=o/aQ Sar%a/a&dhP 5aV
UQ Sar%a/a&dhP 4ha&a 5aVU
THERA$EFTIC FSES I Madaro/aQ Eo&i[Z'aQ @0araQ KZ'aQ ,Wmiro/aQ A&idrPQ F&mPdaQ
A%a(mPraQ ;hramaQ Ra6#a0P#aQ ;hZ#abPdhPQ MP&a(aro/aQ 5i(Zci6PQ 5raTa
DOSE I 1I /

25
??. S0e#a%u&ar&a0a (R#)
K5ETA$FNARNA5 (Roo#)
K0e#a%u&ar&a0P co&(i(#( o. roo# o. ;oerhaa0ia 0er#ici''a#a $oir. ("am. N=c#a/i&aceae)Q
a herbaceou( Deed Di#h a #e&de&c= #o c'imbQ Dide'= di(#ribu#ed i& #he %'ai&( #hrou/hou# I&dia
duri&/ rai&= (ea(o&.
SENONEMS
Sa&(6ri# R 5W(cU0a
A((ame(e R II
;e&/a'i R Sha#a%u&=aa
E&/'i(h R Hor(e %ur('e&eQ ;'u&# 'ea0ed Ho/Deed
4u>ra#i R 5a(edoQ 5a(edee
Hi&di R Sa.ed $u&ar&a0aaQ 4ada $oor&aa
,a&&ada R Maachchu/o&iQ 5i&'ee= Du0e''ad6i'u
,a(hmiri R II
Ma'a=a'am R II
Mara#hi R $u&dhari/he&#u'i
Ori=a R II
$u&>abi R I#(i#a
Tami' R Sharu&&aiQ Mu66ara##aiI,irai
DESCRI$TION
a) Macro(co%ic
Roo#( occur i& (ma'' %iece( o. 2 #o ?.2 cm i& 'e&/#h a&d u%#o cm i& #hic6&e((S
#ex#ure rou/hS 'e&#ice'( do# 'i6e or ('i/h#'= #ra&(0er(e'= e'o&/a#edQ arra&/ed i& #ra&(0er(e
roD(S co'our broD&Q .re(h'= cu# (ur.ace creami(h #o 'i/h# broD&S odour a&d #a(#e &o#
di(#i&c#i0e.

25
b) Micro(co%ic
Roo# (hoD( a&amo'ou( (eco&dar= /roD#hS %eriderm %re(e&# a&d co&(i(#i&/ o.
%he''emQ %he''o/e& a&d %he''odermS %ar# o. %he''em a&d %he''o/e& ('ou/hed o.. a&d
%he''oderm mo(#'= cru(hed bu# .orm( a co&#i&uou( 'a=er arou&d #he (#e'ar re/io&S #he
%he''o/e& co&(i(#( o. 3 or 2 'a=er( o. rec#a&/u'ar a&d #a&/e&#ia''= e'o&/a#ed ce''(S cor#ex
com%o(ed o. %are&ch=ma#ou( ce''( #ha# are u(ua''= cru(hedS ra%hide( %re(e&# i& (ome ce''(
o. cor#exS ce&#re o. #he roo# occu%ied b= x='em co&(i(#i&/ mo(#'= o. 0e((e'(Q .ibre( a&d
#racheid(S co&ce&#ric bu# irre/u'ar ri&/( o. cambiumQ %a#che( o. x='em a&d %h'oemQ a&d
%are&ch=ma a'#er&a#e i& #ur& #oDard( #he %eri%her=S medu''ar= ra=( are &o# di(#i&c#S (#arch
abu&da&# i& %are&ch=maS mo(# o. #he (#arch /rai&( rou&ded or hemi(%herica' i& (ha%eS #he
com%ou&d (#arch /rai&(Q hoDe0erQ are (ca&#=.
$oDder I The %oDder (hoD ra%hide( (u(ua''= bro6e&) a&d .ra/me&#( o. .ibre(Q a&d 0e((e'
member( (hoDi&/ (ca'ari.orm #hic6e&i&/(S (#arch %re(e&#.

To#a' A(h No# more #ha& 1: %er ce&#Q A%%e&dix ..*.

T.).C.
#o'ue&eRe#h='ace#a#eRace#ic acid (2R3.2R9.2)Q (hoD( u&der F.5. (*::&m) (%o#( a# R. 9.*?Q
9.2CQ 9.79 (A'' ;'ue). O& (%ra=i&/ Di#h a&i(a'deh=deR (u'%huric acid rea/e&# a&d hea#i&/ #he
%'a#e .or #e& mi&u#e( a# 119
o
C (%o#( a%%ear a# R. 9.1C(4re=i(h ;'ac6)Q 9.2C (4re=i(h ;'ac6)Q
9.:C (;'ue)Q 9.?C ($ur%'e).

4uTa R RZ6XaQ )a/hu
25
5Ur=a R FXTa
5i%P6a R Madhura
,arma R 5P#aharaQ ,a%haharaQ $i##a[Pma6aQ A/&idU%a6aQ 5iXa/h&aQ @0arahara
IM$ORTANT "ORMF)ATIONS I ,umPr=P(a0a (A)Q $u&ar&a0Pd=ariXVaQ DhP&0a&#ara 4hW#aQ
DPdhi6a 4hW#a
THERA$EFTIC FSES I $PTYuQ 5iXa0i6PraQ Ko#haQ Ko%haQ Fdararo/aQ HWdro/aQ ,P(aQ
Frac6Xa#aQ KZ'aQ Ra6#a 5i6PraQ $ai##i6a @0araQ CP#ur#hi6a>0araQ SrP0aQ $'UhPro/aQ 5P#a6aTVa6aQ
5idradhi Q A'ar6a0iXaQ 5W[ci6aI0iXaQ Sar%a0iXaQ MZXi6P0iXa
DOSE I 2I12 /

25
?7. Tai'a%ar&a ().)
TAI)A$ARAA- ()ea.)
Tai'a%arTac co&(i(#( o. ma#ure 'ea. o. Euca'=%#u( /'obu'u( )abi''. ("am. M=r#aceae) a
'ar/e #ree a##ai&i&/ a hei/h# o. C9 m or moreQ &a#i0e #o Au(#ra'iaQ bu# %'a&#ed Dor'd Dide a&d
i&#roduced i& Ni'/iri(Q A&ama'ai a&d $a'&i hi''(Q Sim'a a&d Shi''o&/ a# a& a'#i#ude o.
1299I299 m.
SENONEMS
Sa&(6ri# R NU'a&ir=P(aQ E6a'i%#acQ Su/a&dha $a#rac
A((ame(e R II
;e&/a'i R II
E&/'i(h R ;'ue /umQ Euca'=%#u(
4u>ra#i R II
Hi&di R Eu6e'i%#a(
,a&&ada R II
,a(hmiri R II
Ma'a=a'am R Eu66aa'imaram
Mara#hi R Ni'/iri
Ori=a R II
$u&>abi R II
Tami' R Eu66aa'imaram
Te'u/u R @ee0a6amu
Frdu R II
DESCRI$TION
a) Macro(co%ic
Dru/ co&(i(#( o. ma#ure 'ea0e(Q more or 'e(( (cimi#ar (ha%edQ #hic6Q 'ea#her=Q
/re=i(hI/ree&Q %e#io'a#eQ u%#o : cm 'o&/ a&d 3 cm broadS %e#io'e( .9 #o *.2 cm 'o&/ a&d
9.2 #o 1.2 mm #hic6Q (ome#ime( #Di(#edS a%ex acu#e #o acumi&a#eQ ba(e ob#u(eS midrib
25
%romi&e&#Q %ar#icu'ar'= o& #he 'oDer (ur.aceS mar/i& o. 'ea. e&#ire a&d (omeDha# #hic6e&edQ
bri##'e a&d %o((e(( &umerou( broD& #o dar6 broD& cor6= Dar#(. I& #ra&(mi##ed 'i/h#Q
&umerou( oi' /'a&d( ca& be (ee& a( #ra&('u(ce&# do#(S u%%er (ur.ace (moo#hQ 'oDer (ur.ace
('i/h#'= rou/h due #o #he %re(e&ce o. %ro>ec#i&/ 0ei&(S 0e&a#io& I u&ico(#a#e re#icu'a#eS
'a#era' 0ei&( a&a(#amo(e &ear #he mar/i& .ormi&/ a co&#i&uou( 'i&eS odour (#ro&/ a&d
charac#eri(#ic.

b) Micro(co%ic
)ea. I T.S. (hoD( #=%ica' i(obi'a#era' (#ruc#ure( Di#h #Do or #hree roD( o. %a'i(ade
ce''( o& bo#h u%%er a&d 'oDer (ide(Q (ur.ace( (hoD #hic6 cu#ic'eS &umerou( (u&6e& (#oma#a
a&d 'ar/e o0oid (chizo/e&ou( oi' ca0i#ie( o. 1:9 #o 99 diam.S idiob'a(#( %re(e&# Di#h
ro(e##e( or %ri(ma#ic ca'cium oxa'a#e cr=(#a'(S ro(e##e cr=(#a'( 2 #o *2 i& (izeQ %ri(ma#ic
cr=(#a'( 12 #o 2 i& (izeS 0a(cu'ar bu&d'e o. midrib are cre(ce&# (ha%ed Di#h o&e 0a(cu'ar
(#ra&d %re(e&# o& each (ideQ a'' ha0i&/ i&#erru%#ed %a#che( o. (c'ere&ch=maS cor6= Dar#(
com%ri(i&/ o. 19 or more 'a=er( o. ce''(S 'ami&ar= bu&d'e( e&c'o(ed i& bu&d'e (hea#hQ #he
ce''( o. Dhich ex#e&d #o #he e%idermi( o& bo#h (ide(S u%%er a&d 'oDer e%iderma' ce''( ha0e
(#rai/h# Da''(S (#oma#a a&omoc=#icS (#oma#a' i&dex o& bo#h u%%er a&d 'oDer (ur.ace 2 #o 19S
#he %a'i(ade ra#io o& u%%er (ur.ace 2 #o 1? a&d 'oDer (ur.ace * #o :.

$oDder I Ee''oDi(h broD&Q .ree .'oDi&/Q charac#erized b= #he %re(e&ce o. c'u(#er a&d
%ri(ma#ic cr=(#a'( o. ca'cium oxa'a#eS e%idermi( (#rai/h# Da''ed Di#h (u&6e& (#oma#aS .iber(
%re(e&#.

To#a' A(h No# more #ha& C %er ce&#Q A%%e&dix ..*.
E((e&#ia' oi' No# 'e(( #ha& %er ce&#Q A%%e&dix ..19

25
T.).C.
T.).C. o. hexa&e ex#rac# o& (i'ica /e' :9 " 23 %'a#e u(i&/ To'ue&e R Ace#o&e (C2R92)
(hoD( .our (%o#( a# R. 9.Q 9.*2Q 9.31 a&d 9.3C o& (%ra=i&/ Di#h 5a&i''i&ISu'%huric acid
rea/e&# a&d hea#i&/ #he %'a#e .or 12 mi&u#e( a# 119
o
C.

CONSTITFENTS I E((e&#ia' oi' co&#ai&i&/ #er%e&e( (uch a( 1Q7 I ci&eo'eQ cam%he&eQ
(abi&e&eQ m=rce&eQ %Ime&#ho&eQ Ia&d 3I#er%i&e&eQ .e&cho&eQ I I#hu>o&eQ ci#ra'Q
0erbe&o&e.

5Ur=a R FXTa
5i%P6a R ,aVu
,arma R 5P#aharaQ ,a%haharaQ DU%a&aQ $Pca&aQ HWd=aQ MZ#ra'aQ
Dur/a&dha&P[a6aQ A/&imP&d=aQ ;a'a%rada
IM$ORTANT "ORMF)ATIONS I E6Pda[a[a#i6a%ra(PriTU Tai'amQ MahP(u/a&dhi6a Tai'aQ
$aeca0a6#ra Ra(aQ $aeca/uTa Tai'aQ MPr#aTdabhaira0a Ra(aQ @0aramPri Ra(a
THERA$EFTIC FSES I ,WmiQ @UrTa6P(aQ $ra#i[=P=aQ S0arabhedaQ 5iXama>0araQ @0araQ KZ'aQ
$Z=amehaQ ,Xa=aQ K0P(aQ ;a(#iro/aQ $ra0Phi6PQ $'UhPro/aQ HWdro/aQ A/&imP&d=a
DOSE I 1I /

25
?C. Ti&i(ha (1d)
TINIKA- (1ood)
Ti&i[ac co&(i(#( o. Dood o. Ou/ei&ia oo>ei&e&(i( (Roxb.) Hochr. (=&. O. da'ber/ioide(
;e&#h. ("am. "abaceae)Q a (ma'' #o medium (ized deciduou( #reeQ .ou&d i& #he ou#er Hima'a=a(
a&d (ub Hima'a=a& #rac#( .rom @ammu #o ;hu#a& u% #o a& a'#i#ude o. 1299 m a&d ex#e&di&/
#hrou/h #he Dho'e o. #he &or#her& a&d ce&#ra' I&dia i&#o /rea#er %ar# o. Decca& $e&i&(u'a.
SENONEMS
Sa&(6ri# R Ti&icQ S=a&da&acQ Ra#hadru
A((ame(e R II
;e&/a'i R Ti&i(h
E&/'i(h R Sa&da&
4u>ra#i R Ta&acha
Hi&di R Sa&da&Q Saa&a&aQ Ti&i(aa
,a&&ada R ,arimu#a'eQ ,a'aba&/aa
,a(hmiri R II
Ma'a=a'am R To#u6araQ Ma'a0e&&a
Mara#hi R Tima(Q S=a&da&
Ori=a R 5a&>a&
$u&>abi R II
Tami' R Nari0e&/aiQ Nai%o&ai
Te'u/u R Te''amo#u6uQ Dar/u
Frdu R II
DESCRI$TION
a) Macro(co%ic
1ood %iece( are rou/h'= cubic a&d abou# #o * cm i& (izeS ou#er %ar# =e''oD or
creamQ i&#er&a' %ar# 'i/h# #o dar6 broD& i& co'ourS cu# (ur.ace( are .ibrou(Q Dood %iece(
de0oid o. a&= odour.
25

b) Micro(co%ic
Sa% Dood I Di..u(e %orou(Q 0e((e'( i& cro(( (ec#io&( (o'i#ar=Q i& (hor# radia'
mu'#i%'e( or i& c'u(#er(Q .ormi&/ ob'iHue chai&(Q abou# *9 #o 9 i& diam. Di#h re#icu'a#e
#hic6e&i&/( a&d (im%'e %i#(Q Di#hou# /umm= de%o(i#(S .reHue&c= o. 0e((e'( %er (H. mm i( 13
#o 17S axia' %are&ch=ma i( %ara#rachea'Q a'i.ormQ co&.'ue&# I broad a&d .i''ed Di#h (im%'e
(#arch /rai&( 3 #o 1 i& dia. Di#h %romi&e&# (#ria#io&( a&d ('i# 'i6e ce&#ric hi'umS .ibre(
%re(e&# i& %a#che(S mar/i&a' .ibre( %o((e(( abu&da&# %ri(ma#ic cr=(#a'( o. ca'cium oxa'a#eQ 3
#o 19 i& (izeS .ibre( are occa(io&a''= (e%#a#eS ra=( u&iI #o mu'#i(eria#eQ he#ero/e&ou(Q
u(ua''= homoce''u'arQ (ome ce''( ma= co&#ai& mi&u#e (#arch /rai&( o. abou# 7 diam.S ce''(
co&#ai& &o #a&&i&.
Hear# Dood I T.S. (hoD( 0e((e'( o. (ame (ize a( #ho(e o. (a% Dood bu# are u(ua''= .i''ed
Di#h broD&i(h /umm= ma#eria' a&d %o((e(( bordered %i#(S .reHue&c= o. 0e((e'( %er (H. mm
i( : #o 7S axia' %are&ch=ma i( %ara#rachea'Q a'i.orm a&d i( u(ua''= .i''ed Di#h broD&i(h
(ub(#a&ce bu# 'ac6 (#arch /rai&(S mar/i&a' .ibre( co&#ai& abu&da&# %ri(ma#ic cr=(#a'( o.
(ame (ize a( ob(er0ed i& #he (a%DoodQ ra=Q axia' %are&ch=ma a&d .ibre( co&#ai& #a&&i&(.

$oDder I ;roD&Q .ibrou(Q .ree .'oDi&/Q charac#erized b= #he %re(e&ce o. (e0era' 'um%( o.
broD& /umm= ma#eria'Q x='em %are&ch=maQ medu''ar= ra= ce''(Q (im%'e (#arch /rai&(Q
x='em 0e((e'( Di#h (e0era' (ma'' ('i# 'i6e %i#( a&d .ibre( co&#ai&i&/ cr=(#a'( o. ca'cium
oxa'a#e.


T.).C.
T.).C. o. me#ha&o' ex#rac# o& (i'ica /e' ^4^ %'a#e u(i&/ die#h=' e#her R hexa&e (?7R)
(hoD( (ix (%o#( a# R. 9.3?Q 9.29Q 9.:Q 9.:2Q 9.? a&d 9.7: o& (%ra=i&/ Di#h 5a&i''i&I
Su'%huric acid rea/e&# a&d hea#i&/ #he %'a#e .or 12 mi&u#e( a# 119
o
C.
26

CONSTITFENTS I "'a0o&oid( mai&'= homo.erreiri& a&d ou/ei&i&.

Ra(a R ,aXP=a
4uTa R )a/huQ RZ6Xa
5Ur=a R KU#a
5i%P6a R ,aVu
,arma R Ra(P=a&aQ $i##aharaQ ,a%ha[oXaTaQ MedoharaQ ,uXVha/h&aQ 5iXa/h&aQ
5raTaro%aTaQ KoTi#a(#hP%a&a
THERA$EFTIC FSES I Ko#haQ ,uXVhaQ A#U(PraQ Ra6#P#i(PraQ $ra0Phi6PQ Ra6#a0i6PraQ
Ra6#a%i##aQ $ramehaQ K0i#raQ 5raTaQ ,WmiQ $PTYuro/aQ Medoro/aQ DPha
DOSE I 29 I 199 m' ,0P#ha.

26
79. Ti&#idi6a (Aeria'$ar# )
TINTIB<,A- (Aeria' $ar#)
Ti&#iYU6ac co&(i(#( o. ma#ure dried aeria' %ar# o. Rhu( %ar0i.'ora Roxb. ("am.
A&acardiaceae)Q a& e0er/ree& or (ubIdeciduou( (hrub commo&'= .ou&d o& #he dr= ho# ('o%e(
o. Hima'a=a( .rom $u&>ab #o Ne%a' a&d i& #he hi''( o. $e&i&(u'ar I&dia a# a& a'#i#ude o.
:99I199 m.
SENONEMS
Sa&(6ri# R Ti&#iYU6a
A((ame(e R II
;e&/a'i R II
E&/'i(h R Sumac
4u>ra#i R II
Hi&di R Tu&/a'aaQ Sama6ada&aQ Rai#u&/
,a&&ada R II
,a(hmiri R II
Ma'a=a'am R II
Mara#hi R II
Ori=a R II
$u&>abi R ,ha##e Ma(oorQ Rai#u&/Q Tu&/aa
Tami' R II
Te'u/u R @ee0a6amu
Frdu R Sumaa6
DESCRI$TION
a) Macro(co%ic
S#em I Eou&/ (#em bra&chedQ reddi(hIbroD&Q #ome&#o(eS (#em %iece(
19 #o 12 cm 'o&/ a&d u%#o 3 cm i& diam.Q o'd o&e( Dood= Di#h 'o&/i#udi&a' (#ria#io&( a&d
26
/'a&du'ar %ro#ubera&ce(Q /ree&i(hIbroD&Q bar6 (e%arab'e .rom DoodQ i&&er (ur.ace o. bar6
reddi(hIbroD&Q Dood 'i/h# broD& i& co'ourS .rac#ureQ hard a&d .ibrou(.
)ea. I Tri.o'ia#e Dhe& i&#ac#Q 'ea.'e#( e''i%#icQ ob'o&/Q obo0a#eQ %e#io'a#eQ %e#io'e .2 #o *.2
cm i& 'e&/#hQ #ome&#o(eQ #ermi&a' 'ea.'e# 'ar/eQ obo0a#eQ ? #o 7.2 cm i& 'e&/#hQ * or 3 cm
broadQ ra#her #hic6Q ba(a' mar/i& e&#ire a&d cu&ea#eQ u%%er coar(e'= a&d irre/u'ar'= cre&a#eQ
%ube(ce&#Q 'a#era'( re'a#i0e'= broader a&d more rou&ded a# ba(eQ (e((i'eQ %ube(ce&# a&d
(moo#h.
"rui# I Dru%eQ o0a'Q =e''oDi(hI/ree& #o broD&i(hI/ree&Q /'abrou(Q (hi&i&/Q .rui#( %re(e&# o&
%a&ic'e(S ca'=x %er(i(#e&#S .rui# Dri&6'ed.

b) Micro(co%ic
S#em I T.S. (hoD( cor6Q cor#ex a&d (#e'eS %a#che( o. cor#ica' .ibre(Q (ecre#or= ca&a'(
a&d rhomboid cr=(#a'( o. ca'cium oxa'a#eQ mea(uri&/ abou# 1* De'' di(#ribu#ed i& #he
cor#exS x='em i& #he .orm o. a co&#i&uou( c='i&der #ra0er(ed b= u&i or bi(eria#e medu''ar=
ra=(S border %i##ed a&d (ca'ari.orm 0e((e'( %re(e&#S 'i/&i.ied .ibre( (e%#a#eQ mea(uri&/ *99 #o
??9 i& 'e&/#h a&d u%#o 29 i& Did#hS %i#h %are&ch=ma#ou(Q %o((e((i&/ #a&&i&(Q (#arch
/rai&( a&d rhomboid cr=(#a'( o. ca'cium oxa'a#e.
$e#io'e I T.S. (hoD( a (i&/'e 'a=ered e%idermi( co0ered Di#h cu#ic'eS abu&da&# u&ice''u'ar
a&d mu'#ice''u'arQ u&i(eria#e #richome( mea(uri&/ *9 #o *:9 i& 'e&/#h a&d 19 #o 9 i&
Did#hS cor#ex co&(i(#i&/ o. * or 3 'a=er( o. co''e&ch=ma#ou( ce''( a&d 2 or : 'a=er( o.
%are&ch=ma#ou( ce''(Q (ome ce''( o. co''e&ch=ma a&d %are&ch=ma co&#ai& rhomboida'
cr=(#a'( o. ca'cium oxa'a#eQ mea(uri&/ u%#o 9 S co''a#era' 0a(cu'ar bu&d'e( 12 #o 1? i&
&umberQ (urrou&di&/ a ce&#ra' %are&ch=ma#ou( %i#h a&d ca%%ed b= a& arch o. %eric=c'ic
.ibre(S (ecre#or= ca&a'( %re(e&# i& %h'oem re/io&.
Midrib I T.S. (hoD( (i&/'e 'a=ered e%idermi(Q co0ered Di#h cu#ic'eS &o&/'a&du'arQ
u&ice''u'ar a&d u&i(eria#eQ mu'#ice''u'ar #richome( abu&da&#'= %re(e&# o& #he e%idermi(Q
.o''oDed b= co''e&ch=ma#ou( #i((ueS 0a(cu'ar bu&d'e( 2 #o ? i& &umberQ arra&/ed i& a circ'eQ
co&>oi&#Q co''a#era'Q each ca%%ed b= a& arch o. .ibre(S (ecre#or= ca&a'( %re(e&# i& %h'oem
re/io&S %i#h co&(i(#( o. %are&ch=ma#ou( ce''(.
)ami&a I T.S. (hoD( dor(i0e&#ra' (#ruc#ureQ e%iderma' ce''( com%o(ed o. cubica' #o ('i/h#'=
e'o&/a#ed a&d rec#a&/u'ar ce''(Q ex#er&a''= co0ered Di#h cu#ic'eS be'oD u%%er e%idermi( or
* 'a=er( o. %a'i(ade %are&ch=ma %re(e&#S 'oDer e%idermi( (i&/'e 'a=ered Di#h #hic6 cu#ic'eS
u&ice''u'ar a&d u&i(eria#eQ mu'#ice''u'ar #richome( %re(e&# o& bo#h (ur.ace(Q mea(uri&/ u%#o
99 i& 'e&/#h a&d abou# *9 i& Did#hS %a'i(ade %are&ch=ma .o''oDed b= 'oo(e'= arra&/ed
(%o&/= %are&ch=ma ce''(S me(o%h='' #ra0er(ed b= 0a(cu'ar bu&d'e(S each 0a(cu'ar bu&d'e
26
(urrou&ded b= bu&d'e (hea#hQ ex#e&di&/ .rom u%%er e%idermi( #o 'oDer e%idermi( a( bu&d'e
(hea#h ex#e&(io&. I& (ur.ace 0ieD 'oDer e%idermi( (hoD( a&omoc=#ic #=%e o. (#oma#a Dhi'e
u%%er e%idermi( i( de0oid o. (#oma#aS (#oma#a' i&dex : #o 19 o& 'oDer e%idermi(S 0ei& i('e#
&umber 1 #o 12S %a'i(ade ra#io #o 3.

$oDder I ;roD&Q odour ('i/h#'= (#ro&/Q (omeDha# acrid i& #a(#eS .ra/me&#( o. %a'i(ade
#i((ueQ ca'cium oxa'a#e cr=(#a'(Q #richome(Q (#arch /rai&(Q bordered %i##ed 0e((e'( a&d 0e((e'(
ha0i&/ (ca'ari.orm #hic6e&i&/(.

AcidIi&(o'ub'e a(h No# more #ha& 9.? %er ce&#Q A%%e&dix ..3.

T.).C.
R me#ha&o'R ace#ic acid (79R9R) (hoD( u&der F5 (23 &m) (ix (%o#( a# R.. 9.11Q 9.17Q 9.CQ
9.23 (a'' broD&)Q 9.79 a&d 9.C1 (bo#h =e''oDi(h /ree&). F&der F5 (*::&m) (e0e&
.'uore(ce&# (%o#( a%%ear a# R.. 9.11Q 9.17Q 9.CQ 9.23Q 9.?9 (a'' broD&)Q 9.79 a&d 9.C1 (bo#h
%i&6). O& ex%o(ure #o iodi&e 0a%our ei/h# (%o#( a%%ear a# R.. 9.11(%i&6i(h broD&)Q 9.12Q
9. (broD&)Q 9.*7Q 9.:3Q 9.?3Q 9.79 a&d 9.C1 (a'' =e''oDi(h broD&). O& (%ra=i&/ Di#h 2\
.erric ch'oride (o'u#io& (e0e& (%o#( a%%ear a# R.. 9.12Q 9.3 (bo#h /ree&)Q 9.31 (.ai&# broD&)Q
9.23 (b'ue)Q 9.?* (.ai&# broD&) 9.7* a&d 9.C1 (bo#h broD&).

CONSTITFENTS I Ta&&i&( (4a''ic acid)S .'a0o&e( (m=rice#i&Q Huerce#i&Q m=rici#ri&Q
Huerci#ri&Q 6am%.ero')S /'=co(ide( (i(orhm&e#i&I*II)Iarabi&o(ide)

Ra(a R Am'a
4uTa R )a/huQ RZ6Xa
5Ur=a R FXTa
26
5i%P6a R Am'a
,arma R 5P#aharaQ ,a%ha0P#aharaQ $i##a6araQ Roca&aQ DU%a&aQ 4rPhUQ @0ara/h&a
IM$ORTANT "ORMF)ATIONS I Ea0P&U MPYa0aQ Hib/u0acPdi CZrTaQ SrU RPmabPTa Ra(a
THERA$EFTIC FSES I 5P#a0i6PraQ A#U(PraQ A/&imP&d=aQ AruciQ TWXTPQ $ra0Phi6P
DOSE I * I : /

26
71. Tra%u(ha (Sd)
TRA$FMAG (Seed)
Tra%uXad co&(i(#( o. dried (eed o. Cucumi( (a#i0u( )i&&. ("am. Cucurbi#aceae)Q a&
a&&ua' #rai'i&/ or c'imbi&/ %'a&#Q &umerou( 0arie#ie( Dide'= cu'#i0a#ed #hrou/hou# I&dia u%#o
a& a'#i#ude o. 199 m. The (eed( are de0oid o. muci'a/e&ou( ou#er 'a=er.
SENONEMS
Sa&(6ri# R K0e#a6arahaVa6adQ SudhP0P(acQ MZ#ra'adQ ,aTVa6i%ha'am
A((ame(e R II
;e&/a'i R ,(heeraaQ Sha(haa
E&/'i(h R Cucumber
4u>ra#i R Taa&('ee
Hi&di R ,heeraa
,a&&ada R Mu''u(a0#eQ Sa&#e6aa=i
,a(hmiri R II
Ma'a=a'am R 5e''ari
Mara#hi R Tau(eQ ,hiraa
Ori=a R ,a&#iaa'i ,aa6udi
$u&>abi R ,hiraa
Tami' R 5e''ari66aa=Q $i%%i&6aa=
Te'u/u R ,hira6a=a
Frdu R ,heeraa
DESCRI$TION
a) Macro(co%ic
Seed( com%re((edQ e'o&/a#edQ e''i%(oidQ dor(i0e&#ra''= co&0ex a&d 'a#era''= rid/edS
(ize 0ariab'eQ abou# a cm or occa(io&a''= more i& 'e&/#h a&d u%#o 9.2 cm DideS micro%='e
%oi&#edQ di(#i&c#'= 0i(ib'eS ou#er (ur.ace /'o((=Q bri##'eQ %ee'ab'eS =e''oDi(hIDhi#eS 6er&e'Q
26
oi'=Q creami(hIDhi#eS #a(#eQ mi'd'= (Dee#Q oi'=S &o# ('i%%er= #o #ouch Dhe& moi(#e&edR odourQ
&i'.
b) Micro(co%ic
Ou#ermo(# 'a=er o. #e(#a ab(e&#S h=%odermi( (c'ere&ch=ma#ou(Q #Do 'a=eredQ ou#er
'a=er o. (ma''Q circu'arQ (#o&e ce''(Q i&&er 'a=er o. 'ar/eQ o0a'Q #hic6 Da''edQ (#ria#edQ
'i/&i.ied (c'ereid( %'aced a# ri/h# a&/'e #o ou#er 'a=erS a 'ar/e zo&e o. aere&ch=ma .i''ed
Di#h 'oo(e'= %ac6ed %are&ch=ma#ou( ce''(S co#='edo& 'i&ed b= com%ac# 'a=er o.
cu#icu'arized #hi& Da''ed e%idermi(Q co#='edo& o. (e0era' 'a=er( o. e'o&/a#edQ c'o(e'= %ac6ed
%are&ch=ma#ou( ce''(Q 'ar/e'= hexa/o&a'Q %ac6ed Di#h a'euro&e /rai&(Q (#arch a&d .a#
/'obu'e(S i&&ermo(# #Do 'a=er( much more e'o&/a#edQ %a'i(ade 'i6eQ a&d di(#i&c#S each
co#='edo& (hoD( .i0e di(#i&c# %a#che( o. (ma''Q #hi& Da''edQ %o'=/o&a' ce''( %re(e&# midDa=Q
i& a rou/h'= #ra%ezia' (ha%e.
$oDder I Creami(hIDhi#e #o 'i/h#I/ree&Q oi'=Q (hoD( /rou%( o. =e''oDi(hQ Da0=IDa''ed
(c'ereid( .rom #e(#a i& (ur.ace 0ieDQ a'(o i(o'a#ed o&e(S .ra/me&#( o. %are&ch=ma#ou( ce''(S
a&&u'ar or (%ira' x='em 0e((e'( i& /rou%(S abu&da&# oi' /'obu'e(Q a'euro&e /rai&(Q a&d (#arch
/rai&(.


T.).C.
ch'oro.orm R me#ha&o' (9R9.2) (hoD( (%o#( a# R. 9.*1 (%ur%'e)Q 9.39 (broD&)Q 9.37 (%ur%'e)Q
9.2 ('i/h# %ur%'e)Q 9.:9 (%ur%'e)Q 9.?9 ('i/h# /re=) a&d 9.?7 (%i&6i(h broD&) o& (%ra=i&/
Di#h 0a&i''i&I(u'%huric acid rea/e&# a&d hea#i&/ #he %'a#e a# 192
o

CONSTITFENTS I "ixed oi' a&d (u/ar(.
26

5Ur=a R KU#a
5i%P6a R Madhura
,arma R 5P#a%i##aharaQ ,a%ha6araQ MZ#ra'aQ ;a'=aQ AbhiX=a&dUQ
MZ#raba(#i0i[odha6aQ A/&i(Pda&a
IM$ORTANT "ORMF)ATIONS I DPdhi6a 4hW#a
THERA$EFTIC FSES I MZ#rP/hP#aQ MZ#ra6WcchraQ Ra6#a%i##aQ Daurba'=aQ DPhaQ
Ra6#a0i6PraQ A&idrPQ Kirac KZ'aQ ChardiQ KU#a>0ara
DOSE I *I: / %oDder.

26
7. Tu&i (S#.;6)
T!N< (S#em ;ar6)
TZ&U co&(i(#( o. (#em bar6 o. Cedre'a #oo&a Roxb. ("am. Me'iaceae)Q a 'ar/eQ ra%id'=
/roDi&/Q &ear'= e0er/ree& #ree a##ai&i&/ a hei/h# u%#o 17 mQ a&d di(#ribu#ed i& #ro%ica'
Hima'a=a( .rom #he I&du( ea(#DardQ a(ce&di&/ #o 1999 m a&d a'(o #hrou/hou# #he hi''( o.
Ce&#ra' a&d Sou#her& I&dia.
SENONEMS
Sa&(6ri# R Na&dU0W6XaQ Tu&iQ TZ&aQ Na&dU
A((ame(e R II
;e&/a'i R Too&/aachha
E&/'i(h R Too&Q Red ceder
4u>ra#i R Too&ee
Hi&di R Tu&Q Too&eeQ Tu&i
,a&&ada R Ma&duri6eQ ,em%u 4a&da/heri
,a(hmiri R II
Ma'a=a'am R Mada/iri0em%uQ I6a&aQ $a#u6ara&a
Mara#hi R Too&eeQ ,ura6
Ori=a R II
$u&>abi R II
Tami' R ,aramu(u'iQ She0a/i' Ma'a0embu
Te'u/u R Na&diche##uQ 4a'ima&u
Frdu R II
DESCRI$TION
a) Macro(co%ic
;ar6 a0ai'ab'e i& 'o&/ %iece(Q cha&&e''edQ o. 0ar=i&/ #hic6&e((S ex#er&a' (ur.aceQ
rou/h a&d ru//ed due #o ex.o'ia#io& a&d 0er#ica' crac6(Q .i((uredQ dar6 /re= ha0i&/ 'e&#ice'(Q
26
i&&er (ur.aceQ redQ 'ami&a#ed a&d .ibrou(S .rac#ureQ .ibrou( a&d (%'i&#er=S odourQ 0er= mi'd
a&d %'ea(a&#S #a(#eQ (har% a&d acrid.

b) Micro(co%ic
S#em bar6 (hoD( ex.o'ia#i&/ cor6Q 7 #o 19 'a=er( co&(i(#i&/ o. #a&/e&#ia''= e'o&/a#edQ
radia''= arra&/edQ #hi&IDa''ed ce''(S cor#exQ 1 #o 12 'a=er( o. rec#a&/u'ar %are&ch=ma#ou(
ce''(Q ou#er 'a=er( ha0i&/ ce''( .i''ed Di#h (ma'' ro(e##e cr=(#a'( o. ca'cium oxa'a#e a# re/u'ar
i&#er0a'(S i&&er 'a=er( o. cor#ex o. i(odiame#ric ce''( ha0i&/ abu&da&# 'ar/er ro(e##e cr=(#a'(S
occa(io&a''= (#o&e ce''( ma= be %re(e&# i& ou#er cor#exS %h'oem .ibre( abu&da&# i& %a#che(Q
#hic6 Da''edS medu''ar= ra=( &arroDQ /e&era''= bi(eria#eS (#arch /rai&(Q (im%'e or com%ou&dQ
%re(e&# i& cor#ica' re/io&.
$oDder I )i/h# reddi(hIbroD&S (hoD( occa(io&a' .ra/me&#( o. cor6 ce''(S .ibre(Q 'ar/eQ
abu&da&# i& /rou%(Q a .eD i(o'a#edQ 'i/&i.ied Di#h di(#i&c# 'ume&Q #i%( b'u&#'= %oi&#ed or
ha0i&/ di(#i&c# i&de&#a#io&S (#o&e ce''(Q .eDQ o. 0ar=i&/ (ha%e(Q e'o&/a#ed #o i(odiame#ricS
%h'oem %are&ch=maQ #hi&IDa''edQ co&#ai&i&/ ca'cium oxa'a#e ro(e##e( a&d %ri(m(S abu&da&#
%ri(ma#ic a&d ro(e##e ca'cium oxa'a#e cr=(#a'(Q ro(e##e( o. 0ar=i&/ (ize( mea(uri&/ 11 #o :9
Q %ri(m(Q (ma''S (#arch /rai&(Q (im%'e or com%ou&d ha0i&/ #o : com%o&e&#(Q *I
com%o&e&# /rai&( mo(# commo&Q rou&d a&d o0a' mea(uri&/ u%#o 19 i& dia.Q c'e.# hi'um.

1a#erI(o'ub'e ex#rac#i0e No# 'e(( #ha& C %er ce&#Q A%%e&dix ..?.

T.).C.
%e#ro'eum e#her R hexa&e R e#h=' ace#a#e R .ormic acid (19R*9R12R1) (hoD( (%o#( a# R.. 9.*3Q
9.33Q 9.2? a&d 9.77 (a'' %ur%'e) o& (%ra=i&/ Di#h 0a&i''i&I(u'%huric acid rea/e&# a&d hea#i&/
#he %'a#e a# 192
o
27

CONSTITFENTS I Tri#er%e&oid(.

Ra(a R Ti6#aQ ,aXP=aQ Madhura
4uTa R )a/hu
5Ur=a R KU#a
5i%P6a R ,aVu
,arma R $i##aharaQ ,a%haharaQ 4rPhUQ ;ha/&a(a&dhP&a6araQ Medohara
THERA$EFTIC FSES I ;P'a $ra0Phi6PQ 5raTaQ DPhaQ Eo&iro/aQ ,aTYZQ ,uXVhaQ 4aTYamP'PQ
Ra6#a0i6PraQ Ra6#a%i##aQ K0e#a6uXVhaQ $ramehaQ 5iXa0i6PraQ Medo0i6Pra
DOSE I *I: /
60P#haI19I9 m'

27
7*. 5a&da ().)
5AND ()ea.)
5a&dP co&(i(#( o. #he dried 'ea. o. De&dro%h#hoe .a'ca#a ()i&&. ..) E##i&/(h. (=&.
)ora&#hu( .a'ca#u( )i&&. .. ("am. )ora&#haceae)Q a& e%i%h=#eQ mo(#'= o& .rui# #ree(Q a&d
di(#ribu#ed #hrou/hou# I&dia.
SENONEMS
Sa&(6ri# R 5W6XPda&UQ ;a&dP6aQ 5W6XaruhPQ SadharXP
A((ame(e R II
;e&/a'i R Maa&daa
E&/'i(h R Mi(#'e#oe
4u>ra#i R ;aa&do
Hi&di R ;a&daa
,a&&ada R ;a&da&i6eQ ;a&dhu'u
,a(hmiri R II
Ma'a=a'am R I##i66a&&iQ I#i'
Mara#hi R ;aa&da/u'Q ;a&da
Ori=a R 5rudho&/o
$u&>abi R $u''uri
Tami' R ;aada&i6aaQ @iddu
Te'u/u R @ee0a6amu
DESCRI$TION
a) Macro(co%ic
)ea0e( %e#io'a#eQ ex(#i%u'a#eQ o%%o(i#eQ decu((a#eQ (im%'eQ o0a#e #o ob'a&ceo'a#eQ
/'abrou(Q (o.# a&d 'ea#her= Dhe& =ou&/Q bri##'e Dhe& dr=S mar/i& e&#ireS ba(e decurre&#S
a%ex acu#eS ('i/h#'= a(#ri&/e&#S odour re(emb'i&/ #ho(e o. #ea'ea0e(.

27
b) Micro(co%ic
Tra&(0er(e (ec#io& o. #he 'ea. (hoD( a #hic6 cu#ic'eQ u%%er a&d 'oDer e%idermi(
com%o(ed o. (Huari(h ce''( Di#h co&0ex %eric'i&a' ou#er Da''(S (ur.ace 0ieD( o. u%%er a&d
'oDer &ear'= (imi'arS (#oma#a %arac=#icQ %re(e&# o& bo#h (ur.ace(S me(o%h='' o. 'ami&a
co&(i(#i&/ o. #o 3 'a=er( i&&er #o u%%er a&d 'oDer e%idermi( made u% o. com%ac#'=
arra&/ed (hor# rec#a&/u'ar ce''( a&d irre/u'ar'= arra&/ed %are&ch=ma ce''( o. midd'e 'a=er(
bu# %o((e(i&/ a .eD i&#erce''u'ar (%ace(S occa((io&a' 0a(cu'ar (#ra&d( %a((i&/ #hrou/h #hi(
midd'e %or#io&S i(o'a#ed (c'ereid( abou# 29 #hic6 co&#ai&i&/ %ri(ma#ic cr=(#a'( o. abou# 1
%re(e&# i& %are&ch=maS midrib bu'd/i&/ %romi&e&#'= o& bo#h #he (ur.ace( a&d co&#ai&i&/
a /rou% o. * #o 2 0a(cu'ar bu&d'e(S x='em o. 0a(cu'ar bu&d'e( orie&#ed #oDard( u%%er
e%idermi( a&d co&(i(#i&/ o. #racheid(Q 0e((e'( a&d %are&ch=maS %h'oem %re(e&# #oDard(
'oDer e%idermi( a&d co&(i(#i&/ o. #hi& Da''ed ce''(S bu&d'e (hea#h ab(e&#S each 0a(cu'ar
bu&d'e a((ocia#ed Di#h %a#ch o. co''e&ch=ma#ou( ce''( ou#(ide #he %h'oemS #a&&i& (ra&/i&/
.rom =e''oD #o broD& i& co'our) abu&da&# i& %are&ch=ma ce''( o. midrib a&d 'ami&a re/io&Q
e(%ecia''= i& #he or * (ube%iderma' 'a=er(S (#oma#a' i&dex C #o 1* o& u%%er (ur.ace a&d 19
#o 13 o& 'oDer (ur.ace.
$oDder I The %oDder (hoD( a&/u'ar e%iderma' ce''( a&d /rou%( o. #hi& Da''edQ rec#a&/u'arQ
c'o(e'= %ac6ed %are&ch=ma ce''( ma&= o. Dhich co&#ai& #a&&i&(.


T.).C.
T.).C. o. #he a'coho' (o'ub'e ex#rac# o& Si'ica /e' ^4^ %'a#e (9. mm #hic6) u(i&/
#o'ue&e R e#h=' .orma#e R .ormic acid (2R3R1) a( mobi'e %ha(e (hoD( u&der F.5. (*:: &m)
(%o#( a# R.. 9.9: (;roD&)S 9.*C(;'ue)S 9.3: (;'ue)S 9.22 (Red)S 9.71 ($i&6). O& (%ra=i&/
Di#h a&i(a'deh=deR (u'%huric acid rea/e&# a&d hea#i&/ #he %'a#e .or #e& mi&u#e( a# 119
o
C
#Do (%o#( a%%ear a# R. 9.*2()i/h# 4ree&)Q 9.32 (Ora&/e).
27

CONSTITFENTS I )ea0e( co&#ai& .'a0o&oid( (uch a( _uerce#i&Q Huerce#ri&STa&&i&(
com%ri(i&/ o. /a''ic a&d chebu'i&ic acid.

Ra(a R ,aXP=aQ Ti6#aQ Madhura
4uTa R )a/huQ RZ6Xa
5Ur=a R KU#a
5i%P6a R ,aVu
,arma R $i##aharaQ ,a%haharaQ 5P#aharaQ MZ#ra0ireca&U=aQ Ku6ra>a&a&aQ 5WX=aQ
Ra(P=a&aQ 4rPhUQ 5raTaro%aTaQ Ra6Xo/h&aQ KramaharaQ Ne#r=aQ 4raha&P[a&aQ Mab/a'a6araQ
4arbha(#hP%a&a
THERA$EFTIC FSES I Ra6#a%i##aQ 5raTaQ 5iXaro/aQ 5a&dh=a#0aQ Hi66PQ 5iXama>0araQ
;ha/a&daraQ 5P#P[marUQ MZ#raro/a
DOSE I 19 I 9 m' >uice.

27
73. 5a&da (S#)
5AND (S#em)
5a&dP co&(i(#( o. #he dried (#em o. De&dro%h#hoe .a'ca#a ()i&&. ..) E##i&/(h. (=&.
SENONEMS
Sa&(6ri# R ;a&dP6aQ SadharXPQ 5W6XPda&UQ 5W6XaruhP
A((ame(e R II
;e&/a'i R Maa&daa
E&/'i(h R Mi(#'e#oe
4u>ra#i R ;aa&do
Hi&di R ;a&daa
,a&&ada R ;a&dhu'uQ ;ada&i6e
,a(hmiri R II
Ma'a=a'am R I#i'Q I##i66a&&i
Ori=a R 5rudho&/o
$u&>abi R II
Tami' R $u''uri
Te'u/u R ;aada&i6aaQ @iddu
Frdu R II
DESCRI$TION
a) Macro(co%ic
Sma'' #Di/( o. aeria' bra&che( ra&/i&/ .rom mm #o .2 cm i& #hic6&e((S #he bar6 o.
(#em #hi&Q dar6 broD& a&d (%ec6ed Di#h 'i/h#er broD&Q u&i.orm'= di(#ribu#ed 'e&#ic'e(S #he
Dood reddi(hIbroD& a.#er remo0a' o. #hi& bar6S (#em ('i/h#'= rou/h #o #ouchS .rac#ure
irre/u'arS .rac#ured (ur.ace dar6 broD&S &o di(#i&c# #a(#e or odour.
27

b) Micro(co%ic
A #ra&(0er(e (ec#io& o. (#em re0ea'( a circu'ar ou#'i&e Di#h a #hic6 cu#ic'eQ a&d
e%idermi( made u% o. (Huari(h or barre' (ha%ed ce''( Di#h co&0ex ou#er %eric'i&a' Da''( a&d
i&#erru%#ed here a&d #here b= 'e&#icu'ar o%e&i&/(S cor6 made u% o. #hi&IDa''edQ cru(hed
rec#a&/u'ar ce''(S cor#ex co&(i(#i&/ o. ma&= 'a=er( o. #a&/e&#ia''= e'o&/a#ed a&d rou&ded
ce''( i&#er(%er(ed Di#h (c'ereid( u%#o 72 i& (ize a&d i& /rou%( o. #o 3S ma&= ce''( o.
cor#exQ e(%ecia''= #ho(e o. ou#er .eD 'a=er( co&#ai& #a&&i&( ra&/i&/ i& co'our .rom =e''oDQ
ora&/e #o dar6 broD&S /rou%( o. %eric=c'ic .ibre( .orm a ri&/ ou#(ide %h'oemS cambium
%re(e&#S x='em (urrou&di&/ #he ce&#ra' %i#h a&d com%o(ed o. De'' de0e'o%ed 0e((e'(Q .ibre
a&d %are&ch=maQ 1 #o 3 (eria#e medu''ar= ra=( com%o(ed o. radia''= e'o&/a#ed ce''( %re(e&#S
%i#h co&(i(#( o. #hi& Da''edQ rou&ded or %o'=/o&a' %are&ch=ma#ou( ce''(S (ma'' /rou%( o.
(c'ereid(Q u% #o 72 each i& (ize %re(e&# i& bo#h %i#h a&d medu''ar= ra=(S %ri(ma#ic cr=(#a'(
%re(e&# i& a((ocia#io& Di#h (c'ereid( a&d medu''ar= ra= ce''(.
$oDder I $oDder (hoD( 0e((e' e'eme&#( Di#h (im%'e %i##ed #hic6e&i&/(Q /rou%( o. (c'ereid(
co&#ai&i&/ %ri(ma#ic cr=(#a'( ((ize o. cr=(#a' *9 #o *2 'o&/ a&d 12 #o 1? Dide) a&d
.ra/me&#( o. %are&ch=ma ce''( co&#ai&i&/ #a&&i&(.


T.).C.
T.).C. o. #he a'coho' (o'ub'e ex#rac# o. #he dru/ i& ch'oro.orm a( a mobi'e %ha(e
(hoD( u&der F5 (*:: &m) (%o#( R. 9.1* (4re=)S 9.3 (4ree&)S 9.*2 (;'ue)S 9.2: (Ee''oD)S
9.?: (4re=)S 9.72 (Ora&/e $i&6)S 9.C: ($i&6).
27

CONSTITFENTS I Eou&/ (hoo#( co&#ai& &ear'= 19 %er ce&# #a&&i&( a&d #he (#em co&#ai&(
Iam=ri&I9Iace#a#eQ o'eo&o'ic acid i#( me#h=' e(#er ace#a#eQI(i#o(#ero' a&d (#i/ma(#ero'.

4uTa R )a/huQ RZ6Xa
5Ur=a R KU#a
5i%P6a R ,aVu
Ra(P=a&aQ 4rPhUQ 5raTaro%aTaQ Ra6Xo/h&aQ KramaharaQ Ne#r=aQ 4raha&P[a&aQ Mab/a'a6araQ
4arbha(#hP%a&a

27
72. 5a&da (Aeria' R#.)
5AND (Aeria' Roo#)
5a&dP co&(i(#( o. #he dried aeria' roo# o. De&dro%h#hoe .a'ca#a ()i&&. ..) E##i&/(h. (=&.
SENONEMS
A((ame(e R II
;e&/a'i R Maa&daa
E&/'i(h R Mi(#'e#oe
4u>ra#i R ;aa&do
Hi&di R ;a&daa
,a&&ada R ;ada&i6eQ ;a&dhu'u
,a(hmiri R II
Ori=a R 5rudho&/o
$u&>abi R II
Tami' R $u''uri
Frdu R II
DESCRI$TION
a) Macro(co%ic
Ad0e&#i#iou( roo# /re=i(h broD& ou#(ideQ =e''oDi(h #o broD& i&(ideQ ('e&derQ
co&#or#ed a&d 6&o##= i& a%%eara&ceQ (e&di&/ ou# hau(#oria i&#o #he ho(# %'a&# orQ a'(o i&#o i#(
oD& bra&che(S rare'= bra&chedS .rac#ureQ irre/u'arS odour a&d #a(#e &o# di(#i&c#.
27

b) Micro(co%ic
A #ra&(0er(e (ec#io& o. ad0e&#i#iou( roo# i( circu'ar i& ou#'i&eS cu#ic'e a&d e%idermi(
('ou/hed o..S ou#ermo(# zo&e co&(i(#( o. bro6e& #i((ue o. cor6 a&d cor#ex .o''oDed b= cor6
cambium made o. rec#a&/u'ar ce''(S cor#ex DideQ ma&= 'a=eredQ made o. #hi& Da''ed
rou&ded ce''( a&d (e'ereid( u%#o 29 (izeQ %re(e&# (i&/'= or i& /rou%( o. #o 3S ma&= ce''(
o. cor#ex co&#ai& #a&&i&S %a#che( o. %eric=c'ic .ibre( (urrou&d #he 0a(cu'ar ri&/S %h'oem
com%o(ed o. (ma'' #hi& Da''ed ce''( %re(e&# ou#(ide #he x='em a&d (e%ara#ed .rom i# b= #he
0a(cu'ar cambiumS x='em i&#erru%#ed b= (hor#Q 1 or (eria#e medu''ar= ra=( com%o(ed o.
radia''= e'o&/a#ed ce''(S x='em com%o(ed o. (ca##ered 0e((e'(Q %are&ch=ma a&d .ibre(S %i#h
DideQ com%o(ed o. rou&ded %are&ch=ma#ou( ce''( i&#er(%er(ed Di#h #hic6 Da''ed .ibre( o.
abou# 2 i& dia.
$oDder I $oDder (hoD( #racheid( a&d 0e((e' member( Di#h (im%'e %i##ed #hic6e&i&/(Q
bro6e& .ibre(S (#o&e ce''( Di#h .ai&# i&com%'e#e radia' (#ria#io&(Q u%#o 29 i& (ize a&d
co&#ai&i&/ %ri(ma#ic cr=(#a'(.


T.).C.
T.).C. o. #he a'coho' (o'ub'e ex#rac# o. #he dru/ o& (i'ica /e' ^4^ %'a#e (9. mm #hic6)
u(i&/ ch'oro.orm R me#ha&o' (79R9) a( mobi'e %ha(e (hoD( u&der F.5. (a# *:: &m) (%o#( a#
R. 9.*2 (;'ue)S 9.27 (;'ue)S 9.C9 (;'ue).

CONSTITFENTS I Ca#echi& a&d 'eucoc=&idi& i& #he bar6.
27

4uTa R )a/huQ RZ6Xa
5Ur=a R KU#a
5i%P6a R ,aVu
Ra(P=a&aQ 4rPhUQ 5raTaro%aTaQ KramaharaQ Ne#r=aQ 4raha&P[a&aQ Mab/a'a6araQ 4arbha(#hP%a&a
IM$ORTANT "ORMF)ATIONS I MZ#ra0ireca&U=a ,PXP=a CZrTa

28
7:. 5a&da ("')
5AND ("'oDer)
5a&dP co&(i(#( o. .'oDer( o. De&dro%h#hoe .a'ca#a ()i&&...) E##i&/(h. (=&. )ora&#hu(
.a'ca#u( )i&&. .. ("am. )ora&#haceae)Q a (emiI%ara(i#eQ mai&'= o& .rui# #ree(Q a&d di(#ribu#ed
#hrou/hou# I&dia.
SENONEMS
A((ame(e R II
;e&/a'i R Maa&daa
E&/'i(h R Mi(#'e#oe
4u>ra#i R ;aa&do
Hi&di R ;a&daa
,a&&ada R ;ada&i6eQ ;a&dhu'u
,a(hmiri R II
Ori=a R 5rudho&/o
$u&>abi R II
Tami' R $u''uri
Frdu R II
DESCRI$TION
a) Macro(co%ic
"'oDer( ac#i&omor%hicQ bi(exua'Q re/u'arQ com%'e#eQ co'ouredQ a%e#a'ou(Q e%i/=I&ou(
Di#h cu% or di(c (ha%ed rece%#ac'eQ %e&#amerou(S %eria&#hI#e%a'( 2Q .ree a&d (#ra% (ha%ed
#oDard( #he di(#a' e&d a&d i& #he .orm o. a (ic6'eI(ha%ed #ube #oDard( #he ba(a' e&dS
(urrou&ded a# #he ba(e b= a cu%I(ha%ed ca'=xS #he %eria&#h #ube mea(ure( abou# 39 #o 22
28
mm i& 'e&/#hS i# i( &arroD a# #he ba(e a&d /radua''= Dide&( #oDard( #he u%%er %ar#S #he
%eria&#h 'obe( become (#ro&/'= re.'exed a# ma#uri#=. I&(ide #he %eria&#h #ube are 2 cu(hio&
(ha%ed &ec#ari&e(S a&droecium (#ame&( 2Q e%i%h=''ou(Q (#ar#i&/ .rom #DoI#hird( o. 'e&/#h o.
%eria&#h #ube a&d co&#i&ui&/ #o #he #i% o. %eria&#h 'obe(Q a%%re((ed #o #he (#='e i& =ou&/
.'oDer(S .i'ame&#( ora&/e co'ouredS a&#her( mo&o#hecou(Q dar6Q ba(i.ixedS /=&oecium o0ar=
1Q i&.eriorQ ob(cure'= u&i'ocu'arS (#='e 'o&/Q .i'ame&#ou(S (#i/ma ca%i#a#eS %'ace&#a#io& ba(a'Q
o&e o0u'e i& each 'ocu'e.

b) Micro(co%ic
$oDder I The %oDder (hoD( charac#eri(#ica''= #riradia#eQ (moo#h Da''edQ %o''e&
/rai&( u%#o 32 i& (ize a&d ha0i&/ a de%re((io& i& #he ce&#re a# di(#a' e&d o. each armQ a&d
e&do#he'ia' #i((ue.


T.).C.
T.).C. o. #he a'coho'ic ex#rac# o& Si'ica /e' ^4^ %'a#e (9. mm #hic6) u(i&/ #o'ue&e R
e#h='.orma#e R .ormic acid (2R3R1) a( mobi'e %ha(e (hoD( u&der F.5. (a# *:: &m) (%o#( a#
R. 0a'ue 9.11Q 9.1:Q 9.: (;'ue)Q 9.32 ($i&6). O& (%ra=i&/ Di#h a&i(a'deh=de R (u'%huric
acid rea/e&# a&d o& hea#i&/ #he %'a#e .or #e& mi&u#e( a# 119
o
C (%o#( a# R.. 9.9? (;'ac6)S
9.1 (4ree& ;'ac6)S 9. (;'ue)S 9.*1 (Ee''oD)S 9.39 (Ee''oD)S 9.77 (4ree&) a%%ear.

4uTa R )a/huQ RZ6Xa
5Ur=a R KU#a
28
5i%P6a R ,aVu
Ra(P=a&aQ 4rPhUQ 5raTaro%aTaQ Ra6Xo/h&aQ KramaharaQ Ne#r=aQ 4raha&P[a&aQ 4arbha(#hP%a&a
DOSE I 19 I 9 m' >uice

28
7?. 5a&da ("r.)
5AND ("rui#)
5a&dP co&(i(#( o. #he dried .rui# o. De&dro%h#hoe .a'ca#a ()i&&. ..) E##i&/(h. (=&.
SENONEMS
A((ame(e R II
;e&/a'i R Maa&daa
E&/'i(h R Mi(#'e#oe
4u>ra#i R ;aa&do
Hi&di R ;a&daa
,a&&ada R I
,a(hmiri R I##i66a&&iQ I#i'
Ma'a=a'am R ;aa&da/u'Q ;a&da
Mara#hi R 5rudho&/o
Ori=a R II
$u&>abi R $u''uri
Tami' R ;aada&i6aaQ @iddu
Te'u/u R @ee0a6amu
DESCRI$TION
a) Macro(co%ic
The .rui# i( a& o0a#e %(eudo berr=Q u%#o * mm i& #hic6&e(( a&d * #o 7 mm i& 'e&/#hS
/ree&i(hI=e''oD Dhe& ma#ure a&d #ur&i&/ broD& Dhe& dr=S #he #o% o. #he .rui# i( croD&ed
b= a %er(i(#e&# ca'=cu'u(S #he .rui# co&#ai&( a& e'o&/a#edQ .'a(6I(ha%ed (eed u%#o 2 mm 'o&/
a&d mm #hic6Q ru/o(eQ broD&Q hardQ a&d e&c'o(ed i& a (hi&=Q 0i(cid .i'm.

28
b) Micro(co%ic
T.S. o. #he %(eudoberr= (hoD( #he ou#er #i((ue( o. #ha'amu( (e%ara#ed b= a zo&e o.
0i(cid ma(( .rom #he i&&er #i((ue( o. #he (eed. "rui# #i((ue co&(i(# o. a& ou#er e%icar%
.ormed o. a (i&/'e 'a=er o. e%idermi( com%o(ed o. (Huari(h or rou&dedQ #hic6'=
cu#icu'arized ce''( .o''oDed b= * or 3 'a=er( o. #hic6 Da''edQ 'ar/ed (izedQ (Huari(h ce''(
co&#ai&i&/ #a&&i&(S me(ocar% co&(i(# o. mu'#i%'e 'a=er( o. (ma'' re'a#i0e'= c'ear ce''( Di#h
i&#er(%er(ed /rou%( o. (#o&e ce''(. "rui# Da'' de'imi#ed i&(ide b= mu'#i%'e 'a=er( o. 'ar/eQ
rou&dedQ #hi& Da''ed %are&ch=ma#ou( ce''( co&#ai&i&/ =e''oD #o dar6 broD& #a&&i&(S #he
(eed co&(i(#( o. a& ou#er 0i(cid zo&e de'imi#ed #oDard( i&(ide b= a ri&/ o. #i((ue( made o.
(e0era' 'a=er( o. i(odiame#ric ce''( mo(#'= co&#ai&i&/ broD& %i/me&# i& ou#er or * 'a=er(
a&d a ri&/ o. 0a(cu'ar bu&d'e(. I&&er #o #hi( i( a zo&e com%ri(i&/ o. radia''= e'o&/a#edQ
com%ac#'= arra&/ed #hi&IDa''ed ce''( rich i& (#arch #oDord( #he ce&#erS ce&#re o. #he (eed
occu%ied b= a ma(( o. u&i.ormQ i(odiame#ricQ %are&ch=ma#ou( embr=o&ic ce''(.
$oDder I Ce''u'ar debri( a&d (#o&e ce''( Di#h circu'ar (#ria#io&( 9 #o *2 are (ee&Q /rou%(
o. ce''( co&#ai&i&/ #a&&i&( a'(o %re(e&#.

A'coho'I(o'ub'e ex#rac#i0e No# 'e(( #ha& 1? %er ce&#Q A%%e&dix ..:.

T.).C.
T.).C. o. #he a'coho'ic ex#rac# o& (i'ica /e' ^4^ %'a#e (9. mm #hic6) u(i&/ #o'ue&eR
e#h='ace#a#eR ace#ic acid (2R3.2R9.2)Q (hoD( u&der F.5. (*::&m) (%o#( a# R.. 9.* (4re=i(h
;'ac6)Q 9.2?Q 9.? ($i&6)Q 9.71 (;'ue)Q 9.7C ($i&6). O& (%ra=i&/ Di#h a&i(a'deh=deI
(u'%huric acid rea/e&# a&d o& hea#i&/ #he %'a#e .or #e& mi&u#e( a# 1195 C (%o#( a%%ear a# R..
9.Q 9.*? (;'ue)Q 9.2 ($ur%'e)Q 9.2? (4re=i(h ;'ac6)Q 9.:?Q 9.? (Dar6 ;'ue)Q 9.?2
($ur%'e).

28

4uTa R )a/huQ RZ6Xa
5Ur=a R KU#a
5i%P6a R ,aVu
,arma R $i##aharaQ ,a%haharaQ 5P#aharaQ 5iXa/h&aQ 5WX=aQ Ra(P=a&aQ 4rPhUQ
5raTaro%aTaQ Ra6Xo/h&a Q KramaharaQ 4raha&P[a&a
THERA$EFTIC FSES I Ra6#a%i##aQ 5raTaQ Ar[aQ 5P#a0i6PraQ A[marUQ MZ#ra[ar6arPQ
MZ#ra6WcchraQ MZ#rP/hP#aQ MZ#raru>PQ 4arbha(rP0aQ ,aTVharo/aQ 5P#ara6#aQ Ko%haro/aQ
mP#i(PraQ Ne#raro/aQ 5iXama>0araQ K'U%ada
DOSE I 19 I 9 m'

28
77. 5a&=a>ira6a ("r)
5ANEA@<RA,A ("rui#)
5a&=a>Ura6a co&(i(#( o. dried .rui# o. Ce&#ra#herum a&#he'mi&#icum ().) ,u&#ze ("am.
A(#eraceae)Q a& a&&ua'Q robu(#Q erec# herbQ .ou&d #hrou/hou# I&dia u%#o 1729 m i& Hima'a=a
a&d ,ha(i hi''( a&d o.#e& cu'#i0a#ed.
SENONEMS
Sa&(6ri# R raT=a>Ura6acQ ;Wha#%P'UQ SomarP>UQ 5a&a>Ura6ac
A((ame(e R II
;e&/a'i R Somaraa>
E&/'i(h R $ur%'e "'eba&eQ 1orm Seed "'eaba&e
4u>ra#i R ,aa'ee>eereeQ ,ada0i>eeree
Hi&di R ,aa'i>eereeQ ,ara>iriQ Soharaai
,a&&ada R ,aadu>eera/eQ ,aari>iri/e
,a(hmiri R II
Ma'a=a'am R ,rimi(ha#ruQ ,a##u>ira6am
Mara#hi R ,adu>ire
Ori=a R II
$u&>abi R II
Tami' R ,aa##uchira6amQ Chi##i'ai
Te'u/u R Ada0i>i'a6aroaQ 4are#i6amma
Frdu R II
DESCRI$TION
a) Macro(co%ic
The .rui#( are c=%(e'aQ i&dehi(ce&#Q * #o 2 mm 'o&/ a&d 1 #o mm i& diame#erS
#a%eri&/ #oDard( ba(eQ %a%%u( %re(e&# o0er .'a##e&ed u%%er e&dS (ur.ace exhibi#( abou# 9
'o&/i#udi&a' rid/e(Q hair=Q b'ac6i(hIbroD& #o b'ac6 i& co'ourS #a(#eQ bi##er a&d odour
i&di(#i&c#.
28

b) Micro(co%ic
T.S. o. .rui# exhibi#( abou# 9 rid/e( a&d .urroD(S #he e%idermi( i( (i&/'e 'a=eredQ
co0ered ex#er&a''= Di#h #hic6 cu#ic'eS #richome( are o. #Do #=%e( I co0eri&/ a&d /'a&du'arS
co0eri&/ #richome( u&ice''u'arQ e'o&/a#ed Di#h #a%eri&/ e&d(Q %re(e&# mo(#'= o& #he rid/e(S
/'a&du'ar hair(Q (e((i'e Di#h u&ice''u'ar head( are (ee& i& #he .urroD(S re(# o. #he %ericar%
co&(i(#( o. #hi& Da''ed %are&ch=ma#ou( ce''(S 0a(cu'ar bu&d'e( are %re(e&# be'oD #he rid/e(Q
.o''oDed b= di(co&#i&uou( a&d 'a#era''= ex#e&di&/ arche( o. #hic6 Da''ed a&d 'i/&i.ied
(c'ere&ch=ma#ou( #i((ue(S #e(#a i( (i&/'e 'a=ered .o''oDed b= #hi& Da''ed %are&ch=ma#ou(
ce''( o. #he co#='edo&Q mo(# o. #hem co&(i(#i&/ o. a'euro&e /rai&( a&d a .eD exhibi# oi'
/'obu'e(.
$oDder I The %oDder exhibi#( .ra/me&#( o. .ibre(Q .ibre (c'ereid(Q (ca'ari.orm 0a(cu'ar
e'eme&#(Q #hi& Da''ed %are&ch=ma#ou( ce''( Di#h a'euro&e /rai&( a&d oi' /'obu'e(Q co0eri&/
a( De'' a( /'a&du'ar #richome( #hi& Da''ed radia''= e'o&/a#ed ce''( o. %a%%u(.

To#a' A(h No# more #ha& ?.2 %er ce&#Q A%%e&dix ..*.

T.).C.
T.).C. o. %e#ro'eum e#her ex#rac# o& Si'ica 4e' 4 :9 %recoa#ed %'a#e (Merc6) u(i&/
$e#ro'eum e#her (:9I795C)S Die#h=' e#herR Ace#ic acid (?9R*R)Q (hoD( u&der F5 (*:: &m)
o&e (%o# a# R.. 9.37 ('i/h# b'ue)S o& ex%o(ure #o iodi&e 0a%our( 3 (%o#( a%%ear a# R.. 9.37
(dar6 ora&/e)Q 9.2?Q 9.:7 a&d 9.73 (a'' .ai&# ora&/e)S a.#er (%ra=i&/ Di#h 2\ e#ha&o'ic
(u'%huric acid a&d hea#i&/ #he %'a#e a# 119
o
C .or *9 mi&u#e(Q 3 (%o#( a%%ear a# R.. 9.37
(b'ac6) 9.2?Q 9.:7 a&d 9.73 (a'' .ai&# broD&).

28
CONSTITFENTS I S#ero'(Q a0e&a(#ero' a&d 0er&o(#ero'Q a bi##er %ri&ci%'eQ e((e&#ia'
oi'Qre(i&( a&d .ixed oi' co&(i(#i&/ o. m=ri(#icQ %a'mi#icQ (#earicQ o'eicQ 'i&o'eic a&d 0er&o'ic
acid(

Ra(a R Ti6#aQ ,aVuQ ,aXP=a
5Ur=a R FXTa
5i%P6a R ,aVu
,arma R 5P#aharaQ ,a%haharaQ @a&#u&P[a6aQ MZ#ra'aQ DU%a&aQ S#ambha&aQ Ne#r=a
IM$ORTANT "ORMF)ATIONS I Madhu(&uhU Ra(P=a&a
THERA$EFTIC FSES I K0P(aQ ,P(aQ Hi66PQ @0araQ ,uXVhaQ 5raTaQ ,aTYZQ K0i#ra6uXVhaQ
,WmiQ Ko%haQ KZ'aQ 4u'maQ MZ#rP/hP#aQ Ra6#a0i6Pra
DOSE I 1I* /

28
7C. 5idari6a&da (Tuber)
5IDR<,ANDA (Tuber)
5idPrU6a&da i( #he dried #uber o. $ueraria #ubero(a DC. ("am. "abaceae)Q a 'ar/eQ
%ere&&ia' c'imber Di#h #uberou( roo#(Q u%#o :9 cm 'o&/ a&d *9 cm #hic6Q e0e& Dei/hi&/ u%#o
*2 6/Q .rom abou# 2 or 19 6/S #he= are di(#ribu#ed &ear'= #hrou/hou# I&dia.
SENONEMS
Sa&(6ri# R I6Xu/a&dhPQ 5idPrU
A((ame(e R II
;e&/a'i R Shimi=aQ Shimiaba#ra>iQ ;hui ,umdo
E&/'i(h R I&dia& ,ud>u
4u>ra#i R ,ha6har0e'Q 5idareeQ 5idaree6a&d
Hi&di R 5idaree,a&dQ ;i'ai6a&dQ Sura'Q $a#a' ,a&d
,a&&ada R II
,a(hmiri R II
Ma'a=a'am R II
Mara#hi R ;e&dri=a be'Q ;i&dreeQ 5e&dricha0e'
Ori=a R II
$u&>abi R Sia'i
Tami' R Ni'%u(h&i ,ezhu/u
Te'u/u R Ne'a/ummudu
Frdu R II
DESCRI$TION
a) Macro(co%ic
Dried cu# %iece( o. #uberQ * #o 2 cm 'ar/eQ #o 3 cm broad a&d .ibrou(S ou#er (ur.ace
Dhere %re(e&#Q 'i/h# broD& i& co'ourS ou#er (ur.aceQ Dhere e%idermi( i( %re(e&#Q i( 'i/h#
broD& Di#h #ra&(0er(e Dar#( a&d rid/e(S cu# (ur.ace cream=S .'e(h=Q #ra&(0er(e (ma'' Dar#(
a&d rid/e( are .ou&d o& #he (ur.aceQ #ex#ure (moo#hS (Dee# i& #a(#eQ &o %ar#icu'ar (me'' (cu#
29
%iece( o. #he #uber( o. I%omoea di/i#a#aQ (ub(#i#u#e o. $. #ubero(aQ are cubica'Q (moo#hQ 'i/h#
cream i& co'our a&d ca& ea(i'= be di(#i&/ui(hed).

b) Micro(co%ic
T.S. o. Dho'e roo# #uber i( ('i/h#'= Da0= i& ou#'i&eQ e%idermi( &o# di(cer&ib'eS * #o 3
'a=er( o. cor6 ce''(Q .o''oDed b= 2 #o? 'a=er( o. %are&ch=ma#ou( ce''( %re(e&#S cor6
cambiumIbroD& i& co'our a&d or * ce''( #hic6Q e&dodermi( De'' de0e'o%edS %eric=c'e
.ibrou( .o''oDed b= 'a=er( o. (#o&e ce''( .i''ed Di#h (a&d= cr=(#a'(S %h'oem co&(i(# o.
(ie0e #ube(Q com%a&io& ce''(Q %a#che( o. ba(# .ibre( a&d %h'oem %are&ch=maS x='em
%e&#arch i& =ou&/ roo#Q co&(i(# o. 0e((e'( Di#h (ca'ari.orm cro(( %er.ora#io&Q #racheid(Q
x='em .ibre( a&d %are&ch=maS medu''ar= ra=( broad a&d %are&ch=ma#ou(. The medu''ar=
ra=( a&d %h'oem ce''( are .i''ed Di#h (#arch /rai&( Dhich are %o'=/o&a'Q #o 2 m i&
diame#erQ (im%'e or #Do #o ma&=Icom%ou&dQ hi'um u(ua''= i&di(#i&c#Q occa(io&a''= a ce&#ra'
c'e.#Q 'ame''ae i&di(#i&c#. I& macera#ed %re%ara#io& cr=(#a' .ibre( are mu'#ice''u'arQ
ar#icu'a#edQ each ce'' carr=i&/ a cr=(#a' o. ca'cium oxa'a#eQ (ome o. #he ar#icu'a#ed .ibre( are
(Do''e& i& #he midd'e 'i6e a bu'b %i%e##e.
$oDder I 4re=i(hIbroD&Q &o charac#eri(#ic odourQ bi##er i& #a(#eS (hoD( %are&ch=ma .i''ed
Di#h (#archQ (e%#a#e .ibre( i& #he .orm o. cr=(#a'( .ibre( a( De'' a( (ha%ed bu'b 'i6e %i%e##eS
0e((e'( Di#h (im%'e a&d (ca'ari.orm cro(( %er.ora#io& %'a#e(Q (#o&e ce''(Q a&d (#arch a(
de(cribed u&der micro(co%=S %oDder #rea#ed Di#h 1N NaOH i& me#ha&o' a&d &i#roIce''u'o(e
i& am='ace#a#e /i0e( 'i/h# /ree& .'uore(ce&ce u&der F5 23 &m.

Moi(#ure co&#e&# No# more #ha& 19 %er ce&#Q A%%e&dix ..C.
To#a' a(h No# more #ha& 11 %er ce&#Q A%%e&dix ..*.
Acid i&(o'ub'e a(h No# 'e(( #ha& 1 %er ce&#Q A%%e&dix ..3.
A'coho' (o'ub'e ex#rac#i0e No# 'e(( #ha& 1* %er ce&#Q A%%e&dix ..:.
S#arch No# 'e(( #ha& 13 %er ce&#Q A%%e&dix ..1*

29
T.).C.
u(i&/ #o'ue&e R e#h=' ace#a#e R me#ha&o' (79 R 9 R 9.2) (hoD( u&der F5 (*:: &m) b'ue
.'uore(ce&# zo&e( a# R.. 9.1CQ 9.2Q 9.*3Q 9.*7. O& (%ra=i&/ Di#h a&i(a'deh=deI(u'%huric
acid rea/e&# a&d hea#i&/ .or #e& mi&u#e( a# 19
o
CQ (%o#( a%%ear a# R.. 9.1C (/ree&)Q 9.*3
(Ma/e&#a)Q 9.32 (/ree&)Q 9.37 (b'ue)Q 9.: (b'ue)Q 9.:? (red) a&d 9.C (dar6 %i&6).

CONSTITFENTS I $#erocar%a&I#ubero(i&Q %#erocar%a&o&eIh=drox=#ubero(o&eQ #Do
%#erocar%e&e(Ia&h=dro#ubero(i& a&d *IOIme#h='a&h=droI#ubero(i&Q a&d a coume(#a&
#ubero(#a&. A& i(o.'a0o&eI%ueraro&e a&d a coume(#a&I%ueraro(#a&.

Ra(a R Madhura
5Ur=a R KU#a
5i%P6a R Madhura
,arma R 5P#aharaQ $i##aharaQ HWd=aQ ;WdhaTaQ 5WX=aQ MZ#ra'aQ ;a'=aQ S#a&=adaQ
S0ar=aQ 5P>U6araTaQ 5arT=aQ @U0a&U=aQ Ra(P=a&U
IM$ORTANT "ORMF)ATIONS I Marma 4uVi6PQ Ni#=P&a&da Ra(aQ SPra(0a#PriXVaQ
Ka#P0ar=Pdi 4hW#aQ A[0a/a&dhPd=ariXVaQ MahP 5iXa/arbha Tai'a
THERA$EFTIC FSES I Ra6#a%i##aQ Ku6ra6Xa=aQ Ra6#adoXaQ DPhaQ ,Xa=aQ ,P(aQ KZ'aQ
MZ#ra6WcchraQ 5i(ar%aQ 5iXama>0ara
DOSE I *I: /

29
C9. 5ira'a (S#.;6)
5IRA) (S#em ;ar6)
5ira'P co&(i(#( o. dried (#em bar6 o. Dio(%=ro( ex(cu'%#a ;uch. I Ham. (=&. D.
#ome&#o(a Roxb. ("am. Ebe&aceae)Q a (ma'' or occa(io&a''= 'ar/e #ree .ou&d di(#ribu#ed i&
(ubIHima'=a& #rac#Q Ra>a(#ha&Q Madh=a $rade(hQ ;ihar a&d Ori((a.
SENONEMS
Sa&(6ri# R Ti&du6acQ Ti&du6i
A((ame(e R II
;e&/a'i R ,e&dQ 4aab
E&/'i(h R 4aub $er(imo&Q I&dia& $er(imo&
4u>ra#i R Timbaru
Hi&di R 4aabhQ Te&duQ ,e&du
,a&&ada R Ho'i#u%areQ ,u(haar#a
,a(hmiri R II
Ma'a=a'am R $a&chchiQ $a&a&chiQ $a&achcha
Mara#hi R Tembura&i
Ori=a R II
$u&>abi R Te&du
Tami' R $a&ichchaiQ Tumbi6a
Te'u/u R Ti&du6iQ Tumi6eche##u
Frdu R II
DESCRI$TION
a) Macro(co%ic
;ar6 a0ai'ab'e i& %iece( o. 0ariab'e 'e&/#h(Q u(ua''= 1 #o 1.2cm #hic6Q 'i/h# broD& i&
co'ourQ (ur.ace u&e0e& Di#h ex.o'ia#i&/ rec#a&/u'ar (ca'e(Q ('i/h#'= cur0edQ ou#er (ur.ace a(h
co'ouredQ i&&er (ur.ace broD&i(hQ (#ria#e bu# (moo#hS .rac#ureQ /ra&u'arS odourQ
charac#eri(#icQ #a(#eQ (Dee# a&d a(#ri&/e&#.
29

b) Micro(co%ic
T.S. (hoD( a #hic6 %or#io& o. rh=#idomeS cor6 co&(i(#( o. 2 or : 'a=er( o. #a&/e&#ia''=
e'o&/a#ed rec#a&/u'arQ dor(o0e&#ra''= com%re((ed #hi& Da''ed ce''(Q a .eD (#ro&/'= 'i/i&i.ied
a&d .i''ed Di#h reddi(h broD& ma((e(S cor#ex co&(i(#( o. 3 #o : 'a=er( o. #hi& Da''ed
%are&ch=ma#ou( ce''(Q ma&= co&#ai&i&/ %ri(ma#ic ca'cium oxa'a#e cr=(#a'(Q mea(uri&/ 9 #o
?9 a&d (#arch /rai&( abou# : #o 19 S #a&&i&i.erou( ce''( %re(e&#S %h'oem #ra0er(ed b=
u&i(eria#e medu''ar= ra=(S (ie0e #ube a((ocia#ed Di#h com%a&io& ce''(S %h'oem %are&ch=ma
co&(i(#( o. ce''( Di#h #hi&Q dar6 reddi(h broD& Da''( ma&= o. #he ce''( co&#ai& ca'cium
oxa'a#e cr=(#a'( mo(#'= %ri(ma#ic #=%e bu# a .eD c'u(#er( a'(o ob(er0edS %a#che( o. .ibre(
%re(e&# Di#h a .air'= 'ar/e 'ume&S (c'ereid( occur i& /rou%( o. 7 #o 19Q o0a' #o e'o&/a#e i&
(ha%eQ mea(uri&/ 32 #o 1?2 i& 'e&/#h Di#h #hic6 (#ria#ed Da''(Q #he 'ume& i( 0er= (ma''
o.#e& reduced #o a 'i&eS %i# ca&a'( %re(e&#.
$oDder IA(h co'ourQ coar(eS .ra/me&#( o. #hic6IDa''ed cor6 ce''( Di#h de&(e broD& co&#e&#S
(c'ereid( e'o&/a#ed a&d o0a' (ha%ed (hoDi&/ %i# ca&a'( Di#h &arroD 'ume&S ca'cium oxa'a#e
cr=(#a' i& #he .orm o. %ri(m( a&d c'u(#er(S a .eD =e''oDi(h #a&&i& ce''(.


T.).C.
T.).C. o. #he a'coho'ic ex#rac# o& %recoa#ed (i'ica /e' ^4^ (E . Merc6 /rade) %'a#e
u(i&/ Ch'oro.orm R Ace#o&e (C7 R ) (hoD( u&der F5 (*:: &m) #Do .'uore(ce&# zo&e( a# R..
9.77 (b'ue) a&d 9.C* (/ree&). O& (%ra=i&/ Di#h A&i(a'deh=de I Su'%huric acid rea/e&# a&d
hea#i&/ #he %'a#e .or .i0e mi&u#e( a# 192
o
C (ix (%o#( a%%ear a# R.. 9.* (%i&6)Q 9.3C (%i&6)Q
9.2: (/re=)Q 9.?1(dar6 %i&6)Q 9.77 (%i&6) a&d 9.C* (%i&6).

29

CONSTITFENTS I Tri#er%e&oid( ()u%eo'Q ;e#u'i&Q ;e#u'i&ic acidQ O'ea&o'ic acid) a&d
S#ero'.

5Ur=a R FXTa
5i%P6a R Madhura
,arma R $i##aharaQ ,a%haharaQ 4rPhUQ @ih0P>PY=a6araQ 5raTaro%aTaQ Sa0arTa6ara
THERA$EFTIC FSES I FdardaQ $ramehaQ Ra6#a%i##aQ AruciQ A#U(PraQ 5iba&dhaQ $i##aro/aQ
,arTa(rP0aQ 5raTaQ A/&ida/dha 5raTaQ A#ida/dha 5raTaQ ;ha/&aQ TWXTPQ DPhaQ Eo&iro/aQ
Medoro/a
DOSE I 2 I 19 /

29
C1. 5i(ha'a (R#)
5IKA) (Roo#)
5i[a'P co&(i(#( o. dried roo# o. Tricho(a&#he( brac#ea#a ()am.) 5oi/# ("am.
Cucurbi#aceae)Q a 'ar/e %ere&&ia'Q u%#o C m i& hei/h#Q dioeciou(Q bra&chedQ Dood= #e&dri'
c'imberQ commo&'= /roDi&/ i& moi(# #hic6e#( .rom #he Hima'a=a( #o #he (ou#hQ a(ce&di&/ u%#o
a& a'#i#ude o. Q299 m.
SENONEMS
Sa&(6ri# R MahP6P'aQ 4a0Pda&U
A((ame(e R II
;e&/a'i R Maa6aa'
E&/'i(h R II
4u>ra#i R Raa#aa& I&draa=a&
Hi&di R Maa6aa'Q Mahar ,au&da'aQ )a' I&draa=a&Q Maha6aa'
,a&&ada R A0a/udeha&&u
,a(hmiri R II
Ma'a=a'am R ,aa66a##o&#i
Mara#hi R ,au&da'Q ,a0a&da'
Ori=a R Mahaa6aa'
$u&>abi R ,aehreeQ Aa&6ora##ai
Tami' R ,ora##ai
Te'u/u R Erraa Chedu%ucca
Frdu R II
DESCRI$TION
a) Macro(co%ic
1e'' de0e'o%ed .ibrou( roo#(Q %a'e =e''oD #o creami(hIbroD&Q a0ai'ab'e i& %iece(Q 3
#o 12 cm 'o&/Q 9.* #o cm #hic6S c='i&drica' a&d ('i/h#'= cur0edS dee%'= /roo0ed
29
'o&/i#udi&a''=S ex#er&a' (ur.aceQ du(#=Q (hri0e''edQ rou/h due #o ex.o'ia#i&/ cor6Q
'o&/i#udi&a' .i((ure( a&d roo# (car(S .rac#ureQ .ibrou(S #a(#eQ bi##er a&d a(#ri&/e&#.

b) Micro(co%ic
Roo#I Roo# (hoD( mu'#iI'a=ered cor6Q ou#er 'a=er( ex.o'ia#i&/Q i&&er o. rec#a&/u'ar
ce''(Q cor#ex &arroD Di#h a roD o. (c'ereid( ex#er&a''= a&d (hoD( %re(e&ce o. %a#che( o.
.ibre(S %h'oemQ &arroD o. (ma'' %o'=/o&a' ce''(S bu'6 o. roo# com%o(ed o. 'ar/e rou&ded
0e((e'( arra&/ed i& radia#i&/ roD( i&#er(%er(ed b= domi&a&# (#ra&d( o. mu'#i(eria#e
medu''ar= ra=( .i''ed com%'e#e'= Di#h (#arch /rai&(S %i#h ab(e&#.
$oDderI Dee% creami(hIbroD&S abu&da&# (c'ereid( o. 0ariou( (ha%e(Q mo(#'= i& /rou%(Q
i(odiame#ric (c'ereid( 9 #o *9 Q #hic6IDa''ed Di#h rou&d 'ume&Q (#ro&/'= (#ria#edS .ibre(Q
(i&/'= a&d i& /rou%(S cor6 ce''(S De'' de0e'o%ed re#icu'a#e'= #hic6e&ed a&d borderI%i##ed
0e((e'(S (#arch /rai&(Q mo(#'= (im%'e.


T.).C.
ch'oro.orm R me#ha&o' (CR1) (hoD( (%o#( a# R. 9.1:Q 9.3Q 9.:*Q 9.:CQ 9.?? a&d 9.7* (a''
%ur%'e) o& (%ra=i&/ Di#h 0a&i''i&I(u'%huric acid rea/e&# a&d hea#i&/ #he %'a#e a# 192
o
C .or
abou# #e& mi&u#e(.

CONSTITFENTS I Sa%o&i&(Q #richo(a&#hi&.
29

Ra(a R ,aVuQ Ti6#a
4uTa R )a/huQ RZ6Xa
5Ur=a R FXTa
5i%P6a R ,aVu
,arma R $i##aharaQ ,a%haharaQ $ra(Z#i6W#aQ 5Pma6aQ 5iXa/h&a
IM$ORTANT "ORMF)ATIONS I $P&U=a ,a'=aTa6a 4hW#aQ 5i[P'Pdi CZrTa
THERA$EFTIC FSES I @0araQ madoXaQ $ramehaQ A&#ar0WddhiQ ,uXVhaQ S#a&a%UYPQ ,Pma'PQ
K'U%adaQ 5WddhiQ $'UhodaraQ K0P(aQ ,P(aQ 4u'maQ 4aTYPma=aQ 4ra&#hiQ 5raTaQ MZYha/arbha
DOSE I 1 I* /

29
C. 5=a/hra&a6ha ("r)
5E4HRANA,HA ("rui#)
5=P/hra&a6ha co&(i(#( o. ma#ure .rui# o. Ca%%ari( (e%iaria )i&&. (=&. C. ze='a&ica
)i&&. .. ("am. Ca%%aridaceae)Q a %ere&&ia' c'imbi&/ (hrub Di#h hoo6ed (#i%u'ar (%i&e(Q
di(#ribu#ed #hrou/hou# I&diaQ i& #he %'ai&(.
SENONEMS
Sa&(6ri# R Ahid(rPQ 5=P/hrP=udha
A((ame(e R II
;e&/a'i R II
E&/'i(h R II
4u>ra#i R II
Hi&di R ;a/ha&aiQ ,a&#hariQ ,areruaa
,a&&ada R ,a#hiramu''uQ Mu'hu6a''ari
,a(hmiri R II
Ma'a=a'am R II
Mara#hi R Arda&#iQ 5=a/hra&a6hQ 1a/Q 1a/a#i
Ori=a R II
$u&>abi R II
Tami' R A#a&daiQ ,a##u6a#hiriQ Mara&da&Q Thora##i
Te'u/u R Na''a u%%i
Frdu R II
DESCRI$TION
a) Macro(co%ic
Sub/'obo(eQ ma&= (eeded berr=S /ree& Dhe& =ou&/Q red broD& Dhe& ri%eQ * #o 3 cm
i& diame#erQ o& a /rea#'= #hic6e&ed (#a'6S (eed( are #ri/o&a'Q 3 #o 2 mm 'o&/Q * #o 3 mm
DideQ #o * mm #hic6 Di#h Dhi#e #hi& co0eri&/S (eed coa# hard.
29

b) Micro(co%ic
"rui# I E%icar% (hoD( #hic6 cu#ic'e co0eri&/ #he (i&/'e 'a=ered e%iderma' ce''(
.o''oDed b= #hic6 Da''ed %are&ch=maQ .i''ed Di#h =e''oD co&#e&#(Q me(ocar% com%o(ed o.
#hic6 Da''ed %are&ch=maQ ha0i&/ /rou%( o. %i##ed (c'ereid( a# %'ace( a'o&/ Di#h (ome
0a(cu'ar (#ra&d(Q e&docar% co&#ai&( co''a%(ed ce''(Q abu&da&# oi' /'obu'e( %re(e&#.
Seed I T.S. (hoD( #e(#a ha0i&/ #hic6 cu#ic'eS Di#h a (i&/'e 'a=eredQ 'a#era''= e'o&/a#edQ
'oo(e'= %ac6edQ %i/me&#edQ e%iderma' ce''(Q .o''oDed b= 7 #o 19 'a=er( o. com%ac#'=
arra&/ed circu'ar %i##ed (#o&e ce''( Di#h 0er= #hic6 Da'' a&d &arroD 'ume&S #e/me& co&(i(#(
o. co''a%(ed ce''(S e&do(%erm %are&ch=ma .i''ed Di#h oi' a&d a'euro&e /rai&(Q oi' ce''( Di#h
=e''oDi(h oi' a# (ome %'ace(.
$oDder I Reddi(h broD&Q (#ic6=Q (hoD( (c'ereid(Q %are&ch=ma#ou( ce''( .i''ed Di#h oi' a&d
ce''( .i''ed Di#h a'euro&e /rai&(.

A'coho'I(o'ub'e ex#rac#i0e No# 'e(( #ha& *9 %er ce&#Q A%%e&dix ..:.
1a#erI(o'ub'e ex#rac#i0e No# 'e(( #ha& : %er ce&#Q A%%e&dix ..?.

T.).C.
#o'ue&e R me#ha&o' (:R*) (hoD( &i&e ba&d( a# R.. 9.1Q 9.*Q 9.*Q 9.2*Q 9.2:Q 9.:1Q 9.:3Q
9.?1Q 9.7: (a'' broD&)Q o& (%ra=i&/ Di#h 2\ E#ha&o'icI(u'%huric acid rea/e&# a&d hea#i&/
#he %'a#e .or #e& mi&u#e( a# 192
o
C.

CONSTITFENTS I Thio/'uco(ide /'ucoca%%ari&Q &I#riaco&#a&eQ Iam=ri& a&d .ixed oi'.
30

Ra(a R ,aVuQ Ti6#aQ ,aXP=aQ Madhura
4uTa R RZ6XaQ )a/hu
5Ur=a R FXTa
5i%P6a R ,aVu
,arma R 5P#aharaQ ,a%haharaQ 5arT=aQ 5iXa/h&aQ ,aTYZ/h&a
IM$ORTANT "ORMF)ATIONS I ;a'P Tai'a
THERA$EFTIC FSES I 5iXa0i6PraQ Sar%a0iXaQ ,aTYZQ $iYa6PQ ,oVhaQ ;hramaQ $ra0Phi6PQ
Ra6#a%radaraQ ,uXVhaQ 5raTaQ @0araQ 4raharo/aQ 5P#a0i6PraQ Mu6hadur/a&dha
DOSE I I: /

30
OF INDIA

PART I
VOLUME VI

First Edition

GOVERNMENT OF INDIA
DEPARTMENT OF AYURVEDA, YOGA &
NATUROPATHY, UNANI, SIDDHA AND HOMEOPATHY
(AYUSH)
NEWDELHI
2008
1
PDH.66. Part I, Vol VI
5000-00! "D#$ II%

2008, Ministry of Health and Family Welfare
Government of India
Department of Ayrveda, !o"a # $atropathy, %nani, &iddha ' Homeopathy
(A!%&H)

E&&'(ti)' &ro* +st ,an-ar., 00/

Pri(' * Inland +s, -00./
Forei"n %& 0 100./

I#01 * 128/81/10-1-2/1/3

P-2lis3'd 2. * 4H5 67$4+7885+ 7F 9%:8I6A4I7$&
6I;I8 8I$5&, D58HI / 1100-<

On 0'3al& o& * 4OVER1ME1T OF I1DIA
D59A+4M5$4 7F A!%+;5DA, !7GA/
$A4%+79A4H!, %$A$I, &IDDHA A$D
H7M7579A4H! (A!%&H), I$DIA$ +5D
6+7&& &76I54! :%I8DI$G, &A$&AD
MA+G, $5W D58HI

5E0#ITE * ===,indianmedi>ine,ni>,in

9rinted at * 6irrs Graphi>s 9vt, 8td, $e= Delhi
2
?
<
PREFA6E
4he first and se>ond part of the Ayrvedi> Formlary of India >omprisin" of <<< and
111 formlations respe>tively >over more than ?-1 sin"le dr"s of plant ori"in, 4his is part of
nearly -00 priority sin"le dr"s of plant ori"in to >ome =ith in the am@it of the Ayrvedi>
9harma>opoeia of India, 4he Ayrvedi> 9harma>opoeia of India, 9art/I, ;ol/I, ;ol/II, ;ol
III, ;ol I; and ; >omprises 80, 28, 100, 38 and 22 mono"raphs of Ayrvedi> sin"le dr"s of
plant ori"in =hi>h "o into one or more formlations in>lded in the Ayrvedi> Formlary of
India, 9art/I and 9art/II, As a >ontinin" a>tivity mono"raphs on 13 sin"le dr"s of plant
ori"in and for mono"raphs ea>h on Gda (Aa""ery), Go"hrta (6larified 6o=Bs :tter), Aala
(9ota@le water), Madhu (Honey) and arkar (Sugar) used as Vehicle or adjuvant, making
compilation o Vol V! o the "yurvedic #harmacopoeia o !ndia #art$! comprising o these
%&% monographs' !n compiling the monograph, each monograph (ears the title o the drug in
&ansCrit as "iven in Ayrvedi> Formlary of India, 4his is follo=ed @y definition of the dr"
"ivin" @otani>al identity @y sin" s>ientifi> @inomial nomen>latre =ith athority and very
@rief information a@ot its sor>e, o>>rren>e, distri@tion and pre>ations to @e taCen drin"
>olle>tion, if any, 8ist of synonyms in &ansCrit and also in other Indian re"ional lan"a"es,
4he mono"raph frther re>ords ma>ros>opi> and mi>ros>opi> des>ription of the dr"
hi"hli"htin" dia"nosti> featres for identifi>ation and athenti>ation even if the dr" is in
po=dered state, 4he mono"raph frther "ives nder Identity, 9rity and &tren"th, >ertain
physi>o >hemi>al parameters s>h as limits of forei"n matter, moistre >ontent, total ash, a>id
insol@le ash, al>ohol sol@le eDtra>tive, =ater sol@le eDtra>tive, volatile >ontent (if any)
follo=ed @y thin layer >hromato"raphi> fin"erprint profile, Wherever feasi@le, an Assay of
a>tive.marCer >hemi>al >onstitent or a "rop of >hemi>al >onstitents s>h as total alCaloids
or volatile oil et> have @een "iven, 4here is al=ays ran"e of variations in data on >hemi>al
>onstitents and >ertain physi>o >hemi>al parameters de to "eo"raphi>al, >limati> and
onto"eneti> varia@ility, 4herefore, variations in reslts of s>h data pose diffi>lty in fiDin"
narro= ran"e, 4he data has @een "iven on the @asis of avera"e reslts of ? samples from
different la@oratories, %nder the >onstitents maEor >hemi>al >onstitents as reported in the
literatre have @een "iven,
%nder ea>h mono"raph, >lassi>al attri@tes of ea>h dr" a>>ordin" to the do>trine of
+asa, Gna, V)rya, Vipka and *arma have (een kept intact' +hese are considered a
-
reasona(le (asis and convenient reerence point or a clinical classiication' Such parameters
are not possi(le to measres @y modern s>ientifi> methods ths not mandatory,
4he le"al noti>es and "eneral noti>es have @een provided for pharma>eti>al and
re"latory prposes, 4he Appendi>es in>lde details of the apparats, rea"ents, >hemi>als,
soltion tests, methods of preparation of samples for mi>ros>opi> or >hromato"raphi>
eDamination,
4he >ommittee hopes that the p@li>ation of Ayrvedi> 9harma>opoeia of India, 9art/
I ;ol/;I >ontainin" 101 mono"raphs =old add to the reFirements nder the Dr"s and
6osmeti> A>t, 4he re"lar monitorin" of the manfa>tred and marCeted Ayrvedi> dr"s,
on the @asis of the standards pres>ri@ed here in =old @ear eviden>e of the seflness of these
volmes and help ensre their Fality and stats revision for the ftre,
4he 6ommittee r"es the Government of India to re>ommend the adoption of these
mono"raphs for the prposes of identity, prity and stren"th of dr"s for se in their
Government, &emi/Government and Government aided instittions and volntary p@li>
or"aniGations, 4he Ayrvedi> 9harma>opoeia of India, 9art/I, ;ol, ;I, 2008 =old @e added
to +le 138 of the Dr"s and 6osmeti>s A>t and @e notified @y Government as standards to
@e >omplied =ith @y the manfa>trers for sale or distri@tion of Ayrvedi> dr"s, Ayrvedi>
9harma>opoeia of India, 9art/I, ;ol, I, II, III, I; and ; are already in>lded in the First
&>hedle of Dr"s ' 6osmeti>s a>t 11<0,
Pro&. #.#.Handa Dr. #.$.#3ar*a Dr. 4.#.La)'7ar
63air*an Vi('-63air*an M'*2'r #'(r'tar.
3
A6$1O5LED4ME1T
4he Ayrvedi> 9harma>opoeial >ommittee dly a>Cno=led"es the >ontri@tions made
@y the staff of the parti>ipatin" instittions asso>iate =ith the A96 proEe>t =orC for
developin" Fality standards of sin"le dr"s of plant ori"in,
4he >ommittee eDpresses "ratitdes of the &e>retary, Department of A!%&H, Ms,
Anita Das and &hri &hiv :asant for providin" >onstant spport for >ompletion of this =orC
and its frther >ontination and also sin>erely thanCs to Dr, M,M, 9adhi, Depty Dire>tor
H4e>h,IJ &hri, ;asantha Kmar, Asst, Dire>tor H6hem,I Dr, 9ramila 9ant, +esear>h 7ffi>er
H6hem,I, Dr, :ishnpriya Dhar, +esear>h 7ffi>er H9har,I, Dr, M,$, +an"ne, Dr, 6hhote 8al,
Dr, AK& :hadoria and Dr, $iChil AiranCal"iCar &,+,F, (Ay,), Dr, +aEesh &in"h &,+,F,
HAy,I, Dr, &andhya +ani &,+,F, HAy,I, Mr, 6hinmay +ath &,+,F, H:ot,I and other
asso>iated offi>ers of 98IM viG,, Dr, +aEeev Kr, &harma, &enior &>ientifi> 7ffi>er
(9harma>o"nosy), &hri $,&, Mahara, +,7, (9h",), Dr, Aai 9raCash, +,7, (6hem,), &hri ;, 6,
&rivastava, &r, +esear>h Assistant (6hem,), &hri :,:, 9rasad, +,A, (:otany), &hri &,K, Gar,
+,A, (6hem,), &hri 6, Arna>halam, +,A, (:otany), &hri +,K, 9a=ar, +,A, (6hem,), &hri
+aEendra &in"h, 8a@, Asstt, (6hem,) and &hri &anEeev Gpta, 8a@, Asstt, (:otany) for their
>onstant efforts in @rin"in" ot this volme, 4hanCs to Mr, Ashish, Ms, MeenaCshi, Ms,
Deepti, D,5,7,, =ho tooC pains in typin" and arran"in" all the te>hni>al data into a final
shape,
2
LE4AL 1OTI6E#
In India there are la=s dealin" =ith dr"s that are the s@Ee>t of mono"raphs =hi>h
follo=, 4hese mono"raphs shold @e read s@Ee>t to the restri>tions imposed @y these la=s
=herever they are appli>a@le,
It is eDpedient that enFiry @e made in ea>h >ase in order to ensre that the provisions
of the la= are @ein" >omplied =ith,
In "eneral, the Dr"s ' 6osmeti>s A>t, 11<0 (s@seFently amended in 113< and
1182), the Dan"eros Dr"s A>t, 11?0 and the 9oisons A>t, 1111 and the rles framed there
nder shold @e >onslted,
%nder the Dr"s ' 6osmeti>s A>t, the Ayrvedi> 9harma>opoeia of India (A,9,I,),
9art/I, ;ol, ;I, is the @ooC of standards for sin"le dr"s in>lded therein and the standards
pres>ri@ed in the Ayrvedi> 9harma>opoeia of India, 9art/I, ;ol, ;I, =old @e offi>ial, If
>onsidered ne>essary these standards >an @e amended and the 6hairman of the Ayrvedi>
9harma>opoeia 6ommittee athoriGed to isse s>h amendments, Whenever s>h
amendments are issed, the Ayrvedi> 9harma>opoeia of India, 9art/I, ;ol, ;I, =old @e
deemed to have @een amended a>>ordin"ly
8
4E1ERAL 1OTI6E#
Titl' / 4he title of the @ooC is LAyrvedi> 9harma>opoeia of IndiaL, Wherever the
a@@reviation A,9,I, is sed, it may @e presmed to stand for the same and the spplements
thereto,
1a*' o& t3' Dr-8s / 4he name "iven on the top of ea>h mono"raph of the dr" is in
&ansCrit as mentioned in the Ayrvedi> >lassi>s and.or in the Ayrvedi> Formlary of India,
9art/I and 9art/II =ill @e >onsidered offi>ial, 4hese names have @een arran"ed in 5n"lish
alpha@eti>al order, 4he 8atin name (taDonomi>al nomen>latre) of ea>h dr" as fond in
athenti> s>ientifi> literatre has @een provided in the mono"raph in the introd>tory
para"raph, 4he offi>ial name =ill @e the main title of the dr" and its s>ientifi> name =ill
also @e >onsidered as le"al name,
Introd-(tor. Para / 5a>h mono"raph @e"ins =ith an introd>tory para"raph indi>atin" the
part, s>ientifi> name of the dr" in 8atin =ith short des>ription a@ot its ha@it, distri@tion
and method of >olle>tion, if any,
#.non.*s - &ynonyms of ea>h dr" appearin" in ea>h mono"raph in &ansCrit, 5n"lish,
Hindi, %rd and other Indian re"ional lan"a"es have @een mentioned as fond in the
>lassi>al teDts, Ayrvedi> Formlary of India, 9art/I and 9art/II as pro>red from the eDperts,
s>holars of Ayrveda and offi>ials in the field from different states,
Itali(s - Itali> type has @een sed for s>ientifi> name of the dr" appearin" in the introd>tory
para"raph of ea>h mono"raph as also for >hemi>als and rea"ents, s@stan>es or pro>esses
des>ri@ed in AppendiD,
Odo-r and Tast' - Wherever a spe>ifi> odor has @een fond it has @een mentioned @t the
des>ription as BodorlessB or Bno odorB has in many >ases @een avoided in the des>ription, as
lar"e nm@ers of dr"s have "ot no spe>ifi> odor, 4he LodorL is eDamined @y dire>tly
smellin" 2- " of the po=dered dr" >ontained in a pa>Ca"e or freshly po=dered, If the odor
is dis>erni@le the sample is rapidly transferred to an open >ontainer and re/eDamined after 1-
mintes, If the odor persists to @e dis>erni@le, it is des>ri@ed as havin" odor,
4he L4asteL of a dr" is eDamined @y taCin" a small Fantity of 8- mesh po=der @y a
tip of moist "lass rod and applyin" it on ton"e previosly rinsed =ith =ater, 4his may not @e
done in >ase if poisonos dr"s, indi>ated in mono"raph,
M's3 1-*2'r - Wherever the po=derin" of the dr" has @een reFired the sieve LMesh
$m@er 8-L has @een sed, 4his =ill not apply for dr"s >ontainin" m>h oily s@stan>e,
5'i83ts and M'as-r's - 4he metri> system of =ei"hts and measres is employed, Wei"hts
are "iven in mltiples or fra>tions of a "ramme (") or of a milli"ram (m"), Flid measres are
"iven in mltiples or fra>tions of millilitre (ml),
When the term LdropL is sed, the measrement is to @e made @y means of a t@e,
=hi>h delivers in 20 drops 1 "ram of distilled =ater at 1-
o
6,
1
Metri> measres are reFired @y the 9harma>opoeia to @e "radated at 20
o
6 and all
measrements involved in the analyti>al operations of the 9harma>opoeia are intended,
nless other=ise stated to @e made at that temperatre,
Id'ntit., P-rit. and #tr'n8t3 / %nder the headin" LIdentifi>ationL tests are provided as an
aid to identifi>ation and are des>ri@ed in their respe>tive mono"raphs,
4he term LForei"n MatterL is sed to desi"nate any matter, =hi>h does not form part
of the dr" as defined in the mono"raph, ;e"eta@le dr"s sed as s>h or in formlations,
shold @e dly identified and athenti>ated and @e free from inse>ts, pests, fn"i, mi>ro/
or"anisms, pesti>ides, and other animal matter in>ldin" animal eD>reta, @e =ithin the
permitted and spe>ified limits for lead, arseni> and heavy metals, and sho= no a@normal
odor, >olor, sliminess, mold or other eviden>e of deterioration,
4he Fantitative tests e,", total ash, a>id/insol@le ash, =ater/sol@le ash, al>ohol/
sol@le eDtra>tive, =ater/ sol@le eDtra>tive, ether/sol@le eDtra>tive, moistre >ontent,
volatile oil >ontent and assays are the methods pon =hi>h the standards of 9harma>opoeia
depend, 4he methods for assays are des>ri@ed in their respe>tive mono"raphs and for other
Fantitative tests, methods are not repeated in the teDt of mono"raphs @t only the
>orrespondin" referen>e of appropriate appendiD is "iven, 4he analyst is not pre>lded from
employin" an alternate method in any instan>e if he is satisfied that the method, =hi>h he
ses, =ill "ive the same reslt as the 9harma>opoeial Method, In sita@le instan>es the
methods of mi>roanalysis, if of eFivalent a>>ra>y, may @e s@stitted for the tests and
assays des>ri@ed, Ho=ever, in the event of do@t or dispte the methods of analysis of the
9harma>opoeia are alone athoritative,
#tandards / For stattory prpose, statements appearin" in the A9I, 9art/I, ;ol, ;I, nder
Des>ription, those of definition of the part and sor>e plants, and Identity, 9rity and
&tren"th, shall >onstitte standards,
T3in La.'r 63ro*ato8ra93. "T.L.6.% - %nder this head, =herever "iven, the nm@er of
spots and +f vales of the spots =ith their >olor have @een mentioned as a "ide for
identifi>ation of the dr" and not as 9harma>opoeial reFirement, Ho=ever, the analyst may
se any other solvent system and dete>tin" rea"ent in any instan>e if he is satisfied that the
method =hi>h he ses, even @y applyin" Cno=n referen>e standards, =ill "ive @etter reslt to
esta@lish the identity of any parti>lar >hemi>al >onstitent reported to @e present in the dr",
:-antiti's to 2' 5'i83'd &or Assa.s and T'sts / In all des>ription Fantity of the
s@stan>e to @e taCen for testin" is indi>ated, 4he amont stated is approDimate @t the
Fantity a>tally sed mst @e a>>rately =ei"hed and mst not deviate @y more than 10 per
>ent from the one stated,
6onstant 5'i83t - the term L6onstant Wei"htL =hen it refers to dryin" or i"nition means
that t=o >onse>tive =ei"hin"s do not differ @y more than 1,0 m" per " of the s@stan>e
taCen for the determination, the se>ond =ei"hin" follo=in" an additional hor of dryin" on
frther i"nition,
10
6onstit-'nts - %nder this head only the names of important >hemi>al >onstitents, "rops of
>onstitents reported in resear>h p@li>ations have @een mentioned as a "ide and not as
pharma>opoeial reFirement,
P'r('nta8' o& #ol-tions - In definin" standards, the eDpression per >ent (M), is sed,
a>>ordin" to >ir>mstan>es, =ith one of the for meanin"s "iven @elo=,
9er >ent =.= (per>enta"e =ei"ht in =ei"ht) eDpresses the nm@er of "rammes of
a>tive s@stan>e, in 100 "rammes of prod>t,
9er >ent =.v (9er>enta"e =ei"ht in volme) eDpresses the nm@er of "rammes of
a>tive s@stan>e in 100 millilitres of prod>t,
9er >ent v.v (per>enta"e volme in volme) eDpresses the nm@er of millilitres of
a>tive s@stan>e in 100 millilitres of prod>t,
9er >ent v.= (per>enta"e volme in =ei"ht) eDpresses the nm@er of millilitres of
a>tive s@stan>e in 100 "rammes of prod>t,
P'r('nta8' o& al(o3ol / All statements of per>enta"e of al>ohol (6
2
H
-
7H) refer to
per>enta"e @y volme at 1-,-3
o
6,
T'*9'rat-r' - %nless other=ise spe>ified all temperatres refer to >enti"rade (>elsis),
thermometri> s>ale,
#ol-tions - %nless other=ise spe>ified in the individal mono"raph, all soltions are
prepared =ith prified =ater,
R'a8'nts and #ol-tions - 4he >hemi>als and rea"ents reFired for the test in 9harma>opoeia
are des>ri@ed in Appendi>es,
#ol-2ilit. - When statin" the sol@ilities of 6hemi>al s@stan>es the term L&ol@leL is
ne>essarily sometimes sed in a "eneral sense irrespe>tive of >on>omitant >hemi>al >han"es,
&tatements of sol@ilities, =hi>h are eDpressed as a pre>ise relation of =ei"hts of
dissolved s@stan>e of volme of solvent, at a stated temperatre, are intended to apply at
that temperatre, &tatements of approDimate sol@ilities for =hi>h no fi"res are "iven, are
intended to apply at ordinary room temperatre,
9harma>opoeial >hemi>als =hen dissolved may sho= sli"ht physi>al imprities, s>h
as fra"ment of filter papers, fi@res, and dst parti>les, nless eD>lded @y definite tests in the
individal mono"raphs,
When the eDpression LpartsL is sed in definin" the sol@ility of a s@stan>e, it is to @e
nderstood to mean that 1 "ramme of a solid or 1 millilitre of a liFid is sol@le in that
nm@er of millilitres of the solvent represented @y the stated nm@er of parts,
11
When the eDa>t sol@ility of pharma>opoeial s@stan>e is not Cno=n, a des>riptive
term is sed to indi>ate its sol@ility,
4he follo=in" ta@le indi>ates the meanin" of s>h terms */
Descriptive terms Relative quantities of solvent
;ery sol@le 8ess than 1 part,
Freely sol@le From 1 to 10 parts,
&ol@le From 10 to ?0 parts,
&parin"ly sol@le From ?0 to 100 parts,
&li"htly sol@le From 100 to 1000 parts,
;ery sli"htly sol@le From 1000 to 10,000 parts,
9ra>ti>ally insol@le More than 10,000 parts,
T3'ra9'-ti( Us's and I*9ortant For*-lations -4herapeti> ses and important
formlations mentioned in this 9harma>opoeia are, as provided in the re>o"niGed Ayrvedi>
>lassi>s and in the Ayrvedi> Formlary of India, 9art /I and 9art/II,
Dos's -4he doses mentioned in ea>h mono"raph are in metri> system of =ei"hts, =hi>h are
the approDimate >onversions from >lassi>al =ei"hts mentioned in Ayrvedi> teDts, A
>onversion ta@le is appended "ivin" >lassi>al =ei"hts of Ayrvedi> &ystem of Medi>ine =ith
their metri> eFivalents, Doses mentioned in the Ayrvedi> 9harma>opoeia of India (A,9,I,)
are intended merely for "eneral "idan>e and represent, nless other=ise stated, the avera"e
ran"e of Fantities per dose =hi>h is "enerally re"arded sita@le @y >lini>ians for adlts only
=hen administered orally,
It is to @e noted that the relation @et=een doses in metri> and Ayrvedi> systems set
forth in the teDt is of approDimate eFivalen>e, 4hese Fantities are for >onvenien>e of
pres>ri@er and sffi>iently a>>rate for pharma>eti>al prposes,
12
I1TRODU6TIO1
4he Ayrvedi> system of medi>ine has @een prevalent in India sin>e the ;edi> period,
and still remains the mainstay of medi>al relief to over 30 per >ent of the poplation of the
nation, In earlier times the pra>titioners of Ayrveda (;aidya) =ere themselves >olle>tin"
her@s and other in"redients and preparin" medi>ines, For the prpose of a>Firin" ra=
materials ;aidyas no= depend on >ommer>ial or"aniGations tradin" in >rde her@al dr"s,
8iCe=ise, =ith passa"e of time a nm@er of Ayrvedi> 9harma>eti>al nits have >ome p
for the manfa>tre of Ayrvedi> dr"s and formlations on >ommer>ial s>ale,
%nder the >ir>mstan>es and respondin" to opinions of the s>ientifi> >ommnity after
independen>e, the Govt, of India @e"an a series of measres to introd>e a Fality >ontrol
system, from 113< on=ards similar to that eDistin" already nder the Dr"s and 6osmeti>s
A>t, 11<0, for =estern medi>ine, 4he Government of India introd>ed an amendment in 113<
to the Dr" and 6osmeti>s A>t 11<0, to >ontrol to a limited measre the Ayrvedi>, &iddha
and %nani dr"s,
4he A>t =as a>>ordin"ly amended in 113<, to ensre only a limited >ontrol over the
prod>tion and sale of Ayrvedi> medi>ines namely*/
1, 4he manfa>tre shold @e >arried ot nder pres>ri@ed hy"ieni> >onditions,
nder the spervision of a person havin" pres>ri@ed Falifi>ationsJ
2, 4he ra= materials sed in the preparation of dr"s shold @e "enine and
properly identifiedJ and
?, 4he formla or the tre list of all the in"redients >ontained in the dr"s shold
@e displayed on the la@el of every >ontainer,
4o start =ith, development of standards for the identity, prity and stren"th of sin"le
dr"s and those of formlations at a later sta"e, assmed importan>e for the effe>tive
enfor>ement of the provision of the A>t, If the ra= materials to @e sed in a medi>ine and
sta"e/@y/sta"e pro>esses of manfa>trers are standardised, the final prod>t namely, the
>ompond formlation >old @e eDpe>ted to >onform to niform standards, 4he reFirement
that the list of in"redients @e displayed on the la@el =ill ena@le analysts to verify la@el >laims,
It =ill also ensre that the manfa>tre do not maCe false >laim, Arran"ements to evolve and
lay do=n physi>al, >hemi>al and @iolo"i>al standards, =herever even ne>essary, to identify
the dr"s and as>ertain their Fality and to dete>t adlterations are an r"ent ne>essity of the
profession, &ettin" p of Dr" &tandardisation %nits, +esear>h 6entres, Dr" 4estin"
Instittes and 6entral Dr" 8a@oratories for Ayrvedi> Medi>ines @oth at national and
re"ional level for this prpose are therefore, essential, 4he several 6ommittees appointed @y
the Government of India to assess and evalate the stats and pra>ti>e of Ayrvedi> Medi>ine
have stressed the importan>e of preparin" an Ayrvedi> 9harma>opoeia, =hi>h is pre>isely a
@ooC of standards,
Havin" re"ard to all these >onsiderations, the 6entral 6on>il of Ayrvedi> +esear>h
re>ommended the >onstittion of Ayrvedi> 9harma>opoeia 6ommittee >onsistin" of eDperts
1?
on Ayrveda and other s>ien>es, 4he Government of India a>>epted the re>ommendations of
the 6entral 6on>il of Ayrvedi> +esear>h and >onstitted the First Ayrvedi>
9harma>opoeia 6ommittee, vide their letter $o, 1</8.32/I&M, dated the 20th &eptem@er,
1132 for a period of three years =ith effe>t from the date of its first meetin" nder the
6hairmanship of 6ol, &ir +,$, 6hopra =ith the follo=in" mem@er */
1, 6ol, &ir +am $ath 6hopra, Dr"s +esear>h 8a@oratory, &rina"ar
Chairman
2, ;aidya :,;, GoChale, 21.1</1-, 5randavane, De>>an GymChana, 9oona/< Member
?, ;aidya D,A, KlCarni, 9rin>ipal, 9ost Gradate, 4rainin" 6entre in

Ayrveda, Aamna"ar Member
<, KaviraE :,$, &ir>ar, 221/280, $i>holson +oad, Kashmere Gate, Delhi/3 Member
-, &hri A,$, $amEoshi, $avy" Mansion, 11/A, &leater +oad, :om@ay/2 Member
3, Dr,:,:,Gaitonde, 9rofossor of 9harma>olo"y, Grant Medi>al 6olle"e,

:om@ay Member
2, Dr, 6,G, 9endse, Dire>tor, Indian 6on>il of Medi>al +esear>h, $e= Delhi Member
8, Dr, G,K, KarandiCar, Dean, Medi>al 6olle"e, Aran"a@ad Member
1, Dr, G,&, 9ande, Honorary Dire>tor, Indian Dr" +esear>h Asso>iation,

1--/&adashiv 9eth, 8aCshmi +oad, 9oona/2 Member
10, Dr, M,;, ;enCatara"hava, 6hellaCoti, $n"a@aCCm, Madras/?< Member
11, Ayrveda>hara Kaladi K, 9arames=aran 9illai, 8aCsmivilasam
;aidyasala, ;an>hiyr, 4rivandrm Member
12, Dr, ;, $arayanas=amy, 20, 4ana &treet, ;epeiy, Madras/2 Member

1?, ;aidya 9,;,DhamanCar &hastri, 9ardeshi 8ane, 9anvel, Distri>t Kola@a, Member
:om@ay
1<, &,K, :orCar, Dr" 6ontroller (India), Dire>torate General of Health &ervi>es, Member
Government of India, $e= Delhi
1-, &hri :apalal G,;aidya, 9rin>ipal, 7,H, $aGar Ayrveda Mahavidyalaya, Member
&rat
1<
13, Kmari &avita &ataCopan, Dr"s 6ontrol 8a@oratory, $ear 9olyte>hni>,
$ational Hi"h=ay 8, :aroda Member
12, ;aidya ;asdev M, D=ivedi, Dire>tor of Ayrveda,

Government of GErat, Ahmeda@ad Member
18, &hri 9,;, :hatt, M,&>,, 6hemist, 4he Ayrvedi> +asashala,
De>>an GymChana, 9oona, Member
11, ;aidya +am &shil &in"h, Assistant Dire>tor of Ayrveda,

Dire>tor of Medi>al &ervi>es (Ayrveda), Govt, of %,9, Member
20, Dr,!, Kondal +ao, &e>retary, Indian Medi>al 9ra>titionerBs

6ooperative 9harma>y ' &tores 8imited, Adyar, Madras/20
Member
21, Dr, ;, &rinivasan, M,&>,, M,:,:,&,, 9h,D,, Dire>tor, &ara@hai
6hemi>als +esear>h Institte, &hahi@a", Ahmeda@ad/< Member
22, Dr, 6, D=araCanath, Adviser in Indian &ystem of Medi>ine,
Ministry of Health, $e= Delhi Member Secretary
4he 6ommittee =as assi"ned the follo=in" fn>tions */
<, 4o prepare an offi>ial Formlary in t=o parts */
(a) &in"le dr"s, of =hose identity and therapeti> vale there is no do@tJ and

(@) 6ompond preparations, =hi>h are freFently sed in Ayrvedi> pra>ti>e
thro"hot the >ontry,
-, 4o provide standards for dr" and medi>ines of therapeti> seflness or
pharma>eti>al ne>essity >ommonly sed in Ayrvedi> pra>ti>e,
3, 4o lay do=n tests for identity, Fality and prity,
2, 4o ensre as far as possi@le niformity, physi>al properties and a>tive >onstitentsJ
and
8, 4o provide all other information re"ardin" the distin"ishin" >hara>teristi>s,
methods of preparation, dosa"e, method of administration =ith varios anpanas
or vehi>les and their toDi>ity,
1-
As a first step in this dire>tion the Ayrvedi> 9harma>opoeia 6ommittee started
preparin" the offi>ial Formlary of Ayrveda in t=o parts as mentioned nder the assi"ned
fn>tions of the 6ommittee, &in>e the =orC of preparation of Ayrvedi> Formlary >old not
@e >ompleted after the eDpiry of first three years, the Government of India eDtended the term
of the 6ommittee @y another three years vide their notifi>ation $o, F, 20/1.33/+I&M, dated
1<th Aanary, 1133 and a "ain for a frther period of three years vide their notifi>ation $o, F,
1/1.31/A96, dated 1th Aanary, 1131,
Drin" the years that follo=ed, Ayrvedi> Formlary, 9art I and II and Ayrvedi>
9harma>opoeia of India, 9art / I, ;olme I / ; =ere p@lished, the former >ontainin" the
>ompond formlations from >lassi>al Ayrvedi> teDts pres>ri@ed in &>hedle / I to the Dr"
and 6osmeti>s A>t, and the later, layin" do=n standards for sin"le dr"s of plant ori"in,
Amendment to the provisions introd>ed in 1182 frther stren"then the A&% system @y
definin" mis@randed, adlterated and sprios dr"s in the A&% system,
&@seFently nder the 10
th
Five !ear 9lan a proEe>t =as initiated @y the Department
to develop Method of 9reparation, &tandard 7perative 9ro>edres, 9harma>opoeial &tandards
and &helf 8ife of 6ompond formlations of Ayrveda appearin" in Ayrvedi> Formlary of
India, 9arts I ' II,
4he =orC of the Ayrvedi> 9harma>opoeia 6ommittee =as transferred alon" =ith
some te>hni>al staff to 6entral 6on>il for +esear>h in Ayrveda and &iddha, $e= Delhi as a
se>retariat for A96 vide letter no, N/11011.3.1</A96 (A!%&H),dated 21
th
Mar>h, 2003,
9rof, A,$, $amEoshi (1972, 1981, 1988 and 1994) and ;aidya I, &anEeeva +ao (1998)
and Dr, 9,D, &ethi (2001) =ere 6hairmen of re>onstitted Ayrvedi> 9harma>opoeia
6ommittee drin" the spe>ified periods,
4he present Ayrvedi> 9harma>opoeia 6ommittee (A96) =as re>onstitted nder the
Deptt, of A!%&H vide letter $o,N/11011.3.1</A96 (A!%&H) dated 1
st
Mar>h, 2003
>onsistin" of follo=in" mem@ers,
Ms, &avita &ataCopan, M,&>,
(Former Dr" Analyst),
Government of GEarat,
2.<, 9admam Flats, &eventh &treet,
$an"anallr, 6hennai / 300 031, 6hairperson (1
th
May 200- to 22
nd
Ane
2003)
9rof, &,&, Handa, M, 9harma, 9h,D,,
(Former Dire>tor, ++8, Aamm), -22/A, :lo>C B6B,
&shant 8oC, 9hase/I,
Gr"aon, Haryana / 122 001, 6hairman (2?
rd
Ane, 2003 to on=ards)
Dr, &,K, &harma, M,D, (Ay,), 9h,D,
Advisor (Ayrveda),
Department of A!%&H,
+ed 6ross &o>iety :ildin",$e= Delhi / 110 001, ;i>e/6hairman
13
OFFI6IAL MEM0ER#
Dr, G,&, 8aveCar, A;9J 9h,D,
Dire>tor,
6entral 6on>il for +esear>h in Ayrveda ' &iddha,
31/3-, Instittional Area,
D/:lo>C, AanaCpri,
$e= Delhi / 110 0-8, Mem@er/&e>retary (5D/offi>io)
Dr, D,+, 8ohar, M,&>,J 9h,D,
Dire>tor,
9harma>opoeial 8a@oratory for Indian Medi>ine,
6entral Govt, 7ffi>es 6ompleD,
Kamla $ehr $a"ar,
GhaGia@ad / 201 002, Mem@er (5D/offi>io)
Mana"in" Dire>tor,
Indian Medi>ines 9harma>eti>al 6orporation 8td,,
Mohan, ;ia / +am $a"ar,
Distt,/ Almora, %ttran>hal, Mem@er (5D/offi>io)
Dr"s 6ontroller General (India),
Ministry of Health ' Family Welfare,
$irman :ha=an, $e= Delhi / 110 011, Mem@er (5D/offi>io)
1O1-OFFI6IAL MEM0ER#
P3.to(3'*istr. ; 63'*istr. #-2-6o**itt''
9rof, ;,K, Kapoor, M, 9harm,, 9h,D,
(Former Dean and 6hairman,
%niversity Institte of 9harma>eti>al &>ien>es,
9anEa@ %niversity, 6handi"arh)
1<2?, 9shpa> 6ompleD, <1:,
6handi"arh / 130 0<2, 6hairman
Dr, 9,D, &ethi, M, 9harm,, 9h,D,,
(Former Dire>tor,
6entral Indian 9harma>opoeial 8a@oratory)
:/1<0, &hivaliC 5n>lave,
$e= Delhi / 110 012, Mem@er
&hri A,K, Dhin", M,&>,
Former 6hief Mana"er (5Dploration),
Hindstan 6opper 8td,, &F/8, &e>tor/-,
(Gayatri $a"ar) Hiran Ma"ri,
%daipr / ?1? 002, (+aEasthan), Mem@er
12
P3ar*a(o8nos. #-2-6o**itt''
Ms, &, &ataCopan, M,&>,
(Former Dr" Analyst),
Government of GEarat,
2.<, 9admam Flats, &eventh &treet,
$an"anallr, 6hennai / 300 031, 6hairman
Dr, (Mrs,) &hanta Mehrotra, M,&>,, 9h,D,,
5merits &>ientist,
$ational :otani>al +esear>h Institte,
+ana 9ratap Mar", 9,:, $o,/<?3,
8>Cno= / 223 001 (%,9,), Mem@er
9rof, M,A, Iyen"ar, M, 9harma, 9h,D,
Former 9rofessor and Head of 9harma>o"nosy,
1<, HIG, H%D67, Manipal / -23 10< Mem@er
Dr, A, Mohanasndraram, M,D,,
Former 9rofessor of 9harma>olo"y
' Depty Dire>tor of Medi>al 5d>ation, 6hennai,
Mem@er
For*-lar. #-2-6o**itt''
"Rasa #3astra < 03ais3a=.a $al9ana - A.-r)'di( P3ar*a(.%
9rof, &,K, DiDit, A,:,M,&,J D,Ay,MJ 9h,D,
(Former Head, Deptt, of +asa &hastra, :H%),
:/?.<02, &hivala, ;aranasi 221 00- (%9,), 6hairman
Dr, :,8, Gar, 9h,D,J
;i>e/6han>ellor,
Aodhpr Ayrvedi> %niversity,
Aodhpr, +aEasthan, Mem@er
9rof, &iddhinandan Mishra, G,:,M,&,J 9h,D,
9harma>y In/>har"e, &DM Ayrvedi> 6olle"e,
9,7, Kthpady, %dpi / -2< 118,
(&oth KarnataCa), Mem@er
9rof, ;ed ;rat &harma, H,9,A,
(Former 9rin>ipal, DA; Ayrvedi> 6olle"e),
Hose $o, 3-, &e>tor/8, 9an>hCla, Haryana, Mem@er
Dr, 9,K, 9raEapati, M,D, (Ay,), 9h, D,,
+eader ' Head, Deptt, of +as &hastra,
I9G4 ' +A, GEarat Ayrved %niversity,
18
Aamna"ar, GEarat / ?31 008, Mem@er
Dr, $arendra :hatt, M,D, (Ay,),
6hief 5De>tive 7ffi>er,
Oand 9harma>eti>al WorCs 8td,,
20, GhoChle +oad (&oth), Dadar,
Mm@ai / <00 02-, Mem@er
&hri +anEit 9raniC,
General Mana"er,
&hree Dhootapapesh=ar 8td,,
1?-, $an@hai Desai +oad, Khet=adi,
Mm@ai, Mem@er
A.-r)'da #-2-6o**itt''
"#in8l' Dr-8s o& Plants, Min'rals, M'tals, Ani*al ori8in%
9rof, ;,K, Aoshi, M,D, (Ay,), 9h,D,
Deptt, Dravya"na,
Institte of Medi>al &>ien>es,
:anaras Hind %niversity (:H%),
;aranasi / 221 00- (%,9,), 6hairman
9rof, K,6, 6hneCar, 9h,D,
(Former +eader, Deptt, of Dravya"na, :H%),
18.2, +atan 9hataC,
;aranasi, (%,9,), Mem@er
;aidya Devender 4ri"na, Ayrveda>harya,
L9ADAM &H+55L, 1<?/&arai Kale Khan,
$iGamddin 5ast, $e= Delhi, Mem@er
Dr, M,+, %niyal, M,D, (Ay,), 9h,D,
(Former Dire>tor, 6+IA, 66+A&),
Dire>tor (Dr"s), Maharishi Ayrved 9rod>ts,
12.18, $7IDA 5Dport 9ro>essin" Oone,
$7IDA / 201 ?0-, Mem@er
9rof, ;,;, 9rasad,
Dire>tor,
+ashtriya Ayrveda ;idyapeeth,
Dhanvantri :ha=an,
+oad $o, 33, 9nEa@i :a"h (West),
$e= Delhi / 110 023, Mem@er
11
6O-OPTED MEM0ER#
Dr, G,;, &atyavathi,
Former Dire>tor General/I6M+,
9rasad/$ilaya, D/--.82, 5A&4/5$D (:),
Main +oad, 1
th
:lo>C,
Aayna"ar, :an"alore /-00031,
Dr, G,9, D@ey,
5D,Dean, Ayrveda,
9roEe>t Investi"ator,
6enter of 9sy>hosomati> ' :iofeed@a>C Medi>ine,
Fa>lty of Ayrveda,
Institte of Medi>al &>ien>es,
:anaras Hind %niversity,
;aranasi / 221 00-,
1, 4he term of the 6ommittee shall @e for a period of three years from the date of its first
meetin" and the mem@ers shall hold offi>e for that period,
2, 4he 6hairman of the A96 shall have the po=ers to form s@/>ommittees =henever
reFired and to >o/opt eDperts from otside for s>h s@/>ommittees,
?, 4he 6ommittee shall have the po=er to frame pro>edres of fn>tionin",
<, 4he fn>tions of the 6ommittee shall @e as follo=s*
(i) 4o prepare Ayrvedi> 9harma>opoeia of India of sin"le and >ompond dr"s,
(ii) 4o pres>ri@e the =orCin" standards for >ompond Ayrvedi> formlations in>ldin"
tests for identity, prity, stren"th and Fality so as to ensre niformity of the finished
formlations,
(iii) Keepin" in vie= the time >onstraint, to identify s>h methods, pro>edres and plan of
=orC as =old ena@le to p@lish the formlary and standards of all >ommonly sed
dr"s to @e @ro"ht ot in a phased manner,
(iv) 4o prepare remainin" parts of the offi>ial formlary of >ompond preparations from
the >lassi>al teDts in>ldin" standardiGed >omposition of repted instittion,
(v) 4o develop and standardiGe methods of preparations, dosa"e form, toDi>ity profile et>,
(vi) 4o develop Fality standards, safety, effi>a>y profile of intermediates liCes eDtra>ts of
Ayrvedi> ra= dr"s,
(vii) 4o develop the Fality standards, safety, effi>a>y profile of different parts of the
plantsJ as =ell as to in>lde ne= plants as Ayrvedi> dr"s,
20
(viii) Any other matter relatin" to the Fality standards, shelf life, identifi>ation, ne=
formlations et>,
-, 4he follo=in" are the tar"ets fo>s of the 6ommittee*
(i) 4o evolve standards of sin"le dr"s mentioned in the Ayrvedi> Formlaries of India,
(ii) 4o evolve standards for >ompond formlations mentioned in the Ayrvedi>
Formlaries of India ' other Ayrvedi> formlations of $ational 9riority,
(iii) 4o prepare drafts &79 of Ayrvedi> Formlaries of India from the >lassi>al teDts and
other athenti> sor>es,
6O1TRI0UTI14 LA0ORATORIE# ; I1#TITUTIO1#
1, :,;, 9atel 9harma>eti>al 5d>ation ' +esear>h Development 6entre,
Ahmeda@ad,
"Dr. "Mrs%. M.Ra=ani%

2, 6aptain &rinivasa Mrti Dr" +esear>h Institte for Ayrveda (6&MD+IA),
6hennai,
"Dr. "Ms.% A. #aras>at3.%
?, 6entral 6on>il for +esear>h in Ayrveda and &iddha (66+A&), $e= Delhi
"Dr. V.$. Lal%
<, 6entral +esear>h Institte of %nani Medi>ine, Hyhera@ad
"Dr. #3'i73 I*a*%
-, Govt, Dr" 4estin" 8a@oratory, Ao"inder $a"ar
"Dr. Ar=-n #in83 $3ar>al%
3, I9G4+A GEarat Ayrveda %niversity, Aamna"ar
"Dr. #-2rata D'%
2, $ational :otani>al +esear>h Institte (6&I+), 8>Cno=,
"Dr. "Mrs% #3anta M'3rotra, Dr. A.$.#. Ra>at, Adars3 $-*ar A8ni3otri,
Miss.Varti7a Rai, Miss. Manis3a A8ar>al and Madan Mo3an Pand'.%
8, $ational Institte of 9harma>eti>al 5d>ation ' +esear>h, &A& $a"ar
"Dr. $.$. 03-tani%
1, 9harma>opoeial 8a@oratory for Indian Medi>ine (98IM), GhaGia@ad,
"Dr. D.R. Lo3ar, Dr. Ra='') $r. #3ar*a, Ra)indra #in83 and 6.
Ar-na(3ala*%

21
10, 4ropi>al :otani> Garden and +esear>h Institte (4:G+I), 4hirvanathapram,
"Dr. #. Ra=as'73aran, Dr. V. 4'or8', Dr. Mat3a) Dass, M. 1a)as, ,.
Us3a7-*ari and #.R. Ra=ani $-r-9%
11, %niversity Institte of 9harma>eti>al &>ien>es, 9nEa@ %niversity, 6handi"arh,
"Pro&. $aran Vasis3t%
22
A00REVIATIO1# OF TE6H1I6AL TERM#
. Micron (0.001 mm)
cm. . Centimeter
dia. . Diameter
Fam. . Family
Ft. Feet
g. . Gram
hr. . Hour
Kg. . Kilogram
l . Liter
m. . Meter
mg. . Milligram
min. . Minute
ml. . Millilitre
mm. . Millimeter
P. . Primary tandard!
1 ". . "ormal !olution
0.1 " . Decinormal !olution
0.# " . Hal$%normal !olution
1 M. % Molar !olution
A00REVIATIO1# U#ED FOR LA14UA4E#
&!!am. . &!!ame!e
'eng. . 'engali
(ng. . (ngli!h
Gu). . Gu)rati
Kan. . Kannada
Ka!h. . Ka!hmiri
Mal. . Malayalam
Mar. . Marathi
*ri. . *riya
Pu). . Pun)a+i
an!,. . an!,rit
-am. . -amil
-el. . -elugu
A00REVIATIO1# FOR PART# OF PLA1T#
'ar, ',.
Dried Fruit Drd.Frt
Dried .hi/ome Drd../.
(0udate (0d.
Flo1er Fl.
Flo1er 'ud Fl.'ud
Fre!h Fruit Fr.Frt.
Fruit Frt.
Fruit .ind Fr. .ind
Fruit Pul2 Frt.Pul2
Fre!h .hi/ome Fr../.
Kernel Ker.
Lea$ L$.
2?
.oot 'ar, .t.',.
.oot .t.
.hi/ome ./.
eed d.
tem 'ar, t.',.
tem t.
tolon tl.
-u+erou! .oot. -u+..t.
3nri2e Fruit 3nri2e Frt.
4hole Plant 4h.Pl.
2<
1. AADAARI (LEAF)
DR (Leaf)
dr consists of dried tender leaves of Acacia pennata (L.) Willd. Syn. Mimosa
pennata L. (am. Mimosaceae)! a lar"e t#orny clim$in" s#r%$ distri$%ted t#ro%"#o%t &ndia.
S'()('MS * +#adiravall! ri
R,-&)(AL LA(-.A-, (AM,S
/en"ali * +%c#ai
-%0rati * +#ervelya
1indi * /is2al! Lata3#adira! Aa4i +#air
+annada * Si"%ri
Marat#i * Aarai velya3#era
)riya * 5otadontari
6amil * &ya 3o4#%nd%
6el%"% * +ar%sa3aya
D,S7R&56&)(
a) Macroscopic
/%l3 colo%r yello2is# "reen or "reen8 leaves $ipinnately compo%nd8 petiole 9 cm
lon"! 2it# a plate s#aped "land near t#e middle or t#e $ase8 rac#is "rooved! o$sc%rely
pric3led! 2it# "lands opposite to t2o %ppermost pairs of pinnae8 leaflets : to ; mm lon" and
< mm $road! linear to o$lon"! tip ac%te! $ase tr%ncate! "la$ro%s! mar"in ciliate! veins o$sc%re!
midri$ sli"#tly prominent and very close to t#e distal mar"in8 no odo%r or taste.
$) Microscopic
Rac#is =,pidermis a sin"le layer of rectan"%lar cells8 corte> of ? to ; layers of
an"%lar parenc#yma! follo2ed $y a rin" of sclerenc#yma 2it# @ to : layers of cells!
contin%o%s e>cept on t#e a$a>ial side! 2#ere a lar"er patc# of sclerenc#yma is fo%nd8 fo%r
2-
vasc%lar $%ndles present aro%nd a small pit#8 >ylem vessels an"%lar8 pit# cells
parenc#ymato%s 2it# starc# "rains #avin" a central #il%m.
Leaflet =Dorsiventral8 in s%rface vie2! epidermal cells sli"#tly sin%o%s and t#in 2alled!
c%ticle present8 %pper epidermis a sin"le layer of poly"onal cells8 palisade tiss%e 9 or @
layers8 spon"y mesop#yll consists of irre"%lar poly#edral cells 2it# interspaces8 midri$
s#o2s a sli"#t pro0ection8 vasc%lar $%ndle almost circ%lar in o%tline and encircled 2it# a
sclerenc#ymato%s s#eat#8 in $et2een vasc%lar $%ndle and lo2er epidermis! is a patc# of 9 or
@ layers of parenc#yma.
5o2der =-reyis# to yello2is# "reen! poly"onal cells of epidermis 2it# paracytic stomata8
sclerenc#ymato%s fi$res of a$o%t 9A P 2idt#8 starc# "rains of <; to 9 9.9.9
6otal as# (ot more t#an B per cent! Appendi> 9.9.@
S%lp#ated as# (ot more t#an << per cent! Appendi> 9.9.C
Acid=insol%$le as# (ot more t#an < per cent! Appendi> 9.9.:
Alco#ol=sol%$le e>tractive (ot less t#an ; per cent! Appendi> 9.9.B
Water= sol%$le e>tractive (ot less t#an <; per cent! Appendi> 9.9.;

6.L.7.
6.L.7. of t#e met#anolic e>tract on precoated silica "el B-B plate of A.9 mm t#ic3ness
%sin" n=#e>ane* et#yl acetate* met#anol (9*B*<) as mo$ile p#ase and on sprayin" 2it#
anisalde#yde s%lp#%ric acid rea"ent and #eatin" at <A?
A
for ? min%tes! spots appear at R
f
A.AB
(li"#t pin3)! A.99 (yello2)! A.9C (li"#t violet)! A.@@ (oran"e)! A.:@ (li"#t pin3)! A.?@ (li"#t
pin3)! A.C9 (yello2)! A.B? (li"#t violet)! A.;B (pale yello2)! A.;; ("rey)! A.D< (oran"e) and
A.D? (pin3).

23
7)(S6&6.,(6S = )ctadecadienoic! octadecanoic! palmitic and pentadecanoic acids8
l%peol! Q=spinasterol! R=sitosterol and tannins

5R)5,R6&,S A(D A76&)(
Rasa * +aEya! +aF%! 6i3ta
-%Ga * La"#%! RH3Ea
Irya * Jta
Iip3a * +aF%
+arma * +sa#ara! 5ittaKma3a
&M5)R6A(6 )RM.LA6&)(S = .sed as sin"le dr%"
61,RA5,.6&7 .S,S = Lvara (fever)! Ra3tadoEa (disorder of $lood)! A"nimndya
(di"estive impairment)
D)S, = 7HrGa (5o2der)* @ to C "

22
2. AAMRAGANGHI GUGGULU (LEAF)
MRA-A(D1&=-.--.L. (Leaf)
mra"and#i="%""%l% consists of leaves of /alsamodendron ca%data Ma%c#. Syn.
7ommip#ora ca%data ,n"l. 5roti%m ca%dat%m W. M A. (am. /%rseraceae)! a #andsome
decid%o%s! armed! small tree 2it# t#ic3 tr%n3 and papery $ar3 occ%rrin" in dry forests in t#e
re"ion of t#e ,astern -#ats! mostly in plains.
R,-&)(AL LA(-.A-, (AM,S
Assamese * Devad#%p
+annada * +%ndamaav%! +aimaav%
Malayalam * +ilimar%m
6amil * 7en3il%vai &lai
6el%"% * +ondamamidi
D,S7R&56&)(
a) Macroscopic
Leaves compo%nd! $orne on "rooved rac#is! imparipinnate! leaflets 9 to ? pairs!
"la$ro%s! ovate or or$ic%late! entire! ac%minate! %neN%al at $ase! nerves finely retic%late!
"reenis# $ro2n8 no c#aracteristic smell! taste sli"#tly resino%s.
$) Microscopic
Rac#is = 7ross section "rooved in o%tline8 epidermis sin"le layered8 c%ticle present8 a
corte> of C or B layers of t#ic3 2alled parenc#yma cells present8 t#e innermost layer of t#e
corte> consists of lar"er cells in a contin%o%s ro2! similar to an endodermis8 t2o or @ 2avy
layers of sclerenc#ymato%s pericycle present8 stele lo$ed in t#e p#loem re"ion! 2it# a sin"le
resin canal $eneat# eac# lo$e8 p#loem and p#loem parenc#yma present in a contin%o%s 2avy
rin"! follo2ed $y >ylem rin" 2it# vessel "ro%ps alternatin" 2it# >ylem parenc#yma8 vessels
lar"e in si4e8 pit# parenc#ymato%s8 a$%ndant dr%ses! and scattered min%te starc# "rains
present in t#e cortical! p#loem and pit# re"ions.
28
5etiole = 7ross section "rooved in o%tline8 epidermis sin"le layered8 c%ticle present8 cortical
re"ion many layered! 2it# t#ic3 2alled parenc#yma8 a sin%o%s! discontin%o%s
sclerenc#ymato%s $and present8 stele lo$ed8 lar"e resin canals present in t#e p#loem8 >ylem
in "ro%ps $eneat# resin canals in t#e lo$e8 pit# parenc#ymato%s8 dr%ses and starc# "rains
present in corte>! p#loem and pit#.
Midri$ 6S s#o2s $%l"e on t#e ada>ial side! concave c%rvat%re on t#e a$a>ial side8 epidermis
sin"le layered 2it# t#ic3 c%ticle8 s%$=epidermal layers collenc#ymato%s on $ot# ada>ial and
a$a>ial sides8 "ro%nd tiss%e parenc#ymato%s8 a s#allo2 arc of vasc%lar $%ndle present in t#e
center8 p#loem present o%tside t#e >ylem8 facin" t#e central arc a core of >ylem s%rro%nded
$y p#loem present on ada>ial side $elo2 t#e $%l"e8 resin canals present8 one $eneat# and t2o
lateral to t#e vasc%lar $%ndle8 dr%ses present t#ro%"#o%t t#e tiss%es.
Lamina Dorsiventral8 epidermis sin"le layered 2it# lar"er cells and t#ic3er c%ticle on t#e
ada>ial side t#an on t#e a$a>ial side8 in s%rface vie2 %pper epidermal cells 2it# almost
strai"#t 2alls! lo2er 2it# distinctly 2avy 2alls8 stomata anomocytic8 stomatal n%m$er @9 to
:A O mm
9
8 stomatal inde> 9C to 9;8 palisade ratio C to ;8 vein=islet n%m$er @ to ?8 veinlet
termination n%m$er 9; to @9.
5o2der =-reenis# $ro2n8 no c#aracteristic smell8 a sli"#t resino%s taste8 dr%ses of calci%m
o>alate crystals of a$o%t 9? P! starc# "rains %p to <A P! vessels scalariform! pitted and
retic%late! p#loem fi$res 9AA P to <<AA P from t#e rac#is.
&D,(6&6'! 5.R&6' A(D S6R,(-61

orei"n matter (ot more t#an < per cent! Appendi> 9.9.9
6otal as# (ot more t#an D per cent! Appendi> 9.9.@
Acid=insol%$le as# (ot more t#an @ per cent! Appendi> 9.9.:
Alco#ol=sol%$le e>tractive (ot less t#an C per cent! Appendi> 9.9.B
Water=sol%$le e>tractive (ot less t#an <@ per cent! Appendi> 9.9.;
i>ed oil (ot less t#an 9 per cent! Appendi> 9.9.D
21

6.L.7.
6.L.7. of met#anolic e>tract on al%min%m plate precoated 2it# silica "el B-B CA
9?:
of
A.9 mm t#ic3ness %sin" tol%ene* et#yl acetate (D*<) as mo$ile p#ase and 2#en seen %nder .I
@CC nm s#o2s fl%orescent 4ones appearin" at R
f
A.<: (violet)! A.<C (pin3)! A.9A (violet)! A.?B!
A.CA ($ot# pin3)! A.CB (deep violet)! A.B? (pin3) and A.;@ (deep violet). )n dippin" t#e plate
in vanillin=s%lp#%ric acid rea"ent and #eatin" at <A?
A
for ? min%tes! ten spots appear at R
f
A.<9 ($l%e)! A.9: (violet)! A.9D (pin3)! A.@@ ($l%e)! A.@B (pale violet)! A.?<! A.?B! A.CA (violet)!
A.B? (pale violet) and A.;@ ("reen).

7)(S6&6.,(6S = -%""%lsterones

5R)5,R6&,S A(D A76&)(
Rasa * 6i3ta! +aF%
-%Ga * La"#%! Sni"d#a! IiKada! SH3Ema! Sara! S%"and#i
Irya * .EGa
Iip3a * +aF%
+arma * 1Pdya! 5ratidHEa3a! +ap#a=vta#ara! IraGaropaGa! IraGaKod#ana
61,RA5,.6&7 .S,S = mavta (R#e%matism)! AQ"amarda ($ody ac#e)!
-aGRaml (cervical lymp#adenitis)! +%EF#a (Leprosy O diseases of s3in)! 5dadr (c#affed
O crac3ed soles O r#a"ades)! 5rame#a (meta$olic disorder)! Sand#iKot#a (art#ritis)! Jot#a
(inflammation)! Itara3ta (-o%t)! Itaro"a (disease d%e to Ita doEa)! Iisarpa (,rysepales)!
IraGa (%lcer)
D)S, = Svarasa (0%ice) * ? to <A ml

?0
3. ARANYA-SURANA (Tuber)
ARAS'A=STRASA (6%$er)
AraGya=sHraGa consists of dried t%$er of Synant#erias sylvatica Sc#ott -en. Aoc0a
Syn. Amorp#op#all%s sylvatic%s (Ro>$.) +%nt#. (am. Araceae)! a perennial! t%$ero%s #er$
2it# a small! s%$="lo$ose! smoot# r#i4ome and a $arred spat#e! strea3ed 2it# "reen and li"#t
pin3. 6#e plant is %s%ally fo%nd alon" forest $orders in t#e states of 6amil (ad%! +erala and
+arnata3a.
S'()('MS * Ia0ra3anda! SitasHraGa
R,-&)(AL LA(-.A-, (AM,S
/en"ali * )la=3oc#%
-%0rati * -odas%rana
1indi * Ianas%rana
Malayalam * Lan"ali=)la
6amil * +att%=+ar%nai3i4#ana"%
6el%"% * Manc#a +anda
D,S7R&56&)(
a) Macroscopic
.npeeled t%$er s%$="lo$ose! depressed! $%l$ifero%s! dar3 "reyis#=$ro2n! 2arty! <; to
9? cm in t#ic3ness! 2#ole or may $e c%t vertically and #ori4ontally into transverse slices of 9
to @ cm si4e8 rootlets a fe2! t#in8 te>t%re starc#y8 odo%r not distinctive8 taste! acrid.
$) Microscopic
A section t#ro%"# t#e t%$er reveals an o%ter te"%mentary tiss%e comprisin" a fe2
layers of t#in 2alled cor3! irre"%lar and peeled off at places8 corte> massive! consistin" of
t#in 2alled parenc#yma a$%ndant in starc# "rains8 a 4one of 9 or @ layers of clear! an"%lar!
t#in 2alled cells r%ns periclinally in o%ter re"ion of corte>8 calci%m o>alate crystals also
fo%nd in t#e form of rap#ide $%ndles8 starc# "rains 2it#o%t striations! sin"le or compo%nd!
?1
#il%m linear8 simple "rains sp#erical! ovoid or s%$=reniform8 compo%nd ones %s%ally
comprisin" %p to C %nits! poly#edral or s%$= sp#erical8 a$%ndant in tiss%es s%rro%ndin" t#e
small! scattered vasc%lar $%ndles8 vasc%lar $%ndles scattered in corte>! r%nnin" strai"#t or in
o$liN%e fas#ion! comprisin" t#e smaller as 2ell as lar"er $%ndles to2ards t#e centre8 >ylem
composed of a fe2 vessels 2it# spiral t#ic3enin"s! and >ylem parenc#yma8 p#loem consists
of sieve t%$es and companion cells.
5o2der D%ll creamis#! fine8 po2der microscopy s#o2s rap#ides <?A P lon"8 simple and
compo%nd starc# "rains! 9 to C mem$ered and %s%ally %p to ?A P in si4e! and occasionally
vessel fra"ments 2it# spiral t#ic3enin"s.
&D,(6&6'! 5.R&6' A(D S6R,(-61

6otal as# (ot more t#an ; per cent! Appendi> 9.9.@
Acid=insol%$le as# (ot more t#an 9 per cent! Appendi> 9.9.:
Alco#ol=sol%$le e>tractive (ot less t#an : per cent! Appendi> 9.9.B
Water=sol%$le e>tractive (ot less t#an <: per cent! Appendi> 9.9.;

6.L.7.
6.L.7. of alco#olic e>tract of t#e dr%" on silica "el B-B CA
9?:
%sin" n=#e>ane* et#yl
acetate* (B*@) as mo$ile p#ase and on sprayin" t#e plate 2it# anisalde#yde= s%lp#%ric acid
rea"ent and #eatin" it for <? min%tes at <A?
A
!

s#o2s fo%r spots at R
f
A.<B ($l%e)! A.9;
(Iiolet)! A.@B (dar3 violet) and A.:A (dar3 violet).

5R)5,R6&,S A(D A76&)(
Rasa * +aF%! +aEya
-%Ga * RH3Ea! 63EGa
Irya * .EGa
Iip3a * +aF%
+arma * +Pmi"#na! ArKo"#na! R%cya! Iedan#ara
?2
61,RA5,.6&7 .S,S = -rant#iKot#a (lymp#adenitis)! Ar$%da (t%mor)!
Iicarci3 (ec4ema)! .dararo"a (diseases of a$domen)! Jlpada (ilariasis)! ArKa (piles)
D)S, = 7HrGa (po2der)* ? to <A " after Jod#ana

??
4. AARAAROTA (RHIZOME)
RR)UA (R1&V)M,)
rroFa is t#e dried r#i4omes of Maranta ar%ndinacea L. (am. Marantaceae)! a
r#i4omato%s #er$ of a$o%t B? cm in #ei"#t! c%ltivated in &ndia and also often fo%nd in 2ild!
as an escape.
S'()('MS * Sita tava3Era
R,-&)(AL LA(-.A-, (AM,S
/en"ali * Arar%t
,n"lis# * West &ndian Arro2root
1indi * Araar%ta
+annada * Araar%ta
Marat#i * 6ava3ira
)riya * Araar%ta
5%n0a$i * Araar%ta
6amil * Ar%r%tt%33ilan"%
6el%"% * 5ala"%nda
D,S7R&56&)(
a) Macroscopic
R#i4ome= #ori4ontal and %n$ranc#ed! spindle s#aped! <9 to 9A cm lon" and d%ll 2#ite
to creamy in colo%r 2#en fres#! prominently mar3ed 2it# nodal rin"s and scale leaves 2#ic#
completely encircle t#e nodes8 internodal len"t# is A.? to <.? cm8 sliced individ%al pieces are
cylindrical! ro%"#! and si4e ran"es from < to 9 cm lon" and < to 9.? cm across8 e>ternally
$ro2nis# and $ro3en s%rface off=2#ite8 fract%re! #ard and fract%red s%rface fi$ro%s and
starc#y8 starc#y odo%r and taste.
$) Microscopic
?<
6S circ%lar in o%tline! epidermis a sin"le layer of small poly"onal cells! follo2ed $y a
2ide corte> of lar"e poly"onal cells 2it# interspaces8 med%llary vasc%lar $%ndles many! of
vario%s si4es and scattered in t#e cortical re"ion8 eac# vasc%lar $%ndle encircled $y a
semil%nar $%ndle s#eat# of sclerenc#ymato%s cells! and consists of a small p#loem patc# and
>ylem 2it# < to C vessels8 stele consists of compactly arran"ed smaller vasc%lar $%ndles
to2ards endodermis and lar"er ones in t#e centre! em$edded in t#e "ro%nd tiss%e of
parenc#ymato%s cells8 starc# "rains present in parenc#ymato%s cells8 irre"%larly ovoid! or
pear s#aped! ran"in" $et2een 9A to :A P! some even %nto B? Poccasionally! concentric
striations seen! 2it# an eccentric stellate #il%m.
5o2der= 7reamy! starc#y! %nder microscope s#o2s compact poly"onal parenc#yma! spiral!
scalariform and ann%lar vessels8 elon"ated spindle s#aped fi$res of <? to 9A P2idt#8 starc#
"rains circ%lar! oval or pear s#aped 2it# a diameter of 9A to :A P! occasionally even %nto B?
P! 2it# concentric striations and a central or lateral! linear or crossed #il%m.
&D,(6&6'! 5.R&6' A(D S6R,(-61

6otal as# (ot more t#an ? per cent! Appendi> 9.9.@
S%lp#ated as# (ot more t#an B per cent! Appendi> 9.9.C
Alco#ol=sol%$le e>tractive (ot less t#an < per cent! Appendi> 9.9.B
Water=sol%$le e>tractive (ot less t#an <9 per cent! Appendi> 9.9.;

6.L.7.
6.L.7. of t#e met#anolic e>tract on precoated silica "el B-B plate (A.9 mm t#ic3) %sin"
n=#e>ane* c#loroform* met#anol (9C*<@*<) as mo$ile p#ase and after sprayin" 2it#
A
for ? min%tes! s#o2s spots at R
f
A.9B!
A.?@ ($ot# li"#t violet)! A.C;! A.BB! and A.;? (all pin3).

7)(S6&6.,(6S = Starc# (9?=@AW)! de>trin and s%"ars.
?-

5R)5,R6&,S A(D A76&)(
Rasa * Mad#%ra
-%Ga * -%r%! Sni"d#a
Irya * Jta
Iip3a * Mad#%ra
+arma * 5itta#ara! /alya! IPEya
61,RA5,.6&7 .S,S = +sa (co%"#)! Jvsa (Ast#ma)! D#a ($%rnin" sensation)!
6PEG (t#irst)! +Eaya (pt#isis)! A"nimndya (di"estive impairment)! Ra3tadoEa (disorder of
$lood)
D)S, = 7HrGa (po2der)* ? to <A "

?3
5. ASTHISRANHALA (Aer!"# $"r%)
AS61&JXY+1AL (Aerial 5art)
Ast#iKPQ3#al consists of dried aerial parts of 7iss%s N%adran"%laris L. (am.
Iitaceae)! a fles#y clim$er 2it# 0ointed stem and leaf opposed tendrils "ro2in" alon" #ed"es
and distri$%ted t#ro%"#o%t t#e #otter parts of &ndia.
S'()('MS * Ast#isaZ#Pt! Ia0ravall
R,-&)(AL LA(-.A-, (AM,S
/en"ali * 1aad0odaa
,n"lis# * /one setter
-%0rati * 1aadsaan3al
1indi * 1ad0oda
+annada * Man"ar$allee! S%nd%$alli
Malayalam * 5iranta
Marat#i * +aandvel
)riya * 1aada$#an"a "ac##a
5%n0a$i * 1ada0oda
D,S7R&56&)(
a) Macroscopic
Stem pieces s%$=N%adran"%lar! flattened! 2in"ed and 0ointed! #avin" constricted
nodes and spindle s#aped internodes8 smoot#! s#iny! d%ll "reen or "reyis# $ro2n 2#en old8
$ranc#es dic#otomo%s8 leaves alternate! ca%line! cordate8 ovate! e>stip%late! soft! t#ic3! s#iny
and s#ortly petioled8 tendril $rittle! lon"! slender! t2isted! simple! arisin" at nodes opposite
t#e leaves.
$) Microscopic
Stem s#o2s a flattened! : an"led! almost d%m$ $ell s#aped o%tline 2it# one or t2o
notc#es on eac# side8 fo%r an"les of t#e stem appear $l%nt in cross section 2it# a
?2
sclerenc#ymato%s patc# immediately $elo2 t#e epidermis in eac# corner8 epidermis consists
of a sin"le layer of poly"onal or sli"#tly elon"ated cells 2it# strai"#t anticlinal 2alls and
conve> periclinal 2alls covered over $y t#ic3 c%ticle8 in s%rface vie2! epidermal cells
divided into "ro%ps of @ to ; d%e to t#ic3ened anticlinal 2alls8 stomata %niformly distri$%ted!
anomocytic8 "ro%nd tiss%e demarcated into an o%ter corte> and a central pit# $y a rin" of
vasc%lar $%ndles8 corte> made %p of more or less compactly arran"ed! t#in 2alled
parenc#ymato%s cells some of 2#ic# contain crystals of calci%m o>alate in t#e form of dr%ses
%p to 9? P dia.! as 2ell as rap#ides8 some idio$lasts stain red 2it# R%t#eni%m Red indicatin"
t#e presence of some m%cila"e in t#em8 circ%lar cavities present sporadically8 vasc%lar
$%ndles con0oint! collateral! open! endarc#8 t#ose %nder t#e an"les of t#e stem lar"er in si4e
and n%m$er8 $%ndles contain a perip#eral patc# of sclerenc#yma cells follo2ed $y! p#loem
elements! p#ello"en and >ylem elements8 vessels possess ann%lar and spiral t#ic3enin"s8 a
perip#eral patc# of collenc#ymato%s cells is also associated 2it# a "ro%p of vasc%lar $%ndles8
pit# composed of t#in 2alled loosely arran"ed parenc#ymato%s cells8 some contain dr%ses
and rap#ides8 cavities! lar"er and m%c# more a$%ndant t#an t#ose present in t#e corte>8
transverse section of tendril #as prominent semi=$arrel s#aped epidermal cells covered $y a
c%ticle #avin" fine striations! as seen in s%rface vie2 of t#e epidermis 2it# c%ticle.
Leaf
Midri$ =+eeled on ada>ial side! conve>ly ro%nded on t#e a$a>ial side8 "ro%nd tiss%e
parenc#ymato%s! t#in=2alled cells! t#ose in perip#ery containin" c#loroplasts8 a small patc#
of sclerenc#yma and $elo2 t#is a "ro%p of collenc#yma cells in t#e 3eel8 a rin" of : to C
vasc%lar $%ndles 2it#o%t $%ndle s#eat#s8 some cells of midri$ #ave dr%ses and rap#ides! eac#
vasc%lar $%ndle consists of a centripetal >ylem composed of vessels 2it# spiral t#ic3enin"s!
and >ylem parenc#yma and an o%ter p#loem composed of sieve t%$es! companion cells and
p#loem parenc#yma 2it# a fe2 small cavities dispersed amon" t#em.
Lamina A section t#ro%"# t#e leaf s#o2s 2ell defined %pper and lo2er epidermis comprised
of parenc#ymato%s cells ro%nded in vertical section and an"%lar in s%rface vie28 stomata
present on $ot# s%rfaces anomocytic8 mesop#yll of lamina %ndifferentiated8 mar"in
?8
composed of a patc# of sclerenc#yma8 stomatal inde> for %pper s%rface not more t#an : 2#ile
for lo2er s%rface not more t#an ?.
5o2der ,pidermal cells in s%rface vie2 s#o2in" anticlinal divisions and stomata8 fra"ments
consistin" of #e>a"onal parenc#ymato%s cells of "ro%nd tiss%e some s#o2in" t#e presence of
crystals of calci%m o>alate as dr%ses and rap#ide8 some fra"ments #avin" vessels! fi$ers and
starc# "rains also.
&D,(6&6'! 5.R&6' A(D S6R,(-61

6otal as# (ot more t#an 9A per cent! Appendi> 9.9.@
Alco#ol=sol%$le e>tractive (ot less t#an B per cent! Appendi> 9.9.B
Water=sol%$le e>tractive (ot less t#an 9 per cent! Appendi> 9.9.;

6.L.7.
6.L.7. of t#e alco#olic e>tract on precoated silica "el B-B plate (A.9 mm t#ic3) %sin"
tol%ene* et#yl acetate (B*@) as mo$ile p#ase and 2#en seen %nder .I @CC nm s#o2s spots at
R
f
A.9< ($l%e)8 A.:?8 A.?@ ($ot# red)8 A.CC (pin3)8 A.B<8 A.;9 ($ot# red)8 on sprayin" 2it#
anisalde#yde= s%lp#%ric acid rea"ent and on #eatin" t#e plate for ten min%tes at <A?
A
spots
appear at R
f
A.@? ("rey)! A.?B ($ro2nis# "reen)! A.B@ (li"#t yello2)! A.B; ($ro2nis# "reen)
and A.;B ($ro2n).

7)(S6&6.,(6S = 6riterpenoids* B=o>o=onocer=;=ene=@R! 9<Q =diol8 friedelan=@=one8
tara>erol8 isopentacosanoic acid8 R =sitosterol.

5R)5,R6&,S A(D A76&)(
Rasa * +aF%! +aEya! Mad#%ra
-%Ga * La"#%! Sara! Sni"d#a! 5icc#ila
Irya * .EGa
?1
Iip3a * Mad#%ra
+arma * /alya! +ap#a#ara! +Pmi"#na! 5cana! Sand#nya! Stam$#ana!
Ita#ara! IPEya
&M5)R6A(6 )RM.LA6&)(S = Ast#isaQ"#ti3 'o"a! Ast#isaZ#ra vaFi3!
Ast#isaZ#ra tailam
61,RA5,.6&7 .S,S = ArKa (piles)! Ast#i$#a"na ($one fract%re)! +Pmi (2orm
infestation)! (etraro"a (diseases of t#e eye)! Jvsa (Ast#ma)! Tr%stam$#a (stiffness in t#i"#
m%scles)! IraGa (%lcer)
D)S, = Svarasa (0%ice) * <A to 9A ml
rdra 3al3a (paste) * <A to 9A "

<0
&. 'HUTAESHI (Fru!%)
/1T6A+,J (r%it)
/#Hta3eK consists of dried fr%its of Selin%m va"inat%m 7./. 7lar3e (am.
Apiaceae)! a "la$ro%s #er$ attainin" a #ei"#t of < to <.? m distri$%ted in 1imalayas from
+as#mir to +%maon $et2een altit%des of <;AA to @DAA m.
S'()('MS * 3KamZs! M%r! /#Hri"and#! -and#amdan
R,-&)(AL LA(-.A-, (AM,S
/en"ali * /#%ta3esi
1indi * /#%ta3esi! M%ramaansi
+annada * M%ra
Malayalam * Moramamsi
Marat#i * M%ra
)riya * /#%ta3esi
5%n0a$i * 5%s#2ari
6el%"% * /#%ta3esi
D,S7R&56&)(
a) Macroscopic
Dr%" consists of yello2is#=$ro2n separated mericarps8 eac# mericarp $roadly o$lon"!
dorsally compressed! ? to D mm lon"! @ to : mm 2ide and < to 9 mm t#ic38 rid"es five!
yello2is#=$ro2n! t#ree dorsal and t2o lateral! t#e lateral $ein" lar"e! mem$rano%s and
2in"ed8 taste! $itter and spicy8 odo%r! s2eet and m%s3=li3e.
$) Microscopic
6S of t#e mericarp s#o2s epicarp consistin" of a sin"le layered epidermis of
rectan"%lar! t%$%lar cells #avin" t#ic3 o%ter 2alls! striated c%ticle and a fe2 stomata8
parenc#ymato%s mesocarp! @ to : layered! t#ic3ened! li"nified and occasionally retic%late in
t#e re"ion of vasc%lar $%ndles8 a narro2 endocarp of elon"ated! rectan"%lar cells8 testa
<1
composed of sin"le layer of yello2is# cells8 endosperm consistin" of t#ic3=2alled c%$ical
parenc#yma8 vasc%lar $%ndles one in eac# primary rid"e8 vittae! fo%r on dorsal! t2o to fo%r
on commiss%ral s%rface! eac# lined internally $y endot#elial cells and filled 2it# yello2is#
oil8 cells of endosperm filled 2it# n%mero%s small ale%rone "rains! fi>ed oil and micro=
rosette crystals of calci%m o>alate.
5o2der =Li"#t $ro2n! s#o2s epidermal cells of epicarp 2it# striated c%ticle in s%rface vie28
fra"ments of yello2is#=$ro2n endot#eli%m of vittae8 parenc#ymato%s cells 2it# pitted
t#ic3enin"8 fra"ments of retic%late vessels attac#ed 2it# pitted parenc#yma and li"nified
sclerenc#yma 2it# retic%late t#ic3enin"8 patc#es of endospermic parenc#ymato%s cells
containin" fi>ed oil! n%mero%s small ale%rone "rains and micro=rosette crystals of calci%m
o>alate.
&D,(6&6'! 5.R&6' A(D S6R,(-61

Water=sol%$le e>tractive (ot less t#an 9.9.;

6.L.7.
6.L.7. of alco#olic e>tract of t#e dr%" on precoated silica "el B-B CA
9?:
6L7 plate
(,. Merc3) of A.9 mm t#ic3ness %sin" tol%ene* et#yl acetate (;?*<?) as mo$ile p#ase and
2#en seen %nder .I 9?: nm s#o2s five spots at R
f
A.<; ($l%e)! A.9D ($l%e="reen)! A.@@ (li"#t
$l%e)! A.?A ($ri"#t $l%e) and A.C< ("reen).

7)(S6&6.,(6S = ,ssential oil and co%marins.

5R)5,R6&,S A(D A76&)(
Rasa * 6i3ta! +aF%! +aEya
<2
-%Ga * La"#%! RH3Ea
Irya * Jta
Iip3a * +aF%
+arma * 6ridoEa"#na! Iedan#ara! Ra3Eo"#na! +eKya! +ntiprada
&M5)R6A(6 )RM.LA6&)(S = 7andandi 6aila
61,RA5,.6&7 .S,S = Apasmra (,pilepsy)! /#rama (verti"o)! Lvara (fever)! +Eaya
(pt#isis)! Jvsa (Ast#ma)! MHrcc# (syncope)! Ra3ta"ata vta (#ypertension)! Ra3tapitta
($leedin" disorder)! 6PEG (t#irst)! Itavyd#i (disease d%e to Ita doEa)
D)S, = 7HrGa (po2der) *< to @ "

<?
(. 'HUTAESHI (R)!*+,e)
/1T6A+,J (R#i4ome)
/#Hta3eK consists of dried r#i4omes of Selin%m va"inat%m 7./. 7lar3e (am.
Apiaceae)! a "la$ro%s #er$ attainin" a #ei"#t of < to <.? m distri$%ted in 1imalayas from
+as#mir to +%maon $et2een altit%des of <;AA and @DAA m.
S'()('MS * Rocanata"ara! MZs IiKeEa
R,-&)(AL LA(-.A-, (AM,S
/en"ali * /#%ta3esi
1indi * /#%ta3esi! M%ramaansi
+annada * M%ra
Malayalam * Moramamsi
Marat#i * M%ra
)riya * /#%ta3esi
5%n0a$i * 5%s#2ari
6el%"% * /#%ta3esi
D,S7R&56&)(
a) Macroscopic
Dried r#i4ome pieces cylindrical! c%rved! %p to <9 cm lon" and A.? cm t#ic38 s%rface
eart#y $ro2n to $ro2n in colo%r! ro%"#! lon"it%dinally 2rin3led! $earin" #ori4ontally
arran"ed! protr%ded lenticels and circ%lar scars of roots8 fract%re s#ort! #orny revealin"
distinct creamis# 2#ite! central cylinder of 2ood and $ro2nis# $ar3 to2ards perip#ery8
odo%r not distinct8 taste! astrin"ent.
$) Microscopic
6S of r#i4ome s#o2 m%ltilayered cor3 of t#in 2alled rectan"%lar cells8 cor3 cam$i%m
not distinct8 corte> consists of ? to <A to several ro2s of circ%lar to oval parenc#yma cells
<<
2it# "ro%ps of sclereids8 secondary p#loem 2ide! lar"ely composed of parenc#yma! a fe2
fi$res! o$literated sieve elements and interspersed 2it# oval secretory canals8 cam$i%m
distinct! consistin" of C to ; layers of t#in 2alled! small rectan"%lar cells8 secondary >ylem
consists of vessels! trac#eids! fi$res and >ylem parenc#yma8 >ylem vessels occ%r sin"ly or in
"ro%ps of 9 to ?8 med%llary rays m%ltiseriate! traversin" $ot# >ylem and p#loem8 pit# consists
of lar"e circ%lar to oval pitted cells filled 2it# ro%nd! simple or compo%nd starc# "rains 2it#
9 to ? components! meas%rin" ? to <? Pin diameter.
5o2der =Li"#t $ro2n! s#o2s fra"ments of cor3 in s%rface vie28 "ro%ps of sclereids8 patc#es
of pitted parenc#yma8 spiral and pitted vessels and ro%nd! simple or compo%nd starc# "rains
meas%rin" ? to <? P in diameter.
&D,(6&6'! 5.R&6' A(D S6R,(-61

Acid=insol%$le as# (ot more t#an : per cent! Appendi> 9.9.:
Alco#ol=sol%$le e>tractive (ot less t#an 9@ per cent! Appendi> 9.9.B
Water=sol%$le e>tractive (ot less t#an B per cent! Appendi> 9.9.;

6.L.7.
6.L.7. of et#anolic e>tract (cold maceration at room temperat%re) of t#e dr%" on
precoated silica "el B-B CA
9?:
6L7 plate of A.9 mm t#ic3ness %sin" tol%ene* et#yl acetate
(D.9* A.;) as solvent system and on sprayin" 2it# anisalde#yde=s%lp#%ric acid rea"ent
follo2ed $y #eatin" at <A?
A
for <A min%tes! s#o2s spots R
f
A.<? (dar3 $ro2n)! A.9C
(ma"enta)! A.9D (dar3 oran"e)! A.@D (violet)! A.:D (li"#t pin3)! A.?: ($ro2nis#=yello2)! A.?D
(li"#t pin3)! A.;? and A.D? ($ot# ma"enta)!.

7)(S6&6.,(6S = 7o%marins* va"inatin! selinidin! va"inol! va"inidin and arc#an"elone.

<-
5R)5,R6&,S A(D A76&)(
Rasa * +aEya! 6i3ta
-%Ga * S%"and#i! RH3Ea
Irya * .EGa
Iip3a * +aF%
+arma * 6ridoEa#ara! Iedan#ara! Ra3Eo"#na! +eKya! IraGaKod#ana
61,RA5,.6&7 .S,S = Apasmra (,pilepsy)! Lvara (fever)! +sa (co%"#)! +Pmi (2orm
infestation)! 5ratiKyya (cory4a)! .cca Ra3tacpa (#ypertension)! .nmda (mania O
psyc#osis)! Itavyd#i (disease d%e to Ita doEa)
D)S, = 7HrGa (po2der)* @ to C "

<3
-. 'I.A$ATRA (/)+#e $#"0%)
/LA5A6R (W#ole 5lant)
/0apatr consists of t#e dried 2#ole plant of Adiant%m capill%s=veneris L. [am.
Adiantaceae (5olypodiaceae)\ a terrestrial fern occ%rrin" t#ro%"#o%t t#e #ills in &ndia in
moist s#ady places especially on damp old 2alls and crevices of roc3s.
S'()('MS * +PEGadaGRi3! 1aZsapadsadPK
R,-&)(AL LA(-.A-, (AM,S
,n"lis# * Maiden=#air fern
-%0rati * +aalo #ansaraa0! 1anspadi
1indi * +aalaa 1ansra0a
+annada * 1ansraa0a! M%$ara3a
Malayalam * 5lav%
Marat#i * 1ansraa0a
)riya * 1ansraa0a
6el%"% * (aalla 1amsapad%
.rd% * 5arsiaos#an
D,S7R&56&)(
a) Macroscopic
R#i4ome /ro2n! soft 2it# varia$le len"t#s %p to B mm in t#ic3ness! paleae coverin"
t#e r#i4ome! roots present.
Root Well $ranc#ed! $lac3 colo%red! t#in! 2iry and arisin" in cl%sters from t#e %nderside of
t#e r#i4ome.
rond 7ircinately coiled in t#e $%d condition! rac#is dar3 and s#inin"! $i or tripinnate often
covered 2it# paleae t#at may e>tend onto rac#is and also sometimes on pinn%les or leaflets!
pinnae stal3ed! rac#is may terminate in a pinna or may $e elon"ated $earin" a ve"etative $%d
<2
at t#e tip! rac#is divides pinnately and t#e %ltimate $ranc#es $ear pinn%les in an alternate
manner8 t#e terminal pinn%le %s%ally differs in s#ape and si4e8 t#e venation is open and
dic#otomo%s! veins spread in t#e a fan li3e manner in t#e lamina8 s%$ mar"inal sori $orne at
t#e distal ends of t#e pinnae or pinn%les and consists of sporan"ia $orne s%perficially over a
s#ort portion to2ards t#e distal re"ions of t#e veins! t#e %ltimate ends of t#e veins do not
$ear sporan"ia.
$) Microscopic
Root ,pidermis sin"le layered8 c%ticle present8 corte> of t2o 4ones! o%ter
parenc#ymato%s %s%ally @ layered and inner sclerenc#ymato%s8 endodermis distinct 2it#
casparian t#ic3enin"s8 pericycle distinct8 stele diarc# and e>arc#8 p#loem forms t2o
conspic%o%s "ro%ps alternatin" 2it# >ylem.
R#i4ome ,pidermis sin"le layered! t#in 2alled8 c%ticle present8 corte> parenc#ymato%s filled
2it# starc# "rains8 stele dictyostele! ? to B meristeles8 eac# meristele is a protostelic type
s%rro%nded $y a distinct endodermis and pericycle8 >ylem e>arc# and diarc# s%rro%nded $y
p#loem.
rond
Rac#is ,pidermis sin"le layered 2it# t#ic3 c%ticle! follo2ed $y < or 9 layered
sclerenc#ymato%s #ypodermis8 corte> parenc#ymato%s and contains starc# "rains8 stele
consists of sin"le layered endodermis follo2ed $y pericycle8 >ylem triarc#! e>arc#!
s%rro%nded $y p#loem.
5etiole ,pidermis sin"le layered 2it# t#ic3 c%ticle! follo2ed $y sclerenc#ymato%s corte>8
vasc%lar $%ndle consists of sin"le layered endodermis and pericycle8 >ylem s%rro%nded $y
p#loem.
5inn%le Mid=vein laterally flat o%tline8 mesop#yll one or 9 layered8 vasc%lar $%ndle
s%rro%nded $y t#ic3 sclerenc#ymato%s $%ndle s#eat#! follo2ed $y a sin"le layered
endodermis and pericycle8 >ylem s%rro%nded $y p#loem.
<8
Lamina .ndifferentiated! 2it# one or 9 layered irre"%lar s#aped cells in t#e mesop#yll8
stomata present in lo2er epidermis8 epidermal cells are elon"ated! parallel to t#e lon" a>is of
t#e leaf! in s%rface vie2 more 2avy in a$a>ial side and less 2avy in ada>ial side8 stomatal
n%m$er @A to @?Omm
9
8 stomatal inde> for lo2er epidermis @9 to @?8 fertile leaves present
s#o2in" sporan"ia.
5o2der Dar3 reddis# $ro2n! spiral vessels! fi$res! starc# "rains <A to 9A P! epidermis 2it#
stomata present! sporan"i%m %p to :AA P in si4e 2it# stal3 and #ead! stal3 9 or @ cells 2ide
and a$o%t : cells lon"! #ead $iconve> in s#ape and sin"le layered 2all 2it# ann%l%s (t#ic3
2all) and stomi%m (t#in 2all)! spores #omosporo%s tetra#edral! triradiate rid"e 2it# concave
side and %p to DA P in si4e.
&D,(6&6'! 5.R&6' A(D S6R,(-61

6otal as# (ot more t#an <? per cent! Appendi> 9.9.@
Acid=insol%$le as# (ot more t#an <A per cent! Appendi> 9.9.:
Water=sol%$le e>tractive (ot less t#an : per cent! Appendi> 9.9.;
Alco#ol=sol%$le e>tractive (ot less t#an <A per cent! Appendi> 9.9.B

6.L.7.
6.L.7. of c#loroform e>tract on al%min%m plates precoated 2it# silica "el B-B CA
9?:
of A.9 mm t#ic3ness %sin" tol%ene* et#yl acetate (C*<) as mo$ile p#ase and 2#en seen %nder
.I 9?: nm s#o2s spots at R
f
A.<;! A.99! A.:A! A.C:! A.B<! A.BC! A.;A and A.;B (all "reen).
.nder .I @CC nm fl%orescent 4ones at R
f
A.<; (pin3)! A.9A! A.@9 ($ot# p%rple)! A.@C! A.??!
A.?D (all pin3)! A.CC ($l%e)! A.BA! A.;A ($ot# pin3). )n sprayin" t#e plates 2it# vanillin=
s%lp#%ric acid rea"ent and #eatin" at <A?
A
f
A.9D ($l%e)! A.:A!
A.:C ($ot# p%rple)! A.?? (yello2)! A.CC (p%rple)! A.BC ("reen)! A.;; and A.D@ ($ot# "rey).

<1
7)(S6&6.,(6S = Adiantone8 adianto>ide8 astra"alin8 nicotiflorin8 isoN%ercitrin8 r%tin8
3aempferol=@=)=r%tinoside8 <=caffeyl"l%cose and s%lp#ate esters of <=co%maryl"l%cose and <=
co%maryl"alactose8 3aempferol=@="l%c%ronide8 N%ercetin8 R=sitosterol8 sti"masterol8
campesterol

5R)5,R6&,S A(D A76&)(
Rasa * +aEya! +aF%
-%Ga * -%r%
Irya * Jta
Iip3a * +aF%
+arma * +aGF#ya! +ap#a#ara! +ap#apittaKma3a! MHtra0anana! Rasyana!
Stam$#ana! IiEa"#na! IraGaropaGa
61,RA5,.6&7 .S,S = A"niro#iG (ac%te sta"e of dip#t#eria)! AQ"amarda ($ody ac#e)!
Apasmra (,pilepsy)! Atisra (diarr#oea)! /#rama (verti"o)! D#a ($%rnin" sensation)!
-%lma (a$dominal l%mp)! Lvara (fever)! +sa (co%"#)! LHtviEa (spider $ite)! MHtra3Pcc#ra
(dys%ria)! Ra3tapitta ($leedin" disorder)! Ra3tavi3ra (disorders of $lood)! JoEa
(emaciation)! Jot#a (inflammation)! Jvsa (Ast#ma)! Svara$#eda (#oarseness of voice)!
Iisarpa (,rysepales)! IraGa (%lcer)
D)S, = 7HrGa (po2der)* < to @ "
Svarasa (0%ice) * <A to 9A "

-0
1. 'IM'I (Le"2)
/&M/ (Leaf)
/im$ consists of t#e dried leaves of 7occinia "randis (L.) Ioi"t Syn. 7. cordifolia
7o"n! 7.indica W M A! 7ep#alandra indica (a%d. (am. 7%c%r$itaceae)! a monoecio%s
perennial clim$er! distri$%ted all over &ndia and often c%ltivated.
S'()('MS * Ra3tap#al! 6%GR! /im$i3! )EF#opamap#al
R,-&)(AL LA(-.A-, (AM,S
Assamese * +ana$#at%ri
/en"ali * 6ela +%cc#a! /im$%
,n"lis# * &vy "o%rd
-%0rati * -#olam! -#ilodi! 6indoran! +adavi -#ilodi
1indi * +%nd%r%! +%nr%
+annada * 6onde $alli
Malayalam * +oval! +ova! (alla3ova
Marat#i * 6ondlee
)riya * +ainc#i 3a3%di! /ano +%ndri
5%n0a$i * +%nd%r%! +%nd%ri
6amil * +ovai
6el%"% * Donda ti"e
.rd% * +%nd%r%
D,S7R&56&)(
a) Macroscopic
/%l3 colo%r dar3 "reen8 leaves $rittle8 simple! alternate! petiolate! e>stip%late! ? to <A
cm. lon" and : to ; cm in 2idt#8 lamina varia$le in si4e! %s%ally ? an"led 2it# s#allo2
sin%ses8 $ri"#t "reen a$ove 2it# $lac3is# dots on t#e s%rface and paler $eneat#8 palmately
retic%late 2it# five main veins! $ase cordate! ape> ac%te! mar"in more or less sin%ate toot#ed8
s%rface of t#e lamina ro%"#.
-1
$) Microscopic
Midri$ =6S flat to2ards ada>ial s%rface and rid"ed to2ards a$a>ial side8 epidermal
cells of ada>ial and a$a>ial s%rface $ric3 s#aped8 #ypodermis ad0acent to $ot# epidermis
collenc#ymato%s8 "ro%nd tiss%e of parenc#yma containin" prismatic calci%m o>alate crystals8
t2o vasc%lar $%ndles present! one to2ards ada>ial and t#e ot#er to2ards a$a>ial s%rface8
ada>ial vasc%lar $%ndle smaller t#an t#at of a$a>ial s%rface8 >ylem composed of vessels 2it#
ann%lar and spiral t#ic3enin"s! >ylem parenc#yma! and fi$res8 p#loem contains sieve t%$es
2it# simple sieve plates! companion cells! parenc#yma and fi$res.
Lamina =6S s#o2s leaf dorsiventral8 c%ticle present8 epidermal cells of ada>ial s%rface
sli"#tly elon"ated! lar"er and oval 2#ere $lac3 dots representin" "lands present8 t#e
epidermal cells of a$a>ial s%rface are $ric3 s#aped8 c%ticle present8 palisade layer a sin"le
ro2! a$sent over midri$ re"ion8 spon"y parenc#yma cells c#lorenc#ymato%s and 2avy
2alled8 >ylem contains vessels 2it# ann%lar and spiral t#ic3enin"s8 epidermal cells of $ot#
ada>ial and a$a>ial epidermis in s%rface vie2 are occasionally elon"ated! 2alls t#in! deeply
sin%ate8 m%lticell%lar sessile "land%lar tric#omes 2it# #ead meas%rin" <AA to <9A P in
diameter are present on ada>ial epidermis8 coverin" tric#omes meas%rin" <; to 9A 2ide and
9;A to @AA P lon"! "rad%ally taperin"! sparsely distri$%ted and locali4ed at t#e costal re"ion
of t#e ada>ial epidermis8 stomata anomocytic 8 stomatal inde> of a$a>ial epidermis 9A to 9?!
ada>ial s%rface <C to <;.
5o2der =Li"#t "reen! s#o2s epidermal cells! anomocytic stomata! concentric starc# "rains @
to ? P in diameter! >ylem vessels 2it# ann%lar and spiral t#ic3enin"s8 calci%m o>alate
crystals! epidermal fra"ments 2it# "lands and tric#omes.
&D,(6&6'! 5.R&6' A(D S6R,(-61
6otal as# (ot more t#an C per cent! Appendi> 9.9.@
Alco#ol=sol%$le e>tractive (ot less t#an <? per cent! Appendi> 9.9.B
Water=sol%$le e>tractive (ot less t#an @; per cent! Appendi> 9.9.;
-2

6.L.7.
6.L.7. of alco#olic e>tract on silica "el B-B plate %sin" n=#e>ane* et#yl acetate (D*<)
as mo$ile p#ase and 2#en seen %nder .I @CC nm s#o2s fl%orescent spots (all $l%e) R
f
A.<9!
A.@D! A.:B! A.??! A.B; and A.D98 on e>pos%re to iodine vapo%rs t2o spots ($ot# yello2) appear
at R
f
A.A?! A.<9 and A.@D. )n sprayin" 2it# ?W met#anolic s%lp#%ric acid rea"ent and #eatin"
t#e plate for <A min%tes at <A?
A
! seven spots appear at R
f
A.<9! A.9D! A.@D! A.:B! A.??! A.C<
and A.B;.

7)(S6&6.,(6S = Al3aloids s%c# as 7ep#alandrine A! cep#alandrine /! cep#alandrine! R=
sitosterol and triacontane.

5R)5,R6&,S A(D A76&)(
Rasa * Mad#%ra! +aEya! 6i3ta
-%Ga * La"#%
Irya * Jta
Iip3a * +aF%
+arma * -r#! +ap#a=pitta#ara! Ita3ara
&M5)R6A(6 )RM.LA6&)(S = /im$"#Pta! 6%nRi"#Pta
61,RA5,.6&7 .S,S = +mal (La%ndice)! Mad#%me#a (Dia$etes mellit%s)! 5Hyame#a
(%rinary infection)
D)S, = Svarasa (0%ice) * <A to 9A ml
7HrGa (po2der) * @ to C "

-?
13. 'IM'I (S%e,)
/&M/ (Stem)
/im$ is t#e dried stem of 7occinia "randis (L.) Ioi"t Syn. 7. cordifolia 7o"n. 7.
indica! W M A.! 7ep#alandra indica (a%d (am. 7%c%r$itaceae)! a monoecio%s perennial
clim$er distri$%ted all over &ndia and often c%ltivated.
S'()('MS * )EF#opamap#al! Ra3tap#al! 6%GR! /im$i3
R,-&)(AL LA(-.A-, (AM,S
Assamese * +ana$#at%ri
/en"ali * /im$%! 6ela +%cc#a
,n"lis# * &vy "o%rd
-%0rati * -#ilodi! -#olam! +adavi -#ilodi! 6indoran
1indi * +%nd%r%! +%nr%
+annada * 6onde $alli
Malayalam * +ova! +oval! (alla3ova
Marat#i * 6ondlee
)riya * /ano +%ndri! +ainc#i 3a3%di
5%n0a$i * +%nd%ri! +%nd%r%
6amil * +ovai
6el%"% * Donda ti"e
.rd% * +%nd%r%
D,S7R&56&)(
a) Macroscopic
Stems pieces meas%rin" 9 to <A cm in len"t# and A.? to : cm in t#ic3ness! e>ternally
rid"ed! "rey or "reenis# "rey8 c%t s%rface smoot# 2it# a t#in $ar3 and a$%ndant li"#t
colo%red central 2ide 2ood8 odo%r and taste indistinct.
-<
$) Microscopic
&n 6S t#e mat%re stem consists of cor3! composed of stratified rectan"%lar!
tan"entially elon"ated cells8 corte> composed of <A to <? layers of t#in 2alled! isodiametric
parenc#ymato%s cells 2it# intercell%lar spaces! filled 2it# n%mero%s concentric starc# "rains!
of a$o%t ? P in diameter8 pericycle in t#e form of patc#es of fi$res! 2it# t#ic3 2alls! narro2
l%men! meas%rin" <A to <? P in diameter8 vasc%lar $%ndles con0oint! 2ed"e s#aped!
$icollateral! p#loem contains sieve t%$es! companion cells! e>tensive parenc#yma of
isodiametric cells! and fi$res of ??A to C9? P lon" and <9 to <; P 2idt#! >ylem consists of
vessels 2it# retic%late and scalariform t#ic3enin"s! proto>ylem elements possess ann%lar and
spiral t#ic3enin"s8 very s#ort fi$res %pto @AP in 2idt#! 2alls very t#ic3 2it# simple pits8
med%llary rays m%ltiseriate! composed of <; to 99 radially elon"ated 2it# some filled 2it#
starc# "rains8 pit# scanty! parenc#ymato%s! cells isodiametric! t#in 2alled.
5o2der =5ale cream! microscopically it s#o2s isodiametric parenc#ymato%s cells! >ylem and
p#loem fi$res! sieve t%$es! sieve plates and vessels8 paranc#ymato%s cells filled 2it#
n%mero%s concentric starc# "rains %pto a$o%t ? P8 >ylem vessels 2it#! scalariform and
retic%late t#ic3enin"s.
&D,(6&6'! 5.R&6' A(D S6R,(-61

6otal as# (ot more t#an <A per cent! Appendi> 9.9.@
Alco#ol=sol%$le e>tractive (ot less t#an @@ per cent! Appendi> 9.9.B
Water=sol%$le e>tractive (ot less t#an :A per cent! Appendi> 9.9.;

6.L.7.
as mo$ile p#ase and 2#en seen %nder .I @CC nm s#o2s fl%orescent spots at R
f
A.<A! A.<?!
A.@?! A.:B! A.?A! A.C@ and A.B9 (all $l%e)8 on e>pos%re to iodine vapo%r spots appear at R
f
A.<?! A.:B! A.C@ and A.D: (all yello2)8 and on sprayin" 2it# ?W met#anolic s%lp#%ric acid
--
rea"ent and #eatin" t#e plate for <A min%tes at <A?
A
! spots appear at R
f
A.<A! A.<?! A.@?! A.:B!
A.?A! A.C@! A.B9 and A.D:.

7)(S6&6.,(6S = Al3aloids s%c# as 7ep#alandrine A! cep#alandrine /! cep#alandrine! R=
sitosterol and triacontane.

5R)5,R6&,S A(D A76&)(
Rasa * +aEya! 6i3ta! Mad#%ra
-%Ga * La"#%
Irya * Jta
Iip3a * +aF%
+arma * -r#! +ap#a=pitta#ara! Ita3ara
61,RA5,.6&7 .S,S = Ar%ci (tastelessness)! 5rame#a (meta$olic disorder)!
5rav#i3 (dysentery)! Ra3tapitta ($leedin" disorder)

-3
11. 'RUHAT DUGDHIA (/)+#e $#"0%)
/X1A6 D.-D1&+ (W#ole 5lant)
/P#at D%"d#i3 consists of dried 2#ole plant of ,%p#or$ia #irta L. Syn. ,. pil%lifera
A%ct. non L. (am. ,%p#or$iaceae)! a small erect or ascendin" ann%al #er$ 2it# mil3y late>!
fo%nd t#ro%"#o%t t#e #otter parts of &ndia as a common 2eed.
S'()('MS * D%"d#i3
R,-&)(AL LA(-.A-, (AM,S
/en"ali * /ara3#er%i
,n"lis# * Ast#ma 2eed
-%0rati * D%d#elo! D%deli! D%d#i
1indi * D%d#i! /adi d%d#di
Malayalam * (elapalai
Marat#i * Mot#i d%d#i! (aayato! D%d#i! D%dali! Mot#i naayati
)riya * D%dili! D%doli
5%n0a$i * D%d#i
6amil * Ammanpatc#aiarisi
6el%"% * Reddivarinan%$al%! (an%$al%
D,S7R&56&)(
a) Macroscopic
Root Si> to D cm lon"! 9 to @ mm in diametre! almost cylindrical 2it# taperin" ends!
small rootlets! s%rface smoot#! e>cept for small prot%$erances at certain places.
Stem ,rect! %s%ally $ranc#ed! terete! $ranc#es often compressed! covered 2it# crisp #airs!
stem pieces @ to ? mm t#ic3 in diametre! very t#in $ar3! fract%re s#ort.
-2
Leaf 5etiolate! petioles a$o%t @ mm lon"8 occasionally reddis#! simple! opposite!
s%perposed! s%$sessile! < to : $y A.? cm. o$lon"! lanceolate or o$ovate lanceolate! ac%te or
s%$ ac%te! dentate! min%tely stip%late! dar3 "reen a$ove pale $eneat#! venation retic%late.
lo2er &nfloresence s#ortly ped%nc%late! a>illary cymes8 $racteate8 periant# a$sent!
invol%cres n%mero%s! less t#an < to <.? mm lon" on sin"le stal3ed stamen! ant#ers t2o celled8
pistil tricarpellary! ovary s%perior! a>ile placentation.
$) Microscopic
Root 6S s#o2s o%termost re"ion of cor3 consistin" of : or ? layers of t#in 2alled!
$ro2n s%$erised rectan"%lar parenc#ymato%s cells8 cor3 cam$i%m seen8 corte> consists of C
to ; layers of tan"entially elon"ated parenc#ymato%s cells 2it#o%t intercell%lar spaces8 some
of t#ese cells contain simple starc# "rains and prismatic calci%m o>alate crystals8 t#e
vasc%lar cylinder #as t#in 2alled poly"onal p#loem cells! >ylem consists of vessels and t#ic3
2alled parenc#yma! traversed $y %niseriate med%llary rays8 pit# a$sent.
Stem 6S s#o2s nearly circ%lar o%tline! epidermal cells sli"#tly elon"ated laterally 2it# t#ic3
c%ticle8 m%lticell%lar! %niseriate coverin" tric#omes a$o%t @A to 9AA in len"t#8 corte> consists
of C to ; layers of ro%nded or oval s#aped parenc#ymato%s cells! a fe2 cells containin"
simple! oval s#aped starc# "rains and prismatic calci%m o>alate crystals8 ne>t to t#e corte> is
a $road vasc%lar cylinder separated $y an endodermis and a sin"le layer of pericyle8 p#loem
narro2 and >ylem #as retic%late vessels8 pit# consists of circ%lar cells 2it# intercell%lar
spaces! prismatic calci%m o>alate crystals meas%rin" a$o%t ; to 9? P seen in a fe2 cells.
Leaf
5etiole 6S s#o2s some2#at circ%lar o%tline8 epidermis sin"le layered! e>ternally covered
2it# t#ic3 c%ticle and #ave coverin" tric#omes similar to t#at of stem8 stele composed of
vasc%lar $%ndle located in center! >ylem composed of vessels 2it# proto>ylem facin"
to2ards %pper s%rface and p#loem on t#e a$a>ial side! enclosed 2it#in a $%ndle s#eat#8
-8
"ro%nd tiss%e composed of t#in 2alled parenc#ymato%s cells! a fe2 #avin" prismatic calci%m
o>alate crystal and starc# "rains.
Midri$ Stron"ly pro0ects on t#e lo2er side8 epidermis sin"le layered 2it# t#ic3 c%ticle on
$ot# s%rfaces8 collenc#yma sin"le layered present only on lo2er s%rface 0%st ad0acent to
lo2er epidermis8 stele s#o2s similar str%ct%re as descri$ed in petiole e>cept very prominent
$%ndle s#eat# and s#o2s starc# "rains in a fe2 cells8 prismatic calci%m o>alate crystals and
starc# "rains in a fe2 cells of "ro%nd tiss%e.
Lamina S#o2s dorsiventral str%ct%re8 epidermis sin"le layered on eit#er s%rface! %pper
epidermis consists of ta$%lar cells! 2alls sli"#tly 2avy in s%rface vie28 2#ereas 2alls of
lo2er epidermal cells strai"#t8 tric#omes similar to t#ose of stem8 palisade t2o layered8
spon"y parenc#yma 9 to : layered! loosely arran"ed8 vasc%lar $%ndles em$edded in spon"y
parenc#yma8 stomata anomocytic present on $ot# s%rfaces8 palisade ratio ? or C! stomatal
inde> 9B to @C on lo2er s%rface and 9? to @A O mm
9
on %pper s%rface! vein islet n%m$er < to
9! veinlet termination n%m$er C to D.
5o2der 'ello2is# $ro2n! s#o2s a$%ndant fra"ments of parenc#ymato%s cells! a fe2 filled
2it# starc# "rains8 vessels 2it# retic%late and spiral t#ic3enin"s8 p#loem fi$res8 crystals of
calci%m o>alate in t#e form of prism8 a$%ndant coverin"! m%lticell%lar tric#omes! and a fe2
parenc#ymato%s cells 2it# $ro2nis# contents.
&D,(6&6'! 5.R&6' A(D S6R,(-61

6otal as# (ot more t#an <9 per cent! Appendi> 9.9.@
Acid=insol%$le as# (ot more t#an B per cent! Appendi> 9.9.:
Alco#ol=sol%$le e>tractive (ot less t#an @ per cent! Appendi> 9.9.B
Water=sol%$le e>tractive (ot less t#an <A per cent! Appendi> 9.9.;

-1
6.L.7.
6.L.7. of t#e alco#olic e>tract on silica "el B-B plate %sin" tol%ene* et#yl acetate
(D?*?) as mo$ile p#ase and 2#en seen %nder .I @CC nm s#o2s fl%orescent 4ones at R
f
A.<?
("rey)! A.@9 (pin3) and A.@C ("reen). )n sprayin" 2it# vanillin=s%lp#%ric acid rea"ent and
#eatin" t#e plate for five min%tes at <A?
A
!

fo%r spots appear at R
f
A.99 (pin3)! A.@C (violet)!
A.BA (pale violet) and A.D< (p%rple).

7)(S6&6.,(6S = lavonoids! ella"otannins and triterpenoids.

5R)5,R6&,S A(D A76&)(
Rasa * +aF%! 6i3ta! Mad#%ra
-%Ga * RH3Ea! -%r%! 63EGa
Irya * .EGa
Iip3a * +aF%
+arma * -ar$#a3ra3a! +ap#a#ara! MHtrala! JleEmanissra3a! Stanya! IPEya!
IiEFam$#
61,RA5,.6&7 .S,S = Dadr% (taeniasis)! +Pmi (2orm infestation)! +sa (co%"#)! +%EF#a
(Leprosy O diseases of s3in)! MHtra3Pcc#ra (dys%ria)! 5Hyame#a (%rinary infection)! JHla
(pain O colic)! 6ama3aKvsa ($ronc#ial ast#ma)
Svarasa (0%ice) * <A to 9A drops

30
12. 'RUHATI (/)+#e $#"0%)
/X1A6 (W#ole 5lant)
/P#at consists of dried 2#ole plant of Solan%m an"%ivi Lam. Syn. S. indic%m L
(am. Solanaceae)! a pric3ly! m%c# $ranc#ed perennial %nders#r%$! %p to <.; m #i"#! mostly
fo%nd t#ro%"#o%t 2armer parts of t#e co%ntry %pto an elevation of <?AA m.
S'()('MS * /P#at3aGFa3r! Ma#advy"#r! SiZ#i3! /#anF3! IanavPnt3a
R,-&)(AL LA(-.A-, (AM,S
Assamese * 6id$#a"nri! 6id$a"#%ri
/en"ali * Iyaa3%d! /ya3%ra
,n"lis# * &ndian (i"#ts#ade
-%0rati * .$#i rin"ni! .$#imo rin"ni
1indi * /adi 3ateri! +ataai! Ian$#antaa
+annada * +iri"%lia! 1e""%ll%
Malayalam * 7#er% va4#%t#ina! 5%tiri c#%nda
Marat#i * Dorli! Rin"ani
)riya * Lavyaan3%di! Den"aa$#e0i! /ry#oti
5%n0a$i * +and2aari vaddi
6amil * 5appar m%lli! 7#er% va4#%t#alai! M%llam3atti
6el%"% * 6ella m%la3a
.rd% * /adi 3ateli
D,S7R&56&)(
a) Macroscopic
Root = Root 2ell developed! lon"! ri$$ed! 2oody! cylindrical! pale yello2is#=$ro2n!
< to 9.? cm in diametre8 a n%m$er of secondary roots and t#eir $ranc#es present! s%rface
ro%"# d%e to presence of lon"it%dinal striations and root scars8 fract%re! s#ort and splintery8
no distinct odo%r and taste.
31
Stem = Dried stem pieces cylindrical! pric3ly! a$o%t 9 to ? cm in len"t# and A.? to 9 cm in
t#ic3ness8 e>ternal s%rface "reyis#="reen! ro%"#! lon"it%dinally fiss%red and $earin"
lon"it%dinally arran"ed vertical lenticels and rec%rved flattened spines8 transversely c%t
smoot# s%rface s#o2s narro2 $ro2nis# $ar3 to2ards perip#ery and creamis# =2#ite 2ood
aro%nd central pit#8 fract%re #ard! fi$ro%s! $rea3s 2it# snap8 odo%r not distinct! taste $itter.
Leaf = Leaves simple! petiolated! s%$entire or pinnatifid! occ%rin" in $ro3en! c%rled pieces of
different si4es8 %pper s%rface "reyis#="reen and lo2er s%rface 2#itis# in colo%r8 fract%re
$rittle8 taste! $itter.
r%it Dried $erries "lo$ose! yello2 to reddis#=$ro2n in colo%r meas%rin" a$o%t A.? to < cm
in diameter $earin" small spiny remains of sti"ma on one side and caly> 2it# attac#ed
pedicels on ot#er side8 taste astrin"ent8 seeds many in dried p%lp.
$) Microscopic
Root = 6S of root s#o2s t#in cor3 composed of ? to <? layers of t#in=2alled!
tan"entially elon"ated! rectan"%lar cells filled 2it# yello2is#=$ro2n content8 cor3 cam$i%m
sin"le layered8 secondary corte> composed of ? to D layers of t#in=2alled! oval and
tan"entially elon"ated cells8 stone cells present in sin"les or in "ro%ps of 9 to ? or more in
t#is re"ion8 secondary p#loem composed of sieve elements! parenc#yma and stone cells!
traversed $y p#loem rays8 p#loem parenc#yma a$%ndant! t#in=2alled8 stone cells present in
o%ter p#loem re"ion in sin"les or "ro%ps of 9 to ?! varyin" "reatly in s#ape and si4e8 p#loem
rays < to @ cells 2ide! isodiamteric to sli"#tly radially elon"ated in inner p#loem re"ion and
radially elon"ated in o%ter p#loem re"ion! occasionally stone cells also fo%nd in med%llary
rays8 2ood occ%pies $%l3 of root and composed of vessels! trac#eids! fi$res and >ylem
parenc#yma! traversed $y >ylem rays! all elements $ein" li"nified8 vessels occ%r sin"ly or in
"ro%ps of 9 to ? 2it# simple pits8 >ylem fi$res moderately t#ic3=2alled 2it# simple pits and
pointed ends fo%nd in a$%ndance8 >ylem parenc#yma #ave simple pits or retic%late
t#ic3enin"s8 >ylem rays %ni to $iseriate! t#ic3=2alled! cells radially elon"ated and pitted!
32
microsp#enoidal crystals of calci%m o>alate as sandy masses and simple starc# "rains present
in some cells of secondary corte>! p#loem and med%llary rays8 simple and ro%nded to oval
starc# "rains! meas%rin" ?.? to <<.C P m in diameter.
Stem = 6S of stem s#o2s cor3 composed of : or ? layers of rectan"%lar cells interr%pted $y
lenticels and at places $earin" m%lticell%lar $ranc#ed tric#omes8 corte> consists of an o%ter
4one of ? to ; layers of small! ro%nded parenc#yma cells filled 2it# $ro2nis# contents! and
inner corte> consistin" of : or ? ro2s of oval to ro%nd! comparatively lar"er parenc#yma
cells8 "ro%ps of pericyclic fi$res present o%tside t#e p#loem8 p#loem composed of sieve
elements! p#loem fi$res and p#loem parenc#yma filled 2it# $lac3=colo%red contents8 >ylem
composed of vessels! trac#eids! fi$res and parenc#yma8 >ylem vessels occ%r sin"ly or in
"ro%ps of 9 to ? 2it# pitted 2alls8 >ylem rays %niseriate! consistin" of radially elon"ated
parenc#yma cells8 pit# composed of circ%lar to oval parenc#yma cells filled 2it# starc#
"rains.
Leaf=
5etiole = 6S of petiole s#o2s a sin"le layered epidermis of parenc#yma cells interr%pted at
places $y m%lticell%lar! $ranc#ed tric#omes and "land%lar tric#omes8 @ or : layered
#ypodermis of c#lorenc#yma cells8 "ro%nd tiss%e of ro%nd parenc#yma cells encirclin" a
lar"e! con0oint! collateral! arc#=s#aped! vasc%lar $%ndle in t#e centre and t2o small vasc%lar
$%ndles in t#e 2in"s re"ion $elo2 #ypodermis.
Lamina 6S of leaf s#o2s a dorsiventral str%ct%re 2it# a sin"le layered epidermis on $ot#
s%rfaces interr%pted at places $y m%lticell%lar! $ranc#ed tric#omes8 $ilayered palisade of
col%mnar cells $elo2 %pper epidermis and @ or : layered spon"y mesop#yll of ro%nd to oval
parenc#yma cells.
Midri$ =7ontains a sin"le vasc%lar $%ndle consistin" of radially arran"ed >ylem and p#loem8
patc#es of collenc#yma on $ot# dorsal and ventral side of vasc%lar $%ndle $elo2 epidermis.
5o2der =S#o2s cor3 in s%rface vie28 leaf epidermis in s%rface vie28 a$%ndant $ranc#ed
m%lticell%lar tric#omes8 yello2is# fra"ments of epicarp and "reenis# fra"ments of testa in
s%rface vie28 t#in 2alled fi$res8 pitted and spiral vessels8 microsp#enoidal crystals of
calci%m o>alate and circ%lar! simple or 9 to : compo%nd starc# "rains.
3?
&D,(6&6'! 5.R&6' A(D S6R,(-61

Acid=insol%$le as# (ot more t#an ? per cent! Appendi> 9.9.:
Water=sol%$le e>tractive (ot less t#an C per cent! Appendi> 9.9.;

6.L.7.
9?:
(B*@) as solvent system and on sprayin" 2it# anisalde#yde=s%lp#%ric acid rea"ent follo2ed $y
#eatin" at <A?
A
for <A min%tes! s#o2s spots at R
f
A.<C (li"#t "rey)! A.9; ("rey)! A.:@ (li"#t
pin3)! A.?? ("reen)! A.C9 (pin3)! A.CC (dar3 pin3)! A.BB (li"#t pin3) and A.;? (pin3).

7)(S6&6.,(6S = Steroidal saponins* 5rotodiscin saponin 7! indioside A! /! 7! D and ,8
solaf%ranone.

5R)5,R6&,S A(D A76&)(
Rasa * 6i3ta! +aF%
-%Ga * La"#%! RH3Ea! 63EGa
Irya * .EGa
Iip3a * +aF%
+arma * Dpana! -r#! 1Pdya! +ap#a#ara! +eKya! 5cana! Ita#ara!
Iedanst#pana
&M5)R6A(6 )RM.LA6&)(S = DaKamHlriEFa! DaKamHla +vt#a
61,RA5,.6&7 .S,S = madoEa (prod%cts of impaired di"estion and meta$olism)!
A"nimndya (di"estive impairment)! Ar%ci (tastelessness)! 7#ardi (emesis)! 1Pdro"a (#eart
3<
diseases)! 1i33 (#icc%p)! Lvara (fever)! +Pmi (2orm infestation)! +sa (co%"#)! +%EF#a
(Leprosy O diseases of s3in)! (etraro"a (diseases of t#e eye)! 5ratiKyya (cory4a)!
Svara$#eda (#oarseness of voice)! Jvsa (Ast#ma)! JHla (pain O colic)
D)S, = 7HrGa (po2der) * @ to C "
+vt#a (decoction) * :A to ;A ml

3-
13. 4ANAA (/)+#e $#"0%)
7ASA+A (W#ole 5lant)
7aGa3a consists of t#e 2#ole plant of 7icer arietin%m L. (am. a$aceae)! a m%c#
$ranc#ed #er$ c%ltivated in most parts of &ndia for its seeds %sed as p%lses.
S'()('MS * 1arimant#a ]! Sa3alapriya! I0imant#a
R,-&)(AL LA(-.A-, (AM,S
Assamese * &mas
/en"ali * 7##olaa
,n"lis# * /en"al "ram! 7#ic3 pea! -ram
-%0rati * 7#anaa! 7#anya
1indi * /%%t! 7#anaa! 7#%nnaa! 7#ane! 7##olaa
+annada * +adale
Malayalam * +atal
Marat#i * 1ar$araa! 7#ane
5%n0a$i * 7##olaa
6amil * +atalai! +adalai! +onda33adalai
6el%"% * San"al%
D,S7R&56&)(
a) Macroscopic
Root = Root %pto 9? cm lon"! 9 to <9 mm t#ic3 2it# secondary and tertiary roots! s%rface
li"#t $ro2n! ro%"# 2it# lon"it%dinal 2rin3les8 fract%re! to%"# s#o2in" creamis# interior8
odo%r! mild and taste c#aracteristic.
Stem = Stem elon"ated! 2it# nodes and internodes! varia$le in len"t#! %pto C mm in diameter!
s%rface pale $ro2n 2it# a fe2 p%rple patc#es and lon"it%dinal 2rin3les8 fract%re! s#ort
s#o2in" creamis# interior8 odo%r! mild and c#aracteristic taste.
33
Leaf = Leaf compo%nd! imparipinnate! leaflets ; to <@ pairs! eac# %pto < cm in len"t# and ?
mm in 2idt#8 li"#t $ro2n8 oval to o$lon"! mar"in serrate! $ase ro%nd! ape> ac%te! $ot#
s%rfaces p%$escent8 odo%r c#aracteristic8 taste! so%r.
r%it = r%it t%r"id! pod 2it# persistent caly> and s#ort stal38 <.? to 9.A cm in len"t# and ?
mm to < cm in $readt#8 ape> ac%te! $ase taperin"! s%rface li"#t $ro2n! p%$escent8 seeds < to
@! $ro2n! trian"%lar! 2it# pointed ape>! micropyle present $elo2 t#e ape>8 cotyledons 9!
yello2is# to dar3 yello28 odo%r! mild $%t specific8 taste! sli"#tly astrin"ent.
$) Microscopic
Root = Root s#o2s sin"le layered epidermis follo2ed $y corte> consistin" of ? to ; layers
of t#in 2alled parenc#yma cells8 pericycle represented $y patc#es of lon"! t#ic3 2alled and
li"nified fi$res8 p#loem composed of sieve t%$es! companion cells and p#loem parenc#yma
$ein" traversed $y %ni to triseriate! t#in 2alled med%llary rays8 >ylem s#o2s vessels!
trac#eids! fi$res! parenc#yma and med%llary rays 2it# t#ic3 and pitted 2alls 8 vessels and
trac#eids s#o2 $ordered pits! parenc#yma cells simple pitted and fi$res #ave simple o$liN%e
pits8 pit# composed of t#in 2alled parenc#yma cells.
Stem = 7irc%lar in o%tline 2it# ? to C small rid"es8 epidermis sin"le layered covered
e>ternally 2it# c%ticle! some of t#em elon"ate to form lon" %nicell%lar as 2ell as "land%lar
tric#omes 2it# 9 or @ celled stal3 and : to C celled #ead! $ot# meas%rin" from @?A to C;A P
in len"t#8 corte> composed of collenc#yma and parenc#yma8 collenc#yma cells present
$elo2 t#e rid"es only8 pericycle represented $y patc#es of fi$res8 p#loem consists of sieve
t%$es! companion cells and p#loem parenc#yma $ein" traversed $y %ni to $iseriate med%llary
rays8 >ylem s#o2s $order pitted vessels and trac#eids! simple pitted parenc#yma cells and
lon" fi$res! all t#e elements $ein" t#ic3 2alled and li"nified8 pit# composed of t#in 2alled
circ%lar to oval parenc#yma cells.
Leaf =
32
Rac#is -crescent s#aped in o%tline8 epidermis sin"le layered 2it# $ot# coverin" and
"land%lar tric#omes similar to t#ose of stem8 corte> consists of t#in 2alled circ%lar to oval
parenc#yma cells8 central re"ion occ%pied $y lar"e vasc%lar $%ndle in t#e middle flan3ed $y
9 small vasc%lar $%ndles on eac# side8 small patc#es of pericycle present on $ot# %pper and
lo2er sides of vasc%lar $%ndles.
Midri$ -s#o2s sin"le layered epidermis covered 2it# c%ticle! centre of midri$ occ%pied $y
vasc%lar $%ndle 2it# small patc#es of sclerenc#ymato%s cells on $ot# dorsal and ventral side8
remainin" portion occ%pied $y t#in 2alled parenc#yma cells.
Lamina =s#o2s dorsiventral str%ct%re8 epidermis sin"le layered covered e>ternally 2it#
c%ticle! coverin" and "land%lar tric#omes similar to t#ose of stem present on $ot# s%rfaces8 in
s%rface vie2 %pper epidermal cells lar"er 2it# some 2#at strai"#t 2alls! lo2er epidermal
cells smaller 2it# sin%o%s 2alls! anomocytic and a fe2 anisocytic stomata present on $ot#
s%rfaces8 mesop#yll s#o2s t2o layers of palisade cells $elo2 t#e %pper epidermis follo2ed
$y cells of spon"y parenc#yma! a n%m$er of small vasc%lar $%ndles present in mesop#yll8
stomatal inde> << to <@ (%pper s%rface)! 99 to 9? (lo2er s%rface)8 palisade ratio @ to ?.
r%it -r%it s#o2s sin"le layered epicarp covered 2it# c%ticle! coverin" and "land%lar
tric#omes similar to stem8 mesocarp consists of t#in 2alled parenc#yma cells! a n%m$er of
vasc%lar $%ndles similar to leaf present in a ro28 lo2er mesocarpic re"ion s#o2s a $and of @
to : layers of li"nified sclereids 2it# narro2 l%men! follo2ed $y a ro2 of t#ic3 2alled and
li"nified fi$res! inner most re"ion s#o2 9 to @ layers of parenc#yma cell8 seed coat s#o2s 9
ro2s of palisade li3e macrosclereids! linea l%cida present in o%ter layer8 follo2ed $y a 4one
of t#in 2alled parenc#ymato%s cells! o%ter 9 to @ layers t#in 2alled and tan"entially
elon"ated cells! remainin" cells circ%lar to oval! lo2er parenc#yma cells tan"entially
elon"ated and collapsed! small vasc%lar $%ndles and vasc%lar strands present8 cotyledon
s#o2s t#in 2alled parenc#yma cells! most of t#em loaded 2it# ale%rone and starc# "rains8
starc# "rains simple! mostly oval 2it# cleft s#aped central #il%m! meas%rin" %pto 9A P in
len"t#.
38
5o2der S#o2s fra"ments of epidermal cells 2it# anomocytic and anisocytic stomata 2it#
coverin" and "land%lar tric#omes! palisade li3e macrosclereids! parenc#yma cells 2it# starc#
and ale%rone "rains! $ordered pitted trac#eids and vessels! simple pitted parenc#yma cells!
t#ic3 2alled fi$res! "ro%ps of radially elon"ated sclereids! isolated coverin" and "land%lar
tric#omes and palisade cells.
&D,(6&6'! 5.R&6' A(D S6R,(-61

Alco#ol=sol%$le e>tractive (ot less t#an D per cent! Appendi> 9.9.B

6.L.7.
6.L.7. of alco#olic e>tract on precoated silica "el B-B plate %sin" tol%ene* et#yl
acetate* et#yl alco#ol (B*<*9) as mo$ile p#ase! s#o2s spots %nder .I 9?: nm at R
f
A.;<(pin3)! A.?<! A.@B ($ot# li"#t $l%e)! A.C@! A.99 and A.<A (all $l%e).

7)(S6&6.,(6S = lavonoids s%c# as! N%ercetin! isoN%ercetin! 3aempferol=@="l%coside!
astra"alin! pop%lnin! $ioc#enin=A=B="l%coside! isor#amnetin! protensein! "ar$an4ol and
cyano"enic "lycosides.

5R)5,R6&,S A(D A76&)(
Rasa * +aEya! LavaGa! Amla
-%Ga * RH3Ea! La"#%
Irya * Jta
Iip3a * +aF%
31
+arma * Ita3ara! 5itta#ara! +ap#a#ara! IiEFam$#! /alya! R%ci3ara!
d#mna3ra3a
&M5)R6A(6 )RM.LA6&)(S = +ravyda Rasa! 7aGa3mla! 7aGa3di Lepa
61,RA5,.6&7 .S,S = AnnadravaKHla ("astric %lcer)! 7#ardi (emesis)! D#a ($%rnin"
sensation)! Lvara (fever)! +sa (co%"#)! 5nasa (c#ronic r#initis O sin%sitis)! 5rame#a
(meta$olic disorder)! JoEa (emaciation)! Jvsa (Ast#ma)! 6PEG (t#irst)! .dara (diseases of
a$domen)
D)S, = 7HrGa (po2der) * ? to 9A "

20
14. DARUHARIDRA (Fru!%)
DR.1AR&DR (r%it)
Dr%" consists of dried fr%its of /er$eris aristata D7. (am. /er$eridaceae)! an erect!
"la$ro%s! spinescent s#r%$ fo%nd in t#e 1imalayas $et2een 9AAA to @AAA m and also "ro2in"
in (il"iri #ills.
S'()('MS * Drv! Dr%niK
R,-&)(AL LA(-.A-, (AM,S
/en"ali * Dar#aldi! Daar%#aridraa
,n"lis# * &ndian $ar$erry
-%0rati * Daar%#aldar
1indi * Daar%#aldi! Dar#ald! Varis#3a (r%it)! 7#itraa
Malayalam * Maradarisina! Maramaan0al
Marat#i * Daar%#alada
)riya * Daar%#aldi
5%n0a$i * 7#itra! +asmal! Siml%! S%ml%! Daar#aldi
6el%"% * Man%pas%p%
.rd% * Varis#3
D,S7R&56&)(
a) Macroscopic
'o%n" fr%it $ri"#t red in colo%r $%t c#an"es to $l%e $lac3 2#en mat%re! <A to <9 mm
lon"! ? to ; mm t#ic38 ovoid8 o%ter s%rface s#o2s 2rin3les 2#en dried8 seeds! @ in eac# fr%it!
a$o%t C mm lon"! 9 to @ mm t#ic3! ovoid! and some2#at flattended8 c#aracteristic odo%r
present taste sli"#tly $itter.
$) Microscopic
5ericarp = 5ericarp consists of a sin"le layer radially elon"ated! li"nified cells of
epicarp covered 2it# t#ic3 c%ticle! mesocarp 2ide! composed of 9A to 9? layered
21
parenc#ymato%s cells8 some prismatic and cl%sters of calci%m o>alate crystals present in t#is
re"ion8 endocarp parenc#ymato%s! sin"le layered.
Seed =6esta s#o2s t2o coats8 o%ter coat comprisin" of B or ; layers of li"nified cells8
epidermis of t#e o%ter coat consists of elon"ated cells! follo2ed $y C to B layers of
parenc#ymato%s cells8 inner coat comprisin" of : to C layers of compactly arran"ed t#in
2alled cells containin" starc# "rains8 individ%al starc# "rains simple to compo%nd 2it# 9 or @
components! oval to sp#erical! varia$le in si4e! a$o%t 9 to B P in diameter 2it# a centric
#il%m8 em$ryo parenc#ymato%s.
5o2der =/lac3=$ro2n! taste sli"#tly $itter8 starc# "rains simple to compo%nd 2it# 9 or @
components! oval to sp#erical varia$le in si4e8 a$o%t 9 to B P in diameter 2it# a centric
#il%m! prismatic and cl%sters of calci%m o>alate crystals8 fi$res8 vessels retic%lately
t#ic3ened! t#in 2alled trac#eids 2it# some pits8 s%rface vie2 of testa8 elon"ated cells of
epidermis.
&D,(6&6'! 5.R&6' A(D S6R,(-61

Alco#ol=sol%$le e>tractive (ot less t#an <@ per cent! Appendi> 9.9.B

6.L.7.
6.L.7. of t#e alco#olic e>tract of t#e dr%" on silica "el B-B plate %sin" tol%ene* et#yl
acetate (DA*<A) as mo$ile p#ase and on sprayin" 2it# anisalde#yde s%lp#%ric acid rea"ent and
#eatin" t#e plate for ten min%tes at <A?A! s#o2s spots at R
f
A.<<! A.9@! A.@:! A.:C! A.;A M
A.D@ (all violet). )n sprayin" t#e plate 2it# ?W met#anolic s%lp#%ric acid rea"ent and
#eatin" for ten min%tes at <A?
A
! it s#o2s spots at R
f
A.<<! A.9;! A.@D! A.CC! A.B9 M A.D?
(all violet). )n e>pos%re to iodine vapors! spots appear at R
f
A.9@! A.@A! A.;9 and A.D@ (all
yello2).
22
6.L.7. of t#e alco#olic e>tract of t#e dr%" on silica "el B-B plate %sin" tol%ene* et#yl
acetate* formic acid (?A*<?*?) s#o2s spots i.e. one li"#t yello2 and one red in .I! in iodine
spots at R
f
A.9A! A.:D! A.C?! A.B?! A.;<! A.;B! A.D@ and A.DD (all $ro2n). )n sprayin" 2it# <A
W s%lp#%ric acid and #eatin" t#e plate for <A min%tes at <A?
A
! spots appear at R
f
A.<9! A.<D!
A.9C! A.9D! A.@?! A.B:! A.;@! A.DA and A.DB (all violet).
6#e alco#olic e>tract of t#e dr%" in solvent system c#loroform* met#anol* ammonia (CA*@A*<)
s#o2s one "reenis# spot at R
f
A.D: in visi$le li"#t. &n .I! yello2 spots appear at R
f
A.<?!
A.C9! A.;A and A.DC. )n sprayin" 2it# modified Dragendorff's rea"ent! oran"e spots appear
at R
f
A.;B! A.D9 and A.DB.

7)(S6&6.,(6S = Al3aloids* $er$erine! o>y$er$erine! $er$amine! palmatine! 0atror#i4ine!
tetra#ydropalmitine etc.

5R)5,R6&,S A(D A76&)(
Rasa * Mad#%ra! Amla
-%Ga * La"#%! RH3Ea
Irya * Jta
Iip3a * +aF%
+arma * R%cya! 5ittaKamana! IiEFam$#
61,RA5,.6&7 .S,S = mtisra (diarr#oea d%e to indi"estion)! Ar%ci (tastelessness)!
1Pllsa (na%sea)! Lvara (fever)! 5itta0a atisra (diarr#oea d%e to 5itta doEa)! Ra3tavi3ra
(disorders of $lood)! 6PEG (t#irst)! Iamana (emesis)! IiEavi3ra (disorders d%e to poison)!
'a3Ptodara (enlar"ement of liver O #epatome"aly)
D)S, = 7HrGa (po2der) * @ to ? "

2?
15. DHA5A (Fru!%)
D1AIA (r%it)
D#ava consists of dried fr%its of Ano"eiss%s latifolia Wall. (am. 7om$retaceae)! a
lar"e to moderate si4ed tree common t#ro%"#o%t &ndia! in decid%o%s forests ascendin" %pto
<@?A m in t#e 1imalayas and in t#e So%t# &ndian 1ills.
S'()('MS * -a%ra! D#%rand#ara
R,-&)(AL LA(-.A-, (AM,S
/en"ali * D#aa%yaa "aac##
,n"lis# * A>le 2ood
-%0rati * D#aavado
1indi * /aa3ali! D#a%raa! D#av! D#aavaa
+annada * Dind%"e
Malayalam * Iellanava! Mal%33anniram
Marat#i * D#aavdaa! D#aval
)riya * D#aa%
6amil * Iellana"ai! Iellanamai
6el%"% * 7#irimaan%
D,S7R&56&)(
a) Macroscopic
r%it ? to C mm lon"! D to << mm in diameter incl%din" 9 2in"s! coriaceo%s!
compressed and pac3ed #ori4ontally into dense #eads8 containin" <=seed! : or ? mm lon"! B
or ; mm in diameter8 c#aracteristic odo%r! tasteless.
$) Microscopic
5ericarp =5ericarp a$o%t ?AA P in dept# s#o2s t2o distinct re"ions* o%ter re"ion is
t#e epicarp #avin" t#ic3 sclereid 2it# an o%ter t#ic3 c%ticle! follo2ed $y C to D layers of
2<
t#ic3 2alled! elon"ated cells of mesocarp8 endocarp not distinct8 prismatic and rosettes of
calci%m o>alate scattered in t#e re"ion of mesocarp.
Seed =Seed coat a$o%t <:A to 99A P t#ic3! comprise of C to << layers of t#in 2alled!
elon"ated and #i"#ly compressed parenc#ymato%s cells8 cells of t#e seed coat also contain
prismatic and rosette of calci%m o>alate8 9 or @ layers of t#in 2alled cells of endocarp
present $eneat# t#e seed coat follo2ed $y t#e em$ryo8 cotyledons are composed of t#in
2alled parenc#ymato%s cells 2it# $ro2n pi"ment.
5o2der =Dar3 $ro2n! odo%r specific! tasteless! c#aracteri4ed $y t#e presence of prisms and
rosettes of calci%m o>alate! sclereids! t#ic3 2alled parenc#ymato%s cells! t#ic3 2alled fi$res
and vessels 2it# $ordered pits present.
&D,(6&6'! 5.R&6' A(D S6R,(-61

6otal as# (ot more t#an : per cent! Appendi> 9.9.@
Acid=insol%$le as# (ot more t#an A.< per cent! Appendi> 9.9.:
Alco#ol=sol%$le e>tractive (ot less t#an A.: per cent! Appendi> 9.9.B
Water=sol%$le e>tractive (ot less t#an ; per cent! Appendi> 9.9.;

6.L.7.
6.L.7. of t#e alco#olic e>tract of t#e dr%" on silica "el B-B plate %sin" tol%ene*
acetone* formic acid (??* :A* ?) as mo$ile p#ase and 2#en seen %nder .I li"#t @C? nm
s#o2s fl%orescent 4ones at R
f
A.B9 and A.B; ($ot# "reenis#)8 and on e>pos%re to iodine
vapo%r! spots appear at R
f
A.<C! A.9<! A.:;! A.?C! A.;A! and A.D@ (all yello2).
&n tol%ene* et#yl acetate* formic acid (:A*9?*A:)! yello2 colored spots appear in
visi$le li"#t. )n sprayin" 2it# anisalde#yde s%lp#%ric acid rea"ent and #eatin" for <A
min%tes at at <A?
A
! spots at R
f
A.<D! A.9@ ($ot# faint reddis#)! A.@A ($l%is# $lac3)! A.C:! A.B?
($ot# reddis#) A.;A ($lac3is#) and A.D9 (violet).
2-
&n tol%ene* et#yl acetate (D@*B)! %nder .I @C? nm intense $l%e spot at R
f
A.@C appears. )n
sprayin" vanillin s%lp#%ric acid rea"ent and #eatin" for <A min%tes at <A?
A
! spots appear at R
f
A.9;! A.@@! A.:@! A.?:! A.CA! A.BA! A.B;! and A.;@ (all violet).

7)(S6&6.,(6S = 6annins! "allic acid! saponins! and flavonols li3e N%ercetin and
myricetin.

5R)5,R6&,S A(D A76&)(
Rasa * Mad#%ra! +aEya
-%Ga * RH3Ea! -%r%
Irya * Jta
Iip3a * +aF%
+arma * 5itta#ara! +ap#a#ara! R%cya! Dpana! Ita3ara
61,RA5,.6&7 .S,S = AKmar (calc%l%s)! ArKa (piles)! MHtra3Pcc#ra (dys%ria)!
Medoro"a (o$esity)! 5GR% (anaemia)! 5rame#a (meta$olic disorder)! Ra3tavi3ra (disorders
of $lood)! .padaZKa (soft c#ancre)

23
1&. DHA5A (S%e, '"r6)
D1AIA (Stem /ar3)
D#ava consists of dried stem $ar3 of Ano"eiss%s latifolia Wall. (am. 7om$retaceae)!
a lar"e to moderate si4ed tree common t#ro%"#o%t &ndia! in decid%o%s forests ascendin" %pto
<@?A m in t#e 1imalayas and So%t# &ndian 1ills.
S'()('MS * -a%ra! D#%rand#ara
R,-&)(AL LA(-.A-, (AM,S
/en"ali * D#aa%yaa "aac##
,n"lis# * A>le 2ood
-%0rati * D#aavado
1indi * /aa3ali! D#aavaa! D#a%raa! D#av
+annada * Dind%"e
Malayalam * Mal%33anniram! Iellanava
Marat#i * D#aavdaa! D#aval
)riya * D#aa%
6amil * Iellana"ai! Iellanamai
6el%"% * 7#irimaan%
D,S7R&56&)(
a) Macroscopic
5ieces of $ar3 mostly a$o%t : to C cm lon"! <.? to <.B? cm 2ide and < or 9 mm t#ic3!
#ard! rec%rved! e>ternally pale! fairly smoot# #avin" small rid"es8 inner s%rface pale $ro2n!
smoot# $%t lon"it%dinally striated8 fract%re clean8 faint odo%r8 taste! sli"#tly $itter and
astrin"ent.
$) Microscopic
Mat%re $ar3 consists of an o%ter B to D radially arran"ed layers of cor3 cells! follo2ed
$y 9A to 9: layers of parenc#ymato%s t#in 2alled cells of p#elloderm! $ot# re"ions
22
containin" prismatic and rosette crystals of calci%m o>alate8 secondary p#loem very 2ide and
c#aracteri4ed $y t#e occ%rrence of n%mero%s patc#es of sclereids! fi$res! sieve t%$es!
companion cells and p#loem parenc#yma8 crystals of calci%m o>alate and "ran%les of starc#
"rains also present in cells8 starc# "rains circ%lar in appearance 2it# a centric #il%m and
meas%re C to <@ P.
5o2der =Li"#t $ro2n! taste $itter! s#o2s circ%lar starc# "rains meas%rin" C to <@ P!
n%mero%s prismatic and rosettes of calci%m o>alate! p#loem fi$res $ot# simple and septate!
t#in 2alled! <?? to 9AA P lon"! <A to 9A P in 2idt#8 t#ic3 2alled fi$res a$o%t 9B? to @:A P
lon"! D to 9A P in 2idt# 2it# C to << P 2ide l%men8 sclereids of vario%s s#apes! meas%rin"
a$o%t ;A to 9@? P lon" and 9? to B? P 2ide! t#in 2alled parenc#ymato%s cells also present.
&D,(6&6'! 5.R&6' A(D S6R,(-61

6otal as# (ot more t#an << per cent! Appendi> 9.9.@
Alco#ol=sol%$le e>tractive (ot less t#an << per cent! Appendi> 9.9.B
Water=sol%$le e>tractive (ot less t#an 9A per cent! Appendi> 9.9.;

6.L.7.
6.L.7. of t#e alco#olic e>tract of t#e dr%" on silica "el B-B plate of A.9 mm
t#ic3ness %sin" tol%ene* et#yl acetate (D@*B) as mo$ile p#ase and 2#en seen %nder .I li"#t
@CC nm s#o2s only one fl%orescent 4one at R
f
A.<A ("reenis#). )n sprayin" 2it#
anisalde#yde s%lp#%ric acid rea"ent and #eatin" t#e plate for <? min%tes at <A?
A
! spots appear
at R
f
A.<A ($lac3)! A.9A (pin3)! A.@A ("reen)! A. @: ($l%e)! A.:A ("reen) A.:: (pin3)! A.?A! A.?C
($ot# $l%e)! A.C? ($lac3)! A.B@ (pin3)! A.;C ("reen)! A.D@ ($l%e).
6.L.7. of t#e alco#olic e>tract in solvent system tol%ene* et#yl acetate (DA*<A) and on
sprayin" 2it# vanillin s%lp#%ric acid rea"ent s#o2 spots appearin" at R
f
A.:A (violet)! A.?;
(violet)! A.B9 ($ro2nis#)! A.;B and A.D; ($ot# violet).
28

7)(S6&6.,(6S = 5#enolic compo%nds s%c# as ella"ic acid! flavella"ic acid! and
flavonols li3e N%ercetin! myricetin and procyandin alon" 2it# "allotannins! s#i3imic acid!
N%inic acid! amino acids! alanine and p#enylanine.

5R)5,R6&,S A(D A76&)(
-%Ga * RH3Ea! -%r%
Irya * Jta
Iip3a * +aF%
+arma * 5itta#ara! +ap#a#ara! Rasyana! Dpana! Medo"#na
&M5)R6A(6 )RM.LA6&)(S = Ayas3Pti! (ya"rod#di 7HrGa
61,RA5,.6&7 .S,S = AKmar (calc%l%s)! ArKa (piles)! +arGasrva (otorr#oea)! +%EF#a
(Leprosy O diseases of s3in)! MHtra3Pcc#ra (dys%ria)! Medoro"a (o$esity)! 5GR% (anaemia)!
5rame#a (meta$olic disorder)! Ra3tavi3ra (disorders of $lood)! .padaZKa (soft c#ancre)!
Iisarpa (,rysepales)
D)S, = +vt#a (decoction) * @A to ?A ml

21
1(. D5I$ANTARA DAMANAA (/)+#e $#"0%)
DI5(6ARA DAMA(A+A (W#ole 5lant)
Dvpntara Damana3a consists of t#e dried 2#ole plant in flo2erin" sta"e of
Artemisia a$sint#i%m L. (am. Asteraceae)! a #er$aceo%s plant fo%nd in +as#mir and (epal.
S'()('MS * +oG3Gd! S%"and#idr%! Jira ]KHla3ar
R,-&)(AL LA(-.A-, (AM,S
/en"ali * Mastar%
,n"lis# * Worm 2ood! A$sint#
-%0rati * Mastar%
1indi * Iilayati afsantin
+annada * 6itaveen! Ir%val%
Malayalam * (ilampala! 6ir%nitripac#c#a
Marat#i * Serpana
5%n0a$i * Mastiyaaraa
6el%"% * Mos#ipatri! Mac#ipatri
.rd% * Afsanteen
D,S7R&56&)(
a) Macroscopic
Stem .s%ally %n$ranc#ed! internodes : to ? cm in len"t#! A.? to ? mm in t#ic3ness8
s%rface pale $ro2n! lon"it%dinally f%rro2ed! 2it# attac#ed petiole or its scar at t#e nodal
re"ion8 p%$escent8 fract%re s#ort and splintery in t#e $ar3! fract%red s%rface yello2is#8 odo%r
not c#aracteristic8 taste! $itter.
Leaf 7r%mpled and $ro3en8 meas%rin" a$o%t 9 cm in len"t# and 9 mm in $readt#! easily
"ettin" detac#ed from t#e stem8 petiolate! ovate to o$ovate! pinnatifidly c%t into 9 or @
spreadin" linear or lanceolate! o$t%se se"ments! #airy on $ot# sides! "reyis# "reen in colo%r
and $itter in taste.
80
lo2er #ead 5ed%nc%late! $orne on a #airy receptacle of <.? to ? mm in diameter8 li"%late
flo2er! many! yello2! #etero"amo%s8 sti"ma $ilo$ed8 stamens ?! ant#ers syn"enecio%s8 ray
florets! a fe2! dilated $elo28 invol%cre of $racts! o$lon"! #airy! narro2ly scario%s8 ac#enes!
flat! elliptic o$lon" and $lac3 in colo%r.
$) Microscopic
Stem Stem circ%lar in o%tline! faintly elevated and f%rro2ed at places! epidermis!
covered 2it# a$%ndant tric#omes of varyin" si4es and s#apes8 simple %nicell%lar coverin"
tric#omes are :? to ;A P in len"t#! m%lticell%lar of 9 to : celled! <:A to <?A P in len"t#8
#oo3ed or sic3le s#aped! <B? to 9@A P in len"t# and B6B s#aped 2it# %ni or $icell%lar stal3!
2it# spreadin" 9:? to 9?A P lon" arms8 "land%lar tric#omes stal3ed! very s#ort! meas%rin" 9
to 9A P in len"t# 2it# m%lticell%lar #ead8 corte> collenc#ymato%s8 endodermis distinct!
consistin" of $arrel s#aped tan"entially elon"ated! $iconve> cells8 pericycle! c#aracteri4ed $y
oval s#aped 2ell developed patc#es of li"nified sclerenc#yma %s%ally lyin" a$ove eac# of t#e
vasc%lar $%ndle8 p#loem very narro2! at places o$literated8 >ylem consistin" of vessels!
trac#eids and t#in 2alled fi$res! vessels radially arran"ed! $order pitted! ann%lar or
scalariform! and meas%re 9@A to 9:A P in len"t# and 9A to @? P in $readt#8 med%llary rays
li"nified! radially elon"ated! %ni to triseriate! especially in older stem8 pit# 2ide! cells
parenc#ymato%s! pitted and t#ic3 2alled! secretory canals isolated and located to2ards t#e
perip#eral re"ion of t#e pit#.
Leaf S%rface preparation of t#e leaf s#o2s t#ic3 2alled! sli"#tly 2avy! epidermal cells 2it#
faint striated c%ticle and stomata of anomocytic type8 tric#omes plenty! identical 2it# t#ose
of stem! B6B s#aped tric#omes are ma>im%m in n%m$er c#aracteri4ed 2it# t#eir lon"
spreadin" arms meas%rin" 9D? to @?A P in len"t#! occasionally "land%lar tric#omes
appressed! 2it# oval or $ilo$ed #eads.
5o2der 5ale yello2is#=$ro2n! e>tremely $itter in taste8 2it# c#aracteristic $itteris# odo%r8
B6B s#aped tric#omes of leaf and stem! are plenty8 ot#er c#aracters are! %niseriate
m%lticell%lar tric#omes of leaf and $racts8 2ooly tric#omes of ray florets8 anomocytic type
81
stomata of leaf8 li"nified some2#at rectan"%lar s#aped ant#er cells8 trian"%lar pollen "rains!
t#ic3 2alled pitted cells of pit# and "ro%ps of li"nified fi$res! and fra"ments of pitted and
spirally t#ic3ened vessels of t#e stem.
&D,(6&6'! 5.R&6' A(D S6R,(-61
6otal as# (ot more t#an <: per cent! Appendi> 9.9.@
Alco#ol=sol%$le e>tractive (ot less t#an ? per cent! Appendi> 9.9.B
Water=sol%$le e>tractive (ot more t#an << per cent! Appendi> 9.9.;
Iolatile oil (ot more t#an A.< per cent! Appendi> 9.9.<9

6.L.7.
6.L.7. of t#e volatile oil on silica "el B-B plate (A.9 mm t#ic3) %sin" tol%ene*et#yl
acetate (D@*B) as mo$ile p#ase and 2#en seen %nder .I @CC nm s#o2s fl%orescent spots at R
f
A.:B! A.C:! A.BA and A.;9. )n e>pos%re to iodine vapo%r! spots appear at R
f
A.9;! A.@<! A.@?!
A.:<! A.??! A.B? and A.;C.

7)(S6&6.,(6S = Iolatile oil (2#ic# contain Q=pinene! R=pinene! R=p#ellandrene!
t#%0one! a4%lene! sa$inyl acetate! etc.) and $itter principles a$sint#in and iso=a$sint#in.

5R)5,R6&,S A(D A76&)(
Rasa * 6i3ta
Irya * .EGa
Iip3a * +aF%
+arma * rtava0anana! Dpana! +ap#a#ara! +Pmi"#na! MHtrala! Jot#a#ara!
S%"and#i! Ita#ara! Iedanst#pana
82
61,RA5,.6&7 .S,S = A"nimndya (di"estive impairment)! Apasmra (,pilepsy)! L
rGa0vara (c#ronic fever)! Lalodara (ascites)! +Pmi (2orm infestation)! +aEFrtava
(dysmenorr#oea)! +arGaKHla (otal"ia)! MHtra3Pcc#ra (dys%ria)! 5a3E"#ta (5aralysis O
1emiple"ia)! 5l#a ro"a (splenic disease)! Sand#iKot#a (art#ritis)! Jot#a (inflammation)!
.dararo"a (diseases of a$domen)! Itaro"a (disease d%e to Ita doEa)! 'a3Pt ro"a (liver
disorder)
D)S, = 7HrGa (po2der) * < to 9 "

8?
1-. D5I$ANTARA SHATA5ARI (R++%)
DI5(6ARAJA6IAR (Root)
Dvpntara Jatvar consists of dried roots of Aspara"%s officinalis L. (am.
Liliaceae)! a s#r%$ fo%nd in ,%rope and America! introd%ced in &ndia and s%ccessf%lly
c%ltivated at #i"#er elevations in +as#mir and also in parts of plains.
S'()('MS * SHci"%cc#
R,-&)(AL LA(-.A-, (AM,S
/en"ali * 1i3%a! 1ill%a
,n"lis# * Aspara"%s! Spera"e
1indi * 1aly%n
Marat#i * 1aly%n
.rd% * 1aliyoon
D,S7R&56&)(
a) Macroscopic
Root occ%rs in small pieces! 9 to C cm lon" and A.9 to A.? cm t#ic38 s%rface ro%"# d%e
to lon"it%dinal 2rin3les! root #airs and scars8 creamis# 2#ite e>ternally and pale 2#ite
internally8 fract%re #ard and fi$ro%s8 odo%r! rancid! taste! disa"reea$le.
$) Microscopic
6S consists of an o%ter c%ticle and a sin"le layer of epi$lema! cells poly"onal8
%nicell%lar #airs present8 $elo2 epidermis @ or : ro2s of cor3 cells8 cortical tiss%e consists of
parenc#ymato%s cells! more or less circ%lar in o%tline 2it# small intercell%lar spaces! and
several cells s#o2 t#e presence of rap#ides8 endodermal cells possess casparian strips on
t#eir radial 2alls8 >ylem $%ndles arran"ed in radial ro2s alternately 2it# p#loem and consists
of vessels and trac#eids8 pit# cells parenc#ymato%s 2it# a lar"e n%m$er of intercell%lar
spaces.
8<
5o2der 7ream colo%red! s#o2s %nder microscope! cortical parenc#yma 2it# rap#ides8
vessels 2it# simple cross 2all performation plates! n%mero%s small and lar"e pits on t#e
2alls8 trac#eids li"nified elon"ated and pointed 2it# ann%lar t#ic3enin"s8 fi$res elon"ated
and pointed at $ot# t#e ends.
&D,(6&6'! 5.R&6' A(D S6R,(-61

Acid=insol%$le as# (ot more t#an 9.? per cent! Appendi> 9.9.:
Water=sol%$le e>tractive (ot less t#an 9: per cent! Appendi> 9.9.;

6.L.7.
6.L.7. of met#anolic e>tract of t#e dr%" on a precoated silica "el B-B plate %sin"
c#loroform* met#anol* 2ater (C?*@?*<A) as mo$ile p#ase and on sprayin" 2it# Lie$ermann
/%rc#ard rea"ent and #eatin" t#e plate for a$o%t five min%te at <A?
A
! s#o2s spots at R
f
A.C?
M A.?A ($ot# li"#t $ro2n) and A.9: (li"#t yello2).

7)(S6&6.,(6S = Saponin "lycosides! R=sitosterol! sacc#aropine! 9=aminoadipic acid!
aspara"%sic acid! di#ydroaspara"%sic acid! S=acetyl di#ydroaspara"%sic acid! spirostanol
"l%coside! sarsasapo"enin "lycoside! asparasaponin & and asparasaponin && and nine steroid
"l%cosides named as aspara"osides A! /! 7! D! ,! ! -! 1 and &.

5R)5,R6&,S A(D A76&)(
Rasa * Mad#%ra
-%Ga * Sni"d#a! -%r%
Irya * Jta
Iip3a * Mad#%ra
+arma * 1Pdya! MHtrala! 5itta#ara! IPEya! I03araGa
8-
61,RA5,.6&7 .S,S = AKmar (calc%l%s)! +mal (La%ndice)! MHtra3Pcc#ra (dys%ria)!
Jot#a (inflammation)! Itara3ta (-o%t)
83
11. ELA5ALUAM (R++%)
,LAIL.+AM (Root)
,lavl%3am consists of roots of 5r%n%s avi%m L. (am. Rosaceae)! a small tree 2it#
fascicled 2#ite flo2ers 2#ic# appear alon" 2it# t#e ne2 leaves. 6#e 2ild form of t#is
species is often %sed as a stoc3 for "raftin" c%ltivated varieties of c#erry. 6#e plant is fo%nd
in +as#mir! +%maon and 1imac#al 5rades#.
S'()('MS * l%3a! Il%3a! ,l%3a
R,-&)(AL LA(-.A-, (AM,S
/en"ali * ,lavaal%3a
,n"lis# * S2eet 7#erry
1indi * Al%$%3#ara! Al%vaal%! -ilaas! Aal%$aal%
+annada * 7#ary #ann%
)riya * Mit#a c#erry
5%n0a$i * Al%$%3#ara
6el%"% * 7#eryc#ett%! Al%$a3raapand%
.rd% * Al%$al%! Al%$%3#ara
D,S7R&56&)(
a) Macroscopic
Root 3notty and irre"%lar! tort%o%s! 2it# a dar3 "rey $ar3 %p to @.? mm t#ic3 and
transversely elon"ated $ro2n lenticels8 2ood #ard! yello2 inside! yello2is#=oran"e on t#e
o%ter smoot# s%rface8 fract%re! irre"%lar! splintery8 odo%r and taste not distinctive.
$) Microscopic
6S t#ro%"# t#e root s#o2s a rat#er diff%se 2ood str%ct%re s#o2in" small isolated
vessels! CA to BA P in diameter! and a$%ndant fi$res8 vessels mostly s#o2 simple to $ordered
pits and #ave simple perforations8 fi$res present in lar"e "ro%ps and sometimes #avin" fine
82
septa8 parenc#yma rare and if present! diff%sed or scattered8 rays < to : seriate! several cells
#i"#! parenc#ymato%s! made of rectan"%lar cells possessin" starc# "rains.
5o2der Li"#t $ro2n! coarse and fi$ro%s8 taste and odo%r not distinct8 po2der microscopy
s#o2s vessels 2it# simple and $ordered pits! fi$res in isolation or in "ro%ps! fra"ments of
tiss%e s#o2in" ray parenc#yma cells and fi$res.
&D,(6&6'! 5.R&6' A(D S6R,(-61

Water=sol%$le e>tractive (ot less t#an ? per cent! Appendi> 9.9.;

6.L.7.
6.L.7. of t#e alco#olic e>tract on pre=coated silica "el B-B
9?:
plate %sin" c#loroform*
met#anol (;*9) as mo$ile p#ase and on sprayin" t#e plate 2it# (at%ral 5rod%ct rea"ent!
s#o2s spots at R
f
A.AD (pin3)! A.9@ (fl%orescent spot)! A.@D (reddis# $ro2n)! A.:C (fl%orescent
spot)! A.C: (violet) and A.;B (oran"e) at @CC nm.

7)(S6&6.,(6S = 7yano"enic "lycoside li3e D=mandelonitril=R= "l%coside (pr%nasin).

5R)5,R6&,S A(D A76&)(
Rasa * +aEya! 6i3ta
-%Ga * La"#%
Irya * Jta
Iip3a * +aF%
+arma * +ap#a#ara! 5itta#ara! J%3raKod#ana! Iedanst#pana! Iamana
88
61,RA5,.6&7 .S,S = ArKa (piles)! Ar%ci (tastelessness)! +Pmi ro"a (2orm infestation)!
+aGRH (itc#in")! +%EF#a (Leprosy O diseases of s3in)! IraGa (%lcer)! MHtraro"a (%rinary
diseases)! Ra3tapitta ($leedin" disorder)

81
23. ELA5ALUAM (S%e, '"r6)
,LAIL.+AM (Stem /ar3)
,lavl%3am consists of stem $ar3 of 5r%n%s avi%m L. (am. Rosaceae)! a small tree
2it# fascicled 2#ite flo2ers 2#ic# appear alon" 2it# t#e ne2 leaves. 6#e 2ild form of t#is
species is often %sed as a stoc3 for "raftin" c%ltivated varieties of c#erry. 6#e plant is fo%nd
in +as#mir! +%maon and 1imac#al 5rades#.
S'()('MS * l%3a! Il%3a! ,l%3a
R,-&)(AL LA(-.A-, (AM,S
/en"ali * ,lavaal%3a
,n"lis# * S2eet 7#erry
1indi * Aal%$aal%! Al%$%3#ara! Al%vaal%! -ilaas
+annada * 7#ary #ann%
)riya * Mit#a c#erry
5%n0a$i * Al%$%3#ara
6el%"% * Al%$a3raapand%! 7#eryc#ett%
.rd% * Al%$al%! Al%$%3#ara
D,S7R&56&)(
a) Macroscopic
/ar3 %p to @.? mm in t#ic3ness! ro%"#! dar3 "rey o%tside! smoot# and oran"e inside8
%s%ally e>foliatin" in 9 layers= o%ter t#in "reyis# layer 2#ic# rec%rves transversely on
removal and forms a N%ill or a do%$le N%ill! and t#e inner "reenis# yello2! t#ic3er layer
2#ic# remains strai"#t or c%rved8 lenticels scattered! elon"ated! spindle or oval s#aped!
transversely oriented! #avin" a central slit and raised %pper and lo2er mar"ins! $ro2n8 stem
$ar3 may sometimes $e associated 2it# foliose lic#ens of "reenis# li"#t "rey colo%r8 fract%re!
s#ort! fi$ro%s8 odo%r! s#arp8 taste! $itter.
10
$) Microscopic
6#e $ar3 in 6S often s#o2s small layers of cor3 cells peelin" off in a rec%rved
manner from many layered cor3y tiss%e 2#ic# is s%$tended $y a fe2 layers of clear!
rectan"%lar! t#in 2alled cells of cor3 cam$i%m8 9 to @ layers of secondary corte> inner to
cor3 cam$i%m #ave #i"#ly flattened! tan"entially elon"ated cells8 secondary corte>
parenc#ymato%s! 2it# circ%lar or elon"ated cells8 "ro%ps of small and lar"e! %s%ally %p to @?
P si4e stone cells and occasionally! rosettes of calci%m o>alate crystals %p to @A P! are
scattered in t#e secondary corte>8 corte> and p#loem also #ave sin"le or "ro%ps of
c#aracteristic t#ic3 2alled! lon"! strai"#t or tort%o%s! $ranc#ed and %n=$ranc#ed fi$res8 t#e
med%llary rays r%n o%t into t#e secondary corte> to form f%nnel li3e patc#es.
5o2der /ro2n! coarse! fi$ro%s and fl%ffy! taste $itter8 odo%r not distinct8 microscopy s#o2s
c#aracteristic t#ic3 2alled! lon"! strai"#t or tort%o%s! $ranc#ed and %n= $ranc#ed fi$res! and
"ro%ps of cor3 cells.
&D,(6&6'! 5.R&6' A(D S6R,(-61

6otal as# (ot more t#an < per cent! Appendi> 9.9.@
Alco#ol=sol%$le e>tractive (ot less t#an A.? per cent! Appendi> 9.9.B
Water=sol%$le e>tractive (ot less t#an << per cent! Appendi> 9.9.;

6.L.7.
6.L.7. of t#e alco#olic e>tract on silica "el B-B
9?:
plate %sin" $%tanone* et#yl
acetate* acetic acid* 2ater (@*?*<*<) as mo$ile p#ase! and on sprayin" t#e plate 2it# (at%ral
5rod%ct rea"ent! s#o2s spots at R
f
A.:: and A.?@ ($ot# fl%orescent $l%e) and at R
f
A.;9 (dar3
4one) at @CC nm.

7)(S6&6.,(6S = 7yano"enic "lycoside li3e D=mandelonitril=R="l%coside (pr%nasin)! D=
mandelonitrile=R="entio$ioside de#ydro2o"onin B="l%coside and c#rysin B="l%coside are
11
main components. 6ectoc#rysin! api"enin ?="l%coside! "en32anin ?="l%coside and
neosa3%ranine are t#e minor components.

5R)5,R6&,S A(D A76&)(
Rasa * +aEya! 6i3ta
-%Ga * La"#%
Irya * Jta
Iip3a * +aF%
+arma * +ap#a#ara! 5itta#ara! J%3raKod#ana! Iamana! Iedanst#pana
61,RA5,.6&7 .S,S = ArKa (piles)! Ar%ci (tastelessness)! 1Pdro"a (#eart diseases)!
+aGRH (itc#in")! +Pmi (2orm infestation)! +%EF#a (Leprosy O diseases of s3in)! MHtraro"a
(%rinary diseases)! Ra3tapitta ($leedin" disorder)! IraGa (%lcer)
D)S, = 7HrGa (po2der) * < to @ "

12
21. ERANDAARATI (Fru!%)
,RASÂ+AR+AU (r%it)
,raGRa3ar3aF consists of dried pericarp of mat%re and %nripe fr%its of 7arica papaya
L. (am. 7aricaceae)! a small! fast "ro2in" tree! c%ltivated t#ro%"#o%t &ndia for its fr%its and
late>! 2#ic# is a commercial so%rce of en4yme papain.
S'()('MS * Mad#%3ar3aF! -opla3ar3aF
R,-&)(AL LA(-.A-, (AM,S
/en"ali * 5apeyaa! 5appiyaa
,n"lis# * 5apaya! Melon tree! 5a2pa2
-%0rati * ,randa3aa3adi! 5apaiy%! 5apita
1indi * 5apitaa
+annada * 5iran"i! 5appaay
Malayalam * +armaas%! 5appaay! +ar%matti
Marat#i * 5apaayaa! 5apai
5%n0a$i * ,randa3#ar$%0aa
6amil * 5appali
6el%"% * /oppayi! /o$$aasi! 5arin"i
D,S7R&56&)(
a) Macroscopic
5ericarp of fr%it in pieces meas%rin" %pto C cm in len"t#! <.? cm in 2idt# and < to 9
mm. t#ic38 s%rface s#r%n3en! epicarp portion dar3 "reenis#=$ro2n! mesocarp cream to
yello2is# $ro2n! leat#ery! odo%r c#aracteristic8 taste! $itter and m%cila"eno%s.
$) Microscopic
,picarp s#o2s sin"le layer of t#in 2alled cells covered e>ternally 2it# t#ic3 c%ticle8
mesocarp a 2ide 4one consistin" of circ%lar to oval parenc#yma cells 2it# scattered vasc%lar
1?
$%ndles and %n$ranc#ed laticifero%s d%cts! endocarp 9 or @ layers of compact t#in 2alled
parenc#yma cells8 some of t#e parenc#yma cells of mesocarp contain rosettes of calci%m
o>alate crystals.
5o2der = S#o2s fra"ments of parenc#yma cells 2it# ad0oinin" laticifero%s d%cts!
parenc#yma cells containin" rosettes of calci%m o>alate crystals! scalariform and spiral
>ylem vessels! parenc#yma cells 2it# overlappin" vessels! epidermal cells 2it# anomocytic
and anisocytic stomata and a fe2 scattered rosettes of calci%m o>alate crystals.
&D,(6&6'! 5.R&6' A(D S6R,(-61

orei"n matter (ot more t#an 9 percent! Appendi> 9.9.9
6otal as# (ot more t#an <: percent! Appendi> 9.9.@
Acid=insol%$le as# (ot more t#an A.? percent! Appendi> 9.9.:
Alco#ol=sol%$le e>tractive (ot less t#an 9 percent! Appendi> 9.9.B
Water=sol%$le e>tractive (ot less t#an 9? percent! Appendi> 9.9.;

6.L.7.
acetate* acetic acid* met#anol (:.?*<*A.B*A.@) as mo$ile p#ase! on sprayin" t#e plate 2it#
et#anolic s%lp#%ric acid (<AW) rea"ent and #eatin" at <<A
0
for <A min%tes spots appear at R
f
A.<:!A.:?!A.?<!A.BA! A.B?! A.;A (all $ro2n) and A.9@ ($l%e).

7)(S6&6.,(6S = =R=carotene! papain! carpaine.

5R)5,R6&,S A(D A76&)(
Rasa * 6i3ta! Mad#%ra
-%Ga * La"#%
Irya * .EGa
Iip3a * Mad#%ra
+arma * 5itta#ara! +ap#a#ara! Dpana! Ita3ara! Stanya! 1Pdya! /PZ#aGa
1<
&M5)R6A(6 )RM.LA6&)(S = Apa3vap#alanirysa Lepa
61,RA5,.6&7 .S,S = +Pmi (2orm infestation)! +sa (co%"#)! Ra3tavi3ra (disorders of
$lood)! Jvsa (Ast#ma)! Itara3ta (-o%t)
D)S, = 7HrGa (po2der) * <A to 9A "

1-
22. ERANDAARATI (R++%)
,RASÂ+AR+AU (Root)
,raGRa3ar3aF consists of dried roots of 7arica papaya L. (am.7aricaceae)! a small
fast "ro2in" tree! c%ltivated t#ro%"#o%t &ndia for its fr%its and for late>! 2#ic# is a
commercial so%rce of t#e en4yme papain! e>tracted from it.
S'()('MS * Md#%3ar3aF! -opla3ar3aF
R,-&)(AL LA(-.A-, (AM,S
/en"ali * 5apeyaa! 5appiyaa
,n"lis# * Melon tree! 5apaya! 5a2pa2
-%0rati * ,randa3aa3adi! 5apaiy%! 5apita
1indi * 5apitaa
+annada * 5appaay! 5iran"i
Malayalam * +armaas%! +ar%matti! 5appaay
Marat#i * 5apaayaa! 5apai
5%n0a$i * ,randa3#ar$%0aa
6amil * 5appali
6el%"% * /o$$aasi! /oppayi! 5arin"i
D,S7R&56&)(
a) Macroscopic
Roots cylindrical! in c%t pieces %pto <A cm. lon" and <.? cm. t#ic38 s%rface pale
$ro2n 2it# lon"it%dinal 2rin3les and scars of rootlets8 fract%re! s#ort and #orny8 odo%r and
taste indistinct.
$) Microscopic
Root s#o2s narro2 cor3 consistin" of rectan"%lar and tan"entially elon"ated cells8
p#ello"en sin"le layered! p#elloderm consists of tan"entially elon"ated parenc#yma cells!
13
some of t#em containin" rosettes of calci%m o>alate crystals8 p#loem consists of sieve t%$es!
companion cells! p#loem parenc#yma and fi$res8 $ot# >ylem and p#loem are traversed $y
m%ltiseriate med%llary rays8 vessels s#o2 retic%late t#ic3enin"s e>cept vessels all t#e >ylem
elements are t#in 2alled and non=li"nified.
5o2der =5o2der s#o2s t#in 2alled parenc#yma cells! some of t#em containin" rosette of
calci%m o>alate crystals! fra"ments of cor3 cells! fi$res 2it# solid taperin" or $l%nt ends and
vessels 2it# retic%late t#ic3enin"s.
&D,(6&6'! 5.R&6' A(D S6R,(-61

6otal as# (ot more t#an <; percent! Appendi> 9.9.@
Acid=insol%$le as# (ot more t#an <.? percent! Appendi> 9.9.:
Alco#ol=sol%$le e>tractive (ot less t#an @ percent! Appendi> 9.9.B
Water=sol%$le e>tractive (ot less t#an <? percent! Appendi> 9.9.;

6.L.7.
6.L.7. of alcololic e>tract on precoated silica "el B-B plate %sin" tol%ene* et#yl
acetate* met#anol* acetic acid (:*?*9*A*9) as mo$ile p#ase! on sprayin" t#e plate 2it#
et#anolic s%lp#%ric acid (<AW) rea"ent and #eatin" at <<A
0
for <A min%tes8 spots appear at R
f
A.<B!A.9B!A.C:!A.BA! and A.B:(all $ro2n).

7)(S6&6.,(6S = 7arpesanine! carpaine.

5R)5,R6&,S A(D A76&)(
Rasa * +aF%! 6i3ta
Irya * .EGa
Iip3a * +aF%
+arma * +ap#a#ara! MHtrala
12
&M5)R6A(6 )RM.LA6&)(S = AKmar#ara3aEya 7HrGa
61,RA5,.6&7 .S,S = AKmar (calc%l%s)! ArKa (piles)! Ar%ci (tastelessness)! +Pmi ro"a
(2orm infestation)! MHtraro"a (%rinary diseases)! Ra3tapitta ($leedin" disorder)!
Ra3tapradara (menorr#a"ia or metrorr#a"ia or $ot#)! 6va3ro"a (s3in diseases)! .daraKHla
(pain in t#e a$domen)! Itara3ta (-o%t)! IraGa (%lcer)
D)S, = 7HrGa (po2der) * 9 to C "

18
23. GANDHASHI$HA (/)+#e $#"0%)
-A(D1AJ&51 (W#ole 5lant)
-and#aKip# consists of t#e 2#ole plant of 5avonia odorata Willd. (am. Malvaceae)!
a p%$escent #er$ fo%nd in t#e plains of &ndia.
S'()('MS * 5icc#ila lomaKa ]
R,-&)(AL LA(-.A-, (AM,S
/en"ali * S%"and#a=$ala
-%0rati * +alo2alo
1indi * S%"and#a=$ala
+annada * /alara33asi="ida
Malayalam * +%r%ntotti
Marat#i * +aalaavaalaa
6amil * 5eram%tti
6el%"% * 7#itti $enda
D,S7R&56&)(
a) Macroscopic
Root 5ale $ro2n! 2ell developed! 2it# lateral roots %pto A.B? cm in t#ic3ness! len"t#
varia$le! no c#aracteristic odo%r8 taste! sli"#tly $itter.
Stem -reen in colo%r! sli"#tly #airy! varia$le in len"t# and t#ic3ness8 leaves intact! no
c#aracteristic odo%r8 taste! sli"#tly $itter.
Leaf 5etiole %pto ? cm lon" 2it# prominent midri$ on $ot# s%rfaces8 leaf 9.? to ? cm lon"!
ro%ndis# cordate! @ to ? lo$ed! lo$es ac%te! distantly toot#ed! #airy on $ot# s%rfaces! mildly
aromatic! taste $itter.
11
$) Microscopic
Root )%ter cor3 cr%s#ed! inner cor3 ? or C layered! cells rectan"%lar! tan"entially
elon"ated8 corte> parenc#ymato%s! inner one or 9 layers discontin%o%sly collenc#ymato%s8
"ro%ps of sclereids scattered in t#e corte>8 endodermis indistinct8 pericyclic fi$res present8
>ylem consists of circ%lar vessels and li"nified parenc#yma8 %niseriate and m%ltiseriate rays
present8 pit# a$sent8 dr%ses and simple as 2ell as compo%nd starc# "rains present in all t#e
re"ions.
Stem ,pidermis sin"le layered8 c%ticle present8 %nicell%lar sli"#tly c%rved tric#ome present8
corte> consists of 9 or @ layers of #ypodermal parenc#yma follo2ed $y < or 9 layers of
collenc#yma 2it# remainin" < or 9 layers of parenc#ymato%s cells8 inner re"ion of corte>
s#o2ed alternatin" sclereids and fi$res8 endodermis indistinct8 pericyclic fi$res present8 stele
s#o2s p#loem and solitary! medi%m si4ed! many circ%lar vessels em$edded in li"nified
parenc#yma8 %niseriate or m%ltiseriate rays filled 2it# starc# "rains present8 pit#
parenc#ymato%s8 dr%ses! a$%ndant partic%larly in p#loem and simple as 2ell as compo%nd
starc# "rains present t#ro%"#o%t t#e "ro%nd tiss%es.
Leaf
5etiole 7irc%lar in o%tline8 epidermal cells sin"le layered 2it# c%ticle8 corte> consists of < or
9 layers of #ypodermal c#lorenc#yma follo2ed $y 9 or @ layers of collenc#yma and 9 or @
layers of parenc#yma cells8 isolated! collateral vasc%lar $%ndles arran"ed in a circle! eac#
capped $y sclerenc#yma8 dr%ses present in t#e p#loem re"ion8 >ylem vessels circ%lar 2it#
li"nified parenc#yma8 pit# parenc#ymato%s8 simple and compo%nd starc# "rains present
t#ro%"#o%t t#e corte> and pit#.
Midri$ S#o2s a protr%sion on t#e ada>ial side and a #emisp#erical pro0ection on t#e a$a>ial
side8 epidermis sin"le layered 2it# c%ticle8 stellate #air as 2ell as %niseriate! m%lticell%lar
tric#omes %pto <: cells in len"t# 2it# conical tip! and %nicell%lar tric#omes present on $ot#
sides8 #ypodermal layer consists of 9 to : layers of collenc#yma cells8 rest of t#e re"ion
parenc#ymato%s8 : or ? $i" m%cila"e cells present on $ot# t#e ada>ial and a$a>ial side8
100
collateral crescent s#aped median vasc%lar $%ndle present! s#o2in" >ylem to2ards ada>ial
and p#loem on a$a>ial side8 dr%ses present in t#e p#loem re"ion.
Lamina Dorsiventral8 epidermis sin"le layered 2it# c%ticle8 palisade parenc#yma sin"le
layered8 9 or @ layers of spon"y parenc#yma cells present8 m%cila"e cells present in t#e
mesop#yll re"ion8 stomata anomocytic on $ot# s%rfaces8 cell 2alls 2avy8 stomatal n%m$er <A
to <? O mm
9
on ada>ial epidermis! @A to @? O mm
9
on a$a>ial epidermis8 stomatal inde>

D to <<
for ada>ial epidermis and <? to ial epidermis8 palisade ratio ; to <A8 veinlet
termination n%m$er <A to <?8 vein islet n%m$er <A to <9.
5o2der /ro2n! stellate! %nicell%lar as 2ell as %niseriate m%lticell%lar tric#omes as descri$ed
a$ove present! dr%ses <A to :A P in si4e8 starc# "rains simple and compo%nd! individ%al
starc# "rains meas%rin" ? to <A P in diameter8 len"t# of fi$res @AA to BAA P8 and cor3 cells
also seen.
&D,(6&6'! 5.R&6' A(D S6R,(-61

6otal as# (ot more t#an D percent! Appendi> 9.9.@
Acid=insol%$le as# (ot more t#an 9 percent! Appendi> 9.9.:
Alco#ol=sol%$le e>tractive (ot less t#an : percent! Appendi> 9.9.B
Water=sol%$le e>tractive (ot less t#an D percent! Appendi> 9.9.;
i>ed oil (ot less t#an : per cent! Appendi> 9.9.D

6.L.7.
6.L.7. of c#loroform e>tract on al%mini%m plate precoated 2it# silica "el B-B CA
9?:
of A.9 mm t#ic3ness %sin" tol%ene* et#yl acetate (?*<.?) as mo$ile p#ase and 2#en seen %nder
.I 9?: nm s#o2s spots at R
f
A.<;! A.99! A.:A! A.C:! A.B<! A.BC! A.;A and A.;B (all "reen).
.nder .I @CC nm fl%orescent 4ones appear at R
f
A.<; ($l%e)! A.99! A.@<! A.@;! A.::! A.?; (all
pin3)! A.C: ($l%e)! A.B@! A.;A ($ot# pin3) and A.D@ ($l%e). )n e>pos%re to iodine vapo%r spots
appear at R
f
A.?:! A.B< and A.BB (all $ro2n). )n dippin" t#e plate in vanillin=s%lp#%ric acid
101
rea"ent and on #eatin" at <A?
A
for ? min%tes spots appear at R
f
A.<?! A.<; ($ot# "rey)! A.9:
(violet)! A.:@! A.?9! A.C9! A.CB (all "rey)! A.B? (yello2) A.;@ ("reen) and A.D: ($l%e).

7)(S6&6.,(6S = R=sitosterol8 palmitic! stearic! oleic! linoleic! isovaleric and n=caproic
acids8 Q = pinene and met#yl eptenone! isovalaralde#yde! aromadendrin! a4%lene! pavonene!
pavonenol.

5R)5,R6&,S A(D A76&)(
Rasa * 6i3ta
-%Ga * RH3Ea! La"#%! S%"and#i
Irya * Jta
Iip3a * +aF%
+arma * /alya! Dpana! Lvara"#na! +ap#a#ara! +eKya! MHtrala! 5cana!
5itta#ara
61,RA5,.6&7 .S,S = Ar%ci (tastelessness)! Atisra (diarr#oea)! 7#ardi (emesis)! D#a
($%rnin" sensation)! 1Pdro"a (#eart diseases)! 1Pllsa (na%sea)! Lvara (fever)! +%EF#a
(Leprosy O diseases of s3in)! Ra3tapitta ($leedin" disorder)! Jvitra (le%coderma O vitili"o)!
6PEG (t#irst)! Iisarpa (,rysepales)! IraGa (%lcer)

102
24. GRISHMA4HATRAA (/)+#e $#"0%)
-R_MA71A6RA+A (W#ole 5lant)
-rEmac#atra3a consists of dried 2#ole plant of Moll%"o cerviana Serin"e (am.
Ai4oaceae)! an erect! slender ann%al! %pto 9A.A cm #i"#! fo%nd in dry and sandy areas
commonly in &ndian plains.
S'()('MS * .EGas%ndara
R,-&)(AL LA(-.A-, (AM,S
/en"ali * -#imasa3
1indi * Limasa3a
+annada * 5arpata3a
Malayalam * 5arpata3ap%ll%
Marat#i * 5ada
)riya * 5itta Sa"
6amil * 5arpadan"am
6el%"% * 5arpata3am%
D,S7R&56&)(
a) Macroscopic
Root = 6ap root yello2! t#in! cylindrical and $rittle.
Stem /ranc#ed! $ranc#es arises from t#e node! nodes %pto <; mm t#ic3 nodal distance of t#e
stem ran"es from : to ?.A cm.
Leaf =Radical leaves present! t%fted! linear=spat#%late or o$ovate8 ca%line leaves! in 2#orls of
: to ; at eac# node of t#e $ranc#es! linear o$lon" or s%$spat#%late.
10?
lo2er = (%mero%s in cymes8 pedicel lon" filiform8 periant# small! oval to o$lon"! o$t%se
2it# mem$raneo%s mar"in8 stamens @ to ?8 ovary "lo$ose! @ to ? celled8 style very small8
caps%le as lon" as periant#! "lo$ose 2it# many pin3 or yello2is# seeds.
$) Microscopic
Root 6S 2avy in o%tline! epidermal cells vary in si4e and covered $y a t#in c%ticle8
corte> : to ? cells deep! cells parenc#ymato%s! laterally compressed 2it#o%t intercell%lar
spaces8 endodermis distinct! sin"le layered of $arrel=s#aped parenc#ymato%s cells8 cells of
pericycle smaller t#an endodermis8 follo2ed $y @ or : cells deep p#loem8 cam$i%m @ or :
cells deep8 >ylem consists of vessels! trac#eids! fi$res and parenc#yma.
Stem 6S circ%lar in o%tline8 e>#i$its a t#in c%ticle coverin" t#e sin"le layered epidermis
follo2ed $y a parenc#ymato%s #ypodermis8 corte> ? to ; cells deep! sclerenc#ymato%s 2it#
narro2 l%men8 in t#e stelar re"ion! alternate rin"s of p#loem and >ylem separated $y < or 9
layered cam$i%m8 p#loem narro2 9 or @ cells deep and consists of sieve t%$es! companion
cells and p#loem parenc#yma8 >ylem consists of vessels! trac#eids and fi$res! t#e central
portion occ%pied $y sclerenc#ymato%s pit#.
Leaf 6S of leaf consists of a sin"le layered lar"e rectan"%lar %pper and lo2er epidermis!
covered 2it# t#in c%ticle! interr%pted $y %nicell%lar t#ic3 2alled! li"nified tric#omes
follo2ed $y sin"le layered palisade cells on $ot# t#e s%rfaces8 in s%rface vie2 t#e epidermal
cells sin%o%s8 stomata a fe2! anisocytic and paracytic present on lo2er side8 spon"y
parenc#yma : or ? cells deep! cells an"%lar8 t#e 2#ole leaf consists of D amp#icri$ral
vasc%lar $%ndles! one in t#e midri$ 2#ic# is lar"e and oval! 2#ile ot#ers smaller located in
t#e mesop#yll8 all vasc%lar $%ndles s%rro%nded 2it# a sin"le layer of c#lorenc#ymato%s
$%ndle s#eat#8 >ylem and p#loem consists of %s%al elements.
5o2der 5o2der "reenis# $ro2n! microscopical e>amination s#o2s! patc#es of 2avy
epidermal cells 2it# stomata8 parenc#ymato%s cells of #ypodermis8 sclerenc#ymato%s cell
2it# narro2 l%men of corte>! trac#eids8 t#ic3 2alled! li"nified! %nicell%lar tric#omes8 many
10 9.9.@
Acid=insol%$le as# (ot more t#an : percent! Appendi> 9.9.:
Alco#ol=sol%$le e>tractive (ot less t#an <A percent! Appendi> 9.9.B
Water=sol%$le e>tractive (ot less t#an <: percent! Appendi> 9.9.;

6.L.7.
%sin" et#yl acetate* formic acid* acetic acid* 2ater (<A*<*<*9) as mo$ile p#ase and 2#en seen
%nder .I 9?: nm! spots appear at R
f
A.<@! A.<D! A.9B! A.@<! A.@D and A.:B. )n sprayin" 2it#
anisalde#yde=s%lp#%ric acid rea"ent and #eatin" t#e plate at <A?
A
for <A min%tes! spots appear
at R
f
A.<< ($l%e)! A.<D ($l%e)! A.9: ("reen)! A.@B ($l%e)! and A.:C (yello2).
7)(S6&6.,(6S = lavonoid* orientin! vite>in and t#eir 9`=)="l%cosides.

5R)5,R6&,S A(D A76&)(
Rasa * 6i3ta
-%Ga * La"#%! RH3Ea
Irya * Jta
Iip3a * +aF%
+arma * Dpana! Lvara"#na! 6PEG#ara! Iirecana
61,RA5,.6&7 .S,S = A"nimndya (di"estive impairment)! Lvara (fever)! D#a ($%rnin"
sensation)! +mal (La%ndice)! 5rame#a (meta$olic disorder)
10-
25. GOSHURA (/)+#e $#"0%)
-)+_.RA (W#ole 5lant)
-o3E%ra consists of dried 2#ole plant of 6ri$%l%s terrestris L. (am.
Vy"op#yllaceae)! an ann%al! rarely perennial! prostrate #er$ and a common 2eed of t#e
past%re lands! roadsides and ot#er 2aste lands! c#iefly "ro2in" in #ot! dry and sandy re"ions
t#ro%"#o%t &ndia and %pto @!AAA m in +as#mir.
S'()('MS * -o3E%ra3a! +E%ra3a! 6ri3aGFa3a! Svd%3aGFa3a! JvadaZEtr
R,-&)(AL LA(-.A-, (AM,S
Assamese * -o3s#%ra! -o3s#%ra3a
/en"ali * -o3s#%r! -o3#%ree
,n"lis# * Small caltrops! Land caltrops! 5%nct%re vine
-%0rati * (#ana "o3#r%! /et#a"o3#r%
1indi * -o3#r%! 7##otaa"o3s#r%! 1at#ic#i3ar
+annada * (e""il%m%ll%! (e"l%
Malayalam * (er%n0i
Marat#i * Sarate! +ate "o3#r%
)riya * -a3#%ra! -o3s#ra! -o3#araa
5%n0a$i * /#a3#ada! /#a3#ar
6amil * (erin4il! (er%n0ee
6el%"% * 5aller%
.rd% * +#ar=e=3#asa3 3#%rd
D,S7R&56&)(
a) Macroscopic
Root = 7%t pieces B to <; cm lon" and A.@ to A.B cm in diameter! slender! cylindrical!
fi$ro%s! freN%ently $ranc#ed $earin" a n%m$er of small rootlets! to%"#! 2oody and yello2 to
li"#t $ro2n in colo%r8 s%rface $ecomes ro%"# d%e to presence of small nod%les8 fract%re!
fi$ro%s8 odo%r! aromatic8 taste! s2eet and astrin"ent.
103
Stem = Stem pieces cylindrical! distinct into nodes and internodes meas%rin" a$o%t < to ? cm
in len"t# and A.? to 9 cm in t#ic3ness8 s%rface ro%"#! creamis# 2#ite to li"#t yello2
e>ternally8 transversely c%t smoot# s%rface li"#t yello2 to2ards perip#ery and creamis#
2#ite in t#e centre8 fract%re s#ort! fi$ro%s8 odo%r! %npleasant8 taste! m%cila"ino%s.
Leaf = Leaves paripinnately compo%nd! leaflets in @ to B pairs! commonly ? pairs8 eac# leaflet
o$lon" 2it# m%cronate tip! entire mar"in! and s#ort petiole! a$o%t <.? cm lon" and A.@ to A.?
cm $road8 %pper s%rface "reyis#="reen and lo2er s%rface li"#t "reen! appressed 2it# dense
2#ite #airs8 mar"in entire8 odo%r not distinct! taste! sli"#tly $itter.
r%it = r%it stal3ed! li"#t or "reenis#=yello2! five=ri$$ed or an"led! more or less sp#erical in
str%ct%re and covered 2it# s#ort stiff or p%$escent #airs! < cm in diameter 2it# five pairs! of
prominent s#ort stiff spines! pointed do2n2ards! a$o%t A.? cm in len"t#8 tips of spines almost
meet in pairs! 2#ole to"et#er formin" penta"onal frame=2or3 aro%nd fr%it8 ripe fr%it
separates into five se"ments of eac# cocci and eac# appears as sin"le=fr%it! eac# cocc%s semi=
l%nar or plano=conve> in str%ct%re! one c#am$ered! armed 2it# a pair of spines! startin" from
its middle! containin" fo%r or more seeds8 taste! sli"#tly astrin"ent.
$) Microscopic
Root = 6S primary root s#o2 a layer of epidermis follo2ed $y : to ? layers of t#in=
2alled parenc#ymato%s corte>! endodermis distinct8 pericycle enclosin" diarc# stele! in
mat%re root! cor3 : to C layered! cor3 cam$i%m sin"le layered follo2ed $y C to <: layers of
t#in=2alled parenc#ymato%s cells 2it# varyin" n%m$er of fi$res! distri$%ted t#ro%"#o%t8
some secondary corte> cells s#o2 secondary 2all formation and retic%late t#ic3enin"8 fi$res
fo%nd in "ro%ps resem$lin" t#ose of p#loem8 secondary p#loem divided into t2o 4ones! o%ter
4one c#aracteri4ed $y presence of n%mero%s p#loem fi$res 2it# a fe2 sieve t%$es sli"#tly
collapsed! inner 4one freN%ently parenc#ymato%s! devoid of fi$res often s#o2in" sieve t%$es
and companion cells8 p#loem rays distinct! a fe2 cells "et converted into fi$res in o%ter
re"ion8 cam$i%m @ to ? layered8 2ood composed of vessels! trac#eids! parenc#yma and fi$res
and traversed $y med%llary rays8 vessels scattered! arran"ed in sin"les or do%$le to2ards
inner side! in "ro%ps of t#ree to fo%r on o%ter side #avin" $ordered pits8 trac#eids lon"!
narro2 2it# simple pits8 >ylem parenc#yma rectan"%lar or sli"#tly elon"ated 2it# simple pits
102
and retic%late t#ic3enin"s8 >ylem fi$res a fe28 trac#eids elon"ated 2it# simple pits8
med%llary rays #etero"eneo%s! < to : cells 2ide8 starc# "rains and rosette crystals of calci%m
o>alate present in secondary corte>! p#loem and med%llary rays cells8 a fe2 prismatic
crystals also present in >ylem ray cells.
Stem = 6S s#o2s! sin"le=layered epidermis of rectan"%lar or isodiametric parenc#yma cells
2it# t#ic3 tan"ential 2alls8 ? to ; layered corte> of ro%nd or oval parenc#yma cells
containin" a fe2 rosette crystals and pericyclic fi$res in sporadic patc#es8 p#loem re"ion
narro2 and conspic%o%s8 >ylem composed mainly of lar"e! ro%nd >ylem vessels and
trac#eids8 med%llary rays %niseriate to $iseriate in contin%ation 2it# p#loem and consist of
small radially arran"ed rectan"%lar cells8 pit# consists of lar"e ro%nd parenc#yma cells8 t#e
cells of corte>! pit# and med%llary rays filled 2it# ro%nd to oval! simple starc# "rains
meas%rin" ? to <A P in diameter.
Leaflet = 6S s#o2s an iso$ilateral str%ct%re 2it# a sin"le layered %pper and $ilayered!
c%tic%lari4ed lo2er epidermis of isodiametric parenc#yma cells interr%pted at places $y
stomata and %nicell%lar tric#omes #avin" s2ollen $ases8 palisade is a sin"le layer of
col%mnar cells present on $ot# dorsal and ventral side of spon"y mesop#yll and %pper one is
contin%ed over midri$ re"ion8 spon"y mesop#yll consists of ti"#tly pac3ed oval parenc#yma
cells containin" fe2 lar"e rosette crystals of calci%m o>alate8 vasc%lar $%ndle in lamina and
midri$ enclosed 2it#in $%ndle s#eat#.
Midri$ contains sin"le meristele consistin" of radially arran"ed >ylem! p#loem and patc#es
of collenc#yma cells on $ot# dorsal and ventral side and 9 or @ layers of lar"e circ%lar
parenc#yma cells inside lo2er epidermis.
r%it = 6S s#o2s small epidermal cells of eac# cocc%s rectan"%lar8 %nicell%lar tric#omes
a$%ndance8 mesocarp C to <A layers of lar"e parenc#ymato%s cells! rosette of calci%m o>alate
crystals a$%ndantly present8 mesocarp follo2ed $y @ to : compact layers of small cells
containin" prismatic crystals of calci%m o>alate.
5o2der = Li"#t "reen! s#o2s fra"ments of leaf and stem epidermis in s%rface vie28 sclereids
of different s#apes from fr%it8 simple %nicell%lar tric#omes8 "ro%ps of fi$res8 pitted and spiral
vessels! ro%nd to oval! simple starc# "rains meas%rin" ? to <A P in diameter and rosette
crystals of calci%m o>alate.
108
&D,(6&6'! 5.R&6' A(D S6R,(-61
6otal as# (ot more t#an 9.9.@
Alco#ol=sol%$le e>tractive (ot less t#an 9 percent! Appendi> 9.9.B
Water=sol%$le e>tractive (ot less t#an <9 percent! Appendi> 9.9.;

6.L.7.
6.L.7. of acetone e>tract (cold maceration at room temperat%re) of t#e dr%" on
9?:
(B.?*9.?) as solvent system and on sprayin" 2it# anisalde#yde=s%lp#%ric acid rea"ent
follo2ed $y #eatin" at <A?
A
f
A.99 (pale yello2)! A.@B
(p%rple)! A.?A (violet)! A.?? (ma"enta)! A.B< (li"#t yello2) and A.BB (yello2is#="reen).

7)(S6&6.,(6S = Al3aloids* 6errestriamide! tri$%l%samide A! /8 steroidal saponins*
terrestrosin 7! D! ,! ! -! 1! &! L and +! terrestroneoside A and ! terreside A and /!
terrestroside 8 tri$%losaponin A and /! tri$%losin! protodioscin saponin 7! prototri$estin!
terrestrosin L! isoterrestrosin /8 flavonoid "lycosides* isor#amnetin=@="entiotrioside!
N%ercetin=@="entio$ioside=B="l%coside8 amide* mo%pinamide.

5R)5,R6&,S A(D A76&)(
Rasa * Mad#%ra! 6i3ta
Irya * .EGa
Iip3a * Mad#%ra
+arma * /alya! /PZ#aGa! Dpana! +ap#a#ara! +eKya! MHtrala! 5itta#ara!
Jot#a#ara! IPEya! Ita#ara! Iedanst#pana
&M5)R6A(6 )RM.LA6&)(S = 7yavanaprKa Avale#a! DaKamHla +vt#a! Rsndi
+vt#a! DaKamHla _aFpala3a -#Pta
101
61,RA5,.6&7 .S,S = mavta (R#e%matism)! Amlapitta (#yperacidity)! ntravPdd#i
(1ernia)! AKmar (calc%l%s)! Ardita (facial palsy)! ArKa (piles)! 1Pdro"a (#eart diseases)!
&ndral%pta (alopecia)! Lvara (fever)! +sa (co%"#)! MHtr"#ta (%rinary o$str%ction)!
MHtra3Pcc#ra (dys%ria)! 5a3E"#ta (5aralysis O 1emiple"ia)! 5radara (e>cessive va"inal
disc#ar"e)! 5rame#a (meta$olic disorder)! Ra3tapitta ($leedin" disorder)! JHla (pain O colic)!
Jot#a (inflammation)! Jvsa (Ast#ma)! SHti3ro"a (p%erperal disorders)! Jtapitta
(%rticaria)! Itara3ta (-o%t)
D)S, = 7HrGa (po2der) * @ to C " +vt#a (decoction)* ?A to <AA ml
110
2&. GRANTHIMULA (R)!*+,e)
-RA(61&MTLA (R#i4ome)
-rant#imHla is t#e r#i4ome of t#e plant Alpinia calcarata Rosc. (am. Vin"i$eraceae)
2#ic# is often c%ltivated and seen as an escape in eastern and so%t#ern &ndia.
S'()('MS * Jveta3%laa0ana
R,-&)(AL LA(-.A-, (AM,S
Assamese * S%"and#i $ac#
1indi * Safed +%lan0ana
Malayalam * 6oroni
)riya * 7#ittarat#a
6amil * (attarattai
6el%"% * D%mparastram%
D,S7R&56&)(
a) Macroscopic
R#i4ome #ori4ontal and $ranc#ed8 individ%al pieces tort%o%s! si4e ran"in" from @ to
<A cm in len"t# and ? to <A mm diameter in cross section8 deep $ro2nis# oran"e e>ternally!
pale $%ff colo%r internally8 prominently mar3ed 2it# 2avy ann%lation at t#e nodes 2it# scaly
leaf $ases8 internodal len"t# ran"es from C to <9 mm! fract%re is very to%"#! %neven and
fi$ro%s* odo%r! p%n"ent8 taste! spicy.
$) Microscopic
6S circ%lar in o%tline8 epidermis sin"le layered8 yello2is# oil "lo$%les present in
many cells of t#e inner ro2s of t#e corte> of poly"onal t#in 2alled parenc#yma of different
si4es8 parenc#ymato%s cells of t#e inner corte> contain plenty of oval or circ%lar starc# "rains
2it# faint concentric striations8 vasc%lar $%ndles many! scattered! more! "ro%ped to2ards t#e
centre8 sclerenc#ymato%s $%ndle s#eat# present.
111
5o2der= Reddis# $ro2n! microscopy s#o2s follo2in" str%ct%res* oval to elliptic starc# "rains
<A to 9A P in si4e8 parenc#ymato%s tiss%e fra"ments 2it# poly"onal and elon"ated cells8
elon"ated pitted stone cells 2it# a narro2 l%men of ?A to 9AA P in len"t# and a fe2 t#in
2alled pitted stone cells 2it# lar"er l%men8 reddis# $ro2n and li"#t yello2 resino%s pieces8
cells 2it# densely compact masses of starc# "ran%les8 ann%lar! retic%late! scalariform and
spiral vessels.
&D,(6&6'! 5.R&6' A(D S6R,(-61

6otal as# (ot more t#an B percent! Appendi> 9.9.@
Acid=insol%$le as# (ot more t#an @ percent! Appendi> 9.9.:
Alco#ol=sol%$le e>tractive (ot less t#an ? percent! Appendi> 9.9.B
Water=sol%$le e>tractive (ot less t#an C percent! Appendi> 9.9.;

6.L.7.
%sin" n=#e>ane* et#yl acetate (;.C*<.:) as mo$ile p#ase! and on sprayin" 2it# anisalde#yde
A
for ? min%tes! spots appear at

A.9<! A.9B ($ot#
pin3)! A.@B (yello2)! A.:A (li"#t violet)! A.:C ("rey)! A.?@ (pin3) and A.B? ("rey).

7)(S6&6.,(6S = Iolatile oil ric# in met#yl cinnamate! cineol! camp#or.

5R)5,R6&,S A(D A76&)(
Rasa * +aF%! 6i3ta
Irya * .EGa
Iip3a * +aF%
+arma * +ap#a"#na! Svarya! Jot#a#ara! JHla"#na
112
61,RA5,.6&7 .S,S = mavta (R#e%matism)! 1i33 (#icc%p)! +sa (co%"#)! 5rame#a
(meta$olic disorder)! Jvsa (Ast#ma)! Sand#iKHla (0oint pain)! JHla (pain O colic)

11?
2(. GULADAUDI (Le"2)
-.LAD.D (Leaf)
-%lad%d consists of dried leaves of 7#rysant#em%m indic%m L. (am. Asteraceae)!
a perennial! s#r%$$y! erect plant 2it# pinnately parted leaves. 6#e plant is 2idely "ro2n in
"ardens as an ornamental! and for 2ors#ip in temple "roves in t#e so%t#. 6#e vario%s
c%ltivated #y$rids and t#eir varieties are not incl%ded or %sed as a so%rce of t#is dr%".
S'()('MS * 7#innapatr
R,-&)(AL LA(-.A-, (AM,S
/en"ali * 7#andram%3#i
,n"lis# * 7#rysant#em%m
-%0rati * -%ldaa%di
1indi * -%ldaa%di
+annada * S#evanti
Marat#i * 7#amanti! S#evanti
5%n0a$i * 7#amanti
6amil * 7#amanti
6el%"% * /a"a%ra
.rd% * -%le=da2oodi
D,S7R&56&)(
a) Macroscopic
Leaves %s%ally ? to ; cm lon"! : to B cm $road! t#in! d%ll "reen to li"#t $ro2n!
cr%mpled! papery8 lamina simple! pinnatifid or partite! venation retic%late! mar"in entire!
ape> o$t%se! $ase entire8 petiole s#ort! sli"#tly 2in"ed8 odo%r! aromatic8 taste! sli"#tly
tin"lin".
$) Microscopic
11<
5etiole =6S reveals a ro%"#ly #emisp#erical or c%p s#aped o%tline 2it# sli"#tly
2in"ed %pper corners and "ently concave %pper mar"in8 epidermis composed of ro%nded
cells lined 2it# c%ticle and $earin" scattered! m%lticell%lar tric#omes 2it# or 2it#o%t a 9=
armed terminal cell8 inner to epidermis are present < or 9 layers of c#lorenc#yma follo2ed $y
"ro%nd tiss%e composed of parenc#ymato%s cells and containin" a fe2! scattered air cavities8
t#e central! main vasc%lar $%ndle is #emisp#erical or ro%nded in s#ape8 >ylem ada>ial!
containin" mostly parenc#yma8 p#loem a$a>ial8 eac# 2in" contains one ro%nded! accessory
$%ndle eac# 2it# >ylem facin" o$liN%ely to2ards inner side and p#loem o%tside.
Midri$ =Midri$ conve> on t#e lo2er side s#o2in" a c%p li3e prot%$erance! and nearly plane
on t#e %pper 2it# collenc#yma patc#es ad0acent to t#e epidermis on $ot# sides8 >ylem vessels
and parenc#yma present to2ards t#e %pper side 2#ile p#olem oriented to2ards t#e lo2er
side8 vasc%lar $%ndle s%rro%nded $y parenc#yma 2#ic# is more developed to2ards %pper and
lo2er sides.
Lamina =6S t#ro%"# leaf s#o2s a dorsiventral str%ct%re8 o%ter epidermis made of t#in 2alled!
parenc#ymato%s! ro%nded or sN%aris# cells8 epidermis $ears %niseriate! m%lticell%lar
tric#omes eccentrically 2it# a t2o=armed terminal cell! and also $icell%lar "land%lar #airs8 a
s%rface preparation reveals %pper epidermal cells 2it# strai"#t anticlinal 2alls and lo2er
epidermal cells 2it# sli"#tly sin%o%s anticlinal 2alls! s%rfaces also s#o2 eccentric cicatrices
and typical $icell%lar "lands8 anomocytic stomata present on $ot# s%rfaces8 stomatal inde>
for %pper s%rface < to @ and t#at for lo2er s%rface <B to 9<8 only one layer $elo2 t#e %pper
epidermis palisade li3e! rest of t#e lamina composed of almost ro%nded! loosely arran"ed
cells 2it# intercell%lar spaces and ric# in c#loroplasts! and occasional r%dimentary vasc%lar
$%ndle8 palisade ratio ran"es from @ to ?.
5o2der 'ello2is# "reen! fine! odo%r aromatic! taste sli"#tly tin"lin"! %nder microscope
s#o2s epidermal fra"ments 2it# c#aracteristic $i=armed tric#omes 2it# stal3 %p to <?A P
lon" and arm cells %p to @?A P lon"! and $icell%lar "land%lar tric#omes.
&D,(6&6'! 5.R&6' A(D S6R,(-61
6otal as# (ot more t#an 9< percent! Appendi> 9.9.@
11-
Alco#ol=sol%$le e>tractive (ot less t#an <A percent! Appendi> 9.9.B
Water=sol%$le e>tractive (ot less t#an 99 percent! Appendi> 9.9.;

6.L.7.
6.L.7 of alco#olic e>tract of t#e dr%" developed on silica "el B-B CA
9?:
plate %sin"
tol%ene* et#yl acetate* acetic acid (?*:*<) as mo$ile p#ase and on sprayin" t#e plate 2it#
(at%ral 5rod%cts=5olyet#ylene -lyco rea"ent and 2#en seen %nder .I (@CC nm)! s#o2s
spots at R
f
A.9B (flo%rescent cream)! A.:A (flo%rescent yello2) and A.?A (li"#t pin3)! A.?@
(li"#t pin3)! and A.?C (p%rple=pin3)

7)(S6&6.,(6S = SesN%iterpene lactones / an"eloylc%mam$rin /! arte"lasin A and
an"leloyla0adin. ,ssential oil from aerial parts contain di=and sesN%iterpenoids Q=copaene! R=
el%mene! R = carop#yllene! R / farnesene! R / #%m%lene! "ermacrene=D! Q=silenene!
c%rc%mene! calamenene! S=cadinene and 6=m%rolol! and monoterpenoids myrcene! <!;=cineol
and $ornyl acetate. 7#rysant#enone and c#rysant#enin "l%coside. Aerial parts also contain
li"nans sesamin and far"esin! and flavonoid pend%letin.

5R)5,R6&,S A(D A76&)(
Rasa * 6i3ta! +aEya
-%Ga * La"#%! RH3Ea
Irya * Jta
Iip3a * +aF%
+arma * 5itta#ara! RopaGa! JHlapraKamana! 1Pdya
61,RA5,.6&7 .S,S = Ard#va$#eda3a (#emicrania O mi"raine)! M%3#asp#oFa (%lcer in
t#e mo%t#)! Jira]KHla (#eadac#e)! 6va3ro"a (s3in diseases)! IraGa (%lcer)!
'%vnapiRi3 (pimples O acne v%l"aris)
113

2-. HARITAMAN.ARI (/)+#e $#"0%)
1AR&6AMAbLAR (W#ole 5lant)
1aritamaa0ar consists of t#e dried 2#ole plant of Acalyp#a indica L. (am.
,%p#or$iaceae)! an ann%al #er$ %p to <9A cm! occ%rrin" t#ro%"#o%t t#e plains and #otter
parts of &ndia! as a 2eed.
S'()('MS * M%3tavarc
R,-&)(AL LA(-.A-, (AM,S
Assamese * 5atrasa3i! M%3%ta man0ari
/en"ali * M%3ta0#%ri
,n"lis# * &ndian Acalyp#a
-%0rati * Ianc#i +anto
1indi * +%ppi! Aamaa$#aa0i
+annada * +%ppi"ida
Malayalam * +%ppameni
Marat#i * +#o3li! +#a0oti
)riya * &ndramaris! (a3ac#ana
5%n0a$i * +%ppi
6amil * +%paaimeni
6el%"% * +%ppic#ett%! +%ppinta! M%ripindi
D,S7R&56&)(
a) Macroscopic
Root = Iertical and $ranc#ed8 9 to ; mm in t#ic3ness! tort%o%s! ro%"#8 colo%r varies
from "rey to $ro2n 2#en dry! $ro3en s%rface creamy yello28 fract%re "ivin" rise to a clo%d
of d%sty particles8 no c#aracteristic smell8 $itter.
112
Stem = Mat%re stem $ro2nis# and yo%n"er parts "reen! sparsely #airy! terete! 9 to<A mm in
t#ic3ness.
Leaf = Simple and alternate! d%ll to dar3 "reen to $ro2nis#8 $rittle 2#en dry8 petiole < to B
cm! lo2er leaves 2it# lon"er petiole! p%$escent8 lamina 9 to ? cm lon" and < to : cm $road!
ovate to r#om$ic ovate! tip ac%te! $ase c%neate! pale "reen $elo2 and dar3 "reen a$ove!
mar"in serrate and #airy8 veins ? to B pairs! "enerally alternate! %s%ally @ veins arisin" from
t#e $ase! prominent and #airy $elo28 midri$ sli"#tly raised on t#e %pper s%rface! and
prominent on t#e lo2er s%rface.
&nflorescence = A>illary! stal3ed! spi3e! < to B cm lon"8 flo2ers %nise>%al! "reen! s%$sessile
and encircled $y a leafy! or$ic%lar serrate $ract of a$o%t : mm lon" and ? to ; mm $road8
female flo2ers ? to <?! $asal! 9 mm across8 male flo2ers n%mero%s! min%te8 spi3e %s%ally
terminatin" in an allomorp#ic flo2er8 fr%its caps%les! small and "reen8 seeds min%te! ovoid
and pale $ro2n.
$) Microscopic
Root = 6S of t#e root circ%lar in o%tline8 cor3 consists of ; to <A ro2s of rectan"%lar
to tan"entially elon"ated cells8 secondary corte> consists of a fe2 layers of sli"#tly
elon"ated! poly"onal cells! follo2ed $y a $ro3en rin" of pericycle 2it# sporadic
sclerenc#ymato%s patc#es! follo2ed $y small patc#es of p#loem8 >ylem consists of vessels!
trac#eids and >ylem parenc#yma! all t#ic3 2alled and li"nified8 med%llary rays prominent!
mostly %ni or $iseriate! rarely m%ltiseriate8 calci%m o>alate crystals and laticifero%s d%cts
a$sent! distinction from A. fr%ticosa! 2#ere $ot# are present.
Stem = 6S cylindrical in o%tline8 %niseriate! m%lticell%lar tric#omes 2it# elon"ated cells and
a taperin" terminal cell and %ni cell%lar tric#omes present8 $elo2 t#e epidermis @ or : layers
of collenc#yma follo2ed $y : to B layers of cortical parenc#yma present8 pericycle of
discontin%ed patc#es of sclerenc#yma 2it# @ or : layers! cappin" t#e p#loem8 >ylem
contin%o%s as a rin" and consists of vessels! trac#eids and parenc#yma! t#ic3 2alled and
118
li"nified8 pit# consists of poly"onal parenc#ymato%s cells8 a$%ndant rosettes of calci%m
o>alate present t#ro%"#o%t corte> and pit#! ran"in" from<A to 9A P in diameter.
Leaf =
5etiole = 6S of t#e petiole circ%lar in o%tline8 epidermal #airs are m%lticell%lar and %niseriate8
epidermis follo2ed $y C to B layers of small an"%lar parenc#yma8 ? or C vasc%lar $%ndles in
varia$le si4es present as a $ro3en rin"8 p#loem a small patc# over t#e >ylem8 pit# consists of
lar"e parenc#yma cells! some containin" cl%ster crystals of calci%m o>alate.
Midri$ = 6S of midri$ s#o2s a rid"e on t#e ada>ial side 2it# a cap of t#ree layered
collenc#yma cells 0%st $elo2 t#e %pper epidermis and a similar $and of collenc#yma on t#e
a$a>ial side a$ove t#e lo2er epidermis8 $elo2 t#e collenc#ymato%s patc# is a sin"le ro2 of
palisade tiss%e! 2#ic# contin%es in t#e lamina8 corte> consists of circ%lar to poly"onal
parenc#yma8 vasc%lar system consists of a$o%t ; "ro%ps of $%ndles! consistin" of >ylem
vessels a$ove p#loem elements.
Lamina = Dorsiventral! c%ticle present! %pper epidermis follo2ed $y a sin"le layer of palisade
tiss%e8 mesop#yll s#o2s a series of cl%sters of calci%m o>alate crystals8 spon"y mesop#yll
contains irre"%lar poly"onal cells8 lo2er epidermal cells are similar to t#e %pper epidermis8
epidermal cells 2it# sli"#tly 2avy 2alls in s%rface vie28 paracytic stomata on lo2er s%rface8
stomatal inde> 98 palisade ratio ? or C8 %nicell%lar m%ltiseriate tric#omes are sparin"ly seen.
5o2der = 5o2der li"#t $ro2n and sli"#tly $itter! no odo%r8 microscopic st%dy s#o2s rosettes
and cl%sters of calci%m o>alate crystals <A to 9A P diameter8 m%lticell%lar %niseriate
tric#omes of <?A to 9AA P len"t# and %nicell%lar tric#omes of a$o%t <9A to <CA P len"t#8
oran"e $ro2n resino%s pieces8 irre"%lar "ran%lar masses8 patc#es of epidermal parenc#yma
2it# paracytic stomata8 fra"ments of pitted! scalariform! ann%lar! and spiral vessels and 2ood
parenc#yma.
111
&D,(6&6'! 5.R&6' A(D S6R,(-61

6otal as# (ot more t#an <: percent! Appendi> 9.9.@
Acid=insol%$le as# (ot more t#an < percent! Appendi> 9.9.:
Alco#ol=sol%$le e>tractive (ot less t#an @ percent! Appendi> 9.9.B
Water=sol%$le e>tractive (ot less t#an <A percent! Appendi> 9.9.;

6.L.7.
%sin" n=#e>ane* c#loroform* met#anol (<.?*B.?*<) as mo$ile p#ase! and on sprayin" 2it#
A
for ? min%tes s#o2s spots at R
f
A.@9
(li"#t violet)! A.@;! A.:@ ($ot# pin3)! A.:;! A.CC ($ot# li"#t pin3)! A.B@ (li"#t violet)! A.;< and
A.;; ($ot# pin3).
7)(S6&6.,(6S = acalyp#ine! N%inine! amides s%c# as acalyp#amide! sterols! a flavonol
3aempferol and cyano"enic "lycoside.

5R)5,R6&,S A(D A76&)(
Rasa * 6i3ta! +aF%
-%Ga * La"#%! RH3Ea
Irya * .EGa
Iip3a * +aF%
+arma * +ap#a"#na! Ima3a! SraZsana! +Pmi"#na! MHtrala! 6va3doEa#ara!
madoEa#ara
61,RA5,.6&7 .S,S = A"nimndya (di"estive impairment)! DantaKHla (toot#ac#e)!
+arGaKHla (otal"ia)! +sa (co%"#)! Sand#iKot#a (art#ritis)! Jvsa (Ast#ma)! Ii$and#a
(constipation)
Svarasa (0%ice) * ? to <A ml! < to @ drops in +arGaKHla
120

21. HASTISHUNDI (Aer!"# $"r%)
1AS6&J.S^ (Aerial 5art)
1astiK%GR consists of dried aerial parts of 1eliotropi%m indic%m L. (am.
/ora"inaceae)! an ann%al #er$! <? to CA cm in #ei"#t 2it# densely #irs%te ascendin"
$ranc#es! fo%nd t#ro%"#o%t t#e #otter parts of &ndia alon" roadside and on 2aste lands.
S'()('MS * /#HraGR! Jri#astini! AKmaririp%! Ma#K%GR
R,-&)(AL LA(-.A-, (AM,S
/en"ali * 1aat#is#%ndaa
,n"lis# * &ndian 6%rnsole
-%0rati * 1aat#is%d#aan
1indi * 1aat#is%ond#a! 1aat#is%nd#a
+annada * 7#el%$aalad a "ida
Malayalam * 6el33at! 6er33at! 6e33it
Marat#i * /#%r%ndi
6amil * 6el3od%33ai
6el%"% * +odi33i! (aa"danti
D,S7R&56&)(
a) Macroscopic
Stem =7%t pieces B to <@ cm lon" and A.@ to <.< cm in t#ic3ness! sto%t! #ollo2!
p%$escent 2it# 2#ite stiff spreadin" #airs and lon"it%dinal rid"es8 colo%r! $ro2n8 fract%re!
s#ort8 no odo%r8 taste! $itter and astrin"ent.
Leaf =7ordate! o$t%se 2it# s%$=serrate mar"ins8 9.? to <A cm lon" and 9.? to ? cm $road8
ro%"#! sparsely #airy8 $ro2nis#! s%rface 2rin3led! veins! prominent on lo2er s%rface8 no
odo%r8 taste! $itter
121
$) Microscopic
Stem =6S s#o2s! sin"le=layered epidermis covered 2it# t#ic3 c%ticle 2it# a fe2 cells
modified into %nicell%lar tric#omes8 collenc#ymato%s #ypodermis8 t#ic3=2alled
parenc#ymato%s corte>8 a narro2 4one of p#loem containin" patc#es of non=li"nified p#loem
fi$res8 a comparatively lar"er 4one of >ylem composed mainly of trac#eids and a fe2 vessels!
solitary or in "ro%ps of 9 or @8 rays %niseriate of radially elon"ated pitted parenc#ymato%s
cells8 collapsed pit# 2it# a fe2 remnants of parenc#ymato%s cells attac#ed to t#e >ylem.
Leaf =
5etiole =6S of petiole s#o2s an epidermis consistin" of t#ic3=2alled rectan"%lar cells
interr%pted at places $y %nicell%lar 2arty tric#omes and "land%lar tric#omes 2it# %nicell%lar
#ead and < to @ celled stal38 "ro%nd tiss%e composed of o%ter ; to <A layers of small! t#ic3=
2alled oval parenc#yma filled 2it# $ro2nis# contents and inner ? to ; layers of lar"e oval
parenc#yma cells8 vasc%lar $%ndles present in "ro%nd tiss%e %neN%al in si4e! collateral 2it#
a$a>ial p#loem8 central vasc%lar $%ndle $ein" lar"e! 2it# arc=s#aped >ylem and facin" t#e
concave side of t#e petiole 2#ile t2o small vasc%lar $%ndles present in t#e 2in"s.
Midri$ =6S t#ro%"# midri$ re"ion s#o2s a sin"le layered %pper and lo2er epidermis covered
2it# t#ic3 c%ticle and possessin" a fe2 lon"! t%$ercled %nicell%lar tric#omes 2it# $%l$o%s
$ase8 central 4one of vasc%lar $%ndles containin" arc s#aped >ylem and covered $y
collenc#ymato%s layer on %pper and lo2er side.
Lamina =Dorsiventral8 mesop#yll composed of sin"le layered palisade and C to ; layers of
spon"y parenc#yma8 tanninifero%s sacs in t#e mesop#yll and aro%nd t#e vasc%lar $%ndles8
stomata anomocytic8 stomatal inde> <B to 9A.
5o2der =-reenis#=$ro2n! s#o2s vessels 2it# spiral t#ic3enin"s8 n%mero%s trac#eids! entire
or in pieces8 pitted parenc#ymato%s cells from med%llary rays8 lon"! %nicell%lar tric#omes8
leaf epidermis in s%rface vie2 2it# anomocytic stomata and %nicell%lar tric#omes.
122
&D,(6&6'! 5.R&6' A(D S6R,(-61
6otal as# (ot more t#an <9 percent! Appendi> 9.9.@
Acid=insol%$le as# (ot more t#an 9 percent! Appendi> 9.9.:
Alco#ol=sol%$le e>tractive (ot less t#an : percent! Appendi> 9.9.B
Water=sol%$le e>tractive (ot less t#an <9 percent! Appendi> 9.9.;

6.L.7.
9?:
of A.9 mm
t#ic3ness %sin" c#loroform* met#anol* ammonia (;A*<@*9) as mo$ile p#ase and on sprayin"
2it# anisalde#yde=s%lp#%ric acid rea"ent follo2ed $y #eatin" at <A?
A
for <A min%tes! spots
appear at R
f
A.<9 (violet)! A.9B ("rey)! A.@B ("rey)! A.?< (violet)! A.BC (violet)! A.;C (maroon)!
A.DA ("reen) and A.D: (red).

7)(S6&6.,(6S = 5yrroli4idine al3aloids (#eliotrine! indicine (=o>ide)! tannins.

5R)5,R6&,S A(D A76&)(
Rasa * +aF%! 6i3ta
-%Ga * 63EGa! La"#%
Irya * .EGa
Iip3a * +aF%
+arma * Lvara"#na! Iedan#ara
61,RA5,.6&7 .S,S = Sannipta0vara (#i"# fever d%e to vitiation of all dosas)! JHla (pain
O colic)

12?
33. INDI5ARA (R)!*+,e)
&(DIARA (R#i4ome)
&ndvara consists of t#e r#i4omes of Monoc#oria va"inalis 5resl. Syn. 5ontederia
va"inalis /%rm.f (am. 5ontederiaceae)! an aN%atic #er$ 2it# s#ort! s%$ erect spon"y root
stoc3 fo%nd in rice fields! ditc#es! mar"ins of tan3s and pools! s2amps and mars#es almost
t#ro%"#o%t &ndia! ascendin" %pto <!?AA m in t#e #ills.
S'()('MS * /#a"apatr
R,-&)(AL LA(-.A-, (AM,S
Malayalam * +arin3%vvalam
6amil * +ar%n3%valam! 7en3al%nir 3ilan3%
6el%"% * (ir3anca
D,S7R&56&)(
a) Macroscopic
R#i4ome=clot#ed 2it# leaf s#eat#! spon"y roots! li"#t in 2ei"#t! si4e varia$le! dar3
"reenis# pin3 in colo%r8 no odo%r8 taste! salty.
$) Microscopic
R#i4ome ,pidermis sin"le layered8 cortical re"ion distinct from t#e stelar re"ion
present8 cortical re"ion prominently aerenc#ymato%s 2it# lar"e air c#am$ers d%e to
parenc#ymato%s tra$ec%lae8 several small patc#es of tiss%es present amon" t#e tra$ec%lae!
some of 2#ic# are of %ndifferentiated parenc#yma 2#ile some s#o2 a strand or t2o of >ylem
and p#loem8 several of t#e air c#am$ers s#o2 partition $y a t#in diap#ra"m of one or t2o
layers of t#in 2alled cells 2it# min%te intercell%lar spaces and cross= 2all perforations8
occasionally! a cortical $%ndle 2it# 2ell developed vasc%lar tiss%es 2it#in a distinct
endodermis and air c#am$ers seen! $eneat# 2#ic# a t#ic3 2alled parenc#ymato%s s#eat# of C
or B layers of cells enclosin" t#e >ylem! p#loem and parenc#yma is present8 cortical re"ion
also s#o2s rap#ides! starc# "rains and am$er colo%red amorp#o%s $odies stainin" $ri"#t red
12<
2it# S%dan &&& in fair amo%nts! most of t#em displaced from t#eir ori"inal positions8 stelar
re"ion s%rro%nded $y endodermis! 2it#in 2#ic# n%mero%s patc#es of red%ced vasc%lar
$%ndles containin" a fe2 >ylem and p#loem strands are seen8 air spaces also sporadically
present8 starc# "rains similar to corte> present.
5o2der /lac3is# pin3! s#o2s rap#ides! starc# "rains! parenc#yma! vessel elements
scalariform or pitted8 non septate fi$res ?AA to <AAA P8 circ%lar starc# "rains ; to <9 P in
diameter.
&D,(6&6'! 5.R&6' A(D S6R,(-61

orei"n matter (ot more t#an < percent! Appendi> 9.9.9
6otal as# (ot more t#an <? percent! Appendi> 9.9.@
Acid=insol%$le as# (ot more t#an ? percent! Appendi> 9.9.:
Alco#ol=sol%$le e>tractive (ot less t#an B percent! Appendi> 9.9.B
Water=sol%$le e>tractive (ot less t#an <A percent! Appendi> 9.9.;
i>ed oil (ot less t#an < percent! Appendi> 9.9.D

6.L.7.
9?:
of A.9 mm t#ic3ness %sin" tol%ene* et#yl acetate (C*<) and C drops of formic acid as mo$ile
p#ase and vie2ed %nder .I 9?: nm! spots appear at R
f
A.9<! A.9C! A.@9! A.:9! A.CA and A.B9
(all "reen). .nder .I @CC nm! fl%orescent 4ones appear at R
f
A.<<! A.9< (all 2#ite)! A.9D and
A.BA (navy $l%e)! A.@:! A.:9! A.CA! A.C@ (all reddis# oran"e)! A.:B (violet) and A.?? (pale
$l%e). )n e>pos%re to iodine vapo%r! spots appear at R
f
A.9<! A.9D ($ot# yello2is# $ro2n)!
A.@B ($ro2n)! A.?9! A.CD! A.B: and A.;C (all yello2is# $ro2n). )n dippin" in vanillin=
s%lp#%ric acid rea"ent and #eated at <A?
A
f
A.9< (pale pin3)!
A.9C (reddis# oran"e)! A.@:("rey)! A.@B (pin3)! A.:B (violet)! A.?? (pale violet)! A.C@ (reddis#
$ro2n)! A.B9 (pale violet)! A.B;! A.;C ($ot# "rey) and A.D? (violet).

7)(S6&6.,(6S = Sti"masterol @=)=$eta=D="l%copyranoside.
12-

5R)5,R6&,S A(D A76&)(
Rasa * Mad#%ra
Irya * Jta
Iip3a * Mad#%ra
+arma * /PZ#aGa! /alya! D#apraKamana! 5ittaKma3a! IPEya! Ita=
+ap#avard#a3a
61,RA5,.6&7 .S,S = D#a ($%rnin" sensation)! Da%r$alya (2ea3ness)! D#t%3Eaya
(tiss%e 2astin")! Ra3tapitta ($leedin" disorder)! 'a3Pt vi3ra (disorder of liver)

123
31. .ALAUM'HI (/)+#e $#"0%)
LALA+.M/1 (W#ole 5lant)
Lala3%m$# consists of dried 2#ole plant of 5istia stratiotes L. (am. Araceae)! an
aN%atic monoecio%s stemless plant! rarely anc#ored $y roots! and spreadin" 2it# t#e #elp of
stolons8 fo%nd in 2ater $odies in tropical and s%$=tropical re"ions of &ndia.
S'()('MS * +%m$#i3! IriparG
R,-&)(AL LA(-.A-, (AM,S
/en"ali * 6o3aapaanaa
,n"lis# * Water lett%ce
-%0rati * Lala3%m$#i! Lalas#am3#ala
1indi * 7#oti Lala=3%m$#i! Lala3%m$#i
+annada * Antara "an"e
Malayalam * A3asa t#amara! +%dapayal! M%ttapayal
Marat#i * 5rasni! -ondali
)riya * /ora0#an0i
6amil * A3asa tamarai! +oditamarai
6el%"% * Antara=6amara! (ir%$%d%3i
.rd% * Lala3%m$#i
D,S7R&56&)(
a) Macroscopic
Dr%" consists of rosette leaves arisin" on a condensed stem connected t#ro%"# s#ort!
soft! 2#itis#! #ori4ontal stolons and #avin" lon" t#in! 2iry! fi$ro%s $ranc#ed roots arisin" in
t%ft from t#e lo2er portion of condensed stem opposite t#e leaves8 roots dar3 $ro2n or
$lac3is# in colo%r 2it# dense! fine! filiform $ranc#es arisin" all alon" t#eir len"t#8 len"t# ?
to <A cm! apical re"ion covered over $y root poc3ets! root #airs poorly developed8 aerial
parts pale "reen to yello2is# $ro2n8 rosette consistin" of ? leaves on a condensed a>is8
122
apetiolate! e>stip%late! ca%line! #airy! soft! s#iny8 mar"in smoot#8 ro%"#ly spat#%late! apical
portion e>panded8 pro>imal part strap s#aped8 veins parallel diver"ent! @ to C! %s%ally < or 9!
$if%rcatin" to2ards t#e top portion8 no fr%its or flo2ers present.
$) Microscopic
Leaf = 6S passin" t#ro%"# t#e pro>imal part of leaf s#o2s it to $e iso$ilateral and
flattened8 ventral s%rface sli"#tly rid"ed! 2#ile t#e dorsal side is f%lly conve>8 epidermal
cells t#in 2alled sN%aris# or poly"onal8 c%ticle a$sent* epidermis $earin" a$%ndant
m%lticell%lar #airs varyin" 2idely in len"t# from pro>imal to distal end of leaf $%t "enerally
a$o%t 9AA to :AA P lon" and 9D to @C P 2ide! %niseriate 2it# a c#aracteristic $%l$o%s $ase!
2#ic# ass%mes a sa%cer li3e form in dried samples8 terminal cell of #air 2#en present dra2n
o%t or conical $%t more often incomplete and $ro3en off8 #air more a$%ndant on t#e ventral
side8 stomata a$sent! mesop#yll lac%nate 2it# some cells #avin" spindle s#aped rap#ides and
star li3e dr%ses of calci%m o>alate crystals8 occasionally some s%$ epidermal cells #ave
$ro2n pi"ments in t#em8 circ%lar "ro%ps of %ndifferentiated vasc%lar tracts and mec#anical
tiss%es "enerally present in vertical ro2s of t#ree8 >ylem and p#loem cells poorly developed8
leaf t#inner to2ards t#e distal end8 transection of t#e distal end s#o2s rid"es at re"%lar
intervals correspondin" 2it# main veins on $ot# t#e s%rfaces8 t#ose on t#e lo2er s%rface
more prominent8 strands of mec#anical tiss%e associated 2it# t#e rid"es! one occ%pyin" t#e
centre of t#e %pper rid"e 2#ile anot#er in t#e lo2er rid"e8 %pper rid"e $ecome inconspic%o%s
to2ards t#e distal tip of t#e leaf8 in t#e lamina portion! @ to : layers of s%$epidermal! t#in
2alled cells! compactly arran"ed $elo2 t#e %pper epidermis and #ave a$%ndant and
prominent c#loroplasts8 parenc#ymato%s "ro%nd tiss%e to2ards t#e lo2er epidermis lac%nate8
dr%ses and spindle s#aped "ro%ps of rap#ides present in t#is re"ion also.
Stolon =
6#e stolon is c#aracteri4ed $y a "ro%nd tiss%e s%pportin" lon"it%dinal strands of
%ndifferentiated mec#anical elements and lac%nae centrally8 t#e o%ter : or ? layers $elo2 t#e
epidermis are 2it#o%t lac%nae.
128
5o2der=
6#e po2der reveals m%lticell%lar tric#omes 2it# c#aracteristics $%l$o%s $asal cells and
fra"ments of parenc#yma cells8 rap#ides %pto <BA P lon" and dr%ses %pto :A P in diameter
are a$%ndant.
&D,(6&6'! 5.R&6' A(D S6R,(-61

orei"n matter (ot more t#an C per cent! Appendi> 9.9.9
6otal as# (ot more t#an ?9 per cent! Appendi> 9.9.@
Acid=insol%$le as# (ot more t#an @? per cent! Appendi> 9.9.:

6.L.7.
6.L.7. of t#e alco#olic e>tract on pre=coated silica "el B-B plate of A.9 mm t#ic3ness
%sin" tol%ene* et#yl formate* formic acid (?*:*<) as mo$ile p#ase and 2#en seen %nder .I
@CC nm s#o2s spots at R
f
A.@C and A.:A ($ot# pin3). Sprayin" t#e plate 2it# anisalde#yde*
s%lp#%ric acid rea"ent and on #eatin" for ten min%tes at <A?
A
%nder .I @CC nm s#o2s spots
at R
f
A.@: (cream) A.@; (oran"e $ro2n)! A.?D and A.;; ($ot# "reen).

7)(S6&6.,(6S = lavonoids li3e Iicenin! l%cenin and cyanidina=@="l%coside.

5R)5,R6&,S A(D A76&)(
Rasa * Mad#%ra! 6i3ta! +aF%
-%Ga * La"#%! RH3Ea! Sara
Irya * Jta
Iip3a * Mad#%ra
+arma * /alya! MHtra0anana! Jot#a#ara! 6ridoEa#ara
&M5)R6A(6 )RM.LA6&)(S = Lala3%m$#$#asmaprayo"a]
121
61,RA5,.6&7 .S,S = ArKa (piles)! D#a ($%rnin" sensation)! -ala"aGRa ("oitre)! Lvara
(fever)! +%EF#a (Leprosy O diseases of s3in)! MHtra3Pcc#ra (dys%ria)! JoEa (emaciation)!
Ra3tapitta ($leedin" disorder)
Svarasa (0%ice) * <A to 9A ml

1?0
32. .I5ANTI (R++%)
LIA(6 (Root)
Lvant consists of dried roots of Leptadenia retic%lata W. M A. (am.
Asclepiadaceae)! a m%c# $ranc#ed t2inin" s#r%$! distri$%ted t#ro%"#o%t t#e plains of &ndia!
alon" #ed"es.
S'()('MS * Lvant! J3aKreEt ]a! Lvan
R,-&)(AL LA(-.A-, (AM,S
/en"ali * Li2anti
,n"lis# * 7or3 S2allo2=2ort
-%0rati * Dodee
1indi * Dodi S#a3! Livanti
Malayalam * Atapatiyan
Marat#i * +#eera3#odee! +#ar3#oda
6amil * 5alal33odi
6el%"% * 5alati"e! M%33%t%mm%d%
D,S7R&56&)(
a) Macroscopic
Roots cylindrical! ? to B cm in len"t# and < to @ cm in t#ic3ness! s%rface li"#t $ro2n
to "reyis# $ro2n 2it# lon"it%dinal 2rin3les8 fract%re! to%"#8 fract%red s%rface creamis# and
#orny8 odo%r and taste indistinct.
$) Microscopic
Root s#o2s cor3 consistin" of rectan"%lar and tan"entially elon"ated cells! p#ello"en
< to 9 layered8 p#elloderm consists of t#in 2alled parenc#yma cells 2it# "ro%ps of stone cells
and fi$res scattered in t#e central and lo2er re"ions8 p#loem made %p of sieve t%$es!
companion cells! parenc#yma! fi$res and stone cells $ein" transversed $y %ni to m%ltiseriate
med%llary rays! "ro%ps of fi$res and stone cells present in o%ter p#loem re"ion! stone cells
1?1
are a$o%t CA P in len"t# and 9A P in 2idt#! fi$res are %pto <@AA P in len"t#8 >ylem
represented $y vessels! trac#eids! fi$res! parenc#yma! inter>ylary p#loem and %ni to m%lti
seriate med%llary rays! all >ylem elements e>cept inter>ylary p#loem t#ic3 2alled and
li"nified8 vessels dr%m s#aped or elon"ated 2it# $ordered pits or scalariform t#ic3enin"s!
$ordered pitted trac#eids! fi$res elon"ated 2it# taperin" or $if%rcated ends present8 >ylem
parenc#yma simple pitted8 rosettes of calci%m o>alate crystals present in some of t#e
parenc#yma cells of p#loem and p#elloderm.
5o2der = 5o2der s#o2s rectan"%lar to poly"onal stone cells! vessels 2it# $ordered pits or
scalariform t#ic3enin"s! $order pitted trac#eids! fi$res 2it# taperin" or $if%rcated ends! t#ic3
2alled parenc#yma cells 2it# simple pits and t#in 2alled parenc#yma cells 2it# rosettes of
calci%m o>alate crystals.
&D,(6&6'! 5.R&6' A(D S6R,(-61

6otal as# (ot more t#an <: per cent! Appendi> 9.9.@
Acid=insol%$le as# (ot more t#an <.? per cent! Appendi> 9.9.:
Water=sol%$le e>tractive (ot less t#an @ per cent! Appendi> 9.9.;

6.L.7.
6.L.7. of alco#olic e>tract on precoated silica "el B-B plate %sin" c#loroform*
met#anol*2ater (:*@*<) as mo$ile p#ase and 2#en seen %nder .I 9?: nm s#o2s spots at R
f
A.A<! A.9<! A.9C (all $l%e)! A.?:! and A.B? ($ot# 2#ite).

7)(S6&6.,(6S = 1entriacontanol! Q= and R=amyrin! sti"masterol! R=sitosterol and
flavonoids=diosmetin and l%teolin.

5R)5,R6&,S A(D A76&)(
1?2
-%Ga * La"#%! Sni"d#a
Irya * Jta
Iip3a * Mad#%ra
+arma * Rasyana! /alya! 7a3E%Eya! -r#! IPEya! /PZ#aGa! Stanya0anana!
IiEa"#na! 6ridoEa#ara
&M5)R6A(6 )RM.LA6&)(S = 7yavanaprKa! /r#marasyana! AmPtaprKa "#Pta!
AKo3a "#Pta! /P#atmEataila! Marma"%Fi3! MnasamitravaFa3a! Jvsa#ara 3aEyacHrGa!
-%RHcyditaila
61,RA5,.6&7 .S,S = Atisra (diarr#oea)! D#a ($%rnin" sensation)! Lvara (fever)!
+Eaya (pt#isis)! +sa (co%"#)! JoEa (emaciation)! M%3#aro"a (disease of mo%t#)!
(a3tnd#ya (ni"#t $lindness)! (etraro"a (diseases of t#e eye)! Ra3tapitta ($leedin" disorder)!
6PEG (t#irst)! .ra]3Eata (p%lmonary cavitation)! IraGa (%lcer)

1??
33. ANTAIGULMA (Aer!"# $"r%)
+ASUA+-.LMA (Aerial 5art)
+aGFa3"%lma consists of aerial parts of Lyci%m $ar$ar%m L. Syn. L. e%ropea%m
(am. Solanaceae)! a spino%s s#r%$ "ro2in" %pto one metre or a$ove! 2it# small leaves and
flo2ers! and occ%rs in t#e drier plains of central and so%t#ern penins%la.
S'()('MS * Sita3Gda! 7#atra3eKara
R,-&)(AL LA(-.A-, (AM,S
-%0rati * -an"ro
1indi * 7#iritta
Marat#i * -an"ro
5%n0a$i * -an"er! 7#irc#itta
.rd% * 7#irc#itta
D,S7R&56&)(
a) Macroscopic
/%l3 dr%" consists of $ro3en leaves! pieces of t#orny t2i"s and pieces of stem 9 to :
inc#es lon" and A.@ to A.C cm t#ic38 flo2ers and fr%its may $e present.
Stem =W#ite or "rey! an"%lar to almost sN%aris# in s#ape! 2it# fo%r prominent rid"es! armed
2it# s#arp conical! s#ort t#orns! and occasional lon" ones 2#ic# may $ear leaves.
Leaf =Solitary or more commonly in fascicles! vario%sly s#aped as o$lon"=spat#%late to
linear=lanceolate meas%rin" :.? to C cm lon" and A.C to <.? cm 2ide8 atten%ated into a s#ort
petiole 2#ic# is contin%o%s as t#e midri$ in t#e leaf8 o$t%se tip8 "la$ro%s.
lo2er =lo2ers are solitary or in fascicles! re"%lar! $ise>%al on a small pedicel a$o%t < or 9
cm lon"8 caly> sepals ?! %nited to form a $ell s#aped or t%$%lar caly>! A.: to A.C cm8 corolla
1?<
petals ?! lavender to p%rplis#! li"#t p%rple to 2#ite in colo%r! %nited to more t#an #alf of t#e
len"t# to2ards t#e $ase to form a f%nnel s#aped corolla t%$e! t#e rest of t#e portion spreadin"
as free lo$es! a$o%t A.B to <.? cm lon"8 androeci%m stamens ?! free! adnate to t#e corolla
t%$e! ant#er lo$es %nited! filaments lon"8 "ynoeci%m carples 9! %nited! ovary s%perior! t2o
celled! ov%les n%mero%s in eac# loc%le.
r%it A $erry 2it# persistent caly>8 ovoid to o$lon"8 $ri"#t red! dar3 red! or oran"eis# yello2
in colo%r8 a$o%t A.; to 9 cm lon" and A.C to A.; cm in diameter8 seeds some2#at flat or
discoid in s#ape! a$o%t 9 mm in diameter! em$edded in t#e fles#y p%lp of t#e fr%it.
$) Microscopic
Stem =6S almost sN%aris# in o%tline 2it# fo%r prominent rid"es at t#e corners and
fo%r minor rid"es at t#e centre of eac# side8 epidermis made %p of sin"le layer of $arrel
s#aped cells covered $y c%ticle8 corte> composed of : or ? layers of collenc#yma and @ to :
layers of parenc#yma8 idio$lasts present! several filled 2it# lar"e rosettes of calci%m o>alate
and a fe2 pac3ed 2it# microsp#enoidal crystals of calci%m o>alate8 patc#es of pericyclic
fi$res present8 vasc%lar $%ndles present $elo2 t#e rid"es! consists of an o%ter rin" of ? or C
ro2s of p#loem! 9 or @ layered cam$i%m! a >ylem 2it# lar"e "ro%ps of >ylem vessels! >ylem
fi$res! >ylem parenc#yma and inter>ylary p#loem! alternatin" 2it# smaller $%ndles 2it#
>ylem vessels! >ylem fi$res! and >ylem parenc#yma8 t2o vasc%lar $%ndles opposite to eac#
ot#er present in t#e parenc#ymato%s pit# 2#ic# also s#o2s idio$lasts filled 2it#
microsp#enoidal crystals of calci%m o>alate.
Leaf =
Midri$ 6S s#o2s fo%r vasc%lar $%ndles8 corte> made %p of collenc#yma and parenc#yma8 a
fe2 cells of idio$last in t#e "ro%nd tiss%e are filled 2it# lar"e rosettes of calci%m o>alate8
epidermis made %p of $arrel s#aped cells covered $y a c%ticle and lon" 2arty tric#omes
1?-
Lamina =Dorsiventral8 %pper epidermis follo2ed $y 9 or @ layers of palisade tiss%e8 a fe2
idio$last present in palisade containin" lar"e rosettes of calci%m o>alate! follo2ed $y 9 or @
layers of spon"y tiss%e.
5o2der =Li"#t "reen! taste sli"#tly astrin"ent8 odo%r c#aracteristic8 s#o2s fra"ments of
lamina! rosettes of calci%m o>alate crystals! lon" tric#omes ran"in" from :; to <A? mm in
len"t#! made %p of t2o to t#ree cells o%t of 2#ic# t#e apical one is lon"! 2arty and cad%co%s
2#ereas t#e lo2er ones are small 2it# smoot# 2alls8 >ylem vessels! %pper and lo2er
epidermis made %p of sli"#tly 2avy 2alls covered $y paracytic stomata and tric#omes or
$ase of tric#omes8 epidermis of t#e stem in sectional vie2! radially c%t med%llary rays! fi$res
2it# t#ic3 2alls and narro2 l%men! non=septate! li"nified! ran"in" from @? to BA mm in
len"t#.
&D,(6&6'! 5.R&6' A(D S6R,(-61
Alco#ol=sol%$le e>tractive (ot less t#an :.? per cent! Appendi> 9.9.B

6.L.7.
6.L.7. of met#anolic e>tract on precoated silica "el B-B CA
9?:
plate of A.9 mm
t#ic3ness %sin" c#loroform* met#anol (D*<) as mo$ile p#ase and on sprayin" 2it#
anisalde#yde s%lp#%ric acid rea"ent follo2ed $y #eatin" at <A?
A
for ? min! spots appear at R
f
A.<@ ($l%e)! A.9C! A.@A! A.@D! A.?9 A.CA (all li"#t p%rple)! A.B; (li"#t pin3)! A.;B and A.DC
($ot# pin3).

7)(S6&6.,(6S = 6ropane al3aloid li3e atropine! streoidal sapo"enin li3e dios"enin and
flavonoids li3e N%ercetin and r%tin.

1?3
5R)5,R6&,S A(D A76&)(
Rasa * 6i3ta
-%Ga * La"#%! RH3Ea
Irya * Jta
Iip3a * +aF%
+arma * 7a3E%Eya! Dpanya! MHtrala
61,RA5,.6&7 .S,S = A"nimndya (di"estive impairment)! DantaKHla (toot#ac#e)!
Lalodara (ascites)! +aGRH (itc#in")! Ra3trKa ($leedin" piles)
D)S, = 7HrGa (po2der) * 9 to ? "

1?2
34. ARA$HSA (R++%)
+ARA51SA (Root)
+arap#sa consists of dried roots of Api%m "raveolens L. (am. Apiaceae)! an erect
#er$ 2it# conspic%o%sly 0ointed stems "ro2n in 5%n0a$! 1aryana and .ttar 5rades#.
S'()('MS * Dpya3a
R,-&)(AL LA(-.A-, (AM,S
Assamese * /on0amani! /ona0ain! 'amani! A0o2an
/en"ali * Rand#%ni! /anyamani
-%0rati * /odi A0amo! A0amo
1indi * A0m%da! A0mod
+annada * )ma! A0avana! )ma33i
Malayalam * Ayamoda3%m! )man
Marat#i * A0moda )va
)riya * /ana0%ani
5%n0a$i * Ial0a2ain! A0mod
6el%"% * (%ran0i vam%
.rd% * +arafs
D,S7R&56&)(
a) Macroscopic
Root= (%mero%s! %pto <? cm lon" and <.? cm t#ic3! filiform! taperin"! ro%"#!
2rin3led! #avin" root #airs8 e>ternally dirty 2#ite! internally pale in colo%r8 fract%re smoot#8
odo%r none8 taste none.
$) Microscopic
6S root s#o2s o%ter layer of periderm composed of cor3 cells! p#ello"en and
p#elloderm8 follo2ed $y loosely arran"ed! t#in 2alled parenc#ymato%s corte>8 secondary
p#loem re"ion consists of sieve elements! p#loem rays and p#loem parenc#yma! cells t#in
1?8
2alled and #e>a"onal8 cam$i%m composed of a fe2 layers 2#ic# separate secondary p#loem
from secondary >ylem8 secondary >ylem consists of trac#eids! vessels! >ylem re"ion
traversed $y %niseriate and $eseriate med%llary rays.
5o2der S#o2s %nder microscope! vessels! some tailed! elon"ated 2alls 2it# pits arran"ed in
a scalariform manner8 simple perforation8 trac#eid 2alls $ear elon"ated pits8 fi$res elon"ated!
pointed at $ot# t#e ends! len"t# ran"in" from <:A to ??A P and $readt# $et2een <9 to 99 P .
&D,(6&6'! 5.R&6' A(D S6R,(-61

orei"n matter (ot more t#an ? per cent! Appendi> 9.9.9
Iolatile oil (ot less t#an A.A? per cent! Appendi> 9.9.<9

6.L.7.
6.L.7. of essential oil and met#anolic e>tract on silica "el B-B precoated plate %sin"
et#yl acetate* #e>ane as mo$ile p#ase and 2#en seen %nder .I li"#t (@C? nm) s#o2s spot at
R
f
A.;< (pin3 to p%rple fl%orescence). )n sprayin" 2it# 9W vanillin=s%lf%ric acid s#o2s spot
at R
f
A.9A and on sprayin" 2it# Dragendorff's rea"ent / ?AW s%lf%ric acid! 2it# 9*:
dinitrop#enylt#ydra4ine.

7)(S6&6.,(6S = Q=5inene! R=pinene! limonene! pentyl$en4ene! R=selinen! @=n=$%tyl
p#t#alide.

5R)5,R6&,S A(D A76&)(
Rasa * +aF%! +aEya
-%Ga * La"#%! RH3Ea
Irya * .EGa
1?1
Iip3a * +aF%
+arma * Dpana! +ap#a#ara! MHtrala! Sveda0anana! Ita#ara
61,RA5,.6&7 .S,S = AKmar (calc%l%s)! /astiro"a (diseases of %rinary system)!
-Pd#ras (Sciatica)! 1i33 (#icc%p)! Lalodara (ascites)! +ap#a0a Jiroro"a (catarr#al siro=ro"a
O sin%sitis)! +ap#a0vara (fever d%e to +ap#a doEa)! MHtr"#ta (%rinary o$str%ction)!
MastiE3ada%r$alya (ne%rost#enia)! 5PEF#aKHla (l%m$a"o)! 5rKvaKHla (intercostal ne%ral"ia
and ple%rodynia)! SarvQ"a Kop#a (anasarca)! JHla (pain O colic)! .daraKHla (pain in t#e
a$domen)! .dararo"a (diseases of a$domen)! Itara3ta (-o%t)! 'a3Ptpl# Ii3ra (diseases
of liver and spleen)
D)S, = 7HrGa (po2der) * ? to B "

1<0
35. ATUGULMA (/)+#e $#"0%)
+AU.-.LMA (W#ole 5lant)
+aF%"%lma is t#e 2#ole plant of 6oddalia asiatica (L.) Lam. Syn. 6oddalia ac%leata
5ers. (am. R%taceae)! a scandent! pric3ly lar"e s#r%$ fo%nd in almost all parts of penins%lar
&ndia.
S'()('MS * 1emamHl
R,-&)(AL LA(-.A-, (AM,S
/en"ali * +ada=todali
,n"lis# * Wild oran"e tree! Lope4 tree! orest pepper
1indi * Lan"li=3alimirc#! Da#an! +an0a
+annada * +aad%menas%! M%ll%masti"e
Malayalam * +a3a toddali
Marat#i * Limri! Man"er
)riya * 6%ndpora
6amil * Mila"aranai! +att%mila"%! Mila"%! 7#aranai
6el%"% * Mirapa"andra
D,S7R&56&)(
a) Macroscopic
Root =/ranc#ed and 2oody8 ; to 9A mm in t#ic3ness8 yello2is# $ro2n e>ternally and
cream colo%red on c%t s%rface8 inner side of t#e root $ar3 $ro2n in colo%r8 fract%re #ard and
splintery8 $itter and sli"#tly aromatic.
Stem =7ylindrical! pric3ly! "reen! p%$er%lent and more pric3ly 2#en yo%n"! dar3 $ro2n
2#en mat%re8 pric3les "reyis# $ro2n! stiff! rec%rved! < to @ mm lon"8 yo%n" pric3les 2it#
reddis# $ro2n tip8 yo%n" stem olive "reen 2#en dry8 mat%re stem $ro2nis# 2it# lenticels! :
to <A mm in t#ic3ness8 internodes 9.? to : cm lon".
1<1
Leaf =5almately compo%nd! alternate! 2it# t#ree leaflets! "land dotted8 stra2 yello2 to olive
"reen8 leat#ery8 petiole < to : cm lon" and #ave < to : pric3les at t#e $ase8 lamina : to D cm
lon" and < to : cm $road! "la$ro%s8 mar"in entire to crenate! $ase c%neate and sometimes
sli"#tly o$liN%e! tip ac%te and notc#ed8 veins <? to 9C pairs! midri$ prominent and 2it# a fe2
pric3les a$a>ially8 #i"#ly aromatic.
&nflorescence =A>illary racemes or panicles of C cm len"t#8 ped%ncles armed! solitary or
paired8 flo2ers creamy yello2! : mm across8 fr%it a pea si4ed $erry! "lo$ose! oran"e=red
2#en ripe! seeds < to @! #ard and s#iny.
$) Microscopic
Root 6S s#o2s cor3 consistin" of <A to 9A layers of elon"ated! li"nified cells8 corte>
made of irre"%lar or poly#edral parenc#ymato%s cells8 p#loem not prominent8 >ylem t#ic3
2alled! 2it# pitted vessels! trac#eids and >ylem parenc#yma8 some cortical cells and >ylem
parenc#yma contain resin8 med%llary rays %s%ally $i or %niseriate and occasionally
m%ltiseriate! #avin" starc# "rains.
Stem =6S of t#e stem is circ%lar in o%tline8 epidermis 2it# small rectan"%lar cells and a t#ic3
c%ticle8 follo2ed $y a corte> of : to C poly"onal cells! some of 2#ic# are yello2is# $ro2n
#avin" oil "lo$%les8 some corte> cells also contain many small starc# "rains8 corte> follo2ed
$y a discontin%o%s rin" of sclerenc#yma of @ or : layers formin" pericycle8 p#loem consists
of p#loem parenc#yma! companion cells and sieve t%$es8 >ylem vessels often in m%ltiples of
@ to ; in radial ro2s8 med%llary rays prominent! pit# parenc#ymato%s8 some pit# cells contain
small! cl%ster crystals of calci%m o>alate and most perip#eral pit# cells contain many small
starc# "rains.
Leaf
5etiole =6S almost circ%lar in o%tline8 epidermal cells t#ic3 2alled! small and rectan"%lar8
c%ticle present! a sin"le layer of collenc#yma follo2ed $y C to ; layers of an"%lar
1<2
parenc#yma8 pericycle sclerenc#ymato%s as a discontin%o%s rin"8 stele is a rin"8 t#e p#loem
layer s%rro%nds t#e >ylem8 pit# parenc#ymato%s.
Midri$ =6S of t#e midri$ s#o2s an epidermis 2it# a t#in c%ticle8 it is follo2ed $y a small
"ro%p of poly"onal parenc#ymato%s cells of ? to ; layers! 2it# a part of palisade from t#e
lamina on eit#er side8 stele is an interr%pted rin"! 2it# vasc%lar $%ndle in a crescent s#ape on
t#e a$a>ial side and smaller one formin" an arc on t#e ada>ial side! parenc#ymato%s patc#es
in $et2een8 $ot# #ave a sclerenc#ymato%s cap follo2ed $y p#loem and >ylem8 t#e
proto>ylem faces to2ards t#e central parenc#ymato%s pit#! ? to B layers of parenc#ymato%s
cells form t#e "ro%nd tiss%e $et2een stele and t#e a$a>ial epidermis.
Lamina =.pper epidermis follo2ed $y 9 or @ layers of palisade cells8 t#e mesop#yll tiss%e #as
loosely arran"ed circ%lar cells 2it# lot of intercell%lar spaces8 small cl%ster crystals of
calci%m o>alate present t#ro%"#o%t t#e lamina8 some cells of t#e lamina contain yello2is#
$ro2n oil droplets8 stomata anomocytic.
5o2der ='ello2is# $ro2n! microscopy s#o2s rosettes of calci%m o>alate crystals 9: to @A P
across and prisms8 "lo$%lar starc# "rains of a$o%t B P across8 $ro2nis# and yello2is# $ro2n
resino%s pieces8 stone cells of @? to B? P len"t#8 fi$res of a$o%t <? P 2idt#8 spiral! ann%lar!
retic%late! scalariform and simple and $ordered pitted vessels8 fra"ments of trac#eids and
epidermis 2it# anomocytic stomata.
&D,(6&6'! 5.R&6' A(D S6R,(-61

Acid=insol%$le as# (ot more t#an A.: per cent! Appendi> 9.9.:

1<?
6.L.7.
%sin" #e>ane*c#loroform*met#anol (B.?*9*A.?) as mo$ile p#ase and on sprayin" 2it#
A
for ? min%tes s#o2s spots at

R
f
A.<:
("rey)! A.9 (li"#t violet)! A.@9 (pin3)! A.?9 (li"#t $ro2n)! A. CC (violet)! A.B@ (pin3) and A.;;
(li"#t pin3).

7)(S6&6.,(6S = Al3aloids8 toddaline! toddalinine! s3immianine and $er$erine. )t#er
constit%ents incl%de citric acid! an oil! resin! pectin and starc#.

5R)5,R6&,S A(D A76&)(
Rasa * +aF%! 6i3ta
-%Ga * La"#%! RH3Ea
Irya * .EGa
Iip3a * +aF%
+arma * 5cana! Dpana! JtapraKamana! Jot#a"#na! Svedana
61,RA5,.6&7 .S,S = A"nimndya (di"estive impairment)! +ap#avtavyd#i (disorders
d%e to +ap#a and Ita doEa)! AQ"amarda ($ody ac#e)! Atisra (diarr#oea)! Lvara (fever)!
+Pmi (2orm infestation)! +%EF#a (Leprosy O diseases of s3in)! IiEama0vara (intermittent
fever)
D)S, = 7HrGa (po2der)* A.? to 9 "

1<<
3&. ESHARA.A (/)+#e $#"0%)
+,JARLA (W#ole 5lant)
+eKar0a consists of dried 2#ole plant e>cl%din" roots of Wedelia c#inensis Merril
Syn. Wedelia calend%lacea Less (am. Asteraceae)! a proc%m$ent! perennial #er$ 2it# li"#t
camp#or=li3e odo%r! A.@=A.D m #ei"#t! distri$%ted in 2et places t#ro%"#o%t t#e co%ntry in
plains.
S'()('MS * 5ita$#PQ"ar0a! Avanti
R,-&)(AL LA(-.A-, (AM,S
/en"ali * /#ran"ara0a
1indi * 5ilaa$#an"raa
+annada * +alsar0i! -ar"ari
Malayalam * Manna33ann%nni
)riya * +esandara
6amil * Man0al3arilaam3anni! 5aatalai +ayyaanta3arai
6el%"% * 5acc#a "%nta"ali0er%
D,S7R&56&)(
a) Macroscopic
Stem= 9 to : mm in diameter8 flat! nodes and internodes prominent! rootin" at t#e
lo2er nodes8 sli"#tly #airy8 $lac3is# $ro2n in colo%r8 fract%re! s#ort8 sli"#tly p%n"ent in
taste.
Leaf= )pposite! s%$sessile! linear=o$lon"! o$lanceolate! mar"in entire! sca$ro%s 2it# s#ort
2#ite #airs or more or less "la$ro%s8 $ase taperin"8 dar3 "reen! odo%rless! tasteless8 $ot#
fres# and dry leaves leave $lac3 stain on t#e fin"ers! 2#en cr%s#ed as s%c# or 2it# 2ater.
1<-
lo2er= 1eads solitary on lon" slender a>illary ped%ncles 2it# ray and disc florets! invol%cre
$racts lar"e! o$lon" o$t%se! m%c# lon"er t#an t#e disc floret8 ray florets female! li"%late!
li"%le 9 or @ toot#ed! yello2! style lon" ac%te and rec%rved8 fr%it ac#ene! triN%etro%s! tip
tr%ncate! disc floret $ise>%al! t%$%lar! lim$ elon"ated! five toot#ed! ant#er syn"enesio%s!
epipetalo%s! filament fine 2it# #airy tips! style lon"! ac%te and fr%it c#aracters are t#e same
as in ray floret8 no papp%s.
$) Microscopic
Stem 6S almost circ%lar in o%tline! c%ticle t#in! some epidermal cells filled 2it#
yello2is# contents! follo2ed $y @ to ? layers of collenc#ymato%s #ypodermis8 corte>
aerenc#ymato%s! 2it# lar"e intercell%lar spaces! endodermis and pericycle distinct! latter in
t#e form of sclerenc#ymato%s cap over vasc%lar $%ndles! cam$i%m distinct! p#loem consists
of sieve t%$es! companion cells and p#loem parenc#yma! >ylem in t#e form of a contin%o%s
rin"! pit# lar"e! collenc#ymato%s 2it# cells s#o2in" a little t#ic3enin" at t#e an"les.
Leaf
Midri$ = 6S sli"#tly conve> in o%tline on t#e %pper side! more conve>ed on t#e lo2er side!
%pper and lo2er epidermis covered $y t#in c%ticle! : to C and 9 or @ layers of collenc#yma
present ad0acent to %pper and lo2er epidermis respectively! $icollateral vasc%lar $%ndles! @ to
? in n%m$er one median lar"e and 9 or : lateral small! distinct sclerenc#ymato%s $%ndle
s#eat# present top and $ottom of t#e $%ndle! >ylem and p#loem consist of %s%al elements!
mesop#yll parenc#ymato%s! some cells filled 2it# dr%ces and r#om$oidal crystals of calci%m
o>alate.
Lamina = Dorsiventral8 $ot# %pper and lo2er epidermis covered 2it# t#in c%ticle! in s%rface
vie2 $ot# epidermis s#o2 an isocytic to anisocyctic stomata! 9 types of tric#omes! (i) lon"!
%nicell%lar! 2alls 2arty! 2it# D to <9 radiatin" $asal epidermal cells! (ii) small @ to ? celled!
$asal epidermal cells not differentiated8 %pper epidermis follo2ed $y sin"le layered palisade
parenc#yma! spon"y parenc#yma C to ; layered! loosely arran"ed8 mesop#yll traversed $y a
lar"e n%m$er of veins! idio$lasts containin" dr%ses and r#om$oidal crystals of calci%m
o>alate present in t#is re"ion! palisade ratio @ or :! vein islet 9 to ? Omm
9
and vein
1<3
termination n%m$ers ? to D Omm
9
2#ile tric#ome n%m$ers @ to D and stomatal inde> <9 to <:
on %pper s%rface and 99 to 9? on lo2er s%rface of t#e leaf.
5o2der 'ello2is# "reen! pleasant smell and $itter taste! on microscopic e>amination
%nicell%lar and m%lticell%lar tric#omes8 patc#es of epidermal cells of leaf 2it# anisocytic
stomata! idio$lasts containin" dr%ses and prismatic crystals of calci%m o>alate! palisade cells!
"ro%ps of papillate epidermal cells of petals and $racts! endot#elial cells! parenc#ymato%s
cells of ant#er lo$e! pollen "rains! acolpate! %pto <A P in diameter 2it# spino%s e>ine! fi$res
of $%ndle s#eat# and pericycle! trac#eids and vessels 2it# spiral! scalariform and retic%late
secondary 2all t#ic3enin"s.
&D,(6&6'! 5.R&6' A(D S6R,(-61

6otal as# (ot more t#an D.? per cent! Appendi> 9.9.@
Alco#ol=sol%$le e>tractive (ot less t#an 9.9.B
Water=sol%$le e>tractive (ot less t#an @< per cent! Appendi> 9.9.;

6.L.7.
6.L.7. of met#anolic e>tract on precoated silica "el B-B plate of A.9 mm t#ic3ness!
%sin" et#yl acetate* met#anol* 2ater (B*@*<) as mo$ile p#ase and on sprayin" 2it#
anisalde#yde=s%lp#%ric acid rea"ent and #eatin" t#e plate at <A?
A
at A.:B (li"#t yello2)! A.?; (li"#t "rey)! A.B? ($lac3is# "rey)! A.;< (li"#t "rey)! A.;D
(yello2is# or"an"e) and A.D9 (li"#t "rey).

7)(S6&6.,(6S = 7o%mestan (mi>t%re of 2edelolactone and demet#yl2edelolactone)8
nor2edelic acid! nor2edelolactone! tri=o=met#yl2edelolactone and R=amyrin.

5R)5,R6&,S A(D A76&)(
Rasa * +aF%! 6i3ta! +aEya
1<2
-%Ga * 63EGa
Irya * .EGa
Iip3a * +aF%
+arma * Ita#ara! +ap#a#ara! MHtrala! 1Pdya! IPEya! Sveda3ara! +eKya!
/alya
&M5)R6A(6 )RM.LA6&)(S = -ra#aGmi#ira taila! AKo3a "#Pta! /P#at
IiEama0varnta3a la%#a
61,RA5,.6&7 .S,S = ArKa (piles)! Atisra (diarr#oea)! Da%r$alya (2ea3ness)! 1Pdro"a
(#eart diseases)! &ndral%pta (alopecia)! Lvara (fever)! +Pmi (2orm infestation)!
+mal (La%ndice)! +sa (co%"#)! 5GR% (anaemia)! 5l#avPdd#i (splenome"aly)! Jira]KHla
(#eadac#e)! Jlpada (ilariasis)! Strro"a ("ynaecolo"ical disorders)! JHla (pain O colic)!
Jvsa (Ast#ma)! IraGa (%lcer)

1<8
3(. ETAI (S%!#% R++%)
+,6A+ (Stilt Root)
+eta3 consists of t#e stilt roots of 5andan%s odoratissim%s Ro>$. Syn. 5.
fascic%laris Lam3. 5. tectori%s Soland. e> 5ar3inson (am. 5andanaceae)! a densely
$ranc#ed s#%r$! rarely erect! fo%nd alon" t#e coasts of &ndia and in Andaman islands!
formin" a $elt of dense! impenetra$le ve"etation a$ove t#e #i"# 2ater mar3.
S'()('MS * +eta3a! Ra0a ]p%Epa! SHcip%Epa! 6PGaKHnya
R,-&)(AL LA(-.A-, (AM,S
/en"ali * +eya! +eori
,n"lis# * ra"rant Scre2pine! Scre2pine! 7aldera /%s#
-%0rati * +e2ado
1indi * +eora! +evadaa! +e2da
+annada * 6#aale #o%! +eda"e! M%ndi"e! +iyari"e
Malayalam * 6a4#a! 6aalamp%
Marat#i * +evdaa
)riya * +eto3i! +ia
5%n0a$i * +evda
6amil * 6a4amp%! 6a4#ai! 6alai
6el%"% * Mo"ali! Mo"ili
.rd% * +e2daa
D,S7R&56&)(
a) Macroscopic
Dr%" consists of c#opped pieces of t#ic3 stilt roots! s%rface smoot# $earin"
pro0ections of circ%lar root scars8 colo%r as# $ro2n! c%t s%rface pale $ro2n8 fract%re
fi$ro%s8 no c#aracteristic odo%r or taste.
1<1
$) Microscopic
Stilt root = 7%ticle t#ic38 epidermis a sin"le layer of ta$%lar cells8 corte> 2ide! o%ter 4one
of corte> consistin" of irre"%lar! loose! small poly"onal! fairly t#ic3 2alled parenc#yma cells8
inner 4one consists of lar"er t#in 2alled! circ%lar! more compact parenc#yma cells 2it#
small to 2ide scattered air c#am$ers8 n%mero%s "ro%p of fi$res present8 stele consists of a
distinct endodermis and a pericyclic layer! follo2ed $y p#loem8 "ro%nd tiss%e
parenc#ymato%s! n%mero%s circ%lar scattered >ylem elements.
5o2der = /ro2nis# po2der! revealin" t#e presence of parenc#yma cells! fi$res 2it# :AA to CAA
P len"t#! l%men <9 to <C P 2idt#! some %pto BAA P in len"t#8 occasionally $road and
narro2 vessel elements 2it# elon"ated pits also seen.
&D,(6&6'! 5.R&6' A(D S6R,(-61


6.L.7.
9?:
of A.9
mm t#ic3ness %sin" tol%ene* et#yl acetate (?*<.?) as solvent system and 2#en seen %nder .I 9?:
nm s#o2s spots at R
f
A.<@! A.:B! A.B<! A.BC and A.;A (all "reen). .nder .I @CC nm! spots
appear at R
f
A.9B! A.@<! A.@C! A.:: A.?C! A.B<! and A.BC (all $l%e). )n e>pos%re to iodine
vapo%r! spots appear at R
f
A.<@! A.9<! A.?A! A.C<! A.B@ and A.D; (all $ro2n). )n dippin" in
vanillin =s%lp#%ric acid rea"ent and on #eatin" at <A?
A
for ? min%tes spots appear at R
f
A.<C!
A.99! A.9B! A.@9! A.:;! A.?:! A.BA! A.B?! A.;D and A.DC (all "rey).

1-0
7)(S6&6.,(6S = 5#yscion8 p=#ydro>y$en4oic acid! cirsilineol! n=triacontanol! R=
sitosterol! Sti"masterol! campesterol! da%costerol! sti"mast=:=en=@! C=dione! andamarine!
piperidine.

5R)5,R6&,S A(D A76&)(
-%Ga * Sni"d#a! La"#%
Irya * Jta
Iip3a * +aF%
+arma * /alya! De#adrR#ya3ara! 1Pdya! 5ittaKma3a! Rasyana! Stam$#ana
&M5)R6A(6 )RM.LA6&)(S = /la3eta3ydi +aEya
61,RA5,.6&7 .S,S = -%lma (a$dominal l%mp)! Lvara (fever)! MHtra3Pcc#ra (dys%ria)!
5radara (e>cessive va"inal disc#ar"e)! Ra3tapitta ($leedin" disorder)! 6va3ro"a (s3in
diseases)
D)S, = 7HrGa (po2der) * < to 9 "
+vt#a (decoction) * @A to ?A ml

1-1
3-. ITAMARI (Le"2)
+UAMR (Leaf)
+Famr consists of t#e leaves of Aristoloc#ia $racteolata Lam. Syn. A. $racteata
Ret4. (am. Aristoloc#iaceae)! a slender! dec%m$ent! "la$ro%s perennial! occ%rrin" in
plains t#ro%"#o%t &ndia.
S'()('MS * JPQ"ap%Ep! +tri! D#Hmrapatr
R,-&)(AL LA(-.A-, (AM,S
/en"ali * +iramar
,n"lis# * /racteated $irt#2ort
-%0rati * +idaamaari
1indi * +itmaar! +iramar! +itmaari! +idaamaari
+annada * +at##e3ir%$ana"ida
Malayalam * Ad%t#inapalai! At%=tinlap
Marat#i * +idaamaari! +idemaar
)riya * 5aaniri
5%n0a$i * +itamar
6amil * Aad%=tinna=paalai
6el%"% * -adida "adapa! 6ella is2ari
D,S7R&56&)(
a) Macroscopic
Leaves very varia$le in si4e! reniform or $roadly ovate! cordate at $ase 2it# a 2ide
s#allo2 sin%s! cren%late! %nd%late! "la$ro%s a$ove and "la%co%s $eneat#! finely retic%lately
veined8 petiole < to 9.? cm lon"! nerves impressed8 taste $itter! fee$ly aromatic 2#en
cr%s#ed! $%t not c#aracteristic.
1-2
$) Microscopic
Leaf=
5etiole = 6S almost an"%lar in o%tline! 2it# one depression on t#e %pper and t2o
depressions on t#e lo2er s%rface8 epidermis sin"le layered follo2ed $y @ or : ro2s of
collenc#yma8 $elo2 t#e rid"es a$o%t : or ? layers of c#lorenc#yma present8 vasc%lar $%ndles
five in n%m$er arran"ed in a s#allo2 arc8 "ro%nd tiss%e parenc#ymato%s.
Midri$ = Midri$ s#o2s a sli"#tly conve> o%tline ada>ially! and almost circ%lar a$a>ially8
epidermal cells sin"le layered8 t#e %pper and lo2er s%$=epidermal re"ion composed of 9
to : layers of collenc#yma8 a sin"le vasc%lar strand present8 "ro%nd tiss%e is made %p of
parenc#yma cells8 %nicell%lar epidermal #airs present on a$a>ial epidermis.
Lamina = 6S s#o2s dorsiventral str%ct%re8 epidermis sin"le layered! composed of
rectan"%lar cells8 tric#ome occasional on %pper s%rface! simple and %nicell%lar8 palisade
sin"le layer8 spon"y tiss%e composed of loosely pac3ed circ%lar to oval cells8 vasc%lar
strands present8 stomata anomocytic! present on $ot# epidermis8 in s%rface vie2! ada>ial
epidermal cells strai"#t 2alled! $%t a$a>ial cells rat#er 2avy8 stomatal n%m$er C to D O
mm
9
for ada>ial epidermis and 9@ to 9B O mm
9
for a$a>ial epidermis 8 stomatal inde> for
ada>ial epidermis C to <9 and for a$a>ial epidermis <C to 9:8 palisade ratio ? or C8 vein
islet n%m$er ; to <9.
5o2der =-reyis# "reen! s#o2s t#e presence of palisade cells! fra"ments of epidermis
2it# strai"#t or sli"#tly 2avy 2alls and anomocytic stomata! parenc#yma and
collenc#yma cells seen! vessels 2it# #elical! mostly scalariform and occasionally
pitted t#ic3enin"s on 2alls o$served.
&D,(6&6'! 5.R&6' A(D S6R,(-61

Acid=insol%$le as# (ot more t#an <.@ per cent! Appendi> 9.9.:
Alco#ol=sol%$le e>tractive (ot less t#an <9.; per cent! Appendi> 9.9.B
1-?
Water=sol%$le e>tractive (ot less t#an 9?.? per cent! Appendi> 9.9.;
i>ed oil (ot less t#an ?.@ per cent! Appendi> 9.9.D

6.L.7.
6.L.7. of met#anolic e>tract on precoated al%mini%m silica "el B-B CA
9?:
plate of
A.9 mm t#ic3ness %sin" tol%ene* et#yl acetate* formic acid (?*<.?*A.?) as mo$ile p#ase and
2#en seen %nder .I @CC nm s#o2s fl%orescent spots at R
f
A.<? ($l%e)! A.9A! A.9C ($ot#
2#ite)! A.@C ($l%e)! A.:@! A.:C ($ot# pin3)! A.:D ($l%e)! A.?C (li"#t pin3)! A.C9 ($l%is# pin3)!
A.CC (dar3 $l%e)! A.B: ($l%e)! A.BD! A.;C! A.D< (all pin3)! A.DC (dar3 $l%e). .nder .I 9?: nm!
spots appear at R
f
A.9A! A.@C! A.:D! A.?C! A.B?! A.;C! A.DC (all "reen). )n dippin" in vanillin
= s%lp#%ric acid and #eatin" t#e plate for ? min%tes at <A?
A
s#o2s spots at R
f
A.<?! A.9A!
A.9C! A.@C! A.:@! A.:C! A.:D! A.?C! A.C9! A.CC! A.B:! A.BD! A.;C! A.D< and A.DC (all "rey).

7)(S6&6.,(6S = Aristoloc#ic acid8 ma"noflorine8 (=acetylnorn%ciferine8 aristolactam8
R=sitosterol and ceryl alco#ol.

5R)5,R6&,S A(D A76&)(
Rasa * 6i3ta
Irya * .EGa
Iip3a * +aF%
+arma * Dpana! -ar$#Kayotte0a3a! +ap#a#ara! +sa#ara! +Pmi"#na!
+%EF#a"#na! R%cya! Ita#ara! Iirecana! IiEa"#na! IraGaKod#ana
61,RA5,.6&7 .S,S = +Pmi (2orm infestation)! +aEFrtava (dysmenorr#oea)!
Sand#iKHla (0oint pain)! Jtapitta (%rticaria)! Jot#a (inflammation)! 6va3ro"a (s3in diseases)!
IiEama0vara (intermittent fever)! Iicarci3 (ec4ema)! IraGa (%lcer)
1-<

31. UMARI5ETRA (R)!*+,e)
+.MRI,6RA (R#i4ome)
+%mrvetra consists of t#e r#i4omes of 7alam%s t#2aitesii /ecc. (am. Arecaceae)!
an %narmed! erect or #i"# clim$in" cane palm 2it#o%t sto%t stem! common in t#e ever"reen
forests of Western -#ats.
S'()('MS * S%Eira 3GRa ]
R,-&)(AL LA(-.A-, (AM,S
+annada * Ledd% $etta! +%maari $etta
Malayalam * Ialiya c#%ral
Marat#i * Ieta
6amil * Ianc#i
D,S7R&56&)(
a) Macroscopic
Dr%" consists of c#opped pieces of r#i4ome 2it# a fe2 intact roots8 $ar3 dar3 $ro2n
and smoot#8 e>ternal s%rface s#o2s remnants of root scars8 c%t s%rface reddis# $ro2n8
fract%re! fi$ro%s8 no c#aracteristic taste or odo%r.
$) Microscopic
R#i4ome ,pidermis sin"le layered! follo2ed $y a #ypodermis of ? to C layers of
sclerenc#ymato%s fi$res8 corte> s#o2s @ re"ions of parenc#yma 4ones8 a fe2 o%ter layers are
loosely arran"ed and circ%lar8 in most of t#e middle layers! t#ey are elon"ated 2it# scattered
"ro%ps of fi$res and t#ose in t#e inner most layers a"ain circ%lar and loosely arran"ed similar
to t#e o%termost8 corte> separated from t#e stelar re"ion $y 9 or @ layers of laterally
elon"ated parenc#ymato%s cells8 stelar re"ion is made %p of parenc#ymato%s "ro%nd tiss%e8
vasc%lar $%ndles present in patc#es! 2it# a lar"e cap of sclerenc#yma fi$res to2ards
perip#eral side and a smaller patc# of t#ic3 2alled parenc#yma to2ards interior8 p#loem
1--
tiss%e present a$ove vessels8 silica $odies also o$served in t#e p#loem re"ion8 starc# "rain
present t#ro%"#o%t t#e parenc#ymato%s "ro%nd tiss%e.
5o2der= /ro2nis#! parenc#yma cells circ%lar! elon"ated or irre"%lar s#aped8 scalariform
vessels elements! t%$ercled silica $odies! simple circ%lar starc# "rains %p to @? P present8
fi$res t#ic3 2alled 2it# narro2 l%men and t#in 2alled 2it# $road l%men o$served.
&D,(6&6'! 5.R&6' A(D S6R,(-61

i>ed oil (ot less t#an A.D; per cent! Appendi> 9.9.D

6.L.7.
6.L.7. of c#loroform e>tract on al%mini%m plate precoated 2it# silica "el B-B
9?:
of
9?: nm s#o2s spots at R
f
A.<@! A.<;! A.9B! A.@@! A.:D! A.?C and A.;9 (all "reen). .nder .I
@CC nm fl%orescent 4ones appear at R
f
A.9D! A.@;! A.:D! A.CA and A.D; (all $l%e). )n dippin"
in vanillin=s%lp#%ric acid and #eatin" at <A?
A
for five min%tes! spots appear at R
f
A.<C (pin3)!
A.9C ("rey)! A.@@ ($l%e)! A.:: (pin3)! A.?C (pin3) A.C9 ("rey)! A.BC ("rey)! A.;A (pin3) and
A.;; ($l%e).

7)(S6&6.,(6S = (o report on t#e c#emical constit%ents of t#e r#i4ome is availa$le.

5R)5,R6&,S A(D A76&)(
Rasa * +aEya! 6i3ta
-%Ga * La"#%! RH3Ea
Irya * Jta
1-3
Iip3a * +aF%
+arma * D#apraKamana! -r#! Lvara"#na! +%EF#a"#na! 5itta#ara! IarGya
61,RA5,.6&7 .S,S = Atisra (diarr#oea)! Lvara (fever)! +%EF#a (Leprosy O diseases of
s3in)! 5rame#a (meta$olic disorder)! Ra3tapitta ($leedin" disorder)! Iisarpa (,rysepales)!
IraGa (%lcer)

1-2
43. USUM'HA (Fru!%)
+.S.M/1A (r%it)
+%s%m$#a consists of dried fr%its of 7art#am%s tinctori%s L. (am. Asteraceae)! an
erect ann%al #er$! @A to DA cm #i"# 2it# spino%sly serrate leaves! c%ltivated t#ro%"#o%t &ndia
for t#e oil from fr%its and a dye from flo2ers.
S'()('MS * 5va3am! Ia#niKi3#am! Iastraraa0ana
R,-&)(AL LA(-.A-, (AM,S
/en"ali * +%s%m! /arre
,n"lis# * Safflo2er! 5arrot seed! /astard saffron
-%0rati * +%s%m$o! +%s%m$i! +arad
1indi * +%s%m! /arre
+annada * +%s%$ee"ida! +%s%me3al%
Malayalam * 7#end%ra3am! +%yimp%
Marat#i * +ardai! +ardi
5%n0a$i * +%s%m
6amil * +%sam! +art%m
6el%"% * +%s%m$aa! Send%ra3am! Sent%ra3am
.rd% * +%s%ma
D,S7R&56&)(
a) Macroscopic
r%it ; to <9 mm lon" and ? to ; mm $road ac#enes! compressed! faintly ri$$ed!
m%ricate! creamy! taperin" into a $ea3 2#ic# is s%ddenly dilated into a 2#itis# c%p=li3e disc
$eneat# t#e papp%s8 seed small! al$%mino%s! oval! sli"#tly flattened on lateral sides C to <A
mm lon" and : to C mm $road! enclosed in t#e ac#ene 2it# a t#in and papery seed coat8
s%rface ro%"#! oran"eis# $ro2n and sli"#tly acrid in taste.
1-8
$) Microscopic
6S oval in o%tline! pericarp enclosin" t#e seed8 pericarp differentiated into epicarp
consistin" of a sin"le layer of t#ic3 2alled! pitted! li"nified cells 2it# semil%nar t#ic3enin"
on o%ter radial 2alls8 mesocarp consists of stone cells of varyin" s#apes and si4es! ? to C
cells deep in t#e middle and <; to 9A cells deep at t#e c#ala4al end8 endocarp @ or : cells
deep and differentiated from mesocarp $y a sin"le layered oil cells8 testa sin"le layered 2it#
t#ic3 palisade li3e cells! 2it# prominent linea l%cida! follo2ed $y te"men8 te"men consists of
a sin"le layered parenc#ymato%s o%ter epidermis! follo2ed $y : to C cells deep retic%lated
parenc#ymato%s mesop#yll 2it# prismatic crystals8 inner epidermis of te"men li"nified and
sin"le layered8 a sin"le vasc%lar $%ndle e>tends %pto t#e micropyle8 t#e endosperm cells
rectan"%lar.
5o2der 7reamis# $ro2n! microscopy s#o2s! pitted cells of epicarp! patc#es of
sclerenc#ymato%s stone cells of varyin" s#apes and si4es from pericarp! retic%late
parenc#yma of mesop#yll8 parenc#ymato%s cells of endosperm containin" ale%rone "rains8
oil cells! palisade li3e cells of testa8 t#ic3 2alled epidermal cells of inner epidermis of
te"men.
&D,(6&6'! 5.R&6' A(D S6R,(-61

6otal as# (ot more t#an :.? per cent! Appendi> 9.9.@

6.L.7.
6.L.7. of met#anolic e>tract on silica "el B-B plate of A.9 mm t#ic3ness %sin" tol%en*
et#yl acetate* formic acid (B*@*A.?) as mo$ile p#ase and 2#en seen %nder .I li"#t 9?: nm
s#o2s spots at R
f
A.9C! A.@; A.?@ and A.BA. )n sprayin" 2it# anisalde#yde s%lp#%ric acid
1-1
A
! spots appear at R
f
A.9B ("rey)! A.@?
($ro2n)! A.:; (faint "rey)! A.?9 ("rey)! A.BA ($ro2n)! A.B@ and A.;< ($ot# $l%is# $lac3).

7)(S6&6.,(6S = Li"nan "l%coside (matairesinol! mono"l%coside)! "l%cose! maltose!
raffinose! l%teolin=B=)="l%coside! (=(5=co%maroyl) tryptamine! campesterol! c#olesterol! R=
sitosterol and its "l%coside! T
B
/sti"masterol! myristo=oleo=linolein! myristodilinolein!
palmitooleolinolein! palmito=dilinolein! stearo=oleolinolein! stearo=dilinolein! dioleolinolein!
oleo=dilinolein! trilinolein.

5R)5,R6&,S A(D A76&)(
Rasa * Mad#%ra! +aEya! 6i3ta! +aF%
Irya * .EGa
Iip3a * +aF%
+arma * MHtrala! SarvadoEapra3opa3a! Sveda0anana! Iid#! Iirecana
61,RA5,.6&7 .S,S = mavta (R#e%matism)! AKmar (calc%l%s)! Da%r$alya
(2ea3ness)! +mal (La%ndice)! +aEFrtava (dysmenorr#oea)! MHtra3Pcc#ra (dys%ria)!
5ratiKyya (cory4a)! Ra3tapitta ($leedin" disorder)
D)S, = 7HrGa (po2der)* 9 to : "

130
41. USUM'HA (Le"2)
+.S.M/1A (Leaf)
+%s%m$#a consist of dried leaves of 7art#am%s tinctori%s L. (am. Asteraceae)! an
erect ann%al #er$! @A to DA cm #i"# 2it# spino%sly serrate leaves! c%ltivated t#ro%"#o%t
&ndia! for its fr%its t#at yield edi$le oil and a dye from flo2ers.
S'()('MS * Iastraraa0ana! 5va3a! +a%s%m$#a
R,-&)(AL LA(-.A-, (AM,S
Assamese * A3#ari0! L#artam
/en"ali * +%s%m p#ool
,n"lis# * /astard saffron! Safflo2er
-%0rati * +%s%m$o
1indi * +%s%m! +%s%m$
+annada * +%s%$$i! +as%$e
Malayalam * +%yimp%! 7#ent%3am
)riya * +%s%m
5%n0a$i * +%s%m
6amil * Sent%r3am
6el%"% * +%s%m%l%
.rd% * +%s%m
D,S7R&56&)(
a) Macroscopic
Leaf Sessile! o$lon" or ovate=lanceolate! spino%sly serrate! 2a>y! entire! dar3 "reen
on %pper side and pale "reen on lo2er side.
131
$) Microscopic
Midri$= 6S s#o2s an o%tline t#at is deeply conve> on t#e a$a>ial side and sli"#tly
conve>! on t#e ada>ial side8 < or 9 layered %pper and a sin"le layered lo2er epidermis
covered e>ternally 2it# striated! t#ic3 c%ticle and interr%pted $y "land%lar and non="land%lar
tric#omes8 "land%lar tric#omes more on t#e lo2er side8 "ro%nd tiss%e differentiated into @ or
: layered collenc#ymato%s tiss%e follo2ed $y 9 or @ layered parenc#yma on $ot# %pper and
lo2er sides of vasc%lar $%ndle8 vasc%lar $%ndle sin"le! median! closed! follo2ed $y @ or :
and ; to <A layers of t#ic3 sclerenc#ymato%s cells cappin" t#e vasc%lar $%ndle on %pper and
lo2er side respectively8 >ylem vessels in radial ro2s on %pper side8 p#loem @ or : layered in
sclerenc#ymato%s re"ion8 idio$lasts filled 2it# rosette crystal of calci%m o>alate.
Lamina= &so$ilateral8 $ot# %pper and lo2er epidermis covered 2it# t#ic3 striated c%ticle8
s%rface vie2s of $ot# epidermis s#o2 %nicell%lar to m%lticell%lar ordinary tric#omes 2it#
ac%te ape> as 2ell as "land%lar tric#omes t#at are cl%$ s#aped 2it# sin"le celled stal3 and :
to ; celled! #ead8 cell 2alls of $ot# t#e epidermis strai"#t8 anisocytic stomata present on
lo2er side8 palisade parenc#yma 9 or @ layered8 spon"y parenc#yma @ to C layers deep and
loosely arran"ed8 mesop#yll traversed $y a n%m$er of veins8 s#o2in" t#e vasc%lar $%ndles
s%rro%nded $y sclerenc#ymato%s $%ndle s#eat#. 5alisade ratio @ or :! vein islet no. C to
<<Omm
9
and vein termination C to <:Omm
9
respectively! stomatal inde> 9@ to @A on t#e %pper
s%rface and 9? to @@ on t#e lo2er s%rface of t#e leaf.
5o2der -reen in colo%r! on microscopic e>amination s#o2s non "land%lar %nicell%lar to
m%lticell%lar tric#omes 2it# ac%te ape>8 cl%$ s#aped "rand%lar tric#omes 2it# sin"le celled
stal3 and : to ; celled #ead8 lo2er epidermis 2it# anisocytic stomata8 idio$last 2it# rosette
crystals of calci%m o>alate8 patc#es of sclerenc#yma from $%ndle s#eat#8 fi$res8 vessels 2it#
scalariform t#ic3enin"s and palisade cells.
&D,(6&6'! 5.R&6' A(D S6R,(-61

6otal as# (ot more t#an <D per cent! Appendi> 9.9.@
132
Alco#ol=sol%$le e>tractive (ot less t#an 9A per cent! Appendi> 9.9.B
Water=sol%$le e>tractive (ot less t#an 9@ per cent! Appendi> 9.9.;

6.L.7.
%sin" tol%ene* et#yl acetate (;*9) as mo$ile p#ase and 2#en seen %nder .I @CC nm! spots of
red colo%r appear at R
f
A.@9! A.:A! A.?:! A.CD and A.;@.

7)(S6&6.,(6S = 1inesol=R=D=f%copyranoside! <=pentadecene.

5R)5,R6&,S A(D A76&)(
-%Ga * RH3Ea! La"#%
Irya * .EGa
Iip3a * +aF%
+arma * Ita3ara! 5itta3ara! +ap#a#ara! Dpana! MadanKa3a! /alya
61,RA5,.6&7 .S,S = AKmar (calc%l%s)! /d#irya (deafness)! Da%r$alya (2ea3ness)!
MHtra3Pcc#ra (dys%ria)! MHtravi3ra (%rinary diseases)! (etraro"a (diseases of t#e eye)!
5ralpa (deliri%m)! 5rame#a (meta$olic disorder)! Ra3tavi3ra (disorders of $lood)! 'oniro"a
(disease of female "enital tract)! 5radara (e>cessive va"inal disc#ar"e)

13?
42. USUM'HA (F#+7er )e"8)
+.S.M/1A (lo2er #ead)
+%s%m$#a consist of dried flo2er #eads of 7art#am%s tinctori%s L. (am.
Asteraceae)! an erect ann%al #er$! @A to DA cm #i"# 2it# spino%sly serrate leaves! c%ltivated
t#ro%"#o%t &ndia! for its fr%its t#at yield edi$le oil and a dye from flo2ers.
S'()('MS * +a%s%m$#a! 5va3a! Iastraraa0ana
R,-&)(AL LA(-.A-, (AM,S
Assamese * A3#ari0! L#artam
/en"ali * +%s%m p#ool
,n"lis# * /astard saffron! Safflo2er
-%0rati * +%s%m$o
1indi * +%s%m! +%s%m$
+annada * +as%$e! +%s%$$i
Malayalam * 7#ent%3am! +%yimp%
)riya * +%s%m
5%n0a$i * +%s%m
6amil * Sent%r3am! +%s%m$
6el%"% * +%s%m%l%
.rd% * +%s%m
D,S7R&56&)(
a) Macroscopic
)ran"eis# yello2! cylindrical capit%l%m < to @ cm lon"! %s%ally sessile! solitary or
sometimes in small distant cl%sters on lon"! slender! leafless $ranc#es8 o%ter invol%cral
$racts! "reen 9 to @ cm in len"t# and < to 9 cm in $readt#! ovate! ac%te! 2it# $road scario%s
mar"ins8 inner $racts linear o$lon"! s%$o$t%se! 2it# scario%s mar"ins8 li"%les narro2!
13<
s#ortly and $l%ntly ?=toot#ed at ape>8 flo2ers differentiated into t#ree types of florets= ray!
disc and ne%ter8 ray florets @.A to :.A cm lon"! perip#eral! sessile! $racteate! pistillate! petals
?! "amopetalo%s 2it# valvate aestivation! ovary $icarpellary! syncarpo%s! %niloc%lar! 2it#
sin"le ov%le! placentation $asal! style simple! 9 to @.A cm lon"8 disc florets caly> and corolla
similar to rayflorets! %s%ally male! ? stamens! epipetalo%s! alternatin" 2it# petals! ant#er
syn"enesio%s! introrse! lon"it%dinally de#iscin"8 ne%ter florets perip#eral! @.A to :.A cm
lon"! caly> papp%s li3e on $ase! petals ?! A.? to A.C cm lon"! "amopetalo%s! linear in s#ape!
androeci%m and "ynoeci%m as r%dimentary or"ans8 fr%it ac#ene %pto < cm in len"t#!
compressed! faintly ri$$ed! m%ric%late! taperin" into a $ea3 2#ic# is s%ddenly dilated into a
2#itis# c%p=li3e dis3 $eneat# t#e papp%s.
$) Microscopic
Midri$= 6S s#o2s an o%tline deeply conve> on t#e a$a>ial and sli"#tly conve> on t#e
ada>ial side8 < or 9 layered %pper and a sin"le layered lo2er epidermis covered e>ternally
2it# striated! t#ic3 c%ticle and interr%pted $y "land%lar and non="land%lar tric#omes8
"land%lar tric#omes more on t#e lo2er side8 mesop#yll differentiated into @ or : layered
collenc#ymato%s tiss%e follo2ed $y 9 or @ layered parenc#yma on $ot# t#e %pper and lo2er
sides of vasc%lar $%ndle8 vasc%lar $%ndle sin"le! median! closed8 sclerenc#ymato%s cells cap
t#e vasc%lar $%ndle on %pper and lo2er side8 >ylem in radial ro2s on %pper side8 p#loem @ or
: layered8 idio$last filled 2it# rosette crystal of calci%m o>alate in t#e sclerenc#ymato%s
re"ion.
Lamina= &so$ilateral8 $ot# %pper and lo2er epidermis covered 2it# t#ic3 striated c%ticle
s%rface vie2s of $ot# epidermis s#o2 non="land%lar! %nicell%lar tric#ome 2it# ac%te ape>
and cl%$ s#aped "land%lar tric#ome 2it# sin"le celled stal3 and : to ; celled #ead! cell 2alls
of $ot# t#e epidermis strai"#t! anisocytic stomata present on lo2er side8 palisade parenc#yma
9 or @ layered8 spon"y parenc#yma @ to C layer deep and loosely arran"ed! mesop#yll
traversed $y n%m$er of veins 2it# vasc%lar $%ndles s%rro%nded $y a sclerenc#ymato%s
$%ndle s#eat#.
13-
5o2der= 'ello2is# "reen! on microscopic e>amination s#o2s "ro%ps of an"%lar epidermal
cells 2it# stomata of $racts! %nicell%lar non="land%lar! %nicell%lar tric#ome 2it# ac%te ape>
and cl%$ s#aped "land%lar tric#ome 2it# sin"le celled stal3 and : to ; celled #ead8 tric#omes8
ro%nd! tetraporate! pollen "rains 99 to 9B P in diameter8 oil cells from seeds! and 2avy
epidermal cells of petals8 stone cells! t#in 2alled and retic%late parenc#yma from seed! t#ic3
2alled parenc#yma of ped%ncle and vessels8 pollen "rains ro%nd! tetraporate! 9A to 9B P in
diameter.
&D,(6&6'! 5.R&6' A(D S6R,(-61


6.L.7.
6.L.7 of met#anolic e>tract on silica "el B-B plate of A.9 mm t#ic3ness %sin" tol%ene*
et#yl acetate* formic acid (B*@*A.?) as mo$ile p#ase and 2#en seen %nder .I li"#t 9?: nm
spots appear at R
f
A.<@! A.99 A.9B! A.@; and A.:?. )n sprayin" 2it# anisalde#yde=s%lp#%ric
acid rea"ent and #eatin" t#e plate for <A min%tes at <A?
A
! spots appear at R
f
A.<D (yello2)
A.@B ($l%e) A.?C! A.CB and A.;D (all p%rple).

7)(S6&6.,(6S = 7ontains a dye of flavonoid! 7art#amin.

5R)5,R6&,S A(D A76&)(
-%Ga * RH3Ea! La"#%
Irya * +aF%
Iip3a * .EGa
+arma * +ap#a#ara! Sveda0anana! Dpana! +eKaraa0ana! IiEa"#na
133
61,RA5,.6&7 .S,S = +aEFrtava (dysmenorr#oea)! +sa (co%"#)! MHtra3Pcc#ra
(dys%ria)! 5ratiKyya (cory4a)! Ra3tapitta ($leedin" disorder)! Romnti3 (measles)! Jvsa
(Ast#ma)! Iisp#oFa3a ($listero%s er%ption)! 'oniro"a (disease of female "enital tract)

132
43. LAGHU HARITAMAN.ARI (R++%)
LA-1. 1AR&6AMAbLAR (Root)
La"#% #aritamaa0ar consist of roots of Acalyp#a fr%ticosa ors3.(am.
,%p#or$iaceae)! a stron" smellin" p%$escent $%s#y s#r%$ %pto 9.? m in #ei"#t covered
2it# yello2 2a>y "lands commonly fo%nd in plains from )rissa to 6amilnad%! +arnata3a
and +erala.
S'()('MS * La"#%=+%pp
R,-&)(AL LA(-.A-, (AM,S
1indi * 7#inni=+a L#ar! 7#inni
+annada * 7#inni! 7#innnimara! 7#inni"ida
Malayalam * Sinni=maram
Marat#i * +#o3ali
6amil * 7#inni
6el%"% * 7#inna 3%ppi
D,S7R&56&)(
a) Macroscopic
Root consists of lon" %n$ranc#ed tap root 2it# lateral roots! c%t into pieces of @
to ? cm in len"t# and A.B? to <.? cm in diameter8 dar3 $ro2n o%tside and c%t s%rface
yello2is#8 fract%re! s#ort8 no c#aracteristic odo%r and taste.
$) Microscopic
Root = ,pi$lema cr%s#ed8 parenc#ymato%s cortical cells s#o2s t#e presence of
laticifers and lar"e dr%ses8 stone cell patc#es present8 p#loem narro2p#loem
parenc#yma occasionally #avin" dr%ses8 vessel circ%lar! mostly solitary! sometimes in
radial "ro%ps of 9 to : 2idely spaced in a lar"e 4one of >ylem parenc#yma8 rays
%niseriate to occasionally $iseriate8 pit#parenc#ymato%s! some cells contain lar"e
dr%ses.
138
5o2der= Li"#t $ro2n! taste $itter! retic%late and pitted vessels! dr%ses! stone cells! fi$res
and >ylem parenc#yma present.
&D,(6&6'! 5.R&6' A(D S6R,(-61

Acid=insol%$le as# (ot more t#an A.? per cent! Appendi> 9.9.:
Alco#ol=sol%$le e>tractive (ot less t#an 9 per cent! Appendi> 9.9.B
Water=sol%$le e>tractive (ot less t#an ? per cent! Appendi> 9.9.;
i>ed oil (ot less t#an < per cent! Appendi> 9.9.D

6.L.7.
9?:
of
A.9 mm t#ic3ness! %sin" tol%ene*et#yl acetate*formic acid (?*<.?* A.?) as mo$ile p#ase and
2#en seen %nder .I @CC nm s#o2s spots at R
f
A.? ($l%e)! A.CB (fl%orescent $l%e)! A.;@
(fl%orescent "reen). .nder .I 9?: nm! spots appear at R
f
A.@@! A.@D ($ot# "reen)! A.CB (pale
$l%e)! A.;D! A.D: ($ot# "reen).

7)(S6&6.,(6S = Ar0%nolic acid.

5R)5,R6&,S A(D A76&)(
Rasa * 6i3ta! +aF%
Irya * .EGa
Iip3a * +aF%
+arma * Dpana! +ap#a#ara! 5cana! SraZsana! Iamana! IraGaropaGa
131
61,RA5,.6&7 .S,S = A"nimndya (di"estive impairment)! IraGa (%lcer)

120
44. LAGHU$ATRA 5ARSHA'HU (/)+#e $#"0%)
LA-1.5A6RA IAR _ /1T (W#ole 5lant)
La"#%patra varE$#H consists of t#e 2#ole plant of 6riant#ema decandra L. (am.
icoidaceae (Ai4oaceae)! a m%c# $ranc#ed prostrate! proc%m$ent ann%al #er$! occ%rrin" as a
2eed all over penins%lar &ndia.
S'()('MS * Dvi0yQ"
R,-&)(AL LA(-.A-, (AM,S
/en"ali * -ada$ani! -oda=cani
1indi * -ada$ani
+annada * /ili3omme! -ai0a sopp%
Malayalam * Iell%t#a t#a4#%t#ama
Marat#i * 6%lt%li
)riya * 5%r%ni sa"a
6amil * Iellai caranai
6el%"% * 6ella"ali0er%
D,S7R&56&)(
a) Macroscopic
Root =7ylindrical! "rad%ally taperin"! meas%rin" %pto ; cm lon" and %pto A.? cm in
t#ic3ness! s%rface $ro2n! smoot#! lateral roots sparse8 fract%re entire! fract%red s%rface
smoot# 2it# a t#in $ar3 and central 2#itis# 2ood8 odo%r and taste indistinct.
Stem =1er$aceo%s! sparsely $ranc#ed! proc%m$ent! an"%lar and striate! s%rface "la$ro%s!
fract%re entire8 odo%r and taste indistinct.
Leaf =Simple! opposite! %neN%al! petiolate! petioles A.C to <.: cm lon"! p%$er%lo%s!
ample>ica%l at t#e $ase8 lamina o$ovate! <.? to 9.? cm $road and 9.A to 9.? cm lon"
apic%late! taperin" to2ards t#e $ase! mar"in entire! %nicostate pinnate retic%late venation
121
2it# @ to ? pairs of lateral veins! ada>ial s%rface dar3 "reen and t#e a$a>ial li"#t "reen!
"la$ro%s! odo%r and taste indistinct.
$) Microscopic
Root =6S s#o2s anomalo%s secondary "ro2t# 2it# C to ; seriate cor3 2it#
rectan"%lar! tan"entially elon"ated cells8 cor3 cam$i%m present8 corte> @ or : seriate!
composed of isodiametric! parenc#ymato%s cells 2it# intercell%lar spaces and containin"
rosettes of calci%m o>alate crystals8 vasc%lar tiss%e contains ? to C rin"s of >ylem! alternatin"
2it# a rin" of p#loem8 p#loem rin"s comparatively narro2er8 composed of sieve t%$es 2it#
compo%nd sieve plates! companion cells! p#loem parenc#yma and p#loem fi$res8 >ylem
composed of vessels! and parenc#yma8 n%mero%s >ylem fi$res meas%rin" <A to <? P in 2idt#
and 9AA to @<A P in len"t#8 simple pits present8 >ylem parenc#yma scanty.
Stem =6S s#o2s no secondary "ro2t# and #as epidermis sin"le layered! composed of
rectan"%lar! tan"entially elon"ated t#in 2alled compactly arran"ed parenc#ymato%s cells8
corte> made of <A to <C layers of t#in 2alled! parenc#ymato%s cells 2it# intercell%lar spaces8
some of t#e cortical cells contain rosettes of calci%m o>alate crystals8 stele lar"e 2it# a
narro2 rin" of vasc%lar $%ndles and a 2ide central pit#8 9A to 9? vasc%lar $%ndles are
arran"ed in t#e form of a rin"8 vasc%lar $%ndles con0oint! collateral! open and endarc#.!
p#loem present 2it# sieve t%$es! companion cells! p#loem parenc#yma and p#loem fi$res8
>ylem fi$res and parenc#yma scanty8 pit# is composed of t#in 2alled! isodiametric!
parenc#ymato%s cells possessin" intercell%lar spaces8 some containin" rosettes8 med%llary
rays narro2.
Leaf =
Midri$ =6S s#o2s a notc# in t#e ada>ial side and rid"e on a$a>ial s%rface8 epidermis 2it#
c%ticle! cell 2alls nearly strai"#t or sli"#tly 2avy in s%rface vie28 "ro%nd tiss%e
parenc#ymato%s8 vasc%lar $%ndle arran"ed in an arc! p#loem a$a>ial and >ylem ada>ial! $ot#
>ylem and p#loem contain fi$res! parenc#yma! >ylem vessels 2it# ann%lar and spiral
t#ic3enin"s.
122
Lamina =6S of lamina s#o2s t#e presence of c%ticle! an epidermis of ta$%lar cells! palisade in
a sin"le ro2! spon"y cells loosely arran"ed! parenc#ymato%s8 vasc%lar $%ndle 2it# a $%ndle
s#eat#! cells filled 2it# eccentric starc# "rains8 rosettes present in spon"y layer! tric#omes
a$sent8 stomata present on $ot# %pper and lo2er epidermis! more on lo2er epidermis!
paracytic8 epidermal cells in s%rface vie2 poly"onal! 2it# strai"#t or sli"#tly 2avy 2alls8
stomatal inde> of ada>ial epidermis <C or ial s%rface <; or <D! costal cells
elon"ated and narro2.
5o2der =-reenis# "rey! freely flo2in"! and contains poly"onal epidermal cells 2it# sli"#tly
2avy 2alls as seen in s%rface vie2! paracytic stomata! >ylem elements 2it# ann%lar and
spiral t#ic3enin"s! calci%m o>alate rosettes (roots of 6. port%lacastr%m contain rosettes of
calci%m o>alate! and roots of /oer#aavia diff%sa s#o2 rap#ides! and prisms of starc# "rains).
&D,(6&6'! 5.R&6' A(D S6R,(-61

6otal as# (ot more t#an 99 per cent! Appendi> 9.9.@
Acid=insol%$le as# (ot more t#an ; per cent! Appendi> 9.9.:
Alco#ol=sol%$le e>tractive (ot less t#an <9 per cent! Appendi> 9.9.B
Water=sol%$le e>tractive (ot less t#an 9B per cent! Appendi> 9.9.;

6.L.7.
s#o2s %nder .I @CC nm spots at R
f
val%es A.<C ($l%e)! A.@D (violet)! A.CD ($l%e) and A.B:
($l%e)8 on e>pos%re to iodine vapo%r spots appear at R
f
val%es A.<C! A.9A! A.@D! A.?A! A.CD!
A.B; and A.;9! and on sprayin" 2it# ?W met#anolic s%lp#%ric acid rea"ent and #eatin" t#e
plate for <A min%tes at <A?
A
! spots appear 2it# R
f
val%es A.<C! A.9A! A.@D! A.?A! A.?;! A.CD!
A.B:! A.B; and A.;9.

7)(S6&6.,(6S = Saponins and al3aloid p%narnavine.

12?
5R)5,R6&,S A(D A76&)(
Rasa * 6i3ta
-%Ga * RH3Ea
Irya * .EGa
Iip3a * +aF%
+arma * +ap#a#ara! MHtrala! SraZsana! JHla"#na
61,RA5,.6&7 .S,S = mavta (R#e%matism)! Apasmra (,pilepsy)! Ard#va$#eda3a
(#emicrania O mi"raine)! 1Pdayaro"a (#eart disease)! +mal (La%ndice)! +sa (co%"#)!
5GR% (anaemia)! Jot#a (inflammation)! Jvsa (Ast#ma)! .ra]3Eata (p%lmonary cavitation)!
IraGa (%lcer)

12<
45. LOHITANIRYASA (E9u8"%e)
L)1&6A(&R'SA (,>%date)
Lo#itanirysa consists of e>%date of stem of Dracaena cinna$ari /alf. f. (am.
A"avaceae)! a tall tree reac#in" %pto to ; m! fo%nd in t#e &ndian )cean island of S%N%tra
(Socotra)! off t#e coast of Somalia in Africa. &t is imported into &ndia.
S'()('MS * JonitavarG! Lo#ita 3Er
R,-&)(AL LA(-.A-, (AM,S
,n"lis# * Dra"oncs $lood
-%0rati * 1iraada3#ana
1indi * 1iraado3#i! +#oon3#araa$aa
+annada * +#%n3#aaraa
Malayalam * +andam%r"arittam
Marat#i * +#%n3#araa$aa
5%n0a$i * +#oona3#araa$aa
6amil * +andam%r"arittam
.rd% * Damm=%l= A3#2ain
D,S7R&56&)(
a) Macroscopic
/ri"#t red colo%red po2der8 odo%r and taste nil.
&D,(6&6'! 5.R&6' A(D S6R,(-61
Acid=insol%$le as# (ot more t#an ; per cent! Appendi> 9.9.:
Alco#ol=sol%$le e>tractive (ot less t#an D? per cent! Appendi> 9.9.B
12-

6.L.7.
6.L.7. of alco#olic e>tract on silica "el B-B plate %sin" c#oloroform*met#anol (D.?*A?)
as mo$ile p#ase and 2#en seen %nder .I 9?: nm s#o2s spots at R
f
A.<?! A.9?! A.@C! A.CD!
A.BD and A.;:8 %nder @CC nm s#o2s spots at A.<C ($l%e)! A.9B ($l%e)! A.@; ($l%e) A.:: ("reen)!
A.B@ ($l%e) and A.BD (dar3)8 and on sprayin" 2it# anisalde#yde s%lp#%ric acid rea"ent and
#eatin" t#e plate for ? min%tes at <A?
A
spots appear at R
f
A.<; (p%rple)! A.9B (yello2)! A.@?!
A.:?! A.?B! A.CB! A.B; and A.;9 (all oran"e).

7)(S6&6.,(6S = 9=1ydro>yc#alcone! B=#ydro>y=@=(@=#ydro>y=:=met#o>y$en4yl)
c#roman! S)= B! @`=di#ydro>y=:`=met#o>yflavan and :=#ydro>y=9=met#o>tdi#ydroc#alcone

5R)5,R6&,S A(D A76&)(
Rasa * +aEya
-%Ga * La"#%! RH3Ea
Irya * Jta
Iip3a * +aF%
+arma * Ra3tastam$#ana! SaQ"r#! IraGaropaGa
61,RA5,.6&7 .S,S = Atisra (diarr#oea)! 5rav#i3 (dysentery)! Ra3trKa ($leedin"
piles)! Ra3tapitta ($leedin" disorder)! Ra3tapradara (menorr#a"ia or metrorr#a"ia or $ot#)!
Ra3tasrva ($leedin" disorder)! IraGa (%lcer)
D)S, = 7HrGa (po2der)* < to 9 "

123
4&. MADHA5I (F#+7er)
MD1AI (lo2er)
Md#av consists of t#e dried flo2ers of 1ipta"e $en"#alensis L. (am.
Malpi"#iaceae)! a lar"e 2oody! m%c# $ranc#ed clim$in" s#r%$ 2it# yo%n" parts sil3y!
"ro2in" 2idely! c#iefly in damp places! t#ro%"#o%t &ndia and Andaman &slands! %p to an
altit%de of <!?AA m.
S'()('MS * Atim%3t! Atim%3ta3a! Md#alata
R,-&)(AL LA(-.A-, (AM,S
/en"ali * Maad#ivilataa
,n"lis# * 7l%stered 1ipta"e
-%0rati * Maad#avi! Ra"atpiti
1indi * Maad#avi! Anetaa
+annada * Maad#avi! Iasantad#%ti
Malayalam * Sitaamp%
Marat#i * Mad#%maalati! 1aladvel
5%n0a$i * /oromali
6amil * /en3ar
6el%"% * Maad#avi! +%r%33at#i
D,S7R&56&)(
a) Macroscopic
Dr%" consists of a mi>t%re of entire! s#rivelled flo2ers and detac#ed floral parts8
flo2er $ise>%al! re"%lar! <.9 to 9.A cm across! racemes terminal and a>illary! pedicellate!
pedicel <.? to 9 cm in len"t#8 caly> ?! persistent! polysepalo%s! e>ternally densely p%$escent!
lo$es o$lon"! o$t%se! C to D mm lon" and @ to mm $road! central fles#y and t#in near mar"in
2it# a lar"e o$lon" $asal "land meas%rin" ? to B mm in len"t# and 9 to @ mm in $readt#8
corolla ?! polypetalo%s! <.? to 9 cm $road and 9 to 9.? cm lon"! smoot#! sil3y! or$ic%lar!
122
cla2ed! frin"ed on t#e mar"in8 %ppermost fra"ment $roader and yello2is#8 stamens <A
encirclin" t#e disc! one $ein" lar"er t#an ot#er nine! ant#er $ilo$ed! pistil one! consistin" of
s2ollen ovary! 2it# t#ree 2in"ed li3e appenda"es one $ein" lar"er and #airy8 carpels @!
syncarpo%s! style one! lon"er t#an stamens! sti"ma <! ov%les@.
$) Microscopic
5o2der= 7reamis# "rey! s#o2s fra"ments of rectan"%lar s#aped epidermal cells of
caly> in t#e s%rface vie2 alon" 2it# m%lticell%lar! %niseriate tric#omes! and t#eir detac#ed
$ro3en pieces scattered as s%c#8 fra"ments of epidermal cells of petals in s%rface vie2 2it#
stri"#t! poly"onal 2alls and diacytic stomata! a$%ndant sp#erical pollen "rains e>#i$itin" @ to
? "erm pores and distict smoot# e>ine and intine8 fra"ments of parenc#yma of petals
containin" rosette crystals of calci%m o>alate8 a$%ndant pitted li"nified fi$ro%s sclereids 2it#
$road l%men and pointed or $l%nt ape> often e>#i$itin" occasional s2ellin" at places! and
t2isted or $if%rcatin" ends8 fi$ro%s layer and papillose epidermis of ant#er.
&D,(6&6'! 5.R&6' A(D S6R,(-61

Acid=insol%$le as# (ot more t#an A.? per cent! Appendi> 9.9.:
Water=sol%$le e>tractive (ot less t#an @A per cent! Appendi> 9.9.;

6.L.7.
6.L.7. of t#e alco#olic e>tract on silica "el B-B plate (A.9 mm %sin" tol%ene=et#yl
acetate (D*<) as mo$ile p#ase and on sprayin" 2it# vanillin s%lp#%ric acid rea"ent and #eatin"
t#e plate for a$o%t <A min%tes at <<A
A
! s#o2s spots at R
f
A.9B! A.:@! A.:D and A.DC.

7)(S6&6.,(6S = (o report on t#e c#emical consitit%ents of t#e flo2er is availa$le.

5R)5,R6&,S A(D A76&)(
128
Rasa * Mad#%ra! +aF%! 6i3ta
-%Ga * La"#%
Irya * Jta
Iip3a * Mad#%ra
+arma * 6ridoEa"#na! +%EF#a"#na
&M5)R6A(6 )RM.LA6&)(S = 7andra3al rasa
61,RA5,.6&7 .S,S = A"nimndya (di"estive impairment)! +Pmi ro"a (2orm
infestation)! +aGRH (itc#in")! 5m (ec4ema)! Ra3tapitta ($leedin" disorder)! St#a%lya
(o$esity)! 6va3ro"a (s3in diseases)

121
4(. MATSYA$ATRIA (/)+#e $#"0%)
MA6S'A5A6R&+ (W#ole 5lant)
Matsyapatri3 is t#e 2#ole plant of Merremia tridentata (L.) 1all. f. Syn. &pomoea
tridentata (L.) Rot#. (am. 7onvolv%laceae)! a prostrate #er$ occ%rrin" 2idely in t#e plains
t#ro%"#o%t &ndia as a 2eed.
S'()('MS * 5rasrin +eralya
R,-&)(AL LA(-.A-, (AM,S
Malayalam * 6alaneeli
)riya * /#%in +%mdda
6amil * M%tiyar3%nt#al! &rippanp%l! Savoli33oti
6el%"% * Sitasavaram
D,S7R&56&)(
a) Macroscopic
Root ='ello2is# $ro2n! individ%al pieces tort%o%s! 9 to : mm diameter! 2it# a
$ro2nis# $ar3 and creamy 2ood8 $ro3en s%rface yello2is#8 fract%re fi$ro%s8 no odo%r or
taste.
Stem ='ello2is# $ro2n and $rittle! min%tely #airy8 internodes < to 9 cm in len"t#8 fract%re
fi$ro%s! $ro3en s%rface yello28 pit# #ollo2.
Leaf =Simple! alternate! d%ll "reen to $ro2n! rarely $rittle8 petiole < to 9 mm lon"! min%tely
#airy8 lamina < to ? cm lon" and A.9 to A.C cm $road! linear lanceolate! m%cronate! "enerally
"la$ro%s! $%t $ase min%tely #airy! @ to : lo$ed! #astate to lo$ed=#astate! lo$e tips m%cronate8
mar"in entire8 veins ? to B pairs! alternate! rarely opposite! prominent $elo2.
180
lo2er &nflorescence cymose! rarely solitary! a>illary! ped%ncle <.? to @ cm! $ase #airy!
$ro2nis#8 pentamero%s! f%nnel s#aped8 a$o%t <.? cm across! sepals five! stamens five and
%neN%al! style slender! sti"ma $ifid! ovary "lo$ose! $icarpellate.
r%it =7aps%le! dry de#iscent! %p to C mm across! "lo$ose! yello2is# $ro2n! s%rface smoot#8
seeds :! an"%larly ovate! 9 to @ mm. "la$ro%s! dar3 $ro2n to $lac3 in colo%r.
$) Microscopic
Root =6S s#o2s cor3 tiss%e composed of transversely elon"ated cells8 t#e corte>
consists of B to <A layers of tan"entially elon"ated! narro2 and t#in 2alled cells containin"
many! simple! small! ro%nded starc# "rains and cl%sters of calci%m o>alate crystals8 late>
present in t#in 2alled! $ro2n colo%red! circ%lar cells8 corte> follo2ed $y p#loem 2it# sieve
t%$es! companion cells and p#loem parenc#yma! some of 2#ic# contain small starc# "rains8
>ylem contin%o%s as a rin"8 med%llary rays mostly %niseriate and rarely $iseriate.
Stem =6S s#o2s an o%tline sli"#tly : an"led8 epidermis a layer of rectan"%lar cells! follo2ed
$y a corte> of poly"onal parenc#ymato%s cells 2it# small intercell%lar spaces8 some s#o2
yello2is# $ro2n late>8 corte> follo2ed $y a layer or t2o of a $ro3en pericycle of small stone
cells8 vasc%lar $%ndles B to ;8 e>ternal p#loem contin%o%s and 2avy8 >ylem consists of 2ide
vessels and trac#eids8 internal! perimed%llary p#loem not contin%o%s8 pit#! 2#ere present!
2it# irre"%lar t#in 2alled poly"onal cells #avin" plenty of starc# "rains.
Leaf =
Midri$ =6S s#o2s a depression on t#e ada>ial side8 epidermis of rectan"%lar cells follo2ed
$y : to C layers of t#ic3 2alled parenc#ymto%s cells! many of 2#ic# contain cl%ster crystals
of calci%m o>alate8 >ylem 2it# : to B ro2s of >ylem vessels arran"ed in a semicircle8 p#loem
seen 0%st $elo2 t#e >ylem! follo2ed $y a$o%t ? layers of poly"onal parenc#yma cells8 0%st
a$ove t#e lo2er epidermis a sin"le layer of c#lorenc#yma present. 6#e lo2er epidermal cells
$roader and t#ic3 2alled.
181
Lamina =.pper epidermis follo2ed $y 9 to @ layers of elon"ated palisade cells8 spon"y
mesop#yll 2it# loosely arran"ed 9 to @ layers of cells8 stomata anomocytic8 %nicell%lar and
m%lticell%lar %niseriate tric#omes present at t#e leaf $ase and at t#e 0%nction of t#e petiole!
on %pper s%rface only.

5o2der =/ro2n! #as no c#aracteristic odo%r and sli"#tly $itter8 microscopic o$servation
s#o2s compact rectan"%lar parenc#yma8 "lo$%lar and cl%stered starc# "rains of a$o%t ? Pm
across8 "ran%lar crystals of calci%m o>alate8 reddis# $ro2n resino%s masses8 irre"%lar
colo%rless masses8 m%lticell%lar %niseriate tric#omes of a$o%t <;A Pm in len"t#8 %nicell%lar
tric#omes of a$o%t :A to <?A Pm8 lon" 2iry fi$res8 patc#es of poly"onal epidermal
parenc#yma 2it# anomocytic stomata8 spiral vessels8 retic%late vessels8 $ordered pitted
vessels and trac#eids.
&D,(6&6'! 5.R&6' A(D S6R,(-61


6.L.7.
6.L.7 of t#e met#anolic e>tract on precoated silica "el B-B plate of A.9 mm t#ic3ness
%sin" n=#e>ane* et#ylacetate* met#anol (?*:*<) as mo$ile p#ase and on sprayin" 2it#
A
for ? min%tes s#o2s spots at

R
f
A.<A
("rey)! A.9;! A.@?! A.:9! A.:B! A.??! A.CB (all pin3)! A.B@ (yello2) and A.; (pin3).

7)(S6&6.,(6S = lavonoids li3e diosmetin! l%teolin! diosmetin=B=O=R=U"l%coside and
l%teolin =B=O=RU"l%coside.

182
5R)5,R6&,S A(D A76&)(
Rasa * 6i3ta! +aEya
-%Ga * -%r%! Sara
Irya * .EGa
Iip3a * +aF%
+arma * Ita#ara! ArKo"#na! /#edana! Sand#nya! Sara! IPEya
&M5)R6A(6 )RM.LA6&)(S = 5rasranda= taila (3eraliya)
61,RA5,.6&7 .S,S = ArKa (piles)! D#t%3Eaya (tiss%e 2astin")! 5a3E"#ta (5aralysis O
1emiple"ia)! Sand#iKot#a (art#ritis)! Jot#a (inflammation)! Ii$and#a (constipation)! IraGa
(%lcer)
Svarasa (0%ice) * ? to <A ml

18?
4-. MEDA (R)!*+,e)
M,D (R#i4ome)
Med is t#e dried r#i4ome of 5oly"onat%m cirr#ifoli%m Royle (am. Liliaceae)! a
sto%t #er$ fo%nd in temperate 1imalayas from S#imla east2ard to /#%tan and Manip%r %pto
an altit%de of <?AA to @@AA m.
S'()('MS * Manic#idr! D#ar! S%tr"rapatr
R,-&)(AL LA(-.A-, (AM,S
Assamese * Meda
/en"ali * Meda
-%0rati * Meda
1indi * Medaa
+annada * Med#aa
Malayalam * Meda
Marat#i * Meda
)riya * Meda
5%n0a$i * Meda
6el%"% * Meda
D,S7R&56&)(
a) Macroscopic
R#i4ome t%$ero%s! $ranc#ed or s#o2 lar"e circ%lar scars 2#ere t#ey #ave $ro3en off!
o%ter s%rface smoot#! "reyis# in colo%r! lon"it%dinally 2rin3led 2#en dried! mar3ed 2it#
transverse rin"s of leaf scars and also s#o2s scars of aerial stem on %pper side8 n%mero%s
roots arise from s%rface8 fract%re s#ort! fi$ro%s8 odo%r! aromatic! taste! $itter.
18<
$) Microscopic
R#i4ome= 6S s#o2s a$o%t <A layers of cor3 cells 2it# t#ic3 c%tic%larised o%ter 2all!
follo2ed $y "ro%nd tiss%e! 2it# n%mero%s scattered vasc%lar $%ndles8 vasc%lar $%ndles
collateral! eac# associated 2it# a "ro%p of fi$res! %s%ally arc=s#aped or occasionally nearly
s%rro%ndin" t#e $%ndle8 cells of t#e "ro%nd tiss%e small! loosely arran"ed and contain
n%mero%s ro%nded to oval starc# "rains meas%rin" ; to <: P in diameter and rap#ides and
prismatic crystals of calci%m o>alate8 endodermis not distinct.
5o2der = Li"#t $ro2n! taste $itter! starc# "rains simple! ro%nded to oval meas%rin" ; to <: P
in diameter8 varia$le si4e of prismatic crystals of calci%m o>alate and rap#ides8 $order= pitted
and retic%lately t#ic3ened vessels8 fi$res elon"ated! t#ic3 2alled! meas%rin" a$o%t ??A to ;AA
P lon" and <9 to 9C P 2ide! trac#eids 2it# l%men 2idt# ; to <9 P.
&D,(6&6'! 5.R&6' A(D S6R,(-61

Alco#ol=sol%$le e>tractive (ot less t#an 9? per cent! Appendi> 9.9.B
Water=sol%$le e>tractive (ot less t#an C9 per cent! Appendi> 9.9.;

6.L.7.
6.L.7. of t#e alco#olic e>tract of t#e dr%" on silica "el B-B plate %sin" c#loroform*
"lacial acetic acid *met#anol* 2ater (?*9*9*<) as mo$ile p#ase and 2#en seen %nder .I @C?
nm spots appear at R
f
A.?:! A.B< and A.;? (all "reenis#). )n sprayin" 2it# anisalde#yde
s%lp#%ric acid rea"ent and #eatin" t#e plate for <A min%tes at <A?
A
spots appear at R
f
A.::!
A.?C ($ot# $l%is#) and A.B@ ($lac3)! A.;? ($ro2nis#).

7)(S6&6.,(6S = Steroidal saponins (dios"enin)! proteins and resins.

18-
5R)5,R6&,S A(D A76&)(
Rasa * Mad#%ra
-%Ga * Sni"d#a! 5icc#ila! -%r%
Irya * Jta
Iip3a * Mad#%ra
+arma * /alya! /PZ#aGa! -ar$#ad! Lvanya! +ap#avard#a3a! 5a%EFi3a!
5itta#ara! Stanya0anana! IPEya
&M5)R6A(6 )RM.LA6&)(S = DaKamHlriEFa! AKo3a "#Pta
61,RA5,.6&7 .S,S = /laro"a (disease of c#ildren)! /#a"andara (fist%la=in=ano)!
-%lma (a$dominal l%mp)! +mal (La%ndice)! +rKya (emaciation)! +sa (co%"#)! +Eaya
(pt#isis)! (a3tnd#ya (ni"#t $lindness)! (etrasrva (c#ronic dacrocystitis or epip#ora)!
R0aya3Em (6%$erc%losis)! Ra3tapitta ($leedin" disorder)! JoEa (emaciation)! Jvsa
(Ast#ma)! 6imira (cataract)! Iisarpa (,rysepales)

183
41. NADIHINGU (E9u8"%e)
(^1&Y-. (,>%date)
(R#iQ"% is t#e dried resino%s e>%dation from t#e s#oot tip of -ardenia "%mmifera
L. f. Syn. -. ar$orea Ro>$. (am. R%$iaceae)! a lar"e s#r%$ occ%rrin" in moist decid%o%s
forests of &ndia.
S'()('MS * 1iQ"%nRi3
R,-&)(AL LA(-.A-, (AM,S
/en"ali * Di3amali
,n"lis# * -%mmy -ardenia
-%0rati * Di3aamaari! Maaladi
1indi * (aadi#in"%! Di3aamaali
+annada * Di33aamalli
Malayalam * Somanaadi3aayam! -and#araa0an
Marat#i * Di3emaali
5%n0a$i * Di3aamaali
6amil * 6i33a malli
6el%"% * 6ellaman"a! +arin"%va
D,S7R&56&)(
a) Macroscopic
-lo$%lar droplets $et2een < and @ mm in si4e! s#iny! smoot# and transl%cent8 s%lp#%r
yello2 to "olden yello2 in colo%r! "rad%ally t%rnin" $ro2n 2it# a"e! $ro3en s%rface s#iny
and smoot#8 fract%re $rittle 2#en dry $%t stic3y 2#en fres#8 #as a c#aracteristic smell of
asafoetida and tastes sli"#tly $itter.
182
&D,(6&6'! 5.R&6' A(D S6R,(-61

Sol%$ility * &nsol%$le in 2ater and sli"#tly sol%$le in most of t#e or"anic solvents8 dissolves
in stron" acids! t%rnin" $ro2n to reddis# $ro2n! as it "ets c#arred.
&dentification test=
1, A.<" of t#e droplets of t#e "%m 2#en treated 2it# <ml conc. #ydroc#loric acid
"rad%ally t%rns $ro2nis#. &t dissolves sli"#tly on 3eepin" and t#e sol%tion $ecomes
yello2.
2, A.<" of t#e droplets of t#e "%m on treatment 2it# <ml conc. nitric acid t%rns red 2it#
evol%tion of effervescence. 6#e sol%tion t%rns reddis# $ro2n on 3eepin" and t#e "%m
"rad%ally dissolves in it.
?, A.<" of t#e droplets of t#e "%m on treatment 2it# <ml conc. s%lp#%ric acid "rad%ally
dissolves in it t%rnin" t#e sol%tion reddis# $ro2n
6.L.7.
%sin" n=#e>ane*c#loroform*met#anol (:*?*<) as mo$ile p#ase and on sprayin" 2it#
A
f
A.9
(deep yello2)! A.99! A.@< ($ot# yello2)! A.@B (pale yello2)! A.:@ (li"#t pin3)! A.?? (yello2)!
A.C@ (li"#t pin3) and A.;< (pale yello2).

7)(S6&6.,(6S = -ardenin! @
`
!:
`
!?
`
api"enin! demet#o>ys%dac#itin and @
`
!?
`
=di#ydo>y=:
`
=
met#o>y2o"onin.

5R)5,R6&,S A(D A76&)(
Rasa * +aF%
-%Ga * 63EGa
Irya * .EGa
188
Iip3a * +aF%
+arma * Ita#ara! +ap#a#ara! Dpana! Itn%loma3a! 5cana
61,RA5,.6&7 .S,S = d#mna (flat%lence 2it# "%r"lin" so%nd)! A"nimndya
(di"estive impairment)! A0rGa (indi"estion)! madoEa (prod%cts of impaired di"estion and
meta$olism)! Ar%ci (tastelessness)! -%lma (a$dominal l%mp)! 1i33 (#icc%p)! +Pmi (2orm
infestation)! Medoro"a (o$esity)! .daraKHla (pain in t#e a$domen)

181
53. NAHI (/)+#e $#"0%)
(1 (W#ole 5lant)
(# consists of t#e 2#ole plant of ,nicostemma a>illare (Lam.) A. Raynal. Syn.
,. littorale /l%me! ,. #ysoppifoli%m (Willd.) Ierd. (am. -entianaceae)! an erect #er$! ?A
to CA cm #i"#! fo%nd t#ro%"#o%t t#e "reater parts of &ndia %pto an altit%de of ?AA metres!
more commonly in coastal areas and damp #a$itats.
S'()('MS * Mma00a3a! ("a0i#v
R,-&)(AL LA(-.A-, (AM,S
-%0rati * Maami0vaa! Maame0vaa
1indi * (aay! (aai! 7##otaa +iraayataa
+annada * +ari$andit! So"ade
Malayalam * Iellar%3%! Iellari
Marat#i * +advi naai
5%n0a$i * /a#%"%ni
6amil * Iellar%3%
6el%"% * 7##evv%=3%rti! -%lvidi
.rd% * (aay
D,S7R&56&)(
a) Macroscopic
Root = Root 9 to : mm in diameter! taproot d%ll 2#ite in colo%r s%rface sli"#tly
r%"ose8 lateral roots not a$%ndant8 odo%r not specific8 taste! $itter.
Stem = 5rovided 2it# many erect or proc%m$ent $ranc#es! readily rootin" at nodes!
$earin" small 2#ite flo2ers in 2#orled a>illary cl%sters8 no odo%r8 taste! $itter.
110
Leaf = Leaves opposite! sessile! s#ape and si4e very varia$le! midri$ depressed on ada>ial
and prominent on a$a>ial side! %pto C to Bcm lon" and a$o%t <.9?cm! $road! narro2 linear
or linear o$lon"! "la%co%s8 odo%r nil8 taste! $itter.
$) Microscopic
Root = 6S s#o2s circ%lar o%tline8 epidermis sin"le layered! 2it# lar"e and smaller
cells8 tric#omes %nicell%lar8 corte> parenc#ymato%s 2it# lar"e irre"%lar airspaces8
endodermis and a fe2 layers of pericycle 2ell defined8 stele nearly circ%lar in t#e central
re"ion 2it# scattered vessels amon" t#ic3 2alled parenc#yma cells8 med%llary ray
%niseriate8 pit# a$sent.
Stem = Stem is N%adran"%lar in o%tline 2it# narro2 2in"s8 epidermis sin"le layered 2it#
$arrel s#aped cells8 2in"ed corners s#o2 o%ter collenc#yma and inner parenc#yma8 a
cortical 4one consistin" of circ%lar parenc#ymato%s cells 2it# intercell%lar spaces8
endodermis 2ell developed8 vasc%lar $%ndle $icollateral8 >ylem vessels arran"ed sin"ly or
in radial ro2s in a circle alon" 2it# >ylem parenc#yma8 med%llary rays %niseriate8 pit#
parenc#ymato%s8 starc# "rains present.
Leaf=
Midri$ = 6S s#o2s prominent $%l"e a$a>ially! consistin" of collenc#ymato%s cells8
collateral vasc%lar $%ndle present8 "ro%nd tiss%e consists of t#in 2alled parenc#ymato%s
cells! more loosely pac3ed on t#e a$a>ial side.
Lamina = ,pidermis sin"le layered8 papillae occ%r occasionally on $ot# t#e epidermis8
2alls in s%rface vie2 2avy! more so in t#e lo2er epidermis8 stomata anisocytic8 mesop#yll
consists of sli"#tly vertically elon"ated palisade cells $elo2 t#e %pper epidermis follo2ed
$y loosely pac3ed layers of spon"y cells8 stomatal n%m$er for ada>ial epidermis < to
@Omm
9
and for a$a>ial epidermis 9 to :Omm
9
8 stomatal inde> for ada>ial epidermis <; to
111
99! and for a$a>ial epidermis 9A to 9:8 palisade ratio 9A to 998 vein islet n%m$er <9 to <:
and veinlet termination n%m$er B or ;.
5o2der = -reenis#! epidermal fra"ments 2it# anisocytic stomata8 ray cells present8
vessel elements! and starc# "rains %pto ? P in si4e present8 fi$res 2it# 2ide l%men also
seen.
&D,(6&6'! 5.R&6' A(D S6R,(-61

Alco#ol=sol%$le e>tractive (ot less t#an <C per cent! Appendi> 9.9.B
Water=sol%$le e>tractive (ot less t#an 9; per cent! Appendi> 9.9.;
i>ed oil (ot less t#an ? per cent! Appendi> 9.9.D

6.L.7.
9?:
(A.9 mm t#ic3ness) %sin" tol%ene* et#yl acetate C*< d C drops of formic acid! %nder .I 9?: nm
s#o2s spots at R
f
A.9B! A.@A! A.:A!A.?<! A.?:! A.C9 and A.BA (all "reen). .nder .I @CC nm
fl%orescent 4ones s#o2s at R
f
A.99! A.9B ($ot# 2#ite)! A.@: (pin3)! A.@; (violet)! A.:A! A.?<
($ot# ma"enta)! A.?; ($l%e)! A.C9 (dar3 ma"enta)! A.CC (ma"enta) A.BA (navy $l%e) are
seen. )n e>pos%re to iodine vapo%rs! spots are o$served at R
f
A.<;! A.9?! A.@9 (all yello2is#
$ro2n)! A.:A! A.:B! A.?< (all "reen)! A.?; (yello2is# $ro2n)! A.C: ("reen)! A.B9! A.;A! and A.D: (all
yello2is# $ro2n). )n dippin" t#e plate in vanillin = s%lp#%ric acid rea"ent and #eatin" at <A?
A
f
A.99 ($l%e)! A.9B (pin3)! A.@: (violet)! A.:: ("reen)! A.?<! A.?;
($ot# violet)! A.C9 ("reen)! A.C;! A.BC! A.;A (all violet)! A.;C ($l%e) and A.D: (violet).

7)(S6&6.,(6S = lavonoids li3e "en32anin! api"enin! isovite>in! s2ertisin! saponarin!
s2ertiamarin! $et%lin! enicoflavin! "entiocr%cine! "entianine! eryt#rocenta%rine! ep#elic
acid "lycoside! syls2ertisioside! isos2ertisin=?=)="l%coside8 syls2ertisin=?=)="l%coside.
112

5R)5,R6&,S A(D A76&)(
Rasa * 6i3ta
-%Ga * La"#%! RH3Ea
Irya * .EGa
Iip3a * +aF%
+arma * Itn%loma3a! 5itta#ara! +ap#a#ara! Dpana! 5cana! IiEa"#na
&M5)R6A(6 )RM.LA6&)(S = Iy%cc#aya S%rendra 6aila
61,RA5,.6&7 .S,S = +Pmi (2orm infestation)! Jot#a (inflammation)! Mad#%me#a
(Dia$etes mellit%s)! Medoro"a (o$esity)! 5rame#a (meta$olic disorder)! Ra3tavi3ra
(disorders of $lood)! 6va3ro"a (s3in diseases)! IiEama0vara (intermittent fever)! Ii$and#a
(constipation)! 'a3Pt da%r$alya (poor f%nction of liver)

11?
51. NIO4AA (er0e#)
(&+)7A+A (+ernel)
(i3oca3a consists of 3ernels of 5in%s "erardiana Wall. (am. 7oniferae)! a medi%m
si4ed tree "ro2in" in (ort#=Western 1imalayan re"ion $et2een <DAA to :AAA m. &t is
removed from t#e pine n%t 3no2n and %sed as 7#il"o4a in trade.
S'()('MS * 7ila"o0a
R,-&)(AL LA(-.A-, (AM,S
,n"lis# * 7#il"o4a pine! ,di$le pine! (eosa pine
-%0rati * 7#il"o0#aa
1indi * 7#il"o4aa! (eo4a! -%no$ar! R#ee
+annada * 7#il"o0#a
Malayalam * 7#il"o0#a
Marat#i * 7#il"o4a! -al"o0a
)riya * 7#il"o0#a
5%n0a$i * Mirri"al"o0! Mirri! 7#iri! 7#irri"al"o0a
6el%"% * 7#il"o0a
.rd% * 7#il"o4a#
D,S7R&56&)(
a) Macroscopic
)ff=2#ite in colo%r8 oval in s#ape and pointed at t#e micropylar end8 ran"in" from
<.? to 9 cm lon"8 olea"ino%s8 possess a delicate tere$int#ine flavo%r8 odo%r s2eet.
$) Microscopic
6S is circ%lar in o%tline s#o2s epidermis covered 2it# c%ticle follo2ed $y 2ide
"ro%nd tiss%e8 collapsed layer8 inner parenc#ymato%s re"ion 2#ic# #as ; to <A vasc%lar
$%ndles arran"ed in a rin"! cells of t#e "ro%nd tiss%e are filled 2it# starc# "rains and oil
11<
"lo$%les8 vasc%lar $%ndles consist of a centrally located >ylem encircled $y a p#loem! 2it#
an e>ternal $%ndle s#eat#.
5o2der ='ello2is# 2#ite! poly"onal! t#in 2alled! $arrel s#aped epidermis in s%rface vie28
a$%ndant simple! sp#erical starc# "rains scattered as s%c# and in parenc#yma cells of "ro%nd
tiss%e8 fra"ments of >ylem vessels.
&D,(6&6'! 5.R&6' A(D S6R,(-61

6otal as# (ot more t#an @ per cent! Appendi> 9.9.@
Acid=insol%$le as# (ot more t#an A.9 per cent! Appendi> 9.9.:
Alco#ol=sol%$le e>tractive (ot less t#an 9; per cent! Appendi> 9.9.B
Water=sol%$le e>tractive (ot less t#an <; per cent! Appendi> 9.9.;
i>ed oil (ot less t#an :@ per cent! Appendi> 9.9.D

6.L.7.
6.L.7. of t#e alco#olic e>tract on precoated silica "el B-B CA plate %sin" petrole%m
et#er* diet#yl et#er* acetic acid (D*<*A.<) as mo$ile p#ase and on sprayin" 2it# anisalde#yde
A
f
A.<A! A.<:! A.<;!
A.99 (all p%rple)! A.@B (dar3 p%rple) and A.;B (li"#t p%rple).

7)(S6&6.,(6S = 5almitic! stearic! oleic and linoleic acids8 palmito=dilinolein! stearo=
dilinolein! palmito=oleolinolein! stearo=oleolinolein! trilinolein! oleodilinolein! dioleolinolein
and triolein.

5R)5,R6&,S A(D A76&)(
Rasa * Mad#%ra
Irya * .EGa
Iip3a * Mad#%ra
11-
+arma * JleEma=ni]sra3a! /PZ#aGa! /alya! D#t%vard#ana! +ap#a3ara!
5itta3ara! Ra3taprasda3a! .tte0a3a! IPEya! Ita#ara
61,RA5,.6&7 .S,S = mavta (R#e%matism)! Apasmra (,pilepsy)! Ardita (facial
palsy)! 1i33 (#icc%p)! +sa (co%"#)! +Eata (2o%nd)! +Eaya (pt#isis)! +aFiKHla (lo2er
$ac3ac#e)! 5GR% (anaemia)! 5rKvaKHla (intercostal ne%ral"ia and ple%rodynia)! 5a3Eavad#a
(paralysis O #emiple"ia)! Sand#ivta (art#ritis d%e to Ita doEa)! Jvsa (Ast#ma)! Itara3ta
(-o%t)
D)S, = 7HrGa (po2der)* <A to 9A "

113
52. $ANASA (R++% '"r6)
5A(ASA (Root /ar3)
5anasa consists of dried root $ar3 of Artocarp%s #eterop#yll%s Lam3. Syn. A.
inte"rifolia L.f.(am. Moraceae)! a medi%m to lar"e ever"reen tree common in Western
-#ats and c%ltivated t#ro%"#o%t &ndia for its fr%its.
S'()('MS * MHlap#alada! Ap%Epap#alada! Ati$P#atp#ala
R,-&)(AL LA(-.A-, (AM,S
Assamese * +ant#al
/en"ali * +atal! +antal! +at#al! 5#anas
,n"lis# * Lac3=fr%it tree! &ndian Lac3 fr%it
-%0rati * 5#an%s
1indi * +at#ar! +at#al! +ata#ala
+annada * 1e$$a alas%! Alasa! 1alas%
Malayalam * 7#a33a
Marat#i * 5#anasa
)riya * 5anasa! 5onoso
5%n0a$i * +ata#ala
6amil * 5ala
6el%"% * 5anasa
.rd% * +ata#al
D,S7R&56&)(
a) Macroscopic
/ar3 %pto ? to ; cm lon"! 9 to :.? cm 2ide and : to <9 mm t#ic3! "reyis# to reddis#
$ro2n 2it# lon"it%dinal rid"es and circ%lar to tan"entially elon"ated lenticels8 fract%re!
s#ort! s#o2in" creamis# interior8 odo%r taste and indistinct.
112
$) Microscopic
/ar3 s#o2s cor3 consistin" of rectan"%lar and tan"entially elon"ated cells8 p#ello"en
< to 9 layered8 p#elloderm s#o2s t#in 2alled parenc#yma cells! "ro%ps of stone cells and
fi$res present in lo2er p#elloderm re"ion8 p#loem a 2ide 4one consistin" of sieve t%$es!
companion cells! p#loem parenc#yma! fi$res and stone cells $ein" traversed $y m%ltiseriate
med%llary rays8 stone cells and fi$res in "ro%ps of varyin" dimensions scattered t#ro%"#o%t
t#e p#loem re"ion8 t#e stone cells are %pto BA P lon" and %pto @A P 2ide and fi$re
meas%rin" a$o%t <:?A P in len"t# 8 a lar"e n%m$er of prismatic and r#om$oidal crystals of
calci%m o>alate scattered in parenc#yma cells of p#loem and p#elloderm.
5o2der =S#o2s rectan"%lar to poly"onal stone cells 2it# 2ide l%men and simple pits!
fra"ments of fi$res 2it# taperin" ends! t#in 2alled parenc#yma cells 2it# prismatic and
r#om$oidal crystals of calci%m o>alate! fra"ments of cor3 cells and n%mero%s scattered
r#om$oidal and prismatic crystals of calci%m o>alate.
&D,(6&6'! 5.R&6' A(D S6R,(-61

6otal as# (ot more t#an <D per cent! Appendi> 9.9.@
Acid=insol%$le as# (ot more t#an <A per cent! Appendi> 9.9.:

6.L.7.
6.L.7. of alco#olic e>tract on precoated silica "el B-B plate %sin" tol%ene* c#loroform*
et#yl acetate (9*9*<) as mo$ile p#ase and on sprayin" 2it# et#anolic s%lp#%ric acid and
#eatin" t#e plate at <A?
A
for <A min%tes s#o2s spots at R
f
A.@A! A.@C! A.:@! (all li"#t "reen)!
A.?9 (p%rple)! A.CB ("reen) and A.;B (p%rple).

7)(S6&6.,(6S = R=sitosterol! cycloartenone! cycloartenol8 tannins.

5R)5,R6&,S A(D A76&)(
118
Rasa * +aEya! 6i3ta
-%Ga * La"#%! RH3Ea
Irya * Jta
Iip3a * +aF%
+arma * -r#! 5itta#ara! Stam$#ana! 6va3doEa#ara! Itavard#a3a!
IiEFam$#a3ra3a
61,RA5,.6&7 .S,S = Atisra (diarr#oea)! D#a ($%rnin" sensation)! Ra3tapitta
($leedin" disorder)! Jot#a (inflammation)! 6va3ro"a (s3in diseases)

111
53. $A$ATAH (R++%)
55AUAe (Root)
5paFa] consists of t#e root pieces of 5avetta indica var. tomentosa 1oo3. Syn. 5.
tomentosa Ro>$. (am. R%$iaceae)! a sto%t $%s#y s#r%$! reac#in" a$o%t D m #i"#! occ%rrin"
t#ro%"#o%t t#e decid%o%s forests of &ndia! as an %nder "ro2t#.
S'()('MS * 5paR
R,-&)(AL LA(-.A-, (AM,S
Assamese * -o$or sit#a
/en"ali * +%3%rc#%da! L%i
,n"lis# * W#ite 5avetta
-%0rati * 5apat
1indi * +an3ra! 5apari! +at#ac#mpa
+annada * 5avati! 5appadi! 5aavatle"ida
Malayalam * 5avatta
Marat#i * 5apadi! +a3ra
)riya * +at#a pen"%
5%n0a$i * 5apadi
6amil * 5avattai
6el%"% * +onda papata! D%yi papata! 5apata 3ammi
D,S7R&56&)(
a) Macroscopic
Root pieces meas%rin" : to <9 cm lon" and < to @ cm in t#ic3ness! o%ter s%rface
smoot#! li"#t $ro2n8 fract%re entire! fract%red s%rface smoot# 2it# very t#in! dar3 $ro2n
easily detac#a$le $ar3 and a central li"#t yello2is#! to%"#! 2ood8 odo%r and taste indistinct.
$) Microscopic
200
6S of t#e mat%re root s#o2s a t#in! stratified $ar3 and an e>tensive 2ood8 $ar3
composed of cor3! @ to ; layers of t#ic3 2alled isodiametric! compactly arran"ed cells
interr%pted $y lenticels8 cor3 cam$i%m %niseriate! cells tan"entially elon"ated=t#in 2alled8
corte>! parenc#ymato%s! cells isodiametric! compactly arran"ed8 secondary p#loem 2it#
sieve t%$es! a$%ndant p#loem parenc#yma and t#ic3 2alled li"nified p#loem fi$res! solitary
or in "ro%ps! 2ood #ard! close "rained! pores very small! vessels n%mero%s! arran"ed sin"ly
in radial ro2s8 2it# circ%lar $ordered pits arran"ed alternately in vertical ro2s8 >ylem
parenc#yma t#ic3 2alled! filled 2it# r#om$oid crystals of calci%m o>alate8 >ylem fi$res
a$%ndant! poly"onal 2it# t#ic3 li"nified pitted 2alls! s%rro%ndin" t#e >ylem vessels! l%men
very narro28 med%llary rays s#ort! n%mero%s! fine to very fine.
5o2der =/ro2nis#="rey! patc#es of cor3 tiss%e 2it# stratified cells! vessels 2it# $ordered
pits! p#loem and >ylem fi$res! ray cell fra"ments in tan"ential vie2 and r#om$oid calci%m
o>alate crystals.
&D,(6&6'! 5.R&6' A(D S6R,(-61

Water=sol%$le e>tractive (ot less t#an D per cent! Appendi> 9.9.;

6.L.7.
6.L.7. of alco#olic e>tract on silica "el B-B plate %sin" n=#e>ane* et#yl acetate (;*9)
as mo$ile p#ase and 2#en seen %nder .I @CC nm s#o2s fl%orescent spots at R
f
A.?! A.C:!
A.D@ and A.DB (all $l%e)8 on e>pos%re to iodine vapo%r spots appear at R
f
A.<?! A.9;! A.?A!
A.C:! A.D@ and A.DB (yello2)8 on sprayin" 2it# ?W met#anolic s%lp#%ric acid rea"ent and
#eatin" t#e plate for <A min%tes at <A?
A
s#o2s spots at R
f
val%es A.<?! A.:C! A.C:! A.B?! A.D@
and A.DB.

201
7)(S6&6.,(6S = i>ed oil.

5R)5,R6&,S A(D A76&)(
Rasa * 6i3ta
-%Ga * La"#%! RH3Ea
Irya * Jta
Iip3a * +aF%
+arma * /alya! +ap#a"#na! MHtrala! IarGya! Iirecana
61,RA5,.6&7 .S,S = +mal (La%ndice)! +aGRH (itc#in")! MHtraro"a (%rinary
diseases)! Jot#a (inflammation)! .dararo"a (diseases of a$domen)! Ii$and#a (constipation)!
Iisp#oFa ($lister)

202
54. $ARNAYA5ANI (Le"2)
5ARSA'AI( (Leaf)
5arGayavn consists of t#e leaves of 7ole%s am$oinic%s Lo%r. Syn. 7. aromatic%s
/ent#. (am. Lamiaceae)! an aromatic! s%cc%lent perennial #er$ commonly c%ltivated in
"ardens t#ro%"#o%t &ndia and fo%nd 2ild in Ra0ast#an.
S'()('MS * 'avn"and#
R,-&)(AL LA(-.A-, (AM,S
/en"ali * 5aat#arc#%r! 5aterc#%r
,n"lis# * 7o%ntry $ora"e! &ndian $ora"e
-%0rati * )vaapaan
1indi * 5attaa0vaayana
+annada * +arp%ra#alli! 5enova
Malayalam * +anni3%r%33a! 5ani33%r%33a! (avarayilla
Marat#i * 5aan=)vaa
)riya * 1ema3edara! Amarpoi
5%n0a$i * 5at#arc#%ra
6amil * +arp%ravalli
6el%"% * +apparilla3%! Iam%=a3%
D,S7R&56&)(
a) Macroscopic
Leaf =Leaves "reen! opposite! #ispidly villo%s! $roadly ovate! crenate! s%cc%lent!
%pto D cm in 2idt#! petiolate! nerves impressed! odo%r! pleasantly aromatic8 taste!
p%n"ent.
20?
$) Microscopic
5etiole =6S s#o2s a sli"#tly concave o%tline on t#e ada>ial side and conve> on t#e
a$a>ial side! epidermis a sin"le layer of laterally elon"ated cells! follo2ed $y
collenc#yma of 9 or @ layers8 vasc%lar $%ndles collateral! fo%r in n%m$er of 2#ic# t2o
lateral a$a>ial $%ndles are lar"er and t2o lateral ada>ial are smaller8 "ro%nd tiss%e of t#in
2alled parenc#ymato%s cells8 "land%lar tric#omes8 %nicell%lar! and non="land%lar
%niseriate m%lticell%lar.
Midri$ =6S s#o2s a #emi= sp#erical protr%sion on t#e a$a>ial side and #as a li"#t
depression on t#e ada>ial side8 9 or @ layers of collenc#yma sit%ated 0%st a$ove t#e
a$a>ial epidermis and $elo2 t#e ada>ial epidermis8 palisade layer contin%o%s over t#e
midri$ also8 "ro%nd tiss%e consists of parenc#yma cells8 a solitary vasc%lar $%ndle
present in t#e centre.
Lamina =Dorsiventral! ada>ial and a$a>ial epidermis composed of rectan"l%lar
cells! t#e a$a>ial cells $ein" distinctly smaller8 stomata diacytic! lie fl%s# 2it# t#e
epidermal s%rface8 s%$0acent to ada>ial epidermis t#ree! or occasionally even more! layers
of sli"#tly vertically elon"ated! col%mnar! closely arran"ed palisade cells are seen8
follo2in" t#e palisade : or ? layered spon"y tiss%e composed of nearly ro%nded closely
arran"ed cells 2it# intercell%lar spaces seen8 tric#omes "land%lar and non="land%lar8
%niseriate! non="land%lar tric#omes @ to C celled! c%rved and pro"ressively taperin"8
"land%lar provided 2it# a t2o celled stal3 of 2#ic# t#e lo2er cell is t#e lon"er and t#e
second t#at s%$tends t#e "lo$%lar %nicell%lar #ead nearly discoid8 e>#a%sted "land%lar #airs
smaller in si4e also seen8 stomatal n%m$er <9 to <: O mm
9
for ada>ial epidermis and
<C to 9: O mm
9
for a$a>ial epidermis8 stomatal inde> for ada>ial epidermis is << to <: and
for a$a>ial epidermis <; to 998 palisade ratio 9 or @8 vein islet n%m$er <A to <@ and vein
termination n%m$er 9 or @.
5o2der -reen! $itter to taste and c#aracteristic odo%r8 s#o2s epidermal cells in
s%rface vie2! 2it# sli"#tly 2avy 2alls8 diacytic stomata8 $ot# %niseriate as 2ell as
20<
"land%lar tric#omes8 $road and narro2 vessel elements also seen! collapsed tric#omes
seen in t#e s%rface vie2 of epidermis.
&D,(6&6'! 5.R&6' A(D S6R,(-61

6otal as# (ot more t#an <C per cent! Appendi> 9.9.@
i>ed oil (ot less t#an 9.; per cent! Appendi> 9.9.D

6.L.7.
6.L.7. of c#loroform e>tract on precoated al%mini%m silica "el B-B CA
9?:
plate of
A.9 mm t#ic3ness %sin" tol%ene* et#yl acetate (C*<) as mo$ile p#ase and 2#en seen %nder .I
@CC nm! spots appear at R
f
A.<A! A.<:! A.C: (all pin3)! A.B@ and A.;A ($ot# dar3 pin3).
.nder .I 9?: nm! spots appear at R
f
A.<:! A.9B! A.@@! A.C:! A.B@! A.;A (all "reen) and on
dippin" t#e plate in vanillin=s%lp#%ric acid and #eatin" at <A?
A
for ? min%tes! spots
appear at R
f
A.<:! A.9B! A.@@! A.C:! A.B@ and A.;A (all "rey).

7)(S6&6.,(6S = )leanolic acid8 crate"olic acid8 pomolic acid8 e%scap#ic acid8
tormentic acid8 %rsolic acid and 9Q!@Q!<DQ!9@=o>alacetic acid8 cirsimaritin8 sitosterol
"l%coside8 salvin"enin8 N%ercetin8 C=met#o>y"en32anin8 c#rysoeriol8et#yl salicylate8
"=terpinene8 R=salinene8 l%teolin8 api"enin8 eriodyctol8 V=cymene8 QU and R=pinene8
ta>ifolin8 t#ymol8 carvacrol8 myrcene! <!;= cineole8 e%"enol8 R=caryop#yllene.

5R)5,R6&,S A(D A76&)(
Rasa * +aF%! 6i3ta
Irya * .EGa
Iip3a * +aF%
20-
+arma * Dpana! +ap#a#ara! MalasaG"r#iG! 5cana! R%cya! Ita#ara!
Iedanst#pana! IiEa"#na
(di"estive impairment)! A0rGa (indi"estion)! Ar%ci (tastelessness)! Atisra (diarr#oea)!
-ra#aG (colitis O %lcerative colitis)! -%lma (a$dominal l%mp)! 1i33 (#icc%p)! 1Pdda%r$alya
(2ea3ness of t#e #eart)! LrGaKvsa (c#ronic ast#ma)! +sa (co%"#)! +Pmi (2orm
infestation)! MHtra3Pcc#ra (dys%ria)! MHtraro"a (%rinary diseases)! MHtrKmar (.rinary
calc%l%s)! Jvsa (Ast#ma)! .dararo"a (diseases of a$domen)! .nmda (mania O psyc#osis)!
IisHci3 (-astro=enteritis 2it# piercin" pain)
D)S, = Svarasa (0%ice) * ? to <A ml

203
55. $ATRASNUHI (L"%e9)
5A6RAS(.1 (Late>)
5atrasn%# consists of t#e fres# or dried late> of ,%p#or$ia niv%lia /%c#.=1am. (am.
,%p#or$iaceae)! a spiny sp%r"e "ro2in" %pto <Am #i"#! fo%nd in t#e dry and roc3y re"ions
practically t#ro%"#o%t &ndia and is often "ro2n in #ed"es. Late> is collected $y drainin" it
from fres#ly c%t leaves and stems.
S'()('MS * /a#%3aGFa3a! Ia0r! 5atta +arie! Se#%GRa
R,-&)(AL LA(-.A-, (AM,S
/en"ali * Dandaa t#o#ara! Si0
-%0rati * 6#or3antalo! 6#or
1indi * +att#o#ar! Si0
+annada * 'ela 3alli
Malayalam * &la3alli
Marat#i * Sa$ar! 6epari
)riya * +at# si"%
6amil * &&ai33alli
6el%"% * A3%0em%d%
.rd% * Va3%m
D,S7R&56&)(
a) Macroscopic
res# Mil3y 2#ite liN%id! $itter taste! distinct and %npleasant odo%r.
Dry /ro2n in colo%r! l%mpy! mallea$le to $rittle 2it# a d%sty s%rface! $itter to taste and
odo%r indistinct.
202
$) Microscopic
res# A small portion of late> mo%nted in "lycerin s#o2s starc# "rains! oval or d%m$
$ell s#aped 2it# @ lo$ed e>tremities8 a fe2 occ%r in cl%sters of 9A to ?A P in diameter8 oval
s#aped individ%al starc# "rains meas%re ? to<A P8 oil "lo$%les also seen stained in S%dan &&&!
no associated ve"eta$le de$ris fo%nd.
Dry =A small portion of resid%e after softenin" over 2ater $at# and clearin" 2it# ? W +)1
and mo%nted in "lycerin! s#o2s oval s#aped starc# "rains ? to <A P in diameter! d%m$ $ell
s#aped starc# "rains 2it# @ lo$ed e>tremities and "rains occ%rrin" in cl%sters @A to :A P in
diameter8 oil "lo$%les also seen.
Sol%$ility
res# late> sol%$le in Alco#ol! <( (a)1 (aN) and ?A W 1
9
S)
:
Dry late> insol%$le in Alco#ol and <( (a)1 (aN)8 partially sol%$le in ?A W 1
9
S)
:
l%orescence Analysis in $ot# day and .I (9?: nm) li"#t
res# late> in <( (a)1 (aN) cream in day li"#t and li"#t "reen in .I li"#t.
Dry late> in <( (a)1 (aN) yello2 in day li"#t and li"#t "reen in .I li"#t.
&D,(6&6'! 5.R&6' A(D S6R,(-61

Acid=insol%$le as# (ot more t#an A.<9 per cent! Appendi> 9.9.:
Alco#ol=sol%$le e>tractive (ot less t#an 9D per cent! Appendi> 9.9.B
i>ed oil (ot less t#an 9< per cent! Appendi> 9.9.D

6.L.7.
6.L.7 of dic#loromet#ane e>tract on al%mini%m plate precoated 2it# silica "el B-B CA
9?:
(A.9 mm t#ic3ness) %sin" tol%ene* et#yl acetate (C*A.?) as mo$ile p#ase and 2#en seen
%nder .I 9?: nm s#o2s spots at R
f
A.<B! A.9A! A.@D! A.::! A.C@! A.B< and A.;A (all "reen). )n
208
e>pos%re to iodine vapo%rs spots appear at R
f
A.<B! A.99! A.@9! A.:: and A.;A (all $ro2n). )n
dippin" t#e plate in vanillin=s%lp#%ric acid rea"ent and #eatin" at <A?
A
appear at R
f
A.<C ($l%e)! A.99! A.9C ($ot# violet)! A.@9 ($l%e)! A.@D! A.:: ($ot# violet)! A.?C!
A.C: ($ot# $l%e) and A.;9 (violet).

7)(S6&6.,(6S = 7ycloniv%liaol8 cycloartenol8 cycloe%calenol8 cycloart=9?=en=@=R=9:=
diol.

5R)5,R6&,S A(D A76&)(
Rasa * +aF%
-%Ga * La"#%! 63EGa! Sni"d#a
Irya * .EGa
Iip3a * +aF%
+arma * /#edana! D#a3ara! Le3#ana! Iirecana
61,RA5,.6&7 .S,S = ArKa (piles)! /#a"andara (fist%la=in=ano)! +%EF#a (Leprosy O
diseases of s3in)! Jvsa (Ast#ma)! .dararo"a (diseases of a$domen)
D)S, = +Era (late>)* <9? to 9?A m"

201
5&. $INDATAGARA (R)!*+,e)
5&SÂ6A-ARA (R#i4ome)
5iGRata"ara consists of t#e dried r#i4omes of Asar%m e%ropae%m L. (am.
Aristoloc#iaceae)! an ever"reen plant 2it# "lossy folia"e! occ%rrin" in ,%rope and temperate
Mediterranean re"ions. 6#e r#i4omes are imported into &ndia.
S'()('MS * Dvpntara 6a"ara! +aF%patra! 5rasi3a ta"ara
R,-&)(AL LA(-.A-, (AM,S
,n"lis# * 7ommon Asar$acca! oal foot
1indi * 6a"ar "ant#oda! Asaar%n! .pana
Marat#i * -at#i ta"ara
)riya * R%3%na! 1atapoc##a
6el%"% * 7#ep%t%ta3%
.rd% * Asaar%n! Asaroon
D,S7R&56&)(
a) Macroscopic
R#i4omes are availa$le in t#e form of pieces of a$o%t 9 to : cm lon" and A.B to <.?
cm in t#ic3ness! irre"%lar in s#ape! #ard! e>ternal appearance dar3 $ro2n and 2arty d%e to
scars of leaf $ases! inflorescences and lateral $ranc#es8 c%t s%rface is sli"#tly coarse! dar3
colo%red 2it# a layer of t#in $ar3! and a rin" of vasc%lar tiss%e8 odo%r c#aracteristically
aromatic8 taste! indistinct.
$) Microscopic
&rre"%lar in o%tline! $ar3 contains cor3! cor3 cam$i%m! secondary corte> and p#loem8
cor3 @ to C seriate! composed of tan"entially elon"ated! rectan"%lar! compactly arran"ed!
stratified! t#ic3 2alled! s%$erised cells8 cor3 cam$i%m %ni or $iseriate! composed of
rectan"%lar! compactly arran"ed! t#in 2alled cells8 secondary corte> composed of
210
tan"entially elon"ated t#in 2alled! loosely arran"ed cells containin" tannin as s#o2n $y a
dar3 $ro2n colo%r on treatment 2it# a mi>t%re of fres#ly prepared ?W 2Ov erric 7#loride
sol%tions in DAW alco#ol and 9?W /asic Lead Acetate sol%tion in car$ondio>ide free 2ater8
endodermis and pericycle cr%s#ed8 endodermis sin"le layer! cells $arrel s#aped! compactly
arran"ed! radial and tan"ential 2alls are t#ic3ened and t%rn reddis# in p#loro"l%cinol and
also in S%dan &&&8 pericycle 9 or @ seriate! composed of compactly arran"ed isodiametric
cells8 secondary p#loem #as sieve t%$es! companion cells! e>tensive p#loem parenc#yma and
p#loem fi$res8 sieve t%$es s#ort 2it# t#in 2alls! and simple sieve plates! one or t2o
companion cells are associated 2it# eac# sieve t%$e8 p#loem parenc#ymato%s cells are
elon"ated tan"entially! often collapsed completely in some places leavin" lar"e spaces8 cells
store tannin and oil "lo$%les! >ylem is smaller! 2it# <9 to 9A in patc#es! arran"ed in t#e form
of a rin"! eac# patc# containin" vessels! parenc#yma and fi$res8 vessels %pto ;A P in 2idt#
and %pto 9?A P in len"t#! 2it# o$liN%e end 2alls and a simple perforation plate8 proto>ylem
elements possess spiral t#ic3enin"s and meta>ylem vessels #ave $ordered pits arran"ed
alternately8 >ylem fi$res scanty! %pto :?A P in len"t#! li"nified 2it# t#ic3 2alls8 pit#
cr%s#ed.
5o2der =Dar3 $ro2n in colo%r! oily! fine! not free flo2in"! and forms cl%mps8 s#o2s t#e
presence of cor3 tiss%e! parenc#yma! fi$res and >ylem vessels8 >ylem fi$res 99? to @?A P in
len"t#! t#ic3 2alled 2it# simple pits8 vessels <;A to 9?A P lon"! #avin" spiral t#ic3enin"s8
pitted! 2ide and s#ort vessels are also present8 end 2alls! o$liN%e 2it# simple perforation
plates
&D,(6&6'! 5.R&6' A(D S6R,(-61

Water=sol%$le e>tractive (ot less t#an 9? per cent! Appendi> 9.9.;

211
6.L.7.
6.L.7. of t#e alco#olic e>tract on silica"el B-B plate %sin" n=#e>ane* et#yl acetate
(D*<) as mo$ile p#ase and 2#en seen %nder .I @CC nm s#o2s spots at R
f
A.9A and A.@B ($ot#
$l%e)8 on e>pos%re to iodine vapo%r! spots appear at R
f
A.9A! A.@B and A.?? (all yello2)8 on
sprayin" 2it# ?W met#anolic s%lp#%ric acid rea"ent and #eatin" t#e plate for <A min%tes at
<A?
A
spots appear at R
f
val%es A.9A! A.@B! A.:?! A.?? and A.C<.

7)(S6&6.,(6S = Q=A"rof%ran! c#alcone di"lycoside! Q=asarone! diasarone=<! diasarone=
9! trans M cis=isoasarones! fi>ed oil and volatile oil.

5R)5,R6&,S A(D A76&)(
Rasa * +aF%! Amla! +aEya
-%Ga * La"#%
Irya * .EGa
Iip3a * +aF%
+arma * +ap#a"#na! (R$alya! Jirovirecana! Jvayat#%vilayana! Sveda0anana!
63EGavirecana! Ima3a! IiEa"#na
61,RA5,.6&7 .S,S = mavta (R#e%matism)! Anrtava (Amenorr#oea)! Apasmra
(,pilepsy)! Ardita (facial palsy)! Avarod#a0anya +mal (o$str%ctive La%ndice)! -Pd#ras
(Sciatica)! Lalodara (ascites)! MHtrvarod#a (%ninary o$str%ction)! (etraro"a (diseases of t#e
eye)! 5a3Eavad#a (paralysis O #emiple"ia)! 5rKvaKHla (intercostal ne%ral"ia and
ple%rodynia)! 5l#a ro"a (splenic disease)! JHla (pain O colic)! 'a3Pt Kot#a (1epatitis)

212
5(. $ITA-AN4ANARA ('u8)
56A=+b7A(RA (/%d)
5ta=3acanra consists of dried! mat%re flo2er $%ds of /a%#inia racemosa Lam3.
(am. 7aesalpiniaceae)! a small $%s#y and croo3ed! decid%o%s tree distri$%ted t#ro%"#o%t
&ndia! common in s%$=1imalayan tract from t#e Ravi east2ards to /en"al! 7entral and So%t#
&ndia.
S'()('MS * 5tap%Epa3a
R,-&)(AL LA(-.A-, (AM,S
/en"ali * /a%ra0! Sada +anc#ana
-%0rati * Aasotaro! As%ndro! Apta
1indi * Asanta! As#ta
+annada * /anne! +ad% mant#ara! Arel%! Mandara! A3il%
Malayalam * Mandar%m
Marat#i * Aapataa! As#taa
)riya * +anc#ana
5%n0a$i * +os%ndra! 6a%r
6amil * Att#i! Malai=atti! Malai=mandarai
6el%"% * Ari! Are! 5acc#are
.rd% * +ac#nal
D,S7R&56&)(
a) Macroscopic
lo2er $%ds <.? cm to 9.? cm in len"t# and @ to B mm in diameter! ape> ac%te! $ase
taperin" 2it# attac#ed pedicel meas%rin" %p to 9 cm in len"t#! s%rface li"#t $ro2n to "reyis#
$ro2n 2it# lon"it%dinal fine 2rin3les8 fra"ile8 caly> lim$ spat#aceo%s! ? toot#ed! refle>ed8
petals o$lanceolate! as lon" as caly> lim$8 stamens <A! all perfect8 odo%r and taste indistinct.
21?
$) Microscopic
7aly>= 6S of sepal more or less circ%lar in o%tline 2it# ? to C rid"es and a central #ollo2
core8 epidermis on $ot# s%rfaces 2it# anomocytic stomata! < to @ celled small coverin"
tric#omes! meas%rin" %pto <?A P in len"t#! present on lo2er s%rface* : to ? layers of
collenc#yma cells present $elo2 eac# rid"es of lo2er epidermis8 mesop#yll represented $y
aerenc#yma8 n%mero%s vasc%lar $%ndles arran"ed in a ro2 in t#e mesop#yll! vasc%lar $%ndles
$elo2 eac# rid"e $ein" lar"er in comparison to ot#ers8 rosettes of calci%m o>alate crystals
present in some of t#e cells of aerenc#yma.
7orolla= 5etal s#o2s sin"le layered epidermis follo2ed $y mesop#yll composed of circ%lar to
oval parenc#yma cells8 a n%m$er of small vasc%lar $%ndles present in a ro2 in t#e mesop#yll8
most of t#e parenc#yma cells ad0oinin" vasc%lar $%ndles contain yello2 to yello2is# oran"e
pi"ments.
5o2der= 5o2der s#o2s fra"ments of epidermis of petal 2it# strai"#t 2alls! epidermis of
sepal 2it# anomocytic stomata and < to @ celled coverin" tric#omes! some cells of mesop#yll
containin" rosettes of calci%m o>alate crystals! scalariform and spiral vessels 2it# ad0oinin"
parenc#yma cells containin" pi"ments 8 coverin" tric#omes! isolated rosettes of calci%m
o>alate crystals 8 pollen "rains circ%lar 2it# smoot# e>ine and entine meas%rin" %pto <AA W
in diameter and t#ic3 2alled parenc#ymato%s ant#eridial cells 2it# ad0oinin" scalariform
vasc%lar elements.
&D,(6&6'! 5.R&6' A(D S6R,(-61

Alco#ol=sol%$le e>tractive (ot less t#an <C per cent! Appendi> 9.9.B
Water=sol%$le e>tractive (ot less t#an 9; per cent! Appendi> 9.9.;

6.L.7.
21<
6.L.7. of alco#olic e>tract on silica "el B-B plate %sin" tol%ene* c#loroform* et#yl
acetate (9*9*A.?) as mo$ile p#ase and 2#en seen %nder .I 9?: nm s#o2s spots at R
f
A.@B!
A.?:! A.CA and A.BB (all 2#ite)! A.:A! A.C? and A.;: (all pin3).

7)(S6&6.,(6S = lavonoids li3e f%ercetin! isoN%ercetin.

5R)5,R6&,S A(D A76&)(
Irya * Jta
Iip3a * Mad#%ra
+arma * 5itta3ap#aKma3a! SaQ"r#! +ap#a=vta#ara! 5itta#ara
61,RA5,.6&7 .S,S = /#Htavi3ra (psyc#otic syndrome)! D#a ($%rnin" sensation)!
-ala"aGRa ("oitre)! -aGRaml (cervical lymp#adenitis)! 5rame#a (meta$olic disorder)!
Ra3tavi3ra (disorders of $lood)! 6PEG (t#irst)! Iid#a ($%rnin" sensation)! IiEama0vara
(intermittent fever)

21-
5-. RATA 4ITRAA (R++%)
RA+6A 7&6RA+A (Root)
Ra3ta 7itra3a consists of t#e dried roots of 5l%m$a"o indica L. Syn. 5. rosea L. (am.
5l%m$a"inaceae). 6#e plant is a perennial %nders#r%$! 2it# alternate entire leaves. lo2ers
are rose colo%red in terminal spi3es 2it# "land dotted caly> and fr%it a sin"le seeded
py>idi%m8 occ%rs all over &ndia! c%ltivated or as an escape8 roots of t#e plant are #arvested at
mat%rity and are dried in s#ade.
S'()('MS * Analanm
R,-&)(AL LA(-.A-, (AM,S
Assamese * Ran"a a"yac#it
/en"ali * Ra3to c#ita! Lal c#itra
,n"lis# * Lead 2ort! Rosy flo2ered lead 2ort
-%0rati * Lal=c#itra3! Rato=c#atro
1indi * Lal=c#ita! Ra3ta=c#ita
+annada * +empacitram%lam! +emp% c#itram%la
Malayalam * 7#%vanna33od%veli
Marat#i * Lal c#itra3
)riya * Ran"ac#itapar%
6amil * +otivel! 7en3otivel
6el%"% * ,rrac#itram%lam
.rd% * 7#eetaa
D,S7R&56&)(
a) Macroscopic
6#e roots are availa$le in t#e form of t#in slices and small pieces! slices A.B to<.9 cm
in diameter and t#e pieces A.9 to A.? cm t#ic3 9 or @ cm lon"! s%rface dar3 $ro2n! vertically
fiss%red! mar3ed $y transversely elon"ated lenticels! fract%re entire! s%rface smoot# 2it#
213
2ide li"#t colo%red $ar3! and a narro2! li"#t yello2 #ard central 2ood8 odo%r! indistinct8
taste! s2eetis#.
$) Microscopic
6S s#o2s perip#eral $ar3 and central 2ood! $ar3 <.A to 9.A mm in t#ic3ness and
consists of cor3! cor3 cam$i%m! secondary corte> and secondary p#loem! cor3 ; to <A seriate!
composed of tan"entially elon"ated! rectan"%lar! compactly arran"ed! stratified cells 2it#
s%$erised 2alls t#e cells are filled 2it# tannins! cor3 is interr%pted $y lenticels8 cor3
cam$i%m %niseriate! composed of tan"entially elon"ated! $arrel s#aped! t#in 2alled cells8
secondary corte> scanty! containin" tannins and starc# "rains8 secondary p#loem consists of
%s%al elements and fi$res! >ylem consists of vessels! trac#eids! fi$res and parenc#yma8
vessels of vario%s si4es arran"ed c#aracteristically in %niseriate radiatin" ro2s 2it# retic%late
t#ic3enin"s8 >ylem fi$res :AA to CAA P lon" and 9A to @A P 2ide.
5o2der ='ello2is# $ro2n! po2der consists of cor3 cells! secondary corte> cells 2it# tannins!
sieve t%$es! fi$res and >ylem vessels 2it# retic%late and pitted t#ic3enin"s.
&D,(6&6'! 5.R&6' A(D S6R,(-61


6.L.7.
as mo$ile p#ase and 2#en seen %nder .I @CC nm! s#o2s spots at R
f
A.@?! A.?@! A.;9 and
A.DC. )n sprayin" 2it# Dragendorff's rea"ent! spots appear at R
f
A.?@! A.;9 and A.DC and
on sprayin" 2it# ?W met#anolic s%lp#%ric acid rea"ent and #eatin" t#e plate at <A?
A
for <A
min%tes! spots appear at R
f
A.@?! A.?@! A.;9 and A.DC.
212

7)(S6&6.,(6S = f%inones and nap#t#aN%inones s%c# as isos#inanolone! pl%m$a"ic acid
vanillic acid and 4eylanone.

5R)5,R6&,S A(D A76&)(
Rasa * +aF%! 6i3ta
Irya * .EGa
Iip3a * +aF%! 6i3ta
+arma * Dpana! -r#! 5cana! Rasyana! R%cya
61,RA5,.6&7 .S,S = ArKa (piles)! -ra#aG (colitis O %lcerative colitis)! +sa (co%"#)!
+Pmi (2orm infestation)! +%EF#a (Leprosy O diseases of s3in)! 5GR% (anaemia)! Si3atme#a
(Lit#%ria)! Jot#a (inflammation)! JHla (pain O colic)
D)S, = 7HrGa (po2der) * A.? to 9 "

218
51. ROHITAA (S%e, '"r6)
R)1&6A+A (Stem /ar3)
Ro#ita3a consists of dried stem $ar3s of 6ecomella %nd%lata (Sm.) Seem. (am.
/i"noniaceae)! a small tree distri$%ted in t#e drier parts of t#e (ort#=West and Western
&ndia! ascendin" to an altit%de of <!9AA m in t#e o%ter 1imalayas and often c%ltivated in
"ardens for its $ea%tif%l flo2ers.
S'()('MS * DRima p%Epa! DRimacc#ada
R,-&)(AL LA(-.A-, (AM,S
/en"ali * 1arina#ada! Roda rayana
,n"lis# * Ro#it%3a tree
-%0rati * Ro#ido
1indi * Ro#eda
+annada * M%ll%m%ntala
Malayalam * 7#emmaram
Marat#i * Ro#ida
5%n0a$i * Ro#ira
6amil * Malamp%lvan
6el%"% * Ro#ita3a
D,S7R&56&)(
a) Macroscopic
/ar3 in c%rved pieces! meas%rin" ? to ; mm in t#ic3ness8 o%ter s%rface "reyis# $ro2n
2it# lon"it%dinal f%rro2s! transverse irre"%lar crac3s and vertically elon"ated lenticels8 inner
s%rface smoot#! $%ff to li"#t $ro2n8 fract%re to%"#8 fract%red s%rface #orny8 taste and odo%r
indistinct.
211
$) Microscopic
/ar3 s#o2s 2ide cor3 consistin" of rectan"%lar and tan"entially elon"ated cells!
r#ytidoma present8 p#elloderm not distin"%is#a$le8 p#loem a 2ide 4one comprisin" of sieve
t%$es! companion cells! p#loem parenc#yma and fi$res! $ein" traversed $y %ni to m%lti
seriate med%llary rays! fi$res arran"ed in tan"ential ro2s e>tendin" from one med%llary ray
to anot#er alternatin" 2it# $ands of ceratenc#yma8 fi$res lon"! t#ic32alled! li"nified 2it#
taperin" or pe" li3e or $if%rcated ends and meas%re %pto <C;A P in len"t#8 rosettes of
calci%m o>alate crystals present in a lar"e n%m$er of parenc#yma cells8 occasionally
parenc#yma cells also contain prismatic crystals of calci%m o>alate and circ%lar to oval
starc# "rains meas%rin" 9 to ? P in diameter 2it# #il%m li3e a point in t#e centre.
5o2der =S#o2s fra"ments of cells of ceratenc#yma! fi$res 2it# taperin" or pe" li3e or
$if%rcated ends! parenc#yma cells containin" prismatic and rosettes of calci%m o>alate
crystals and starc# "rains8 isolated rosettes and prismatic crystals of calci%m o>alate crystal
and starc# "rains.
6#e $ar3 of Ap#anami>is polystac#ya (Wall.) 5ar3er (am.Meliaceae)! Syn. Amoora ro#ita3!
also 3no2n as Ro#ita3 can $e distin"%is#ed $y t#e presence of stone cells in p#elloderm!
%niseriate med%llary rays! crystal fi$res in t#e p#loem re"ion and a$sence of rosettes of
calci%m o>alate crystals.
&D,(6&6'! 5.R&6' A(D S6R,(-61

Water=sol%$le e>tractive (ot less t#an <? per cent! Appendi> 9.9.;

6.L.7.
220
6.L.7. of alco#olic e>tract on precoated silica "el B-B

plate %sin" tol%ene* et#yl
acetate* met#anol* acetic acid (:*?*9*A*9) as mo$ile p#ase and 2#en seen %nder .I 9?: nm
s#o2s spots at R
f
A.<?! A.9B ($ot# $l%e)! A.?C (li"#t "reen)! A.C9! A.BA! A.B: and A.;9 (all
fl%orescent 2#ite).

7)(S6&6.,(6S = 6ecomin (veratroyl R=D="l%coside)! n=triacontane! n=#eptacosane! n=
nonacosane! n=triacontanol! n=octacosanol! R=sitosterol.

5R)5,R6&,S A(D A76&)(
Rasa * +aF%! +aEya! 6i3ta
-%Ga * La"#%! RH3Ea! Sara
Irya * Jta
Iip3a * +aF%
+arma * Ita#ara! +ap#a#ara! R%cya! Ra3taprasdana! Medo#ara! Stanya!
IiEa"#na
&M5)R6A(6 )RM.LA6&)(S = Ro#ita3riEFa! Ro#ita3a la%#a! 'a3PtKHla vinKin
IaFi3
61,RA5,.6&7 .S,S = -%lma (a$dominal l%mp)! +Pmi (2orm infestation)!
+mal (La%ndice)! +arGaro"a (disease of ear)! +%EF#a (Leprosy O diseases of s3in)!
Medoro"a (o$esity)! (etraro"a (diseases of t#e eye)! 5l#odara (splenome"aly)! 5rame#a
(meta$olic disorder)! Ra3tavi3ra (disorders of $lood)! JHla (pain O colic)! Jvetapradara
(le%corr#oea)! Ii$and#a (constipation)! IraGa (%lcer)! 'a3Pt ro"a (liver disorder)
+vt#a (decoction) * ?A to <AA

221
&3. SHALA (He"r% /++8)
JLA (1eart Wood)
Jla consists of dried #eart2ood of S#orea ro$%sta -aertn. (am. Dipterocarpaceae)!
a lar"e s%$=decid%o%s tree! fo%nd e>tensively in parts of (ort#=,ast and 7entral &ndia.
S'()('MS * Sala
R,-&)(AL LA(-.A-, (AM,S
/en"ali * S#aal"aac#
,n"lis# * Saltree! S#aal tree
-%0rati * S#aalvri3s#
1indi * Saal! Sa3#%aa! Saa3#%
+annada * +a$$a! Saal
Malayalam * Saalvri3s#am! M%lapp%mar%t%
Marat#i * S#aalvri3s#! Raalec#aavri3s#a
)riya * Salva! S#aal%aa"ac##a
5%n0a$i * S#ala
6amil * Saalam
6el%"% * -%""ilam
D,S7R&56&)(
a) Macroscopic
1eart2ood in $loc3s and c%t cylindrical pieces! <A to <9 cm lon"! ? to ; cm $road and
< to 9 cm t#ic3! s%rface smoot# 2it# fine lon"it%dional and interloc3ed striations8
transversely c%t s%rface finely "ran%lated8 pores lar"er! distinctly visi$le! coarse8 te>t%re very
#ard! stron"! to%"# and #eavy8 pale $ro2n 2#en yo%n" and t%rnin" reddis# $ro2n 2it# a"e.
222
$) Microscopic
-ro2t# rin" indistinct8 concentric $ands of "%m d%cts represents false "ro2t# mar3s8
diff%se poro%s! vessels scattered! lar"e to moderately lar"e! fairly distinct! mostly solitary in
s#ort radial m%ltiples of 9 or @! pitted! pits simple to $ordered! sometime occl%ded 2it#
tylosis8 >ylem parenc#yma scanty to a$%ndant! distinct as t#in s#eat# aro%nd t#e vessel pore
or "ro%ps of vessels! often confl%ent connectin" ad0acent vessels and also diff%sed8 fi$res in
tan"ential $ands8 med%llary rays fine to moderately $road! #etero"eno%s! @ to C seriate and ?
to <9 celled lon"8 vertical "%m d%ct present in lon" tan"ential $ands appearin" as 2#ite
concentric lines at irre"%lar intervals.
5o2der =Reddis# $ro2n! on microscopic e>amination s#o2s parenc#ymato%s cells8 pitted
vessels 2it# simple and $ordered pits! occl%ded 2it# tyloses8 fi$res and "%m d%cts! radially
med%llary rays 2it# lar"e "ro%p of fi$res.
&D,(6&6'! 5.R&6' A(D S6R,(-61

Acid=insol%$le as# (ot more t#an A.B per cent! Appendi> 9.9.:
Water=sol%$le e>tractive (ot less t#an <.? per cent! Appendi> 9.9.;

6.L.7.
%sin" tol%ene*et#yl acetate* formic acid (?*?*<) as mo$ile p#ase and 2#en seen %nder .I 9?:
nm! spots appear at R
f
A.<:! A.9?! A.@<! A.:<! A.??! A.C: and A.B9. .nder .I @CC! spots
appear at R
f
A.<@! A.<B! A.9<! A.9C! A.@A! A.@? (all $ro2n)! A.?B! A.CA! A.C:! A.C;! A.B? and
A.;? (all $l%e).

7)(S6&6.,(6S = /er"enin! s#oreap#enol! c#alcone! :B=#ydro>yc#alcone=:=O=R=D=
"l%copyranoside! <9Q=#ydro>y=@=o>o=olenano=9;!<@=lactone.
22?

5R)5,R6&,S A(D A76&)(
Rasa * +aEya
-%Ga * RH3Ea
Irya * .EGa
Iip3a * +aF%
+arma * +ap#a#ara! Medo#ara! IraGaKod#ana! -r#! IiEa"#na!
Iedanst#pana! Stam$#ana! +Pmi"#na
&M5)R6A(6 )RM.LA6&)(S = Ayas3Pti! ,ldi "#Pta
61,RA5,.6&7 .S,S = A"nid#a ($%rns)! +aGRH (itc#in")! +Pmi (2orm infestation)!
+%EF#a (Leprosy O diseases of s3in)! 5GR% (anaemia)! 5rame#a (meta$olic disorder)!
Ra3tavi3ra (disorders of $lood)! Jot#a (inflammation)! .padaZKa (soft c#ancre)!
Itavyd#i (disease d%e to Ita doEa)! IiEavi3ra (disorders d%e to poison)! Iidrad#i
(a$scess)! IraGa (%lcer)! 'oniro"a (disease of female "enital tract)! +arGaro"a (disease of
ear)! /d#irya (deafness)! Ast#i$#a"na ($one fract%re)
+vt#a (decoction) * ?A to <AA ml

22<
&1. SHALA$ARNI (/)+#e $#"0%)
JLA5ARS (W#ole 5lant)
JlaparG consists of dried 2#ole plant of Desmodi%m "an"etic%m D7. (am.
a$aceae)! a nearly erect %nders#r%$! A.C to 9 m #i"#! "ro2in" 2ild almost t#ro%"#o%t &ndia
in t#e plains and Western -#ats! and %pto <?AA m in t#e nort# %pto Si33im.
S'()('MS * St#ir! 6riparG! Iidri"and#! AZK%mat
R,-&)(AL LA(-.A-, (AM,S
/en"ali * S#alpaani
-%0rati * Saalvan! Sameravo
1indi * Sarivan! Saalapaani! Salpan
+annada * M%relc#onne! +ola3annar%
Malayalam * )rila
Marat#i * Saalvan! Sarvan
)riya * Saloparnni! Salpatri
5%n0a$i * Sarivan! S#alp%rni
6amil * 5%lladi! )rila! Moovilai
6el%"% * +ola3%ponna! +olaponna
.rd% * S#al2an
D,S7R&56&)(
a) Macroscopic
Root =6ap root! poorly developed! $%t lateral roots <? to @A cm lon"! and A.< to A.;
cm t#ic3! %niformly cylindrical 2it# a n%m$er of $ranc#es8 s%rface smoot# $earin" a n%m$er
of transverse! li"#t $ro2n lenticels! $acterial nod%les freN%ently present8 li"#t yello28
fract%re fi$ro%s8 odo%r not c#aracteristic8 taste! s2eetis# and m%cila"ino%s.
22-
Stem =Stem slender! %pto <.A cm in diameter! $ranc#ed! some2#at an"%lar! clot#ed 2it#
appressed "reyis# #airs! e>ternal s%rface $ro2n! internal pale yello28 fract%re! s#ort8 taste!
sli"#tly $itter.
Leaf =Leaf %nifoliate! petiolate! stip%late! linear! o$lon"! ac%te or sli"#tly ac%minate! striate
at t#e $ase! a$o%t C to <@ cm lon" and @.? to B cm $road! mar"ins some2#at 2avy! %pper
s%rface "la$ro%s and "reen! lo2er s%rface pale and clot#ed 2it# dense! soft! 2#itis#
appressed #airs.
$) Microscopic
Root =Mat%re root s#o2s cor3! @ to B layers of t#in=2alled! tan"ential elon"ated cells!
#avin" a fe2 prismatic crystals of calci%m o>alate8 cor3 cam$i%m sin"le layered8 secondary
corte> : to <A layers of t#in=2alled! tan"entially elon"ated cells #avin" a fe2 isolated
cortical fi$res8 secondary p#loem composed of parenc#yma! sieve t%$es! companion cells and
fi$res8 traversed $y p#loem rays8 sieve t%$es collapsed in o%ter re"ion! $%t intact in inner
re"ion8 p#loem fi$res sli"#tly elon"ated! li"nified8 p#loem rays %ni to m%ltiseriate! : cells
2ide and : to <? cells #i"#8 o%ter >ylem re"ion #avin" < or 9 "ro2t# rin"s! consistin" of
vessels! trac#eids! >ylem parenc#yma! and >ylem fi$res! traversed $y >ylem rays8 vessels!
li"nified! lar"e! narro2! 2it# $ot# retic%late t#ic3enin"s or $ordered pits8 >ylem parenc#yma
2it# rectan"%lar or sli"#tly elon"ated cells! resem$lin" t#ose of p#loem parenc#yma in s#ape
$%t lar"er in si4e8 >ylem rays t#ic3=2alled possessin" simple pits! < to ? cells 2ide and : to
<9 cells #i"#8 simple! ro%nd to oval starc# "rains meas%rin" B to 9? P in diameter and
prismatic crystals of calci%m o>alate present in secondary p#loem and secondary >ylem.
Stem =6S s#o2s! sin"le layered epidermis of small! oval parenc#yma cells covered 2it# t#ic3
$ro2nis# c%ticle and interr%pted at places $y m%lticell%lar tric#omes8 a #ypodermis
consistin" of @ or : layers of oval collenc#yma cells8 : to C layers of corte> of oval
parenc#ymato%s cells interspersed 2it# "ro%ps of sclereids8 a narro2 4one of secondary
p#loem composed of parenc#yma! sieve elements and a fe2 p#loem fi$res present8 a 2ell
developed secondary >ylem consistin" of lar"e ro%nd >ylem vessels occ%rrin" sin"ly or in
"ro%ps of @ or :! t#ic3=2alled trac#eids! "ro%ps of fi$res8 %ni= to $iseriate med%llary rays of
223
radially elon"ated cells8 a fe2 lar"e circ%lar! pitted cells of pit# filled 2it# starc# "rains and
prismatic crystals of calci%m o>alate.
Leaf =6S of leaf s#o2s dorsiventral lamina consistin" of a sin"le layered c%tic%lari4ed
epidermis on $ot# s%rfaces interr%pted at places $y %nicell%lar 2arty tric#omes8 $ilayered
palisade of col%mnar cells8 @ or : layered spon"y mesop#yll of circ%lar parenc#yma cells8 <
to : centrally located vasc%lar $%ndles in midri$ re"ion consistin" of radially arran"ed
>ylem! p#loem and capped $y patc# of sclerenc#yma cells on ventral side8 9 or @ layered
patc# of collenc#yma $elo2 %pper epidermis and @ or : layers of circ%lar parenc#yma inside
lo2er epidermis in midri$ re"ion.
5o2der =S#o2s cor3 in s%rface vie2! patc#es of oval parenc#yma cells of corte> containin"
starc# "rains8 fra"ments of radially c%t med%llary rays8 stone cells of different si4es8 leaf
epidermis in s%rface vie2 s#o2in" paracytic stomata8 pitted vessels8 prismatic crystals of
calci%m o>alate and ro%nd! simple or 9 to : compo%nd starc# "rains.
&D,(6&6'! 5.R&6' A(D S6R,(-61

Acid=insol%$le as# (ot more t#an 9.? per cent! Appendi> 9.9.:

6.L.7.
9?:
of A.9 mm t#ic3ness %sin" tol%en* et#yl acetate*formic acid
(C*@*<) as solvent system and on sprayin" 2it# anisalde#yde=s%lp#%ric acid rea"ent follo2ed
$y #eatin" at <A?
A
f
A.?C ($ro2n)! A.<? (violet)! A.9:
($ro2nis#=p%rple)! A.@; ($ro2nis#=p%rple)! A.:< ($ro2nis#=p%rple)! A.:D (oran"e)! A.B@
($ro2n)! A.;< (red)! A.;B ("reen) and A.DC (ma"enta).

222
7)(S6&6.,(6S = Al3aloids8 flavonoids! desmocarpan! desmocarpin! pterocarpan!
desmodin! "an"etin! "an"etinin8 ot#ers* 9=(((=dimet#ylamino) acetop#enone

5R)5,R6&,S A(D A76&)(
Rasa * 6i3ta! Mad#%ra
Irya * .EGa
Iip3a * Mad#%ra
+arma * /alya! /PZ#aGa! MHtrala! Rasyana! 6ridoEa#ara! Ita#ara! IPEya
&M5)R6A(6 )RM.LA6&)(S = DaKamHlriEFa! DaKamHla +vt#a
61,RA5,.6&7 .S,S = ArKa (piles)! Atisra (diarr#oea)! 7#ardi (emesis)! Lvara (fever)!
+sa (co%"#)! +Pmi (2orm infestation)! +Eata (2o%nd)! MHtra3Pcc#ra (dys%ria)! 5rame#a
(meta$olic disorder)! Santpa (emotional stress)! JoEa (emaciation)! Jot#a (inflammation)!
J%3rada%r$alya (seminal stress)! Jvsa (Ast#ma)! Itaro"a (disease d%e to Ita doEa)!
IiEama0vara (intermittent fever)! IiEavi3ra (disorders d%e to poison)
D)S, = 7HrGa (po2der)* C to<9 "
+vt#a (decoction)* ?A to <AA ml

228
&2. SHAMI (Le"2)
JAM (Leaf)
Jam consists of t#e leaves of 5rosopis cineraria Dr%ce Syn. 5. spici"era L. (am.
Le"%minosae Mimosaceae)! a small to moderate si4ed tree fo%nd in t#e dry and arid re"ions
of &ndia.
S'()('MS * +eKa#antr! Sa3t%p#al! JaQ3%p#ali3! 6%Q"a
R,-&)(AL LA(-.A-, (AM,S
/en"ali * Sain! S#ami
,n"lis# * Sp%n"e tree
-%0rati * +#ee0ado! Sami
1indi * 7##on3ar! Sami! 7##i3%r! L#and! +#e0ra
+annada * /anni! +a$anni
Malayalam * 5aramp%! 6am$%! Ia#ni
Marat#i * Sami! Sa%nder
)riya * S#ami
5%n0a$i * Land
6amil * Ianni
6el%"% * Lammi
D,S7R&56&)(
a) Macroscopic
/ipinnnately compo%nd leaves 2it# p%lvin%s! $orne on a rac#is 9 to ; cm lon"8 loose
pinnae and pinn%les present8 pinnae B to <9 pairs! eac# pinna $earin" B to <9 pairs of
pinn%les! pinn%le o$lon" ro%nded and m%cronate! ; to <A mm lon"! 9 to @ mm $road.
221
$) Microscopic
Rac#is = 6S ro%"#ly trian"%lar 2it# a$a>ial side rat#er c%rved! and ada>ial a $l%nt
pyramid8 c%ticle t#ic3! epidermis sin"le layered! %nicell%lar tric#ome present8 corte> of lar"e
parenc#ymato%s cells! a fe2 o%ter layer $ein" c#lorenc#ymato%s! more on t#e ada>ial side
t#an on a$a>ial side8 vasc%lar system ectop#loic sip#onostele consistin" of a central main
$%ndle and t2o ada>ial accessory $%ndles 2it# sclerenc#yma cap8 a t#in parenc#ymato%s
plate present in t#e central $%ndle $et2een t#e t2o s#allo2 arcs of >ylem s%rro%nded $y
p#loem8 a t#ic3 sclerenc#ymato%s $%ndle s#eat# 2it# stone cells and fi$res s%rro%nds t#e
stele8 >ylem elements "enerally in radial ro2s.
5etiole = Almost trian"%lar! 2it# a pro0ection on a$a>ial side8 tric#omes %nicell%lar! lon"!
"ro%nd tiss%e c#lorenc#ymato%s! more so on ada>ial side t#an on a$a>ial side! rest $ein"
parenc#ymato%s! 2it# min%te intercell%lar spaces8 vasc%lar system consists of central main
$%ndle and t2o ada>ial lateral accessory $%ndles 2it# sclerenc#yma cap8 a t#in
parenc#ymato%s plate present in t#e central $%ndle $et2een t#e t2o s#allo2 arcs of >ylem
s%rro%nded $y p#loem8 @ or : layers of sclerenc#ymato%s $%ndle s#eat# present comprisin"
stone cells and fi$res8 vessels an"%lar! t#in 2alled! solitary8 t#ic3 2alled fi$res present.
Leaf =
Midri$ 7%ticle t#ic38 epidermis sin"le layered8 palisade parenc#yma of 9 or @ layers over t#e
midri$ re"ion! a central lar"e vasc%lar $%ndle present 2it# >ylem and a 2ide conspic%o%s
patc# of sclerenc#yma fi$res $elo2 t#e p#loem8 lar"e parenc#yma cells present on t#e
a$a>ial side e>tend %pto t#e lo2er epidermis.
Lamina &so$ilateral8 c%ticle t#ic38 epidermis sin"le layered8 palisade parenc#yma @ to ?
layers on t#e ada>ial side and 9 or @ layers on t#e a$a>ial side8 spon"y parenc#yma present in
middle re"ion8 epidermis in s%rface vie2 s#o2ed strai"#t 2alls and %nicell%lar tric#ome
present in $ot# t#e epidermis8 stomata present in $ot# s%rfaces 2it# overarc#in" s%$sidiary
cells! stomatal n%m$er for lo2er epidermis @9 to @? O mm
9
! %pper epidermis 9D to @9 O mm
9
8
stomata paracytic8 palisade ratio for %pper epidermis ? to B! lo2er epidermis 9 to :! stomatal
inde> D to <9! vein islet n%m$er<: to <C! veinlet termination n%m$er 9; to @9.
2?0
5o2der -reenis#! no c#aracteristic odo%r and taste! %nicell%lar tric#omes! stone cells and
elon"ated stone cells from sclerenc#ymato%s $%ndle s#eat#! fi$res of %pto :?A a present!
simple circ%lar starc# "rains @ to <A in diameter! scalariform and pitted vessels present.
&D,(6&6'! 5.R&6' A(D S6R,(-61

Alco#ol=sol%$le e>tractive (ot less t#an <: per cent! Appendi> 9.9.B
Water=sol%$le e>tractive (ot less t#an 9< per cent! Appendi> 9.9.;
i>ed oil (ot more t#an : per cent! Appendi> 9.9.D

6.L.7.
9?:
of A.9 mm t#ic3enss %sin" tol%ene*et#yl acetate (D*<) as mo$ile p#ase and 2#en seen %nder
.I @CC nm! s#o2s spots at R
f
A.<:! A.9A! A.9C! A.@A (all pin3)! A.@@ (dar3 pin3) A.:: (2#ite)!
A.:; (pin3)! A.?: (navy $l%e)! A.;C (pin3) and A.DA (2#ite). )n e>pos%re to iodine vapo%r!
spots appear at R
f
A.<:! A.9@! A.9C! A.9;! A.@@! A.:A! A.::! A.:; and A.DA (all yello2is#
$ro2n). )n dippin" t#e plate in vanillin=s%lp#%ric acid rea"ent and #eatin" at <A?
A
for ?
f
A.<:! A.9@! A.@@! A.@; (all "rey)! A.:: (dar3 $l%e)! A.:; (dar3
violet)! A.;@ ($l%e)! A.DA and A.D? ($ot# violet).

7)(S6&6.,(6S = Ric# in tannin! volatile fatty acid.

5R)5,R6&,S A(D A76&)(
-%Ga * La"#%! RH3Ea
Irya * Jta
Iip3a * +aF%
2?1
+arma * ArKo"#na! +Pmi"#na! +ap#a=pitta#ara! +%EF#a"#na! Reca3a!
SaG"r#a3a! Ita3ara
61,RA5,.6&7 .S,S = ArKa (piles)! Atisra (diarr#oea)! /la"ra#a (psyc#otic syndrome
of c#ildren)! /#rama (verti"o)! +Pmi (2orm infestation)! +sa (co%"#)! +%EF#a (Leprosy O
diseases of s3in)! (etraro"a (diseases of t#e eye)! Ra3tapitta ($leedin" disorder)! Jvsa
(Ast#ma)! IiEavi3ra (disorders d%e to poison)
D)S, = 7HrGa (po2der)* @ to ? "

2?2
&3. SAURA'HANIM'A (Le"2)
SA.RA/1A(&M/A (Leaf)
Sa%ra$#anim$a consists of t#e dried leaves of M%rraya 3oeni"ii (L.) Spren" Syn. M.
3oeni"ii. Spren" (am. R%taceae)! a small tree reac#in" %pto C m 2it# dar3 "rey $ar3 and
aromatic leaves! fo%nd and c%ltivated almost t#ro%"#o%t &ndia and t#e Andaman &slands %pto
an altit%de of <!?AA m! for its c%linary %ses as a flavo%rin" spice.
S'()('MS * S%ra$#inim$a! +aiFarya! +aiRarya
R,-&)(AL LA(-.A-, (AM,S
Assamese * (arasin"#a
/en"ali * /ansan"! +ariap#%lli
,n"lis# * 7%rry leaf
-%0rati * -ornim$! +ad#ilimdo
1indi * Mit#a neem! +ad#i 5atta! +adi 5atta
+annada * +ari$aev%
Malayalam * +arivepp%
Marat#i * +ad#inim! 5oospala! -odnim$
)riya * /#%rs%n"a
5%n0a$i * +ad#i 5atta
6amil * +arivemp%! +ar%veppilei
6el%"% * +arivepa3%! +arivem%
D,S7R&56&)(
a) Macroscopic
Leaves = compo%nd! imparipinnate! petiolate! e>stip%late! rac#is << to 9A cm lon"8
leaflets << to 9?! s#ortly petiol%late! arran"ed alternately on t#e rac#is8 lo2er pairs
comparatively smaller in si4e! o$liN%ely ovate! 9 to ? cm in len"t# and < to 9.? cm in 2idt#!
tip ac%te to o$t%se! mar"in crenate=dentate! "la$ro%s ada>ially and p%$escent a$a>ially 2it#
2??
interspersed "land dots8 main vein one and lateral veins <: to 9A pairs8 odo%r!
c#aracteristically aromatic8 taste! acrid.
$) Microscopic
Rac#is 6S s#o2s epidermis a sin"le layer of isodiametric cells covered $y t#ic3
c%ticle8 %nicell%lar! non="land%lar! c%rved! "rad%ally taperin" tric#omes meas%rin" @B to :?
P lon" and 9 to ? P $road! present8 $ase of tric#ome s2ollen and em$edded in epidermis!
corte> many layered! parenc#ymato%s! #ypodermal cortical cells are smaller! isodiametric!
compactly arran"ed! inner cortical cells are lar"er! elon"ated tan"entially! loosely arran"ed
2it# intercell%lar spaces8 a$%ndant pyramidal calci%m o>alate crystals meas%rin" <9 to 9? m
in len"t# and ? to <? P in $readt#! several s#o2in" t2innin"! present in cortical cells8 corte>
in t#e #ypodermal re"ion is traversed $y lysi"eno%s cavities8 vasc%lar $%ndle is encircled $y
a rin" of 9 or @ layered sclerenc#ymato%s pericycle and consists of vessels 2it# ann%lar and
spiral t#ic3enin"s! arran"ed in radiatin" ro2s! >ylem parenc#yma and >ylem fi$res 2it# t#ic3
2alls8 p#loem is sit%ated to2ards t#e perip#ery of >ylem rin" and contains sieve t%$es!
companion cells! p#loem parenc#yma and p#loem fi$res8 med%llary rays %niseriate!
n%mero%s! 2it# cells containin" calci%m o>alate crystals8 pit# lar"e! made %p of t#in 2alled
parenc#ymato%s cells! several of 2#ic# are pitted.
Leaf
Midri$ 6S flat to2ards ada>ial s%rface and rid"ed to2ards a$a>ial s%rface8 %nicell%lar! non
"land%lar tric#omes arise from t#e a$a>ial epidermis8 ada>ial and a$a>ial #ypodermis $i or
tri seriate! composed of isodiametric collenc#ymato%s cells8 collenc#ymato%s cells of $ot#
t#e s%rfaces possess sin"le and t2inned r#om$oid calci%m o>alate crystals! "ro%nd tiss%e
composed of loosely arran"ed! t#ic3=2alled isodiametric parenc#ymato%s cells8 vasc%lar
$%ndle forms an arc 2it# ada>ial >ylem and a$a>ial p#loem8 >ylem comprises of vessels 2it#
ann%lar and spiral t#ic3enin"s! >ylem parenc#yma and fi$res8 p#loem contains sieve t%$es!
p#loem parenc#yma and p#loem fi$res.
2?<
Lamina =6S s#o2s $ot# t#e ada>ial and a$a>ial epidermis covered $y a c%ticle8 a$a>ial
epidermal cells narro2 and laterally elon"ated 2#ile t#ose on ada>ial s%rface sli"#tly radially
elon"ated8 palisade $iseriate! concentric starc# "rains of @ to ? P diameter are fo%nd in
spon"y cells! spon"y parenc#yma made %p of loosely arran"ed c#lorenc#yma8 lysi"eno%s
cavities present8 epidermal cells of lamina in s%rface vie2 are elon"ated! strai"#t 2alled and
poly"onal8 in costal re"ion t#ey are elon"ated and t#in 2alled8 stomata more on a$a>ial
s%rface t#an on ada>ial8 paracytic8 stomatal inde> of a$a>ial epidermis <C to<; and of ada>ial
epidermis <@ to <?8 %nicell%lar! non "land%lar! "rad%ally taperin"! c%rved tric#omes
meas%rin" ;A to <CA P lon" and C to <? P $road are distri$%ted on t#e a$a>ial epidermal
layers8 tric#omes n%mero%s on costal re"ion and fe2er on intercostal re"ions! leavin"
cicatrices after detac#ment.
5o2der =Sli"#tly oily! c#aracteristically aromatic! acrid! li"#t "reenis#8 epidermal cells!
%nicell%lar t#ic3 2alled! lon" tric#omes "rad%ally taperin" to2ards t#e tip from rac#is and
lamina8 stomata! palisade cells! collenc#yma! vessels 2it# ann%lar and spiral t#ic3enin"s and
pyramidal crystals of calci%m o>alate! several s#o2in" t2innin" nat%re.
&D,(6&6'! 5.R&6' A(D S6R,(-61

Water=sol%$le e>tractive (ot less t#an @: per cent! Appendi> 9.9.;

6.L.7.
6.L.7. of alco#olic e>tract on precoated silica"el B-B plate %sin" n=#e>ane* et#yl
acetate (D*<) as mo$ile p#ase and 2#en seen %nder .I @CC nm! s#o2s spots at R
f
A.<B. A.9B!
A.??! A.C:! A.;9! A.DA8 on sprayin" t#e plate 2it# modified Dragendorff's rea"ent! spots
appear at R
f
A.<?! A.<B and A.9B. )n sprayin" 2it# ?W met#anolic s%lp#%ric acid rea"ent and
2?-
#eatin" t#e plate for <A min%tes at <A?
A
! spots appear at R
f
A.<A! A.<?! A.<B! A.9B! A.?? and
A.C:.

7)(S6&6.,(6S = Al3aloids li3e 3oenidine! 3oeni"ine! 3oenim$ine! ma#anim$ine!
m%conine m%rrayacine and volatile oils.

5R)5,R6&,S A(D A76&)(
Rasa * +aEya! 6i3ta! Mad#%ra
Irya * Jta
Iip3a * +aF%
+arma * +ap#a=pitta#ara! R%cya! Dpana! 5cana! IiEa"#na! IarGya
61,RA5,.6&7 .S,S = ArKa (piles)! Atisra (diarr#oea)! 7#ardi (emesis)! D#a ($%rnin"
sensation)! D%EFa vraGa (non=#ealin" %lcer)! Lvara (fever)! +aGRH (itc#in")! +Pmi (2orm
infestation)! +%EF#a (Leprosy O diseases of s3in)! 5rame#a (meta$olic disorder)!
5rav#i3 (dysentery)! JHla (pain O colic)! JoEa (emaciation)! Jop#a (oedema)! Jvitra
(le%coderma O vitili"o)
Svarasa (0%ice) * <A to 9A ml

2?3
&4. SHITI5ARAA (See8)
J&6&IRA+A (Seed)
Jitivra3a consists of seeds of 7elosia ar"entea L. (am. Amarant#aceae)! an erect
"la$ro%s ann%al #er$! @A to DA cm #i"#! 2it# conical to o$lon" feat#ery flo2erin" spi3es
fo%nd commonly "ro2in" as a 2eed in c%ltivated fields t#ro%"#o%t &ndia %pto an altit%de of
<?AA m.
S'()('MS * Sirivli3! +%raGRa! +%raGFi3! Jitavra! Jrvra3a! Sitivra
R,-&)(AL LA(-.A-, (AM,S
/en"ali * S%s#%nimaa3! S#%s#%nis#aa3
,n"lis# * Silver spi3ed coc3`s com$
-%0rati * Laanpadi! Lonpadi
1indi * Siriyaari! S%ravaali! Siravaari
Marat#i * +%rad%! +arad%! S%rali
5%n0a$i * S%ravaali
6amil * 5annai33eerai
.rd% * S%ravaali
D,S7R&56&)(
a) Macroscopic
Seeds lentic%lar! smoot#! s#inin" $lac3 or $ro2n! A.D to <.; mm in diameter! #il%m
prominent! present in a pit8 em$ryo c%rved8 no odo%r8 taste! $land.
$) Microscopic
6S of seed s#o2s testa! composed of a t#in epidermis and "ro%ps of reddis# col%mnar
cells arran"ed in pyramid str%ct%res on an inner #ori4ontal layer of t#ic3 2alled elon"ated
cells8 yello2 collapsed inte"%ment lined internally $y c%ticle8 a layer of li"nified sN%aris#
2?2
cells8 endosperm of poly"onal parenc#ymato%s cells containin" n%mero%s aler%rone "rains
and fi>ed oil.
5o2der Li"#t "rey! s#o2s fra"ments of deep $ro2n to reddis# testa of poly"onal cells
$earin" retic%late net2or3 of pits8 li"nified cells s#o2in" striation in s%rface vie28
parenc#ymato%o%s cells of endosperm containin" n%mero%s ale%rone "rains and fi>ed oil8
and parenc#ymato%s cells of em$ryo.
&D,(6&6'! 5.R&6' A(D S6R,(-61

Alco#ol=sol%$le e>tractive (ot less t#an @ per cent! Appendi> 9.9.B

6.L.7.
6.L.7. of t#e alco#olic e>tract of t#e dr%" on precoated silica "el B-B CA
9?:
of A.9
mm t#ic3ness %sin" tol%ene*et#yl acetate (D?*B) as mo$ile p#ase and on sprayin" 2it#
anisalde#yde=s%lp#%ric acid rea"ent follo2ed $y #eatin" 2it# <A?
A
for <A min%tes! spots
appear at R
f
A.<9 (violet)! A.9A ("reenis#="rey)! A.@< (yello2)! A.@C (violet)! A.?D (violet) and
A.B; (p%rple).

7)(S6&6.,(6S = (onpeptide! celo"enamide! celosian! an acidic polysacc#aride.

5R)5,R6&,S A(D A76&)(
Rasa * +aEya! Mad#%ra! +aF%
-%Ga * RH3Ea! -%r%! Sara
Irya * Jta
Iip3a * Mad#%ra
2?8
+arma * 6ridoEa#ara! /astiKod#a3a! SaZ"r#! MHtrala! IPEya! Sne#ana!
Med#ya! Rasyana
61,RA5,.6&7 .S,S = AKmar (calc%l%s)! ArKa (piles)! Atisra (diarr#oea)! -%lma
(a$dominal l%mp)! 1Pdro"a (#eart diseases)! Lvara (fever)! MHtr"#ta (%rinary o$str%ction)!
MHtra3Pcc#ra (dys%ria)! 5l#a ro"a (splenic disease)! Ra3tavi3ra (disorders of $lood)!
Jop#a (oedema)

2?1
&5. SHI5A-NILI (R++% "08 S%e,)
J&IA=(L (Root and Stem)
Jiva=nl consists of t#e dried roots and stems of &ndi"ofera aspalat#oides Ia#l e>
D7. (am. a$aceae)! a stiff silvery! #oary %nder s#r%$ 2it# trifoliate leaves! fo%nd in t#e
plains of So%t# &ndia.
S'()('MS * /#H= nl
R,-&)(AL LA(-.A-, (AM,S
,n"lis# * Wiry indi"o
+annada * S#iva=malli! (ila
Malayalam * Sivanar vayam$%! Manneli
Marat#i * S#iva=nim$a
6amil * Sivanarvem$%
6el%"% * (ela vempali
D,S7R&56&)(
a) Macroscopic
Root =Roots ; to <A cm lon" 9 to ? mm t#ic3! cylindrical! $earin" lateral roots! li"#t
$ro2n! s%rface smoot# 2it# transverse lenticels8 fract%re entire! fract%red s%rface s#o2s a
t#in $ar3 and a compact li"#t colo%red central cylinder of 2ood8 odo%r and taste indistinct.
Stem =Stem pieces 9 to ? mm in t#ic3ness and of vario%s len"t#s8 s%rface smoot#! dar3
$ro2n! 2it# vertical series of lenticels! fract%re s#ort! fract%red s%rface fi$ro%s! 2it# a t#in
$ar3! t#ic3 pale colo%red 2ood and a central narro2 pit#8 odo%r and taste indistinct.
$) Microscopic
Root 6S circ%lar! s#o2s cor3 composed of tan"entially elon"ated! rectan"%lar!
compactly arran"ed! stratified! t#ic3 2alled! s%$erised cells some filled 2it# tannins8
secondary corte> m%ltiseriate! composed of loosely arran"ed! isodiametric! parenc#ymato%s
2<0
cells8 and some cells filled 2it# n%mero%s r#om$oidal calci%m o>alate crystals of a$o%t C to
<9 P si4e8 p#loem consists of fi$res alon" 2it# ot#er p#loem elements8 2ood 2ide 2it#
n%mero%s >ylem elements and fi$res8 vessels a""re"ated in "ro%ps of 9 to :8 2all t#ic3enin"s
scalariform and retic%late! >ylem fi$res n%mero%s! poly"onal! <A to <? P in diameter! very
m%c# t#ic3ened 2it# li"nin and 2it# a narro2 l%men8 >ylem rays @ to ? seriate! s#ort!
f%siform! 2alls pitted.
Stem 6S circ%lar! cor3 interr%pted $y lenticels8 cor3 cam$i%m present8 secondary corte> C to
; seriate! perip#eral 9 to @ layers composed of isodiametric cells8 inner layers 2it#
tan"entially m%c# elon"ated! t#in 2alled! parenc#ymato%s cells containin" a$%ndant
prismatic calci%m o>alate crystals! p#loem contains sieve t%$es! companion cells! fi$res and
parenc#yma8 p#loem parenc#yma contains prismatic calci%m o>alate crystals! fi$res in
"ro%ps of @ or :! scattered8 >ylem contains vessels! fi$res and parenc#yma8 vessels arran"ed
in :A to CA radiatin" ro2s! eac# ro2 containin" 9 to <A pitted vessel elements of different
si4es8 cross 2all o$liN%e8 fi$res n%mero%s! poly"onal! <A to <? P in diameter and 99? to 9;A
P in len"t# 2it# taperin" ends! 2alls m%c# t#ic3ened 2it# li"nin8 simple pits present! and
l%men very narro28 rays mostly %niseriate8 rarely $iseriate8 pit# composed of t#in 2alled!
loosely arran"ed! parenc#ymato%s cells.
5o2der /ro2n! s#o2s t#e presence of tan"entially elon"ated! stratified cor3 cells! prismatic
calci%m o>alate crystals! vessels 2it# scalariform t#ic3enin"s and $ordered pits arran"ed in
vertical ro2s! fi$res meas%rin" 99? to 9;A Plon"! occasionally 2it# simple pits.
&D,(6&6'! 5.R&6' A(D S6R,(-61


2<1
6.L.7.
6.L.7. of alco#olic e>tract on silica "el B-B plate %sin" n=#e>ane*et#yl acetate (D*<) as
mo$ile p#ase and 2#en seen %nder .I @CC nm! spots appear at R
f
A.<9! A.@? and A.?D (all
$l%e)8 on e>pos%re to iodine vapo%r! spots appear at R
f
A.<9! A.9D! A.@? and A.?D (yello2)8 on
sprayin" 2it# ?W met#anolic s%lp#%ric acid rea"ent and #eatin" t#e plate for <A min%tes at
<A?
A
spots appear at R
f
A.<9! A.9D! A.@?! and A.?D($ro2n).

7)(S6&6.,(6S = i>ed oil.

5R)5,R6&,S A(D A76&)(
Rasa * 6i3ta! +aEya
-%Ga * La"#%! RH3Ea
Irya * .EGa
Iip3a * +aF%
+arma * +ap#a=vta#ara! +eKya! +%EF#a"#na
61,RA5,.6&7 .S,S = mavta (R#e%matism)! ArHZEi3 (dandr%ff)! DantaKHla
(toot#ac#e)! -%lma (a$dominal l%mp)! +%EF#a (Leprosy O diseases of s3in)! 5l#a ro"a
(splenic disease)! .dararo"a (diseases of a$domen)! Itara3ta (-o%t)! Iidrad#i (a$scess)!
Iisarpa (,rysepales)

2<2
&&. SHLESHMATAA (Fru!%)
JL,_M6A+A (r%it)
JleEmta3a consists of dried! ripe fr%its of 7ordia dic#otoma orst. f. Syn.7. o$liN%a
Willd.! 7. my>a Ro>$. (am. /ora"inaceae)! a medi%m si4ed tree 2it# s#ort croo3ed tr%n3
2it# droopin" $ranc#es! distri$%ted t#ro%"#o%t 2armer parts of &ndia.
S'()('MS * /a#%vra ]! Jel%
R,-&)(AL LA(-.A-, (AM,S
Assamese * Dil3
/en"ali * /a#naree! /a#%var
,n"lis# * Se$esten
-%0rati * -%ndaavada! -%ndaa
1indi * Lasora! Lisodaa
+annada * 7#alle 3aayi
Malayalam * (ar%vari! (ar%viri
Marat#i * /#on3ar
5%n0a$i * Las%da
6amil * (ar%vili! (arivilee
6el%"% * (a33era
D,S7R&56&)(
a) Macroscopic
r%its conical 2it# ac%te ape>! %pto 9 cm in len"t# and <.? cm in diameter!
occasionally 2it# attac#ed caly> and pedicel! "reyis# $ro2n to dar3 $ro2n! s%rface s#r%n3en!
#ard to $rea38 odo%r! specific8 taste! indistinct.
2<?
$) Microscopic
,picarp s#o2s sin"le layer of t#ic3 2alled and tan"entially elon"ated cells covered
e>ternally 2it# t#ic3 c%ticle8 most of t#e area 0%st $elo2 t#e epicarp occ%pied $y lar"e
patc#es of stone cells8 mesocarp consists of t#in 2alled and collapsed parenc#yma cells!
patc#es of fi$res 2it# a fe2 stone cells! n%mero%s secretory canals lined $y ? to B epit#elial
cells as 2ell as small vasc%lar $%ndles distri$%ted in t#e central and lo2er re"ion of
mesocarp8 small circ%lar to oval starc# "rain and rosette of calci%m o>alate crystals present
in a fe2 parenc#yma cells8 endocarp represented $y : to C layers of t#ic3 2alled poly"onal
stone cells 2it# narro2 l%men8 testa t#in 2alled and sin"le layered8 cotyledon consists of
t#ic3 2alled parenc#yma cells containin" simple! small! circ%lar to oval starc# "rains!
meas%rin" ? to <A Pin diameter 2it# #il%m as a point in t#e centre.
5o2der= 5o2der s#o2s fra"ments of fi$res 2it# taperin" or pointed ends! parenc#yma cells
2it# rosette of calci%m o>alate crystals and starc# "rains! poly"onal stone cells 2it# 2ide
l%men and pitted 2alls! stone cells 2it# #i"#ly t#ic3ened 2alls and narro2 l%men!
scalariform vessels! fra"ments of secretory canals and t#ic3 2alled cells of epicarp! t#ic3
2alled parenc#yma cells of cotyledon 2it# starc# "rains.
&D,(6&6'! 5.R&6' A(D S6R,(-61


6.L.7.
acetate* acetic acid* met#anol (C*:*9*9) as mo$ile p#ase and 2#en seen %nder .I 9?: nm!
s#o2s spots at R
f
A.9A! A.9C!A.@@! A.@?! A.?9 (all $l%e)! A.?;! A.CB! A.;@! A.;C! A.@D! A.BD and
A.D9 (all pin3).
2<<

7)(S6&6.,(6S = R=sitosterol! palmitic! stearic and oleic acids.

5R)5,R6&,S A(D A76&)(
Rasa * Mad#%ra! 6i3ta! +aEya
-%Ga * La"#%! RH3Ea
Irya * Jta
Iip3a * +aF%
+arma * 5itta#ara! +ap#a#ara! -r#
&M5)R6A(6 )RM.LA6&)(S = -o0i#vdi +vt#a 7HrGa
61,RA5,.6&7 .S,S = Lvara (fever)! +sa (co%"#)! +Pmi (2orm infestation)! 5ratiKyya
(cory4a)! Ra3tadoEa (disorder of $lood)! Ra3tapitta ($leedin" disorder)! J%3rada%r$alya
(seminal stress)! Jvsa (Ast#ma)! 6PEG (t#irst)! .padaZKa (soft c#ancre)! Itapitta0anya
Ii3ra (disorders d%e to Ita and 5itta doEa)
D)S, = 5a3va p#ala pna3a (syr%p of ripened fr%it)* <A to 9A ml

2<-
&(. SHLESHMATAA (S%e, '"r6)
JL,_M6A+A (Stem /ar3)
JleEmta3a consists of dried stem $ar3 of 7ordia dic#otoma orst. f. Syn. 7.
o$liN%a Willd.! 7. my>a Ro>$. (am. /ora"inaceae)! a medi%m si4ed tree 2it# s#ort croo3ed
tr%n3 2it# droopin" $ranc#es! distri$%ted t#ro%"#o%t 2armer parts of &ndia.
S'()('MS * /a#%vra! Jel%
R,-&)(AL LA(-.A-, (AM,S
Assamese * Dil3
/en"ali * /a#naree! /a#%var
,n"lis# * Se$esten
-%0rati * Iada"%nda
1indi * Lasora! Lisodaa
+annada * 7#i33ac#alli! Dod%c#all%
Malayalam * (ar%viri! (ar%vari
Marat#i * /#on3ar
5%n0a$i * Las%da
6amil * (arivilee! (ar%vili
6el%"% * (a33era
D,S7R&56&)(
a) Macroscopic
/ar3 in pieces of ? to <A cm lon" and C to <9 mm t#ic38 dar3 "reyis# $ro2n! s%rface
ro%"# 2it# transverse and lon"it%dinal crac3s and fiss%res! inner s%rface deep "reyis#8
fract%re to%"#! fract%red s%rface #orny8 taste and odo%r indistinct.
2<3
$) Microscopic
/ar3 s#o2s 2ide cor3 consistin" of rectan"%lar and tan"entially elon"ated cells!
r#ytidoma present8 p#ello"en indistinct8 p#elloderm composed of t#in 2alled tan"entially
elon"ated cells8 p#loem 2ide consistin" of sieve t%$es! companion cells! p#loem parenc#yma
and fi$res! traversed $y %ni to $iseriate med%llary rays! fi$res present in tan"ential $ands
alternatin" 2it# $ands of ceratenc#yma e>tendin" from one med%llary ray to anot#er8 fi$res
very lon" 2it# narro2 l%men and taperin"! pointed or $l%nt ends.
5o2der= S#o2s fra"ments of t#in 2alled parenc#yma cells! lon" t#ic3 2alled fi$res! "ro%ps
of elon"ated cells of ceratenc#yma and cor3 cells.
&D,(6&6'! 5.R&6' A(D S6R,(-61

6otal as# (ot more t#an 9.9.@
Acid=insol%$le as# (ot more t#an A.C per cent! Appendi> 9.9.:
Water=sol%$le e>tractive (ot less t#an : per cent! Appendi> 9.9.;

6.L.7.
6.L.7. of alco#olic e>tract on precoated silica "el B-B

plate %sin" c#loroform* et#yl
acetate* formic acid (@*C*<) as mo$ile p#ase and 2#en seen %nder .I 9?: nm s#o2s spots at
R
f
A.<C!A.9;! A.:;! A.?D! A.;A (all $ro2n).

7)(S6&6.,(6S = -allic acid and R=sitosterol.

5R)5,R6&,S A(D A76&)(
Rasa * Mad#%ra! 6i3ta! +aEya! +aF%
-%Ga * RH3Ea! 5icc#ila
Irya * Jta
Iip3a * +aF%
2<2
+arma * 5itta#ara! +ap#a#ara! +eKya! IiEFam$#i! -r#! +Pmi"#na! 5cana!
IiEa"#na
61,RA5,.6&7 .S,S = madoEa (prod%cts of impaired di"estion and meta$olism)!
/a#%vraGa (m%ltiple in0%ries O %lcers)! DP30ta masHri3 (occ%lar manifestation of small
po>)! +Pmi=KHla (colic d%e to 2orm infestation)! +%EF#a (Leprosy O diseases of s3in)!
LHtviEa (spider $ite)! MasHri3 (small po>)! Ra3tadoEa (disorder of $lood)! 6va3ro"a (s3in
diseases)! Iisarpa (,rysepales)! Iisp#oFa ($lister)! IraGa (%lcer)
D)S, = +vt#a (decoction)* ?A to <AA ml

2<8
&-. SHLI$ADARIANDA (Tuber)
JL5ADR&+A(DA (6%$er)
Jlpadri3anda consists of fres# or dry t%$er of 6yp#oni%m trilo$at%m Sc#ott. (am.
Araceae)! a perennial #er$ 2it# a $roadly ovate! open spat#e and #astate leaves fo%nd in parts
of penins%lar &ndia! and from 'am%na east2ards to nort# = eastern states.
R,-&)(AL LA(-.A-, (AM,S
/en"ali * -#et3oc#%
Malayalam * 7#enna
6amil * 5iti3ar%nai
D,S7R&56&)(
a) Macroscopic
R#i4ome f%siform! li"#t $ro2n o%tside! creamis# inside! fla3y and peelin" off on t#e
o%ter s%rface! $earin" $%d primordia and 2iry! %n$ranc#ed! t#in adventitio%s rootlets8
r#i4omes or t%$ers %s%ally availa$le in transversely c%t pieces : cm lon" and 9.? to C.? cm in
diameter8 fract%re! s#ort8 starc#y8 taste! sli"#tly acrid.
$) Microscopic
A fe2 layers of t#in 2alled cor3y cells form t#e o%termost te"%mentary tiss%e8
cam$i%m lyin" $elo2 t#e $ar3 irre"%lar! discontin%o%s and %s%ally 9 to ? layered8 $elo2 t#e
cam$i%m a fe2 layers made of parenc#ymato%s cells free from starc# "rains8 corte> or
"ro%nd tiss%e consistin" of t#in 2alled! parenc#ymato%s! an"%lar or poly"onal cells ric# in
simple and a""re"ate starc# "rains8 "rains clear! 2it#o%t striations! #il%m 9 to @ stellate8
simple "rains mostly ovoid or s%$=sp#erical! compo%nd "rains poly#edral or s%$=sp#erical
2it# 9 to C %nits8 idio$lasts containin" rap#ide $%ndles and some cells 2it# dar3 contents
scattered in t#e corte>8 a distinct endodermis not seen8 vasc%lar $%ndles scattered! r%nnin"
o$liN%ely in t#e "ro%nd tiss%e and consistin" of >ylem comprisin" a fe2 vessels 2it# spiral
and ann%lar t#ic3enin"s! and parenc#yma8 p#loem comprises of sieve t%$es and companion
cells8 some of t#e vasc%lar $%ndles may $e s%rro%nded $y rin"s of cor3 cells.
2<1
5o2der 7reamis#! fine in te>t%re! tasteless and starc#y8 microscopy s#o2s a$%ndant sin"le
and 9 to C mem$ered compo%nd starc# "rains! %s%ally %p to :? P in si4e and rap#ides %p to
?A P in len"t#! loose or in $%ndles of %p to <AA P in len"t#! and vessel fra"ments 2it# spiral
t#ic3enin"s.
&D,(6&6'! 5.R&6' A(D S6R,(-61


6.L.7.
6.L.7. of alco#olic e>tract of t#e dr%" on silica "el B-B
9?:
%sin" tol%ene* et#yl
acetate* acetic acid (C.?*@.<*A.:) as mo$ile p#ase and on sprayin" t#e plate 2it#
anisalde#yde=s%lp#%ric acid rea"ent and #eatin" t#e plate for ? min%tes at <A?
A
s#o2s spots
at R
f
A.<A! A.<D (li"#t violet)! A.?@ (violet)! A.?B (violet) and A.C; (dar3 violet).

7)(S6&6.,(6S = R sitosterol and %nidentified sterols.

5R)5,R6&,S A(D A76&)(
Rasa * +aF%! +aEya
-%Ga * 63EGa! RH3Ea
Irya * .EGa
Iip3a * +aF%
+arma * ArKo"#na! Jot#a#ara! Le3#ana! IiEa"#na! Dpana! 5cana!
JHlapraKamana
2-0
61,RA5,.6&7 .S,S = A"nimndya (di"estive impairment)! Ar$%da (t%mor)! ArKa
(piles)! Ra3trKa ($leedin" piles)! Jot#a (inflammation)! SarpadaZKa (sna3e $ite)! Jlpada
(ilariasis)! .dararo"a (diseases of a$domen)
D)S, = 7HrGa (po2der) * ? to <A " daily dose after Jod#ana

2-1
&1. S$HITAITARI (R)!*+,e)
S516A+UR (R#i4ome)
Sp#ta3Fr consists of t#e dried r#i4ome 2it# frond $ases of Dryopteris fili> mas
(L.) Sc#ott. Syn. Aspidi%m fili>=mas L. (am. Dryopteridaceae)! a fern distri$%ted
practically all over temperate re"ions8 t#e dr%" is imported into &ndia. &ndian species are D.
sc#imperiane! D. mar"inata! D. odontoloma! D. $ar$iflora! D. $landtorc#i occ%rrin" in t#e
1imalayas.
S'()('MS * Sal3a parGQ"a! -rant#i=pdi3
R,-&)(AL LA(-.A-, (AM,S
/en"ali * 5an3#araa0
,n"lis# * Male fern
1indi * +eeldaar%! /isa%raa
6amil * &r%vi
.rd% * Sara3#sa
D,S7R&56&)(
a) Macroscopic
R#i4ome t#ic3! cylindrical! dar3 $ro2n to $lac3 in colo%r! C to 9? cm lon" and 9 to :
cm in diameter and covered $y t#e $ase of petioles8 frond $ases are #ard! persistent! dar3 $ro2n
and c%rved8 t#e petiole $ases and t#e yo%n"er parts of t#e r#i4ome are completely covered $y
t#e $ro2n! dense sil3y and s#inin"! c#affy scales termed ramentae8 odo%rless! taste at first
s2eetis#! $ecomin" $itter and e>tremely na%seo%s.
$) Microscopic
R#i4ome =,pidermis sin"le layered! %nicell%lar and covered $y t#ic3 c%ticle! follo2ed
$y #ypodermis composed of sclerenc#ymato%s cells 2it# dar3 resino%s contents8 t#e "ro%nd
tiss%e is made %p of t#ic3 2alled parenc#yma cells pac3ed 2it# starc# "rains8 a$o%t C to D
meristeles em$edded in t#e "ro%nd tiss%e in a circle8 eac# meristele enclosed $y a layer of
2-2
pericycle and endodermis! t#is is follo2ed $y moderately t#ic3 2alled p#loem8 >ylem occ%pies
t#e centre of t#e meristele and consists of trac#eids8 intercell%lar spaces in t#e r#i4ome of
Male fern s#o2s t#e secretin" "lands8 t#e mar"inal cells of t#e ramenta is prolon"ed at
intervals into #air li3e processes! t#at are formed $y t2o conti"%o%s cells parallel to eac#
ot#er8 "land%lar process a$sent8 t#e cells of t#e rament%m are sli"#tly t#ic3 2alled! narro2
and elon"ated lon"it%dinally.
5o2der =/ro2n! isolated trac#eids 2it# scalariform t#ic3enin"s! o$liN%e 2alls!
parenc#yma cells 2it# starc# "rains meas%rin" a$o%t <? to 9A P in si4e8 stal3ed "lands!
ramental #airs! sclerenc#ymato%s and mar"inal cells also seen.
&D,(6&6'! 5.R&6' A(D S6R,(-61

i>ed oil (ot less t#an @ per cent! Appendi> 9.9.D

6.L.7.
6.L.7. of dic#loromet#ane e>tract on al%mini%m plate precoated 2it# silica "el B-B CA
9?:
of A.9 mm t#ic3ness %sin" tol%ene* et#yl acetate (D*<) as mo$ile p#ase and on dippin" t#e
plate in vanillin = s%lp#%ric acid rea"ent and #eatin" at <A?
A
f
A.9 (dar3 "rey)! A.@C (violet)! A.: (dar3 "rey)! A.:9 (violet)! A.? (oran"e)! A.C; and A.;9 ($ot#
yello2).

7)(S6&6.,(6S = ilicin8 Q=flavaspidic acid8 al$aspidin8 fili>ic acid8 #e>adeca aspidinol8
dropterin8 filmarone8 R=aspidin8 D=alip#atic alco#ols and @ sterols.

2-?
5R)5,R6&,S A(D A76&)(
Rasa * +aF%
-%Ga * La"#%! RH3Ea
Irya * .EGa
Iip3a * +aF%
+arma * Le3#ana! Iirecana
61,RA5,.6&7 .S,S = Lvara (fever)! Sp#ita +Pmi (tape 2orm)! Itara3ta (-o%t)

2-<
(3. S$RUA (/)+#e $#"0%)
S5X++ (W#ole 5lant)
SpP33 consists of t#e dried entire plant of Anisomeles mala$arica (L.) R. /r. e>
Sims (am. Lamiaceae)! a densely p%$escent! aromatic! <.9 to 9 m #i"# perennial #er$!
commonly fo%nd in t#e Western -#ats from Ma#aras#tra to +arnata3a! And#ra 5rades#!
+erala and 6amil (ad%.
S'()('MS * SpP3! Dev! Iad#H! S%"and#
R,-&)(AL LA(-.A-, (AM,S
/en"ali * Spr3! Dev! Iad#H! S%"and#
-%0rati * +arpooree! Mad#%ree
1indi * Asa$ara"! Asara3
+annada * (ale#%ll%! 1i33e
Marat#i * +arpoorvallee
6amil * &rattai 5eymar%tti! 5er%nd%m$ai
D,S7R&56&)(
a) Macroscopic
Root = 6ap root! $ranc#ed! 2oody! #ard! sto%t! cylindrical! some2#at t2isted!
laterally flattened! meas%rin" B to <: cm in diameter! varia$le in len"t#! arisin" from t#e
$asal portion of t#e #i"#ly 3notty cro2n! ; to 9A cm in diameter8 lateral $rac#es a$o%t <A to
<9 cm in diameter8 s%rface very ro%"#! lon"it%dinally 2rin3led! fiss%red! $ears lon" 2iry!
t2isted lateral roots or scars left $y t#em8 at places e>#i$its <A to <9 cm 2ide circ%lar to
oval! t%mor li3e prot%$erances8 taste $itter! odo%r faint and not c#aracteristic.
Stem = 6#e older stems arisin" from t#e %pper s%rface of t#e cylindrical! cro2n sto%t! @ to :
cm in diameter! densely tomentose! e>posin" at places t#e inner #ard 2#itis#! lon"it%dinally
striated 2ood8 yo%n" stems cylindrical! faintly rid"ed and f%rro2ed! densely tomentose! soft!
2--
a>illary and oppositely $ranc#ed! internodes @ to ? cm lon" and A.; to <.? cm in diameter!
fract%re o%ter fi$ro%s! inner s#ort! fract%red s%rface e>#i$its central 2ide 2#itist# poro%s
2ood occ%pyin" t#e ma0or portion of t#e stem and o%ter rid"ed tomentose mar"in8 odo%r!
very faint8 taste! sli"#tly $itter and astrin"ent.
Leaf = Simple! opposite! o$lon" to lanceolate! B to ; cm in len"t#! 9 to 9.? cm in $readt#!
serrate to crenate! ac%te! retic%late! veins more prominent at lo2er side! arisin" from t#e
$ase! $ot# t#e s%rfaces are densely tomentose! $ase symmetrical8 petiole densely p%$escent!
<.? to : cm in len"t# and 9 to : mm in diameter! cylindrical and c#annelled on t#e %pper side.
$) Microscopic
Root = 6S circ%lar! cor3 composed of <A to <? ro2s of tan"entially elon"ated
s%$eri4ed cells! t#e o%termost fe2 layers $ein" deep $ro2n in colo%r and at places not
contino%s or often "ettin" disinte"rated8 corte> narro2 consistin" of : to ? ro2s of
parenc#ymato%s cells! traversed $y isolated or small "ro%ps of sp#erical li"nified t#ic3
2alled stone cells8 p#loem comparatively 2ider! a$o%t <? to 9A in ro2s! composed of p#loem
parenc#yma! sieve t%$es and companion cells8 "ro%ps of stone cells of vario%s si4es! s#apes
and t#ic3ness and oil canals often arran"ed in ro2s! especially in t#e inner re"ion of t#e
p#loem8 med%llary rays m%ltiseriate! $ro2nis#! f%nnel s#aped! in contin%ation 2it# t#at of
>ylem! cells some2#at tan"entially elon"ated8 >ylem e>#i$its distinct "ro2t# rin"s and
composed of vessels freN%ently containin" yello2is# $ro2n tylosis! t#in 2alled trac#eids!
fi$res and pitted parenc#yma often encirclin" vessels8 starc# "rains simple! rarely compo%nd!
oval to sp#erical! 2it# distinct #il%m! present t#ro%"#o%t t#e parenc#ymato%s cells of t#e
>ylem.
Stem = 6S some2#at N%adran"%lar! epidermis sin"le layer! covered 2it# t#ic3 c%ticle! cells
rectan"%lar to sN%aris# in s#ape! filled 2it# some yello2is# $ro2n contents8 simple!
coverin"! 9 to @ celled! %niseriate tric#omes of ad0acent cells! c#aracteristically t#ic3ened
spirally! rarely $ranc#ed! t#e $asal cell often em$edded 2it# a fe2 microsp#enoidal crystals
of calci%m o>alate8 "land%lar tric#omes! s#ort! $earin" %ni to $i cell%lar stal3 and circ%lar
$%l"in" oval! c%p s#aped or m%s#room s#aped #ead8 corte> collenc#ymato%s!9 to : in ro2s
2-3
and ? to <? %nder t#e rid"e8 endodermis distinct8 pericycle e>#i$its discontin%o%s rin" of t#in
2alled "ro%ps of li"nified fi$res8 p#loem very narro2! often "ettin" o$literated8 >ylem
consistin" of radially arran"ed oval to sp#erical vessels! pitted parenc#yma! t#in 2alled
fi$res and %ni to $iseriate med%llary rays containin" acic%lar crystals of calci%m o>alate8 pit#
parenc#ymato%s and contains acic%lar crystals of calci%m o>alate.
Leaf=
5etiole 6S dorsiventrally flattened! 2it# t2o prominent 2in" li3e pro0ections on t#e lateral
sides8 s#o2s epidermis consistin" of tan"entially elon"ated cells filled 2it# $ro2nis# content
and covered 2it# t#ic3 c%ticle8 tric#omes similar to t#ose of leaf and stem8 %nderneat# t#e
epidermis lies a $and of collenc#yma formin" @ to <A ro2s8 a $oat s#aped meristele s#o2s
radially arran"ed >ylem vessels and narro2 p#loem almost encirclin" t#e >ylem! t#e %pper
p#loem tiss%e often e>#i$itin" a fe2 tan"entially r%nnin" cavities8 meristele lyin" %nder t#e
2in" is very small! #ardly consistin" of 9 or @ ro2s of narro2 >ylem vessels encircled $y
narro2 p#loem8 pericyclic re"ion traversed 2it# a fe2 fi$res8 on t#e ada>ial sides lies 9 to :
ro2s of t#ic3 2alled irre"%lar parenc#ymato%s cells8 acic%lar crystals of calci%m o>alate
present t#ro%"#o%t parenc#ymato%s tiss%e.
Midri$ 6S s#o2s #i"#ly p%$escent %pper and lo2er epidermis8 cells filled 2it# dar3
$ro2nis# contents! <9 to <? ro2s of collenc#ymato%s tiss%e $eneat# t#e %pper epidermis and
9 to C ro2s a$ove t#e lo2er epidermis8 a discontin%o%s! radially arran"ed! deep arc of
centrally located meristele consistin" of >ylem! narro2 p#loem! %ni= to $i=seriate med%llary
rays and a $and of pericycle! occasionally traversed 2it# isolated or "ro%ps of li"nified
fi$res.
Lamina = 6S s#o2s epidermal cells! t%$%lar to rectan"%lar in s#ape! 2it# t#ic3 striated
c%ticle! occasionally papillose8 tric#omes many! identical 2it# t#at of stem $%t "land%lar
tric#omes are more in n%m$er8 palisade tiss%es in a sin"le ro2! discontin%o%s over t#e
midri$! remainin" mesop#yll tiss%es consistin" of : to C ro2s of spon"y parenc#yma
containin" acic%lar crystals of calci%m o>alate8 small vasc%lar $%ndles encircled $y
parenc#ymato%s s#eat# traversed t#ro%"#o%t t#e mesop#yll tiss%e8 %pper and lo2er epidermis
2-2
in s%rface vie2 s#o2s stomata! diacytic and anisocytic! more on lo2er side8 stomatal inde> ;
to <A on %pper side and 99 to 9? on lo2er side! palisade ratio : to C and veinislet n%m$er : to
B.
5o2der = -reenis# $ro2n! s#o2in" a$%ndant tric#omes of vario%s si4es and s#apes! t#ic3
2alled! coiled! m%lticell%lar8 "land%lar tric#omes 2it# %ni to $i= cell%lar stal3 and sp#erical
"listenin" #ead8 fra"ments of lon"! %nicell%lar! simple tric#omes8 isolated or "ro%ps of
fi$ro%s sclereids and stone cells varyin" in si4e! t#ic3ness and s#ape! often e>#i$itin"
radiatin"! distinct connectin" pits8 starc# "rains simple and compo%nd t#ro%"#o%t and
em$edded in t#e parenc#ymato%s cells8 pitted! spiral and retic%late vessels of t#e vasc%lar
strands8 epidermal cells of lamina in s%rface vie2 2it# sli"#tly sino%s 2alls! containin"
diacytic and anisocytic stomata and sessile "land%lar tric#omes of : to ; celled #ead.
&D,(6&6'! 5.R&6' A(D S6R,(-61

Water=sol%$le e>tractive (ot less t#an << per cent! Appendi> 9.9.;

6.L.7.
6.L.7. of t#e alco#olic e>tract on silica "el B-B plate of A.9 mm t#ic3ness %sin"
tol%ene* et#yl acetate (C*:) as mo$ile p#ase and on sprayin" 2it# vanillin s%lp#%ric acid
rea"ent and #eatin" t#e plate for a$o%t <A min%tes at <A?
A
s#o2s spots at R
f
A.<:! A.:@! A.B<
and A.;9.
6.L.7. of t#e volatile oil on silica "el B-B plate of A.9 mm t#ic3ness %sin" tol%ene*et#yl
acetate (D@*B) as mo$ile p#ase and on sprayin" 2it# vanillin s%lp#%ric acid rea"ent and
#eatin" t#e plate for a$o%t <A min%tes at <A?
A
s#o2s spots at R
f
A.<;! A.9?! A.@;! A.C9! A.B:
and A.;B.

2-8
7)(S6&6.,(6S = 6riterpenic acid! $et%linic acid! t2o diterpenoids vi4.! ovatodiolide and
anisomelic acid! aerial parts contain five <: mem$ered macrocylic diterpenes namely
anisomelode! R=sitosterol! mala$aric acid! 9=aceto>ymala$aric acid! anisomelyl acetate and
anisoelol8 a terpenoid! anisomelin and a flavone :! ?=di#ydro>y=@!C!B=trimet#o>yflavone.

5R)5,R6&,S A(D A76&)(
-%Ga * RH3Ea! La"#%! 63EGa
Irya * .EGa
Iip3a * +aF%
+arma * Ita#ara! +ap#a#ara! IarGaprasdana! An%lomana! Le3#ana! IiEa"#n

&M5)R6A(6 )RM.LA6&)(S = Sa#acardi 6aila! /al 6aila! /ald#trydi 6aila
61,RA5,.6&7 .S,S = AKmar (calc%l%s)! +aGRH (itc#in")! +ap#avi3ra (disorders d%e
to vitiation of +ap#a doEa)! +sa (co%"#)! +oF#a (rin"2orm O &mpeti"o O ,ryt#ema)!
MHtra3Pcc#ra (dys%ria)! 5iRa3 (car$%ncle)! 5rame#a (meta$olic disorder)! Jvsa (Ast#ma)!
IraGa (%lcer)

2-1
(1. SRU5A5RUSHA (Fru!%)
SR.IAIX+_A (r%it)
Sr%vavP3Ea consists of fr%its of laco%rtia indica (/%rm.f.) Merr. Syn. . ramontc#ii
1erit. (am. laco%rtiaceae)! a t#orny small tree %p to ; m #i"# $earin" small! "reenis#
yello2 flo2ers and small! red or dar3 $ro2n! "lo$ose fr%its. &t is fo%nd in s%$=mo%ntain areas
of 5%n0a$ and 1imac#al 5rades#! /i#ar! Ma#aras#tra! and so%t#ern penins%la.
S'()('MS * Ii3aQ3ata! -opa3aGFa
R,-&)(AL LA(-.A-, (AM,S
/en"ali * /inc#a! /ainc#i=3%l! /ainc#aa
,n"lis# * -overnors pl%m! Mada"as3ara pl%m! Ma%riti%s pl%m
-%0rati * +an3ata! +aan3od
1indi * +ataai! /ilan"ra! +a3aiyaa
+annada * L%mani3a! Dodda "e00ala3ai! 1%nm%na3i! 5an%m$%s
Malayalam * Iavan3ata3%! Ii3am3at#! 'aliya n4erini"al
Marat#i * +a3er! /#e3al
)riya * +ant#ei3oli! Iainc#a! .nic#a
5%n0a$i * +an"#%
6amil * Sottai3ala! +at=%3ala! 5anamp%vatti
6el%"% * 5%ti3atada! 5%tre"%! +anave"%c#ett%! Ii3an3ata! +andre"%
D,S7R&56&)(
a) Macroscopic
r%it "reyis# "reen to reddis# $ro2n! ro%nded! lo$ed! ? to <9 mm in diameter8
containin" %p to <C seeds in 9 ro2s8 seeds small! creamis#! sometimes a fe2 a$orted8 taste
s#arp and s2eet! flavo%r a"reea$le.
230
$) Microscopic
r%it= 6S s#o2s an o%termost epidermal layer of epicarp comprisin" small! t#in
2alled! ro%nded cells occasionally $earin" smoot#! small! almost strai"#t! taperin"!
%nicell%lar tric#omes8 $%l3 of t#e fr%it tiss%e comprises of t#e many layered! mesocarp made
%p of t#in 2alled parenc#ymato%s cells interspersed a$%ndantly 2it# cavities filled 2it#
$ro2n colo%rin" matter or s%$stance8 endocarp lines t#e individ%al ov%lar loc%li and
comprises some layers of stone cells interspersed 2it# lon" cells placed tan"entially or
o$liN%ely to t#e cavity8 cells of endocarp layer are relatively clear and transparent! some cells
of t#is layer also contain prismatic crystals of calci%m o>alate <? to 9? P in si4e.
Seed= 6#e o%ter seed coat consists of a fe2 layers of ro%nded cells8 inner inte"%ment consists
of a sin"le layer of sN%aris# cells containin" $ro2n pi"ment8 endosperm comprises of t#in
2alled! compactly arran"ed! rectan"%lar! parenc#ymato%s cells ric# in starc#.
5o2der Dar3 $ro2n! te>t%re fine! taste sli"#tly so%r and odo%r flo%r li3e8 microscopy s#o2s
%nicell%lar tric#omes %pto @?A P lon"! and stone cells %pto <9A P in si4e.
&D,(6&6'! 5.R&6' A(D S6R,(-61


6.L.7.
9?:
plate %sin" $%tanol* et#yl
acetate* acetic acid* 2ater (@*?*<*<) as mo$ile p#ase and on sprayin" t#e plate 2it# (5O5,-
rea"ent and 2#en seen %nder .I @CC nm! spots appear at R
f
A.9; (li"#t yello2)! A.@@ (2#ite
fl%orescent)! A.?B (oran"e red) and A.B: (.I "reen).

231
7)(S6&6.,(6S = laco%rside! and on met#yl C=)=(,)=p=co%maroyl "l%copyranoside and
C=)=(,)=p=co%maroyl "l%copyranose

5R)5,R6&,S A(D A76&)(
Rasa * Mad#%ra! 6i3ta
-%Ga * 63EGa! La"#%! RH3Ea
Irya * .EGa
Iip3a * +aF%
+arma * +ap#a#ara! MHtrala! 5cana! 5itta#ara! R%cya! IiEa"#na
61,RA5,.6&7 .S,S = A"nimndya (di"estive impairment)! +mal (La%ndice)! 5l
#avPdd#i (splenome"aly)! 5rame#a (meta$olic disorder)! Ra3tavi3ra (disorders of $lood)!
Jot#a (inflammation)! 'a3Pt ro"a (liver disorder)

232
(2. STHULAILA (Fru!%)
S61TLA&L (r%it)
St#Hlail is t#e dried fr%its of Amom%m s%$%lat%m Ro>$. (am. Vin"i$eraceae)! a
perennial r#i4omato%s #er$ %pto a #ei"#t of <.? to 9 m "ro2in" in West /en"al! Si33im and
Assam 1ills.
S'()('MS * /P#adel! /P#at el! /#adrail
R,-&)(AL LA(-.A-, (AM,S
/en"ali * /ara elac#i! /aara aliac#i! /ad elaac#
,n"lis# * 6#e -reater 7ardamom
-%0rati * Mot#i elic#i! Moto=elac#i
1indi * /araa=elaac#i! /adi ilaayac#i
+annada * Dodda yala33i
Malayalam * Ialiya elam! 5erelam! 5eri=elav
Marat#i * Mot#e elaayac#i! Moteveldode
)riya * /adaa alaic#a! Alaic#a
5%n0a$i * /%di eleic#i
6amil * 5eriya elam
6el%"% * 5eddayela3i! 5edda ela3%l%
.rd% * &laayac#i $adi! 1eel 3alan
D,S7R&56&)(
a) Macroscopic
r%its are inde#iscent caps%les! dar3 $ro2n 2it# occasional pin3 tin"e8 ovate =
elliptic! < to @ cm lon" and < to 9 cm $road! sli"#tly t#ree an"%lar and t#ree loc%led8 eac#
loc%le 2it# a ra""ed mem$raneo%s sept%m8 fr%it rind coarsely striated8 eac# fr%it $ears 9A to
BA seeds #eld in a viscid p%lpy mass8 seeds ovate = elliptic and an"%lar! $ro2nis# $lac3! 9 to
23?
: mm lon" and 9 to @ mm $road in si4e8 mem$raneo%s aril present8 aromatic and stron"ly
p%n"ent 2it# a camp#oraceo%s taste.
$) Microscopic
r%it= 5ericarp consists of a sin"le layer of epidermis formed $y tan"entially
elon"ated cells 2it# $ro2nis# oil droplets8 mesocarpic tiss%e consists of t#in 2alled
parenc#ymato%s cells! $ot# isodiametric and tan"entially elon"ated! more compact to2ards
t#e endocarpic re"ion8 many fi$ro=vasc%lar $%ndles present in a ro2 in t#e mesocarp.
Seed= S#o2s a some2#at trian"%lar o%tline8 o%ter layer of t#e testa is 2it# a sin"le ro2 of
t#ic3 2alled! compact and radially elon"ated cells follo2ed $y perisperm tiss%e composed of
<A to <? layers of radially elon"ated parenc#yma cells pac3ed 2it# many simple! small!
mostly "lo$%lar starc# "rains and tiny rosettes of calci%m o>alate crystals8 endosperm cells
parenc#ymato%s! %s%ally ; to <A layered.
5o2der= Dar3 $ro2n! microscopic o$servation s#o2s a patc# of elon"ated rectan"%lar
parenc#yma8 perisperm cells pac3ed 2it# starc# "rains8 poly#edral starc# "rains and rosettes
of calci%m o>alate crystals of a$o%t ? P across8 irre"%lar! t#ic3 2alled stone cells 2it# very
narro2 l%men! si4e 9A to <A? P8 $ro2nis# resin masses8 narro2 elon"ated fi$res8 spiral!
retic%late and pitted vessels.
&D,(6&6'! 5.R&6' A(D S6R,(-61

Water=sol%$le e>tractive (ot less t#an <; per cent! Appendi> 9.9.;
Iolatile oil (ot less t#an < per cent! Appendi> 9.9.<9

23<
6.L.7.
%sin" #e>ane*et#yl acetate (;*9) as mo$ile p#ase and on sprayin" 2it# anisalde#yde
A

R
f
A.::! A.?9 ($ot#
pin3)! A.C (li"#t pin3)! A.CB ($ro2n)! A.B9 (pin3) and A.B; (li"#t $ro2n).

7)(S6&6.,(6S = Iolatile oil predominantly containin" cineol 2it# ot#er constit%ents
s%c# as Q=pinene! R=pinene! sa$inene! myrcene! Q=terpinene! R=terpinene! limonene! p=
cymene! terpinenol! Q=terpineol! X=terpineol and nerolidol.

5R)5,R6&,S A(D A76&)(
Rasa * 6i3ta! +aF%
-%Ga * La"#%! RH3Ea
Irya * .EGa
Iip3a * +aF%
+arma * An%lomana! Dpana! 1Pdya! +ap#a#ara! MHtrala! 5ittasra3a!
Jira]Kod#a3a! Ita#ara
61,RA5,.6&7 .S,S = Ar%ci (tastelessness)! /astivi3ra ($ladder disorders)! 7#ardi
(emesis)! Dantaro"a (disease of toot#)! 1Pllsa (na%sea)! +aGRH (itc#in")! +aGF#aro"a
(disease of t#roat)! +sa (co%"#)! M%3#aro"a (disease of mo%t#)! Ra3tapitta ($leedin"
disorder)! Ra3tavi3ra (disorders of $lood)! Jiroro"a (disease of #ead)! JHla (pain O colic)!
Jvsa (Ast#ma)! 6PEG (t#irst)! 6va3ro"a (s3in diseases)! IiEavi3ra (disorders d%e to
poison)! IraGa (%lcer)

23-
(3. SHUANASA (R)!*+,e)
J.+A(S (R#i4ome)
J%3ans consists of t#e r#i4omes of 7orallocarp%s epi"ae%s /ent#. e> 1oo3. f. Syn.
/ryonia epi"aea Rottler8 R#yncocarpa epi"aea (a%d and Aec#mandra epi"aea Arn. (am.
7%c%r$itaceae)! a monoecio%s tendril clim$er! fo%nd in t#e scr%$ 0%n"les of So%t# &ndia
alon" #illy tracts.
S'()('MS * (#3anda! +aF%n#! (#i3! 3Ka"ar%Ra
R,-&)(AL LA(-.A-, (AM,S
-%0rati * +advinai! (aa#i3and
1indi * Mirc#ia3and! +ira3anda! +advi naa#i! (aa#i +and
+annada * A3as#a "ar%da"adde
Malayalam * +ollam3ova 3i4#an"
Marat#i * +ar%nai! +adavinai! A3as#a"ar%di
6amil * +ar%tan3ilan3%
6el%"% * M%r%donda! (a"adonda
D,S7R&56&)(
a) Macroscopic
W#ole t%$ers napiform! %pto ? cm in diameter! c%t pieces < to 9 cm in len"t# and <.? to
@.? cm in diameter! $ro2nis# yello28 s3in very t#in and closely intact8 c%t s%rface yello2is#
2#ite8 fract%re! s#ort! starc#y8 taste! $itter.
$) Microscopic
R#i4ome = 7or3 made %p of ; to <A ro2s of cells! of 2#ic# t#e o%termost @ or : layers
are tan"entially elon"ated! t#ic3 2alled cells and inner fe2 layers radially arran"ed and t#in
2alled8 rest of t#e "ro%nd tiss%e of parenc#yma cells contain simple starc# "rains meas%rin"
a$o%t <A to 9A P in diameter and compo%nd starc# "rains 2it# 9 to : components8 >ylem
233
composed of isolated strands em$edded in t#e "ro%nd tiss%e! incl%din" a lar"e solitary and
2ide vessels present in radial m%ltiples of t2o or t#ree! p#loem scattered in t#e "ro%nd
tiss%e partic%larly to2ards inside of t#e >ylem strands.
5o2der = 'ello2is# 2#ite! taste very $itter8 tiss%e de$ris 2it# t#ic3 2alled cor3 cells in
s%rface vie2! compo%nd starc# "rains! simple starc# "rains! fi$res and vessels o$served.
&D,(6&6'! 5.R&6' A(D S6R,(-61

6otal as# (ot more t#an :.? per cent! Appendi> 9.9.@

6.L.7.
9?:
of
A.9 mm t#ic3ness %sin" tol%ene* met#anol (B*<) as mo$ile p#ase and 2#en seen %nder .I @CC
nm! spots appear at R
f
A.<:! A.<D and A.:C (all $l%e)! A.CD (fl%orescent $l%e)! A.B:! A.;A! A.;D (all
$l%e). .nder .I 9?: nm! spots appear at R
f
A.<<! A.9:! A.@<! A.@B and A.C@ (all "reen)! A.CD (pale
$l%e)! A.;A ("reen)8 on dippin" t#e plate in vanillin=s%lp#%ric acid and #eatin" at <A?
A
for ?
f
A.<:! A.9! A.9C and A.@: (all pale $ro2n) A.C@ and A.B: ($ot# "rey).

7)(S6&6.,(6S = /ryonin8 epi"ae%syl ester8 corallocarp%scalarolide8 corallocarpenoyl
ester8 dotriacont=99! 9?=diol=<A=one.

5R)5,R6&,S A(D A76&)(
Rasa * +aF%! 6i3ta
Irya * .EGa
232
Iip3a * +aF%
+arma * Jot#a#ara! Iamana! Iirecana! IiEa"#na
&M5)R6A(6 )RM.LA6&)(S = +Kmarydi "#Pta
61,RA5,.6&7 .S,S = Ar%ci (tastelessness)! Atisra (diarr#oea)! D#a ($%rnin"
sensation)! 1i33 (#icc%p)! LrGa ntraKot#a (c#ronic intestinal pain)! LrGa0vara (c#ronic
fever)! Lvara (fever)! +sa (co%"#)! +Pmi ro"a (2orm infestation)! 5rav#i3 (dysentery)!
Sarpa viEa (sna3e poison)! Jot#a (inflammation)! Jvsa (Ast#ma)! Ita3ap#a Lvara (fever
d%e to Ita and +ap#a doEa)! Iisp#oFa3a ($listero%s er%ption)! IraGa (%lcer)! 'oniro"a
(disease of female "enital tract)

238
(4. SH5ETA 5ETASA (Le"2)
JI,6A I,6ASA (Leaf)
Jveta vetasa consists of dried leaves of Sali> al$a L. (am. Salicaceae)! a lar"e tree
2it# olive "reen! p%rple or yello2 $ranc#es c%ltivated in Western 1imalayas. 6#e plant is not
fo%nd to "ro2 2ildly in &ndia.
S'()('MS * Jveta veda=m%K3a
R,-&)(AL LA(-.A-, (AM,S
,n"lis# * ,%ropean 2illo2! W#ite 2illo2
1indi * Sveta veda m%s3a
+annada * (eer"an0imara
Marat#i * 5andra veda m%s3a
5%n0a$i * /is! Malc#an"! /#%s#an! Madn%
.rd% * /ed Sada
D,S7R&56&)(
a) Macroscopic
Leaves C.@ to <A cm lon"! lanceolate! $roadest at a little a$ove t#e middle! pinnately
veined! ape> ac%te and mar"in min%tely serrated! silvery 2#en yo%n"! "la%co%s $eneat#8
petiole B.? to <9.? mm lon"8 odo%r and taste nil.
$) Microscopic
Leaf*
5etiole =6S irre"%lar in o%tline 2it# BIB s#aped "roove on t#e %pper side8 stele centrally
located and $icollateral8 epidermis sin"le layered covered $y a t#ic3 c%ticle and a fe2
tric#omes %pto <A; a lon"! follo2ed $y <A to <? ro2s of collenc#yma8 collenc#yma on t#e
ada>ial side of t#e petiole follo2ed $y <A to <9 ro2s of parenc#yma! parenc#yma tiss%e
231
a$sent on t#e a$a>ial side of t#e petiole8 vasc%lar $%ndle consistin" of >ylem and p#loem8
idio$lasts present t#ro%"#o%t t#e "ro%nd tiss%e! filled 2it# rosette crystals and a fe2
prismatic crystals of calci%m o>alate.
Midri$ =6S passin" t#ro%"# t#e midri$ more conve> on t#e a$a>ial side and almost flat on
t#e ada>ial side8 %pper epidermis sin"le layered! lo2er epidermis t2o layered8 c%ticle
present8 a fe2 epidermal cells filled 2it# li"#t pin3 pi"ment8 a fe2 %nicell%lar lon" tric#omes
present8 epidermis follo2ed $y ? or C ro2s of collenc#yma! ? or C ro2s of parenc#yma 2it# a
fe2 cells filled 2it# rosette crystals of calci%m o>alate8 midri$ s#o2s a centrally located
$icollateral stele! s%rro%nded $y patc#es of pericyclic fi$res8 vasc%lar $%ndle consists of a
>ylem and p#loem8 pericycle made %p of fi$res.
Lamina =Lamina iso$ilateral8 tric#omes :? to <A; P lon"8 %pper epidermis sin"le layered
2#ereas lo2er t2o layered! made %p of $arrel s#aped cells8 t2o layers of palisade cells
present ad0acent to $ot# %pper and lo2er epidermis8 9 or @ layers of spon"y cells in t#e
central re"ion8 a fe2 cells of t#e mesop#yll are filled 2it# rosette and prismatic crystals of
calci%m o>alate8 vasc%lar $%ndles of t#e veins are seen8 avera"e stomatal inde> ? to B and ;
to << on %pper and lo2er s%rface respectively8 palisade ratio C to << on $ot# s%rfaces.
5o2der = -reyis# "reen! taste and odo%r nil8 e>#i$its %pper epidermis made %p of strai"#t
anticlinal 2alls and devoid of stomata8 lo2er epidermis made %p of strai"#t anticlinal 2alls
covered $y paracytic stomata! cicatrices and tric#omes! fra"ments of lamina in sectional
vie2! tric#omes t2o celled lon" 2it# a small $asal cell and a lon" apical cell 2it# smoot#
2alls8 rosette and prismatic crystals of calci%m o>alate.
&D,(6&6'! 5.R&6' A(D S6R,(-61

6otal as# (ot more t#an <A.? per cent! Appendi> 9.9.@
Acid=insol%$le as# (ot more t#an A.C per cent! Appendi> 9.9.:
Alco#ol=sol%$le e>tractive (ot less t#an << per cent! Appendi> 9.9.B
Water=sol%$le e>tractive (ot less t#an CC per cent! Appendi> 9.9.;

220
6.L.7.
6.L.7. of alco#olic e>tract on al%mini%m plate precoated 2it# silica "el B-B CA
9?:
of A.9
mm t#ic3ness %sin" tol%ene*et#yl acetate*formic acid* met#anol (@*@*A.;*A.9) as mo$ile p#ase
and on sprayin" 2it# anisalde#yde s%lp#%ric acid rea"ent follo2ed $y #eatin" at <A?
A
for ?
min! s#o2s spots at R
f
A.<@ (yello2)! A.@C (li"#t violet)! A.:B (li"#t $ro2n)! A.?9 (li"#t
yello2)! A.C? ("reenis# "rey)! A.BC ($l%e) and A.;C (p%rple).

7)(S6&6.,(6S = Amentoflavone! api"enin! (d)=catec#in! (d)="allocatec#in!
isoN%ercetrin! r%tin! narcissin! isor#amnetin=@=)=R=D="l%coside! salicin! fra"ilin! salicortin.

5R)5,R6&,S A(D A76&)(
Rasa * 6i3ta! +aEya
-%Ga * La"#%! RH3Ea
Irya * Jta
Iip3a * +aF%
+arma * -r#! Lvara"#na! +ap#a#ara! MHtrala! Ra3Eo"#na! Iedanst#pana!
IraGa Jod#ana
61,RA5,.6&7 .S,S = mavta (R#e%matism)! Jvitra (le%coderma O vitili"o)! Atisra
(diarr#oea)! +mal (La%ndice)! +arGaro"a (disease of ear)! 5rav#i3 (dysentery)!
Ra3taEF#ivana (#aemoptysis)! Ra3tapitta ($leedin" disorder)! Itara3ta (-o%t)
+aEya (decoction) * ?A to <AA ml

221
(5. TAOLA (Fru!%)
6A++)LA (r%it)
6a33ola consists of fr%its of &llici%m ver%m 1oo3. f. (am. Ma"noliaceae)! an
ever"reen s#r%$ or tree attainin" a #ei"#t of ; to <? m and diameter of 9? cm. 6#e plant is a
native of 7#ina and is sometimes c%ltivated in &ndia. Most of t#e dr%" availa$le in t#e mar3et
is imported.
R,-&)(AL LA(-.A-, (AM,S
Assamese * /aadiyaane 3#ataai
,n"lis# * Star Anise of 7#ina
1indi * Ansafal
Malayalam * 6a33olpp%ttil
Marat#i * /aadiyaan
6amil * An%s#app%! An%s#%pp%! Annas#%pp%
6el%"% * Anasap%ver%
.rd% * /aadiyaan 3#ataai
D,S7R&56&)(
a) Macroscopic
r%its star s#aped! consistin" of ; carpels (follicles) arran"ed in a 2#orl aro%nd a
s#ort central col%mn attac#ed to a pedicel8 eac# follicle <9 to ! 2oody and 2rin3led! reddis#
$ro2n o%tside! smoot# "lossy inside! openin" $y ventral s%t%re at t#e %pper mar"in!
containin" one seed. 5edicel %p to ? cm lon"! stron"ly c%rved at t#e distal end8 seeds reddis#
$ro2n! compressed=ovoid! smoot#! s#iny 2it# $rittle seed coat enclosin" a soft! oily 3ernel8
odo%r! pleasant! resem$lin" t#at of anise8 taste! a"reea$le! aromatic! s2eet.
222
$) Microscopic
6S of t#e follicle s#o2s an o%ter most sin"le layered epicarp of flattened! nearly
rectan"%lar cells8 mesocarp consists of parenc#ymato%s! many layered! spon"y tiss%e
composed of irre"%lar cells 2it# $ro2nis# 2alls and containin" freN%ent cavities! patc#es of
sclerenc#yma! occasional vasc%lar strands s%rro%nded $y sclerenc#yma and prismatic
crystals8 endocarp composed of a layer of col%mnar! transl%scent or clear cells containin"
scattered! occasional prismatic crystals8 seed s#o2s testa 2it# an o%ter epidermal layer made
%p of sclereids8 inner layer of seed coat consists of t#ic3 2alled! $ro2n=pi"mented cells8
endosperm composed of t#in 2alled parenc#yma cells and contain food reserves.
5o2der Dar3 $ro2n! coarse! odo%r anise li3e8 taste sli"#tly tin"lin"! po2der microscopy
s#o2s "ro%ps of clear! t#in 2alled! col%mnar cells 9AA to 99A P lon" from endocarp! and
fra"ments of seed coat comprisin" sclereids of <AA to <@A P in si4e in s%rface and side vie2s8
complies 2it# t#e follo2in" colo%r tests*=
&D,(6&6'! 5.R&6' A(D S6R,(-61

Alco#ol=sol%$le e>tractive (ot less t#an <@ per cent! Appendi> 9.9.B
Iolatile oil (ot less t#an @ per cent! Appendi> 9.9.<9

6.L.7.
6.L.7. of alco#olic e>tract of t#e dr%" on silica "el B-B CA
9?:
plate %sin" c#loroform*
met#anol*acetic acid (;*9*A.9?) as mo$ile p#ase and on sprayin" t#e plate 2it# anisalde#yde=
s%lp#%ric acid rea"ent and #eatin" t#e plate for <? min%tes at <A?
A
!

spots appear at R
f
A.<9
(dar3 "reen)! A.9B ("reen)! A.@@ ($l%is# "rey)! A.:A and A.?A ($ot# "rey).

7)(S6&6.,(6S = ,ssential oils! flavonol "lycosides! and veranisatins A! / M 7.
22?

5R)5,R6&,S A(D A76&)(
Rasa * Mad#%ra! +aF%
-%Ga * La"#%! Sni"d#a! 63EGa
Irya * .EGa
Iip3a * Mad#%ra
+arma * +ap#a#ara! Dpana! 5cana! Itn%lomana! MHtrala! Ita"#na!
+oEF#avta = Kamana! Iedan#ara
&M5)R6A(6 )RM.LA6&)(S = +arp%rdi 7HrGa
61,RA5,.6&7 .S,S = d#mna (flat%lence 2it# "%r"lin" so%nd)! Ar%ci (tastelessness)!
-%lma (a$dominal l%mp)! M%3#ad%r"and#a (1alitosis)! Sand#ivta (art#ritis d%e to Ita
doEa)! JHla (pain O colic)
D)S, = 7HrGa (po2der)* 9?A to C9? m"

22<
(&. TINDUA (Fru!%)
6&(D.+A (r%it)
6ind%3a consists of %nripe and ripe fr%its of Diospyros pere"rina -%r3e Syn.
Diospyros em$ryopteris L. (am. ,$enaceae)! a medi%m si4ed tree #avin" alternate leaves
and ellipsoid or s%$="lo$ose! "reen or li"#t $ro2n fr%its possessin" prominent! persistent!
2oody caly>. 6#e tree is distri$%ted t#ro%"#o%t &ndia.
S'()('MS * Iiral! Asita3ras3ara! +las3and#a! Sp#Hr0a3a
R,-&)(AL LA(-.A-, (AM,S
Assamese * +end%
/en"ali * -a$
,n"lis# * &ndian -a%$! 5ersimon
-%0rati * 6im$aravo! 6emr%
1indi * 6end%! -aa$#! Maa3aatend%
+annada * 1olet%pare! +%s#arta
Malayalam * 5anac#i! 5anac#c#i! 5ananc#i
Marat#i * 6em$%rni
)riya * +end%
6amil * +attatti! +avi3attai! 6%m$i! 5aanici3aa! 6%m$i3a
6el%"% * 6%mi3i! -aara
.rd% * 6end%
D,S7R&56&)(
a) Macroscopic
r%it "lo$ose! ovoid or ellipsoid $erry! @.? to ? cm in 2idt#! 2it# a m%c# lar"e and
t#ic3ened! often 2oody caly>8 c%ticle t#ic3 and s#iny8 "reen 2#en %nripe! yello2is# oran"e
2#en ripe8 nearly smoot# or covered 2it# a r%sty mealiness8 fles#y and possessin" a viscid!
"l%tino%s p%lp 2#en fres#! #ard 2#en dried! C to <A celled8 $ot# %nripe and ripe fr%its c%t
22-
lon"it%dinally in to @ to : pieces alon" 2it# persistent caly> and dried for %se8 seed solitary
in eac# cell! t#in! flat! and o$lon"8 testa #ard! separa$le8 endosperm prominent.
$) Microscopic
r%it =6S s#o2s a t#ic3! stratified c%ticle s%pported on a many=layered e>ocarp8
o%termost layer of small! rectan"%lar or ro%nded cells forms t#e epidermis8 #ypodermal
re"ion of e>ocarp possesses a$%ndant "ro%ps of stone cells mi>ed 2it# parenc#ymato%s
patc#es8 mesocarp constit%tes many layers of parenc#ymato%s cells possessin" a$%ndant!
lar"e cavities #avin" reddis# $ro2n colo%rin" matter8 innermost layer of pericarp lined 2it#
t#e c%ticle and constit%tin" t#e endocarp.
Seed =6esta! t#ic3! many layered and lined e>ternally $y c%ticle8 o%termost layer of sN%aris#
or an"%lar! t#ic3 cells forms t#e o%ter epidermis of testa8 many layers of parenc#ymato%s!
s%$ epidermal 4one contain a$%ndant $ro2n colo%rin" matter8 innermost layer of testa
consists of t#in 2alled! parenc#ymato%s cells8 endosperm prominent and cartila"ino%s 2it#
cells #avin" very t#ic3! 2avy or strai"#t 2alls.
5o2der =D%ll $ric3 red! coarse and "ran%lar8 taste and odo%r not distinct8 microscopy s#o2s
a$%ndant stone cells CA to <9A P in si4e and cells of cartila"ino%s endosperm.
&D,(6&6'! 5.R&6' A(D S6R,(-61

Water=sol%$le e>tractive (ot less t#an <C per cent! Appendi> 9.9.;

6.L.7.
9?:

plate %sin" et#yl acetate*
n=#e>ane (B*@) as mo$ile p#ase and on sprayin" t#e plate 2it# anisalde#yde=s%lp#%ric acid
A
! spots appear at R
f
A.:< (li"#t $l%e) A.:D
($ro2nis# 4one) A.C< ($l%is#) and A.;@ (dar3 $l%e).
223

7)(S6&6.,(6S = Al3anes and triterpenoids. Seed contains #e>acosane and R=sitosterol!
R=sitosterol "l%coside! "allic acid and $et%linic acid. atty oil (@9W)! %nsaponified matter and
R=amyrin.

5R)5,R6&,S A(D A76&)(
Rasa * Mad#%ra
Irya * Jta
Iip3a * Mad#%ra
+arma * 5itta#ara! +ap#a#ara! D%r0ara! 5%EFi3ara
61,RA5,.6&7 .S,S = Kmar (7alc%l%s)! Ar%ci (tastelessness)! +ap#aro"a (disease d%e
to +ap#a doEa)! 5rame#a (meta$olic disorder)! Ra3tadoEa (disorder of $lood)! Atisra
(diarr#oea)! /#a"na (fract%re)! D#a ($%rnin" sensation)! +%EF#a (Leprosy O diseases of
s3in)! Jot#a (inflammation)! Medoro"a (o$esity)! 5rav#i3 (dysentery)! Ra3tapitta ($leedin"
disorder)! .darda (%rticaria)! IraGa (%lcer)
D)S, = 5a3va p#ala (ripe)= 7HrGa (po2der) * ? to <A "
Apa3va p#ala (%nripe)= 7HrGa (po2der) * : to ; "

222
((. TRAYAMANA (R)!*+,e)
6R'AMS (R#i4ome)
6ryamG consists of dried r#i4omes of -entiana 3%rroo Royle (am.
-entianaceae)! a perennial #er$ 2it# t%fted and dec%m$ent stem distri$%ted sporadically in
s%$=alpine to alpine meado2s $et2een altit%des of <?AA to @AAA m.
S'()('MS * 6ryant! -iri0! Adrisn%0a! /ala$#adr! 5lani3! 6ryanti3
R,-&)(AL LA(-.A-, (AM,S
,n"lis# * &ndian "entian
-%0rati * 6raymana
1indi * 6rayman! +ad%
+annada * +aradi#anni
Malayalam * 6rayamana
5%n0a$i * +ad%
6amil * +ampanitirai
6el%"% * 6rayama
D,S7R&56&)(
a) Macroscopic
Dried r#i4ome pieces cylindrical to N%adran"%lar! %pto <9 cm lon"! A.; cm t#ic3! dar3
$ro2n 2it# yello2is#=2#ite patc#es of e>foliated $ar3 and mar3ed $y closely arran"ed
transverse ann%lations and a fe2 scars of rootlets8 fract%re! s#ort and $rittle8 odo%r!
c#aracteristically aromatic8 taste! $itter.
$) Microscopic
6S s#o2s t#in cor3 of tan"entially elon"ated cells! 9 or @ layered cor3 cam$i%m of
poly"onal cells8 m%ltilayered corte> of oval to ro%nd cells8 p#loem 9 to @ layered8 cam$i%m
present and >ylem lar"ely composed of vessels arran"ed in radial ro2s or sin"le8 $road
228
sN%aris# pit# re"ion of lar"e circ%lar cells e>tend from corners into intervasc%lar re"ions8
cells of corte> and pit# filled 2it# resino%s mass and $road acic%lar crystals of calci%m
o>alate.
5o2der= Li"#t $ro2n! s#o2s fra"ments of ro%nd to elon"ated poly"onal or oval
parenc#ymato%s cells of corte> and pit# containin" "lo$%les of resino%s mass and $road
acic%lar crystals of calci%m o>alate8 retic%lately t#ic3ened vessels8 yello2is#=$ro2n cor3
cells filled 2it# $ro2n "ran%lar material8 a$%ndant $ro2nis# colo%red mycorr#i4al #yp#ae
may occ%r in association 2it# corte> cells.
&D,(6&6'! 5.R&6' A(D S6R,(-61

Alco#ol=sol%$le e>tractive (ot less t#an 9; per cent! Appendi> 9.9.B

6.L.7.
9?:
of A.9 mm
t#ic3ness %sin" tol%ene *et#yl acetate (DA*<A) as mo$ile p#ase and on sprayin" 2it#
anisalde#yde=s%lp#%ric acid rea"ent follo2ed $y #eatin" at <A?
A
at R
f
A.<@ (li"#t violet)! A.9A (violet)! A.9; (li"#t violet)! A.@: ($ric3 red)! A.:A (violet)! A.?A
(ma"enta)! A.?? (pin3)! A.C@ (violet)! A.B; and A.DC ($ot# dar3 pin3).

7)(S6&6.,(6S = /itter crystalline "lycoside 5icror#i4in (@ to :W) cat#artic acid.
Secoiridoids li3e picroside A and 3%t%oside.

5R)5,R6&,S A(D A76&)(
Rasa * 6i3ta! +aEya
-%Ga * Sara
Irya * .EGa
221
Iip3a * +aF%
+arma * 5itta#ara! +ap#a#ara! IiEa"#na
&M5)R6A(6 )RM.LA6&)(S = 6ryamG "#Pta! 6ryamG 3vat#a! Ma# paisci3a
"#Pta
61,RA5,.6&7 .S,S = Atisra (diarr#oea)! /#rama (verti"o)! -%lma (a$dominal l%mp)!
1Pdro"a (#eart diseases)! Lvara (fever)! Ra3tapitta ($leedin" disorder)! Ra3tavi3ra
(disorders of $lood)! JHla (pain O colic)! SHti3KHla (postpart%m a$dominal pain)!
6PEG (t#irst)! Iisarpa (,rysepales)

280
(-. TRI$ASHI (/)+#e $#"0%)
6R&5A+_ (W#ole 5lant)
6ripa3E consists of t#e 2#ole plant of 7oldenia proc%m$ens L. (am.
/ora"inaceae)! a proc%m$ent #er$ 2it# trailin" stems appressed to t#e "ro%nd and rootin" all
alon"8 fo%nd 2ild in fallo2 fields! dried %p la3es and roadsides in 2armer parts of &ndia.
S'()('MS * 6rip%Q3#
R,-&)(AL LA(-.A-, (AM,S
,n"lis# * 6railin" coldenia
-%0rati * /asrioo3#arad
1indi * 6rip%n3#i
+annada * 6ripa3s#i
Malayalam * 7#er%padi
Marat#i * 6ripa3s#i! 6rip%n3#i
)riya * -ondri lota
6amil * 7er%ppatai
6el%"% * 1amsapad%! 7#epp%t#atte3%
D,S7R&56&)(
a) Macroscopic
Root =6aproot 2ell developed! creamy 2#ite! len"t# varia$le! t#ic3ness %pto <.? cm!
rootlets present! no c#aracteristic odo%r and taste.
Stem =Stem proc%m$ent! n%mero%s $ranc#es radiatin" from t#e root reac#in" %pto :A cm lon"!
s#a""y! 2it# appressed sil3y 2#ite #airs! especially on yo%n"er $ranc#es! $itter! no
odo%r.
281
Leaf =Leaves as#y "reen on %pper s%rface! lo2er s%rface "reenis#! crisped! s#ortly petiolate!
o$ovate to o$lon"! crenate! p%$escent! no odo%r and taste.
$) Microscopic
Root =7or3 and o%ter corte> cr%s#ed! scattered sclerenc#ymato%s patc#es present
in t#e inner corte>8 p#loem present8 cam$i%m distinct8 >ylem consists of scattered! solitary
circ%lar vessels8 >ylem parenc#yma li"nified8 %niseriate ray radiatin" from t#e centre.
Stem =,pidermis sin"le layer of ta$%lar cells! 2it# an occasional m%c# lar"er cell8 t#ic3 2alled
%nicell%lar tric#omes! 9AA to :AA P in len"t#8 corte> consists of a$o%t t2o layers of
#ypodermal c#lorenc#yma follo2ed $y a$o%t fo%r layers of collenc#yma and inner layers of
circ%lar parenc#yma8 pericycle present 2it# small patc#es of li"nified fi$res8 stele consists of
scattered >ylem vessels! 2it# layers of p#loem cells at t#e perip#ery8 occassional p#loem fi$res
seen8 med%llary rays %niseriate8 pit# lar"e and parenc#ymato%s 2it# intercell%lar spaces
and s#o2s starc# "rains and dr%ses.
Leaf =
5etiole =Almost circ%lar in o%tline8 epidermal cells sin"le layered 2it# tric#omes and a
fe2 empty idio$lasts8 one or 9 ro2s of c#lorenc#yma follo2s epidermis8 "ro%nd tiss%e
parenc#ymato%s.
Midri$ =S#o2s a sli"#t conve> c%rvat%re on t#e ada>ial face and a deeper c%rvat%re on
t#e a$a>ial face8 epidermis sin"le layered 2it# %nicell%lar tric#omes %pto :AA a in
len"t#8 t#e s%$ epidermal layers composed of < or 9 ro2s of collenc#yma8 collateral crescent
s#aped median vasc%lar strands 2it# t2o smaller $%ndles present on t#e ada>ial side8 "ro%nd
tiss%e parenc#ymato%s8 dr%ses present.
Lamina =Dorsiventral8 epidermis sin"le layer 2it# a fe2 empty idio$lasts8 stomata
anomocytic8 ada>ial and a$a>ial epidermal cells poly"onal 2it# strai"#t 2alls in s%rface
vie28 palisade t2o layered! second layer 2it# s#orter cells8 stomatal n%m$er :; to ?9 O mm
9
282
for a$a>ial s%rface8 :A to :C O mm
9
on ada>ial s%rface8 stomatal inde> 9 or @ on $ot# ada>ial
and a$a>ial epidermis8 palisade ratio D to <<8 vein islet n%m$er <A to <98 veinlet termination
n%m$er <? to <;.
5o2der =As#y "reen! n%mero%s t#ic3 2alled %nicell%lar tric#omes! fra"ments of leaf
2it# anomocytic stomata! fi$res! occasional dr%ses o$served vessels scalariform.
&D,(6&6'! 5.R&6' A(D S6R,(-61

6otal as# (ot more t#an <@ per cent! Appendi> 9.9.@
Water=sol%$le e>tractive (ot less t#an 9.9.;

6.L.7.
6.L.7 of c#roloform e>tract on al%mini%m plate precoated 2it# silica "el B-B CA
9?:
of
A.9 mm t#ic3ness %sin" tol%ene* et#yl acetate (C*<) and C drops of formic acid! as mo$ile p#ase
and 2#en seen %nder .I @CC nm! spots appear at R
f
A.<A! A.<C! ($ot# 2#ite)! A.@; (pin3)! A.?A
(ma"enta)! A.?C (2#ite)! A.CA (pin3)! A.CB (ma"enta) A.B@! (deep violet) and A.;@ (2#ite). )n
e>pos%re to iodine vapo%r! spots appear at R
f
A.<C! A.@< ($ot# yello2is# $ro2n)! A.@; ("reenis#
yello2)! A.?A! A.?C ($ot# yello2is# $ro2n)! A.CA ("reenis# yello2) A.CB and A.BA ($ot# yello2is#
$ro2n. )n dippin" t#e plate in vanillin=s%lp#%ric acid rea"ent and #eatin" at <A?
A
for ?
f
A.<@ (violet)! A.9A (yello2)! A.9? (violet)! A.9B! A.:A ($ot# yello2)!
A.:: ("reen)! A.?A! A.?@ ($ot# violet)! A.C@ (yello2)! A.CB ("reen) and A.BA (violet).

7)(S6&6.,(6S = Steroid "lycosides.

5R)5,R6&,S A(D A76&)(
Rasa * 6i3ta! +aEya
28?
-%Ga * La"#%! RH3Ea
Irya * .EGa
Iip3a * +aF%
+arma * +ap#a"#na! 5cana! Jot#a"#na! Ita#ara
61,RA5,.6&7 .S,S = mavta (R#e%matism)! Iidrad#i (a$scess)
28<
(1. TU5ARAA (See8)
6.IARA+A (Seed)
6%vara3a consists of t#e dried seeds of 1ydnocarp%s pentandra (/%c#.=1am.) )3en
Syn. 1. la%rifolia (Dennst.) Sle%mmer.! 1. 2i"#tiana /l%me (am. laco%rtiaceae)! a
decid%o%s ever"reen tree %pto <? m or more! endemic to tropical forests of Western -#ats!
%pto CAA m.
S'()('MS * +aF%3apitt#a
R,-&)(AL LA(-.A-, (AM,S
/en"ali * 7#a%lm%"raa
,n"lis# * 7#a%lm%"ra
1indi * 7#aalmo"raa
+annada * -ar%dp#ala! 6oratti! S%ranti
Malayalam * +odi! Iri3s#amroti! Marotti
Marat#i * +ad%3avat#a
6amil * (irati M%t#%
6el%"% * (ir%d%! (iridi
.rd% * 7#aalma"raa
D,S7R&56&)(
a) Macroscopic
Seeds o$t%sely an"%lar! elon"ate = o$ovate! dar3 $ro2n! ; to<? mm in 2idt# and <9 to
9; mm in len"t#8 testa lon"it%dinally rid"ed and stony8 cotyledons t2o! t#in! papery8
endosperm! a$%ndant and oily8 odo%r! indistinct8 taste! acidic.
$) Microscopic
6S t#ro%"# micropylar re"ion of t#e seed s#o2s seed coat! endosperm and em$ryo8
t#e seed coat #as o%ter testa made %p of t#ree types of cells* (i) an o%ter parenc#ymato%s
epidermis 2it# vasc%lar s%pply! 2it# a fe2 sclereids present aro%nd >ylem8 ii) a middle
28-
sclerotic tiss%e of cells 2it# fo%r distinct 4ones! a fe2 o%ter layers of isodiametric sclerotic
cells %pto @A P diameter! 2it# t#ic3 2alls and simple pits! follo2ed $y radially elon"ated
t#ic3 2alled cell8 a middle %niseriate! ri$$on s#aped t#ic3 2alled sclereids elon"ated %p to
DAA P8 a fe2 layers of tan"entially elon"ated sclereids8 (iii) an inner m%ltiseriate epidermal
layer 2it# t#in 2alled isodiametric!compactly arran"ed cells8 te"men is %ndifferentiated and
is almost cr%s#ed $y t#e endosperm8 endosperm consists of compactly arran"ed isodiametric
t#in2alled parenc#ymato%s cells! filled 2it# oil "lo$%les and a$%ndant rosettes of calci%m
o>alate prisms of <? to 9A P8 cotyledons t2o! possess sin"le layer of epidermal cells 2it#
$ric3 s#aped cells8 mesop#yll %ndifferentiated.
5o2der= 7oarse! oily! $ro2nis#8 s#o2s t#in 2alled poly"onal cells of epidermis! poly"onal
t#in 2alled cells of endosperm 2it# rosettes of calci%m o>alate crystals of 9? to @A P8
isodiametric sclereids 2it# simple pits formin" %n$ranc#ed radiatin" canals meas%rin" from
9A to 9; P in diameter! laterally compressed sclereids meas%rin" @AA to DAA P lon" and 9A to
@A P 2ide! fi$ro%s tiss%e and >ylem elements 2it# ann%lar and spiral t#ic3enin"s.
&D,(6&6'! 5.R&6' A(D S6R,(-61

Alco#ol=sol%$le e>tractive (ot less t#an @? per cent! Appendi> 9.9.B
Water=sol%$le e>tractive (ot less t#an <9 per cent! Appendi> 9.9.;

6.L.7.
as mo$ile p#ase and 2#en seen %nder .I @CC nm! spots appear at R
f
A.<? ($l%e)8 A.:;
("reen) and A.;@ ($l%e)8 on e>pos%re to iodine vapo%r! spots appear at R
f
val%es! A.<?! A.9?!
A.@C! A.:;! A.;@ and A.D9 (all yello2)! and on sprayin" 2it# ?W met#anolic s%lp#%ric acid
A
! spots appear at R
f
A.<?! A.9?! A.:; and
A.;@.
283

7)(S6&6.,(6S = Api"enin! #ydnocarpin! iso#ydnocarpine met#o>y#ydnocarpin and
fi>ed oils.

5R)5,R6&,S A(D A76&)(
Rasa * 6i3ta! Mad#%ra! +aEya
-%Ga * Sni"d#a! 63EGa
Irya * .EGa
Iip3a * +aF%
+arma * Ita#ara! +ap#a#ara! Rasyana! .$#ayato$#"a#ara
&M5)R6A(6 )RM.LA6&)(S = 6%vara3a 6aila
61,RA5,.6&7 .S,S = n#a (distension of a$domen d%e to o$str%ction to passa"e of
%rine and stools)! ArKa (piles)! -Pd#ras (Sciatica)! -aGRaml (cervical lymp#adenitis)!
-%lma (a$dominal l%mp)! Lvara (fever)! +aGRH (itc#in")! +ap#avta0a ro"a (disorders d%e to
+ap#a and Ita doEa)! +Pmi (2orm infestation)! +%EF#a (Leprosy O diseases of s3in)! Jot#a
(inflammation)! 5rame#a (meta$olic disorder)! Ra3tavi3ra (disorders of $lood)! 6va3ro"a
(s3in diseases)! .dara (diseases of a$domen)! .dvarta (partial intestinal o$str%ction)! IraGa
(%lcer)

282
-3. USHANDI (/)+#e $#"0%)
T_A(D (W#ole 5lant)
TEand consists of t#e 2#ole plant of -lin%s lotoides L. Syn. Moll%"o #irta 6#%$.!
M. lotoides +%nt4. (am. Ai4oaceae)! a spreadin" ann%al #er$ 2it# 2#ite #airy aerial
parts! distri$%ted in 2armer parts of &ndia in plains and also on t#e #ills %pto ;AA m.
S'()('MS * /#issata! )3#aradi
R,-&)(AL LA(-.A-, (AM,S
/en"ali * D%serasa"
-%0rati * Aa3araadya
1indi * -andi$%di
+annada * 7#andra 3aasi sopp%
Marat#i * +ot#%3! /#isata
)riya * -and#i$%ti
5%n0a$i * -andi$%ti
6amil * 7ir%cer%ppatai
6el%"% * 7#andrasi 3oora
D,S7R&56&)(
a) Macroscopic
Root =6ap roots 2ell developed! sto%t! fles#y! lon"! cream in colo%r! odo%r and taste
not c#aracteristic.
Stem =Spreadin"! m%c# $ranc#ed! villo%s! $earin" pin3is# 2#ite flo2ers in a>illary
fascicles! odo%r nil and taste not c#aracteristic.
Leaf =Leaves opposite! more t#an t2o at nodes! one to t2o cm in 2idt# and A.? to <.? cm in
len"t# and densely villo%s on $ot# sides! $roadly o$ovate or s%$ or$ic%late! very o$t%se
288
at t#e ape>! c%neate at t#e $ase! petioles C to <A mm lon"! slender! #airy! vein
inconspic%o%s! odo%r nil and taste not c#aracteristic.
$) Microscopic
Root =6S s#o2s circ%lar o%tline8 epidermis sin"le layer of t#ic3 2alled cells8 fo%r to
five layers of t#in 2alled parenc#ymato%s corte>8 follo2ed $y stele s#o2in" anomalo%s
secondary "ro2t#8 consistin" of s%ccessive rin"s of alternate >ylem and p#loem8 >ylem
consists of solitary 2ide circ%lar t#ic3 2alled vessels! in $et2een t#e s%ccessive rin"s! t#in
2alled parenc#yma present8 starc# "rains present8 pit# a$sent.
Stem =7%ticle present! epidermis sin"le layered $arrel s#aped cells8 a fe2 cells s#o2
papillary "ro2t#! corte> consists of : to ? layers of loosely pac3ed parenc#yma! some cells
contain dr%ses8 t2o to t#ree layers of stone cells alternatin" 2it# sclerenc#ymato%s fi$ers
forms t#e pericycle8 stele s#o2s p#loem and many solitary circ%lar vessels em$edded in
t#ic3 2alled >ylem parenc#yma8 pit# lar"e! parenc#ymato%s8 starc# "rains present8 a fe2
cells contain dr%ses.
Leaf=
5etiole =6S circ%lar in o%tline8 epidermal cells t#in 2alled 2it# c%ticle8 epidermal o%t"ro2t#s
of stellate #air mostly dic#otomo%sly $ranc#ed! 2it# fo%r celled stal38 cortical re"ion
parenc#ymato%s 2it# intercell%lar spaces! a fe2 cells contain dr%ses8 vasc%lar strand sin"le!
deeply arc s#aped 2it# many radial files of 9 to ? >ylem elements8 p#loem present on t#e
a$a>ial side of t#e >ylem strands8 a fe2 layer of "ro%nd tiss%e 2it# smaller cells s%rro%nd
t#e vasc%lar arc.
Midri$ =6S s#o2s a$a>ial side sli"#tly c%rved8 epidermal cells sin"le layer! $arrel s#aped8
c%ticle present8 palisade parenc#yma contin%o%s 2it# lamina! t2o layered follo2ed $y @ to ?
layers loosely arran"ed spon"y parenc#yma! some cells contain dr%ses8 sin"le vasc%lar
281
strand arc s#aped8 >ylem elements in radial "ro%ps8 p#loem present on t#e a$a>ial side of t#e
>ylem strands.
Lamina = Dorsiventral8 epidermis sin"le layered8 c%ticle present8 t2o layers of palisade
parenc#yma follo2ed $y loosely arran"ed spon"y parenc#yma! some cells contain dr%ses8
lo2er epidermis s#o2s stellate #air dic#otomo%sly $ranc#ed 2it# @ celled stal38 in s%rface
vie2 a$a>ial epidermal cell 2alls sin%o%s and ada>ial sli"#tly 2avy8 stomata anomocytic type8
stomatal n%m$er 9@ to 9? O mm
9
for a$a>ial epidermis8 <; to 9A O mm
9
for a$a>ial epidermis8
stomatal inde> :@ to :? for a$a>ial epidermis and 9? to 9D for ada>ial epidermis8 palisade
ratio 9 to :8 vein islet n%m$er : to ?.
5o2der =-reyis# "reen! no c#aracteristic odo%r and taste! stellate #air dr%ses! fi$res!
vessels! starc# "rains meas%rin" %pto ? P in diameter and elon"ated pitted stone cells
len"t# %pto <?A P narro2 l%men.
&D,(6&6'! 5.R&6' A(D S6R,(-61


6.L.7.
6.L.7. of c#loroform e>tract on al%mini%m plate precoated 2it# silica "el B-B
9?:
of
9?: nm! spots appear at R
f
A.<A! A.<B! A.9:! A.9D! A.:C! A.?:! A.C< and A.B< (all "reen). .nder
.I @CC nm! spots appear at R
f
9A (pin3) A.@9 ($l%e)! A.@B (pin3)! A.:< (dar3 pin3)! A.:D ($l%e)!
A.?: (pin3) and A.?D (dar3 pin3). )n e>pos%re to iodine vapo%r! spots appear at R
f
A.9:! A.C?!
210
A.CD and A.D; (all $ro2n). )n dippin" t#e plate in vanillin=s%lp#%ric acid rea"ent and on
#eatin" at <A?
A
f
A.<< ("rey)! A.<; ("reen)! A.9D! A.@? ($ot#
"rey)! A.@D ("reen)! A.:?! A.?@ ($ot# "rey)! A.?D ("reen)! A.B:! A.;A and A.D; (all "rey).

7)(S6&6.,(6S = Moll%"o"enol A! /! 7! D! ,! and -8 moll%"ocin A and /8 R=and S=
sitosterol "l%cosides8 oleanolic acid8 lavonoids li3e api"enin=;=7="l%coside8 api"enin=B=
r#amno"l%coside8 pelar"onidin=@=sop#orsido=B="l%coside8 esc%lin8 s%lf%retin8 vicenin 98 vite>in.

5R)5,R6&,S A(D A76&)(
Rasa * +aEya! 6i3ta
-%Ga * La"#%! RH3Ea
Irya * Jta
Iip3a * +aF%
+arma * Lvara"#na! +ap#a=pitta#ara! 5a%EFi3a! Jot#a#ara! Stam$#ana!
.dardapraKamana
61,RA5,.6&7 .S,S = Atisra (diarr#oea)! Ra3tapitta ($leedin" disorder)! .dararo"a
(diseases of a$domen)! Iidrad#i (a$scess)! IraGa (%lcer)

211
-1. 5A.RANNA (Le"2 '":e)
IALR((A (Leaf /ase)
Ia0rnna consists of t#e dried s#eat#y leaf $ases of 5enniset%m typ#oides (/%rm.)
Stapf M 7.,. 1%$$! syn. 5. typ#oide%m Ric#.! 5. spicat%m Roem and Sc#%lt gam. 5oaceae
(-raminae)h! c%ltivated in t#e arid and semi=arid re"ions of central and penins%lar &ndia for
its fr%it %sed as cereal.
R,-&)(AL LA(-.A-, (AM,S
/en"ali * /a0ar! La#ra
,n"lis# * Spi3ed millet! 5earl millet! /%llr%s# millet
-%0rati * /a0ni
1indi * /a0ra
+annada * Sa00ai
Malayalam * Mattari
Marat#i * /a0ri! /0r
)riya * -antia! /a0ri
5%n0a$i * /a0ra
6amil * +am$%! +amp%
6el%"% * -antel%! Sa00al%! Sa00a
.rd% * /a0ra
D,S7R&56&)(
a) Macroscopic
Leaf $ases s#eat#y! rec%rved! $earin" li"%les! s#inin"! stra2 colo%red! 2it# smoot#
ada>ial s%rface and finely lined cream colo%red a$a>ial s%rface8 <.? to 9 cm in 2idt# and <:
to<C cm in len"t#8 venation parallel! lamina a$sent! odo%r and taste indistinct.
212
$) Microscopic
6S of leaf $ase s#o2s ada>ial and a$a>ial epidermis! mesop#yll and vasc%lar $%ndles8
epidermal cells of ada>ial s%rface are rectan"%lar elon"ated! compactly arran"ed8 epidermal
cells of a$a>ial s%rface ta$%lar! some of 2#ic# are differentiated into $%lliform cells $%t
r%pt%red d%e to dryin" of t#e leaf8 mesop#yll %ndifferentiated! composed of spon"y tiss%e!
cells isodiametric! t#in 2alled! filled 2it# c#loroplasts and a""re"ates of prismatic calci%m
o>alate crystals8 some of t#e mesop#yll cells a""re"ated aro%nd vasc%lar $%ndles to form a
$%ndle s#eat# filled 2it# starc# "rains meas%rin" a$o%t <A P in diameter8 vasc%lar $%ndles
linearly arran"ed in t#e mesop#yll! collateral! closed! >ylem to2ards ada>ial s%rface! p#loem
to2ards a$a>ial s%rface8 >ylem contains @ to ? vessels! arran"ed in B'B form! @A to :A P in
diameter! 2it# ann%lar and spiral t#ic3enin"s! alon" 2it# >ylem parenc#yma and >ylem
fi$res8 p#loem patc# contains sieve t%$es! p#loem parenc#yma and p#loem fi$res8 eac#
vasc%lar $%ndle is associated 2it# a sclerenc#ymato%s $%ndle cap to2ards a$a>ial s%rface8
sclereids t#ic3 2alled! compactly arran"ed! and poly"onal8 in s%rface vie2 t#e intercostal
epidermal cells of ada>ial s%rface are a>ially elon"ated! rectan"%lar comparatively t#in and
nearly strai"#t 2alled! len"t# <AA to @?A P and 2idt# @A to ?? P8 costal cells linear! t#in and
strai"#t 2alled! 9?A to :9? P lon" <9 to 99 P $road8 intercostal cells of a$a>ial s%rface are of
t2o types8 rectan"%lar! elon"ate ;A to <9? P lon" 9A to @A P $road and sN%aris#! smaller
silica cells! @A to :A P lon" and 9A to @A P $road8 2alls of $ot# t#e type of cells are deeply
sin%ate8 stomata in $ot# t#e epidermal layers are paracytic type! 2it# t2o d%m$ $ell s#aped
"%ard cells! <: to 9? P lon" : to ; P $road! inner 2alls t#ic3ened 2it# li"nin! s%$sidiary cells
t2o! $ean s#aped 9< to @A P lon" and C.? to D.? P $road! #yaline! sit%ated parallel to t#e lon"
a>is of "%ard cells8 stomata in $ot# t#e epidermal layers are arran"ed in vertical ro2s8 $%t
scattered over intercostal cells in ada>ial s%rface8 c#aracteristically restricted to t2o vertical
ro2s on eit#er side of every vein re"ion on a$a>ial s%rface8 stomatal inde> of ada>ial s%rface
is ; or D and t#at of a$a>ial s%rface is <A or <<.
5o2der =-reyis# $ro2n in colo%r! fine in te>t%re! consistin" of epidermal cells of ada>ial and
a$a>ial s%rfaces8 cells of ada>ial epidermis elon"ated! 2alls strai"#t8 cells of a$a>ial
epidermis t2o types / rectan"%lar! 2it# sin%ate 2alls and smaller silica cells8 stomata
present8 sclereids from $%ndle caps! 2#ic# are t#ic3 2alled! isodiametric! ; to <; P in
21?
diameter8 vessels 2it# ann%lar and spiral t#ic3enin"s8 fi$res! and a""re"ates of prismatic
calci%m o>alate crystals %pto <? P in diameter.
&D,(6&6'! 5.R&6' A(D S6R,(-61

Acid=insol%$le as# (ot more t#an <9 per cent! Appendi> 9.9.:
Water=sol%$le e>tractive (ot less t#an <? per cent! Appendi> 9.9.;

6.L.7.
6.L.7. of alco#olic e>tract on precoated silica "el B-B plate %sin" n=#e>ane*et#yl
acetate (;*9) as mo$ile p#ase and 2#en seen %nder .I @CC nm! spots appear at R
f
A.<A! A.::!
A.?A! A.C<! A.;9 and A.;C8 on sprayin" 2it# ?W met#anolic s%lp#%ric acid rea"ent and #eatin"
t#e plate for <A min%tes at <A?
A
! spots appear at R
f
A.<A! A.:A! A.::! A.?A! A.C<! A.;9! A.;C and
A.D@.

7)(S6&6.,(6S = lavonoid! al3aloids! tannins! p#enols and saponin.

5R)5,R6&,S A(D A76&)(
-%Ga * RH3Ea! -%r%
Irya * .EGa
Iip3a * Amla
+arma * /alya! D%r0ara! 1Pdya! +ap#a=vta#ara! 5itta#ara! 5%Zstva#ara!
Ita3ara
21<
61,RA5,.6&7 .S,S = 5rame#a (meta$olic disorder)! Jaitya (coldness)! SantarpaGa0anya
ro"a (disorders d%e to o$esity)! St#a%lya (o$esity)
D)S, = Svarasa (0%ice)* <A to 9A ml

21-
-2. 5ALUA-SHAA (Le"2)
IL.+=J+A (Leaf)
Il%3=J3a is t#e dried leaves of -ise3ia p#arnaceoides L. Syn. -. moll%"inoides
Wt. (am. Ai4oaceae) 2#ic# is a spreadin" #er$ 2it# diff%sed $ranc#es of a$o%t 9A to @? cm
in len"t#! distri$%ted in coastal areas and arid 4ones of &ndia.
S'()('MS * Il%3
R,-&)(AL LA(-.A-, (AM,S
/en"ali * Ial%3a
1indi * /al%3aasaa"a
Malayalam * 5anc3irai
Marat#i * Iaal%c#i=$#aa0i
6amil * Manal3irai
6el%"% * ,s3adanti3%ra
D,S7R&56&)(
a) Macroscopic
Leaves simple! opposite! fles#y and $rittle8 $%l3 colo%r reddis# $ro2n to "reenis#
yello28 petiole <.? to @ mm lon"! sli"#tly "roved a$ove8 lamina B to <@ mm lon" and @ to B
mm $road! elliptic! o$lon" to o$lanceolate in s#ape! "la$ro%s8 tip o$t%se and apic%late! $ase
c%neate! narro2 and %neN%al8 mar"in entire8 sli"#tly rec%rved! veins o$sc%re8 sli"#tly $itter
and no c#aracteristic odo%r.
$) Microscopic
Dorsiventral in nat%re8 6S s#o2s rec%rved mar"in 2it# narro2 deep f%rro2ed midri$8
%pper epidermis sin"le layer of lar"e cells 2it# c%ticle8 follo2ed $y one or t2o layers of
palisade8 vasc%lar $%ndle #orse s#oe s#aped! 2it# <9 to <C >ylem vessels in a ro2 in t#e
centre8 p#loem 0%st $elo2 t#e >ylem8 parenc#ymato%s cells present a$ove t#e >ylem8 and
$elo2 t#e vasc%lar $%ndle t#ere is a patc# of poly"onal parenc#yma cells e>tendin" to t#e
213
lo2er epidermis8 small! oval starc# "rains present in most of t#e parenc#ymato%s cells8 many
acic%lar calci%m o>alate crystals of len"t# @: to :: P scattered t#ro%"#o%t and also as
rap#ides in lo2er spon"y parenc#yma8 stomata anomocytic.
5o2der= 5o2der "rey 2it# a $ro2nis# tin"e! microscopic o$servation s#o2s compact
poly"onal epidermal parenc#yma 2it# anomocytic stomata8 oval or ro%nd starc# "rains! 9A to
9? P across! 2it# a linear #il%m8 needle s#aped calci%m o>alate crystals! @; to ?; P lon"!
pitted and spiral vessels.
&D,(6&6'! 5.R&6' A(D S6R,(-61

S%lp#ated as# (ot more t#an 9A per cent! Appendi> 9.9.C

6.L.7.
%sin" n=#e>ane*c#loroform*met#anol (:*?*<) as mo$ile p#ase and on sprayin" 2it#
A
f
A.<A! A.9A! A.@B! A.CA! A.C;!A.BB (all li"#t pin3)! A.;@ (pin3) A.D9 (li"#t pin3) and A.D; (dar3
pin3).
7)(S6&6.,(6S = )>alic! tartaric! citric and s%ccinic acids $esides triacontane! myristone!
tetracosanol and dotriacontane.

5R)5,R6&,S A(D A76&)(
Rasa * 6i3ta! +aEya
-%Ga * La"#%! RH3Ea
Irya * Jta
Iip3a * +aF%
212
+arma * An%lomana! +Pmi"#na! +%EF#a"#na! D%r"and#anKana
&M5)R6A(6 )RM.LA6&)(S = LavaQ"dya cHrGa
61,RA5,.6&7 .S,S = +aGRH (itc#in")! +Pmi (2orm infestation)! +%EF#a (Leprosy O
diseases of s3in)! Ra3tapitta ($leedin" disorder)
218
-3. 5ANYA-ASH5AGOLA (Fre:) Le"2)
IA('A=AJIA-)LA (res# Leaf)
Ianya=aKva"ola consists of fres# leaves of 5lanta"o lanceolata L. (am.
5lanta"inaceae)! a small #er$ fo%nd in Western 1imalayas. &t is also c%ltivated t#ro%"# o%t
t#e "reater part of &ndia.
S'()('MS * Ianya=Ead"ola! MeEa=0i#v
R,-&)(AL LA(-.A-, (AM,S
/en"ali * /art%n"
,n"lis# * Ri$2ort
1indi * /altan"a! Lan"ali isa$"ola
+annada * Siriportla"ida
Marat#i * /altan"
5%n0a$i * +as#%r="%l
6el%"% * Adavi is#ap%"or%l%
.rd% * /artan"
D,S7R&56&)(
a) Macroscopic
A perennial plant 2it# a rosette of lanceolate ri$$ed leaves 2#ic# "ro2 from t#e root=
stal3! petioles mar"ined8 leaves "reen! B.? to 9A $y 9 to 9.? cm! m%lticostate! conver"ent
venation! @ to ? ri$$ed! mar"in entire! lamina taperin" do2n2ards in a s#ort $road and
c%rved stal38 taste and odo%r c#aracteristic.
&D,(6&6'! 5.R&6' A(D S6R,(-61

6otal as# (ot more t#an 9:.? per cent! Appendi> 9.9.@
Acid=insol%$le as# (ot more t#an <.B per cent! Appendi> 9.9.:
211
Water=sol%$le e>tractive (ot less t#an @? per cent! Appendi> 9.9.;

6.L.7.
%sin" tol%ene* et#yl acetate*formic acid* met#anol (@*@*A.;*A.9) as mo$ile p#ase and on
sprayin" 2it# anisalde#yde s%lp#%ric acid rea"ent and #eatin" at <A?
A
appear at R
f
A.<< ("reen)! A.<B (oran"e)! A.@B! A.:C ($ot# violet)! A.?@ (li"#t p%rple)! A.?D
(p%rple)! A.CD (pin3)! A.B; (violet)! A.D< and A.D; ($ot# li"#t p%rple).

7)(S6&6.,(6S = 7#loro"enic acid! c#rysop#anic acid! emodin! l%teolin! planta"inin!
sc%tellarin!

aesc%letin.

5R)5,R6&,S A(D A76&)(
Rasa * +aEya! Mad#%ra
Irya * Jta
Iip3a * Mad#%ra
+arma * MHtrala! Ra3ta=stam$#ana! Rasyana! Jot#a#ara! SraZsana!
IedanKma3a
61,RA5,.6&7 .S,S = ArKa (piles)! +arGaKHla (otal"ia)! AsPa"dara (menorr#a"ia or
metrorr#a"ia or $ot#)! DantaKHla (toot#ac#e)! +sa (co%"#)! Ra3tasrva ($leedin" disorder)!
Jot#a (inflammation)! Jvsa (Ast#ma)! IraGa (%lcer)
D)S, = 5atra Svarasa (Leaf 0%ice)* ? to <A ml

?00
-4. 5ETRA (R)!*+,e)
I,6RA (R#i4ome)
Ietra is t#e dried r#i4omes of 7alam%s rotan" L. (am. Arecaceae) a t#orny clim$in"
s#r%$ occ%rrin" in central and so%t#ern &ndia. &t is restricted to t#e plains alon" t#e
$ac32aters and coasts.
S'()('MS * Ietra3a! RomaKara! 6e0ana
R,-&)(AL LA(-.A-, (AM,S
/en"ali * 7#aac#i $et
,n"lis# * 7ane! 7ommon rattan
-%0rati * (etar
1indi * /eta! Iet! /ent
+annada * /etas%
Malayalam * 7#%ral
Marat#i * Ieta! 6#or veta
)riya * /eta
6amil * 5iramp%
6el%"% * Sanna /ettam%! 5em%
D,S7R&56&)(
a) Macroscopic
R#i4ome #ori4ontal and $ranc#ed8 2oody! stiff and ro%"# in te>t%re8 li"#t "rey to
$ro2n in $%l38 individ%al pieces tort%o%s in s#ape! si4e ran"in" from < to ? cm lon" and < to
: cm in cross section8 c%t s%rface s#o2s an inner creamy rin" and an o%ter $ro2nis# narro2
rin"8 r#i4ome mar3ed 2it# 2avy ann%lations at t#e nodes8 internodal len"t# ran"es from @ to
<9 mm8 2it# roots arisin" from t#e internode8 fract%re! very to%"#! fi$ro%s8 no c#aracteristic
odo%r $itter in taste.
?01
$) Microscopic
6S of r#i4ome circ%lar in o%tline8 epidermis sin"le layered8 cortical cells t#in 2alled!
parenc#yma poly"onal to2ards t#e epidermis and "rad%ally $ecome circ%lar! 2it#
intercell%lar spaces8 corte> s#o2s many resin canals 2#ic# are red in colo%r8 scattered
circ%lar patc#es of sclerenc#ymato%s cells! a$o%t 9AA P in diameter present! follo2ed $y an
endodermis of a sin"le layer of elon"ated cells8 vasc%lar $%ndles many! scattered! eac#
circ%lar in o%tline and #as a sclerenc#ymato%s cap8 p#loem consists of p#loem parenc#yma!
sieve t%$es and companion cells8 >ylem 2it# a lar"e vessel of C9 to ;; P diameter and 2it# <
to @ smaller vessels8 starc# "rains oval or circ%lar in s#ape and present in many cells in
corte> and stele.
5o2der =7ream to $ro2n! $itter to taste and 2it# no c#aracteristic odo%r8 microscopic
o$servation s#o2s starc# "rains of a$o%t ? P across and ro%nd to oval in s#ape8 stone cells of
a$o%t @? P 2idt# and trian"%lar to oval in s#ape 2it# a narro2 l%men8 reddis# resino%s
masses8 slender and 2iry fi$res of appro>imately <A P 2idt#8 pitted and spiral vessels and
2ood parenc#yma.
&D,(6&6'! 5.R&6' A(D S6R,(-61

Water=sol%$le e>tractive (ot less t#an D per cent! Appendi> 9.9.;

6.L.7.
%sin" n=#e>ane* c#loroform (@*B) as mo$ile p#ase and on sprayin" 2it# anisalde#yde
A
for ? min%tes! spots appear at A.9; (yello2)! A.@@
(pin3)! A.:? (li"#t pin3)! A.?< (yello2)! A.CB (li"#t pin3)! A.B9 (yello2) and A.;; (pale
yello2).
?02
7)(S6&6.,(6S = Saponins! al3aloids and flavonoids.

5R)5,R6&,S A(D A76&)(
Rasa * +aF%! 6i3ta
-%Ga * La"#%
Irya * Jta
Iip3a * +aF%
+arma * 7#edana! Dpana! +ap#a#ara! MHtrala! 5itta#ara! IiEa"#na
61,RA5,.6&7 .S,S = ArKa (piles)! Ar%ci (tastelessness)! AKmar (calc%l%s)! D#a
($%rnin" sensation)! Lvara (fever)! +sa (co%"#)! +%EF#a (Leprosy O diseases of s3in)!
MHtra3Pcc#ra (dys%ria)! 5rame#a (meta$olic disorder)! 5rav#i3 (dysentery)! Ra3tapitta
($leedin" disorder)! Jot#a (inflammation)! 6PEG (t#irst)! 6va3ro"a (s3in diseases)! Iisarpa
(,rysepales)! 'oniro"a (disease of female "enital tract)
D)S, = +vt#a (decoction) * ?A to <AA ml
7HrGa (po2der) * ? to <A "

?0?
-5. 5ISHANIA (/)+#e $#"0%)
I&_S&+ (W#ole 5lant)
IiEGi3 is t#e 2#ole plant of 5er"%laria daemia (ors3) 7#iov. Syn. Daemia e>tensa
(LacN.) R./r. (am. Asclepiadaceae)! a laticifero%s t2iner fo%nd in t#e plains t#ro%"#o%t t#e
#otter parts of &ndia.
S'()('MS * .ttamaraG! '%"map#ala
R,-&)(AL LA(-.A-, (AM,S
/en"ali * 7##a"al $ete
-%0rati * Amarad%d#eli! (a"alad%d#i
1indi * .taran
+annada * L%tt%ve$alli
Malayalam * Ielipar%t#i
Marat#i * Mend#ad#d#i! .tarana
)riya * .tr%li! L%3tir%#i
5%n0a$i * +arial! Siali
6amil * .ttamani! Ielippar%t#i
6el%"% * -ittapa3a%! D%stap%c#ett%! D%st%p%ti"e
D,S7R&56&)(
a) Macroscopic
Root = Strai"#t or $ranc#ed! @ to B mm in t#ic3ness8 pale $ro2n e>ternally and cream
colo%red in c%t s%rface8 fract%re s#ort in $ar3! fi$ro%s and splintery in 2ood! s%rface ro%"#8
mat%re roots fi$ro%s8 odo%r #ay li3e and taste $itter.
Stem = 5%$escent! pale "reen to "reen8 < to @ mm diameter and t#e internodal len"t# ? to <?
cm8 fract%re fi$ro%s8 pit# #ollo2.
?0<
Leaf = Simple! opposite! p%$escent! "reenis#! rarely $ro2nis#8 petiole @ to C cm! #airy8
lamina ? to <A cm lon" and : to D cm $road! cordate and ovate to $roadly ovate! tip ac%te to
ac%minate8 $rittle 2#en dry8 mar"in entire! veins @ or : pairs! alternate! prominent $elo2!
a$o%t @ nerves arise from t#e $ase.
lo2er = &nflorescence %m$ellate raceme! a>illary! ped%ncle %p to <9 cm8 pedicels a$o%t 9.?
cm! caly> "reenis# 2it# p%rple tin"e8 corolla "reenis# to cream 2it# p%rple tin"e! pollinia
pend%lo%s! yello2is#! a$o%t <mm8 corona do%$le8 ovary $icarpellary8 ov%les n%mero%s.
r%it = ollicle! sli"#tly c%rved! %s%ally in pairs! "reen8 #avin" t#ic3! soft! s#ort! spines
t#ro%"#o%t8 $roader at t#e $ase and taperin" to2ards t#e ape>! @ to B cm lon" and A.? to <.?
cm in 2idt#.
Seed = )vate 2it# $l%nt ape> and 2avy mar"in! pale to dar3 $ro2n in colo%r! : to C mm in
len"t#! comose 2it# t%ft of lon"! 2#ite! sil3y #airs at ape>8 s%rface min%tely p%$esent.
$) Microscopic
Root* 6S s#o2s cor3 composed of elon"ated! li"nified cells of a$o%t 9A ro2s8 cortical
cells elon"ated or poly"onal8 late> cells present in t#e corte>! cl%ster of calci%m o>alate
crystals present in t#e cortical cells8 starc# "rains also present in most of t#e corte> and
>ylem parenc#yma8 cam$i%m distinct8 >ylem parenc#yma! vessels and trac#eids t#ic3 2alled
and li"nified8 med%llary rays %niseriate.
Stem 6S circ%lar in o%tline8 epidermis covered $y a t#in c%ticle8 tric#omes %nicell%lar @A to
DA Pm in len"t# or m%lticell%lar=%niseriate <9? to :AA P! occasionally 2it# collapsed cell8 a
sin"le layer of collenc#yma follo2ed $y corte> of ? to <9 layers of ro%nd to poly#edral cells
2it# interspaces8 endodermis present8 sclerenc#ymato%s patc#es of fi$res formin" a
discontin%o%s pericycle8 p#loem 2it# companion cells and sieve t%$es8 >ylem forms a
contin%o%s rin" composed of >ylem vessels 2it# m%c# lar"er ones to2ards perip#ery and
trac#eids 2it# smaller vessels and >ylem parenc#yma in t#e rest of t#e area8 $ro3en rin" of
p#loem patc#es present internal to t#e >ylem and in t#e perip#ery of t#e pit#8 cells of pit#
?0-
circ%lar to poly"onal 2it# intercell%lar spaces8 many laticifers and cl%ster crystals of calci%m
o>alate present in t#e corte> and pit#.
Leaf
5etiole = 6S circ%lar in o%tline 2it# a "roove on t#e ada>ial side8 epidermis 2it# a t#ic3
c%ticle8 %nicell%lar and m%lticell%lar %niseriate tric#omes present! follo2ed $y 9 or @ layers
of collenc#yma! and a cortical re"ion of ? to <9 layers of parenc#yma8 stele crescent s#aped
2it# a$o%t 9A vertical ro2s of >ylem and p#loem patc#es on eit#er side of t#e >ylem8 smaller
vasc%lar strand 2it# a fe2 >ylem vessels present laterally placed on eit#er side of t#e "roove.
Midri$ = 6S alon" t#e midri$ s#o2s sli"#tly conve> a$ove and prominent $elo28 epidermis
follo2ed $y 9 to : layers of collenc#yma on eit#er side of t#e midri$8 cortical parenc#yma
cells circ%lar to poly"onal 2it# intercell%lar spaces8 vasc%lar $%ndle crescent s#aped 2it#
>ylem in t#e middle and p#loem on eit#er side.
Lamina = .pper epidermis covered $y a t#in c%ticle follo2ed $y a sin"le layer of palisade
cells8 spon"y mesop#yll of irre"%lar poly#edral cells present8 lo2er epidermal cells smaller
t#an t#e %pper8 stomata present only on t#e lo2er side! anomocytic8 %nicell%lar and
m%lticell%lar= %niseriate tric#omes present8 laticifers present t#ro%"#o%t.
5o2der =Li"#t $ro2n! sli"#tly $itter! no c#aracteristic odo%r8 microscopic e>amination s#o2s
"lo$%lar to ovate starc# "rains 2it# central #il%m! <A to 9A P in si4e8 rosette crystals <A to @A
P across and cl%stered crystals of calci%m o>alate8 %nicell%lar tric#omes of @A to DA Plen"t#8
m%lticell%lar %niseriate tric#omes of <@A to :AA P len"t#8 several 2it# collapsed cells8 lon"
2iry fi$res8 elon"ated stone cells of BA to 9AA P len"t#8 tiss%e 2it# linear ro2s of
sclerenc#ymato%s cells8 vasc%lar elements8 spiral! ann%lar! scalariform! retic%late! simple
pitted and $order pitted vessels8 trac#eids and epidermal tiss%e 2it# anomocytic stomata.
?03
&D,(6&6'! 5.R&6' A(D S6R,(-61
6otal as# (ot more t#an << per cent! Appendi> 9.9.@

6.L.7.
6.L.7. of t#e met#anolic e>tract on precoated silica "el B-B plate of A.9mm t#ic3ness
%sin" n=#e>ane* c#loroform (@*B) as mo$ile p#ase and on sprayin" 2it# anisalde#yde
A

R
f
A.<D (pin3)! A.9B!
A.@< ($ot# li"#t pin3)! A.@D (violet)! A.:9 (li"#t pin3)! A.B9 (deep violet)! A.BD (pin3) and A.;@
(li"#t pin3).

7)(S6&6.,(6S = Several cardenolides s%c# as calotropin! calactin! calotropa"enin!
%4ari"enin! coro"la%ci"enin and triterpenoids! R= amyrin and l%peol.

5R)5,R6&,S A(D A76&)(
Rasa * +aF%! +aEya
-%Ga * La"#%! RH3Ea! IiKada
Irya * An%EGa
Iip3a * +aF%
+arma * +ap#a ni]sra3a! Dpana! Iirecana! +%EF#a"#na
61,RA5,.6&7 .S,S = Ma#3%EF#a ("ro%p of ma0or s3in diseases)! A"nimndya
(di"estive impairment)! Ii$and#a (constipation)! 'onidoEa (disorder of female "enital tract)!
Jvsa (Ast#ma)! Jot#a (inflammation)! MHtra3Pcc#ra (dys%ria)
?02

-&. 5RUNTAMLA$HALA (Fru!% R!08)
IX(6MLA51ALA (r%it Rind)
IPntmlap#ala consists of t#e fr%it rind of -arcinia ped%nc%lata Ro>$. (am.
-%ttiferae)! a tall stately tree CA m #i"# 2it# fl%ted tr%n3 and rat#er s#ort spreadin"
$ranc#es! 2it# fr%its of a$o%t <A to <9 cm in len"t# and a$o%t ; cm in 2idt# fo%nd
sporadically in %pper Assam %p to an altit%de of <AAA m and in Manip%r8 occasionally
c%ltivated8 fres# mat%re fr%its are c%t and rind dried $efore %se.
S'()('MS * IPntmlap#ala
R,-&)(AL LA(-.A-, (AM,S
Assamese * /ort#e3era
/en"ali * 6i3%l! 6i3%r! 6#ai3al
1indi * Amal$eda
+annada * 7#aari"e#%li
6amil * 5%livanc#i
6el%"% * 5%llapra$$ali
.rd% * Amal$eda
D,S7R&56&)(
a) Macroscopic
res#ly dried dr%" occ%rs as c%rved and flat pieces of rind of a$o%t B cm in len"t# and
a$o%t A.9 cm in t#ic3ness! leat#ery! plia$le! non fi$ro%s! $lac3is# $ro2n in colo%r8 some of
t#e pieces $ear pedicels and t#e remnants of t#e persistent caly> #avin" fo%r lo$es8 no
c#aracteristic odo%r! taste so%r8
$) Microscopic
5edicel =6S s#o2s 2avy o%tline8 epidermis sin"le layered8 t#ic3 c%ticle present8
corte> parenc#ymato%s 2it# t#ic3 2al3ed cells s#o2in" intercell%lar spaces8 prismatic and
?08
rosette crystals of calci%m o>alate and $ro2n contents present t#ro%"#o%t corte>8 secretory
canals present all over t#e re"ion8 pericycle discontin%o%s 2it# patc#es of collenc#yma8 stele
s#o2s 2avy o%tline 2it# a contin%o%s $and of p#loem and >ylem interr%pted $y med%llary
rays8 pit# lar"e! parenc#ymato%s s#o2in" several isolated anomalo%s amp#icri$ral vasc%lar
$%ndles at t#e perip#ery.
r%it =6S of fr%it rind s#o2s sin"le layered epidermis8 c%ticle present8 %nicell%lar tric#ome
occasionally present8 mesocarp parenc#ymato%s8 prismatic and rosette crystals of calci%m
o>alate and $ro2n contents present in cells of several layers of mesocarp! 0%st $elo2 t#e
epidermis8 secretory cells present all over t#e re"ion8 middle and inner mesocarp s#o2s
amp#icri$ral vasc%lar $%ndles 2it# a clear endodermis.
5o2der =5arenc#yma cells of epidermal tiss%e of pedicel in s%rface vie2 s#o2in" paracytic
stomata! spiral and scalariform vessels from rind! tric#omes! rosette crystals of calci%m
o>alate! non septate fi$res %p to :AA P in len"t# from pedicel.
&D,(6&6'! 5.R&6' A(D S6R,(-61

Alco#ol=sol%$le e>tractive (ot less t#an @D per cent! Appendi> 9.9.B
Water=sol%$le e>tractive (ot less t#an :9 per cent! Appendi> 9.9.;

6.L.7.
6.L.7. of dic#loromet#ane e>tract on al%mini%m plates precoated 2it# silica "el
BGB30
9?:
of A.9 mm t#ic3ness %sin" tol%ene* et#yl acetate (?*<.?) as mo$ile p#ase and 2#en
seen %nder .I @CC nm! spots appear at R
f
A.??! A.D@ and A.DC (all $l%e). .nder .I 9?: nm!
spot appears at R
f
A.@ ("reen). )n e>pos%re to iodine vapo%r! spots appear at R
f
A.C< and A.C?
?01
($ot# yello2). )n dippin" in vanillin=s%lp#%ric acid and on #eatin" for ? min%tes at <A?
A
!
spots appear at R
f
A.9? ($l%e)! A.:: ("reenis# $l%e)! A.;: (dar3 $l%e) and A.D? ("reenis# $l%e).

7)(S6&6.,(6S = 5ed%nc%lol8 "arcinol8 cam$o"in.

5R)5,R6&,S A(D A76&)(
Rasa * Amla! +aEya
-%Ga * RH3Ea! 63EGa! Sni"d#a! La"#%
Irya * .EGa
Iip3a * Amla
+arma * An%loma3a! /#edana! Dpana! +ap#a#ara! MHtrala! 5cana! Ita#ara
%rine and stools)! A0rGa (indi"estion)! AKmar (calc%l%s)! ArKa (piles)! Ar%ci (tastelessness)!
-%lma (a$dominal l%mp)! 1Pdro"a (#eart diseases)! 1i33 (#icc%p)! +Pmi (2orm
infestation)! +sa (co%"#)! 5l#a ro"a (splenic disease)! JHla (pain O colic)! Jvsa (Ast#ma)!
.dvarta (partial intestinal o$str%ction)! Ii$and#a (constipation)
D)S, = Svarasa (0%ice)* ? to <A ml

?10
-(. 5RUSH4IAANDA (R)!*+,e)
IXJ7&+A+A(DA (R#i4ome)
IPKci3a3anda consists of dried r#i4omes of Doronic%m #oo3eri 7. /. 7lar3e (am.
Asteraceae)! a ro$%st #er$ "ro2in" in t#e Si33im and 1imalaya re"ion $et2een @?AA to :9AA
m.
R,-&)(AL LA(-.A-, (AM,S
5%n0a$i * Daar%na0=a3ra$i
.rd% * Dar%na0 ANra$i
D,S7R&56&)(
a) Macroscopic
/ro2n irre"%lar pieces @ to ? cm lon" and A.9 to A.; cm in 2idt#8 scale leaf scars
present8 fract%re smoot#! taste starc#y! astrin"ent! odo%r present $%t not specific.
$) Microscopic
6S s#o2s @ or : layers of cor3 containin" t#in 2alled cells8 corte> parenc#ymato%s8
vasc%lar $%ndles n%mero%s! arran"ed in a rin" in t#e o%ter re"ion of t#e corte>! eac#
s%rro%nded $y a $%ndle s#eat# of sclerenc#ymato%s fi$res8 p#loem present to2ards t#e
perip#ery and >ylem to2ards t#e pit# re"ion! almost all t#e cells of corte> and pit# are
compactly filled 2it# simple starc# "rains of vario%s si4e ran"in" from a$o%t <A to CA P8
some cells of t#e corte> are filled 2it# yello2is# $ro2n colo%rin" matter.
5o2der =Li"#t yello2is# $ro2n! s#o2s simple and compo%nd starc# "rains of vario%s si4es!
%pto CA P and sp#erical! s%$=sp#erical to ovoid in s#ape 2it# a radiate #il%m and very faint
striations t#at are visi$le only in lar"e starc# "rains8 individ%al or "ro%ps of parenc#ymato%s
cells filled 2it# starc# "rains8 fi$res sclerenc#ymato%s! non=septate! li"nified 2it# taperin"
ends! $road l%mened! ran"in" from BC to <9? P in len"t#8 >ylem vessels 2it# spiral and
retic%late t#ic3enin"s8 taste sli"#tly astrin"ent8 odo%r present $%t not specific.
?11
&D,(6&6'! 5.R&6' A(D S6R,(-61
Acid=insol%$le as# (ot more t#an A.B per cent! Appendi> 9.9.:
Alco#ol=sol%$le e>tractive (ot less t#an C.C per cent! Appendi> 9.9.B

6.L.7.
%sin" tol%ene*et#yl acetate (?*:) as mo$ile p#ase and on sprayin" 2it# anisalde#yde
A

R
f
A.<? (li"#t $l%e)!
A.@A and A.:A ($ot# $l%e)! A.?9 (pin3)! A.C<! A.C; and A.BB (all $l%e).

7)(S6&6.,(6S = ,ssential oil.

5R)5,R6&,S A(D A76&)(
Rasa * 6i3ta
-%Ga * RH3Ea! La"#%! S%"and#i
Irya * .EGa
Iip3a * +aF%
+arma * An%lomana! +ap#a#ara! IiEa"#na! 1Pd$alya! Lvara"#na
%rine and stools)! Ardita (facial palsy)! DaZKaviEa (poisonin" d%e to $ites)! -ar$#KayaKHla
(%terine pain)! 1Pdro"a (#eart diseases)! 5a3Eavad#a (paralysis O #emiple"ia)! .daraKHla
(pain in t#e a$domen)! Itaro"a (disease d%e to Ita doEa)! Iti3a .nmda (mania O
psyc#osis)! -rant#i3a0vara (/%$onic pla"%e)

?12
--. DARUSITA TAILA (4!00",+,u, O!#)
DR.S&6 6A&LA (7innamom%m )il)
Dr%sit 6aila is distilled from t#e dried inner $ar3 of t#e s#oots of coppiced tree of
7innamom%m 4eylanic%m /l%me (am.La%raceae).
S'()('MS * 6an%tva3 taila! 6va3 taila
R,-&)(AL LA(-.A-, (AM,S
Assamese * Dalcina taila
/en"ali * Daar%c#ini taila
,n"lis# * 7innamon oil
-%0rati * 6a0a taila
1indi * Daalc#ini taila
+annada * Lavan"a palte enne
Malayalam * +ar%va patte enna
Marat#i * Daalc#ini taila
)riya * Daalc#ini taila
5%n0a$i * Daalc#ini taila
6amil * +ar%vpaFFai ,GGai
6el%"% * Dalac#ini n%ne
.rd% * Ro"an= dalac#ini
D,S7R&56&)(
a) Macroscopic
A yello2 liN%id 2#en fres#ly distilled! "rad%ally $ecomin" reddis#=$ro2n 2it# a"e8
odo%r and taste! c#aracteristic of 7innamon! taste s2eetis# and aromatic.
&D,(6&6'! 5.R&6' A(D S6R,(-61
)ptical rotation A
A
to =9
A
Appendi> @.@
?1?
Refractive inde> <.?B@ to <.CAA Appendi> @.<.<
Wei"#t per ml <.AAA to <.A:A" Appendi> @.<.9
Assay 7ontains not less t#an ??.A per cent! 2O2 and not more
t#an BA.A per cent! 2O2 of cinnamalde#yde! 7
D
1
;
).
Micro$ial limits 7omplies 2it# A5& Appendi> 9.:
5esticide resid%e 7omplies 2it# A5& Appendi> 9.?

5R)5,R6&,S A(D A76&)(
Irya * .EGa
Iip3a * +aF%
+arma * rtavapravarta3a! /alya! Dantya! Dpana! +aGF#ya!
M%3#ad%r"and#anKana! 5cana! 5itta#ara! 5ratid%Ea3a! S%"and#i! J%3ra0anana! .tte0a3a!
Ita#ara! Itan%loma3a! IraGaKod#a3a! IrGaropa3a
61,RA5,.6&7 .S,S = d#mna (flat%lence 2it# "%r"lin" so%nd)! madoEa (prod%cts of
impaired di"estion and meta$olism)! mKaya KHla (peptic %lcer)! ntri3a pratidHEa3a
(enteritis)! ArKa (piles)! 7#ardi (emesis)! DantaKHla (toot#ac#e)! D#va0a$#aG"a (fail%re of
penile erection)! +Pmi (2orm infestation)! +Eaya0a vraGa (t%$erc%lar 2o%nd)! M%3#aKoEa
(dryness of mo%t#)! (RKHla (ac%te pain of nervine ori"in)! 5nasa (c#ronic r#initis O
sin%sitis)! 5ratiKyya (cory4a)! R0aya3Em (6%$erc%losis)! Ra3tavi3ra (disorders of $lood)!
JHla (pain O colic)! 6PEG (t#irst)! IPKci3a daZKa (scorpion $ite)
D)S, = < to @ drops

?1<
-1. GANDHA$URA $ATRA TAILA
-A(D1A5TRA 5A6RA 6A&LA
-and#apHra 5atra 6aila is t#e oil o$tained $y t#e steepin" and fermentation of fres#
leaves of -a%lt#eria fra"rantissima Wall. (am. ,ricaceae).
S'()('MS * -and#apHrGa taila! 7armapatra taila
R,-&)(AL LA(-.A-, (AM,S
/en"ali * -andap%ro
,n"lis# * )il of 2inter"reen! &ndian=Winter"reen
-%0rati * -and#ap%ro
1indi * -andp%ro! -and#ap%raa 3aa tel! Mac#ino
+annada * -and#ap%ra
Malayalam * -and#ap%ra
Marat#i * -and#ap%ra
)riya * -and#ap%ra
5%n0a$i * -and#ap%ra tailam
6amil * -and#ap%ra
6el%"% * )le%m -a%lt#eriale
.rd% * -andap%ro
D,S7R&56&)(
a) Macroscopic
-andp%ra patra taila is colo%rless or nearly colo%rless oil8 2it# stron" c#aracterstic
odo%r! and p%n"ent taste. &t is sol%$le in C parts of alco#ol (BA per cent).
&D,(6&6'! 5.R&6' A(D S6R,(-61
&dentification 6a3e 9 ml of oil! add a drop of ferric c#loride sol%tion8
a violet colo%r is prod%ced.
?1-
Specific "ravity At <?.?
A
! <.<;A to <.<;B Appendi> @.<.9
)ptical rotation At 9?
A
! A
A
to =<
A
Appendi> @.@
Refractive inde> At 9A
A
! <.?@B to <.?@D Appendi> @.<.<
Assay= Determination of esters (met#yl salicylate 7
;
1
;
)
@
) = (ot less t#an D; per cent
Appendi> 9.9.9?

5R)5,R6&,S A(D A76&)(
-%Ga * 63EGa! Sni"d#a
Irya * .EGa
Iip3a * +aF%
+arma * 5Hti#ara! SaQ"r#! Svedala! .tte0a3a! Ita#ara! Itn%loma3a!
Iedanst#pana
61,RA5,.6&7 .S,S = mavta (R#e%matism)! AQ3%Ka 3Pmi (#oo32orm infestation)!
Atisra (diarr#oea)! DantaKHla (toot#ac#e)! -Pd#ras (Sciatica)! Lvara (fever)! (RKHla
(ac%te pain of nervine ori"in)! .dara3Pmi (intestinal 2orms)! Itara3ta (-o%t)
D)S, = A.< to A.? ml

?13
13. GOGHRUTA (4#"r!2!e8 4+7 'u%%er)
-)-1X6A (7larified 7o2 /%tter)
-o"#Pta consists of clarified $%tter derived from >o=Bs mil3 to 2#ic# no colo%rin"
matter or preservative is added and contains not less t#an BC.A per cent of mil3 fat $y 2ei"#t.
S'()('MS * 0ya! 1aviEya! Sarpi! -#Pta
R,-&)(AL LA(-.A-, (AM,S
Assamese * -#ee
/en"ali * -ava -#ee! -ava -#rit
,n"lis# * 7larified $%tter
-%0rati * -#ee
1indi * -aya -#ee
+annada * 6%ppa
Malayalam * 5as% (ey! 5as% (ei
Marat#i * 6oop
)riya * -ai -#ia
5%n0a$i * -#ee
6amil * (ei
6el%"% * (eyyi! (ei
.rd% * -aya 3a "#ee
D,S7R&56&)(
a) Macroscopic
-o"#Pta is an oily liN%id or a semi solid 2it# "ran%lar te>t%re8 at room temperat%re!
colo%r 2#ite to li"#t yello2! odo%r ric# and c#aracterstic! taste pleasant. &t is reN%ried to $e
free from animal fats! 2a>! mineral oil! ve"eta$le oils and fats.
?12
&D,(6&6'! 5.R&6' A(D S6R,(-61
Specific "ravity At 9?
A
! <.A<DD? Appendi> @.<.9
Reic#ert Meissel Ial%e 9:=9; Appendi> @.<:
Moist%re (ot more t#an A.? per cent! Appendi> 9.9.<A
Saponification Ial%e (ot more t#an 99? Appendi> @.B
&odine Ial%e (ot more t#an @? Appendi> @.;
.nsaponifia$le matter (ot more t#an <.? per cent! Appendi> @.<<
7arotene (ot less t#an 9AAA &.
1eavy Metals 7omplies 2it# A5& Appendi> 9.@

5R)5,R6&,S A(D A76&)(
Rasa * Mad#%ra
-%Ga * -%r%! Sni"d#a! MPd%
Irya * Jta
Iip3a * Mad#%ra
+arma * A"nidpana! Ana$#iEyandi! y%Eya! /alya! 7a3E%Eya! Dpana! 1Pdya!
+ntiprada! Med#ya! )0ovard#a3a! Rasyana! R%cya! JleEmavard#ana! Sne#ana!
J%3ravard#a3a! 6e0o$ala3ara! 6vacya! ItapittapraKamana! Iaya]st#pna! IiEa#ara! IPEya
&M5)R6A(6 )RM.LA6&)(S = /r#m "#Pta! 6rip#al "#Pta! AKo3a "#Pta! ,ldi
"#Pta! 7n"er "#Pta! AmPt "#Pta
61,RA5,.6&7 .S,S = A"nida"d#a (fire $%rns)! Amlapitta (#yperacidity)! Apasmra
(,pilepsy)! Ar%ci (tastelessness)! -ra#aG (colitis O %lcerative colitis)! LrGa0vara (c#ronic
fever)! +arGaKHla (otal"ia)! +Eata3EGa (de$ility d%e to c#est in0%ry)! Mada (into>ication)!
MHrcc# (syncope)! Jira]KHla (#eadac#e)! SmPtinKa (loss of memory)! JoEa (emaciation)!
.nmda (mania O psyc#osis)! IiEama0vara (intermittent fever)! Iisarpa (,rysepales)!
IiEavi3ra (disorders d%e to poison)! 'oniKHla (pain in female "enital tract)
D)S, = ? to 9A ml

?18
11. GUDA (.";;er<)
-.Â (La""ery)
-%Ra is t#e prod%ct o$tained $y concentratin" 0%ice e>pressed from t#e stems of
Sacc#ar%m officinar%m L. (am. 5oaceae) 2it# or 2it#o%t prior p%rification of t#e 0%ice!
follo2ed $y coolin".
R,-&)(AL LA(-.A-, (AM,S
/en"ali * -%da
,n"lis# * La""ery
1indi * -%da
+annada * /ella
Malayalam * Sar3ara
Marat#i * -%da
5%n0a$i * -%da
6amil * Iellam
6el%"% * /ellam
.rd% * -%da
D,S7R&56&)(
a) Macroscopic
&t is li"#t yello2 to reddis# $ro2n solid! $loc3s or sp#erical solid forms or in t#e form
of coarse "ran%les 2it# pleasant and c#aracteristic odo%r. &t does not s#o2 t#e presence of
insects! ve"eta$le de$ris or fi$res 2#en e>amined 2it# na3ed eyes in dayli"#t.
&D,(6&6'! 5.R&6' A(D S6R,(-61
Loss on Dryin" (ot more t#an <A per cent! Appendi> 9.9.<A
(ot#er t#an t#at of t#e liN%id or semi=liN%id variety)
Acid= insol%$le as# (ot more t#an A.? per cent! Appendi> 9.9.:
?11
Water=insol%$le matter (ot more t#an 9 per cent! Appendi> 9.9.<<
6otal s%"ars (ot less t#an DA per cent! Appendi> ?.<.@.9
S%crose (ot less t#an CA per cent! Appendi> ?.<.B
S%lp#%r dio>ide
concentration (ot more t#an BA ppm! Appendi> ?.<.C
1eavy metals 7omplies 2it# A5& Appendi> 9.@

5R)5,R6&,S A(D A76&)(
Rasa * Mad#%ra
-%Ga * Sni"d#a! Eat3sriya
Irya * (tiKta
Iip3a * Mad#%ra
+arma * Svd%3ara! Ra3ta Kod#a3a! (tipitta0it! +ap#avPdd#i3ara! Ita"#na!
+PmivPdd#i3ara! /alya! IPEya! MedovPdd#i3ara
&M5)R6A(6 )RM.LA6&)(S = rivdysava! +%mrysava! Mad#%3sava
61,RA5,.6&7 .S,S = Itaro"a (disease d%e to Ita doEa)! Da%r$alya (2ea3ness)!
D#t%3Eaya (tiss%e 2astin")
D)S, = ? to @A "

?20
12. .ALA ($+%"b#e /"%er)
LALA (5ota$le Water)
Lala is a clear! colo%rless! odo%rless liN%id! o$tained from nat%ral so%rces s%c# as
rain! river and la3es and rendered fit for #%man cons%mption8 it complies 2it# t#e standards
descri$ed $elo2! e>cept 2#ere any special reN%irement is indicated for t#e Lala to $e %sed.
S'()('MS * 5nya! (ra! .da3a! Salila! 6oya! Am$%! Da3a! Am$#a!
Me"#ap%Epa! Salira! pa! Iri! 5aya! +lla! 5%E3ara! 5t#a! Ir%Ga! IarEm$%! Lvana!
AmPta! -#anarasa
R,-&)(AL LA(-.A-, (AM,S
Assamese * 5ani
/en"ali * Lal
,n"lis# * Water
-%0rati * 5aani
1indi * Lala! 5aani
+annada * (eer%
Malayalam * Iellam
Marat#i * 5aani
)riya * 5aani
5%n0a$i * 5aani
6amil * 6annir
6el%"% * (eer%! (eell%
.rd% * 5ani
&D,(6&6'! 5.R&6' A(D S6R,(-61
7olo%r (1a4en .nits) (ot more t#an ?
)do%r (one
6aste A"reea$le and refres#in"
6%r$idity ((6.) (ot more t#an ?
?21
p1 C.?=;.? Appendi>! @.<.@
Al3alinity (m"Ol) (ot more t#an 9AA
6otal #ardness (as 7a7)
@
)

(m"Ol) (ot more t#an @AA
&ron (as e) (m"Ol) (ot more t#an A.@ Appendi> ?.9.?
7#lorides (as 7l) (m"Ol) (ot more t#an 9?A Appendi> ?.9.<9
Resid%al! free 7#lorine (m"Ol) (ot more t#an A.9
Dissolved Solids (m"Ol) (ot more t#an ?AA
7alci%m (as 7a) (m"Ol) (ot more t#an B? Appendi> ?.9.<9
7opper (as 7%) (m"Ol) (ot more t#an A.A? Appendi> ?.9.:
Man"anese (as Mn) (m"Ol) (ot more t#an A.<
S%lp#ate (as S)
:
) (m"Ol) (ot more t#an 9AA Appendi> ?.9.<9
(itrate (as ()
@
) (m"Ol) (ot more t#an :?
l%oride (as ) (m"Ol) (ot more t#an <
5#enolic 7ompo%nds
(as 7
C
1
?
)1) (m"Ol) (ot more t#an A.AA<Appendi> ?.<.<
Arsenic 7omplies 2it# A5& Appendi> 9.@.<
Micro$ial Limits
7oliform )r"anisms A$sent Appendi> 9.:
,.coli A$sent
5esticides (m"Ol) A$sent Appendi> 9.?

5R)5,R6&,S A(D A76&)(
Rasa * Mad#%ra
-%Ga * La"#%
Irya * Jta
Iip3a * Mad#%ra
+arma * #aldana! lasya#ara! /alya! /%dd#iprada! Dpana! 1Pdya!
1Pt$ala3ara! +ap#a#ara! +lama#ara! Medo#ara! (idr#ara! 5cana! 5at#ya! 5ittaKma3a!
R%cya! SantarpaGa! Sa%mya! Jrama#ara! 6arpaGa! Ita#ara! IiEa#ara! IPEya
?22
&M5)R6A(6 )RM.LA6&)(S = +vt#a! 1ima! 5#GFa! sava! AriEFa
61,RA5,.6&7 .S,S = A0rGa (indi"estion)! /#rnti (mental conf%sion)! 7#ardi (emesis)!
D#a ($%rnin" sensation)! +rod#a (an"er)! Mo#a (del%sion)! M%3#aKoEa (dryness of mo%t#)!
MHrcc# (syncope)! JoEa (emaciation)! 6andr (dro2siness)! 6PEG (t#irst)! Ii$and#a
(constipation)! IiEavi3ra (disorders d%e to poison)
D)S, = f.S.

?2?
13. AR$URA (N"%ur"# 4",=)+r)
+AR5TRA ((at%ral 7amp#or)
+arpHra ((at%ral 7amp#or) is o$tained from t#e leaves! c#ipped 2ood and roots of
7innamom%m camp#ora (L.) (ees M ,$erm. (am. La%raceae) and 2#ole plant of )cim%m
3ilimandsc#aric%m -%er3e (am. Lamiaceae) $y #ydrodistillation process.
S'()('MS * -#anasra! 7andra! 1im#va! 1ima$l%3a! JitaKiva
R,-&)(AL LA(-.A-, (AM,S
Assamese * +arp%ra
/en"ali * +arp%r
,n"lis# * 7amp#or
-%0rati * +ap%r
1indi * +ap%r
+annada * +arp%ra
Malayalam * +arp%ram! 7#%ta33ap%ram
Marat#i * +aap%r
)riya * +arp%r
5%n0a$i * +ap%ra
6amil * +arp%ram
6el%"% * +arpram! +arp%raam%
.rd% * Riyaa#i +app#%r! +aap#oraa
D,S7R&56&)(
a) Macroscopic
7olo%rless or 2#ite crystals! "ran%les or crystalline masses8 odo%r penetratin" and
c#aracteristic8 taste p%n"ent! aromatic! and follo2ed $y a sensation of cold. Readily
p%lverisa$le in t#e presence of a little alco#ol (D? per cent)! c#loroform! or solvent et#er.
?2<
&D,(6&6'! 5.R&6' A(D S6R,(-61
&dentification Iolatilises at ordinary temperat%re and readily $%rns 2it# a smo3y flame
Meltin" Ran"e <B:
A
to <BD
A
Appendi> @.9.<
Specific )ptical Rotation d :<
A
d :@
A
Appendi> @.@./
(Synt#etic 7amp#or is t#e optically inactive! racemic form)!
(on=volatile Matter (ot more t#an A.A? per cent

ASSA'
+arpHra contains not less t#an DC.A per cent of 7amp#or (7
<A
1
<C
))! 2#en analysed as $elo2*
Wei"# acc%rately a$o%t A.9 " and dissolve in 9? ml of alde#yde=free alco#ol in a @AA
ml flas3. Slo2ly add 2#ile stirrin" B? ml of dinitrop#enyl#ydra4ine sol%tion and #eat on a
2ater $at# for fo%r #o%rs %nder refl%>. Remove alco#ol $y distillation! allo2 to cool! dil%te
to 9AA ml 2it# a 9 per cent vOv sol%tion of s%lp#%ric acid. Set aside for t2entyfo%r #o%rs!
filter in tared -ooc# cr%ci$le! and 2as# t#e precipitate 2it# s%ccessive N%antities of <A ml of
cold 2ater %ntil t#e 2as#in"s are ne%tral to litm%s paper. Dry to constant 2ei"#t at ;A
A
and
2ei"#.
,ac# " of precipitate is eN%ivalent to A.:?; " of 7
<A
1
<C
).

5R)5,R6&,S A(D A76&)(
Rasa * 6i3ta! +aF%! Mad#%ra
-%Ga * La"#%! 63EGa! Sni"d#a
Irya * Jta
Iip3a * +aF%
+arma * 7a3E%Eya! D%r"and#anKa3a! 1Pdya! Le3#ana! Mada3ra3a! Med#ya!
5cana! 6ridoEa#ara! Iedanst#pana! IPEya
&M5)R6A(6 )RM.LA6&)(S = +arpHra rasa! +arpHrsava! Ar3a +apHra! +#adirdivaF
! MPdv3riEFa
?2-
(di"estive impairment)! mavta (R#e%matism)! Ar%ci (tastelessness)! Atisra (diarr#oea)!
D#a ($%rnin" sensation)! DantapHya (5yorr#oea)! DantaKHla (toot#ac#e)! LrnapratiKyya
(c#ronic sin%sitis)! +aGRH (itc#in")! +anF#aro"a (disease of t#roat)! +sa (co%"#)! +lai$ya
(male impotence)! +Pmi (2orm infestation)! +%EF#a (Leprosy O diseases of s3in)! Medoro"a
(o$esity)! 5rKvaKHla (intercostal ne%ral"ia and ple%rodynia)! Sand#iKHla (0oint pain)! Jvsa
(Ast#ma)! 6PEG (t#irst)! 6va3ro"a (s3in diseases)! Iicarci3 (ec4ema)! IiEavi3ra
(disorders d%e to poison)! IisHci3 (-astro=enteritis 2it# piercin" pain)! IP33aro"a (renal
disorder)
D)S, = <9? to @B? m"

?23
14. LA5ANGA TAILA (4#+>e O!#)
LAIAY-A 6A&LA (7love )il)
LavaQ"a 6aila is t#e volatile oil o$tained $y e>pression or steam distillation from
dried! %nopened flo2er $%ds of Sy4y"i%m aromatic%m Merril M 5erry Syn. ,%"enia
caryop#yll%s (Spren") Spra"%e (am. Myrtaceae).
S'()('MS * JriprasHna! Deva3%s%ma
R,-&)(AL LA(-.A-, (AM,S
Assamese * Lavan"! Lan! Lon"
/en"ali * Lavan"
,n"lis# * 7love
-%0rati * Lavan"! Lavin"
1indi * Lavan"a! La%n"
+annada * Lavan"a enne
+as#miri * R%n"
Malayalam * +aramp%! +arayampoov%! -ramp%
Marat#i * Lavan"
)riya * La$an"a
5%n0a$i * La%n"! Lon"
6amil * +iram$% 6ailam
6el%"% * Lavan"al%
.rd% * farnf%l! La%n"
D,S7R&56&)(
a) Macroscopic
A colo%rless or pale yello2 aromatic liN%id 2#en fres#ly o$tained! $ecomin" dar3er
and t#ic3er $y a"ein" or on e>pos%re to air8 odo%r and taste c#aracteristic.
?22
&D,(6&6'! 5.R&6' A(D S6R,(-61
Specific "ravity <.A:B=<.ACA Appendi> @.<.9
)ptical rotation A
A
to =<.?
A
Appendi> @.@.A
Refractive inde> <.?9; to <.?@B Appendi> @.<.<
Wei"#t per ml <.A:< to <.A?: " Appendi> @.<.9

ASSA'
&t contains not less t#an ;?per cent! 2Ov of p#enolic s%$stances! c#iefly e%"enol! 7
<A
1
<9
)
9
2#en analysed as follo2s*
5ipette <A ml of clove oil in a 7assia flas3! t#e nec3 of 2#ic# is "rad%ated from A to C ml at
intervals of A.< ml. Add B? ml of potassi%m #ydro>ide sol%tion. S#a3e t#e mi>t%re for five
min. and #eat for ten min. in $oilin" 2ater! s#a3in" t#e flas3 at least t#ree times d%rin"
#eatin". 7ool to room temperat%re and 2#en liN%ids #ave completely separated! add
s%fficient potassi%m #ydro>ide sol%tion to raise t#e lo2er level of t#e oily layer 2it# in t#e
"rad%ated portion of t#e flas3. +eep aside for <; #o%rs and read t#e vol%me of oily layer. (ot
more t#an <.? ml of oil separates indicatin" t#e presence of not less t#an ;? per cent of 2Ov
of total e%"enol.

5R)5,R6&,S A(D A76&)(
Rasa * +aF%! 6i3ta
-%Ga * Sni"d#a! La"#%
Irya * Jta
Iip3a * +aF%
+arma * A"ni3PF! +ap#a"#na! M%3#aKod#a3a! D%r"and#anKana!
Ia3tra3ledanKana
?28
61,RA5,.6&7 .S,S = 6PEG (t#irst)! -ar$#iGc#ardi (mornin" sic3ness)! DantaveEtaro"a
("in"ivitis)! +ap#a0anya pR (pain d%e to +ap#a doEa)
D)S, = 9 to C drops

?21
15. MADHU (H+0e<)
MAD1. (1oney)
Mad#% is a nat%rally occ%rrin" s2eet fl%id prod%ced $y t#e #oney$ees $y en4ymatic
transformation of floral nectar in"ested $y t#em and deposited in t#e cells of #ives or com$s.
6#e &ndian species of #oney$ees $elon" to t#e "en%s Apis of 2#ic# t#e common ones are A.
indica! A. dorsata and A. florea (am. Apidae). &n commerce! Mad#% may $e collected from
nat%rally occ%rrin" #ives in "roves and forests! $y pressin" and sN%ee4in" in t#e traditional
met#od or may $e e>tracted $y centrif%"ation of t#e com$s containin" #oney in artificially
maintained apiaries. /ot# #ave to $e filtered $efore stora"e or %se.
S'()('MS * 5%Epsava! 5%Eparasa! +Ea%dra! Md#v3a
R,-&)(AL LA(-.A-, (AM,S
Assamese * Ma#%
/en"ali * Mad#%! Ma%
,n"lis# * 1oney
-%0rati * Mad#
1indi * Mad#%! Sa#ad
+annada * Lent%ppa
Malayalam * 6#en
Marat#i * Mad#
)riya * Ma#%
5%n0a$i * Sa#ad
6amil * 6#en
6el%"% * 6ene
.rd% * Sa#ad
??0
D,S7R&56&)(
a) Macroscopic
A t#ic3! syr%py! transl%cent yello2 to yello2is# $ro2n fl%id8 taste s2eet 2it# a
pleasant odo%r and flavo%r. W#en po%red on to a tray as a t#in layer! no imp%rities li3e
mo%ld! dirt! $ees2a>! insect fra"ments! plant de$ris or any ot#er o$0ectiona$le forei"n matter
s#o%ld $e visi$le to t#e na3ed eye in dayli"#t.
&D,(6&6'! 5.R&6' A(D S6R,(-61
Wt. per ml at 9?A
A
(ot less t#an <.@? Appendi> @.<.9
Moist%re content (L)D) (ot more t#an 9? per cent $y 2t. Appendi> 9.9.<A
Red%cin" s%"ars (ot more t#an C? per cent $y 2t. Appendi> ?.<.@.<
S%crose (ot more t#an ? per cent $y 2t. Appendi> ?.<.B
r%ctose=-l%cose ratio (ot less t#an < per cent $y 2t. Appendi> ?.<.B
As# (ot more t#an A.? per cent $y 2t. Appendi> 9.9.@
Acidity
(e>pressed as ormic acid)(ot more t#an A.9 per cent $y 2t. Appendi> 9.9.99
ie#e`s 6est (e"ative Appendi> ?.<.:
Aniline 7#loride 6est (e"ative Appendi> ?.<.?
1eavy metals 7omplies 2it# A5& Appendi> 9.@

5R)5,R6&,S A(D A76&)(
-%Ga * La"#% (S%Kr%ta)! -%r% (7ara3a)! RH3Ea! 5icc#ila! 'o"va#
Irya * Jta
Iip3a * +aF%
+arma * A"nidpana! 7a3E%Eya! 5ittapraKamana! 5rasdana! RopaGa! Sand#na!
JleEmapraKamana! Jod#ana! 6ridoEapraKamana! Itapitta"#na! IiEa"#na
??1
&M5)R6A(6 )RM.LA6&)(S = Mad#H3sava! 7yavanaprKa! +%Fa0vale#a
61,RA5,.6&7 .S,S = ArKa (piles)! Atisra (diarr#oea)! 7#ardi (emesis)! D#a ($%rnin"
sensation)! 1i33 (#icc%p)! +sa (co%"#)! +Pmi (2orm infestation)! +Eata (2o%nd)! +Eaya
(pt#isis)! +%EF#a (Leprosy O diseases of s3in)! Medoro"a (o$esity)! 5rame#a (meta$olic
disorder)! Ra3tapitta ($leedin" disorder)! Ra3tavi3ra (disorders of $lood)! Jvsa (Ast#ma)!
6PEG (t#irst)! IiEavi3ra (disorders d%e to poison)
D)S, = D)S,= < to <A mlS6)RA-, =S#o%ld $e stored prefera$ly at 9AA to 9?A a2ay from
#eat8 s#o%ld not $e refri"erated.

??2
1&. $E$$ERMINT- SAT5A (Me0%)+#)
5,55,RM&(U= SA6IA (Ment#ol)
5epperminF = Satva is t#e nat%ral laevo=rotatory ment#ol o$tained from vario%s
species of Ment#a (am. Lamiaceae).
)t#er 7ommon (ame* 5ipermint
R,-&)(AL LA(-.A-, (AM,S
D,S7R&56&)(
a) Macroscopic
7olo%rless! #e>a"onal crystals! %s%ally needle=li3e! or in f%sed masses or crystalline
po2der8 odo%r! pleasant and peppermint=li3e8 taste! 2arm and aromatic follo2ed $y a cool
sensation.
&D,(6&6'! 5.R&6' A(D S6R,(-61
Acidity or Al3alinity A sol%tion in alco#ol is ne%tral to litm%s.
(on=volatile matter (ot more t#an A.A? per cent!
Meltin" ran"e /et2een :9
A
and ::
A
Appendi> @.9.<
Specific optical rotation /et2een =:D
A
and =?A
A
Appendi> @.@./
7on"ealin" ran"e /et2een 9B
A
and 9;
A
Appendi> @.9.9
on prolon"ed stirrin" t#e temperat%re rises $et2een @A
A
and @9
A

5R)5,R6&,S A(D A76&)(
Rasa * 6i3ta! +aF%
-%Ga * 63EGa! Sni"d#a! La"#%! IiKada
Irya * .EGa
Iip3a * +aF%
+arma * Dpana! +ap#a#ara! M%3#a=Kod#ana! 5cana! 5Hti#ara!
JHlapraKamana! .tte0a3a! Ita#ara! Iedanst#pana
???
61,RA5,.6&7 .S,S = A0rGa (indi"estion)! DantaKHla (toot#ac#e)! LrGa 0vara (c#ronic
fever)! +ap#a0a vi3ra (disorders d%e to +ap#a doEa)! M%3#aro"a (disease of mo%t#)!
.daraKHla (pain in t#e a$domen)! JHla (pain O colic)! IraGa (%lcer)
D)S, = <A to @A m"
S6)RA-, =Store in 2ell=closed container at a temperat%re not a$ove @AA

??<
1(. SHARARA (Su;"r)
JAR+AR (S%"ar)
Jar3ar is a po2der prepared from s%"arcane 0%ice $y open pan process.
S'()('MS * MatsyGRi3! Sit! Si3at! Sitopal! J%3l! S%$#r
R,-&)(AL LA(-.A-, (AM,S
Assamese * 7#ini
/en"ali * 7#ini
,n"lis# * S%"ar
-%0rati * S#aa3ar
1indi * 7#ini
+annada * Sa33are
Malayalam * 5anc#asara
Marat#i * Sa3#ara
)riya * 7#ini
5%n0a$i * 7#ini
6amil * Sar33arai
6el%"% * 5anc#ad#ara! 7#e33era
.rd% * Sa33ara
D,S7R&56&)(
a) Macroscopic
A $ro2n to yello2is# $ro2n po2der 2it# s2eet taste. W#en a representative sample
is spread in a t#in layer! it s#o%ld $e free from dirt! filt#! iron filin"s and similar forei"n
matter.
??-
&D,(6&6'! 5.R&6' A(D S6R,(-61
Moist%re content (ot more t#an <.? per cent $y 2t. Appendi> 9.9.<A
Acid =&nsol%$le As# (ot more t#an A.B per cent $y 2t. Appendi> 9.9.:
S%crose (ot more t#an D@ per cent $y 2t. Appendi> ?.<.B
S%lp#%r dio>ide A$sent Appendi> ?.<.C
7alci%m )>ide (ot more t#an <AA (m"O<AA") Appendi> 9.@.D
1eavy Metal 7omplies 2it# A5& Appendi> 9.@
Micro$ial Limit 7omplies 2it# A5& Appendi> 9.:
5esticide Resid%e 7omplies 2it# A5& Appendi> 9.?
Stora"e S#o%ld $e stored in air ti"#t container.

5R)5,R6&,S A(D A76&)(
Rasa * Mad#%ra
-%Ga * Sni"d#a
Irya * Jta
Iip3a * Mad#%ra
+arma * 7a3E%Eya! D#t%vard#a3a! 1Pdya! 5itta#ara! Ita#ara! IPEya
&M5)R6A(6 )RM.LA6&)(S = 7yavanaprKa! Isvale#a! +aGFa3ryavale#a
61,RA5,.6&7 .S,S = ArKa (piles)! Ar%ci (tastelessness)! /#rama (verti"o)! 7#ardi
(emesis)! D#a ($%rnin" sensation)! Da%r$alya (2ea3ness)! Lvara (fever)! +Pmi (2orm
infestation)! +Eata (2o%nd)! Madtyaya (alco#olism)! Mo#a (del%sion)! MHrcc# (syncope)!
Ra3tapitta ($leedin" disorder)! Ra3tasr%ti (1aemorra"e)! Ra3tavi3ra (disorders of $lood)!
Jrama (fati"%e O let#ar"y)! 6PEG (t#irst)! Itara3ta (-o%t)! IiEavi3ra (disorders d%e to
poison)
D)S, = ? to @A "

??3
1-. SARSHA$A TAILA (Mu:%"r8 O!#)
SAR_A5A 6A&LA (M%stard )il)
SarEapa 6aila consists of t#e fi>ed oil e>pressed from clean and #ealt#y seeds of
/rassica campestris L. (am. /rassicaceae)! c%ltivated 2idely in &ndia.
S'()('MS * +aF%sne#a! +aF%taila
R,-&)(AL LA(-.A-, (AM,S
Assamese * Saria#
/en"ali * Saris#aa
,n"lis# * M%stard oil
-%0rati * Sarasiya 6ail
1indi * +ad%va 6ela
+annada * Saasve! Saasive enne
Malayalam * +ad%3%enna
Marat#i * S#irsic#e 6ela
)riya * Soris#a 6ela
5%n0a$i * Sarso 3a Sa3a
6amil * +ad%"%ennai
6el%"% * Aavan%ne
.rd% * Ro"ana Sarsafa
D,S7R&56&)(
a) Macroscopic
A pale yello2 oil 2it# a sli"#tly p%n"ent recallin" s%lp#%ro%s odo%r.
&D,(6&6'! 5.R&6' A(D S6R,(-61
Specific "ravity at <?
A
A.D<:A=A.D9AC Appendi> @.<.9
Refractive &nde> at :A
A
<.:C@A=<.:CBA Appendi> @.<.<
??2
,ssential )il content (ot less t#an A.:W Appendi> 9.9.<9
Acid val%e (ot more t#an C.A Appendi> @.D
&odine val%e /et2een <<? and <9? Appendi> @.;
Saponification val%e /et2een <DA and <D; Appendi> @.B
.nsaponifia$le matter (ot more t#an <.? per cent $y 2t. Appendi> @.<<
6est for S%lp#%r 5ositive Appendi> ?.<.C
6est for Ar"emone oil (e"ative Appendi> 9.9.<;

5R)5,R6&,S A(D A76&)(
Rasa * 6i3ta! +aF%
-%Ga * Sni"d#a! 63EGa! La"#%
Irya * .EGa
Iip3a * +aF%
+arma * Dpana! -ar$#Kayotte0a3a! +ap#a#ara! +Pmi"#na! Le3#ana!
MHtra0anana! Sne#ana! 6vacya! Ita#ara! Iedanst#pana! Iid#i
&M5)R6A(6 )RM.LA6&)(S = .nmatta 6aila! 5ancnana 6aila! SindHrdya 6aila! L
ra3dya 6aila! Ar3aman ]Kil 6aila
61,RA5,.6&7 .S,S = AQ"amarda ($ody ac#e)! ArKa (piles)! DantapHya (5yorr#oea)!
D%EFa3Pmi (2orm infestation)! +arGaro"a (disease of ear)! +aGRH (itc#in")! +oF#a
(rin"2orm O &mpeti"o O ,ryt#ema)! +Pmi (2orm infestation)! +%EF#a (Leprosy O diseases of
s3in)! (etraro"a (diseases of t#e eye)! 5l#a ro"a (splenic disease)! Jiroro"a (disease of
#ead)! Slpada (ilariasis)! Jveta3%EF#a (Le%coderma)! 6va3ro"a (s3in diseases)! Ita vi3ra
(disorder d%e to Ita doEa)! IraGa (%lcer)
D)S, = ? to <A ml
S6)RA-,= S#o%ld $e stored in 2ell closed containers a2ay from #eat! prefera$ly
$et2een 9AA to 9?A.
??8

11. TAILA$ARNA TAILA (Eu?"#<=%u: O!#)
6A&LA5ARSA 6A&LA (,%calypt%s )il)
6ailaparGa 6aila is t#e essential oil o$tained $y steam distillation of t#e fres# leaves
of ,%calypt%s "lo$%l%s La$ill or from ot#er species of ,%calypt%s (am. Myrtaceae).
S'()('MS * S%"and#apatra taila! ,3alipta! (ila"iri taila! 6ailaparGa
R,-&)(AL LA(-.A-, (AM,S
,n"lis# * ,%calypt%s
-%0rati * (il"iri tail
1indi * (ila"iri! '%3elipt%s
+annada * (ila"iri enne
Malayalam * (ila"iri
Marat#i * (ila"iri 6ela
)riya * (ila"iri
5%n0a$i * ,%calypt%s
6amil * (ila"iri6ailam
6el%"% * (ila"iri! ,%calypt%s
.rd% * Ro"an ,%calypt%s
D,S7R&56&)(
a) Macroscopic
A colo%rless to pale=yello2 liN%id8 odo%r! aromatic and camp#oraceo%s8 taste!
p%n"ent and camp#oraceo%s! follo2ed $y a cold sensation.
&D,(6&6'! 5.R&6' A(D S6R,(-61
Wt. per ml at 9?
A
A.DA< to A.D9A" Appendi> @.<.9
)ptical rotation d?
A
to d <A
A
Appendi> @.@
Refractive &nde> (at 9?
A
) <.:?B to <.:CD Appendi> @.<.<
??1
Assay (ot less t#an CA.A per cent! Appendi> 9.9.9<
2O2 of 7ineole 7
<A
1
<;
)

5R)5,R6&,S A(D A76&)(
Rasa * +aF%! 6i3ta! +aEya
Irya * .EGa
Iip3a * +aF%
+arma * An%lomana! Dpana! D%r"and#anKa3a! +ap#a ni]sra3a! +Pmi"#na!
MHtrala! 5cana! 5ratidHEa3a! 5Hti#ara! JHla"#na! Sveda0anana! .tte0a3a! Ita#ara!
Iedanst#pa3a! IiEama0varaprati$and#a3a
&M5)R6A(6 )RM.LA6&)(S = 5aaca"%Ga 6aila
61,RA5,.6&7 .S,S = A"nimndya (di"estive impairment)! mavta (R#e%matism)!
/la pratiKyya (sin%sitis in c#ildren)! /astiKot#a (cystitis)! D%EFa vraGa (non=#ealin" %lcer)!
LrGapHyme#a (c#ronic pyaemia)! Lvara (fever)! +sa (co%"#)! +Pmi (2orm infestation)! 5
nasa (c#ronic r#initis O sin%sitis)! 5ratiKyya (cory4a)! Sand#ivta (art#ritis d%e to Ita
doEa)! Jira]KHla (#eadac#e)! SHti3 Lvara (p%erperal fever)! Jvsa (Ast#ma)! 6va3ro"a (s3in
diseases)! 'a3Em (6%$erc%losis)
D)S, = < to ? drops
S6)RA-,= ,%calypt%s )il s#o%ld $e 3ept in 2ell=filled! 2ell=closed container!
protected from li"#t! and stored in cool place.

?<0
133. TILA TAILA (Se:",u, O!#)
6&LA 6A&LA (Sesam%m )il)
6ila 6aila is a fi>ed oil e>pressed from clean and #ealt#y seeds of Sesam%m
indic%m L. (am. 5edaliaceae) 2idely c%ltivated in &ndia. &t #as li"#t "olden colo%r 2it#
pleasant aroma.
S'()('MS * 6aila
R,-&)(AL LA(-.A-, (AM,S
Assamese * 6ila taila
/en"ali * 6ilataila
,n"lis# * Sesam%m oil! -in"ely oil
-%0rati * 6al taila
1indi * 6il tela! 6illi tela
+annada * ,ll%! Wollel%! ellenne
Malayalam * ,ll%enne
Marat#i * 6ila tela
)riya * Rasi tel
5%n0a$i * 6ila tail
6amil * (alennai
6el%"% * (%vv%lan%ne
.rd% * Ro"ana taila
D,S7R&56&)(
a) Macroscopic
A li"#t "olden colo%red oil 2it# pleasant aroma. Sli"#tly sol%$le in alco#ol! misci$le
2it# c#loroform! solvent et#er! li"#t petrole%m and car$on dis%lp#ide. Does not solidify
2#en cooled to A
A
.
?<1
&D,(6&6'! 5.R&6' A(D S6R,(-61
Specific "ravity A.D<CA=A.D<DA Appendi> @.<.9
Refractive inde> (at :A
A
) <.:C?A to <.:CC? Appendi> @.<.<
Wt. per ml (at 9?
A
) A.D<C to A.D9<" Appendi> @.<.9
Acid val%e (ot more t#an 9.A Appendi> @.D
&odine val%e /et2een <A@ and <<C Appendi> @.;
Saponification val%e /et2een <;; and <D? Appendi> @.B
.nsaponifia$le matter (ot more t#an <.? per cent Appendi> @.<<
7ottonseed oil A$sent Appendi> 9.9.<D

5R)5,R6&,S A(D A76&)(
Rasa * Mad#%ra
-%Ga * Sni"d#a! -%r%! SH3Ema! Iyavy! IiKada! Sara! Ii3K
Irya * .EGa
Iip3a * Mad#%ra
+arma * /alya! 7a3E%Eya! Dpana! -ar$#Kaya Jod#ana! +eKya! Med#ya!
Sand#nya! Sne#ana! Stanya0anana! 6va3 prasdana! Ita#ara! IraGaropaGa!
IraGaKod#ana! IPEya
&M5)R6A(6 )RM.LA6&)(S = (ryana 6aila! Ma#l3Edi 6aila! /al 6aila
61,RA5,.6&7 .S,S = A"nida"d#a (fire $%rns)! Ardita (facial palsy)! /#a"na (fract%re)!
DantaKHla (toot#ac#e)! +aGRH (itc#in")! +arGaKHla (otal"ia)! +Pmi (2orm infestation)!
Da%r$alya (2ea3ness)! 5a3E"#ta (5aralysis O 1emiple"ia)! 5Hyame#a (%rinary infection)!
Jira]KHla (#eadac#e)! JHla (pain O colic)! Itavi3ra (disorders d%e to Ita DoEa)! IraGa
(%lcer)
D)S, = ? to 9A ml

?<2
131. YA5ANI SAT5A (T)<,+#)
'AI( SA6IA (6#ymol)
'avn satva (6#ymol) is a crystalline p#enolic component! c#emically 9=isopropyl=
?=met#ylp#enol) o$tained from t#e volatile oil of 6#ym%s v%l"aris L. and 6rac#ysperm%m
ammi (L.) Spra"%e (am. Lamiaceae).
S'()('MS * 'amn "#anasra
R,-&)(AL LA(-.A-, (AM,S
Assamese * A0aina satva
/en"ali * 'amaani sattva
,n"lis# * 6#ymol
-%0rati * 'avaan sara! Lavaain sara
1indi * A0vayana sat! A0avaan p#%lla
Marat#i * )vaa p#%l
)riya * L%aani saram
5%n0a$i * A0vaayan 3aa Sat
6el%"% * Iaam% satva
.rd% * Sat=a0avayan
D,S7R&56&)(
a) Macroscopic
7olo%rless crystals or 2#ite! crystalline po2der8 odo%r p%n"ent and aromatic! t#yme
li3e8 taste! p%n"ent and aromatic.
&D,(6&6'! 5.R&6' A(D S6R,(-61
Meltin" ran"e /et2een :;
A
and ?<
A
Appendi> @.9.<
(on=volatile matter (ot more t#an A.A? per cent
?<?
Acidity or Al3alinity :.A 2Ov sol%tion in alco#ol (?A per cent) is
ne%tral to litm%s sol%tion

ASSA'
6#ymol contains not less t#an DD per cent of 7
<A
1
<:
)! 2#en analysed as $elo2*
Wei"# acc%rately a$o%t A.< "! transfer to an iodine flas3 and dissolve in 9? ml of <(
sodi%m #ydro>ide. Add 9A ml of #ot dil%te #ydroc#loric acid and immediately titrate 2it# A.<
( $romine (< to 9 ml). Warm t#e sol%tion to a$o%t B?
A
! add t2o drops of met#yl oran"e
sol%tion and contin%e t#e titration slo2ly! s2irlin" vi"oro%sly after eac# addition! W#en t#e
colo%r of t#e met#yl oran"e is $leac#ed! add t2o drops of A.< ( $romine! s#a3e 2ell! add one
drop of met#yl oran"e sol%tion and s#a3e vi"oro%sly. &f t#e sol%tion is red! contin%e t#e
titration! drop 2ise and 2it# s#a3in" %ntil t#e red colo%r does not appear. Repeat t#e
alternate addition of A.< ( $romine and met#yl oran"e sol%tion %ntil t#e red colo%r is
disc#ar"ed after t#e addition of t#e met#yl oran"e sol%tion.
,ac# ml of A.< ( $romine is eN%ivalent to A.AA@B?? " of 7
<A
1
<:
).

5R)5,R6&,S A(D A76&)(
Rasa * +aF%! 6i3ta
Irya * .EGa
Iip3a * +aF%
+arma * Dpana! Le3#ana! 5cana! 5artidHEa3a! JleEma"#na! JHla"#na!
.tte0a3a! Itn%lomana! IedanKma3a! IiEa"#na
?<<
61,RA5,.6&7 .S,S = A0rGa (indi"estion)! mavta (R#e%matism)! n#a (distension
of a$domen d%e to o$str%ction to passa"e of %rine and stools)! AQ3%Ka 3Pmi (#oo32orm
infestation)! Ar%ci (tastelessness)! /ltisra (infantile diarr#oea)! 7#ardi (emesis)!
DantaKHla (toot#ac#e)! -%lma (a$dominal l%mp)! +Pmi (2orm infestation)! MHtra3Pcc#ra
(dys%ria)! 5l#odara (splenome"aly)! Sand#iKHla (0oint pain)! Jira]KHla (#eadac#e)!
6va3ro"a (s3in diseases)! .dara (diseases of a$domen)! .daraKHla (pain in t#e a$domen)!
ItrKa (dry piles)! IisHci3 (-astro=enteritis 2it# piercin" pain)
D)S, = 9? to <9? m"
S6)RA-,* Store in ti"#tly=closed! li"#t=resistant containers.

?<-

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